1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
2 @c Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996,
3 @c 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009,
4 @c 2010, 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
7 @c makeinfo ignores cmds prev to setfilename, so its arg cannot make use
8 @c of @set vars. However, you can override filename with makeinfo -o.
13 @settitle Debugging with @value{GDBN}
14 @setchapternewpage odd
26 @c readline appendices use @vindex, @findex and @ftable,
27 @c annotate.texi and gdbmi use @findex.
31 @c !!set GDB manual's edition---not the same as GDB version!
32 @c This is updated by GNU Press.
35 @c !!set GDB edit command default editor
38 @c THIS MANUAL REQUIRES TEXINFO 4.0 OR LATER.
40 @c This is a dir.info fragment to support semi-automated addition of
41 @c manuals to an info tree.
42 @dircategory Software development
44 * Gdb: (gdb). The GNU debugger.
48 Copyright @copyright{} 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996,
49 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010
50 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
52 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
53 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
54 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
55 Invariant Sections being ``Free Software'' and ``Free Software Needs
56 Free Documentation'', with the Front-Cover Texts being ``A GNU Manual,''
57 and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below.
59 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You are free to copy and modify
60 this GNU Manual. Buying copies from GNU Press supports the FSF in
61 developing GNU and promoting software freedom.''
65 This file documents the @sc{gnu} debugger @value{GDBN}.
67 This is the @value{EDITION} Edition, of @cite{Debugging with
68 @value{GDBN}: the @sc{gnu} Source-Level Debugger} for @value{GDBN}
69 @ifset VERSION_PACKAGE
70 @value{VERSION_PACKAGE}
72 Version @value{GDBVN}.
78 @title Debugging with @value{GDBN}
79 @subtitle The @sc{gnu} Source-Level Debugger
81 @subtitle @value{EDITION} Edition, for @value{GDBN} version @value{GDBVN}
82 @ifset VERSION_PACKAGE
84 @subtitle @value{VERSION_PACKAGE}
86 @author Richard Stallman, Roland Pesch, Stan Shebs, et al.
90 \hfill (Send bugs and comments on @value{GDBN} to @value{BUGURL}.)\par
91 \hfill {\it Debugging with @value{GDBN}}\par
92 \hfill \TeX{}info \texinfoversion\par
96 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll
97 Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
98 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
99 Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA@*
100 ISBN 978-0-9831592-3-0 @*
107 @node Top, Summary, (dir), (dir)
109 @top Debugging with @value{GDBN}
111 This file describes @value{GDBN}, the @sc{gnu} symbolic debugger.
113 This is the @value{EDITION} Edition, for @value{GDBN}
114 @ifset VERSION_PACKAGE
115 @value{VERSION_PACKAGE}
117 Version @value{GDBVN}.
119 Copyright (C) 1988-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
121 This edition of the GDB manual is dedicated to the memory of Fred
122 Fish. Fred was a long-standing contributor to GDB and to Free
123 software in general. We will miss him.
126 * Summary:: Summary of @value{GDBN}
127 * Sample Session:: A sample @value{GDBN} session
129 * Invocation:: Getting in and out of @value{GDBN}
130 * Commands:: @value{GDBN} commands
131 * Running:: Running programs under @value{GDBN}
132 * Stopping:: Stopping and continuing
133 * Reverse Execution:: Running programs backward
134 * Process Record and Replay:: Recording inferior's execution and replaying it
135 * Stack:: Examining the stack
136 * Source:: Examining source files
137 * Data:: Examining data
138 * Optimized Code:: Debugging optimized code
139 * Macros:: Preprocessor Macros
140 * Tracepoints:: Debugging remote targets non-intrusively
141 * Overlays:: Debugging programs that use overlays
143 * Languages:: Using @value{GDBN} with different languages
145 * Symbols:: Examining the symbol table
146 * Altering:: Altering execution
147 * GDB Files:: @value{GDBN} files
148 * Targets:: Specifying a debugging target
149 * Remote Debugging:: Debugging remote programs
150 * Configurations:: Configuration-specific information
151 * Controlling GDB:: Controlling @value{GDBN}
152 * Extending GDB:: Extending @value{GDBN}
153 * Interpreters:: Command Interpreters
154 * TUI:: @value{GDBN} Text User Interface
155 * Emacs:: Using @value{GDBN} under @sc{gnu} Emacs
156 * GDB/MI:: @value{GDBN}'s Machine Interface.
157 * Annotations:: @value{GDBN}'s annotation interface.
158 * JIT Interface:: Using the JIT debugging interface.
160 * GDB Bugs:: Reporting bugs in @value{GDBN}
162 @ifset SYSTEM_READLINE
163 * Command Line Editing: (rluserman). Command Line Editing
164 * Using History Interactively: (history). Using History Interactively
166 @ifclear SYSTEM_READLINE
167 * Command Line Editing:: Command Line Editing
168 * Using History Interactively:: Using History Interactively
170 * In Memoriam:: In Memoriam
171 * Formatting Documentation:: How to format and print @value{GDBN} documentation
172 * Installing GDB:: Installing GDB
173 * Maintenance Commands:: Maintenance Commands
174 * Remote Protocol:: GDB Remote Serial Protocol
175 * Agent Expressions:: The GDB Agent Expression Mechanism
176 * Target Descriptions:: How targets can describe themselves to
178 * Operating System Information:: Getting additional information from
180 * Trace File Format:: GDB trace file format
181 * Index Section Format:: .gdb_index section format
182 * Copying:: GNU General Public License says
183 how you can copy and share GDB
184 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation
193 @unnumbered Summary of @value{GDBN}
195 The purpose of a debugger such as @value{GDBN} is to allow you to see what is
196 going on ``inside'' another program while it executes---or what another
197 program was doing at the moment it crashed.
199 @value{GDBN} can do four main kinds of things (plus other things in support of
200 these) to help you catch bugs in the act:
204 Start your program, specifying anything that might affect its behavior.
207 Make your program stop on specified conditions.
210 Examine what has happened, when your program has stopped.
213 Change things in your program, so you can experiment with correcting the
214 effects of one bug and go on to learn about another.
217 You can use @value{GDBN} to debug programs written in C and C@t{++}.
218 For more information, see @ref{Supported Languages,,Supported Languages}.
219 For more information, see @ref{C,,C and C++}.
221 Support for D is partial. For information on D, see
225 Support for Modula-2 is partial. For information on Modula-2, see
226 @ref{Modula-2,,Modula-2}.
228 Support for OpenCL C is partial. For information on OpenCL C, see
229 @ref{OpenCL C,,OpenCL C}.
232 Debugging Pascal programs which use sets, subranges, file variables, or
233 nested functions does not currently work. @value{GDBN} does not support
234 entering expressions, printing values, or similar features using Pascal
238 @value{GDBN} can be used to debug programs written in Fortran, although
239 it may be necessary to refer to some variables with a trailing
242 @value{GDBN} can be used to debug programs written in Objective-C,
243 using either the Apple/NeXT or the GNU Objective-C runtime.
246 * Free Software:: Freely redistributable software
247 * Contributors:: Contributors to GDB
251 @unnumberedsec Free Software
253 @value{GDBN} is @dfn{free software}, protected by the @sc{gnu}
254 General Public License
255 (GPL). The GPL gives you the freedom to copy or adapt a licensed
256 program---but every person getting a copy also gets with it the
257 freedom to modify that copy (which means that they must get access to
258 the source code), and the freedom to distribute further copies.
259 Typical software companies use copyrights to limit your freedoms; the
260 Free Software Foundation uses the GPL to preserve these freedoms.
262 Fundamentally, the General Public License is a license which says that
263 you have these freedoms and that you cannot take these freedoms away
266 @unnumberedsec Free Software Needs Free Documentation
268 The biggest deficiency in the free software community today is not in
269 the software---it is the lack of good free documentation that we can
270 include with the free software. Many of our most important
271 programs do not come with free reference manuals and free introductory
272 texts. Documentation is an essential part of any software package;
273 when an important free software package does not come with a free
274 manual and a free tutorial, that is a major gap. We have many such
277 Consider Perl, for instance. The tutorial manuals that people
278 normally use are non-free. How did this come about? Because the
279 authors of those manuals published them with restrictive terms---no
280 copying, no modification, source files not available---which exclude
281 them from the free software world.
283 That wasn't the first time this sort of thing happened, and it was far
284 from the last. Many times we have heard a GNU user eagerly describe a
285 manual that he is writing, his intended contribution to the community,
286 only to learn that he had ruined everything by signing a publication
287 contract to make it non-free.
289 Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, not
290 price. The problem with the non-free manual is not that publishers
291 charge a price for printed copies---that in itself is fine. (The Free
292 Software Foundation sells printed copies of manuals, too.) The
293 problem is the restrictions on the use of the manual. Free manuals
294 are available in source code form, and give you permission to copy and
295 modify. Non-free manuals do not allow this.
297 The criteria of freedom for a free manual are roughly the same as for
298 free software. Redistribution (including the normal kinds of
299 commercial redistribution) must be permitted, so that the manual can
300 accompany every copy of the program, both on-line and on paper.
302 Permission for modification of the technical content is crucial too.
303 When people modify the software, adding or changing features, if they
304 are conscientious they will change the manual too---so they can
305 provide accurate and clear documentation for the modified program. A
306 manual that leaves you no choice but to write a new manual to document
307 a changed version of the program is not really available to our
310 Some kinds of limits on the way modification is handled are
311 acceptable. For example, requirements to preserve the original
312 author's copyright notice, the distribution terms, or the list of
313 authors, are ok. It is also no problem to require modified versions
314 to include notice that they were modified. Even entire sections that
315 may not be deleted or changed are acceptable, as long as they deal
316 with nontechnical topics (like this one). These kinds of restrictions
317 are acceptable because they don't obstruct the community's normal use
320 However, it must be possible to modify all the @emph{technical}
321 content of the manual, and then distribute the result in all the usual
322 media, through all the usual channels. Otherwise, the restrictions
323 obstruct the use of the manual, it is not free, and we need another
324 manual to replace it.
326 Please spread the word about this issue. Our community continues to
327 lose manuals to proprietary publishing. If we spread the word that
328 free software needs free reference manuals and free tutorials, perhaps
329 the next person who wants to contribute by writing documentation will
330 realize, before it is too late, that only free manuals contribute to
331 the free software community.
333 If you are writing documentation, please insist on publishing it under
334 the GNU Free Documentation License or another free documentation
335 license. Remember that this decision requires your approval---you
336 don't have to let the publisher decide. Some commercial publishers
337 will use a free license if you insist, but they will not propose the
338 option; it is up to you to raise the issue and say firmly that this is
339 what you want. If the publisher you are dealing with refuses, please
340 try other publishers. If you're not sure whether a proposed license
341 is free, write to @email{licensing@@gnu.org}.
343 You can encourage commercial publishers to sell more free, copylefted
344 manuals and tutorials by buying them, and particularly by buying
345 copies from the publishers that paid for their writing or for major
346 improvements. Meanwhile, try to avoid buying non-free documentation
347 at all. Check the distribution terms of a manual before you buy it,
348 and insist that whoever seeks your business must respect your freedom.
349 Check the history of the book, and try to reward the publishers that
350 have paid or pay the authors to work on it.
352 The Free Software Foundation maintains a list of free documentation
353 published by other publishers, at
354 @url{http://www.fsf.org/doc/other-free-books.html}.
357 @unnumberedsec Contributors to @value{GDBN}
359 Richard Stallman was the original author of @value{GDBN}, and of many
360 other @sc{gnu} programs. Many others have contributed to its
361 development. This section attempts to credit major contributors. One
362 of the virtues of free software is that everyone is free to contribute
363 to it; with regret, we cannot actually acknowledge everyone here. The
364 file @file{ChangeLog} in the @value{GDBN} distribution approximates a
365 blow-by-blow account.
367 Changes much prior to version 2.0 are lost in the mists of time.
370 @emph{Plea:} Additions to this section are particularly welcome. If you
371 or your friends (or enemies, to be evenhanded) have been unfairly
372 omitted from this list, we would like to add your names!
375 So that they may not regard their many labors as thankless, we
376 particularly thank those who shepherded @value{GDBN} through major
378 Andrew Cagney (releases 6.3, 6.2, 6.1, 6.0, 5.3, 5.2, 5.1 and 5.0);
379 Jim Blandy (release 4.18);
380 Jason Molenda (release 4.17);
381 Stan Shebs (release 4.14);
382 Fred Fish (releases 4.16, 4.15, 4.13, 4.12, 4.11, 4.10, and 4.9);
383 Stu Grossman and John Gilmore (releases 4.8, 4.7, 4.6, 4.5, and 4.4);
384 John Gilmore (releases 4.3, 4.2, 4.1, 4.0, and 3.9);
385 Jim Kingdon (releases 3.5, 3.4, and 3.3);
386 and Randy Smith (releases 3.2, 3.1, and 3.0).
388 Richard Stallman, assisted at various times by Peter TerMaat, Chris
389 Hanson, and Richard Mlynarik, handled releases through 2.8.
391 Michael Tiemann is the author of most of the @sc{gnu} C@t{++} support
392 in @value{GDBN}, with significant additional contributions from Per
393 Bothner and Daniel Berlin. James Clark wrote the @sc{gnu} C@t{++}
394 demangler. Early work on C@t{++} was by Peter TerMaat (who also did
395 much general update work leading to release 3.0).
397 @value{GDBN} uses the BFD subroutine library to examine multiple
398 object-file formats; BFD was a joint project of David V.
399 Henkel-Wallace, Rich Pixley, Steve Chamberlain, and John Gilmore.
401 David Johnson wrote the original COFF support; Pace Willison did
402 the original support for encapsulated COFF.
404 Brent Benson of Harris Computer Systems contributed DWARF 2 support.
406 Adam de Boor and Bradley Davis contributed the ISI Optimum V support.
407 Per Bothner, Noboyuki Hikichi, and Alessandro Forin contributed MIPS
409 Jean-Daniel Fekete contributed Sun 386i support.
410 Chris Hanson improved the HP9000 support.
411 Noboyuki Hikichi and Tomoyuki Hasei contributed Sony/News OS 3 support.
412 David Johnson contributed Encore Umax support.
413 Jyrki Kuoppala contributed Altos 3068 support.
414 Jeff Law contributed HP PA and SOM support.
415 Keith Packard contributed NS32K support.
416 Doug Rabson contributed Acorn Risc Machine support.
417 Bob Rusk contributed Harris Nighthawk CX-UX support.
418 Chris Smith contributed Convex support (and Fortran debugging).
419 Jonathan Stone contributed Pyramid support.
420 Michael Tiemann contributed SPARC support.
421 Tim Tucker contributed support for the Gould NP1 and Gould Powernode.
422 Pace Willison contributed Intel 386 support.
423 Jay Vosburgh contributed Symmetry support.
424 Marko Mlinar contributed OpenRISC 1000 support.
426 Andreas Schwab contributed M68K @sc{gnu}/Linux support.
428 Rich Schaefer and Peter Schauer helped with support of SunOS shared
431 Jay Fenlason and Roland McGrath ensured that @value{GDBN} and GAS agree
432 about several machine instruction sets.
434 Patrick Duval, Ted Goldstein, Vikram Koka and Glenn Engel helped develop
435 remote debugging. Intel Corporation, Wind River Systems, AMD, and ARM
436 contributed remote debugging modules for the i960, VxWorks, A29K UDI,
437 and RDI targets, respectively.
439 Brian Fox is the author of the readline libraries providing
440 command-line editing and command history.
442 Andrew Beers of SUNY Buffalo wrote the language-switching code, the
443 Modula-2 support, and contributed the Languages chapter of this manual.
445 Fred Fish wrote most of the support for Unix System Vr4.
446 He also enhanced the command-completion support to cover C@t{++} overloaded
449 Hitachi America (now Renesas America), Ltd. sponsored the support for
450 H8/300, H8/500, and Super-H processors.
452 NEC sponsored the support for the v850, Vr4xxx, and Vr5xxx processors.
454 Mitsubishi (now Renesas) sponsored the support for D10V, D30V, and M32R/D
457 Toshiba sponsored the support for the TX39 Mips processor.
459 Matsushita sponsored the support for the MN10200 and MN10300 processors.
461 Fujitsu sponsored the support for SPARClite and FR30 processors.
463 Kung Hsu, Jeff Law, and Rick Sladkey added support for hardware
466 Michael Snyder added support for tracepoints.
468 Stu Grossman wrote gdbserver.
470 Jim Kingdon, Peter Schauer, Ian Taylor, and Stu Grossman made
471 nearly innumerable bug fixes and cleanups throughout @value{GDBN}.
473 The following people at the Hewlett-Packard Company contributed
474 support for the PA-RISC 2.0 architecture, HP-UX 10.20, 10.30, and 11.0
475 (narrow mode), HP's implementation of kernel threads, HP's aC@t{++}
476 compiler, and the Text User Interface (nee Terminal User Interface):
477 Ben Krepp, Richard Title, John Bishop, Susan Macchia, Kathy Mann,
478 Satish Pai, India Paul, Steve Rehrauer, and Elena Zannoni. Kim Haase
479 provided HP-specific information in this manual.
481 DJ Delorie ported @value{GDBN} to MS-DOS, for the DJGPP project.
482 Robert Hoehne made significant contributions to the DJGPP port.
484 Cygnus Solutions has sponsored @value{GDBN} maintenance and much of its
485 development since 1991. Cygnus engineers who have worked on @value{GDBN}
486 fulltime include Mark Alexander, Jim Blandy, Per Bothner, Kevin
487 Buettner, Edith Epstein, Chris Faylor, Fred Fish, Martin Hunt, Jim
488 Ingham, John Gilmore, Stu Grossman, Kung Hsu, Jim Kingdon, John Metzler,
489 Fernando Nasser, Geoffrey Noer, Dawn Perchik, Rich Pixley, Zdenek
490 Radouch, Keith Seitz, Stan Shebs, David Taylor, and Elena Zannoni. In
491 addition, Dave Brolley, Ian Carmichael, Steve Chamberlain, Nick Clifton,
492 JT Conklin, Stan Cox, DJ Delorie, Ulrich Drepper, Frank Eigler, Doug
493 Evans, Sean Fagan, David Henkel-Wallace, Richard Henderson, Jeff
494 Holcomb, Jeff Law, Jim Lemke, Tom Lord, Bob Manson, Michael Meissner,
495 Jason Merrill, Catherine Moore, Drew Moseley, Ken Raeburn, Gavin
496 Romig-Koch, Rob Savoye, Jamie Smith, Mike Stump, Ian Taylor, Angela
497 Thomas, Michael Tiemann, Tom Tromey, Ron Unrau, Jim Wilson, and David
498 Zuhn have made contributions both large and small.
500 Andrew Cagney, Fernando Nasser, and Elena Zannoni, while working for
501 Cygnus Solutions, implemented the original @sc{gdb/mi} interface.
503 Jim Blandy added support for preprocessor macros, while working for Red
506 Andrew Cagney designed @value{GDBN}'s architecture vector. Many
507 people including Andrew Cagney, Stephane Carrez, Randolph Chung, Nick
508 Duffek, Richard Henderson, Mark Kettenis, Grace Sainsbury, Kei
509 Sakamoto, Yoshinori Sato, Michael Snyder, Andreas Schwab, Jason
510 Thorpe, Corinna Vinschen, Ulrich Weigand, and Elena Zannoni, helped
511 with the migration of old architectures to this new framework.
513 Andrew Cagney completely re-designed and re-implemented @value{GDBN}'s
514 unwinder framework, this consisting of a fresh new design featuring
515 frame IDs, independent frame sniffers, and the sentinel frame. Mark
516 Kettenis implemented the @sc{dwarf 2} unwinder, Jeff Johnston the
517 libunwind unwinder, and Andrew Cagney the dummy, sentinel, tramp, and
518 trad unwinders. The architecture-specific changes, each involving a
519 complete rewrite of the architecture's frame code, were carried out by
520 Jim Blandy, Joel Brobecker, Kevin Buettner, Andrew Cagney, Stephane
521 Carrez, Randolph Chung, Orjan Friberg, Richard Henderson, Daniel
522 Jacobowitz, Jeff Johnston, Mark Kettenis, Theodore A. Roth, Kei
523 Sakamoto, Yoshinori Sato, Michael Snyder, Corinna Vinschen, and Ulrich
526 Christian Zankel, Ross Morley, Bob Wilson, and Maxim Grigoriev from
527 Tensilica, Inc.@: contributed support for Xtensa processors. Others
528 who have worked on the Xtensa port of @value{GDBN} in the past include
529 Steve Tjiang, John Newlin, and Scott Foehner.
531 Michael Eager and staff of Xilinx, Inc., contributed support for the
532 Xilinx MicroBlaze architecture.
535 @chapter A Sample @value{GDBN} Session
537 You can use this manual at your leisure to read all about @value{GDBN}.
538 However, a handful of commands are enough to get started using the
539 debugger. This chapter illustrates those commands.
542 In this sample session, we emphasize user input like this: @b{input},
543 to make it easier to pick out from the surrounding output.
546 @c FIXME: this example may not be appropriate for some configs, where
547 @c FIXME...primary interest is in remote use.
549 One of the preliminary versions of @sc{gnu} @code{m4} (a generic macro
550 processor) exhibits the following bug: sometimes, when we change its
551 quote strings from the default, the commands used to capture one macro
552 definition within another stop working. In the following short @code{m4}
553 session, we define a macro @code{foo} which expands to @code{0000}; we
554 then use the @code{m4} built-in @code{defn} to define @code{bar} as the
555 same thing. However, when we change the open quote string to
556 @code{<QUOTE>} and the close quote string to @code{<UNQUOTE>}, the same
557 procedure fails to define a new synonym @code{baz}:
566 @b{define(bar,defn(`foo'))}
570 @b{changequote(<QUOTE>,<UNQUOTE>)}
572 @b{define(baz,defn(<QUOTE>foo<UNQUOTE>))}
575 m4: End of input: 0: fatal error: EOF in string
579 Let us use @value{GDBN} to try to see what is going on.
582 $ @b{@value{GDBP} m4}
583 @c FIXME: this falsifies the exact text played out, to permit smallbook
584 @c FIXME... format to come out better.
585 @value{GDBN} is free software and you are welcome to distribute copies
586 of it under certain conditions; type "show copying" to see
588 There is absolutely no warranty for @value{GDBN}; type "show warranty"
591 @value{GDBN} @value{GDBVN}, Copyright 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc...
596 @value{GDBN} reads only enough symbol data to know where to find the
597 rest when needed; as a result, the first prompt comes up very quickly.
598 We now tell @value{GDBN} to use a narrower display width than usual, so
599 that examples fit in this manual.
602 (@value{GDBP}) @b{set width 70}
606 We need to see how the @code{m4} built-in @code{changequote} works.
607 Having looked at the source, we know the relevant subroutine is
608 @code{m4_changequote}, so we set a breakpoint there with the @value{GDBN}
609 @code{break} command.
612 (@value{GDBP}) @b{break m4_changequote}
613 Breakpoint 1 at 0x62f4: file builtin.c, line 879.
617 Using the @code{run} command, we start @code{m4} running under @value{GDBN}
618 control; as long as control does not reach the @code{m4_changequote}
619 subroutine, the program runs as usual:
622 (@value{GDBP}) @b{run}
623 Starting program: /work/Editorial/gdb/gnu/m4/m4
631 To trigger the breakpoint, we call @code{changequote}. @value{GDBN}
632 suspends execution of @code{m4}, displaying information about the
633 context where it stops.
636 @b{changequote(<QUOTE>,<UNQUOTE>)}
638 Breakpoint 1, m4_changequote (argc=3, argv=0x33c70)
640 879 if (bad_argc(TOKEN_DATA_TEXT(argv[0]),argc,1,3))
644 Now we use the command @code{n} (@code{next}) to advance execution to
645 the next line of the current function.
649 882 set_quotes((argc >= 2) ? TOKEN_DATA_TEXT(argv[1])\
654 @code{set_quotes} looks like a promising subroutine. We can go into it
655 by using the command @code{s} (@code{step}) instead of @code{next}.
656 @code{step} goes to the next line to be executed in @emph{any}
657 subroutine, so it steps into @code{set_quotes}.
661 set_quotes (lq=0x34c78 "<QUOTE>", rq=0x34c88 "<UNQUOTE>")
663 530 if (lquote != def_lquote)
667 The display that shows the subroutine where @code{m4} is now
668 suspended (and its arguments) is called a stack frame display. It
669 shows a summary of the stack. We can use the @code{backtrace}
670 command (which can also be spelled @code{bt}), to see where we are
671 in the stack as a whole: the @code{backtrace} command displays a
672 stack frame for each active subroutine.
675 (@value{GDBP}) @b{bt}
676 #0 set_quotes (lq=0x34c78 "<QUOTE>", rq=0x34c88 "<UNQUOTE>")
678 #1 0x6344 in m4_changequote (argc=3, argv=0x33c70)
680 #2 0x8174 in expand_macro (sym=0x33320) at macro.c:242
681 #3 0x7a88 in expand_token (obs=0x0, t=209696, td=0xf7fffa30)
683 #4 0x79dc in expand_input () at macro.c:40
684 #5 0x2930 in main (argc=0, argv=0xf7fffb20) at m4.c:195
688 We step through a few more lines to see what happens. The first two
689 times, we can use @samp{s}; the next two times we use @code{n} to avoid
690 falling into the @code{xstrdup} subroutine.
694 0x3b5c 532 if (rquote != def_rquote)
696 0x3b80 535 lquote = (lq == nil || *lq == '\0') ? \
697 def_lquote : xstrdup(lq);
699 536 rquote = (rq == nil || *rq == '\0') ? def_rquote\
702 538 len_lquote = strlen(rquote);
706 The last line displayed looks a little odd; we can examine the variables
707 @code{lquote} and @code{rquote} to see if they are in fact the new left
708 and right quotes we specified. We use the command @code{p}
709 (@code{print}) to see their values.
712 (@value{GDBP}) @b{p lquote}
713 $1 = 0x35d40 "<QUOTE>"
714 (@value{GDBP}) @b{p rquote}
715 $2 = 0x35d50 "<UNQUOTE>"
719 @code{lquote} and @code{rquote} are indeed the new left and right quotes.
720 To look at some context, we can display ten lines of source
721 surrounding the current line with the @code{l} (@code{list}) command.
727 535 lquote = (lq == nil || *lq == '\0') ? def_lquote\
729 536 rquote = (rq == nil || *rq == '\0') ? def_rquote\
732 538 len_lquote = strlen(rquote);
733 539 len_rquote = strlen(lquote);
740 Let us step past the two lines that set @code{len_lquote} and
741 @code{len_rquote}, and then examine the values of those variables.
745 539 len_rquote = strlen(lquote);
748 (@value{GDBP}) @b{p len_lquote}
750 (@value{GDBP}) @b{p len_rquote}
755 That certainly looks wrong, assuming @code{len_lquote} and
756 @code{len_rquote} are meant to be the lengths of @code{lquote} and
757 @code{rquote} respectively. We can set them to better values using
758 the @code{p} command, since it can print the value of
759 any expression---and that expression can include subroutine calls and
763 (@value{GDBP}) @b{p len_lquote=strlen(lquote)}
765 (@value{GDBP}) @b{p len_rquote=strlen(rquote)}
770 Is that enough to fix the problem of using the new quotes with the
771 @code{m4} built-in @code{defn}? We can allow @code{m4} to continue
772 executing with the @code{c} (@code{continue}) command, and then try the
773 example that caused trouble initially:
779 @b{define(baz,defn(<QUOTE>foo<UNQUOTE>))}
786 Success! The new quotes now work just as well as the default ones. The
787 problem seems to have been just the two typos defining the wrong
788 lengths. We allow @code{m4} exit by giving it an EOF as input:
792 Program exited normally.
796 The message @samp{Program exited normally.} is from @value{GDBN}; it
797 indicates @code{m4} has finished executing. We can end our @value{GDBN}
798 session with the @value{GDBN} @code{quit} command.
801 (@value{GDBP}) @b{quit}
805 @chapter Getting In and Out of @value{GDBN}
807 This chapter discusses how to start @value{GDBN}, and how to get out of it.
811 type @samp{@value{GDBP}} to start @value{GDBN}.
813 type @kbd{quit} or @kbd{Ctrl-d} to exit.
817 * Invoking GDB:: How to start @value{GDBN}
818 * Quitting GDB:: How to quit @value{GDBN}
819 * Shell Commands:: How to use shell commands inside @value{GDBN}
820 * Logging Output:: How to log @value{GDBN}'s output to a file
824 @section Invoking @value{GDBN}
826 Invoke @value{GDBN} by running the program @code{@value{GDBP}}. Once started,
827 @value{GDBN} reads commands from the terminal until you tell it to exit.
829 You can also run @code{@value{GDBP}} with a variety of arguments and options,
830 to specify more of your debugging environment at the outset.
832 The command-line options described here are designed
833 to cover a variety of situations; in some environments, some of these
834 options may effectively be unavailable.
836 The most usual way to start @value{GDBN} is with one argument,
837 specifying an executable program:
840 @value{GDBP} @var{program}
844 You can also start with both an executable program and a core file
848 @value{GDBP} @var{program} @var{core}
851 You can, instead, specify a process ID as a second argument, if you want
852 to debug a running process:
855 @value{GDBP} @var{program} 1234
859 would attach @value{GDBN} to process @code{1234} (unless you also have a file
860 named @file{1234}; @value{GDBN} does check for a core file first).
