1 /* Save and restore call-clobbered registers which are live across a call.
2 Copyright (C) 1989, 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
4 This file is part of GNU CC.
6 GNU CC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
7 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
8 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
11 GNU CC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
12 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
13 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
14 GNU General Public License for more details.
16 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
17 along with GNU CC; see the file COPYING. If not, write to
18 the Free Software Foundation, 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. */
22 #include "insn-config.h"
25 #include "hard-reg-set.h"
27 #include "basic-block.h"
31 #define CEIL(x,y) (((x) + (y) - 1) / (y))
33 /* Modes for each hard register that we can save. The smallest mode is wide
34 enough to save the entire contents of the register. When saving the
35 register because it is live we first try to save in multi-register modes.
36 If that is not possible the save is done one register at a time. */
38 static enum machine_mode
39 regno_save_mode
[FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER
][MOVE_MAX
/ UNITS_PER_WORD
+ 1];
41 /* For each hard register, a place on the stack where it can be saved,
45 regno_save_mem
[FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER
][MOVE_MAX
/ UNITS_PER_WORD
+ 1];
47 /* We will only make a register eligible for caller-save if it can be
48 saved in its widest mode with a simple SET insn as long as the memory
49 address is valid. We record the INSN_CODE is those insns here since
50 when we emit them, the addresses might not be valid, so they might not
54 reg_save_code
[FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER
][MOVE_MAX
/ UNITS_PER_WORD
+ 1];
56 reg_restore_code
[FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER
][MOVE_MAX
/ UNITS_PER_WORD
+ 1];
58 /* Set of hard regs currently live (during scan of all insns). */
60 static HARD_REG_SET hard_regs_live
;
62 /* Set of hard regs currently residing in save area (during insn scan). */
64 static HARD_REG_SET hard_regs_saved
;
66 /* Set of hard regs which need to be restored before referenced. */
68 static HARD_REG_SET hard_regs_need_restore
;
70 /* Number of registers currently in hard_regs_saved. */
74 static void set_reg_live ();
75 static void clear_reg_live ();
76 static void restore_referenced_regs ();
77 static int insert_save_restore ();
79 /* Return a machine mode that is legitimate for hard reg REGNO and large
80 enough to save nregs. If we can't find one, return VOIDmode. */
82 static enum machine_mode
83 choose_hard_reg_mode (regno
, nregs
)
86 enum machine_mode found_mode
= VOIDmode
, mode
;
88 /* We first look for the largest integer mode that can be validly
89 held in REGNO. If none, we look for the largest floating-point mode.
90 If we still didn't find a valid mode, try CCmode. */
92 for (mode
= GET_CLASS_NARROWEST_MODE (MODE_INT
); mode
!= VOIDmode
;
93 mode
= GET_MODE_WIDER_MODE (mode
))
94 if (HARD_REGNO_NREGS (regno
, mode
) == nregs
95 && HARD_REGNO_MODE_OK (regno
, mode
))
98 if (found_mode
!= VOIDmode
)
101 for (mode
= GET_CLASS_NARROWEST_MODE (MODE_FLOAT
); mode
!= VOIDmode
;
102 mode
= GET_MODE_WIDER_MODE (mode
))
103 if (HARD_REGNO_NREGS (regno
, mode
) == nregs
104 && HARD_REGNO_MODE_OK (regno
, mode
))
107 if (found_mode
!= VOIDmode
)
110 if (HARD_REGNO_NREGS (regno
, CCmode
) == nregs
111 && HARD_REGNO_MODE_OK (regno
, CCmode
))
114 /* We can't find a mode valid for this register. */
118 /* Initialize for caller-save.
120 Look at all the hard registers that are used by a call and for which
121 regclass.c has not already excluded from being used across a call.
