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# Pinmux, IO Pads, and JTAG Boundary scan

Links:

* <http://www2.eng.cam.ac.uk/~dmh/4b7/resource/section14.htm>
* <https://www10.edacafe.com/book/ASIC/CH02/CH02.7.php>
* <https://ftp.libre-soc.org/Pin_Control_Subsystem_Overview.pdf>
* <https://bugs.libre-soc.org/show_bug.cgi?id=50>
* <https://git.libre-soc.org/?p=c4m-jtag.git;a=tree;hb=HEAD>

Managing IO on an ASIC is nowhere near as simple as on an FPGA.
An FPGA has built-in IO Pads, the wires terminate inside an
existing silicon block which has been tested for you.
In an ASIC, you are going to have to do everything yourself.
In an ASIC, a bi-directional IO Pad requires three wires (in, out,
out-enable) to be routed right the way from the ASIC, all
the way to the IO PAD, where only then does a wire bond connect
it to a single external pin.

[[!img CH02-44.gif]]

Designing an ASIC, there is no guarantee that the IO pad is
working when manufactured. Worse, the peripheral could be
faulty.  How can you tell what the cause is? There are two
possible faults, but only one symptom ("it dunt wurk").
This problem is what JTAG Boundary Scan is designed to solve.
JTAG can be operated from an external digital clock,
at very low frequencies (5 khz is perfectly acceptable)
so there is very little risk of clock skew during that testing.

Additionally, an SoC is designed to be low cost, to use low cost
packaging. ASICs are typically only 32 to 128 pins QFP
in the Embedded
Controller range, and between 300 to 650 FBGA in the Tablet /
Smartphone range, absolute maximum of 19 mm on a side.
2 to 3 in square 1,000 pin packages common to Intel desktop processors are
absolutely out of the question.

(*With each pin wire bond smashing
into the ASIC using purely heat of impact to melt the wire,
cracks in the die can occur. The more times
the bonding equipment smashes into the die, the higher the
chances of irreversible damage, hence why larger pin packaged
ASICs are much more expensive: not because of their manufacturing
cost but because far more of them fail due to having been
literally hit with a hammer many more times*)

Yet, the expectation from the market is to be able to fit 1,000+
pins worth of peripherals into only 200 to 400 worth of actual
IO Pads. The solution here: a GPIO Pinmux, described in some
detail here <https://ftp.libre-soc.org/Pin_Control_Subsystem_Overview.pdf>

This page goes over the details and issues involved in creating
an ASIC that combines **both** JTAG Boundary Scan **and** GPIO
Muxing, down to layout considerations using coriolis2.

# Resources, Platforms and Pins

When creating nmigen HDL as Modules, they typically know nothing about FPGA
Boards or ASICs.  They especially do not know anything about the
Peripheral ICs (UART, I2C, USB, SPI, PCIe) connected to a given FPGA
on a given PCB, and they should not have to.

Through the Resources, Platforms and Pins API, a level of abstraction
between peripherals, boards and HDL designs is provided.  Peripherals
may be given `(name, number)` tuples, the HDL design may "request"
a peripheral, which is described in terms of Resources, managed
by a ResourceManager, and a Platform may provide that peripheral.
The Platform is given
the resposibility to wire up the Pins to the correct FPGA (or ASIC)
IO Pads, and it is the HDL design's responsibility to connect up
those same named Pins, on the other side, to the implementation
of the PHY/Controller, in the HDL.

Here is a function that defines a UART Resource:

    #!/usr/bin/env python3
    from nmigen.build.dsl import Resource, Subsignal, Pins

    def UARTResource(*args, rx, tx):
      io = []
      io.append(Subsignal("rx", Pins(rx, dir="i", assert_width=1)))
      io.append(Subsignal("tx", Pins(tx, dir="o", assert_width=1)))
      return Resource.family(*args, default_name="uart", ios=io)

Note that the Subsignal is given a convenient name (tx, rx) and that
there are Pins associated with it.
UARTResource  would typically be part of a larger function that defines,
for either an FPGA or an ASIC, a full array of IO Connections:

    def create_resources(pinset):
       resources = []
       resources.append(UARTResource('uart', 0, tx='A20', rx='A21'))
       # add clock and reset
       clk = Resource("clk", 0, Pins("sys_clk", dir="i"))
       rst = Resource("rst", 0, Pins("sys_rst", dir="i"))
       resources.append(clk)
       resources.append(rst)
       return resources

For an FPGA, the Pins names are typically the Ball Grid Array
Pad or Pin name: A12, or N20.  ASICs can do likewise: it is
for convenience when referring to schematics, to use the most
recogniseable well-known name.