862 Taking advantage of the second command-line argument requires a fairly
863 complete operating system; when you use @value{GDBN} as a remote
864 debugger attached to a bare board, there may not be any notion of
865 ``process'', and there is often no way to get a core dump. @value{GDBN}
866 will warn you if it is unable to attach or to read core dumps.
868 You can optionally have @code{@value{GDBP}} pass any arguments after the
869 executable file to the inferior using @code{--args}. This option stops
872 @value{GDBP} --args gcc -O2 -c foo.c
874 This will cause @code{@value{GDBP}} to debug @code{gcc}, and to set
875 @code{gcc}'s command-line arguments (@pxref{Arguments}) to @samp{-O2 -c foo.c}.
877 You can run @code{@value{GDBP}} without printing the front material, which describes
878 @value{GDBN}'s non-warranty, by specifying @code{-silent}:
885 You can further control how @value{GDBN} starts up by using command-line
886 options. @value{GDBN} itself can remind you of the options available.
896 to display all available options and briefly describe their use
897 (@samp{@value{GDBP} -h} is a shorter equivalent).
899 All options and command line arguments you give are processed
900 in sequential order. The order makes a difference when the
901 @samp{-x} option is used.
905 * File Options:: Choosing files
906 * Mode Options:: Choosing modes
907 * Startup:: What @value{GDBN} does during startup
911 @subsection Choosing Files
913 When @value{GDBN} starts, it reads any arguments other than options as
914 specifying an executable file and core file (or process ID). This is
915 the same as if the arguments were specified by the @samp{-se} and
916 @samp{-c} (or @samp{-p}) options respectively. (@value{GDBN} reads the
917 first argument that does not have an associated option flag as
918 equivalent to the @samp{-se} option followed by that argument; and the
919 second argument that does not have an associated option flag, if any, as
920 equivalent to the @samp{-c}/@samp{-p} option followed by that argument.)
921 If the second argument begins with a decimal digit, @value{GDBN} will
922 first attempt to attach to it as a process, and if that fails, attempt
923 to open it as a corefile. If you have a corefile whose name begins with
924 a digit, you can prevent @value{GDBN} from treating it as a pid by
925 prefixing it with @file{./}, e.g.@: @file{./12345}.
927 If @value{GDBN} has not been configured to included core file support,
928 such as for most embedded targets, then it will complain about a second
929 argument and ignore it.
931 Many options have both long and short forms; both are shown in the
932 following list. @value{GDBN} also recognizes the long forms if you truncate
933 them, so long as enough of the option is present to be unambiguous.
934 (If you prefer, you can flag option arguments with @samp{--} rather
935 than @samp{-}, though we illustrate the more usual convention.)
937 @c NOTE: the @cindex entries here use double dashes ON PURPOSE. This
938 @c way, both those who look for -foo and --foo in the index, will find
942 @item -symbols @var{file}
944 @cindex @code{--symbols}
946 Read symbol table from file @var{file}.
948 @item -exec @var{file}
950 @cindex @code{--exec}
952 Use file @var{file} as the executable file to execute when appropriate,
953 and for examining pure data in conjunction with a core dump.
957 Read symbol table from file @var{file} and use it as the executable
960 @item -core @var{file}
962 @cindex @code{--core}
964 Use file @var{file} as a core dump to examine.
966 @item -pid @var{number}
967 @itemx -p @var{number}
970 Connect to process ID @var{number}, as with the @code{attach} command.
972 @item -command @var{file}
974 @cindex @code{--command}
976 Execute commands from file @var{file}. The contents of this file is
977 evaluated exactly as the @code{source} command would.
978 @xref{Command Files,, Command files}.
980 @item -eval-command @var{command}
981 @itemx -ex @var{command}
982 @cindex @code{--eval-command}
984 Execute a single @value{GDBN} command.
986 This option may be used multiple times to call multiple commands. It may
987 also be interleaved with @samp{-command} as required.
990 @value{GDBP} -ex 'target sim' -ex 'load' \
991 -x setbreakpoints -ex 'run' a.out
994 @item -directory @var{directory}
995 @itemx -d @var{directory}
996 @cindex @code{--directory}
998 Add @var{directory} to the path to search for source and script files.
1002 @cindex @code{--readnow}
1004 Read each symbol file's entire symbol table immediately, rather than
1005 the default, which is to read it incrementally as it is needed.
1006 This makes startup slower, but makes future operations faster.
1011 @subsection Choosing Modes
1013 You can run @value{GDBN} in various alternative modes---for example, in
1014 batch mode or quiet mode.
1021 Do not execute commands found in any initialization files. Normally,
1022 @value{GDBN} executes the commands in these files after all the command
1023 options and arguments have been processed. @xref{Command Files,,Command
1029 @cindex @code{--quiet}
1030 @cindex @code{--silent}
1032 ``Quiet''. Do not print the introductory and copyright messages. These
1033 messages are also suppressed in batch mode.
1036 @cindex @code{--batch}
1037 Run in batch mode. Exit with status @code{0} after processing all the
1038 command files specified with @samp{-x} (and all commands from
1039 initialization files, if not inhibited with @samp{-n}). Exit with
1040 nonzero status if an error occurs in executing the @value{GDBN} commands
1041 in the command files. Batch mode also disables pagination, sets unlimited
1042 terminal width and height @pxref{Screen Size}, and acts as if @kbd{set confirm
1043 off} were in effect (@pxref{Messages/Warnings}).
1045 Batch mode may be useful for running @value{GDBN} as a filter, for
1046 example to download and run a program on another computer; in order to
1047 make this more useful, the message
1050 Program exited normally.
1054 (which is ordinarily issued whenever a program running under
1055 @value{GDBN} control terminates) is not issued when running in batch
1059 @cindex @code{--batch-silent}
1060 Run in batch mode exactly like @samp{-batch}, but totally silently. All
1061 @value{GDBN} output to @code{stdout} is prevented (@code{stderr} is
1062 unaffected). This is much quieter than @samp{-silent} and would be useless
1063 for an interactive session.
1065 This is particularly useful when using targets that give @samp{Loading section}
1066 messages, for example.
1068 Note that targets that give their output via @value{GDBN}, as opposed to
1069 writing directly to @code{stdout}, will also be made silent.
1071 @item -return-child-result
1072 @cindex @code{--return-child-result}
1073 The return code from @value{GDBN} will be the return code from the child
1074 process (the process being debugged), with the following exceptions:
1078 @value{GDBN} exits abnormally. E.g., due to an incorrect argument or an
1079 internal error. In this case the exit code is the same as it would have been
1080 without @samp{-return-child-result}.
1082 The user quits with an explicit value. E.g., @samp{quit 1}.
1084 The child process never runs, or is not allowed to terminate, in which case
1085 the exit code will be -1.
1088 This option is useful in conjunction with @samp{-batch} or @samp{-batch-silent},
1089 when @value{GDBN} is being used as a remote program loader or simulator
1094 @cindex @code{--nowindows}
1096 ``No windows''. If @value{GDBN} comes with a graphical user interface
1097 (GUI) built in, then this option tells @value{GDBN} to only use the command-line
1098 interface. If no GUI is available, this option has no effect.
1102 @cindex @code{--windows}
1104 If @value{GDBN} includes a GUI, then this option requires it to be
1107 @item -cd @var{directory}
1109 Run @value{GDBN} using @var{directory} as its working directory,
1110 instead of the current directory.
1112 @item -data-directory @var{directory}
1113 @cindex @code{--data-directory}
1114 Run @value{GDBN} using @var{directory} as its data directory.
1115 The data directory is where @value{GDBN} searches for its
1116 auxiliary files. @xref{Data Files}.
1120 @cindex @code{--fullname}
1122 @sc{gnu} Emacs sets this option when it runs @value{GDBN} as a
1123 subprocess. It tells @value{GDBN} to output the full file name and line
1124 number in a standard, recognizable fashion each time a stack frame is
1125 displayed (which includes each time your program stops). This
1126 recognizable format looks like two @samp{\032} characters, followed by
1127 the file name, line number and character position separated by colons,
1128 and a newline. The Emacs-to-@value{GDBN} interface program uses the two
1129 @samp{\032} characters as a signal to display the source code for the
1133 @cindex @code{--epoch}
1134 The Epoch Emacs-@value{GDBN} interface sets this option when it runs
1135 @value{GDBN} as a subprocess. It tells @value{GDBN} to modify its print
1136 routines so as to allow Epoch to display values of expressions in a
1139 @item -annotate @var{level}
1140 @cindex @code{--annotate}
1141 This option sets the @dfn{annotation level} inside @value{GDBN}. Its
1142 effect is identical to using @samp{set annotate @var{level}}
1143 (@pxref{Annotations}). The annotation @var{level} controls how much
1144 information @value{GDBN} prints together with its prompt, values of
1145 expressions, source lines, and other types of output. Level 0 is the
1146 normal, level 1 is for use when @value{GDBN} is run as a subprocess of
1147 @sc{gnu} Emacs, level 3 is the maximum annotation suitable for programs
1148 that control @value{GDBN}, and level 2 has been deprecated.
1150 The annotation mechanism has largely been superseded by @sc{gdb/mi}
1154 @cindex @code{--args}
1155 Change interpretation of command line so that arguments following the
1156 executable file are passed as command line arguments to the inferior.
1157 This option stops option processing.
1159 @item -baud @var{bps}
1161 @cindex @code{--baud}
1163 Set the line speed (baud rate or bits per second) of any serial
1164 interface used by @value{GDBN} for remote debugging.
1166 @item -l @var{timeout}
1168 Set the timeout (in seconds) of any communication used by @value{GDBN}
1169 for remote debugging.
1171 @item -tty @var{device}
1172 @itemx -t @var{device}
1173 @cindex @code{--tty}
1175 Run using @var{device} for your program's standard input and output.
1176 @c FIXME: kingdon thinks there is more to -tty. Investigate.
1178 @c resolve the situation of these eventually
1180 @cindex @code{--tui}
1181 Activate the @dfn{Text User Interface} when starting. The Text User
1182 Interface manages several text windows on the terminal, showing
1183 source, assembly, registers and @value{GDBN} command outputs
1184 (@pxref{TUI, ,@value{GDBN} Text User Interface}). Alternatively, the
1185 Text User Interface can be enabled by invoking the program
1186 @samp{@value{GDBTUI}}. Do not use this option if you run @value{GDBN} from
1187 Emacs (@pxref{Emacs, ,Using @value{GDBN} under @sc{gnu} Emacs}).
1190 @c @cindex @code{--xdb}
1191 @c Run in XDB compatibility mode, allowing the use of certain XDB commands.
1192 @c For information, see the file @file{xdb_trans.html}, which is usually
1193 @c installed in the directory @code{/opt/langtools/wdb/doc} on HP-UX
1196 @item -interpreter @var{interp}
1197 @cindex @code{--interpreter}
1198 Use the interpreter @var{interp} for interface with the controlling
1199 program or device. This option is meant to be set by programs which
1200 communicate with @value{GDBN} using it as a back end.
1201 @xref{Interpreters, , Command Interpreters}.
1203 @samp{--interpreter=mi} (or @samp{--interpreter=mi2}) causes
1204 @value{GDBN} to use the @dfn{@sc{gdb/mi} interface} (@pxref{GDB/MI, ,
1205 The @sc{gdb/mi} Interface}) included since @value{GDBN} version 6.0. The
1206 previous @sc{gdb/mi} interface, included in @value{GDBN} version 5.3 and
1207 selected with @samp{--interpreter=mi1}, is deprecated. Earlier
1208 @sc{gdb/mi} interfaces are no longer supported.
1211 @cindex @code{--write}
1212 Open the executable and core files for both reading and writing. This
1213 is equivalent to the @samp{set write on} command inside @value{GDBN}
1217 @cindex @code{--statistics}
1218 This option causes @value{GDBN} to print statistics about time and
1219 memory usage after it completes each command and returns to the prompt.
1222 @cindex @code{--version}
1223 This option causes @value{GDBN} to print its version number and
1224 no-warranty blurb, and exit.
1229 @subsection What @value{GDBN} Does During Startup
1230 @cindex @value{GDBN} startup
1232 Here's the description of what @value{GDBN} does during session startup:
1236 Sets up the command interpreter as specified by the command line
1237 (@pxref{Mode Options, interpreter}).
1241 Reads the system-wide @dfn{init file} (if @option{--with-system-gdbinit} was
1242 used when building @value{GDBN}; @pxref{System-wide configuration,
1243 ,System-wide configuration and settings}) and executes all the commands in
1247 Reads the init file (if any) in your home directory@footnote{On
1248 DOS/Windows systems, the home directory is the one pointed to by the
1249 @code{HOME} environment variable.} and executes all the commands in
1253 Processes command line options and operands.
1256 Reads and executes the commands from init file (if any) in the current
1257 working directory. This is only done if the current directory is
1258 different from your home directory. Thus, you can have more than one
1259 init file, one generic in your home directory, and another, specific
1260 to the program you are debugging, in the directory where you invoke
1264 If the command line specified a program to debug, or a process to
1265 attach to, or a core file, @value{GDBN} loads any auto-loaded
1266 scripts provided for the program or for its loaded shared libraries.
1267 @xref{Auto-loading}.
1269 If you wish to disable the auto-loading during startup,
1270 you must do something like the following:
1273 $ gdb -ex "set auto-load-scripts off" -ex "file myprogram"
1276 The following does not work because the auto-loading is turned off too late:
1279 $ gdb -ex "set auto-load-scripts off" myprogram
1283 Reads command files specified by the @samp{-x} option. @xref{Command
1284 Files}, for more details about @value{GDBN} command files.
1287 Reads the command history recorded in the @dfn{history file}.
1288 @xref{Command History}, for more details about the command history and the
1289 files where @value{GDBN} records it.
1292 Init files use the same syntax as @dfn{command files} (@pxref{Command
1293 Files}) and are processed by @value{GDBN} in the same way. The init
1294 file in your home directory can set options (such as @samp{set
1295 complaints}) that affect subsequent processing of command line options
1296 and operands. Init files are not executed if you use the @samp{-nx}
1297 option (@pxref{Mode Options, ,Choosing Modes}).
1299 To display the list of init files loaded by gdb at startup, you
1300 can use @kbd{gdb --help}.
1302 @cindex init file name
1303 @cindex @file{.gdbinit}
1304 @cindex @file{gdb.ini}
1305 The @value{GDBN} init files are normally called @file{.gdbinit}.
1306 The DJGPP port of @value{GDBN} uses the name @file{gdb.ini}, due to
1307 the limitations of file names imposed by DOS filesystems. The Windows
1308 ports of @value{GDBN} use the standard name, but if they find a
1309 @file{gdb.ini} file, they warn you about that and suggest to rename
1310 the file to the standard name.
1314 @section Quitting @value{GDBN}
1315 @cindex exiting @value{GDBN}
1316 @cindex leaving @value{GDBN}
1319 @kindex quit @r{[}@var{expression}@r{]}
1320 @kindex q @r{(@code{quit})}
1321 @item quit @r{[}@var{expression}@r{]}
1323 To exit @value{GDBN}, use the @code{quit} command (abbreviated
1324 @code{q}), or type an end-of-file character (usually @kbd{Ctrl-d}). If you
1325 do not supply @var{expression}, @value{GDBN} will terminate normally;
1326 otherwise it will terminate using the result of @var{expression} as the
1331 An interrupt (often @kbd{Ctrl-c}) does not exit from @value{GDBN}, but rather
1332 terminates the action of any @value{GDBN} command that is in progress and
1333 returns to @value{GDBN} command level. It is safe to type the interrupt
1334 character at any time because @value{GDBN} does not allow it to take effect
1335 until a time when it is safe.
1337 If you have been using @value{GDBN} to control an attached process or
1338 device, you can release it with the @code{detach} command
1339 (@pxref{Attach, ,Debugging an Already-running Process}).
1341 @node Shell Commands
1342 @section Shell Commands
1344 If you need to execute occasional shell commands during your
1345 debugging session, there is no need to leave or suspend @value{GDBN}; you can
1346 just use the @code{shell} command.
1350 @cindex shell escape
1351 @item shell @var{command string}
1352 Invoke a standard shell to execute @var{command string}.
1353 If it exists, the environment variable @code{SHELL} determines which
1354 shell to run. Otherwise @value{GDBN} uses the default shell
1355 (@file{/bin/sh} on Unix systems, @file{COMMAND.COM} on MS-DOS, etc.).
1358 The utility @code{make} is often needed in development environments.
1359 You do not have to use the @code{shell} command for this purpose in
1364 @cindex calling make
1365 @item make @var{make-args}
1366 Execute the @code{make} program with the specified
1367 arguments. This is equivalent to @samp{shell make @var{make-args}}.
1370 @node Logging Output
1371 @section Logging Output
1372 @cindex logging @value{GDBN} output
1373 @cindex save @value{GDBN} output to a file
1375 You may want to save the output of @value{GDBN} commands to a file.
1376 There are several commands to control @value{GDBN}'s logging.
1380 @item set logging on
1382 @item set logging off
1384 @cindex logging file name
1385 @item set logging file @var{file}
1386 Change the name of the current logfile. The default logfile is @file{gdb.txt}.
1387 @item set logging overwrite [on|off]
1388 By default, @value{GDBN} will append to the logfile. Set @code{overwrite} if
1389 you want @code{set logging on} to overwrite the logfile instead.
1390 @item set logging redirect [on|off]
1391 By default, @value{GDBN} output will go to both the terminal and the logfile.
1392 Set @code{redirect} if you want output to go only to the log file.
1393 @kindex show logging
1395 Show the current values of the logging settings.
1399 @chapter @value{GDBN} Commands
1401 You can abbreviate a @value{GDBN} command to the first few letters of the command
1402 name, if that abbreviation is unambiguous; and you can repeat certain
1403 @value{GDBN} commands by typing just @key{RET}. You can also use the @key{TAB}
1404 key to get @value{GDBN} to fill out the rest of a word in a command (or to
1405 show you the alternatives available, if there is more than one possibility).
1408 * Command Syntax:: How to give commands to @value{GDBN}
1409 * Completion:: Command completion
1410 * Help:: How to ask @value{GDBN} for help
1413 @node Command Syntax
1414 @section Command Syntax
1416 A @value{GDBN} command is a single line of input. There is no limit on
1417 how long it can be. It starts with a command name, which is followed by
1418 arguments whose meaning depends on the command name. For example, the
1419 command @code{step} accepts an argument which is the number of times to
1420 step, as in @samp{step 5}. You can also use the @code{step} command
1421 with no arguments. Some commands do not allow any arguments.
1423 @cindex abbreviation
1424 @value{GDBN} command names may always be truncated if that abbreviation is
1425 unambiguous. Other possible command abbreviations are listed in the
1426 documentation for individual commands. In some cases, even ambiguous
1427 abbreviations are allowed; for example, @code{s} is specially defined as
1428 equivalent to @code{step} even though there are other commands whose
1429 names start with @code{s}. You can test abbreviations by using them as
1430 arguments to the @code{help} command.
1432 @cindex repeating commands
1433 @kindex RET @r{(repeat last command)}
1434 A blank line as input to @value{GDBN} (typing just @key{RET}) means to
1435 repeat the previous command. Certain commands (for example, @code{run})
1436 will not repeat this way; these are commands whose unintentional
1437 repetition might cause trouble and which you are unlikely to want to
1438 repeat. User-defined commands can disable this feature; see
1439 @ref{Define, dont-repeat}.
1441 The @code{list} and @code{x} commands, when you repeat them with
1442 @key{RET}, construct new arguments rather than repeating
1443 exactly as typed. This permits easy scanning of source or memory.
1445 @value{GDBN} can also use @key{RET} in another way: to partition lengthy
1446 output, in a way similar to the common utility @code{more}
1447 (@pxref{Screen Size,,Screen Size}). Since it is easy to press one
1448 @key{RET} too many in this situation, @value{GDBN} disables command
1449 repetition after any command that generates this sort of display.
1451 @kindex # @r{(a comment)}
1453 Any text from a @kbd{#} to the end of the line is a comment; it does
1454 nothing. This is useful mainly in command files (@pxref{Command
1455 Files,,Command Files}).
1457 @cindex repeating command sequences
1458 @kindex Ctrl-o @r{(operate-and-get-next)}
1459 The @kbd{Ctrl-o} binding is useful for repeating a complex sequence of
1460 commands. This command accepts the current line, like @key{RET}, and
1461 then fetches the next line relative to the current line from the history
1465 @section Command Completion
1468 @cindex word completion
1469 @value{GDBN} can fill in the rest of a word in a command for you, if there is
1470 only one possibility; it can also show you what the valid possibilities
1471 are for the next word in a command, at any time. This works for @value{GDBN}
1472 commands, @value{GDBN} subcommands, and the names of symbols in your program.
1474 Press the @key{TAB} key whenever you want @value{GDBN} to fill out the rest
1475 of a word. If there is only one possibility, @value{GDBN} fills in the
1476 word, and waits for you to finish the command (or press @key{RET} to
1477 enter it). For example, if you type
1479 @c FIXME "@key" does not distinguish its argument sufficiently to permit
1480 @c complete accuracy in these examples; space introduced for clarity.
1481 @c If texinfo enhancements make it unnecessary, it would be nice to
1482 @c replace " @key" by "@key" in the following...
1484 (@value{GDBP}) info bre @key{TAB}
1488 @value{GDBN} fills in the rest of the word @samp{breakpoints}, since that is
1489 the only @code{info} subcommand beginning with @samp{bre}:
1492 (@value{GDBP}) info breakpoints
1496 You can either press @key{RET} at this point, to run the @code{info
1497 breakpoints} command, or backspace and enter something else, if
1498 @samp{breakpoints} does not look like the command you expected. (If you
1499 were sure you wanted @code{info breakpoints} in the first place, you
1500 might as well just type @key{RET} immediately after @samp{info bre},
1501 to exploit command abbreviations rather than command completion).
1503 If there is more than one possibility for the next word when you press
1504 @key{TAB}, @value{GDBN} sounds a bell. You can either supply more
1505 characters and try again, or just press @key{TAB} a second time;
1506 @value{GDBN} displays all the possible completions for that word. For
1507 example, you might want to set a breakpoint on a subroutine whose name
1508 begins with @samp{make_}, but when you type @kbd{b make_@key{TAB}} @value{GDBN}
1509 just sounds the bell. Typing @key{TAB} again displays all the
1510 function names in your program that begin with those characters, for
1514 (@value{GDBP}) b make_ @key{TAB}
1515 @exdent @value{GDBN} sounds bell; press @key{TAB} again, to see:
1516 make_a_section_from_file make_environ
1517 make_abs_section make_function_type
1518 make_blockvector make_pointer_type
1519 make_cleanup make_reference_type
1520 make_command make_symbol_completion_list
1521 (@value{GDBP}) b make_
1525 After displaying the available possibilities, @value{GDBN} copies your
1526 partial input (@samp{b make_} in the example) so you can finish the
1529 If you just want to see the list of alternatives in the first place, you
1530 can press @kbd{M-?} rather than pressing @key{TAB} twice. @kbd{M-?}
1531 means @kbd{@key{META} ?}. You can type this either by holding down a
1532 key designated as the @key{META} shift on your keyboard (if there is
1533 one) while typing @kbd{?}, or as @key{ESC} followed by @kbd{?}.
1535 @cindex quotes in commands
1536 @cindex completion of quoted strings
1537 Sometimes the string you need, while logically a ``word'', may contain
1538 parentheses or other characters that @value{GDBN} normally excludes from
1539 its notion of a word. To permit word completion to work in this
1540 situation, you may enclose words in @code{'} (single quote marks) in
1541 @value{GDBN} commands.
1543 The most likely situation where you might need this is in typing the
1544 name of a C@t{++} function. This is because C@t{++} allows function
1545 overloading (multiple definitions of the same function, distinguished
1546 by argument type). For example, when you want to set a breakpoint you
1547 may need to distinguish whether you mean the version of @code{name}
1548 that takes an @code{int} parameter, @code{name(int)}, or the version
1549 that takes a @code{float} parameter, @code{name(float)}. To use the
1550 word-completion facilities in this situation, type a single quote
1551 @code{'} at the beginning of the function name. This alerts
1552 @value{GDBN} that it may need to consider more information than usual
1553 when you press @key{TAB} or @kbd{M-?} to request word completion:
1556 (@value{GDBP}) b 'bubble( @kbd{M-?}
1557 bubble(double,double) bubble(int,int)
1558 (@value{GDBP}) b 'bubble(
1561 In some cases, @value{GDBN} can tell that completing a name requires using
1562 quotes. When this happens, @value{GDBN} inserts the quote for you (while
1563 completing as much as it can) if you do not type the quote in the first
1567 (@value{GDBP}) b bub @key{TAB}
1568 @exdent @value{GDBN} alters your input line to the following, and rings a bell:
1569 (@value{GDBP}) b 'bubble(
1573 In general, @value{GDBN} can tell that a quote is needed (and inserts it) if
1574 you have not yet started typing the argument list when you ask for
1575 completion on an overloaded symbol.
1577 For more information about overloaded functions, see @ref{C Plus Plus
1578 Expressions, ,C@t{++} Expressions}. You can use the command @code{set
1579 overload-resolution off} to disable overload resolution;
1580 see @ref{Debugging C Plus Plus, ,@value{GDBN} Features for C@t{++}}.
1582 @cindex completion of structure field names
1583 @cindex structure field name completion
1584 @cindex completion of union field names
1585 @cindex union field name completion
1586 When completing in an expression which looks up a field in a
1587 structure, @value{GDBN} also tries@footnote{The completer can be
1588 confused by certain kinds of invalid expressions. Also, it only
1589 examines the static type of the expression, not the dynamic type.} to
1590 limit completions to the field names available in the type of the
1594 (@value{GDBP}) p gdb_stdout.@kbd{M-?}
1595 magic to_fputs to_rewind
1596 to_data to_isatty to_write
1597 to_delete to_put to_write_async_safe
1602 This is because the @code{gdb_stdout} is a variable of the type
1603 @code{struct ui_file} that is defined in @value{GDBN} sources as
1610 ui_file_flush_ftype *to_flush;
1611 ui_file_write_ftype *to_write;
1612 ui_file_write_async_safe_ftype *to_write_async_safe;
1613 ui_file_fputs_ftype *to_fputs;
1614 ui_file_read_ftype *to_read;
1615 ui_file_delete_ftype *to_delete;
1616 ui_file_isatty_ftype *to_isatty;
1617 ui_file_rewind_ftype *to_rewind;
1618 ui_file_put_ftype *to_put;
1625 @section Getting Help
1626 @cindex online documentation
1629 You can always ask @value{GDBN} itself for information on its commands,
1630 using the command @code{help}.
1633 @kindex h @r{(@code{help})}
1636 You can use @code{help} (abbreviated @code{h}) with no arguments to
1637 display a short list of named classes of commands:
1641 List of classes of commands:
1643 aliases -- Aliases of other commands
1644 breakpoints -- Making program stop at certain points
1645 data -- Examining data
1646 files -- Specifying and examining files
1647 internals -- Maintenance commands
1648 obscure -- Obscure features
1649 running -- Running the program
1650 stack -- Examining the stack
1651 status -- Status inquiries
1652 support -- Support facilities
1653 tracepoints -- Tracing of program execution without
1654 stopping the program
1655 user-defined -- User-defined commands
1657 Type "help" followed by a class name for a list of
1658 commands in that class.
1659 Type "help" followed by command name for full
1661 Command name abbreviations are allowed if unambiguous.
1664 @c the above line break eliminates huge line overfull...
1666 @item help @var{class}
1667 Using one of the general help classes as an argument, you can get a
1668 list of the individual commands in that class. For example, here is the
1669 help display for the class @code{status}:
1672 (@value{GDBP}) help status
1677 @c Line break in "show" line falsifies real output, but needed
1678 @c to fit in smallbook page size.
1679 info -- Generic command for showing things
1680 about the program being debugged
1681 show -- Generic command for showing things
1684 Type "help" followed by command name for full
1686 Command name abbreviations are allowed if unambiguous.
1690 @item help @var{command}
1691 With a command name as @code{help} argument, @value{GDBN} displays a
1692 short paragraph on how to use that command.
1695 @item apropos @var{args}
1696 The @code{apropos} command searches through all of the @value{GDBN}
1697 commands, and their documentation, for the regular expression specified in
1698 @var{args}. It prints out all matches found. For example:
1709 set symbol-reloading -- Set dynamic symbol table reloading
1710 multiple times in one run
1711 show symbol-reloading -- Show dynamic symbol table reloading
1712 multiple times in one run
1717 @item complete @var{args}
1718 The @code{complete @var{args}} command lists all the possible completions
1719 for the beginning of a command. Use @var{args} to specify the beginning of the
1720 command you want completed. For example:
1726 @noindent results in:
1737 @noindent This is intended for use by @sc{gnu} Emacs.
1740 In addition to @code{help}, you can use the @value{GDBN} commands @code{info}
1741 and @code{show} to inquire about the state of your program, or the state
1742 of @value{GDBN} itself. Each command supports many topics of inquiry; this
1743 manual introduces each of them in the appropriate context. The listings
1744 under @code{info} and under @code{show} in the Index point to
1745 all the sub-commands. @xref{Index}.