123 Ensure that we can find a mode to save the register and that there is a
124 simple insn to save and restore the register. This latter check avoids
125 problems that would occur if we tried to save the MQ register of some
126 machines directly into memory. */
131 char *first_obj
= (char *) oballoc (0);
137 /* First find all the registers that we need to deal with and all
138 the modes that they can have. If we can't find a mode to use,
139 we can't have the register live over calls. */
141 for (i
= 0; i
< FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER
; i
++)
143 if (call_used_regs
[i
] && ! call_fixed_regs
[i
])
145 for (j
= 1; j
<= MOVE_MAX
/ UNITS_PER_WORD
; j
++)
147 regno_save_mode
[i
][j
] = choose_hard_reg_mode (i
, j
);
148 if (regno_save_mode
[i
][j
] == VOIDmode
&& j
== 1)
150 call_fixed_regs
[i
] = 1;
151 SET_HARD_REG_BIT (call_fixed_reg_set
, i
);
156 regno_save_mode
[i
][1] = VOIDmode
;
159 /* The following code tries to approximate the conditions under which
160 we can easily save and restore a register without scratch registers or
161 other complexities. It will usually work, except under conditions where
162 the validity of an insn operand is dependent on the address offset.
163 No such cases are currently known.
165 We first find a typical offset from some BASE_REG_CLASS register.
166 This address is chosen by finding the first register in the class
167 and by finding the smallest power of two that is a valid offset from
168 that register in every mode we will use to save registers. */
170 for (i
= 0; i
< FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER
; i
++)
171 if (TEST_HARD_REG_BIT (reg_class_contents
[(int) BASE_REG_CLASS
], i
))
174 if (i
== FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER
)
177 addr_reg
= gen_rtx (REG
, Pmode
, i
);
179 for (offset
= 1 << (HOST_BITS_PER_INT
/ 2); offset
; offset
>>= 1)
181 address
= gen_rtx (PLUS
, Pmode
, addr_reg
, GEN_INT (offset
));
183 for (i
= 0; i
< FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER
; i
++)
184 if (regno_save_mode
[i
][1] != VOIDmode
185 && ! strict_memory_address_p (regno_save_mode
[i
][1], address
))
188 if (i
== FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER
)
192 /* If we didn't find a valid address, we must use register indirect. */
196 /* Next we try to form an insn to save and restore the register. We
197 see if such an insn is recognized and meets its constraints. */
201 for (i
= 0; i
< FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER
; i
++)
202 for (j
= 1; j
<= MOVE_MAX
/ UNITS_PER_WORD
; j
++)
203 if (regno_save_mode
[i
][j
] != VOIDmode
)
205 rtx mem
= gen_rtx (MEM
, regno_save_mode
[i
][j
], address
);
206 rtx reg
= gen_rtx (REG
, regno_save_mode
[i
][j
], i
);
207 rtx savepat
= gen_rtx (SET
, VOIDmode
, mem
, reg
);
208 rtx restpat
= gen_rtx (SET
, VOIDmode
, reg
, mem
);
209 rtx saveinsn
= emit_insn (savepat
);
210 rtx restinsn
= emit_insn (restpat
);
213 reg_save_code
[i
][j
] = recog_memoized (saveinsn
);
214 reg_restore_code
[i
][j
] = recog_memoized (restinsn
);
216 /* Now extract both insns and see if we can meet their constraints. */
217 ok
= (reg_save_code
[i
][j
] != -1 && reg_restore_code
[i
][j
] != -1);
220 insn_extract (saveinsn
);
221 ok
= constrain_operands (reg_save_code
[i
][j
], 1);
222 insn_extract (restinsn
);
223 ok
&= constrain_operands (reg_restore_code
[i
][j
], 1);
228 regno_save_mode
[i
][j
] = VOIDmode
;
231 call_fixed_regs
[i
] = 1;
232 SET_HARD_REG_BIT (call_fixed_reg_set
, i
);
242 /* Initialize save areas by showing that we haven't allocated any yet. */
249 for (i
= 0; i
< FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER
; i
++)
250 for (j
= 1; j
<= MOVE_MAX
/ UNITS_PER_WORD
; j
++)
251 regno_save_mem
[i
][j
] = 0;
254 /* Allocate save areas for any hard registers that might need saving.
255 We take a conservative approach here and look for call-clobbered hard
256 registers that are assigned to pseudos that cross calls. This may
257 overestimate slightly (especially if some of these registers are later
258 used as spill registers), but it should not be significant.