Next, these Resources need to be handed to a ResourceManager or
a Platform (Platform derives from ResourceManager)

    from nmigen.build.plat import TemplatedPlatform
 
    class ASICPlatform(TemplatedPlatform):
      def __init__(self, resources):
          super().__init__()
          self.add_resources(resources)

An HDL Module may now be created, which, if given
a platform instance during elaboration, may request
a UART (caveat below):

    from nmigen import Elaboratable, Module, Signal

    class Blinker(Elaboratable): 
      def elaborate(self, platform):
          m = Module()
          # get the UART resource, mess with the output tx
          uart = platform.request('uart')
          intermediary = Signal()
          m.d.comb += uart.tx.eq(~intermediary) # invert, for fun
          m.d.comb += intermediary.eq(uart.rx) # pass rx to tx
 
          return m

The caveat here is that the Resources of the platform actually
have to have a UART in order for it to be requestable! Thus:

    resources = create_resources() # contains resource named "uart"
    asic = ASICPlatform(resources)
    hdl = Blinker()
    asic.build(hdl)

Finally the association between HDL, Resources, and ASIC Platform
is made:

* The Resources contain the abstract expression of the
type of peripheral, its port names, and the corresponding
names of the IO Pads associated with each port.
* The HDL which knows nothing about IO Pad names requests
  a Resource by name
* The ASIC Platform, given the list of Resources, takes care
  of connecting requests for Resources to actual IO Pads.

This is the simple version.  When JTAG Boundary Scan needs
to be added, it gets a lot more complex.

# JTAG Boundary Scan

JTAG Scanning is a (paywalled) IEEE Standard: 1149.1 which with
a little searching can be found online.  Its purpose is to allow
a well-defined method of testing ASIC IO pads that a Foundry or
ASIC test house may apply easily with off-the-shelf equipment.
Scan chaining can also connect multiple ASICs together so that
the same test can be run on a large batch of ASICs at the same
time.

IO Pads generally come in four primary different types:

* Input
* Output
* Output with Tristate (enable)
* Bi-directional Tristate Input/Output with direction enable

Interestingly these can all be synthesised from one
Bi-directional Tristate IO Pad.  Other types such as Differential
Pair Transmit may also be constructed from an inverter and a pair
of IO Pads.  Other more advanced features include pull-up
and pull-down resistors, Schmidt triggering for interrupts,
different drive strengths, and so on, but the basics are
that the Pad is either an input, or an output, or both.

The JTAG Boundary Scan therefore needs to know what type
each pad is (In/Out/Bi) and has to "insert" itself in between
*all* the Pad's wires, which may be just an input, or just an output,
and, if bi-directional, an "output enable" line.

The "insertion" (or, "Tap") into those wires requires a
pair of Muxes for each wire.  Under normal operation
the Muxes bypass JTAG entirely: the IO Pad is connected,
through the two Muxes,
directly to the Core (a hardware term for a "peripheral",
in Software terminology).

When JTAG Scan is enabled, then for every pin that is
"tapped into", the Muxes flip such that:

* The IO Pad is connected directly to latches controlled
  by the JTAG Shift Register
* The Core (peripheral) likewise but to *different bits*
  from those that the Pad is connected to

In this way, not only can JTAG control or read the IO Pad,
but it can also read or control the Core (peripheral).
This is its entire purpose: interception to allow for the detection
and triaging of faults.