1750 @kindex i @r{(@code{info})}
1752 This command (abbreviated @code{i}) is for describing the state of your
1753 program. For example, you can show the arguments passed to a function
1754 with @code{info args}, list the registers currently in use with @code{info
1755 registers}, or list the breakpoints you have set with @code{info breakpoints}.
1756 You can get a complete list of the @code{info} sub-commands with
1757 @w{@code{help info}}.
1761 You can assign the result of an expression to an environment variable with
1762 @code{set}. For example, you can set the @value{GDBN} prompt to a $-sign with
1763 @code{set prompt $}.
1767 In contrast to @code{info}, @code{show} is for describing the state of
1768 @value{GDBN} itself.
1769 You can change most of the things you can @code{show}, by using the
1770 related command @code{set}; for example, you can control what number
1771 system is used for displays with @code{set radix}, or simply inquire
1772 which is currently in use with @code{show radix}.
1775 To display all the settable parameters and their current
1776 values, you can use @code{show} with no arguments; you may also use
1777 @code{info set}. Both commands produce the same display.
1778 @c FIXME: "info set" violates the rule that "info" is for state of
1779 @c FIXME...program. Ck w/ GNU: "info set" to be called something else,
1780 @c FIXME...or change desc of rule---eg "state of prog and debugging session"?
1784 Here are three miscellaneous @code{show} subcommands, all of which are
1785 exceptional in lacking corresponding @code{set} commands:
1788 @kindex show version
1789 @cindex @value{GDBN} version number
1791 Show what version of @value{GDBN} is running. You should include this
1792 information in @value{GDBN} bug-reports. If multiple versions of
1793 @value{GDBN} are in use at your site, you may need to determine which
1794 version of @value{GDBN} you are running; as @value{GDBN} evolves, new
1795 commands are introduced, and old ones may wither away. Also, many
1796 system vendors ship variant versions of @value{GDBN}, and there are
1797 variant versions of @value{GDBN} in @sc{gnu}/Linux distributions as well.
1798 The version number is the same as the one announced when you start
1801 @kindex show copying
1802 @kindex info copying
1803 @cindex display @value{GDBN} copyright
1806 Display information about permission for copying @value{GDBN}.
1808 @kindex show warranty
1809 @kindex info warranty
1811 @itemx info warranty
1812 Display the @sc{gnu} ``NO WARRANTY'' statement, or a warranty,
1813 if your version of @value{GDBN} comes with one.
1818 @chapter Running Programs Under @value{GDBN}
1820 When you run a program under @value{GDBN}, you must first generate
1821 debugging information when you compile it.
1823 You may start @value{GDBN} with its arguments, if any, in an environment
1824 of your choice. If you are doing native debugging, you may redirect
1825 your program's input and output, debug an already running process, or
1826 kill a child process.
1829 * Compilation:: Compiling for debugging
1830 * Starting:: Starting your program
1831 * Arguments:: Your program's arguments
1832 * Environment:: Your program's environment
1834 * Working Directory:: Your program's working directory
1835 * Input/Output:: Your program's input and output
1836 * Attach:: Debugging an already-running process
1837 * Kill Process:: Killing the child process
1839 * Inferiors and Programs:: Debugging multiple inferiors and programs
1840 * Threads:: Debugging programs with multiple threads
1841 * Forks:: Debugging forks
1842 * Checkpoint/Restart:: Setting a @emph{bookmark} to return to later
1846 @section Compiling for Debugging
1848 In order to debug a program effectively, you need to generate
1849 debugging information when you compile it. This debugging information
1850 is stored in the object file; it describes the data type of each
1851 variable or function and the correspondence between source line numbers
1852 and addresses in the executable code.
1854 To request debugging information, specify the @samp{-g} option when you run
1857 Programs that are to be shipped to your customers are compiled with
1858 optimizations, using the @samp{-O} compiler option. However, some
1859 compilers are unable to handle the @samp{-g} and @samp{-O} options
1860 together. Using those compilers, you cannot generate optimized
1861 executables containing debugging information.
1863 @value{NGCC}, the @sc{gnu} C/C@t{++} compiler, supports @samp{-g} with or
1864 without @samp{-O}, making it possible to debug optimized code. We
1865 recommend that you @emph{always} use @samp{-g} whenever you compile a
1866 program. You may think your program is correct, but there is no sense
1867 in pushing your luck. For more information, see @ref{Optimized Code}.
1869 Older versions of the @sc{gnu} C compiler permitted a variant option
1870 @w{@samp{-gg}} for debugging information. @value{GDBN} no longer supports this
1871 format; if your @sc{gnu} C compiler has this option, do not use it.
1873 @value{GDBN} knows about preprocessor macros and can show you their
1874 expansion (@pxref{Macros}). Most compilers do not include information
1875 about preprocessor macros in the debugging information if you specify
1876 the @option{-g} flag alone, because this information is rather large.
1877 Version 3.1 and later of @value{NGCC}, the @sc{gnu} C compiler,
1878 provides macro information if you specify the options
1879 @option{-gdwarf-2} and @option{-g3}; the former option requests
1880 debugging information in the Dwarf 2 format, and the latter requests
1881 ``extra information''. In the future, we hope to find more compact
1882 ways to represent macro information, so that it can be included with
1887 @section Starting your Program
1893 @kindex r @r{(@code{run})}
1896 Use the @code{run} command to start your program under @value{GDBN}.
1897 You must first specify the program name (except on VxWorks) with an
1898 argument to @value{GDBN} (@pxref{Invocation, ,Getting In and Out of
1899 @value{GDBN}}), or by using the @code{file} or @code{exec-file} command
1900 (@pxref{Files, ,Commands to Specify Files}).
1904 If you are running your program in an execution environment that
1905 supports processes, @code{run} creates an inferior process and makes
1906 that process run your program. In some environments without processes,
1907 @code{run} jumps to the start of your program. Other targets,
1908 like @samp{remote}, are always running. If you get an error
1909 message like this one:
1912 The "remote" target does not support "run".
1913 Try "help target" or "continue".
1917 then use @code{continue} to run your program. You may need @code{load}
1918 first (@pxref{load}).
1920 The execution of a program is affected by certain information it
1921 receives from its superior. @value{GDBN} provides ways to specify this
1922 information, which you must do @emph{before} starting your program. (You
1923 can change it after starting your program, but such changes only affect
1924 your program the next time you start it.) This information may be
1925 divided into four categories:
1928 @item The @emph{arguments.}
1929 Specify the arguments to give your program as the arguments of the
1930 @code{run} command. If a shell is available on your target, the shell
1931 is used to pass the arguments, so that you may use normal conventions
1932 (such as wildcard expansion or variable substitution) in describing
1934 In Unix systems, you can control which shell is used with the
1935 @code{SHELL} environment variable.
1936 @xref{Arguments, ,Your Program's Arguments}.
1938 @item The @emph{environment.}
1939 Your program normally inherits its environment from @value{GDBN}, but you can
1940 use the @value{GDBN} commands @code{set environment} and @code{unset
1941 environment} to change parts of the environment that affect
1942 your program. @xref{Environment, ,Your Program's Environment}.
1944 @item The @emph{working directory.}
1945 Your program inherits its working directory from @value{GDBN}. You can set
1946 the @value{GDBN} working directory with the @code{cd} command in @value{GDBN}.
1947 @xref{Working Directory, ,Your Program's Working Directory}.
1949 @item The @emph{standard input and output.}
1950 Your program normally uses the same device for standard input and
1951 standard output as @value{GDBN} is using. You can redirect input and output
1952 in the @code{run} command line, or you can use the @code{tty} command to
1953 set a different device for your program.
1954 @xref{Input/Output, ,Your Program's Input and Output}.
1957 @emph{Warning:} While input and output redirection work, you cannot use
1958 pipes to pass the output of the program you are debugging to another
1959 program; if you attempt this, @value{GDBN} is likely to wind up debugging the
1963 When you issue the @code{run} command, your program begins to execute
1964 immediately. @xref{Stopping, ,Stopping and Continuing}, for discussion
1965 of how to arrange for your program to stop. Once your program has
1966 stopped, you may call functions in your program, using the @code{print}
1967 or @code{call} commands. @xref{Data, ,Examining Data}.
1969 If the modification time of your symbol file has changed since the last
1970 time @value{GDBN} read its symbols, @value{GDBN} discards its symbol
1971 table, and reads it again. When it does this, @value{GDBN} tries to retain
1972 your current breakpoints.
1977 @cindex run to main procedure
1978 The name of the main procedure can vary from language to language.
1979 With C or C@t{++}, the main procedure name is always @code{main}, but
1980 other languages such as Ada do not require a specific name for their
1981 main procedure. The debugger provides a convenient way to start the
1982 execution of the program and to stop at the beginning of the main
1983 procedure, depending on the language used.
1985 The @samp{start} command does the equivalent of setting a temporary
1986 breakpoint at the beginning of the main procedure and then invoking
1987 the @samp{run} command.
1989 @cindex elaboration phase
1990 Some programs contain an @dfn{elaboration} phase where some startup code is
1991 executed before the main procedure is called. This depends on the
1992 languages used to write your program. In C@t{++}, for instance,
1993 constructors for static and global objects are executed before
1994 @code{main} is called. It is therefore possible that the debugger stops
1995 before reaching the main procedure. However, the temporary breakpoint
1996 will remain to halt execution.
1998 Specify the arguments to give to your program as arguments to the
1999 @samp{start} command. These arguments will be given verbatim to the
2000 underlying @samp{run} command. Note that the same arguments will be
2001 reused if no argument is provided during subsequent calls to
2002 @samp{start} or @samp{run}.
2004 It is sometimes necessary to debug the program during elaboration. In
2005 these cases, using the @code{start} command would stop the execution of
2006 your program too late, as the program would have already completed the
2007 elaboration phase. Under these circumstances, insert breakpoints in your
2008 elaboration code before running your program.
2010 @kindex set exec-wrapper
2011 @item set exec-wrapper @var{wrapper}
2012 @itemx show exec-wrapper
2013 @itemx unset exec-wrapper
2014 When @samp{exec-wrapper} is set, the specified wrapper is used to
2015 launch programs for debugging. @value{GDBN} starts your program
2016 with a shell command of the form @kbd{exec @var{wrapper}
2017 @var{program}}. Quoting is added to @var{program} and its
2018 arguments, but not to @var{wrapper}, so you should add quotes if
2019 appropriate for your shell. The wrapper runs until it executes
2020 your program, and then @value{GDBN} takes control.
2022 You can use any program that eventually calls @code{execve} with
2023 its arguments as a wrapper. Several standard Unix utilities do
2024 this, e.g.@: @code{env} and @code{nohup}. Any Unix shell script ending
2025 with @code{exec "$@@"} will also work.
2027 For example, you can use @code{env} to pass an environment variable to
2028 the debugged program, without setting the variable in your shell's
2032 (@value{GDBP}) set exec-wrapper env 'LD_PRELOAD=libtest.so'
2036 This command is available when debugging locally on most targets, excluding
2037 @sc{djgpp}, Cygwin, MS Windows, and QNX Neutrino.
2039 @kindex set disable-randomization
2040 @item set disable-randomization
2041 @itemx set disable-randomization on
2042 This option (enabled by default in @value{GDBN}) will turn off the native
2043 randomization of the virtual address space of the started program. This option
2044 is useful for multiple debugging sessions to make the execution better
2045 reproducible and memory addresses reusable across debugging sessions.
2047 This feature is implemented only on certain targets, including @sc{gnu}/Linux.
2048 On @sc{gnu}/Linux you can get the same behavior using
2051 (@value{GDBP}) set exec-wrapper setarch `uname -m` -R
2054 @item set disable-randomization off
2055 Leave the behavior of the started executable unchanged. Some bugs rear their
2056 ugly heads only when the program is loaded at certain addresses. If your bug
2057 disappears when you run the program under @value{GDBN}, that might be because
2058 @value{GDBN} by default disables the address randomization on platforms, such
2059 as @sc{gnu}/Linux, which do that for stand-alone programs. Use @kbd{set
2060 disable-randomization off} to try to reproduce such elusive bugs.
2062 On targets where it is available, virtual address space randomization
2063 protects the programs against certain kinds of security attacks. In these
2064 cases the attacker needs to know the exact location of a concrete executable
2065 code. Randomizing its location makes it impossible to inject jumps misusing
2066 a code at its expected addresses.
2068 Prelinking shared libraries provides a startup performance advantage but it
2069 makes addresses in these libraries predictable for privileged processes by
2070 having just unprivileged access at the target system. Reading the shared
2071 library binary gives enough information for assembling the malicious code
2072 misusing it. Still even a prelinked shared library can get loaded at a new
2073 random address just requiring the regular relocation process during the
2074 startup. Shared libraries not already prelinked are always loaded at
2075 a randomly chosen address.
2077 Position independent executables (PIE) contain position independent code
2078 similar to the shared libraries and therefore such executables get loaded at
2079 a randomly chosen address upon startup. PIE executables always load even
2080 already prelinked shared libraries at a random address. You can build such
2081 executable using @command{gcc -fPIE -pie}.
2083 Heap (malloc storage), stack and custom mmap areas are always placed randomly
2084 (as long as the randomization is enabled).
2086 @item show disable-randomization
2087 Show the current setting of the explicit disable of the native randomization of
2088 the virtual address space of the started program.
2093 @section Your Program's Arguments
2095 @cindex arguments (to your program)
2096 The arguments to your program can be specified by the arguments of the
2098 They are passed to a shell, which expands wildcard characters and
2099 performs redirection of I/O, and thence to your program. Your
2100 @code{SHELL} environment variable (if it exists) specifies what shell
2101 @value{GDBN} uses. If you do not define @code{SHELL}, @value{GDBN} uses
2102 the default shell (@file{/bin/sh} on Unix).
2104 On non-Unix systems, the program is usually invoked directly by
2105 @value{GDBN}, which emulates I/O redirection via the appropriate system
2106 calls, and the wildcard characters are expanded by the startup code of
2107 the program, not by the shell.
2109 @code{run} with no arguments uses the same arguments used by the previous
2110 @code{run}, or those set by the @code{set args} command.
2115 Specify the arguments to be used the next time your program is run. If
2116 @code{set args} has no arguments, @code{run} executes your program
2117 with no arguments. Once you have run your program with arguments,
2118 using @code{set args} before the next @code{run} is the only way to run
2119 it again without arguments.
2123 Show the arguments to give your program when it is started.
2127 @section Your Program's Environment
2129 @cindex environment (of your program)
2130 The @dfn{environment} consists of a set of environment variables and
2131 their values. Environment variables conventionally record such things as
2132 your user name, your home directory, your terminal type, and your search
2133 path for programs to run. Usually you set up environment variables with
2134 the shell and they are inherited by all the other programs you run. When
2135 debugging, it can be useful to try running your program with a modified
2136 environment without having to start @value{GDBN} over again.
2140 @item path @var{directory}
2141 Add @var{directory} to the front of the @code{PATH} environment variable
2142 (the search path for executables) that will be passed to your program.
2143 The value of @code{PATH} used by @value{GDBN} does not change.
2144 You may specify several directory names, separated by whitespace or by a
2145 system-dependent separator character (@samp{:} on Unix, @samp{;} on
2146 MS-DOS and MS-Windows). If @var{directory} is already in the path, it
2147 is moved to the front, so it is searched sooner.
2149 You can use the string @samp{$cwd} to refer to whatever is the current
2150 working directory at the time @value{GDBN} searches the path. If you
2151 use @samp{.} instead, it refers to the directory where you executed the
2152 @code{path} command. @value{GDBN} replaces @samp{.} in the
2153 @var{directory} argument (with the current path) before adding
2154 @var{directory} to the search path.
2155 @c 'path' is explicitly nonrepeatable, but RMS points out it is silly to
2156 @c document that, since repeating it would be a no-op.
2160 Display the list of search paths for executables (the @code{PATH}
2161 environment variable).
2163 @kindex show environment
2164 @item show environment @r{[}@var{varname}@r{]}
2165 Print the value of environment variable @var{varname} to be given to
2166 your program when it starts. If you do not supply @var{varname},
2167 print the names and values of all environment variables to be given to
2168 your program. You can abbreviate @code{environment} as @code{env}.
2170 @kindex set environment
2171 @item set environment @var{varname} @r{[}=@var{value}@r{]}
2172 Set environment variable @var{varname} to @var{value}. The value
2173 changes for your program only, not for @value{GDBN} itself. @var{value} may
2174 be any string; the values of environment variables are just strings, and
2175 any interpretation is supplied by your program itself. The @var{value}
2176 parameter is optional; if it is eliminated, the variable is set to a
2178 @c "any string" here does not include leading, trailing
2179 @c blanks. Gnu asks: does anyone care?
2181 For example, this command:
2188 tells the debugged program, when subsequently run, that its user is named
2189 @samp{foo}. (The spaces around @samp{=} are used for clarity here; they
2190 are not actually required.)
2192 @kindex unset environment
2193 @item unset environment @var{varname}
2194 Remove variable @var{varname} from the environment to be passed to your
2195 program. This is different from @samp{set env @var{varname} =};
2196 @code{unset environment} removes the variable from the environment,
2197 rather than assigning it an empty value.
2200 @emph{Warning:} On Unix systems, @value{GDBN} runs your program using
2202 by your @code{SHELL} environment variable if it exists (or
2203 @code{/bin/sh} if not). If your @code{SHELL} variable names a shell
2204 that runs an initialization file---such as @file{.cshrc} for C-shell, or
2205 @file{.bashrc} for BASH---any variables you set in that file affect
2206 your program. You may wish to move setting of environment variables to
2207 files that are only run when you sign on, such as @file{.login} or
2210 @node Working Directory
2211 @section Your Program's Working Directory
2213 @cindex working directory (of your program)
2214 Each time you start your program with @code{run}, it inherits its
2215 working directory from the current working directory of @value{GDBN}.
2216 The @value{GDBN} working directory is initially whatever it inherited
2217 from its parent process (typically the shell), but you can specify a new
2218 working directory in @value{GDBN} with the @code{cd} command.
2220 The @value{GDBN} working directory also serves as a default for the commands
2221 that specify files for @value{GDBN} to operate on. @xref{Files, ,Commands to
2226 @cindex change working directory
2227 @item cd @var{directory}
2228 Set the @value{GDBN} working directory to @var{directory}.
2232 Print the @value{GDBN} working directory.
2235 It is generally impossible to find the current working directory of
2236 the process being debugged (since a program can change its directory
2237 during its run). If you work on a system where @value{GDBN} is
2238 configured with the @file{/proc} support, you can use the @code{info
2239 proc} command (@pxref{SVR4 Process Information}) to find out the
2240 current working directory of the debuggee.
2243 @section Your Program's Input and Output
2248 By default, the program you run under @value{GDBN} does input and output to
2249 the same terminal that @value{GDBN} uses. @value{GDBN} switches the terminal
2250 to its own terminal modes to interact with you, but it records the terminal
2251 modes your program was using and switches back to them when you continue
2252 running your program.
2255 @kindex info terminal
2257 Displays information recorded by @value{GDBN} about the terminal modes your
2261 You can redirect your program's input and/or output using shell
2262 redirection with the @code{run} command. For example,
2269 starts your program, diverting its output to the file @file{outfile}.
2272 @cindex controlling terminal
2273 Another way to specify where your program should do input and output is
2274 with the @code{tty} command. This command accepts a file name as
2275 argument, and causes this file to be the default for future @code{run}
2276 commands. It also resets the controlling terminal for the child
2277 process, for future @code{run} commands. For example,
2284 directs that processes started with subsequent @code{run} commands
2285 default to do input and output on the terminal @file{/dev/ttyb} and have
2286 that as their controlling terminal.
2288 An explicit redirection in @code{run} overrides the @code{tty} command's
2289 effect on the input/output device, but not its effect on the controlling
2292 When you use the @code{tty} command or redirect input in the @code{run}
2293 command, only the input @emph{for your program} is affected. The input
2294 for @value{GDBN} still comes from your terminal. @code{tty} is an alias
2295 for @code{set inferior-tty}.
2297 @cindex inferior tty
2298 @cindex set inferior controlling terminal
2299 You can use the @code{show inferior-tty} command to tell @value{GDBN} to
2300 display the name of the terminal that will be used for future runs of your
2304 @item set inferior-tty /dev/ttyb
2305 @kindex set inferior-tty
2306 Set the tty for the program being debugged to /dev/ttyb.
2308 @item show inferior-tty
2309 @kindex show inferior-tty
2310 Show the current tty for the program being debugged.
2314 @section Debugging an Already-running Process
2319 @item attach @var{process-id}
2320 This command attaches to a running process---one that was started
2321 outside @value{GDBN}. (@code{info files} shows your active
2322 targets.) The command takes as argument a process ID. The usual way to
2323 find out the @var{process-id} of a Unix process is with the @code{ps} utility,
2324 or with the @samp{jobs -l} shell command.
2326 @code{attach} does not repeat if you press @key{RET} a second time after
2327 executing the command.
2330 To use @code{attach}, your program must be running in an environment
2331 which supports processes; for example, @code{attach} does not work for
2332 programs on bare-board targets that lack an operating system. You must
2333 also have permission to send the process a signal.
2335 When you use @code{attach}, the debugger finds the program running in
2336 the process first by looking in the current working directory, then (if
2337 the program is not found) by using the source file search path
2338 (@pxref{Source Path, ,Specifying Source Directories}). You can also use
2339 the @code{file} command to load the program. @xref{Files, ,Commands to
2342 The first thing @value{GDBN} does after arranging to debug the specified
2343 process is to stop it. You can examine and modify an attached process
2344 with all the @value{GDBN} commands that are ordinarily available when
2345 you start processes with @code{run}. You can insert breakpoints; you
2346 can step and continue; you can modify storage. If you would rather the
2347 process continue running, you may use the @code{continue} command after
2348 attaching @value{GDBN} to the process.
2353 When you have finished debugging the attached process, you can use the
2354 @code{detach} command to release it from @value{GDBN} control. Detaching
2355 the process continues its execution. After the @code{detach} command,
2356 that process and @value{GDBN} become completely independent once more, and you
2357 are ready to @code{attach} another process or start one with @code{run}.
2358 @code{detach} does not repeat if you press @key{RET} again after
2359 executing the command.
2362 If you exit @value{GDBN} while you have an attached process, you detach
2363 that process. If you use the @code{run} command, you kill that process.
2364 By default, @value{GDBN} asks for confirmation if you try to do either of these
2365 things; you can control whether or not you need to confirm by using the
2366 @code{set confirm} command (@pxref{Messages/Warnings, ,Optional Warnings and
2370 @section Killing the Child Process
2375 Kill the child process in which your program is running under @value{GDBN}.
2378 This command is useful if you wish to debug a core dump instead of a
2379 running process. @value{GDBN} ignores any core dump file while your program
2382 On some operating systems, a program cannot be executed outside @value{GDBN}
2383 while you have breakpoints set on it inside @value{GDBN}. You can use the
2384 @code{kill} command in this situation to permit running your program
2385 outside the debugger.
2387 The @code{kill} command is also useful if you wish to recompile and
2388 relink your program, since on many systems it is impossible to modify an
2389 executable file while it is running in a process. In this case, when you
2390 next type @code{run}, @value{GDBN} notices that the file has changed, and
2391 reads the symbol table again (while trying to preserve your current
2392 breakpoint settings).
2394 @node Inferiors and Programs
2395 @section Debugging Multiple Inferiors and Programs
2397 @value{GDBN} lets you run and debug multiple programs in a single
2398 session. In addition, @value{GDBN} on some systems may let you run
2399 several programs simultaneously (otherwise you have to exit from one
2400 before starting another). In the most general case, you can have
2401 multiple threads of execution in each of multiple processes, launched
2402 from multiple executables.
2405 @value{GDBN} represents the state of each program execution with an
2406 object called an @dfn{inferior}. An inferior typically corresponds to
2407 a process, but is more general and applies also to targets that do not
2408 have processes. Inferiors may be created before a process runs, and
2409 may be retained after a process exits. Inferiors have unique
2410 identifiers that are different from process ids. Usually each
2411 inferior will also have its own distinct address space, although some
2412 embedded targets may have several inferiors running in different parts
2413 of a single address space. Each inferior may in turn have multiple
2414 threads running in it.
2416 To find out what inferiors exist at any moment, use @w{@code{info
2420 @kindex info inferiors
2421 @item info inferiors
2422 Print a list of all inferiors currently being managed by @value{GDBN}.
2424 @value{GDBN} displays for each inferior (in this order):
2428 the inferior number assigned by @value{GDBN}
2431 the target system's inferior identifier
2434 the name of the executable the inferior is running.
2439 An asterisk @samp{*} preceding the @value{GDBN} inferior number
2440 indicates the current inferior.
2444 @c end table here to get a little more width for example
2447 (@value{GDBP}) info inferiors
2448 Num Description Executable
2449 2 process 2307 hello
2450 * 1 process 3401 goodbye
2453 To switch focus between inferiors, use the @code{inferior} command:
2456 @kindex inferior @var{infno}
2457 @item inferior @var{infno}
2458 Make inferior number @var{infno} the current inferior. The argument
2459 @var{infno} is the inferior number assigned by @value{GDBN}, as shown
2460 in the first field of the @samp{info inferiors} display.
2464 You can get multiple executables into a debugging session via the
2465 @code{add-inferior} and @w{@code{clone-inferior}} commands. On some
2466 systems @value{GDBN} can add inferiors to the debug session
2467 automatically by following calls to @code{fork} and @code{exec}. To
2468 remove inferiors from the debugging session use the
2469 @w{@code{remove-inferiors}} command.
2472 @kindex add-inferior
2473 @item add-inferior [ -copies @var{n} ] [ -exec @var{executable} ]
2474 Adds @var{n} inferiors to be run using @var{executable} as the
2475 executable. @var{n} defaults to 1. If no executable is specified,
2476 the inferiors begins empty, with no program. You can still assign or
2477 change the program assigned to the inferior at any time by using the
2478 @code{file} command with the executable name as its argument.
2480 @kindex clone-inferior
2481 @item clone-inferior [ -copies @var{n} ] [ @var{infno} ]
2482 Adds @var{n} inferiors ready to execute the same program as inferior
2483 @var{infno}. @var{n} defaults to 1. @var{infno} defaults to the
2484 number of the current inferior. This is a convenient command when you
2485 want to run another instance of the inferior you are debugging.
2488 (@value{GDBP}) info inferiors
2489 Num Description Executable
2490 * 1 process 29964 helloworld
2491 (@value{GDBP}) clone-inferior
2494 (@value{GDBP}) info inferiors
2495 Num Description Executable
2497 * 1 process 29964 helloworld
2500 You can now simply switch focus to inferior 2 and run it.
2502 @kindex remove-inferiors
2503 @item remove-inferiors @var{infno}@dots{}
2504 Removes the inferior or inferiors @var{infno}@dots{}. It is not
2505 possible to remove an inferior that is running with this command. For
2506 those, use the @code{kill} or @code{detach} command first.
2510 To quit debugging one of the running inferiors that is not the current
2511 inferior, you can either detach from it by using the @w{@code{detach
2512 inferior}} command (allowing it to run independently), or kill it
2513 using the @w{@code{kill inferiors}} command:
2516 @kindex detach inferiors @var{infno}@dots{}
2517 @item detach inferior @var{infno}@dots{}
2518 Detach from the inferior or inferiors identified by @value{GDBN}
2519 inferior number(s) @var{infno}@dots{}. Note that the inferior's entry
2520 still stays on the list of inferiors shown by @code{info inferiors},
2521 but its Description will show @samp{<null>}.
2523 @kindex kill inferiors @var{infno}@dots{}
2524 @item kill inferiors @var{infno}@dots{}
2525 Kill the inferior or inferiors identified by @value{GDBN} inferior
2526 number(s) @var{infno}@dots{}. Note that the inferior's entry still
2527 stays on the list of inferiors shown by @code{info inferiors}, but its
2528 Description will show @samp{<null>}.
2531 After the successful completion of a command such as @code{detach},
2532 @code{detach inferiors}, @code{kill} or @code{kill inferiors}, or after
2533 a normal process exit, the inferior is still valid and listed with
2534 @code{info inferiors}, ready to be restarted.
2537 To be notified when inferiors are started or exit under @value{GDBN}'s
2538 control use @w{@code{set print inferior-events}}:
2541 @kindex set print inferior-events
2542 @cindex print messages on inferior start and exit
2543 @item set print inferior-events
2544 @itemx set print inferior-events on
2545 @itemx set print inferior-events off
2546 The @code{set print inferior-events} command allows you to enable or
2547 disable printing of messages when @value{GDBN} notices that new
2548 inferiors have started or that inferiors have exited or have been
2549 detached. By default, these messages will not be printed.
2551 @kindex show print inferior-events
2552 @item show print inferior-events
2553 Show whether messages will be printed when @value{GDBN} detects that
2554 inferiors have started, exited or have been detached.
2557 Many commands will work the same with multiple programs as with a
2558 single program: e.g., @code{print myglobal} will simply display the
2559 value of @code{myglobal} in the current inferior.
2562 Occasionaly, when debugging @value{GDBN} itself, it may be useful to
2563 get more info about the relationship of inferiors, programs, address
2564 spaces in a debug session. You can do that with the @w{@code{maint
2565 info program-spaces}} command.