260 Then perform register elimination in the addresses of the save area
261 locations; return 1 if all eliminated addresses are strictly valid.
262 We assume that our caller has set up the elimination table to the
263 worst (largest) possible offsets.
265 Set *PCHANGED to 1 if we had to allocate some memory for the save area.
269 In the fallback case we should iterate backwards across all possible
270 modes for the save, choosing the largest available one instead of
271 falling back to the smallest mode immediately. (eg TF -> DF -> SF).
273 We do not try to use "move multiple" instructions that exist
274 on some machines (such as the 68k moveml). It could be a win to try
275 and use them when possible. The hard part is doing it in a way that is
276 machine independent since they might be saving non-consecutive
277 registers. (imagine caller-saving d0,d1,a0,a1 on the 68k) */
280 setup_save_areas (pchanged
)
284 HARD_REG_SET hard_regs_used
;
288 /* Allocate space in the save area for the largest multi-register
289 pseudos first, then work backwards to single register
292 /* Find and record all call-used hard-registers in this function. */
293 CLEAR_HARD_REG_SET (hard_regs_used
);
294 for (i
= FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER
; i
< max_regno
; i
++)
295 if (reg_renumber
[i
] >= 0 && reg_n_calls_crossed
[i
] > 0)
297 int regno
= reg_renumber
[i
];
299 = regno
+ HARD_REGNO_NREGS (regno
, GET_MODE (regno_reg_rtx
[i
]));
300 int nregs
= endregno
- regno
;
302 for (j
= 0; j
< nregs
; j
++)
304 if (call_used_regs
[regno
+j
])
305 SET_HARD_REG_BIT (hard_regs_used
, regno
+j
);
309 /* Now run through all the call-used hard-registers and allocate
310 space for them in the caller-save area. Try to allocate space
311 in a manner which allows multi-register saves/restores to be done. */
313 for (i
= 0; i
< FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER
; i
++)
314 for (j
= MOVE_MAX
/ UNITS_PER_WORD
; j
> 0; j
--)
318 /* If no mode exists for this size, try another. Also break out
319 if we have already saved this hard register. */
320 if (regno_save_mode
[i
][j
] == VOIDmode
|| regno_save_mem
[i
][1] != 0)
323 for (k
= 0; k
< j
; k
++)
326 ok
&= (TEST_HARD_REG_BIT (hard_regs_used
, regno
) != 0);
329 /* We have found an acceptable mode to store in. */
334 = assign_stack_local (regno_save_mode
[i
][j
],
335 GET_MODE_SIZE (regno_save_mode
[i
][j
]), 0);
337 /* Setup single word save area just in case... */
338 for (k
= 0; k
< j
; k
++)
340 /* This should not depend on WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN.
341 The order of words in regs is the same as in memory. */
342 rtx temp
= gen_rtx (MEM
, regno_save_mode
[i
+k
][1],
343 XEXP (regno_save_mem
[i
][j
], 0));
345 regno_save_mem
[i
+k
][1]
346 = adj_offsettable_operand (temp
, k
* UNITS_PER_WORD
);
352 for (i
= 0; i
< FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER
; i
++)
353 for (j
= 1; j
<= MOVE_MAX
/ UNITS_PER_WORD
; j
++)
354 if (regno_save_mem
[i
][j
] != 0)
355 ok
&= strict_memory_address_p (GET_MODE (regno_save_mem
[i
][j
]),
356 XEXP (eliminate_regs (regno_save_mem
[i
][j
], 0, NULL_RTX
), 0));
361 /* Find the places where hard regs are live across calls and save them.