* Software may be uploaded and run which sets a bit on
  one of the peripheral outputs (UART Tx for example).
  If the UART TX IO Pad was faulty, no possibility existd
  without Boundary Scan to determine if the peripheral
  was at fault.  With the UART TX pin function being
  redirected to a JTAG Shift Register, the results of the
  software setting UART Tx may be detected by checking
  the appropriate Shift Register bit.
* Likewise, a voltage may be applied to the UART RX Pad,
  and the corresponding SR bit checked to see if the
  pad is working.  If the UART Rx peripheral was faulty
  this would not be possible.

<img src="https://libre-soc.org/shakti/m_class/JTAG/jtag-block.jpg"
  width=500 />

## C4M JTAG TAP

Staf Verhaegen's Chips4Makers JTAG TAP module includes everything
needed to create JTAG Boundary Scan Shift Registers,
as well as the IEEE 1149.1 Finite State Machine to access
them through TMS, TDO, TDI and TCK Signalling.  However,
connecting up cores (a hardware term: the equivalent software
term is "peripherals") on one side and the pads on the other is
especially confusing, but deceptively simple.  The actual addition
to the Scan Shift Register is this straightforward:

    from c4m.nmigen.jtag.tap import IOType, TAP

    class JTAG(TAP):
       def __init__(self):
           TAP.__init__(self, ir_width=4)
           self.u_tx = self.add_io(iotype=IOType.Out, name="tx")
           self.u_rx = self.add_io(iotype=IOType.In, name="rx")

This results in the creation of:

* Two Records, one of type In named rx, the other an output
  named tx
* Each Record contains a pair of sub-Records: one core-side
  and the other pad-side
* Entries in the Boundary Scan Shift Register which if set
  may control (or read) either the peripheral / core or
  the IO PAD
* A suite of Muxes (as shown in the diagrams above) which
  allow either direct connection between pad and core
  (bypassing JTAG) or interception

During Interception Mode (Scanning) pad and core are connected
to the Shift Register.  During "Production" Mode, pad and
core are wired directly to each other (on a per-pin basis,
for every pin. Clearly this is a lot of work).

It is then your responsibility to:

* connect up each and every peripheral input and output
  to the right IO Core Record in your HDL
* connect up each and every IO Pad input and output
  to the right IO Pad in the Platform. **This
  does not happen automatically and is not the
  responsibility of the TAP Interface*

The TAP interface connects the **other** side of the pads
and cores Records: **to the Muxes**.  You **have** to
connect **your** side of both core and pads Records in
order for the Scan to be fully functional.

Both of these tasks are painstaking and tedious in the
extreme if done manually, and prone to either sheer boredom,
transliteration errors, dyslexia triggering or just utter
confusion.  Despite this, let us proceed, and, augmenting
the Blinky example, wire up a JTAG instance:

    class Blinker(Elaboratable): 
      def elaborate(self, platform):
          m = Module()
          m.submodules.jtag = jtag = JTAG()

          # get the records from JTAG instance
          utx, urx = jtag.u_tx, jtag.u_rx
          # get the UART resource, mess with the output tx
          p_uart = platform.request('uart')

          # uart core-side from JTAG
          intermediary = Signal()
          m.d.comb += utx.core.o.eq(~intermediary) # invert, for fun
          m.d.comb += intermediary.eq(urx.core.i) # pass rx to tx

          # wire up the IO Pads (in right direction) to Platform
          m.d.comb += uart.tx.eq(utx.pad.i) # transmit JTAG to pad
          m.d.comb += utx.pad.o.eq(uart.rx) # pass rx to JTAG
          return m

Compared to the non-scan-capable version, which connected UART
Core Tx and Rx directly to the Platform Resource (and the Platform
took care of wiring to IO Pads):

* Core HDL is instead wired to the core-side of JTAG Scan
* JTAG Pad side is instead wired to the Platform
* (the Platform still takes care of wiring to actual IO Pads)

JTAG TAP capability on UART TX and RX has now been inserted into
the chain.  Using openocd or other program it is possible to
send TDI, TMS, TDO and TCK signals according to IEEE 1149.1 in order
to intercept both the core and IO Pads, both input and output,
and confirm the correct functionality of one even if the other is
broken, during ASIC testing.