2568 @kindex maint info program-spaces
2569 @item maint info program-spaces
2570 Print a list of all program spaces currently being managed by
2573 @value{GDBN} displays for each program space (in this order):
2577 the program space number assigned by @value{GDBN}
2580 the name of the executable loaded into the program space, with e.g.,
2581 the @code{file} command.
2586 An asterisk @samp{*} preceding the @value{GDBN} program space number
2587 indicates the current program space.
2589 In addition, below each program space line, @value{GDBN} prints extra
2590 information that isn't suitable to display in tabular form. For
2591 example, the list of inferiors bound to the program space.
2594 (@value{GDBP}) maint info program-spaces
2597 Bound inferiors: ID 1 (process 21561)
2601 Here we can see that no inferior is running the program @code{hello},
2602 while @code{process 21561} is running the program @code{goodbye}. On
2603 some targets, it is possible that multiple inferiors are bound to the
2604 same program space. The most common example is that of debugging both
2605 the parent and child processes of a @code{vfork} call. For example,
2608 (@value{GDBP}) maint info program-spaces
2611 Bound inferiors: ID 2 (process 18050), ID 1 (process 18045)
2614 Here, both inferior 2 and inferior 1 are running in the same program
2615 space as a result of inferior 1 having executed a @code{vfork} call.
2619 @section Debugging Programs with Multiple Threads
2621 @cindex threads of execution
2622 @cindex multiple threads
2623 @cindex switching threads
2624 In some operating systems, such as HP-UX and Solaris, a single program
2625 may have more than one @dfn{thread} of execution. The precise semantics
2626 of threads differ from one operating system to another, but in general
2627 the threads of a single program are akin to multiple processes---except
2628 that they share one address space (that is, they can all examine and
2629 modify the same variables). On the other hand, each thread has its own
2630 registers and execution stack, and perhaps private memory.
2632 @value{GDBN} provides these facilities for debugging multi-thread
2636 @item automatic notification of new threads
2637 @item @samp{thread @var{threadno}}, a command to switch among threads
2638 @item @samp{info threads}, a command to inquire about existing threads
2639 @item @samp{thread apply [@var{threadno}] [@var{all}] @var{args}},
2640 a command to apply a command to a list of threads
2641 @item thread-specific breakpoints
2642 @item @samp{set print thread-events}, which controls printing of
2643 messages on thread start and exit.
2644 @item @samp{set libthread-db-search-path @var{path}}, which lets
2645 the user specify which @code{libthread_db} to use if the default choice
2646 isn't compatible with the program.
2650 @emph{Warning:} These facilities are not yet available on every
2651 @value{GDBN} configuration where the operating system supports threads.
2652 If your @value{GDBN} does not support threads, these commands have no
2653 effect. For example, a system without thread support shows no output
2654 from @samp{info threads}, and always rejects the @code{thread} command,
2658 (@value{GDBP}) info threads
2659 (@value{GDBP}) thread 1
2660 Thread ID 1 not known. Use the "info threads" command to
2661 see the IDs of currently known threads.
2663 @c FIXME to implementors: how hard would it be to say "sorry, this GDB
2664 @c doesn't support threads"?
2667 @cindex focus of debugging
2668 @cindex current thread
2669 The @value{GDBN} thread debugging facility allows you to observe all
2670 threads while your program runs---but whenever @value{GDBN} takes
2671 control, one thread in particular is always the focus of debugging.
2672 This thread is called the @dfn{current thread}. Debugging commands show
2673 program information from the perspective of the current thread.
2675 @cindex @code{New} @var{systag} message
2676 @cindex thread identifier (system)
2677 @c FIXME-implementors!! It would be more helpful if the [New...] message
2678 @c included GDB's numeric thread handle, so you could just go to that
2679 @c thread without first checking `info threads'.
2680 Whenever @value{GDBN} detects a new thread in your program, it displays
2681 the target system's identification for the thread with a message in the
2682 form @samp{[New @var{systag}]}. @var{systag} is a thread identifier
2683 whose form varies depending on the particular system. For example, on
2684 @sc{gnu}/Linux, you might see
2687 [New Thread 0x41e02940 (LWP 25582)]
2691 when @value{GDBN} notices a new thread. In contrast, on an SGI system,
2692 the @var{systag} is simply something like @samp{process 368}, with no
2695 @c FIXME!! (1) Does the [New...] message appear even for the very first
2696 @c thread of a program, or does it only appear for the
2697 @c second---i.e.@: when it becomes obvious we have a multithread
2699 @c (2) *Is* there necessarily a first thread always? Or do some
2700 @c multithread systems permit starting a program with multiple
2701 @c threads ab initio?
2703 @cindex thread number
2704 @cindex thread identifier (GDB)
2705 For debugging purposes, @value{GDBN} associates its own thread
2706 number---always a single integer---with each thread in your program.
2709 @kindex info threads
2710 @item info threads @r{[}@var{id}@dots{}@r{]}
2711 Display a summary of all threads currently in your program. Optional
2712 argument @var{id}@dots{} is one or more thread ids separated by spaces, and
2713 means to print information only about the specified thread or threads.
2714 @value{GDBN} displays for each thread (in this order):
2718 the thread number assigned by @value{GDBN}
2721 the target system's thread identifier (@var{systag})
2724 the thread's name, if one is known. A thread can either be named by
2725 the user (see @code{thread name}, below), or, in some cases, by the
2729 the current stack frame summary for that thread
2733 An asterisk @samp{*} to the left of the @value{GDBN} thread number
2734 indicates the current thread.
2738 @c end table here to get a little more width for example
2741 (@value{GDBP}) info threads
2743 3 process 35 thread 27 0x34e5 in sigpause ()
2744 2 process 35 thread 23 0x34e5 in sigpause ()
2745 * 1 process 35 thread 13 main (argc=1, argv=0x7ffffff8)
2749 On Solaris, you can display more information about user threads with a
2750 Solaris-specific command:
2753 @item maint info sol-threads
2754 @kindex maint info sol-threads
2755 @cindex thread info (Solaris)
2756 Display info on Solaris user threads.
2760 @kindex thread @var{threadno}
2761 @item thread @var{threadno}
2762 Make thread number @var{threadno} the current thread. The command
2763 argument @var{threadno} is the internal @value{GDBN} thread number, as
2764 shown in the first field of the @samp{info threads} display.
2765 @value{GDBN} responds by displaying the system identifier of the thread
2766 you selected, and its current stack frame summary:
2769 (@value{GDBP}) thread 2
2770 [Switching to thread 2 (Thread 0xb7fdab70 (LWP 12747))]
2771 #0 some_function (ignore=0x0) at example.c:8
2772 8 printf ("hello\n");
2776 As with the @samp{[New @dots{}]} message, the form of the text after
2777 @samp{Switching to} depends on your system's conventions for identifying
2780 @vindex $_thread@r{, convenience variable}
2781 The debugger convenience variable @samp{$_thread} contains the number
2782 of the current thread. You may find this useful in writing breakpoint
2783 conditional expressions, command scripts, and so forth. See
2784 @xref{Convenience Vars,, Convenience Variables}, for general
2785 information on convenience variables.
2787 @kindex thread apply
2788 @cindex apply command to several threads
2789 @item thread apply [@var{threadno} | all] @var{command}
2790 The @code{thread apply} command allows you to apply the named
2791 @var{command} to one or more threads. Specify the numbers of the
2792 threads that you want affected with the command argument
2793 @var{threadno}. It can be a single thread number, one of the numbers
2794 shown in the first field of the @samp{info threads} display; or it
2795 could be a range of thread numbers, as in @code{2-4}. To apply a
2796 command to all threads, type @kbd{thread apply all @var{command}}.
2799 @cindex name a thread
2800 @item thread name [@var{name}]
2801 This command assigns a name to the current thread. If no argument is
2802 given, any existing user-specified name is removed. The thread name
2803 appears in the @samp{info threads} display.
2805 On some systems, such as @sc{gnu}/Linux, @value{GDBN} is able to
2806 determine the name of the thread as given by the OS. On these
2807 systems, a name specified with @samp{thread name} will override the
2808 system-give name, and removing the user-specified name will cause
2809 @value{GDBN} to once again display the system-specified name.
2812 @cindex search for a thread
2813 @item thread find [@var{regexp}]
2814 Search for and display thread ids whose name or @var{systag}
2815 matches the supplied regular expression.
2817 As well as being the complement to the @samp{thread name} command,
2818 this command also allows you to identify a thread by its target
2819 @var{systag}. For instance, on @sc{gnu}/Linux, the target @var{systag}
2823 (@value{GDBN}) thread find 26688
2824 Thread 4 has target id 'Thread 0x41e02940 (LWP 26688)'
2825 (@value{GDBN}) info thread 4
2827 4 Thread 0x41e02940 (LWP 26688) 0x00000031ca6cd372 in select ()
2830 @kindex set print thread-events
2831 @cindex print messages on thread start and exit
2832 @item set print thread-events
2833 @itemx set print thread-events on
2834 @itemx set print thread-events off
2835 The @code{set print thread-events} command allows you to enable or
2836 disable printing of messages when @value{GDBN} notices that new threads have
2837 started or that threads have exited. By default, these messages will
2838 be printed if detection of these events is supported by the target.
2839 Note that these messages cannot be disabled on all targets.
2841 @kindex show print thread-events
2842 @item show print thread-events
2843 Show whether messages will be printed when @value{GDBN} detects that threads
2844 have started and exited.
2847 @xref{Thread Stops,,Stopping and Starting Multi-thread Programs}, for
2848 more information about how @value{GDBN} behaves when you stop and start
2849 programs with multiple threads.
2851 @xref{Set Watchpoints,,Setting Watchpoints}, for information about
2852 watchpoints in programs with multiple threads.
2855 @kindex set libthread-db-search-path
2856 @cindex search path for @code{libthread_db}
2857 @item set libthread-db-search-path @r{[}@var{path}@r{]}
2858 If this variable is set, @var{path} is a colon-separated list of
2859 directories @value{GDBN} will use to search for @code{libthread_db}.
2860 If you omit @var{path}, @samp{libthread-db-search-path} will be reset to
2861 its default value (@code{$sdir:$pdir} on @sc{gnu}/Linux and Solaris systems).
2862 Internally, the default value comes from the @code{LIBTHREAD_DB_SEARCH_PATH}
2865 On @sc{gnu}/Linux and Solaris systems, @value{GDBN} uses a ``helper''
2866 @code{libthread_db} library to obtain information about threads in the
2867 inferior process. @value{GDBN} will use @samp{libthread-db-search-path}
2868 to find @code{libthread_db}.
2870 A special entry @samp{$sdir} for @samp{libthread-db-search-path}
2871 refers to the default system directories that are
2872 normally searched for loading shared libraries.
2874 A special entry @samp{$pdir} for @samp{libthread-db-search-path}
2875 refers to the directory from which @code{libpthread}
2876 was loaded in the inferior process.
2878 For any @code{libthread_db} library @value{GDBN} finds in above directories,
2879 @value{GDBN} attempts to initialize it with the current inferior process.
2880 If this initialization fails (which could happen because of a version
2881 mismatch between @code{libthread_db} and @code{libpthread}), @value{GDBN}
2882 will unload @code{libthread_db}, and continue with the next directory.
2883 If none of @code{libthread_db} libraries initialize successfully,
2884 @value{GDBN} will issue a warning and thread debugging will be disabled.
2886 Setting @code{libthread-db-search-path} is currently implemented
2887 only on some platforms.
2889 @kindex show libthread-db-search-path
2890 @item show libthread-db-search-path
2891 Display current libthread_db search path.
2893 @kindex set debug libthread-db
2894 @kindex show debug libthread-db
2895 @cindex debugging @code{libthread_db}
2896 @item set debug libthread-db
2897 @itemx show debug libthread-db
2898 Turns on or off display of @code{libthread_db}-related events.
2899 Use @code{1} to enable, @code{0} to disable.
2903 @section Debugging Forks
2905 @cindex fork, debugging programs which call
2906 @cindex multiple processes
2907 @cindex processes, multiple
2908 On most systems, @value{GDBN} has no special support for debugging
2909 programs which create additional processes using the @code{fork}
2910 function. When a program forks, @value{GDBN} will continue to debug the
2911 parent process and the child process will run unimpeded. If you have
2912 set a breakpoint in any code which the child then executes, the child
2913 will get a @code{SIGTRAP} signal which (unless it catches the signal)
2914 will cause it to terminate.
2916 However, if you want to debug the child process there is a workaround
2917 which isn't too painful. Put a call to @code{sleep} in the code which
2918 the child process executes after the fork. It may be useful to sleep
2919 only if a certain environment variable is set, or a certain file exists,
2920 so that the delay need not occur when you don't want to run @value{GDBN}
2921 on the child. While the child is sleeping, use the @code{ps} program to
2922 get its process ID. Then tell @value{GDBN} (a new invocation of
2923 @value{GDBN} if you are also debugging the parent process) to attach to
2924 the child process (@pxref{Attach}). From that point on you can debug
2925 the child process just like any other process which you attached to.
2927 On some systems, @value{GDBN} provides support for debugging programs that
2928 create additional processes using the @code{fork} or @code{vfork} functions.
2929 Currently, the only platforms with this feature are HP-UX (11.x and later
2930 only?) and @sc{gnu}/Linux (kernel version 2.5.60 and later).
2932 By default, when a program forks, @value{GDBN} will continue to debug
2933 the parent process and the child process will run unimpeded.
2935 If you want to follow the child process instead of the parent process,
2936 use the command @w{@code{set follow-fork-mode}}.
2939 @kindex set follow-fork-mode
2940 @item set follow-fork-mode @var{mode}
2941 Set the debugger response to a program call of @code{fork} or
2942 @code{vfork}. A call to @code{fork} or @code{vfork} creates a new
2943 process. The @var{mode} argument can be:
2947 The original process is debugged after a fork. The child process runs
2948 unimpeded. This is the default.
2951 The new process is debugged after a fork. The parent process runs
2956 @kindex show follow-fork-mode
2957 @item show follow-fork-mode
2958 Display the current debugger response to a @code{fork} or @code{vfork} call.
2961 @cindex debugging multiple processes
2962 On Linux, if you want to debug both the parent and child processes, use the
2963 command @w{@code{set detach-on-fork}}.
2966 @kindex set detach-on-fork
2967 @item set detach-on-fork @var{mode}
2968 Tells gdb whether to detach one of the processes after a fork, or
2969 retain debugger control over them both.
2973 The child process (or parent process, depending on the value of
2974 @code{follow-fork-mode}) will be detached and allowed to run
2975 independently. This is the default.
2978 Both processes will be held under the control of @value{GDBN}.
2979 One process (child or parent, depending on the value of
2980 @code{follow-fork-mode}) is debugged as usual, while the other
2985 @kindex show detach-on-fork
2986 @item show detach-on-fork
2987 Show whether detach-on-fork mode is on/off.
2990 If you choose to set @samp{detach-on-fork} mode off, then @value{GDBN}
2991 will retain control of all forked processes (including nested forks).
2992 You can list the forked processes under the control of @value{GDBN} by
2993 using the @w{@code{info inferiors}} command, and switch from one fork
2994 to another by using the @code{inferior} command (@pxref{Inferiors and
2995 Programs, ,Debugging Multiple Inferiors and Programs}).
2997 To quit debugging one of the forked processes, you can either detach
2998 from it by using the @w{@code{detach inferiors}} command (allowing it
2999 to run independently), or kill it using the @w{@code{kill inferiors}}
3000 command. @xref{Inferiors and Programs, ,Debugging Multiple Inferiors
3003 If you ask to debug a child process and a @code{vfork} is followed by an
3004 @code{exec}, @value{GDBN} executes the new target up to the first
3005 breakpoint in the new target. If you have a breakpoint set on
3006 @code{main} in your original program, the breakpoint will also be set on
3007 the child process's @code{main}.
3009 On some systems, when a child process is spawned by @code{vfork}, you
3010 cannot debug the child or parent until an @code{exec} call completes.
3012 If you issue a @code{run} command to @value{GDBN} after an @code{exec}
3013 call executes, the new target restarts. To restart the parent
3014 process, use the @code{file} command with the parent executable name
3015 as its argument. By default, after an @code{exec} call executes,
3016 @value{GDBN} discards the symbols of the previous executable image.
3017 You can change this behaviour with the @w{@code{set follow-exec-mode}}
3021 @kindex set follow-exec-mode
3022 @item set follow-exec-mode @var{mode}
3024 Set debugger response to a program call of @code{exec}. An
3025 @code{exec} call replaces the program image of a process.
3027 @code{follow-exec-mode} can be:
3031 @value{GDBN} creates a new inferior and rebinds the process to this
3032 new inferior. The program the process was running before the
3033 @code{exec} call can be restarted afterwards by restarting the
3039 (@value{GDBP}) info inferiors
3041 Id Description Executable
3044 process 12020 is executing new program: prog2
3045 Program exited normally.
3046 (@value{GDBP}) info inferiors
3047 Id Description Executable
3053 @value{GDBN} keeps the process bound to the same inferior. The new
3054 executable image replaces the previous executable loaded in the
3055 inferior. Restarting the inferior after the @code{exec} call, with
3056 e.g., the @code{run} command, restarts the executable the process was
3057 running after the @code{exec} call. This is the default mode.
3062 (@value{GDBP}) info inferiors
3063 Id Description Executable
3066 process 12020 is executing new program: prog2
3067 Program exited normally.
3068 (@value{GDBP}) info inferiors
3069 Id Description Executable
3076 You can use the @code{catch} command to make @value{GDBN} stop whenever
3077 a @code{fork}, @code{vfork}, or @code{exec} call is made. @xref{Set
3078 Catchpoints, ,Setting Catchpoints}.
3080 @node Checkpoint/Restart
3081 @section Setting a @emph{Bookmark} to Return to Later
3086 @cindex snapshot of a process
3087 @cindex rewind program state
3089 On certain operating systems@footnote{Currently, only
3090 @sc{gnu}/Linux.}, @value{GDBN} is able to save a @dfn{snapshot} of a
3091 program's state, called a @dfn{checkpoint}, and come back to it
3094 Returning to a checkpoint effectively undoes everything that has
3095 happened in the program since the @code{checkpoint} was saved. This
3096 includes changes in memory, registers, and even (within some limits)
3097 system state. Effectively, it is like going back in time to the
3098 moment when the checkpoint was saved.
3100 Thus, if you're stepping thru a program and you think you're
3101 getting close to the point where things go wrong, you can save
3102 a checkpoint. Then, if you accidentally go too far and miss
3103 the critical statement, instead of having to restart your program
3104 from the beginning, you can just go back to the checkpoint and
3105 start again from there.
3107 This can be especially useful if it takes a lot of time or
3108 steps to reach the point where you think the bug occurs.
3110 To use the @code{checkpoint}/@code{restart} method of debugging:
3115 Save a snapshot of the debugged program's current execution state.
3116 The @code{checkpoint} command takes no arguments, but each checkpoint
3117 is assigned a small integer id, similar to a breakpoint id.
3119 @kindex info checkpoints
3120 @item info checkpoints
3121 List the checkpoints that have been saved in the current debugging
3122 session. For each checkpoint, the following information will be
3129 @item Source line, or label
3132 @kindex restart @var{checkpoint-id}
3133 @item restart @var{checkpoint-id}
3134 Restore the program state that was saved as checkpoint number
3135 @var{checkpoint-id}. All program variables, registers, stack frames
3136 etc.@: will be returned to the values that they had when the checkpoint
3137 was saved. In essence, gdb will ``wind back the clock'' to the point
3138 in time when the checkpoint was saved.
3140 Note that breakpoints, @value{GDBN} variables, command history etc.
3141 are not affected by restoring a checkpoint. In general, a checkpoint
3142 only restores things that reside in the program being debugged, not in
3145 @kindex delete checkpoint @var{checkpoint-id}
3146 @item delete checkpoint @var{checkpoint-id}
3147 Delete the previously-saved checkpoint identified by @var{checkpoint-id}.
3151 Returning to a previously saved checkpoint will restore the user state
3152 of the program being debugged, plus a significant subset of the system
3153 (OS) state, including file pointers. It won't ``un-write'' data from
3154 a file, but it will rewind the file pointer to the previous location,
3155 so that the previously written data can be overwritten. For files
3156 opened in read mode, the pointer will also be restored so that the
3157 previously read data can be read again.
3159 Of course, characters that have been sent to a printer (or other
3160 external device) cannot be ``snatched back'', and characters received
3161 from eg.@: a serial device can be removed from internal program buffers,
3162 but they cannot be ``pushed back'' into the serial pipeline, ready to
3163 be received again. Similarly, the actual contents of files that have
3164 been changed cannot be restored (at this time).
3166 However, within those constraints, you actually can ``rewind'' your
3167 program to a previously saved point in time, and begin debugging it
3168 again --- and you can change the course of events so as to debug a
3169 different execution path this time.
3171 @cindex checkpoints and process id
3172 Finally, there is one bit of internal program state that will be
3173 different when you return to a checkpoint --- the program's process
3174 id. Each checkpoint will have a unique process id (or @var{pid}),
3175 and each will be different from the program's original @var{pid}.
3176 If your program has saved a local copy of its process id, this could
3177 potentially pose a problem.
3179 @subsection A Non-obvious Benefit of Using Checkpoints
3181 On some systems such as @sc{gnu}/Linux, address space randomization
3182 is performed on new processes for security reasons. This makes it
3183 difficult or impossible to set a breakpoint, or watchpoint, on an
3184 absolute address if you have to restart the program, since the
3185 absolute location of a symbol will change from one execution to the
3188 A checkpoint, however, is an @emph{identical} copy of a process.
3189 Therefore if you create a checkpoint at (eg.@:) the start of main,
3190 and simply return to that checkpoint instead of restarting the
3191 process, you can avoid the effects of address randomization and
3192 your symbols will all stay in the same place.
3195 @chapter Stopping and Continuing
3197 The principal purposes of using a debugger are so that you can stop your
3198 program before it terminates; or so that, if your program runs into
3199 trouble, you can investigate and find out why.
3201 Inside @value{GDBN}, your program may stop for any of several reasons,
3202 such as a signal, a breakpoint, or reaching a new line after a
3203 @value{GDBN} command such as @code{step}. You may then examine and
3204 change variables, set new breakpoints or remove old ones, and then
3205 continue execution. Usually, the messages shown by @value{GDBN} provide
3206 ample explanation of the status of your program---but you can also
3207 explicitly request this information at any time.
3210 @kindex info program
3212 Display information about the status of your program: whether it is
3213 running or not, what process it is, and why it stopped.
3217 * Breakpoints:: Breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints
3218 * Continuing and Stepping:: Resuming execution
3219 * Skipping Over Functions and Files::
3220 Skipping over functions and files
3222 * Thread Stops:: Stopping and starting multi-thread programs
3226 @section Breakpoints, Watchpoints, and Catchpoints
3229 A @dfn{breakpoint} makes your program stop whenever a certain point in
3230 the program is reached. For each breakpoint, you can add conditions to
3231 control in finer detail whether your program stops. You can set
3232 breakpoints with the @code{break} command and its variants (@pxref{Set
3233 Breaks, ,Setting Breakpoints}), to specify the place where your program
3234 should stop by line number, function name or exact address in the
3237 On some systems, you can set breakpoints in shared libraries before
3238 the executable is run. There is a minor limitation on HP-UX systems:
3239 you must wait until the executable is run in order to set breakpoints
3240 in shared library routines that are not called directly by the program
3241 (for example, routines that are arguments in a @code{pthread_create}
3245 @cindex data breakpoints
3246 @cindex memory tracing
3247 @cindex breakpoint on memory address
3248 @cindex breakpoint on variable modification
3249 A @dfn{watchpoint} is a special breakpoint that stops your program
3250 when the value of an expression changes. The expression may be a value
3251 of a variable, or it could involve values of one or more variables
3252 combined by operators, such as @samp{a + b}. This is sometimes called
3253 @dfn{data breakpoints}. You must use a different command to set
3254 watchpoints (@pxref{Set Watchpoints, ,Setting Watchpoints}), but aside
3255 from that, you can manage a watchpoint like any other breakpoint: you
3256 enable, disable, and delete both breakpoints and watchpoints using the
3259 You can arrange to have values from your program displayed automatically
3260 whenever @value{GDBN} stops at a breakpoint. @xref{Auto Display,,
3264 @cindex breakpoint on events
3265 A @dfn{catchpoint} is another special breakpoint that stops your program
3266 when a certain kind of event occurs, such as the throwing of a C@t{++}
3267 exception or the loading of a library. As with watchpoints, you use a
3268 different command to set a catchpoint (@pxref{Set Catchpoints, ,Setting
3269 Catchpoints}), but aside from that, you can manage a catchpoint like any
3270 other breakpoint. (To stop when your program receives a signal, use the
3271 @code{handle} command; see @ref{Signals, ,Signals}.)
3273 @cindex breakpoint numbers
3274 @cindex numbers for breakpoints
3275 @value{GDBN} assigns a number to each breakpoint, watchpoint, or
3276 catchpoint when you create it; these numbers are successive integers
3277 starting with one. In many of the commands for controlling various
3278 features of breakpoints you use the breakpoint number to say which
3279 breakpoint you want to change. Each breakpoint may be @dfn{enabled} or
3280 @dfn{disabled}; if disabled, it has no effect on your program until you
3283 @cindex breakpoint ranges
3284 @cindex ranges of breakpoints
3285 Some @value{GDBN} commands accept a range of breakpoints on which to
3286 operate. A breakpoint range is either a single breakpoint number, like
3287 @samp{5}, or two such numbers, in increasing order, separated by a
3288 hyphen, like @samp{5-7}. When a breakpoint range is given to a command,
3289 all breakpoints in that range are operated on.
3292 * Set Breaks:: Setting breakpoints
3293 * Set Watchpoints:: Setting watchpoints
3294 * Set Catchpoints:: Setting catchpoints
3295 * Delete Breaks:: Deleting breakpoints
3296 * Disabling:: Disabling breakpoints
3297 * Conditions:: Break conditions
3298 * Break Commands:: Breakpoint command lists
3299 * Save Breakpoints:: How to save breakpoints in a file
3300 * Error in Breakpoints:: ``Cannot insert breakpoints''
3301 * Breakpoint-related Warnings:: ``Breakpoint address adjusted...''
3305 @subsection Setting Breakpoints
3307 @c FIXME LMB what does GDB do if no code on line of breakpt?
3308 @c consider in particular declaration with/without initialization.
3310 @c FIXME 2 is there stuff on this already? break at fun start, already init?
3313 @kindex b @r{(@code{break})}
3314 @vindex $bpnum@r{, convenience variable}
3315 @cindex latest breakpoint
3316 Breakpoints are set with the @code{break} command (abbreviated
3317 @code{b}). The debugger convenience variable @samp{$bpnum} records the
3318 number of the breakpoint you've set most recently; see @ref{Convenience
3319 Vars,, Convenience Variables}, for a discussion of what you can do with
3320 convenience variables.
3323 @item break @var{location}
3324 Set a breakpoint at the given @var{location}, which can specify a
3325 function name, a line number, or an address of an instruction.
3326 (@xref{Specify Location}, for a list of all the possible ways to
3327 specify a @var{location}.) The breakpoint will stop your program just
3328 before it executes any of the code in the specified @var{location}.
3330 When using source languages that permit overloading of symbols, such as
3331 C@t{++}, a function name may refer to more than one possible place to break.
3332 @xref{Ambiguous Expressions,,Ambiguous Expressions}, for a discussion of
3335 It is also possible to insert a breakpoint that will stop the program
3336 only if a specific thread (@pxref{Thread-Specific Breakpoints})
3337 or a specific task (@pxref{Ada Tasks}) hits that breakpoint.
3340 When called without any arguments, @code{break} sets a breakpoint at
3341 the next instruction to be executed in the selected stack frame
3342 (@pxref{Stack, ,Examining the Stack}). In any selected frame but the
3343 innermost, this makes your program stop as soon as control
3344 returns to that frame. This is similar to the effect of a
3345 @code{finish} command in the frame inside the selected frame---except
3346 that @code{finish} does not leave an active breakpoint. If you use
3347 @code{break} without an argument in the innermost frame, @value{GDBN} stops
3348 the next time it reaches the current location; this may be useful
3351 @value{GDBN} normally ignores breakpoints when it resumes execution, until at
3352 least one instruction has been executed. If it did not do this, you
3353 would be unable to proceed past a breakpoint without first disabling the
3354 breakpoint. This rule applies whether or not the breakpoint already
3355 existed when your program stopped.
3357 @item break @dots{} if @var{cond}
3358 Set a breakpoint with condition @var{cond}; evaluate the expression
3359 @var{cond} each time the breakpoint is reached, and stop only if the
3360 value is nonzero---that is, if @var{cond} evaluates as true.
3361 @samp{@dots{}} stands for one of the possible arguments described
3362 above (or no argument) specifying where to break. @xref{Conditions,
3363 ,Break Conditions}, for more information on breakpoint conditions.
3366 @item tbreak @var{args}
3367 Set a breakpoint enabled only for one stop. @var{args} are the
3368 same as for the @code{break} command, and the breakpoint is set in the same
3369 way, but the breakpoint is automatically deleted after the first time your
3370 program stops there. @xref{Disabling, ,Disabling Breakpoints}.