363 INSN_MODE is the mode to assign to any insns that we add. This is used
364 by reload to determine whether or not reloads or register eliminations
365 need be done on these insns. */
368 save_call_clobbered_regs (insn_mode
)
369 enum machine_mode insn_mode
;
374 for (b
= 0; b
< n_basic_blocks
; b
++)
376 regset regs_live
= basic_block_live_at_start
[b
];
381 /* Compute hard regs live at start of block -- this is the
382 real hard regs marked live, plus live pseudo regs that
383 have been renumbered to hard regs. No registers have yet been
384 saved because we restore all of them before the end of the basic
388 hard_regs_live
= *regs_live
;
390 COPY_HARD_REG_SET (hard_regs_live
, regs_live
);
393 CLEAR_HARD_REG_SET (hard_regs_saved
);
394 CLEAR_HARD_REG_SET (hard_regs_need_restore
);
397 for (offset
= 0, i
= 0; offset
< regset_size
; offset
++)
399 if (regs_live
[offset
] == 0)
400 i
+= REGSET_ELT_BITS
;
402 for (bit
= 1; bit
&& i
< max_regno
; bit
<<= 1, i
++)
403 if ((regs_live
[offset
] & bit
)
404 && (regno
= reg_renumber
[i
]) >= 0)
406 j
< regno
+ HARD_REGNO_NREGS (regno
,
407 PSEUDO_REGNO_MODE (i
));
409 SET_HARD_REG_BIT (hard_regs_live
, j
);
413 /* Now scan the insns in the block, keeping track of what hard
414 regs are live as we go. When we see a call, save the live
415 call-clobbered hard regs. */
417 for (insn
= basic_block_head
[b
]; ; insn
= NEXT_INSN (insn
))
419 RTX_CODE code
= GET_CODE (insn
);
421 if (GET_RTX_CLASS (code
) == 'i')
425 /* If some registers have been saved, see if INSN references
426 any of them. We must restore them before the insn if so. */
429 restore_referenced_regs (PATTERN (insn
), insn
, insn_mode
);
431 /* NB: the normal procedure is to first enliven any
432 registers set by insn, then deaden any registers that
433 had their last use at insn. This is incorrect now,
434 since multiple pseudos may have been mapped to the
435 same hard reg, and the death notes are ambiguous. So
436 it must be done in the other, safe, order. */
438 for (link
= REG_NOTES (insn
); link
; link
= XEXP (link
, 1))
439 if (REG_NOTE_KIND (link
) == REG_DEAD
)
440 clear_reg_live (XEXP (link
, 0));
442 /* When we reach a call, we need to save all registers that are
443 live, call-used, not fixed, and not already saved. We must
444 test at this point because registers that die in a CALL_INSN
445 are not live across the call and likewise for registers that
446 are born in the CALL_INSN. */
448 if (code
== CALL_INSN
)
450 for (regno
= 0; regno
< FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER
; regno
++)
451 if (call_used_regs
[regno
] && ! call_fixed_regs
[regno
]
452 && TEST_HARD_REG_BIT (hard_regs_live
, regno
)
453 && ! TEST_HARD_REG_BIT (hard_regs_saved
, regno
))
454 regno
+= insert_save_restore (insn
, 1, regno
,
457 hard_regs_need_restore
= hard_regs_saved
;
459 COPY_HARD_REG_SET (hard_regs_need_restore
,
463 /* Must recompute n_regs_saved. */
465 for (regno
= 0; regno
< FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER
; regno
++)
466 if (TEST_HARD_REG_BIT (hard_regs_saved
, regno
))
471 note_stores (PATTERN (insn
), set_reg_live
);
473 for (link
= REG_NOTES (insn
); link
; link
= XEXP (link
, 1))
474 if (REG_NOTE_KIND (link
) == REG_UNUSED
)
475 clear_reg_live (XEXP (link
, 0));
478 if (insn
== basic_block_end
[b
])
482 /* At the end of the basic block, we must restore any registers that
483 remain saved. If the last insn in the block is a JUMP_INSN, put
484 the restore before the insn, otherwise, put it after the insn. */
487 for (regno
= 0; regno
< FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER
; regno
++)
488 if (TEST_HARD_REG_BIT (hard_regs_need_restore
, regno
))
489 regno
+= insert_save_restore ((GET_CODE (insn
) == JUMP_INSN
490 ? insn
: NEXT_INSN (insn
)), 0,
491 regno
, insn_mode
, MOVE_MAX
/ UNITS_PER_WORD
);
496 /* Here from note_stores when an insn stores a value in a register.