## Libre-SOC Automatic Boundary Scan

Libre-SOC's JTAG TAP Boundary Scan system is a little more sophisticated:
it hooks into (replaces) ResourceManager.request(), intercepting the request
and recording what was requested.  The above manual linkup to JTAG TAP
is then taken care of **automatically and transparently**, but to
all intents and purposes looking exactly like a Platform even to
the extent of taking the exact same list of Resources.

    class Blinker(Elaboratable):
      def __init__(self, resources):
          self.jtag = JTAG(resources)

      def elaborate(self, platform):
          m = Module()
          m.submodules.jtag = jtag = self.jtag

          # get the UART resource, mess with the output tx
          uart = jtag.request('uart')
          intermediary = Signal()
          m.d.comb += uart.tx.eq(~intermediary) # invert, for fun
          m.d.comb += intermediary.eq(uart.rx) # pass rx to tx

          return jtag.boundary_elaborate(m, platform)

Connecting up and building the ASIC is as simple as a non-JTAG,
non-scanning-aware Platform:

    resources = create_resources()
    asic = ASICPlatform(resources)
    hdl = Blinker(resources)
    asic.build(hdl)

The differences:

* The list of resources was also passed to the HDL Module
  such that JTAG may create a complete identical list
  of both core and pad matching Pins
* Resources were requested from the JTAG instance,
  not the Platform
* A "magic function" (JTAG.boundary_elaborate) is called
  which wires up all of the seamlessly intercepted
  Platform resources to the JTAG core/pads Resources,
  where the HDL connected to the core side, exactly
  as if this was a non-JTAG-Scan-aware Platform.
* ASICPlatform still takes care of connecting to actual
  IO Pads, except that the Platform.resource requests were
  triggered "behind the scenes". For that to work it
  is absolutely essential that the JTAG instance and the
  ASICPlatform be given the exact same list of Resources.


## Clock synchronisation

Take for example USB ULPI:

<img src="https://www.crifan.com/files/pic/serial_story/other_site/p_blog_bb.JPG"
width=400 />

Here there is an external incoming clock, generated by the PHY, to which
both Received *and Transmitted* data and control is synchronised.  Notice
very specifically that it is *not the main processor* generating that clock
Signal, but the external peripheral (known as a PHY in Hardware terminology)

Firstly: note that the Clock will, obviously, also need to be routed
through JTAG Boundary Scan, because, after all, it is being received
through just another ordinary IO Pad, after all.  Secondly: note thst
if it didn't, then clock skew would occur for that peripheral because
although the Data Wires went through JTAG Boundary Scan MUXes, the
clock did not.  Clearly this would be a problem.

However, clocks are very special signals: they have to be distributed
evenly to all and any Latches (DFFs) inside the peripheral so that
data corruption does not occur because of tiny delays.
To avoid that scenario, Clock Domain Crossing (CDC) is used, with
Asynchronous FIFOs:

        rx_fifo = stream.AsyncFIFO([("data", 8)], self.rx_depth, w_domain="ulpi", r_domain="sync")
        tx_fifo = stream.AsyncFIFO([("data", 8)], self.tx_depth, w_domain="sync", r_domain="ulpi")
        m.submodules.rx_fifo = rx_fifo
        m.submodules.tx_fifo = tx_fifo

However the entire FIFO must be covered by two Clock H-Trees: one
by the ULPI external clock, and the other the main system clock.
The size of the ULPI clock H-Tree, and consequently the size of
the PHY on-chip, will result in more Clock Tree Buffers being
inserted into the chain, and, correspondingly, matching buffers
on the ULPI data input side likewise must be inserted so that
the input data timing precisely matches that of its clock.

The problem is not receiving of data, though: it is transmission
on the output ULPI side.  With the ULPI Clock Tree having buffers
inserted, each buffer creates delay.  The ULPI output FIFO has to
correspondingly be synchronised not to the original incoming clock
but to that clock *after going through H Tree Buffers*.  Therefore,
there will be a lag on the output data compared to the incoming
(external) clock

# GPIO Muxing

[[!img gpio_block.png]]

# Core/Pad Connection + JTAG Mux

Diagram constructed from the nmigen plat.py file.

[[!img i_o_io_tristate_jtag.JPG]]