3373 @cindex hardware breakpoints
3374 @item hbreak @var{args}
3375 Set a hardware-assisted breakpoint. @var{args} are the same as for the
3376 @code{break} command and the breakpoint is set in the same way, but the
3377 breakpoint requires hardware support and some target hardware may not
3378 have this support. The main purpose of this is EPROM/ROM code
3379 debugging, so you can set a breakpoint at an instruction without
3380 changing the instruction. This can be used with the new trap-generation
3381 provided by SPARClite DSU and most x86-based targets. These targets
3382 will generate traps when a program accesses some data or instruction
3383 address that is assigned to the debug registers. However the hardware
3384 breakpoint registers can take a limited number of breakpoints. For
3385 example, on the DSU, only two data breakpoints can be set at a time, and
3386 @value{GDBN} will reject this command if more than two are used. Delete
3387 or disable unused hardware breakpoints before setting new ones
3388 (@pxref{Disabling, ,Disabling Breakpoints}).
3389 @xref{Conditions, ,Break Conditions}.
3390 For remote targets, you can restrict the number of hardware
3391 breakpoints @value{GDBN} will use, see @ref{set remote
3392 hardware-breakpoint-limit}.
3395 @item thbreak @var{args}
3396 Set a hardware-assisted breakpoint enabled only for one stop. @var{args}
3397 are the same as for the @code{hbreak} command and the breakpoint is set in
3398 the same way. However, like the @code{tbreak} command,
3399 the breakpoint is automatically deleted after the
3400 first time your program stops there. Also, like the @code{hbreak}
3401 command, the breakpoint requires hardware support and some target hardware
3402 may not have this support. @xref{Disabling, ,Disabling Breakpoints}.
3403 See also @ref{Conditions, ,Break Conditions}.
3406 @cindex regular expression
3407 @cindex breakpoints at functions matching a regexp
3408 @cindex set breakpoints in many functions
3409 @item rbreak @var{regex}
3410 Set breakpoints on all functions matching the regular expression
3411 @var{regex}. This command sets an unconditional breakpoint on all
3412 matches, printing a list of all breakpoints it set. Once these
3413 breakpoints are set, they are treated just like the breakpoints set with
3414 the @code{break} command. You can delete them, disable them, or make
3415 them conditional the same way as any other breakpoint.
3417 The syntax of the regular expression is the standard one used with tools
3418 like @file{grep}. Note that this is different from the syntax used by
3419 shells, so for instance @code{foo*} matches all functions that include
3420 an @code{fo} followed by zero or more @code{o}s. There is an implicit
3421 @code{.*} leading and trailing the regular expression you supply, so to
3422 match only functions that begin with @code{foo}, use @code{^foo}.
3424 @cindex non-member C@t{++} functions, set breakpoint in
3425 When debugging C@t{++} programs, @code{rbreak} is useful for setting
3426 breakpoints on overloaded functions that are not members of any special
3429 @cindex set breakpoints on all functions
3430 The @code{rbreak} command can be used to set breakpoints in
3431 @strong{all} the functions in a program, like this:
3434 (@value{GDBP}) rbreak .
3437 @item rbreak @var{file}:@var{regex}
3438 If @code{rbreak} is called with a filename qualification, it limits
3439 the search for functions matching the given regular expression to the
3440 specified @var{file}. This can be used, for example, to set breakpoints on
3441 every function in a given file:
3444 (@value{GDBP}) rbreak file.c:.
3447 The colon separating the filename qualifier from the regex may
3448 optionally be surrounded by spaces.
3450 @kindex info breakpoints
3451 @cindex @code{$_} and @code{info breakpoints}
3452 @item info breakpoints @r{[}@var{n}@dots{}@r{]}
3453 @itemx info break @r{[}@var{n}@dots{}@r{]}
3454 Print a table of all breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints set and
3455 not deleted. Optional argument @var{n} means print information only
3456 about the specified breakpoint(s) (or watchpoint(s) or catchpoint(s)).
3457 For each breakpoint, following columns are printed:
3460 @item Breakpoint Numbers
3462 Breakpoint, watchpoint, or catchpoint.
3464 Whether the breakpoint is marked to be disabled or deleted when hit.
3465 @item Enabled or Disabled
3466 Enabled breakpoints are marked with @samp{y}. @samp{n} marks breakpoints
3467 that are not enabled.
3469 Where the breakpoint is in your program, as a memory address. For a
3470 pending breakpoint whose address is not yet known, this field will
3471 contain @samp{<PENDING>}. Such breakpoint won't fire until a shared
3472 library that has the symbol or line referred by breakpoint is loaded.
3473 See below for details. A breakpoint with several locations will
3474 have @samp{<MULTIPLE>} in this field---see below for details.
3476 Where the breakpoint is in the source for your program, as a file and
3477 line number. For a pending breakpoint, the original string passed to
3478 the breakpoint command will be listed as it cannot be resolved until
3479 the appropriate shared library is loaded in the future.
3483 If a breakpoint is conditional, @code{info break} shows the condition on
3484 the line following the affected breakpoint; breakpoint commands, if any,
3485 are listed after that. A pending breakpoint is allowed to have a condition
3486 specified for it. The condition is not parsed for validity until a shared
3487 library is loaded that allows the pending breakpoint to resolve to a
3491 @code{info break} with a breakpoint
3492 number @var{n} as argument lists only that breakpoint. The
3493 convenience variable @code{$_} and the default examining-address for
3494 the @code{x} command are set to the address of the last breakpoint
3495 listed (@pxref{Memory, ,Examining Memory}).
3498 @code{info break} displays a count of the number of times the breakpoint
3499 has been hit. This is especially useful in conjunction with the
3500 @code{ignore} command. You can ignore a large number of breakpoint
3501 hits, look at the breakpoint info to see how many times the breakpoint
3502 was hit, and then run again, ignoring one less than that number. This
3503 will get you quickly to the last hit of that breakpoint.
3506 @value{GDBN} allows you to set any number of breakpoints at the same place in
3507 your program. There is nothing silly or meaningless about this. When
3508 the breakpoints are conditional, this is even useful
3509 (@pxref{Conditions, ,Break Conditions}).
3511 @cindex multiple locations, breakpoints
3512 @cindex breakpoints, multiple locations
3513 It is possible that a breakpoint corresponds to several locations
3514 in your program. Examples of this situation are:
3518 For a C@t{++} constructor, the @value{NGCC} compiler generates several
3519 instances of the function body, used in different cases.
3522 For a C@t{++} template function, a given line in the function can
3523 correspond to any number of instantiations.
3526 For an inlined function, a given source line can correspond to
3527 several places where that function is inlined.
3530 In all those cases, @value{GDBN} will insert a breakpoint at all
3531 the relevant locations@footnote{
3532 As of this writing, multiple-location breakpoints work only if there's
3533 line number information for all the locations. This means that they
3534 will generally not work in system libraries, unless you have debug
3535 info with line numbers for them.}.
3537 A breakpoint with multiple locations is displayed in the breakpoint
3538 table using several rows---one header row, followed by one row for
3539 each breakpoint location. The header row has @samp{<MULTIPLE>} in the
3540 address column. The rows for individual locations contain the actual
3541 addresses for locations, and show the functions to which those
3542 locations belong. The number column for a location is of the form
3543 @var{breakpoint-number}.@var{location-number}.
3548 Num Type Disp Enb Address What
3549 1 breakpoint keep y <MULTIPLE>
3551 breakpoint already hit 1 time
3552 1.1 y 0x080486a2 in void foo<int>() at t.cc:8
3553 1.2 y 0x080486ca in void foo<double>() at t.cc:8
3556 Each location can be individually enabled or disabled by passing
3557 @var{breakpoint-number}.@var{location-number} as argument to the
3558 @code{enable} and @code{disable} commands. Note that you cannot
3559 delete the individual locations from the list, you can only delete the
3560 entire list of locations that belong to their parent breakpoint (with
3561 the @kbd{delete @var{num}} command, where @var{num} is the number of
3562 the parent breakpoint, 1 in the above example). Disabling or enabling
3563 the parent breakpoint (@pxref{Disabling}) affects all of the locations
3564 that belong to that breakpoint.
3566 @cindex pending breakpoints
3567 It's quite common to have a breakpoint inside a shared library.
3568 Shared libraries can be loaded and unloaded explicitly,
3569 and possibly repeatedly, as the program is executed. To support
3570 this use case, @value{GDBN} updates breakpoint locations whenever
3571 any shared library is loaded or unloaded. Typically, you would
3572 set a breakpoint in a shared library at the beginning of your
3573 debugging session, when the library is not loaded, and when the
3574 symbols from the library are not available. When you try to set
3575 breakpoint, @value{GDBN} will ask you if you want to set
3576 a so called @dfn{pending breakpoint}---breakpoint whose address
3577 is not yet resolved.
3579 After the program is run, whenever a new shared library is loaded,
3580 @value{GDBN} reevaluates all the breakpoints. When a newly loaded
3581 shared library contains the symbol or line referred to by some
3582 pending breakpoint, that breakpoint is resolved and becomes an
3583 ordinary breakpoint. When a library is unloaded, all breakpoints
3584 that refer to its symbols or source lines become pending again.
3586 This logic works for breakpoints with multiple locations, too. For
3587 example, if you have a breakpoint in a C@t{++} template function, and
3588 a newly loaded shared library has an instantiation of that template,
3589 a new location is added to the list of locations for the breakpoint.
3591 Except for having unresolved address, pending breakpoints do not
3592 differ from regular breakpoints. You can set conditions or commands,
3593 enable and disable them and perform other breakpoint operations.
3595 @value{GDBN} provides some additional commands for controlling what
3596 happens when the @samp{break} command cannot resolve breakpoint
3597 address specification to an address:
3599 @kindex set breakpoint pending
3600 @kindex show breakpoint pending
3602 @item set breakpoint pending auto
3603 This is the default behavior. When @value{GDBN} cannot find the breakpoint
3604 location, it queries you whether a pending breakpoint should be created.
3606 @item set breakpoint pending on
3607 This indicates that an unrecognized breakpoint location should automatically
3608 result in a pending breakpoint being created.
3610 @item set breakpoint pending off
3611 This indicates that pending breakpoints are not to be created. Any
3612 unrecognized breakpoint location results in an error. This setting does
3613 not affect any pending breakpoints previously created.
3615 @item show breakpoint pending
3616 Show the current behavior setting for creating pending breakpoints.
3619 The settings above only affect the @code{break} command and its
3620 variants. Once breakpoint is set, it will be automatically updated
3621 as shared libraries are loaded and unloaded.
3623 @cindex automatic hardware breakpoints
3624 For some targets, @value{GDBN} can automatically decide if hardware or
3625 software breakpoints should be used, depending on whether the
3626 breakpoint address is read-only or read-write. This applies to
3627 breakpoints set with the @code{break} command as well as to internal
3628 breakpoints set by commands like @code{next} and @code{finish}. For
3629 breakpoints set with @code{hbreak}, @value{GDBN} will always use hardware
3632 You can control this automatic behaviour with the following commands::
3634 @kindex set breakpoint auto-hw
3635 @kindex show breakpoint auto-hw
3637 @item set breakpoint auto-hw on
3638 This is the default behavior. When @value{GDBN} sets a breakpoint, it
3639 will try to use the target memory map to decide if software or hardware
3640 breakpoint must be used.
3642 @item set breakpoint auto-hw off
3643 This indicates @value{GDBN} should not automatically select breakpoint
3644 type. If the target provides a memory map, @value{GDBN} will warn when
3645 trying to set software breakpoint at a read-only address.
3648 @value{GDBN} normally implements breakpoints by replacing the program code
3649 at the breakpoint address with a special instruction, which, when
3650 executed, given control to the debugger. By default, the program
3651 code is so modified only when the program is resumed. As soon as
3652 the program stops, @value{GDBN} restores the original instructions. This
3653 behaviour guards against leaving breakpoints inserted in the
3654 target should gdb abrubptly disconnect. However, with slow remote
3655 targets, inserting and removing breakpoint can reduce the performance.
3656 This behavior can be controlled with the following commands::
3658 @kindex set breakpoint always-inserted
3659 @kindex show breakpoint always-inserted
3661 @item set breakpoint always-inserted off
3662 All breakpoints, including newly added by the user, are inserted in
3663 the target only when the target is resumed. All breakpoints are
3664 removed from the target when it stops.
3666 @item set breakpoint always-inserted on
3667 Causes all breakpoints to be inserted in the target at all times. If
3668 the user adds a new breakpoint, or changes an existing breakpoint, the
3669 breakpoints in the target are updated immediately. A breakpoint is
3670 removed from the target only when breakpoint itself is removed.
3672 @cindex non-stop mode, and @code{breakpoint always-inserted}
3673 @item set breakpoint always-inserted auto
3674 This is the default mode. If @value{GDBN} is controlling the inferior
3675 in non-stop mode (@pxref{Non-Stop Mode}), gdb behaves as if
3676 @code{breakpoint always-inserted} mode is on. If @value{GDBN} is
3677 controlling the inferior in all-stop mode, @value{GDBN} behaves as if
3678 @code{breakpoint always-inserted} mode is off.
3681 @cindex negative breakpoint numbers
3682 @cindex internal @value{GDBN} breakpoints
3683 @value{GDBN} itself sometimes sets breakpoints in your program for
3684 special purposes, such as proper handling of @code{longjmp} (in C
3685 programs). These internal breakpoints are assigned negative numbers,
3686 starting with @code{-1}; @samp{info breakpoints} does not display them.
3687 You can see these breakpoints with the @value{GDBN} maintenance command
3688 @samp{maint info breakpoints} (@pxref{maint info breakpoints}).
3691 @node Set Watchpoints
3692 @subsection Setting Watchpoints
3694 @cindex setting watchpoints
3695 You can use a watchpoint to stop execution whenever the value of an
3696 expression changes, without having to predict a particular place where
3697 this may happen. (This is sometimes called a @dfn{data breakpoint}.)
3698 The expression may be as simple as the value of a single variable, or
3699 as complex as many variables combined by operators. Examples include:
3703 A reference to the value of a single variable.
3706 An address cast to an appropriate data type. For example,
3707 @samp{*(int *)0x12345678} will watch a 4-byte region at the specified
3708 address (assuming an @code{int} occupies 4 bytes).
3711 An arbitrarily complex expression, such as @samp{a*b + c/d}. The
3712 expression can use any operators valid in the program's native
3713 language (@pxref{Languages}).
3716 You can set a watchpoint on an expression even if the expression can
3717 not be evaluated yet. For instance, you can set a watchpoint on
3718 @samp{*global_ptr} before @samp{global_ptr} is initialized.
3719 @value{GDBN} will stop when your program sets @samp{global_ptr} and
3720 the expression produces a valid value. If the expression becomes
3721 valid in some other way than changing a variable (e.g.@: if the memory
3722 pointed to by @samp{*global_ptr} becomes readable as the result of a
3723 @code{malloc} call), @value{GDBN} may not stop until the next time
3724 the expression changes.
3726 @cindex software watchpoints
3727 @cindex hardware watchpoints
3728 Depending on your system, watchpoints may be implemented in software or
3729 hardware. @value{GDBN} does software watchpointing by single-stepping your
3730 program and testing the variable's value each time, which is hundreds of
3731 times slower than normal execution. (But this may still be worth it, to
3732 catch errors where you have no clue what part of your program is the
3735 On some systems, such as HP-UX, PowerPC, @sc{gnu}/Linux and most other
3736 x86-based targets, @value{GDBN} includes support for hardware
3737 watchpoints, which do not slow down the running of your program.
3741 @item watch @r{[}-l@r{|}-location@r{]} @var{expr} @r{[}thread @var{threadnum}@r{]} @r{[}mask @var{maskvalue}@r{]}
3742 Set a watchpoint for an expression. @value{GDBN} will break when the
3743 expression @var{expr} is written into by the program and its value
3744 changes. The simplest (and the most popular) use of this command is
3745 to watch the value of a single variable:
3748 (@value{GDBP}) watch foo
3751 If the command includes a @code{@r{[}thread @var{threadnum}@r{]}}
3752 argument, @value{GDBN} breaks only when the thread identified by
3753 @var{threadnum} changes the value of @var{expr}. If any other threads
3754 change the value of @var{expr}, @value{GDBN} will not break. Note
3755 that watchpoints restricted to a single thread in this way only work
3756 with Hardware Watchpoints.
3758 Ordinarily a watchpoint respects the scope of variables in @var{expr}
3759 (see below). The @code{-location} argument tells @value{GDBN} to
3760 instead watch the memory referred to by @var{expr}. In this case,
3761 @value{GDBN} will evaluate @var{expr}, take the address of the result,
3762 and watch the memory at that address. The type of the result is used
3763 to determine the size of the watched memory. If the expression's
3764 result does not have an address, then @value{GDBN} will print an
3767 The @code{@r{[}mask @var{maskvalue}@r{]}} argument allows creation
3768 of masked watchpoints, if the current architecture supports this
3769 feature (e.g., PowerPC Embedded architecture, see @ref{PowerPC
3770 Embedded}.) A @dfn{masked watchpoint} specifies a mask in addition
3771 to an address to watch. The mask specifies that some bits of an address
3772 (the bits which are reset in the mask) should be ignored when matching
3773 the address accessed by the inferior against the watchpoint address.
3774 Thus, a masked watchpoint watches many addresses simultaneously---those
3775 addresses whose unmasked bits are identical to the unmasked bits in the
3776 watchpoint address. The @code{mask} argument implies @code{-location}.
3780 (@value{GDBP}) watch foo mask 0xffff00ff
3781 (@value{GDBP}) watch *0xdeadbeef mask 0xffffff00
3785 @item rwatch @r{[}-l@r{|}-location@r{]} @var{expr} @r{[}thread @var{threadnum}@r{]} @r{[}mask @var{maskvalue}@r{]}
3786 Set a watchpoint that will break when the value of @var{expr} is read
3790 @item awatch @r{[}-l@r{|}-location@r{]} @var{expr} @r{[}thread @var{threadnum}@r{]} @r{[}mask @var{maskvalue}@r{]}
3791 Set a watchpoint that will break when @var{expr} is either read from
3792 or written into by the program.
3794 @kindex info watchpoints @r{[}@var{n}@dots{}@r{]}
3795 @item info watchpoints @r{[}@var{n}@dots{}@r{]}
3796 This command prints a list of watchpoints, using the same format as
3797 @code{info break} (@pxref{Set Breaks}).
3800 If you watch for a change in a numerically entered address you need to
3801 dereference it, as the address itself is just a constant number which will
3802 never change. @value{GDBN} refuses to create a watchpoint that watches
3803 a never-changing value:
3806 (@value{GDBP}) watch 0x600850
3807 Cannot watch constant value 0x600850.
3808 (@value{GDBP}) watch *(int *) 0x600850
3809 Watchpoint 1: *(int *) 6293584
3812 @value{GDBN} sets a @dfn{hardware watchpoint} if possible. Hardware
3813 watchpoints execute very quickly, and the debugger reports a change in
3814 value at the exact instruction where the change occurs. If @value{GDBN}
3815 cannot set a hardware watchpoint, it sets a software watchpoint, which
3816 executes more slowly and reports the change in value at the next
3817 @emph{statement}, not the instruction, after the change occurs.
3819 @cindex use only software watchpoints
3820 You can force @value{GDBN} to use only software watchpoints with the
3821 @kbd{set can-use-hw-watchpoints 0} command. With this variable set to
3822 zero, @value{GDBN} will never try to use hardware watchpoints, even if
3823 the underlying system supports them. (Note that hardware-assisted
3824 watchpoints that were set @emph{before} setting
3825 @code{can-use-hw-watchpoints} to zero will still use the hardware
3826 mechanism of watching expression values.)
3829 @item set can-use-hw-watchpoints
3830 @kindex set can-use-hw-watchpoints
3831 Set whether or not to use hardware watchpoints.
3833 @item show can-use-hw-watchpoints
3834 @kindex show can-use-hw-watchpoints
3835 Show the current mode of using hardware watchpoints.
3838 For remote targets, you can restrict the number of hardware
3839 watchpoints @value{GDBN} will use, see @ref{set remote
3840 hardware-breakpoint-limit}.
3842 When you issue the @code{watch} command, @value{GDBN} reports
3845 Hardware watchpoint @var{num}: @var{expr}
3849 if it was able to set a hardware watchpoint.
3851 Currently, the @code{awatch} and @code{rwatch} commands can only set
3852 hardware watchpoints, because accesses to data that don't change the
3853 value of the watched expression cannot be detected without examining
3854 every instruction as it is being executed, and @value{GDBN} does not do
3855 that currently. If @value{GDBN} finds that it is unable to set a
3856 hardware breakpoint with the @code{awatch} or @code{rwatch} command, it
3857 will print a message like this:
3860 Expression cannot be implemented with read/access watchpoint.
3863 Sometimes, @value{GDBN} cannot set a hardware watchpoint because the
3864 data type of the watched expression is wider than what a hardware
3865 watchpoint on the target machine can handle. For example, some systems
3866 can only watch regions that are up to 4 bytes wide; on such systems you
3867 cannot set hardware watchpoints for an expression that yields a
3868 double-precision floating-point number (which is typically 8 bytes
3869 wide). As a work-around, it might be possible to break the large region
3870 into a series of smaller ones and watch them with separate watchpoints.
3872 If you set too many hardware watchpoints, @value{GDBN} might be unable
3873 to insert all of them when you resume the execution of your program.
3874 Since the precise number of active watchpoints is unknown until such
3875 time as the program is about to be resumed, @value{GDBN} might not be
3876 able to warn you about this when you set the watchpoints, and the
3877 warning will be printed only when the program is resumed:
3880 Hardware watchpoint @var{num}: Could not insert watchpoint
3884 If this happens, delete or disable some of the watchpoints.
3886 Watching complex expressions that reference many variables can also
3887 exhaust the resources available for hardware-assisted watchpoints.
3888 That's because @value{GDBN} needs to watch every variable in the
3889 expression with separately allocated resources.
3891 If you call a function interactively using @code{print} or @code{call},
3892 any watchpoints you have set will be inactive until @value{GDBN} reaches another
3893 kind of breakpoint or the call completes.
3895 @value{GDBN} automatically deletes watchpoints that watch local
3896 (automatic) variables, or expressions that involve such variables, when
3897 they go out of scope, that is, when the execution leaves the block in
3898 which these variables were defined. In particular, when the program
3899 being debugged terminates, @emph{all} local variables go out of scope,
3900 and so only watchpoints that watch global variables remain set. If you
3901 rerun the program, you will need to set all such watchpoints again. One
3902 way of doing that would be to set a code breakpoint at the entry to the
3903 @code{main} function and when it breaks, set all the watchpoints.
3905 @cindex watchpoints and threads
3906 @cindex threads and watchpoints
3907 In multi-threaded programs, watchpoints will detect changes to the
3908 watched expression from every thread.
3911 @emph{Warning:} In multi-threaded programs, software watchpoints
3912 have only limited usefulness. If @value{GDBN} creates a software
3913 watchpoint, it can only watch the value of an expression @emph{in a
3914 single thread}. If you are confident that the expression can only
3915 change due to the current thread's activity (and if you are also
3916 confident that no other thread can become current), then you can use
3917 software watchpoints as usual. However, @value{GDBN} may not notice
3918 when a non-current thread's activity changes the expression. (Hardware
3919 watchpoints, in contrast, watch an expression in all threads.)
3922 @xref{set remote hardware-watchpoint-limit}.
3924 @node Set Catchpoints
3925 @subsection Setting Catchpoints
3926 @cindex catchpoints, setting
3927 @cindex exception handlers
3928 @cindex event handling
3930 You can use @dfn{catchpoints} to cause the debugger to stop for certain
3931 kinds of program events, such as C@t{++} exceptions or the loading of a
3932 shared library. Use the @code{catch} command to set a catchpoint.
3936 @item catch @var{event}
3937 Stop when @var{event} occurs. @var{event} can be any of the following:
3940 @cindex stop on C@t{++} exceptions
3941 The throwing of a C@t{++} exception.
3944 The catching of a C@t{++} exception.
3947 @cindex Ada exception catching
3948 @cindex catch Ada exceptions
3949 An Ada exception being raised. If an exception name is specified
3950 at the end of the command (eg @code{catch exception Program_Error}),
3951 the debugger will stop only when this specific exception is raised.
3952 Otherwise, the debugger stops execution when any Ada exception is raised.
3954 When inserting an exception catchpoint on a user-defined exception whose
3955 name is identical to one of the exceptions defined by the language, the
3956 fully qualified name must be used as the exception name. Otherwise,
3957 @value{GDBN} will assume that it should stop on the pre-defined exception
3958 rather than the user-defined one. For instance, assuming an exception
3959 called @code{Constraint_Error} is defined in package @code{Pck}, then
3960 the command to use to catch such exceptions is @kbd{catch exception
3961 Pck.Constraint_Error}.
3963 @item exception unhandled
3964 An exception that was raised but is not handled by the program.
3967 A failed Ada assertion.
3970 @cindex break on fork/exec
3971 A call to @code{exec}. This is currently only available for HP-UX
3975 @itemx syscall @r{[}@var{name} @r{|} @var{number}@r{]} @dots{}
3976 @cindex break on a system call.
3977 A call to or return from a system call, a.k.a.@: @dfn{syscall}. A
3978 syscall is a mechanism for application programs to request a service
3979 from the operating system (OS) or one of the OS system services.
3980 @value{GDBN} can catch some or all of the syscalls issued by the
3981 debuggee, and show the related information for each syscall. If no
3982 argument is specified, calls to and returns from all system calls
3985 @var{name} can be any system call name that is valid for the
3986 underlying OS. Just what syscalls are valid depends on the OS. On
3987 GNU and Unix systems, you can find the full list of valid syscall
3988 names on @file{/usr/include/asm/unistd.h}.
3990 @c For MS-Windows, the syscall names and the corresponding numbers
3991 @c can be found, e.g., on this URL:
3992 @c http://www.metasploit.com/users/opcode/syscalls.html
3993 @c but we don't support Windows syscalls yet.
3995 Normally, @value{GDBN} knows in advance which syscalls are valid for
3996 each OS, so you can use the @value{GDBN} command-line completion
3997 facilities (@pxref{Completion,, command completion}) to list the
4000 You may also specify the system call numerically. A syscall's
4001 number is the value passed to the OS's syscall dispatcher to
4002 identify the requested service. When you specify the syscall by its
4003 name, @value{GDBN} uses its database of syscalls to convert the name
4004 into the corresponding numeric code, but using the number directly
4005 may be useful if @value{GDBN}'s database does not have the complete
4006 list of syscalls on your system (e.g., because @value{GDBN} lags
4007 behind the OS upgrades).
4009 The example below illustrates how this command works if you don't provide
4013 (@value{GDBP}) catch syscall
4014 Catchpoint 1 (syscall)
4016 Starting program: /tmp/catch-syscall
4018 Catchpoint 1 (call to syscall 'close'), \
4019 0xffffe424 in __kernel_vsyscall ()
4023 Catchpoint 1 (returned from syscall 'close'), \
4024 0xffffe424 in __kernel_vsyscall ()
4028 Here is an example of catching a system call by name:
4031 (@value{GDBP}) catch syscall chroot
4032 Catchpoint 1 (syscall 'chroot' [61])
4034 Starting program: /tmp/catch-syscall
4036 Catchpoint 1 (call to syscall 'chroot'), \
4037 0xffffe424 in __kernel_vsyscall ()
4041 Catchpoint 1 (returned from syscall 'chroot'), \
4042 0xffffe424 in __kernel_vsyscall ()
4046 An example of specifying a system call numerically. In the case
4047 below, the syscall number has a corresponding entry in the XML
4048 file, so @value{GDBN} finds its name and prints it:
4051 (@value{GDBP}) catch syscall 252
4052 Catchpoint 1 (syscall(s) 'exit_group')
4054 Starting program: /tmp/catch-syscall
4056 Catchpoint 1 (call to syscall 'exit_group'), \
4057 0xffffe424 in __kernel_vsyscall ()
4061 Program exited normally.
4065 However, there can be situations when there is no corresponding name
4066 in XML file for that syscall number. In this case, @value{GDBN} prints
4067 a warning message saying that it was not able to find the syscall name,
4068 but the catchpoint will be set anyway. See the example below:
4071 (@value{GDBP}) catch syscall 764
4072 warning: The number '764' does not represent a known syscall.
4073 Catchpoint 2 (syscall 764)
4077 If you configure @value{GDBN} using the @samp{--without-expat} option,
4078 it will not be able to display syscall names. Also, if your
4079 architecture does not have an XML file describing its system calls,
4080 you will not be able to see the syscall names. It is important to
4081 notice that these two features are used for accessing the syscall
4082 name database. In either case, you will see a warning like this:
4085 (@value{GDBP}) catch syscall
4086 warning: Could not open "syscalls/i386-linux.xml"
4087 warning: Could not load the syscall XML file 'syscalls/i386-linux.xml'.
4088 GDB will not be able to display syscall names.
4089 Catchpoint 1 (syscall)
4093 Of course, the file name will change depending on your architecture and system.
4095 Still using the example above, you can also try to catch a syscall by its
4096 number. In this case, you would see something like:
4099 (@value{GDBP}) catch syscall 252
4100 Catchpoint 1 (syscall(s) 252)
4103 Again, in this case @value{GDBN} would not be able to display syscall's names.
4106 A call to @code{fork}. This is currently only available for HP-UX
4110 A call to @code{vfork}. This is currently only available for HP-UX
4115 @item tcatch @var{event}
4116 Set a catchpoint that is enabled only for one stop. The catchpoint is
4117 automatically deleted after the first time the event is caught.