497 Set the proper bit or bits in hard_regs_live. All pseudos that have
498 been assigned hard regs have had their register number changed already,
499 so we can ignore pseudos. */
502 set_reg_live (reg
, setter
)
505 register int regno
, endregno
, i
;
506 enum machine_mode mode
= GET_MODE (reg
);
509 if (GET_CODE (reg
) == SUBREG
)
511 word
= SUBREG_WORD (reg
);
512 reg
= SUBREG_REG (reg
);
515 if (GET_CODE (reg
) != REG
|| REGNO (reg
) >= FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER
)
518 regno
= REGNO (reg
) + word
;
519 endregno
= regno
+ HARD_REGNO_NREGS (regno
, mode
);
521 for (i
= regno
; i
< endregno
; i
++)
523 SET_HARD_REG_BIT (hard_regs_live
, i
);
524 CLEAR_HARD_REG_BIT (hard_regs_saved
, i
);
525 CLEAR_HARD_REG_BIT (hard_regs_need_restore
, i
);
529 /* Here when a REG_DEAD note records the last use of a reg. Clear
530 the appropriate bit or bits in hard_regs_live. Again we can ignore
537 register int regno
, endregno
, i
;
539 if (GET_CODE (reg
) != REG
|| REGNO (reg
) >= FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER
)
543 endregno
= regno
+ HARD_REGNO_NREGS (regno
, GET_MODE (reg
));
545 for (i
= regno
; i
< endregno
; i
++)
547 CLEAR_HARD_REG_BIT (hard_regs_live
, i
);
548 CLEAR_HARD_REG_BIT (hard_regs_need_restore
, i
);
549 CLEAR_HARD_REG_BIT (hard_regs_saved
, i
);
553 /* If any register currently residing in the save area is referenced in X,
554 which is part of INSN, emit code to restore the register in front of INSN.
555 INSN_MODE is the mode to assign to any insns that we add. */
558 restore_referenced_regs (x
, insn
, insn_mode
)
561 enum machine_mode insn_mode
;
563 enum rtx_code code
= GET_CODE (x
);
572 int regno
= REGNO (x
);
574 /* If this is a pseudo, scan its memory location, since it might
575 involve the use of another register, which might be saved. */
577 if (regno
>= FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER
578 && reg_equiv_mem
[regno
] != 0)
579 restore_referenced_regs (XEXP (reg_equiv_mem
[regno
], 0),
581 else if (regno
>= FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER
582 && reg_equiv_address
[regno
] != 0)
583 restore_referenced_regs (reg_equiv_address
[regno
],
586 /* Otherwise if this is a hard register, restore any piece of it that
587 is currently saved. */
589 else if (regno
< FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER
)
591 int endregno
= regno
+ HARD_REGNO_NREGS (regno
, GET_MODE (x
));
593 for (i
= regno
; i
< endregno
; i
++)
594 if (TEST_HARD_REG_BIT (hard_regs_need_restore
, i
))
595 i
+= insert_save_restore (insn
, 0, i
, insn_mode
,
596 CEIL (GET_MODE_SIZE (GET_MODE (x
)), UNITS_PER_WORD
));
602 fmt
= GET_RTX_FORMAT (code
);
603 for (i
= GET_RTX_LENGTH (code
) - 1; i
>= 0; i
--)
606 restore_referenced_regs (XEXP (x
, i
), insn
, insn_mode
);
607 else if (fmt
[i
] == 'E')
608 for (j
= XVECLEN (x
, i
) - 1; j
>= 0; j
--)
609 restore_referenced_regs (XVECEXP (x
, i
, j
), insn
, insn_mode
);
613 /* Insert a sequence of insns to save or restore, SAVE_P says which,
614 REGNO. Place these insns in front of INSN. INSN_MODE is the mode
615 to assign to these insns. MAXRESTORE is the maximum number of registers
616 which should be restored during this call (when SAVE_P == 0). It should
617 never be less than 1 since we only work with entire registers.
619 Note that we have verified in init_caller_save that we can do this
620 with a simple SET, so use it. Set INSN_CODE to what we save there
621 since the address might not be valid so the insn might not be recognized.