4121 Use the @code{info break} command to list the current catchpoints.
4123 There are currently some limitations to C@t{++} exception handling
4124 (@code{catch throw} and @code{catch catch}) in @value{GDBN}:
4128 If you call a function interactively, @value{GDBN} normally returns
4129 control to you when the function has finished executing. If the call
4130 raises an exception, however, the call may bypass the mechanism that
4131 returns control to you and cause your program either to abort or to
4132 simply continue running until it hits a breakpoint, catches a signal
4133 that @value{GDBN} is listening for, or exits. This is the case even if
4134 you set a catchpoint for the exception; catchpoints on exceptions are
4135 disabled within interactive calls.
4138 You cannot raise an exception interactively.
4141 You cannot install an exception handler interactively.
4144 @cindex raise exceptions
4145 Sometimes @code{catch} is not the best way to debug exception handling:
4146 if you need to know exactly where an exception is raised, it is better to
4147 stop @emph{before} the exception handler is called, since that way you
4148 can see the stack before any unwinding takes place. If you set a
4149 breakpoint in an exception handler instead, it may not be easy to find
4150 out where the exception was raised.
4152 To stop just before an exception handler is called, you need some
4153 knowledge of the implementation. In the case of @sc{gnu} C@t{++}, exceptions are
4154 raised by calling a library function named @code{__raise_exception}
4155 which has the following ANSI C interface:
4158 /* @var{addr} is where the exception identifier is stored.
4159 @var{id} is the exception identifier. */
4160 void __raise_exception (void **addr, void *id);
4164 To make the debugger catch all exceptions before any stack
4165 unwinding takes place, set a breakpoint on @code{__raise_exception}
4166 (@pxref{Breakpoints, ,Breakpoints; Watchpoints; and Exceptions}).
4168 With a conditional breakpoint (@pxref{Conditions, ,Break Conditions})
4169 that depends on the value of @var{id}, you can stop your program when
4170 a specific exception is raised. You can use multiple conditional
4171 breakpoints to stop your program when any of a number of exceptions are
4176 @subsection Deleting Breakpoints
4178 @cindex clearing breakpoints, watchpoints, catchpoints
4179 @cindex deleting breakpoints, watchpoints, catchpoints
4180 It is often necessary to eliminate a breakpoint, watchpoint, or
4181 catchpoint once it has done its job and you no longer want your program
4182 to stop there. This is called @dfn{deleting} the breakpoint. A
4183 breakpoint that has been deleted no longer exists; it is forgotten.
4185 With the @code{clear} command you can delete breakpoints according to
4186 where they are in your program. With the @code{delete} command you can
4187 delete individual breakpoints, watchpoints, or catchpoints by specifying
4188 their breakpoint numbers.
4190 It is not necessary to delete a breakpoint to proceed past it. @value{GDBN}
4191 automatically ignores breakpoints on the first instruction to be executed
4192 when you continue execution without changing the execution address.
4197 Delete any breakpoints at the next instruction to be executed in the
4198 selected stack frame (@pxref{Selection, ,Selecting a Frame}). When
4199 the innermost frame is selected, this is a good way to delete a
4200 breakpoint where your program just stopped.
4202 @item clear @var{location}
4203 Delete any breakpoints set at the specified @var{location}.
4204 @xref{Specify Location}, for the various forms of @var{location}; the
4205 most useful ones are listed below:
4208 @item clear @var{function}
4209 @itemx clear @var{filename}:@var{function}
4210 Delete any breakpoints set at entry to the named @var{function}.
4212 @item clear @var{linenum}
4213 @itemx clear @var{filename}:@var{linenum}
4214 Delete any breakpoints set at or within the code of the specified
4215 @var{linenum} of the specified @var{filename}.
4218 @cindex delete breakpoints
4220 @kindex d @r{(@code{delete})}
4221 @item delete @r{[}breakpoints@r{]} @r{[}@var{range}@dots{}@r{]}
4222 Delete the breakpoints, watchpoints, or catchpoints of the breakpoint
4223 ranges specified as arguments. If no argument is specified, delete all
4224 breakpoints (@value{GDBN} asks confirmation, unless you have @code{set
4225 confirm off}). You can abbreviate this command as @code{d}.
4229 @subsection Disabling Breakpoints
4231 @cindex enable/disable a breakpoint
4232 Rather than deleting a breakpoint, watchpoint, or catchpoint, you might
4233 prefer to @dfn{disable} it. This makes the breakpoint inoperative as if
4234 it had been deleted, but remembers the information on the breakpoint so
4235 that you can @dfn{enable} it again later.
4237 You disable and enable breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints with
4238 the @code{enable} and @code{disable} commands, optionally specifying
4239 one or more breakpoint numbers as arguments. Use @code{info break} to
4240 print a list of all breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints if you
4241 do not know which numbers to use.
4243 Disabling and enabling a breakpoint that has multiple locations
4244 affects all of its locations.
4246 A breakpoint, watchpoint, or catchpoint can have any of four different
4247 states of enablement:
4251 Enabled. The breakpoint stops your program. A breakpoint set
4252 with the @code{break} command starts out in this state.
4254 Disabled. The breakpoint has no effect on your program.
4256 Enabled once. The breakpoint stops your program, but then becomes
4259 Enabled for deletion. The breakpoint stops your program, but
4260 immediately after it does so it is deleted permanently. A breakpoint
4261 set with the @code{tbreak} command starts out in this state.
4264 You can use the following commands to enable or disable breakpoints,
4265 watchpoints, and catchpoints:
4269 @kindex dis @r{(@code{disable})}
4270 @item disable @r{[}breakpoints@r{]} @r{[}@var{range}@dots{}@r{]}
4271 Disable the specified breakpoints---or all breakpoints, if none are
4272 listed. A disabled breakpoint has no effect but is not forgotten. All
4273 options such as ignore-counts, conditions and commands are remembered in
4274 case the breakpoint is enabled again later. You may abbreviate
4275 @code{disable} as @code{dis}.
4278 @item enable @r{[}breakpoints@r{]} @r{[}@var{range}@dots{}@r{]}
4279 Enable the specified breakpoints (or all defined breakpoints). They
4280 become effective once again in stopping your program.
4282 @item enable @r{[}breakpoints@r{]} once @var{range}@dots{}
4283 Enable the specified breakpoints temporarily. @value{GDBN} disables any
4284 of these breakpoints immediately after stopping your program.
4286 @item enable @r{[}breakpoints@r{]} delete @var{range}@dots{}
4287 Enable the specified breakpoints to work once, then die. @value{GDBN}
4288 deletes any of these breakpoints as soon as your program stops there.
4289 Breakpoints set by the @code{tbreak} command start out in this state.
4292 @c FIXME: I think the following ``Except for [...] @code{tbreak}'' is
4293 @c confusing: tbreak is also initially enabled.
4294 Except for a breakpoint set with @code{tbreak} (@pxref{Set Breaks,
4295 ,Setting Breakpoints}), breakpoints that you set are initially enabled;
4296 subsequently, they become disabled or enabled only when you use one of
4297 the commands above. (The command @code{until} can set and delete a
4298 breakpoint of its own, but it does not change the state of your other
4299 breakpoints; see @ref{Continuing and Stepping, ,Continuing and
4303 @subsection Break Conditions
4304 @cindex conditional breakpoints
4305 @cindex breakpoint conditions
4307 @c FIXME what is scope of break condition expr? Context where wanted?
4308 @c in particular for a watchpoint?
4309 The simplest sort of breakpoint breaks every time your program reaches a
4310 specified place. You can also specify a @dfn{condition} for a
4311 breakpoint. A condition is just a Boolean expression in your
4312 programming language (@pxref{Expressions, ,Expressions}). A breakpoint with
4313 a condition evaluates the expression each time your program reaches it,
4314 and your program stops only if the condition is @emph{true}.
4316 This is the converse of using assertions for program validation; in that
4317 situation, you want to stop when the assertion is violated---that is,
4318 when the condition is false. In C, if you want to test an assertion expressed
4319 by the condition @var{assert}, you should set the condition
4320 @samp{! @var{assert}} on the appropriate breakpoint.
4322 Conditions are also accepted for watchpoints; you may not need them,
4323 since a watchpoint is inspecting the value of an expression anyhow---but
4324 it might be simpler, say, to just set a watchpoint on a variable name,
4325 and specify a condition that tests whether the new value is an interesting
4328 Break conditions can have side effects, and may even call functions in
4329 your program. This can be useful, for example, to activate functions
4330 that log program progress, or to use your own print functions to
4331 format special data structures. The effects are completely predictable
4332 unless there is another enabled breakpoint at the same address. (In
4333 that case, @value{GDBN} might see the other breakpoint first and stop your
4334 program without checking the condition of this one.) Note that
4335 breakpoint commands are usually more convenient and flexible than break
4337 purpose of performing side effects when a breakpoint is reached
4338 (@pxref{Break Commands, ,Breakpoint Command Lists}).
4340 Break conditions can be specified when a breakpoint is set, by using
4341 @samp{if} in the arguments to the @code{break} command. @xref{Set
4342 Breaks, ,Setting Breakpoints}. They can also be changed at any time
4343 with the @code{condition} command.
4345 You can also use the @code{if} keyword with the @code{watch} command.
4346 The @code{catch} command does not recognize the @code{if} keyword;
4347 @code{condition} is the only way to impose a further condition on a
4352 @item condition @var{bnum} @var{expression}
4353 Specify @var{expression} as the break condition for breakpoint,
4354 watchpoint, or catchpoint number @var{bnum}. After you set a condition,
4355 breakpoint @var{bnum} stops your program only if the value of
4356 @var{expression} is true (nonzero, in C). When you use
4357 @code{condition}, @value{GDBN} checks @var{expression} immediately for
4358 syntactic correctness, and to determine whether symbols in it have
4359 referents in the context of your breakpoint. If @var{expression} uses
4360 symbols not referenced in the context of the breakpoint, @value{GDBN}
4361 prints an error message:
4364 No symbol "foo" in current context.
4369 not actually evaluate @var{expression} at the time the @code{condition}
4370 command (or a command that sets a breakpoint with a condition, like
4371 @code{break if @dots{}}) is given, however. @xref{Expressions, ,Expressions}.
4373 @item condition @var{bnum}
4374 Remove the condition from breakpoint number @var{bnum}. It becomes
4375 an ordinary unconditional breakpoint.
4378 @cindex ignore count (of breakpoint)
4379 A special case of a breakpoint condition is to stop only when the
4380 breakpoint has been reached a certain number of times. This is so
4381 useful that there is a special way to do it, using the @dfn{ignore
4382 count} of the breakpoint. Every breakpoint has an ignore count, which
4383 is an integer. Most of the time, the ignore count is zero, and
4384 therefore has no effect. But if your program reaches a breakpoint whose
4385 ignore count is positive, then instead of stopping, it just decrements
4386 the ignore count by one and continues. As a result, if the ignore count
4387 value is @var{n}, the breakpoint does not stop the next @var{n} times
4388 your program reaches it.
4392 @item ignore @var{bnum} @var{count}
4393 Set the ignore count of breakpoint number @var{bnum} to @var{count}.
4394 The next @var{count} times the breakpoint is reached, your program's
4395 execution does not stop; other than to decrement the ignore count, @value{GDBN}
4398 To make the breakpoint stop the next time it is reached, specify
4401 When you use @code{continue} to resume execution of your program from a
4402 breakpoint, you can specify an ignore count directly as an argument to
4403 @code{continue}, rather than using @code{ignore}. @xref{Continuing and
4404 Stepping,,Continuing and Stepping}.
4406 If a breakpoint has a positive ignore count and a condition, the
4407 condition is not checked. Once the ignore count reaches zero,
4408 @value{GDBN} resumes checking the condition.
4410 You could achieve the effect of the ignore count with a condition such
4411 as @w{@samp{$foo-- <= 0}} using a debugger convenience variable that
4412 is decremented each time. @xref{Convenience Vars, ,Convenience
4416 Ignore counts apply to breakpoints, watchpoints, and catchpoints.
4419 @node Break Commands
4420 @subsection Breakpoint Command Lists
4422 @cindex breakpoint commands
4423 You can give any breakpoint (or watchpoint or catchpoint) a series of
4424 commands to execute when your program stops due to that breakpoint. For
4425 example, you might want to print the values of certain expressions, or
4426 enable other breakpoints.
4430 @kindex end@r{ (breakpoint commands)}
4431 @item commands @r{[}@var{range}@dots{}@r{]}
4432 @itemx @dots{} @var{command-list} @dots{}
4434 Specify a list of commands for the given breakpoints. The commands
4435 themselves appear on the following lines. Type a line containing just
4436 @code{end} to terminate the commands.
4438 To remove all commands from a breakpoint, type @code{commands} and
4439 follow it immediately with @code{end}; that is, give no commands.
4441 With no argument, @code{commands} refers to the last breakpoint,
4442 watchpoint, or catchpoint set (not to the breakpoint most recently
4443 encountered). If the most recent breakpoints were set with a single
4444 command, then the @code{commands} will apply to all the breakpoints
4445 set by that command. This applies to breakpoints set by
4446 @code{rbreak}, and also applies when a single @code{break} command
4447 creates multiple breakpoints (@pxref{Ambiguous Expressions,,Ambiguous
4451 Pressing @key{RET} as a means of repeating the last @value{GDBN} command is
4452 disabled within a @var{command-list}.
4454 You can use breakpoint commands to start your program up again. Simply
4455 use the @code{continue} command, or @code{step}, or any other command
4456 that resumes execution.
4458 Any other commands in the command list, after a command that resumes
4459 execution, are ignored. This is because any time you resume execution
4460 (even with a simple @code{next} or @code{step}), you may encounter
4461 another breakpoint---which could have its own command list, leading to
4462 ambiguities about which list to execute.
4465 If the first command you specify in a command list is @code{silent}, the
4466 usual message about stopping at a breakpoint is not printed. This may
4467 be desirable for breakpoints that are to print a specific message and
4468 then continue. If none of the remaining commands print anything, you
4469 see no sign that the breakpoint was reached. @code{silent} is
4470 meaningful only at the beginning of a breakpoint command list.
4472 The commands @code{echo}, @code{output}, and @code{printf} allow you to
4473 print precisely controlled output, and are often useful in silent
4474 breakpoints. @xref{Output, ,Commands for Controlled Output}.
4476 For example, here is how you could use breakpoint commands to print the
4477 value of @code{x} at entry to @code{foo} whenever @code{x} is positive.
4483 printf "x is %d\n",x
4488 One application for breakpoint commands is to compensate for one bug so
4489 you can test for another. Put a breakpoint just after the erroneous line
4490 of code, give it a condition to detect the case in which something
4491 erroneous has been done, and give it commands to assign correct values
4492 to any variables that need them. End with the @code{continue} command
4493 so that your program does not stop, and start with the @code{silent}
4494 command so that no output is produced. Here is an example:
4505 @node Save Breakpoints
4506 @subsection How to save breakpoints to a file
4508 To save breakpoint definitions to a file use the @w{@code{save
4509 breakpoints}} command.
4512 @kindex save breakpoints
4513 @cindex save breakpoints to a file for future sessions
4514 @item save breakpoints [@var{filename}]
4515 This command saves all current breakpoint definitions together with
4516 their commands and ignore counts, into a file @file{@var{filename}}
4517 suitable for use in a later debugging session. This includes all
4518 types of breakpoints (breakpoints, watchpoints, catchpoints,
4519 tracepoints). To read the saved breakpoint definitions, use the
4520 @code{source} command (@pxref{Command Files}). Note that watchpoints
4521 with expressions involving local variables may fail to be recreated
4522 because it may not be possible to access the context where the
4523 watchpoint is valid anymore. Because the saved breakpoint definitions
4524 are simply a sequence of @value{GDBN} commands that recreate the
4525 breakpoints, you can edit the file in your favorite editing program,
4526 and remove the breakpoint definitions you're not interested in, or
4527 that can no longer be recreated.
4530 @c @ifclear BARETARGET
4531 @node Error in Breakpoints
4532 @subsection ``Cannot insert breakpoints''
4534 If you request too many active hardware-assisted breakpoints and
4535 watchpoints, you will see this error message:
4537 @c FIXME: the precise wording of this message may change; the relevant
4538 @c source change is not committed yet (Sep 3, 1999).
4540 Stopped; cannot insert breakpoints.
4541 You may have requested too many hardware breakpoints and watchpoints.
4545 This message is printed when you attempt to resume the program, since
4546 only then @value{GDBN} knows exactly how many hardware breakpoints and
4547 watchpoints it needs to insert.
4549 When this message is printed, you need to disable or remove some of the
4550 hardware-assisted breakpoints and watchpoints, and then continue.
4552 @node Breakpoint-related Warnings
4553 @subsection ``Breakpoint address adjusted...''
4554 @cindex breakpoint address adjusted
4556 Some processor architectures place constraints on the addresses at
4557 which breakpoints may be placed. For architectures thus constrained,
4558 @value{GDBN} will attempt to adjust the breakpoint's address to comply
4559 with the constraints dictated by the architecture.
4561 One example of such an architecture is the Fujitsu FR-V. The FR-V is
4562 a VLIW architecture in which a number of RISC-like instructions may be
4563 bundled together for parallel execution. The FR-V architecture
4564 constrains the location of a breakpoint instruction within such a
4565 bundle to the instruction with the lowest address. @value{GDBN}
4566 honors this constraint by adjusting a breakpoint's address to the
4567 first in the bundle.
4569 It is not uncommon for optimized code to have bundles which contain
4570 instructions from different source statements, thus it may happen that
4571 a breakpoint's address will be adjusted from one source statement to
4572 another. Since this adjustment may significantly alter @value{GDBN}'s
4573 breakpoint related behavior from what the user expects, a warning is
4574 printed when the breakpoint is first set and also when the breakpoint
4577 A warning like the one below is printed when setting a breakpoint
4578 that's been subject to address adjustment:
4581 warning: Breakpoint address adjusted from 0x00010414 to 0x00010410.
4584 Such warnings are printed both for user settable and @value{GDBN}'s
4585 internal breakpoints. If you see one of these warnings, you should
4586 verify that a breakpoint set at the adjusted address will have the
4587 desired affect. If not, the breakpoint in question may be removed and
4588 other breakpoints may be set which will have the desired behavior.
4589 E.g., it may be sufficient to place the breakpoint at a later
4590 instruction. A conditional breakpoint may also be useful in some
4591 cases to prevent the breakpoint from triggering too often.
4593 @value{GDBN} will also issue a warning when stopping at one of these
4594 adjusted breakpoints:
4597 warning: Breakpoint 1 address previously adjusted from 0x00010414
4601 When this warning is encountered, it may be too late to take remedial
4602 action except in cases where the breakpoint is hit earlier or more
4603 frequently than expected.
4605 @node Continuing and Stepping
4606 @section Continuing and Stepping
4610 @cindex resuming execution
4611 @dfn{Continuing} means resuming program execution until your program
4612 completes normally. In contrast, @dfn{stepping} means executing just
4613 one more ``step'' of your program, where ``step'' may mean either one
4614 line of source code, or one machine instruction (depending on what
4615 particular command you use). Either when continuing or when stepping,
4616 your program may stop even sooner, due to a breakpoint or a signal. (If
4617 it stops due to a signal, you may want to use @code{handle}, or use
4618 @samp{signal 0} to resume execution. @xref{Signals, ,Signals}.)
4622 @kindex c @r{(@code{continue})}
4623 @kindex fg @r{(resume foreground execution)}
4624 @item continue @r{[}@var{ignore-count}@r{]}
4625 @itemx c @r{[}@var{ignore-count}@r{]}
4626 @itemx fg @r{[}@var{ignore-count}@r{]}
4627 Resume program execution, at the address where your program last stopped;
4628 any breakpoints set at that address are bypassed. The optional argument
4629 @var{ignore-count} allows you to specify a further number of times to
4630 ignore a breakpoint at this location; its effect is like that of
4631 @code{ignore} (@pxref{Conditions, ,Break Conditions}).
4633 The argument @var{ignore-count} is meaningful only when your program
4634 stopped due to a breakpoint. At other times, the argument to
4635 @code{continue} is ignored.
4637 The synonyms @code{c} and @code{fg} (for @dfn{foreground}, as the
4638 debugged program is deemed to be the foreground program) are provided
4639 purely for convenience, and have exactly the same behavior as
4643 To resume execution at a different place, you can use @code{return}
4644 (@pxref{Returning, ,Returning from a Function}) to go back to the
4645 calling function; or @code{jump} (@pxref{Jumping, ,Continuing at a
4646 Different Address}) to go to an arbitrary location in your program.
4648 A typical technique for using stepping is to set a breakpoint
4649 (@pxref{Breakpoints, ,Breakpoints; Watchpoints; and Catchpoints}) at the
4650 beginning of the function or the section of your program where a problem
4651 is believed to lie, run your program until it stops at that breakpoint,
4652 and then step through the suspect area, examining the variables that are
4653 interesting, until you see the problem happen.
4657 @kindex s @r{(@code{step})}
4659 Continue running your program until control reaches a different source
4660 line, then stop it and return control to @value{GDBN}. This command is
4661 abbreviated @code{s}.
4664 @c "without debugging information" is imprecise; actually "without line
4665 @c numbers in the debugging information". (gcc -g1 has debugging info but
4666 @c not line numbers). But it seems complex to try to make that
4667 @c distinction here.
4668 @emph{Warning:} If you use the @code{step} command while control is
4669 within a function that was compiled without debugging information,
4670 execution proceeds until control reaches a function that does have
4671 debugging information. Likewise, it will not step into a function which
4672 is compiled without debugging information. To step through functions
4673 without debugging information, use the @code{stepi} command, described
4677 The @code{step} command only stops at the first instruction of a source
4678 line. This prevents the multiple stops that could otherwise occur in
4679 @code{switch} statements, @code{for} loops, etc. @code{step} continues
4680 to stop if a function that has debugging information is called within
4681 the line. In other words, @code{step} @emph{steps inside} any functions
4682 called within the line.
4684 Also, the @code{step} command only enters a function if there is line
4685 number information for the function. Otherwise it acts like the
4686 @code{next} command. This avoids problems when using @code{cc -gl}
4687 on MIPS machines. Previously, @code{step} entered subroutines if there
4688 was any debugging information about the routine.
4690 @item step @var{count}
4691 Continue running as in @code{step}, but do so @var{count} times. If a
4692 breakpoint is reached, or a signal not related to stepping occurs before
4693 @var{count} steps, stepping stops right away.
4696 @kindex n @r{(@code{next})}
4697 @item next @r{[}@var{count}@r{]}
4698 Continue to the next source line in the current (innermost) stack frame.
4699 This is similar to @code{step}, but function calls that appear within
4700 the line of code are executed without stopping. Execution stops when
4701 control reaches a different line of code at the original stack level
4702 that was executing when you gave the @code{next} command. This command
4703 is abbreviated @code{n}.
4705 An argument @var{count} is a repeat count, as for @code{step}.
4708 @c FIX ME!! Do we delete this, or is there a way it fits in with
4709 @c the following paragraph? --- Vctoria
4711 @c @code{next} within a function that lacks debugging information acts like
4712 @c @code{step}, but any function calls appearing within the code of the
4713 @c function are executed without stopping.
4715 The @code{next} command only stops at the first instruction of a
4716 source line. This prevents multiple stops that could otherwise occur in
4717 @code{switch} statements, @code{for} loops, etc.
4719 @kindex set step-mode
4721 @cindex functions without line info, and stepping
4722 @cindex stepping into functions with no line info
4723 @itemx set step-mode on
4724 The @code{set step-mode on} command causes the @code{step} command to
4725 stop at the first instruction of a function which contains no debug line
4726 information rather than stepping over it.
4728 This is useful in cases where you may be interested in inspecting the
4729 machine instructions of a function which has no symbolic info and do not
4730 want @value{GDBN} to automatically skip over this function.
4732 @item set step-mode off
4733 Causes the @code{step} command to step over any functions which contains no
4734 debug information. This is the default.
4736 @item show step-mode
4737 Show whether @value{GDBN} will stop in or step over functions without
4738 source line debug information.
4741 @kindex fin @r{(@code{finish})}
4743 Continue running until just after function in the selected stack frame
4744 returns. Print the returned value (if any). This command can be
4745 abbreviated as @code{fin}.
4747 Contrast this with the @code{return} command (@pxref{Returning,
4748 ,Returning from a Function}).
4751 @kindex u @r{(@code{until})}
4752 @cindex run until specified location
4755 Continue running until a source line past the current line, in the
4756 current stack frame, is reached. This command is used to avoid single
4757 stepping through a loop more than once. It is like the @code{next}
4758 command, except that when @code{until} encounters a jump, it
4759 automatically continues execution until the program counter is greater
4760 than the address of the jump.
4762 This means that when you reach the end of a loop after single stepping
4763 though it, @code{until} makes your program continue execution until it
4764 exits the loop. In contrast, a @code{next} command at the end of a loop
4765 simply steps back to the beginning of the loop, which forces you to step
4766 through the next iteration.
4768 @code{until} always stops your program if it attempts to exit the current
4771 @code{until} may produce somewhat counterintuitive results if the order
4772 of machine code does not match the order of the source lines. For
4773 example, in the following excerpt from a debugging session, the @code{f}
4774 (@code{frame}) command shows that execution is stopped at line
4775 @code{206}; yet when we use @code{until}, we get to line @code{195}:
4779 #0 main (argc=4, argv=0xf7fffae8) at m4.c:206
4781 (@value{GDBP}) until
4782 195 for ( ; argc > 0; NEXTARG) @{
4785 This happened because, for execution efficiency, the compiler had
4786 generated code for the loop closure test at the end, rather than the
4787 start, of the loop---even though the test in a C @code{for}-loop is
4788 written before the body of the loop. The @code{until} command appeared
4789 to step back to the beginning of the loop when it advanced to this
4790 expression; however, it has not really gone to an earlier
4791 statement---not in terms of the actual machine code.
4793 @code{until} with no argument works by means of single
4794 instruction stepping, and hence is slower than @code{until} with an
4797 @item until @var{location}
4798 @itemx u @var{location}
4799 Continue running your program until either the specified location is
4800 reached, or the current stack frame returns. @var{location} is any of
4801 the forms described in @ref{Specify Location}.
4802 This form of the command uses temporary breakpoints, and
4803 hence is quicker than @code{until} without an argument. The specified
4804 location is actually reached only if it is in the current frame. This
4805 implies that @code{until} can be used to skip over recursive function
4806 invocations. For instance in the code below, if the current location is
4807 line @code{96}, issuing @code{until 99} will execute the program up to
4808 line @code{99} in the same invocation of factorial, i.e., after the inner
4809 invocations have returned.
4812 94 int factorial (int value)
4814 96 if (value > 1) @{
4815 97 value *= factorial (value - 1);
4822 @kindex advance @var{location}
4823 @itemx advance @var{location}
4824 Continue running the program up to the given @var{location}. An argument is
4825 required, which should be of one of the forms described in
4826 @ref{Specify Location}.
4827 Execution will also stop upon exit from the current stack
4828 frame. This command is similar to @code{until}, but @code{advance} will
4829 not skip over recursive function calls, and the target location doesn't
4830 have to be in the same frame as the current one.
4834 @kindex si @r{(@code{stepi})}
4836 @itemx stepi @var{arg}
4838 Execute one machine instruction, then stop and return to the debugger.
4840 It is often useful to do @samp{display/i $pc} when stepping by machine
4841 instructions. This makes @value{GDBN} automatically display the next
4842 instruction to be executed, each time your program stops. @xref{Auto
4843 Display,, Automatic Display}.
4845 An argument is a repeat count, as in @code{step}.
4849 @kindex ni @r{(@code{nexti})}
4851 @itemx nexti @var{arg}
4853 Execute one machine instruction, but if it is a function call,
4854 proceed until the function returns.
4856 An argument is a repeat count, as in @code{next}.
4859 @node Skipping Over Functions and Files
4860 @section Skipping Over Functions and Files
4861 @cindex skipping over functions and files
4863 The program you are debugging may contain some functions which are
4864 uninteresting to debug. The @code{skip} comand lets you tell @value{GDBN} to
4865 skip a function or all functions in a file when stepping.
4867 For example, consider the following C function:
4878 Suppose you wish to step into the functions @code{foo} and @code{bar}, but you
4879 are not interested in stepping through @code{boring}. If you run @code{step}
4880 at line 103, you'll enter @code{boring()}, but if you run @code{next}, you'll
4881 step over both @code{foo} and @code{boring}!
4883 One solution is to @code{step} into @code{boring} and use the @code{finish}
4884 command to immediately exit it. But this can become tedious if @code{boring}
4885 is called from many places.
4887 A more flexible solution is to execute @kbd{skip boring}. This instructs
4888 @value{GDBN} never to step into @code{boring}. Now when you execute
4889 @code{step} at line 103, you'll step over @code{boring} and directly into
4892 You can also instruct @value{GDBN} to skip all functions in a file, with, for
4893 example, @code{skip file boring.c}.
4896 @kindex skip function
4897 @item skip @r{[}@var{linespec}@r{]}
4898 @itemx skip function @r{[}@var{linespec}@r{]}
4899 After running this command, the function named by @var{linespec} or the
4900 function containing the line named by @var{linespec} will be skipped over when
4901 stepping. @xref{Specify Location}.
4903 If you do not specify @var{linespec}, the function you're currently debugging
4906 (If you have a function called @code{file} that you want to skip, use
4907 @kbd{skip function file}.)
4910 @item skip file @r{[}@var{filename}@r{]}
4911 After running this command, any function whose source lives in @var{filename}
4912 will be skipped over when stepping.
4914 If you do not specify @var{filename}, functions whose source lives in the file
4915 you're currently debugging will be skipped.
4918 Skips can be listed, deleted, disabled, and enabled, much like breakpoints.
4919 These are the commands for managing your list of skips:
4923 @item info skip @r{[}@var{range}@r{]}
4924 Print details about the specified skip(s). If @var{range} is not specified,
4925 print a table with details about all functions and files marked for skipping.
4926 @code{info skip} prints the following information about each skip:
4930 A number identifying this skip.
4932 The type of this skip, either @samp{function} or @samp{file}.
4933 @item Enabled or Disabled
4934 Enabled skips are marked with @samp{y}. Disabled skips are marked with @samp{n}.
4936 For function skips, this column indicates the address in memory of the function
4937 being skipped. If you've set a function skip on a function which has not yet
4938 been loaded, this field will contain @samp{<PENDING>}. Once a shared library
4939 which has the function is loaded, @code{info skip} will show the function's
4942 For file skips, this field contains the filename being skipped. For functions
4943 skips, this field contains the function name and its line number in the file
4944 where it is defined.
4948 @item skip delete @r{[}@var{range}@r{]}
4949 Delete the specified skip(s). If @var{range} is not specified, delete all
4953 @item skip enable @r{[}@var{range}@r{]}
4954 Enable the specified skip(s). If @var{range} is not specified, enable all
4957 @kindex skip disable
4958 @item skip disable @r{[}@var{range}@r{]}
4959 Disable the specified skip(s). If @var{range} is not specified, disable all
4968 A signal is an asynchronous event that can happen in a program. The
4969 operating system defines the possible kinds of signals, and gives each
4970 kind a name and a number. For example, in Unix @code{SIGINT} is the
4971 signal a program gets when you type an interrupt character (often @kbd{Ctrl-c});
4972 @code{SIGSEGV} is the signal a program gets from referencing a place in
4973 memory far away from all the areas in use; @code{SIGALRM} occurs when
4974 the alarm clock timer goes off (which happens only if your program has
4975 requested an alarm).
4977 @cindex fatal signals
4978 Some signals, including @code{SIGALRM}, are a normal part of the
4979 functioning of your program. Others, such as @code{SIGSEGV}, indicate
4980 errors; these signals are @dfn{fatal} (they kill your program immediately) if the
4981 program has not specified in advance some other way to handle the signal.
4982 @code{SIGINT} does not indicate an error in your program, but it is normally
4983 fatal so it can carry out the purpose of the interrupt: to kill the program.
4985 @value{GDBN} has the ability to detect any occurrence of a signal in your
4986 program. You can tell @value{GDBN} in advance what to do for each kind of
4989 @cindex handling signals
4990 Normally, @value{GDBN} is set up to let the non-erroneous signals like
4991 @code{SIGALRM} be silently passed to your program
4992 (so as not to interfere with their role in the program's functioning)
4993 but to stop your program immediately whenever an error signal happens.
4994 You can change these settings with the @code{handle} command.
4997 @kindex info signals
5001 Print a table of all the kinds of signals and how @value{GDBN} has been told to
5002 handle each one. You can use this to see the signal numbers of all
5003 the defined types of signals.
5005 @item info signals @var{sig}
5006 Similar, but print information only about the specified signal number.
5008 @code{info handle} is an alias for @code{info signals}.
5011 @item handle @var{signal} @r{[}@var{keywords}@dots{}@r{]}
5012 Change the way @value{GDBN} handles signal @var{signal}. @var{signal}
5013 can be the number of a signal or its name (with or without the
5014 @samp{SIG} at the beginning); a list of signal numbers of the form
5015 @samp{@var{low}-@var{high}}; or the word @samp{all}, meaning all the
5016 known signals. Optional arguments @var{keywords}, described below,
5017 say what change to make.
5021 The keywords allowed by the @code{handle} command can be abbreviated.
5022 Their full names are:
5026 @value{GDBN} should not stop your program when this signal happens. It may
5027 still print a message telling you that the signal has come in.
5030 @value{GDBN} should stop your program when this signal happens. This implies
5031 the @code{print} keyword as well.
5034 @value{GDBN} should print a message when this signal happens.
5037 @value{GDBN} should not mention the occurrence of the signal at all. This
5038 implies the @code{nostop} keyword as well.
5042 @value{GDBN} should allow your program to see this signal; your program
5043 can handle the signal, or else it may terminate if the signal is fatal
5044 and not handled. @code{pass} and @code{noignore} are synonyms.
5048 @value{GDBN} should not allow your program to see this signal.
5049 @code{nopass} and @code{ignore} are synonyms.
5053 When a signal stops your program, the signal is not visible to the
5055 continue. Your program sees the signal then, if @code{pass} is in
5056 effect for the signal in question @emph{at that time}. In other words,
5057 after @value{GDBN} reports a signal, you can use the @code{handle}
5058 command with @code{pass} or @code{nopass} to control whether your
5059 program sees that signal when you continue.
5061 The default is set to @code{nostop}, @code{noprint}, @code{pass} for
5062 non-erroneous signals such as @code{SIGALRM}, @code{SIGWINCH} and
5063 @code{SIGCHLD}, and to @code{stop}, @code{print}, @code{pass} for the
5066 You can also use the @code{signal} command to prevent your program from
5067 seeing a signal, or cause it to see a signal it normally would not see,
5068 or to give it any signal at any time. For example, if your program stopped
5069 due to some sort of memory reference error, you might store correct
5070 values into the erroneous variables and continue, hoping to see more
5071 execution; but your program would probably terminate immediately as
5072 a result of the fatal signal once it saw the signal. To prevent this,
5073 you can continue with @samp{signal 0}. @xref{Signaling, ,Giving your
5076 @cindex extra signal information
5077 @anchor{extra signal information}
5079 On some targets, @value{GDBN} can inspect extra signal information
5080 associated with the intercepted signal, before it is actually
5081 delivered to the program being debugged. This information is exported
5082 by the convenience variable @code{$_siginfo}, and consists of data
5083 that is passed by the kernel to the signal handler at the time of the
5084 receipt of a signal. The data type of the information itself is
5085 target dependent. You can see the data type using the @code{ptype
5086 $_siginfo} command. On Unix systems, it typically corresponds to the
5087 standard @code{siginfo_t} type, as defined in the @file{signal.h}
5090 Here's an example, on a @sc{gnu}/Linux system, printing the stray
5091 referenced address that raised a segmentation fault.
5095 (@value{GDBP}) continue
5096 Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
5097 0x0000000000400766 in main ()
5099 (@value{GDBP}) ptype $_siginfo
5106 struct @{...@} _kill;
5107 struct @{...@} _timer;
5109 struct @{...@} _sigchld;
5110 struct @{...@} _sigfault;
5111 struct @{...@} _sigpoll;
5114 (@value{GDBP}) ptype $_siginfo._sifields._sigfault
5118 (@value{GDBP}) p $_siginfo._sifields._sigfault.si_addr
5119 $1 = (void *) 0x7ffff7ff7000
5123 Depending on target support, @code{$_siginfo} may also be writable.
5126 @section Stopping and Starting Multi-thread Programs
5128 @cindex stopped threads
5129 @cindex threads, stopped
5131 @cindex continuing threads
5132 @cindex threads, continuing
5134 @value{GDBN} supports debugging programs with multiple threads
5135 (@pxref{Threads,, Debugging Programs with Multiple Threads}). There
5136 are two modes of controlling execution of your program within the
5137 debugger. In the default mode, referred to as @dfn{all-stop mode},
5138 when any thread in your program stops (for example, at a breakpoint
5139 or while being stepped), all other threads in the program are also stopped by
5140 @value{GDBN}. On some targets, @value{GDBN} also supports
5141 @dfn{non-stop mode}, in which other threads can continue to run freely while
5142 you examine the stopped thread in the debugger.
5145 * All-Stop Mode:: All threads stop when GDB takes control
5146 * Non-Stop Mode:: Other threads continue to execute
5147 * Background Execution:: Running your program asynchronously
5148 * Thread-Specific Breakpoints:: Controlling breakpoints
5149 * Interrupted System Calls:: GDB may interfere with system calls
5150 * Observer Mode:: GDB does not alter program behavior
5154 @subsection All-Stop Mode
5156 @cindex all-stop mode
5158 In all-stop mode, whenever your program stops under @value{GDBN} for any reason,
5159 @emph{all} threads of execution stop, not just the current thread. This
5160 allows you to examine the overall state of the program, including
5161 switching between threads, without worrying that things may change
5164 Conversely, whenever you restart the program, @emph{all} threads start
5165 executing. @emph{This is true even when single-stepping} with commands
5166 like @code{step} or @code{next}.
5168 In particular, @value{GDBN} cannot single-step all threads in lockstep.
5169 Since thread scheduling is up to your debugging target's operating
5170 system (not controlled by @value{GDBN}), other threads may
5171 execute more than one statement while the current thread completes a
5172 single step. Moreover, in general other threads stop in the middle of a
5173 statement, rather than at a clean statement boundary, when the program
5176 You might even find your program stopped in another thread after
5177 continuing or even single-stepping. This happens whenever some other
5178 thread runs into a breakpoint, a signal, or an exception before the
5179 first thread completes whatever you requested.
5181 @cindex automatic thread selection
5182 @cindex switching threads automatically
5183 @cindex threads, automatic switching
5184 Whenever @value{GDBN} stops your program, due to a breakpoint or a
5185 signal, it automatically selects the thread where that breakpoint or
5186 signal happened. @value{GDBN} alerts you to the context switch with a
5187 message such as @samp{[Switching to Thread @var{n}]} to identify the
5190 On some OSes, you can modify @value{GDBN}'s default behavior by
5191 locking the OS scheduler to allow only a single thread to run.
5194 @item set scheduler-locking @var{mode}
5195 @cindex scheduler locking mode
5196 @cindex lock scheduler
5197 Set the scheduler locking mode. If it is @code{off}, then there is no
5198 locking and any thread may run at any time. If @code{on}, then only the
5199 current thread may run when the inferior is resumed. The @code{step}
5200 mode optimizes for single-stepping; it prevents other threads
5201 from preempting the current thread while you are stepping, so that
5202 the focus of debugging does not change unexpectedly.
5203 Other threads only rarely (or never) get a chance to run
5204 when you step. They are more likely to run when you @samp{next} over a
5205 function call, and they are completely free to run when you use commands
5206 like @samp{continue}, @samp{until}, or @samp{finish}. However, unless another
5207 thread hits a breakpoint during its timeslice, @value{GDBN} does not change
5208 the current thread away from the thread that you are debugging.
5210 @item show scheduler-locking
5211 Display the current scheduler locking mode.
5214 @cindex resume threads of multiple processes simultaneously
5215 By default, when you issue one of the execution commands such as
5216 @code{continue}, @code{next} or @code{step}, @value{GDBN} allows only
5217 threads of the current inferior to run. For example, if @value{GDBN}
5218 is attached to two inferiors, each with two threads, the
5219 @code{continue} command resumes only the two threads of the current
5220 inferior. This is useful, for example, when you debug a program that
5221 forks and you want to hold the parent stopped (so that, for instance,
5222 it doesn't run to exit), while you debug the child. In other
5223 situations, you may not be interested in inspecting the current state
5224 of any of the processes @value{GDBN} is attached to, and you may want
5225 to resume them all until some breakpoint is hit. In the latter case,
5226 you can instruct @value{GDBN} to allow all threads of all the
5227 inferiors to run with the @w{@code{set schedule-multiple}} command.
5230 @kindex set schedule-multiple
5231 @item set schedule-multiple
5232 Set the mode for allowing threads of multiple processes to be resumed
5233 when an execution command is issued. When @code{on}, all threads of
5234 all processes are allowed to run. When @code{off}, only the threads
5235 of the current process are resumed. The default is @code{off}. The
5236 @code{scheduler-locking} mode takes precedence when set to @code{on},
5237 or while you are stepping and set to @code{step}.
5239 @item show schedule-multiple
5240 Display the current mode for resuming the execution of threads of
5245 @subsection Non-Stop Mode
5247 @cindex non-stop mode
5249 @c This section is really only a place-holder, and needs to be expanded
5250 @c with more details.
5252 For some multi-threaded targets, @value{GDBN} supports an optional
5253 mode of operation in which you can examine stopped program threads in
5254 the debugger while other threads continue to execute freely. This
5255 minimizes intrusion when debugging live systems, such as programs
5256 where some threads have real-time constraints or must continue to
5257 respond to external events. This is referred to as @dfn{non-stop} mode.
5259 In non-stop mode, when a thread stops to report a debugging event,
5260 @emph{only} that thread is stopped; @value{GDBN} does not stop other
5261 threads as well, in contrast to the all-stop mode behavior. Additionally,
5262 execution commands such as @code{continue} and @code{step} apply by default
5263 only to the current thread in non-stop mode, rather than all threads as
5264 in all-stop mode. This allows you to control threads explicitly in
5265 ways that are not possible in all-stop mode --- for example, stepping
5266 one thread while allowing others to run freely, stepping
5267 one thread while holding all others stopped, or stepping several threads
5268 independently and simultaneously.
5270 To enter non-stop mode, use this sequence of commands before you run
5271 or attach to your program:
5274 # Enable the async interface.
5277 # If using the CLI, pagination breaks non-stop.
5280 # Finally, turn it on!
5284 You can use these commands to manipulate the non-stop mode setting:
5287 @kindex set non-stop
5288 @item set non-stop on
5289 Enable selection of non-stop mode.
5290 @item set non-stop off
5291 Disable selection of non-stop mode.
5292 @kindex show non-stop
5294 Show the current non-stop enablement setting.
5297 Note these commands only reflect whether non-stop mode is enabled,
5298 not whether the currently-executing program is being run in non-stop mode.
5299 In particular, the @code{set non-stop} preference is only consulted when
5300 @value{GDBN} starts or connects to the target program, and it is generally
5301 not possible to switch modes once debugging has started. Furthermore,
5302 since not all targets support non-stop mode, even when you have enabled
5303 non-stop mode, @value{GDBN} may still fall back to all-stop operation by
5306 In non-stop mode, all execution commands apply only to the current thread
5307 by default. That is, @code{continue} only continues one thread.
5308 To continue all threads, issue @code{continue -a} or @code{c -a}.
5310 You can use @value{GDBN}'s background execution commands
5311 (@pxref{Background Execution}) to run some threads in the background
5312 while you continue to examine or step others from @value{GDBN}.
5313 The MI execution commands (@pxref{GDB/MI Program Execution}) are
5314 always executed asynchronously in non-stop mode.
5316 Suspending execution is done with the @code{interrupt} command when
5317 running in the background, or @kbd{Ctrl-c} during foreground execution.
5318 In all-stop mode, this stops the whole process;
5319 but in non-stop mode the interrupt applies only to the current thread.
5320 To stop the whole program, use @code{interrupt -a}.
5322 Other execution commands do not currently support the @code{-a} option.
5324 In non-stop mode, when a thread stops, @value{GDBN} doesn't automatically make
5325 that thread current, as it does in all-stop mode. This is because the
5326 thread stop notifications are asynchronous with respect to @value{GDBN}'s
5327 command interpreter, and it would be confusing if @value{GDBN} unexpectedly
5328 changed to a different thread just as you entered a command to operate on the
5329 previously current thread.
5331 @node Background Execution
5332 @subsection Background Execution
5334 @cindex foreground execution
5335 @cindex background execution
5336 @cindex asynchronous execution
5337 @cindex execution, foreground, background and asynchronous
5339 @value{GDBN}'s execution commands have two variants: the normal
5340 foreground (synchronous) behavior, and a background
5341 (asynchronous) behavior. In foreground execution, @value{GDBN} waits for
5342 the program to report that some thread has stopped before prompting for
5343 another command. In background execution, @value{GDBN} immediately gives
5344 a command prompt so that you can issue other commands while your program runs.
5346 You need to explicitly enable asynchronous mode before you can use
5347 background execution commands. You can use these commands to
5348 manipulate the asynchronous mode setting:
5351 @kindex set target-async
5352 @item set target-async on
5353 Enable asynchronous mode.
5354 @item set target-async off
5355 Disable asynchronous mode.
5356 @kindex show target-async
5357 @item show target-async
5358 Show the current target-async setting.
5361 If the target doesn't support async mode, @value{GDBN} issues an error
5362 message if you attempt to use the background execution commands.
5364 To specify background execution, add a @code{&} to the command. For example,
5365 the background form of the @code{continue} command is @code{continue&}, or
5366 just @code{c&}. The execution commands that accept background execution
5372 @xref{Starting, , Starting your Program}.
5376 @xref{Attach, , Debugging an Already-running Process}.
5380 @xref{Continuing and Stepping, step}.
5384 @xref{Continuing and Stepping, stepi}.
5388 @xref{Continuing and Stepping, next}.
5392 @xref{Continuing and Stepping, nexti}.
5396 @xref{Continuing and Stepping, continue}.
5400 @xref{Continuing and Stepping, finish}.
5404 @xref{Continuing and Stepping, until}.
5408 Background execution is especially useful in conjunction with non-stop
5409 mode for debugging programs with multiple threads; see @ref{Non-Stop Mode}.
5410 However, you can also use these commands in the normal all-stop mode with
5411 the restriction that you cannot issue another execution command until the
5412 previous one finishes. Examples of commands that are valid in all-stop
5413 mode while the program is running include @code{help} and @code{info break}.
5415 You can interrupt your program while it is running in the background by
5416 using the @code{interrupt} command.
5423 Suspend execution of the running program. In all-stop mode,
5424 @code{interrupt} stops the whole process, but in non-stop mode, it stops
5425 only the current thread. To stop the whole program in non-stop mode,
5426 use @code{interrupt -a}.
5429 @node Thread-Specific Breakpoints
5430 @subsection Thread-Specific Breakpoints
5432 When your program has multiple threads (@pxref{Threads,, Debugging
5433 Programs with Multiple Threads}), you can choose whether to set
5434 breakpoints on all threads, or on a particular thread.
5437 @cindex breakpoints and threads
5438 @cindex thread breakpoints
5439 @kindex break @dots{} thread @var{threadno}
5440 @item break @var{linespec} thread @var{threadno}
5441 @itemx break @var{linespec} thread @var{threadno} if @dots{}
5442 @var{linespec} specifies source lines; there are several ways of
5443 writing them (@pxref{Specify Location}), but the effect is always to
5444 specify some source line.
5446 Use the qualifier @samp{thread @var{threadno}} with a breakpoint command
5447 to specify that you only want @value{GDBN} to stop the program when a
5448 particular thread reaches this breakpoint. @var{threadno} is one of the
5449 numeric thread identifiers assigned by @value{GDBN}, shown in the first
5450 column of the @samp{info threads} display.
5452 If you do not specify @samp{thread @var{threadno}} when you set a
5453 breakpoint, the breakpoint applies to @emph{all} threads of your
5456 You can use the @code{thread} qualifier on conditional breakpoints as
5457 well; in this case, place @samp{thread @var{threadno}} before or
5458 after the breakpoint condition, like this:
5461 (@value{GDBP}) break frik.c:13 thread 28 if bartab > lim
5466 @node Interrupted System Calls
5467 @subsection Interrupted System Calls
5469 @cindex thread breakpoints and system calls
5470 @cindex system calls and thread breakpoints
5471 @cindex premature return from system calls
5472 There is an unfortunate side effect when using @value{GDBN} to debug
5473 multi-threaded programs. If one thread stops for a
5474 breakpoint, or for some other reason, and another thread is blocked in a
5475 system call, then the system call may return prematurely. This is a
5476 consequence of the interaction between multiple threads and the signals
5477 that @value{GDBN} uses to implement breakpoints and other events that
5480 To handle this problem, your program should check the return value of
5481 each system call and react appropriately. This is good programming
5484 For example, do not write code like this:
5490 The call to @code{sleep} will return early if a different thread stops
5491 at a breakpoint or for some other reason.
5493 Instead, write this:
5498 unslept = sleep (unslept);
5501 A system call is allowed to return early, so the system is still
5502 conforming to its specification. But @value{GDBN} does cause your
5503 multi-threaded program to behave differently than it would without
5506 Also, @value{GDBN} uses internal breakpoints in the thread library to
5507 monitor certain events such as thread creation and thread destruction.
5508 When such an event happens, a system call in another thread may return
5509 prematurely, even though your program does not appear to stop.
5512 @subsection Observer Mode
5514 If you want to build on non-stop mode and observe program behavior
5515 without any chance of disruption by @value{GDBN}, you can set
5516 variables to disable all of the debugger's attempts to modify state,
5517 whether by writing memory, inserting breakpoints, etc. These operate
5518 at a low level, intercepting operations from all commands.
5520 When all of these are set to @code{off}, then @value{GDBN} is said to
5521 be @dfn{observer mode}. As a convenience, the variable
5522 @code{observer} can be set to disable these, plus enable non-stop
5525 Note that @value{GDBN} will not prevent you from making nonsensical
5526 combinations of these settings. For instance, if you have enabled
5527 @code{may-insert-breakpoints} but disabled @code{may-write-memory},
5528 then breakpoints that work by writing trap instructions into the code
5529 stream will still not be able to be placed.
5534 @item set observer on
5535 @itemx set observer off
5536 When set to @code{on}, this disables all the permission variables
5537 below (except for @code{insert-fast-tracepoints}), plus enables
5538 non-stop debugging. Setting this to @code{off} switches back to
5539 normal debugging, though remaining in non-stop mode.
5542 Show whether observer mode is on or off.
5544 @kindex may-write-registers
5545 @item set may-write-registers on
5546 @itemx set may-write-registers off
5547 This controls whether @value{GDBN} will attempt to alter the values of
5548 registers, such as with assignment expressions in @code{print}, or the
5549 @code{jump} command. It defaults to @code{on}.
5551 @item show may-write-registers
5552 Show the current permission to write registers.
5554 @kindex may-write-memory
5555 @item set may-write-memory on
5556 @itemx set may-write-memory off
5557 This controls whether @value{GDBN} will attempt to alter the contents
5558 of memory, such as with assignment expressions in @code{print}. It
5559 defaults to @code{on}.
5561 @item show may-write-memory
5562 Show the current permission to write memory.
5564 @kindex may-insert-breakpoints
5565 @item set may-insert-breakpoints on
5566 @itemx set may-insert-breakpoints off
5567 This controls whether @value{GDBN} will attempt to insert breakpoints.
5568 This affects all breakpoints, including internal breakpoints defined
5569 by @value{GDBN}. It defaults to @code{on}.
5571 @item show may-insert-breakpoints
5572 Show the current permission to insert breakpoints.
5574 @kindex may-insert-tracepoints
5575 @item set may-insert-tracepoints on
5576 @itemx set may-insert-tracepoints off
5577 This controls whether @value{GDBN} will attempt to insert (regular)
5578 tracepoints at the beginning of a tracing experiment. It affects only
5579 non-fast tracepoints, fast tracepoints being under the control of
5580 @code{may-insert-fast-tracepoints}. It defaults to @code{on}.
5582 @item show may-insert-tracepoints
5583 Show the current permission to insert tracepoints.
5585 @kindex may-insert-fast-tracepoints
5586 @item set may-insert-fast-tracepoints on
5587 @itemx set may-insert-fast-tracepoints off
5588 This controls whether @value{GDBN} will attempt to insert fast
5589 tracepoints at the beginning of a tracing experiment. It affects only
5590 fast tracepoints, regular (non-fast) tracepoints being under the
5591 control of @code{may-insert-tracepoints}. It defaults to @code{on}.
5593 @item show may-insert-fast-tracepoints
5594 Show the current permission to insert fast tracepoints.
5596 @kindex may-interrupt
5597 @item set may-interrupt on
5598 @itemx set may-interrupt off
5599 This controls whether @value{GDBN} will attempt to interrupt or stop
5600 program execution. When this variable is @code{off}, the
5601 @code{interrupt} command will have no effect, nor will
5602 @kbd{Ctrl-c}. It defaults to @code{on}.
5604 @item show may-interrupt
5605 Show the current permission to interrupt or stop the program.
5609 @node Reverse Execution
5610 @chapter Running programs backward
5611 @cindex reverse execution
5612 @cindex running programs backward
5614 When you are debugging a program, it is not unusual to realize that
5615 you have gone too far, and some event of interest has already happened.
5616 If the target environment supports it, @value{GDBN} can allow you to
5617 ``rewind'' the program by running it backward.
5619 A target environment that supports reverse execution should be able
5620 to ``undo'' the changes in machine state that have taken place as the
5621 program was executing normally. Variables, registers etc.@: should
5622 revert to their previous values. Obviously this requires a great
5623 deal of sophistication on the part of the target environment; not
5624 all target environments can support reverse execution.
5626 When a program is executed in reverse, the instructions that
5627 have most recently been executed are ``un-executed'', in reverse
5628 order. The program counter runs backward, following the previous
5629 thread of execution in reverse. As each instruction is ``un-executed'',
5630 the values of memory and/or registers that were changed by that
5631 instruction are reverted to their previous states. After executing
5632 a piece of source code in reverse, all side effects of that code
5633 should be ``undone'', and all variables should be returned to their
5634 prior values@footnote{
5635 Note that some side effects are easier to undo than others. For instance,
5636 memory and registers are relatively easy, but device I/O is hard. Some
5637 targets may be able undo things like device I/O, and some may not.
5639 The contract between @value{GDBN} and the reverse executing target
5640 requires only that the target do something reasonable when
5641 @value{GDBN} tells it to execute backwards, and then report the
5642 results back to @value{GDBN}. Whatever the target reports back to
5643 @value{GDBN}, @value{GDBN} will report back to the user. @value{GDBN}
5644 assumes that the memory and registers that the target reports are in a
5645 consistant state, but @value{GDBN} accepts whatever it is given.
5648 If you are debugging in a target environment that supports
5649 reverse execution, @value{GDBN} provides the following commands.
5652 @kindex reverse-continue
5653 @kindex rc @r{(@code{reverse-continue})}
5654 @item reverse-continue @r{[}@var{ignore-count}@r{]}
5655 @itemx rc @r{[}@var{ignore-count}@r{]}
5656 Beginning at the point where your program last stopped, start executing
5657 in reverse. Reverse execution will stop for breakpoints and synchronous
5658 exceptions (signals), just like normal execution. Behavior of
5659 asynchronous signals depends on the target environment.
5661 @kindex reverse-step
5662 @kindex rs @r{(@code{step})}
5663 @item reverse-step @r{[}@var{count}@r{]}
5664 Run the program backward until control reaches the start of a
5665 different source line; then stop it, and return control to @value{GDBN}.
5667 Like the @code{step} command, @code{reverse-step} will only stop
5668 at the beginning of a source line. It ``un-executes'' the previously
5669 executed source line. If the previous source line included calls to
5670 debuggable functions, @code{reverse-step} will step (backward) into
5671 the called function, stopping at the beginning of the @emph{last}
5672 statement in the called function (typically a return statement).
5674 Also, as with the @code{step} command, if non-debuggable functions are
5675 called, @code{reverse-step} will run thru them backward without stopping.
5677 @kindex reverse-stepi
5678 @kindex rsi @r{(@code{reverse-stepi})}
5679 @item reverse-stepi @r{[}@var{count}@r{]}
5680 Reverse-execute one machine instruction. Note that the instruction
5681 to be reverse-executed is @emph{not} the one pointed to by the program
5682 counter, but the instruction executed prior to that one. For instance,
5683 if the last instruction was a jump, @code{reverse-stepi} will take you
5684 back from the destination of the jump to the jump instruction itself.
5686 @kindex reverse-next
5687 @kindex rn @r{(@code{reverse-next})}
5688 @item reverse-next @r{[}@var{count}@r{]}
5689 Run backward to the beginning of the previous line executed in
5690 the current (innermost) stack frame. If the line contains function
5691 calls, they will be ``un-executed'' without stopping. Starting from
5692 the first line of a function, @code{reverse-next} will take you back
5693 to the caller of that function, @emph{before} the function was called,
5694 just as the normal @code{next} command would take you from the last
5695 line of a function back to its return to its caller
5696 @footnote{Unless the code is too heavily optimized.}.
5698 @kindex reverse-nexti
5699 @kindex rni @r{(@code{reverse-nexti})}
5700 @item reverse-nexti @r{[}@var{count}@r{]}
5701 Like @code{nexti}, @code{reverse-nexti} executes a single instruction
5702 in reverse, except that called functions are ``un-executed'' atomically.
5703 That is, if the previously executed instruction was a return from
5704 another function, @code{reverse-nexti} will continue to execute
5705 in reverse until the call to that function (from the current stack
5708 @kindex reverse-finish
5709 @item reverse-finish
5710 Just as the @code{finish} command takes you to the point where the
5711 current function returns, @code{reverse-finish} takes you to the point
5712 where it was called. Instead of ending up at the end of the current
5713 function invocation, you end up at the beginning.