622 These insns will be reloaded and have register elimination done by
623 find_reload, so we need not worry about that here.
625 Return the extra number of registers saved. */
628 insert_save_restore (insn
, save_p
, regno
, insn_mode
, maxrestore
)
632 enum machine_mode insn_mode
;
639 /* A common failure mode if register status is not correct in the RTL
640 is for this routine to be called with a REGNO we didn't expect to
641 save. That will cause us to write an insn with a (nil) SET_DEST
642 or SET_SRC. Instead of doing so and causing a crash later, check
643 for this common case and abort here instead. This will remove one
644 step in debugging such problems. */
646 if (regno_save_mem
[regno
][1] == 0)
649 /* If INSN is a CALL_INSN, we must insert our insns before any
650 USE insns in front of the CALL_INSN. */
652 if (GET_CODE (insn
) == CALL_INSN
)
653 while (GET_CODE (PREV_INSN (insn
)) == INSN
654 && GET_CODE (PATTERN (PREV_INSN (insn
))) == USE
)
655 insn
= PREV_INSN (insn
);
658 /* If INSN references CC0, put our insns in front of the insn that sets
659 CC0. This is always safe, since the only way we could be passed an
660 insn that references CC0 is for a restore, and doing a restore earlier
661 isn't a problem. We do, however, assume here that CALL_INSNs don't
662 reference CC0. Guard against non-INSN's like CODE_LABEL. */
664 if ((GET_CODE (insn
) == INSN
|| GET_CODE (insn
) == JUMP_INSN
)
665 && reg_referenced_p (cc0_rtx
, PATTERN (insn
)))
666 insn
= prev_nonnote_insn (insn
);
669 /* Get the pattern to emit and update our status. */
675 /* See if we can save several registers with a single instruction.
676 Work backwards to the single register case. */
677 for (i
= MOVE_MAX
/ UNITS_PER_WORD
; i
> 0; i
--)
680 if (regno_save_mem
[regno
][i
] != 0)
681 for (j
= 0; j
< i
; j
++)
683 if (! call_used_regs
[regno
+ j
] || call_fixed_regs
[regno
+ j
]
684 || ! TEST_HARD_REG_BIT (hard_regs_live
, regno
+ j
)
685 || TEST_HARD_REG_BIT (hard_regs_saved
, regno
+ j
))
691 /* Must do this one save at a time */
695 pat
= gen_rtx (SET
, VOIDmode
, regno_save_mem
[regno
][i
],
696 gen_rtx (REG
, GET_MODE (regno_save_mem
[regno
][i
]), regno
));
697 code
= reg_save_code
[regno
][i
];
699 /* Set hard_regs_saved for all the registers we saved. */
700 for (k
= 0; k
< i
; k
++)
702 SET_HARD_REG_BIT (hard_regs_saved
, regno
+ k
);
703 SET_HARD_REG_BIT (hard_regs_need_restore
, regno
+ k
);
716 /* See if we can restore `maxrestore' registers at once. Work
717 backwards to the single register case. */
718 for (i
= maxrestore
; i
> 0; i
--)
721 if (regno_save_mem
[regno
][i
])
722 for (j
= 0; j
< i
; j
++)
724 if (! TEST_HARD_REG_BIT (hard_regs_need_restore
, regno
+ j
))
730 /* Must do this one restore at a time */
734 pat
= gen_rtx (SET
, VOIDmode
,
735 gen_rtx (REG
, GET_MODE (regno_save_mem
[regno
][i
]),
737 regno_save_mem
[regno
][i
]);
738 code
= reg_restore_code
[regno
][i
];
741 /* Clear status for all registers we restored. */
742 for (k
= 0; k
< i
; k
++)
744 CLEAR_HARD_REG_BIT (hard_regs_need_restore
, regno
+ k
);
752 /* Emit the insn and set the code and mode. */
754 insn
= emit_insn_before (pat
, insn
);
755 PUT_MODE (insn
, insn_mode
);
756 INSN_CODE (insn
) = code
;
758 /* Tell our callers how many extra registers we saved/restored */