5715 @kindex set exec-direction
5716 @item set exec-direction
5717 Set the direction of target execution.
5718 @itemx set exec-direction reverse
5719 @cindex execute forward or backward in time
5720 @value{GDBN} will perform all execution commands in reverse, until the
5721 exec-direction mode is changed to ``forward''. Affected commands include
5722 @code{step, stepi, next, nexti, continue, and finish}. The @code{return}
5723 command cannot be used in reverse mode.
5724 @item set exec-direction forward
5725 @value{GDBN} will perform all execution commands in the normal fashion.
5726 This is the default.
5730 @node Process Record and Replay
5731 @chapter Recording Inferior's Execution and Replaying It
5732 @cindex process record and replay
5733 @cindex recording inferior's execution and replaying it
5735 On some platforms, @value{GDBN} provides a special @dfn{process record
5736 and replay} target that can record a log of the process execution, and
5737 replay it later with both forward and reverse execution commands.
5740 When this target is in use, if the execution log includes the record
5741 for the next instruction, @value{GDBN} will debug in @dfn{replay
5742 mode}. In the replay mode, the inferior does not really execute code
5743 instructions. Instead, all the events that normally happen during
5744 code execution are taken from the execution log. While code is not
5745 really executed in replay mode, the values of registers (including the
5746 program counter register) and the memory of the inferior are still
5747 changed as they normally would. Their contents are taken from the
5751 If the record for the next instruction is not in the execution log,
5752 @value{GDBN} will debug in @dfn{record mode}. In this mode, the
5753 inferior executes normally, and @value{GDBN} records the execution log
5756 The process record and replay target supports reverse execution
5757 (@pxref{Reverse Execution}), even if the platform on which the
5758 inferior runs does not. However, the reverse execution is limited in
5759 this case by the range of the instructions recorded in the execution
5760 log. In other words, reverse execution on platforms that don't
5761 support it directly can only be done in the replay mode.
5763 When debugging in the reverse direction, @value{GDBN} will work in
5764 replay mode as long as the execution log includes the record for the
5765 previous instruction; otherwise, it will work in record mode, if the
5766 platform supports reverse execution, or stop if not.
5768 For architecture environments that support process record and replay,
5769 @value{GDBN} provides the following commands:
5772 @kindex target record
5776 This command starts the process record and replay target. The process
5777 record and replay target can only debug a process that is already
5778 running. Therefore, you need first to start the process with the
5779 @kbd{run} or @kbd{start} commands, and then start the recording with
5780 the @kbd{target record} command.
5782 Both @code{record} and @code{rec} are aliases of @code{target record}.
5784 @cindex displaced stepping, and process record and replay
5785 Displaced stepping (@pxref{Maintenance Commands,, displaced stepping})
5786 will be automatically disabled when process record and replay target
5787 is started. That's because the process record and replay target
5788 doesn't support displaced stepping.
5790 @cindex non-stop mode, and process record and replay
5791 @cindex asynchronous execution, and process record and replay
5792 If the inferior is in the non-stop mode (@pxref{Non-Stop Mode}) or in
5793 the asynchronous execution mode (@pxref{Background Execution}), the
5794 process record and replay target cannot be started because it doesn't
5795 support these two modes.
5800 Stop the process record and replay target. When process record and
5801 replay target stops, the entire execution log will be deleted and the
5802 inferior will either be terminated, or will remain in its final state.
5804 When you stop the process record and replay target in record mode (at
5805 the end of the execution log), the inferior will be stopped at the
5806 next instruction that would have been recorded. In other words, if
5807 you record for a while and then stop recording, the inferior process
5808 will be left in the same state as if the recording never happened.
5810 On the other hand, if the process record and replay target is stopped
5811 while in replay mode (that is, not at the end of the execution log,
5812 but at some earlier point), the inferior process will become ``live''
5813 at that earlier state, and it will then be possible to continue the
5814 usual ``live'' debugging of the process from that state.
5816 When the inferior process exits, or @value{GDBN} detaches from it,
5817 process record and replay target will automatically stop itself.
5820 @item record save @var{filename}
5821 Save the execution log to a file @file{@var{filename}}.
5822 Default filename is @file{gdb_record.@var{process_id}}, where
5823 @var{process_id} is the process ID of the inferior.
5825 @kindex record restore
5826 @item record restore @var{filename}
5827 Restore the execution log from a file @file{@var{filename}}.
5828 File must have been created with @code{record save}.
5830 @kindex set record insn-number-max
5831 @item set record insn-number-max @var{limit}
5832 Set the limit of instructions to be recorded. Default value is 200000.
5834 If @var{limit} is a positive number, then @value{GDBN} will start
5835 deleting instructions from the log once the number of the record
5836 instructions becomes greater than @var{limit}. For every new recorded
5837 instruction, @value{GDBN} will delete the earliest recorded
5838 instruction to keep the number of recorded instructions at the limit.
5839 (Since deleting recorded instructions loses information, @value{GDBN}
5840 lets you control what happens when the limit is reached, by means of
5841 the @code{stop-at-limit} option, described below.)
5843 If @var{limit} is zero, @value{GDBN} will never delete recorded
5844 instructions from the execution log. The number of recorded
5845 instructions is unlimited in this case.
5847 @kindex show record insn-number-max
5848 @item show record insn-number-max
5849 Show the limit of instructions to be recorded.
5851 @kindex set record stop-at-limit
5852 @item set record stop-at-limit
5853 Control the behavior when the number of recorded instructions reaches
5854 the limit. If ON (the default), @value{GDBN} will stop when the limit
5855 is reached for the first time and ask you whether you want to stop the
5856 inferior or continue running it and recording the execution log. If
5857 you decide to continue recording, each new recorded instruction will
5858 cause the oldest one to be deleted.
5860 If this option is OFF, @value{GDBN} will automatically delete the
5861 oldest record to make room for each new one, without asking.
5863 @kindex show record stop-at-limit
5864 @item show record stop-at-limit
5865 Show the current setting of @code{stop-at-limit}.
5867 @kindex set record memory-query
5868 @item set record memory-query
5869 Control the behavior when @value{GDBN} is unable to record memory
5870 changes caused by an instruction. If ON, @value{GDBN} will query
5871 whether to stop the inferior in that case.
5873 If this option is OFF (the default), @value{GDBN} will automatically
5874 ignore the effect of such instructions on memory. Later, when
5875 @value{GDBN} replays this execution log, it will mark the log of this
5876 instruction as not accessible, and it will not affect the replay
5879 @kindex show record memory-query
5880 @item show record memory-query
5881 Show the current setting of @code{memory-query}.
5885 Show various statistics about the state of process record and its
5886 in-memory execution log buffer, including:
5890 Whether in record mode or replay mode.
5892 Lowest recorded instruction number (counting from when the current execution log started recording instructions).
5894 Highest recorded instruction number.
5896 Current instruction about to be replayed (if in replay mode).
5898 Number of instructions contained in the execution log.
5900 Maximum number of instructions that may be contained in the execution log.
5903 @kindex record delete
5906 When record target runs in replay mode (``in the past''), delete the
5907 subsequent execution log and begin to record a new execution log starting
5908 from the current address. This means you will abandon the previously
5909 recorded ``future'' and begin recording a new ``future''.
5914 @chapter Examining the Stack
5916 When your program has stopped, the first thing you need to know is where it
5917 stopped and how it got there.
5920 Each time your program performs a function call, information about the call
5922 That information includes the location of the call in your program,
5923 the arguments of the call,
5924 and the local variables of the function being called.
5925 The information is saved in a block of data called a @dfn{stack frame}.
5926 The stack frames are allocated in a region of memory called the @dfn{call
5929 When your program stops, the @value{GDBN} commands for examining the
5930 stack allow you to see all of this information.
5932 @cindex selected frame
5933 One of the stack frames is @dfn{selected} by @value{GDBN} and many
5934 @value{GDBN} commands refer implicitly to the selected frame. In
5935 particular, whenever you ask @value{GDBN} for the value of a variable in
5936 your program, the value is found in the selected frame. There are
5937 special @value{GDBN} commands to select whichever frame you are
5938 interested in. @xref{Selection, ,Selecting a Frame}.
5940 When your program stops, @value{GDBN} automatically selects the
5941 currently executing frame and describes it briefly, similar to the
5942 @code{frame} command (@pxref{Frame Info, ,Information about a Frame}).
5945 * Frames:: Stack frames
5946 * Backtrace:: Backtraces
5947 * Selection:: Selecting a frame
5948 * Frame Info:: Information on a frame
5953 @section Stack Frames
5955 @cindex frame, definition
5957 The call stack is divided up into contiguous pieces called @dfn{stack
5958 frames}, or @dfn{frames} for short; each frame is the data associated
5959 with one call to one function. The frame contains the arguments given
5960 to the function, the function's local variables, and the address at
5961 which the function is executing.
5963 @cindex initial frame
5964 @cindex outermost frame
5965 @cindex innermost frame
5966 When your program is started, the stack has only one frame, that of the
5967 function @code{main}. This is called the @dfn{initial} frame or the
5968 @dfn{outermost} frame. Each time a function is called, a new frame is
5969 made. Each time a function returns, the frame for that function invocation
5970 is eliminated. If a function is recursive, there can be many frames for
5971 the same function. The frame for the function in which execution is
5972 actually occurring is called the @dfn{innermost} frame. This is the most
5973 recently created of all the stack frames that still exist.
5975 @cindex frame pointer
5976 Inside your program, stack frames are identified by their addresses. A
5977 stack frame consists of many bytes, each of which has its own address; each
5978 kind of computer has a convention for choosing one byte whose
5979 address serves as the address of the frame. Usually this address is kept
5980 in a register called the @dfn{frame pointer register}
5981 (@pxref{Registers, $fp}) while execution is going on in that frame.
5983 @cindex frame number
5984 @value{GDBN} assigns numbers to all existing stack frames, starting with
5985 zero for the innermost frame, one for the frame that called it,
5986 and so on upward. These numbers do not really exist in your program;
5987 they are assigned by @value{GDBN} to give you a way of designating stack
5988 frames in @value{GDBN} commands.
5990 @c The -fomit-frame-pointer below perennially causes hbox overflow
5991 @c underflow problems.
5992 @cindex frameless execution
5993 Some compilers provide a way to compile functions so that they operate
5994 without stack frames. (For example, the @value{NGCC} option
5996 @samp{-fomit-frame-pointer}
5998 generates functions without a frame.)
5999 This is occasionally done with heavily used library functions to save
6000 the frame setup time. @value{GDBN} has limited facilities for dealing
6001 with these function invocations. If the innermost function invocation
6002 has no stack frame, @value{GDBN} nevertheless regards it as though
6003 it had a separate frame, which is numbered zero as usual, allowing
6004 correct tracing of the function call chain. However, @value{GDBN} has
6005 no provision for frameless functions elsewhere in the stack.
6008 @kindex frame@r{, command}
6009 @cindex current stack frame
6010 @item frame @var{args}
6011 The @code{frame} command allows you to move from one stack frame to another,
6012 and to print the stack frame you select. @var{args} may be either the
6013 address of the frame or the stack frame number. Without an argument,
6014 @code{frame} prints the current stack frame.
6016 @kindex select-frame
6017 @cindex selecting frame silently
6019 The @code{select-frame} command allows you to move from one stack frame
6020 to another without printing the frame. This is the silent version of
6028 @cindex call stack traces
6029 A backtrace is a summary of how your program got where it is. It shows one
6030 line per frame, for many frames, starting with the currently executing
6031 frame (frame zero), followed by its caller (frame one), and on up the
6036 @kindex bt @r{(@code{backtrace})}
6039 Print a backtrace of the entire stack: one line per frame for all
6040 frames in the stack.
6042 You can stop the backtrace at any time by typing the system interrupt
6043 character, normally @kbd{Ctrl-c}.
6045 @item backtrace @var{n}
6047 Similar, but print only the innermost @var{n} frames.
6049 @item backtrace -@var{n}
6051 Similar, but print only the outermost @var{n} frames.
6053 @item backtrace full
6055 @itemx bt full @var{n}
6056 @itemx bt full -@var{n}
6057 Print the values of the local variables also. @var{n} specifies the
6058 number of frames to print, as described above.
6063 The names @code{where} and @code{info stack} (abbreviated @code{info s})
6064 are additional aliases for @code{backtrace}.
6066 @cindex multiple threads, backtrace
6067 In a multi-threaded program, @value{GDBN} by default shows the
6068 backtrace only for the current thread. To display the backtrace for
6069 several or all of the threads, use the command @code{thread apply}
6070 (@pxref{Threads, thread apply}). For example, if you type @kbd{thread
6071 apply all backtrace}, @value{GDBN} will display the backtrace for all
6072 the threads; this is handy when you debug a core dump of a
6073 multi-threaded program.
6075 Each line in the backtrace shows the frame number and the function name.
6076 The program counter value is also shown---unless you use @code{set
6077 print address off}. The backtrace also shows the source file name and
6078 line number, as well as the arguments to the function. The program
6079 counter value is omitted if it is at the beginning of the code for that
6082 Here is an example of a backtrace. It was made with the command
6083 @samp{bt 3}, so it shows the innermost three frames.
6087 #0 m4_traceon (obs=0x24eb0, argc=1, argv=0x2b8c8)
6089 #1 0x6e38 in expand_macro (sym=0x2b600, data=...) at macro.c:242
6090 #2 0x6840 in expand_token (obs=0x0, t=177664, td=0xf7fffb08)
6092 (More stack frames follow...)
6097 The display for frame zero does not begin with a program counter
6098 value, indicating that your program has stopped at the beginning of the
6099 code for line @code{993} of @code{builtin.c}.
6102 The value of parameter @code{data} in frame 1 has been replaced by
6103 @code{@dots{}}. By default, @value{GDBN} prints the value of a parameter
6104 only if it is a scalar (integer, pointer, enumeration, etc). See command
6105 @kbd{set print frame-arguments} in @ref{Print Settings} for more details
6106 on how to configure the way function parameter values are printed.
6108 @cindex optimized out, in backtrace
6109 @cindex function call arguments, optimized out
6110 If your program was compiled with optimizations, some compilers will
6111 optimize away arguments passed to functions if those arguments are
6112 never used after the call. Such optimizations generate code that
6113 passes arguments through registers, but doesn't store those arguments
6114 in the stack frame. @value{GDBN} has no way of displaying such
6115 arguments in stack frames other than the innermost one. Here's what
6116 such a backtrace might look like:
6120 #0 m4_traceon (obs=0x24eb0, argc=1, argv=0x2b8c8)
6122 #1 0x6e38 in expand_macro (sym=<optimized out>) at macro.c:242
6123 #2 0x6840 in expand_token (obs=0x0, t=<optimized out>, td=0xf7fffb08)
6125 (More stack frames follow...)
6130 The values of arguments that were not saved in their stack frames are
6131 shown as @samp{<optimized out>}.
6133 If you need to display the values of such optimized-out arguments,
6134 either deduce that from other variables whose values depend on the one
6135 you are interested in, or recompile without optimizations.
6137 @cindex backtrace beyond @code{main} function
6138 @cindex program entry point
6139 @cindex startup code, and backtrace
6140 Most programs have a standard user entry point---a place where system
6141 libraries and startup code transition into user code. For C this is
6142 @code{main}@footnote{
6143 Note that embedded programs (the so-called ``free-standing''
6144 environment) are not required to have a @code{main} function as the
6145 entry point. They could even have multiple entry points.}.
6146 When @value{GDBN} finds the entry function in a backtrace
6147 it will terminate the backtrace, to avoid tracing into highly
6148 system-specific (and generally uninteresting) code.
6150 If you need to examine the startup code, or limit the number of levels
6151 in a backtrace, you can change this behavior:
6154 @item set backtrace past-main
6155 @itemx set backtrace past-main on
6156 @kindex set backtrace
6157 Backtraces will continue past the user entry point.
6159 @item set backtrace past-main off
6160 Backtraces will stop when they encounter the user entry point. This is the
6163 @item show backtrace past-main
6164 @kindex show backtrace
6165 Display the current user entry point backtrace policy.
6167 @item set backtrace past-entry
6168 @itemx set backtrace past-entry on
6169 Backtraces will continue past the internal entry point of an application.
6170 This entry point is encoded by the linker when the application is built,
6171 and is likely before the user entry point @code{main} (or equivalent) is called.
6173 @item set backtrace past-entry off
6174 Backtraces will stop when they encounter the internal entry point of an
6175 application. This is the default.
6177 @item show backtrace past-entry
6178 Display the current internal entry point backtrace policy.
6180 @item set backtrace limit @var{n}
6181 @itemx set backtrace limit 0
6182 @cindex backtrace limit
6183 Limit the backtrace to @var{n} levels. A value of zero means
6186 @item show backtrace limit
6187 Display the current limit on backtrace levels.
6191 @section Selecting a Frame
6193 Most commands for examining the stack and other data in your program work on
6194 whichever stack frame is selected at the moment. Here are the commands for
6195 selecting a stack frame; all of them finish by printing a brief description
6196 of the stack frame just selected.
6199 @kindex frame@r{, selecting}
6200 @kindex f @r{(@code{frame})}
6203 Select frame number @var{n}. Recall that frame zero is the innermost
6204 (currently executing) frame, frame one is the frame that called the
6205 innermost one, and so on. The highest-numbered frame is the one for
6208 @item frame @var{addr}
6210 Select the frame at address @var{addr}. This is useful mainly if the
6211 chaining of stack frames has been damaged by a bug, making it
6212 impossible for @value{GDBN} to assign numbers properly to all frames. In
6213 addition, this can be useful when your program has multiple stacks and
6214 switches between them.
6216 On the SPARC architecture, @code{frame} needs two addresses to
6217 select an arbitrary frame: a frame pointer and a stack pointer.
6219 On the MIPS and Alpha architecture, it needs two addresses: a stack
6220 pointer and a program counter.
6222 On the 29k architecture, it needs three addresses: a register stack
6223 pointer, a program counter, and a memory stack pointer.
6227 Move @var{n} frames up the stack. For positive numbers @var{n}, this
6228 advances toward the outermost frame, to higher frame numbers, to frames
6229 that have existed longer. @var{n} defaults to one.
6232 @kindex do @r{(@code{down})}
6234 Move @var{n} frames down the stack. For positive numbers @var{n}, this
6235 advances toward the innermost frame, to lower frame numbers, to frames
6236 that were created more recently. @var{n} defaults to one. You may
6237 abbreviate @code{down} as @code{do}.
6240 All of these commands end by printing two lines of output describing the
6241 frame. The first line shows the frame number, the function name, the
6242 arguments, and the source file and line number of execution in that
6243 frame. The second line shows the text of that source line.
6251 #1 0x22f0 in main (argc=1, argv=0xf7fffbf4, env=0xf7fffbfc)
6253 10 read_input_file (argv[i]);
6257 After such a printout, the @code{list} command with no arguments
6258 prints ten lines centered on the point of execution in the frame.
6259 You can also edit the program at the point of execution with your favorite
6260 editing program by typing @code{edit}.
6261 @xref{List, ,Printing Source Lines},
6265 @kindex down-silently
6267 @item up-silently @var{n}
6268 @itemx down-silently @var{n}
6269 These two commands are variants of @code{up} and @code{down},
6270 respectively; they differ in that they do their work silently, without
6271 causing display of the new frame. They are intended primarily for use
6272 in @value{GDBN} command scripts, where the output might be unnecessary and
6277 @section Information About a Frame
6279 There are several other commands to print information about the selected
6285 When used without any argument, this command does not change which
6286 frame is selected, but prints a brief description of the currently
6287 selected stack frame. It can be abbreviated @code{f}. With an
6288 argument, this command is used to select a stack frame.
6289 @xref{Selection, ,Selecting a Frame}.
6292 @kindex info f @r{(@code{info frame})}
6295 This command prints a verbose description of the selected stack frame,
6300 the address of the frame
6302 the address of the next frame down (called by this frame)
6304 the address of the next frame up (caller of this frame)
6306 the language in which the source code corresponding to this frame is written
6308 the address of the frame's arguments
6310 the address of the frame's local variables
6312 the program counter saved in it (the address of execution in the caller frame)
6314 which registers were saved in the frame
6317 @noindent The verbose description is useful when
6318 something has gone wrong that has made the stack format fail to fit
6319 the usual conventions.
6321 @item info frame @var{addr}
6322 @itemx info f @var{addr}
6323 Print a verbose description of the frame at address @var{addr}, without
6324 selecting that frame. The selected frame remains unchanged by this
6325 command. This requires the same kind of address (more than one for some
6326 architectures) that you specify in the @code{frame} command.
6327 @xref{Selection, ,Selecting a Frame}.
6331 Print the arguments of the selected frame, each on a separate line.
6335 Print the local variables of the selected frame, each on a separate
6336 line. These are all variables (declared either static or automatic)
6337 accessible at the point of execution of the selected frame.
6340 @cindex catch exceptions, list active handlers
6341 @cindex exception handlers, how to list
6343 Print a list of all the exception handlers that are active in the
6344 current stack frame at the current point of execution. To see other
6345 exception handlers, visit the associated frame (using the @code{up},
6346 @code{down}, or @code{frame} commands); then type @code{info catch}.
6347 @xref{Set Catchpoints, , Setting Catchpoints}.
6353 @chapter Examining Source Files
6355 @value{GDBN} can print parts of your program's source, since the debugging
6356 information recorded in the program tells @value{GDBN} what source files were
6357 used to build it. When your program stops, @value{GDBN} spontaneously prints
6358 the line where it stopped. Likewise, when you select a stack frame
6359 (@pxref{Selection, ,Selecting a Frame}), @value{GDBN} prints the line where
6360 execution in that frame has stopped. You can print other portions of
6361 source files by explicit command.
6363 If you use @value{GDBN} through its @sc{gnu} Emacs interface, you may
6364 prefer to use Emacs facilities to view source; see @ref{Emacs, ,Using
6365 @value{GDBN} under @sc{gnu} Emacs}.
6368 * List:: Printing source lines
6369 * Specify Location:: How to specify code locations
6370 * Edit:: Editing source files
6371 * Search:: Searching source files
6372 * Source Path:: Specifying source directories
6373 * Machine Code:: Source and machine code
6377 @section Printing Source Lines
6380 @kindex l @r{(@code{list})}
6381 To print lines from a source file, use the @code{list} command
6382 (abbreviated @code{l}). By default, ten lines are printed.
6383 There are several ways to specify what part of the file you want to
6384 print; see @ref{Specify Location}, for the full list.
6386 Here are the forms of the @code{list} command most commonly used:
6389 @item list @var{linenum}
6390 Print lines centered around line number @var{linenum} in the
6391 current source file.
6393 @item list @var{function}
6394 Print lines centered around the beginning of function
6398 Print more lines. If the last lines printed were printed with a
6399 @code{list} command, this prints lines following the last lines
6400 printed; however, if the last line printed was a solitary line printed
6401 as part of displaying a stack frame (@pxref{Stack, ,Examining the
6402 Stack}), this prints lines centered around that line.
6405 Print lines just before the lines last printed.
6408 @cindex @code{list}, how many lines to display
6409 By default, @value{GDBN} prints ten source lines with any of these forms of
6410 the @code{list} command. You can change this using @code{set listsize}:
6413 @kindex set listsize
6414 @item set listsize @var{count}
6415 Make the @code{list} command display @var{count} source lines (unless
6416 the @code{list} argument explicitly specifies some other number).
6418 @kindex show listsize
6420 Display the number of lines that @code{list} prints.
6423 Repeating a @code{list} command with @key{RET} discards the argument,
6424 so it is equivalent to typing just @code{list}. This is more useful
6425 than listing the same lines again. An exception is made for an
6426 argument of @samp{-}; that argument is preserved in repetition so that
6427 each repetition moves up in the source file.
6429 In general, the @code{list} command expects you to supply zero, one or two
6430 @dfn{linespecs}. Linespecs specify source lines; there are several ways
6431 of writing them (@pxref{Specify Location}), but the effect is always
6432 to specify some source line.
6434 Here is a complete description of the possible arguments for @code{list}:
6437 @item list @var{linespec}
6438 Print lines centered around the line specified by @var{linespec}.
6440 @item list @var{first},@var{last}
6441 Print lines from @var{first} to @var{last}. Both arguments are
6442 linespecs. When a @code{list} command has two linespecs, and the
6443 source file of the second linespec is omitted, this refers to
6444 the same source file as the first linespec.
6446 @item list ,@var{last}
6447 Print lines ending with @var{last}.
6449 @item list @var{first},
6450 Print lines starting with @var{first}.
6453 Print lines just after the lines last printed.
6456 Print lines just before the lines last printed.
6459 As described in the preceding table.
6462 @node Specify Location
6463 @section Specifying a Location
6464 @cindex specifying location
6467 Several @value{GDBN} commands accept arguments that specify a location
6468 of your program's code. Since @value{GDBN} is a source-level
6469 debugger, a location usually specifies some line in the source code;
6470 for that reason, locations are also known as @dfn{linespecs}.
6472 Here are all the different ways of specifying a code location that
6473 @value{GDBN} understands:
6477 Specifies the line number @var{linenum} of the current source file.
6480 @itemx +@var{offset}
6481 Specifies the line @var{offset} lines before or after the @dfn{current
6482 line}. For the @code{list} command, the current line is the last one
6483 printed; for the breakpoint commands, this is the line at which
6484 execution stopped in the currently selected @dfn{stack frame}
6485 (@pxref{Frames, ,Frames}, for a description of stack frames.) When
6486 used as the second of the two linespecs in a @code{list} command,
6487 this specifies the line @var{offset} lines up or down from the first
6490 @item @var{filename}:@var{linenum}
6491 Specifies the line @var{linenum} in the source file @var{filename}.
6493 @item @var{function}
6494 Specifies the line that begins the body of the function @var{function}.
6495 For example, in C, this is the line with the open brace.
6497 @item @var{function}:@var{label}
6498 Specifies the line where @var{label} appears in @var{function}.
6500 @item @var{filename}:@var{function}
6501 Specifies the line that begins the body of the function @var{function}
6502 in the file @var{filename}. You only need the file name with a
6503 function name to avoid ambiguity when there are identically named
6504 functions in different source files.
6507 Specifies the line at which the label named @var{label} appears.
6508 @value{GDBN} searches for the label in the function corresponding to
6509 the currently selected stack frame. If there is no current selected
6510 stack frame (for instance, if the inferior is not running), then
6511 @value{GDBN} will not search for a label.
6513 @item *@var{address}
6514 Specifies the program address @var{address}. For line-oriented
6515 commands, such as @code{list} and @code{edit}, this specifies a source
6516 line that contains @var{address}. For @code{break} and other
6517 breakpoint oriented commands, this can be used to set breakpoints in
6518 parts of your program which do not have debugging information or
6521 Here @var{address} may be any expression valid in the current working
6522 language (@pxref{Languages, working language}) that specifies a code
6523 address. In addition, as a convenience, @value{GDBN} extends the
6524 semantics of expressions used in locations to cover the situations
6525 that frequently happen during debugging. Here are the various forms
6529 @item @var{expression}
6530 Any expression valid in the current working language.
6532 @item @var{funcaddr}
6533 An address of a function or procedure derived from its name. In C,
6534 C@t{++}, Java, Objective-C, Fortran, minimal, and assembly, this is
6535 simply the function's name @var{function} (and actually a special case
6536 of a valid expression). In Pascal and Modula-2, this is
6537 @code{&@var{function}}. In Ada, this is @code{@var{function}'Address}
6538 (although the Pascal form also works).
6540 This form specifies the address of the function's first instruction,
6541 before the stack frame and arguments have been set up.
6543 @item '@var{filename}'::@var{funcaddr}
6544 Like @var{funcaddr} above, but also specifies the name of the source
6545 file explicitly. This is useful if the name of the function does not
6546 specify the function unambiguously, e.g., if there are several
6547 functions with identical names in different source files.
6554 @section Editing Source Files
6555 @cindex editing source files
6558 @kindex e @r{(@code{edit})}
6559 To edit the lines in a source file, use the @code{edit} command.
6560 The editing program of your choice
6561 is invoked with the current line set to
6562 the active line in the program.
6563 Alternatively, there are several ways to specify what part of the file you
6564 want to print if you want to see other parts of the program:
6567 @item edit @var{location}
6568 Edit the source file specified by @code{location}. Editing starts at
6569 that @var{location}, e.g., at the specified source line of the
6570 specified file. @xref{Specify Location}, for all the possible forms
6571 of the @var{location} argument; here are the forms of the @code{edit}
6572 command most commonly used:
6575 @item edit @var{number}
6576 Edit the current source file with @var{number} as the active line number.
6578 @item edit @var{function}
6579 Edit the file containing @var{function} at the beginning of its definition.
6584 @subsection Choosing your Editor
6585 You can customize @value{GDBN} to use any editor you want
6587 The only restriction is that your editor (say @code{ex}), recognizes the
6588 following command-line syntax:
6590 ex +@var{number} file
6592 The optional numeric value +@var{number} specifies the number of the line in
6593 the file where to start editing.}.
6594 By default, it is @file{@value{EDITOR}}, but you can change this
6595 by setting the environment variable @code{EDITOR} before using
6596 @value{GDBN}. For example, to configure @value{GDBN} to use the
6597 @code{vi} editor, you could use these commands with the @code{sh} shell:
6603 or in the @code{csh} shell,
6605 setenv EDITOR /usr/bin/vi
6610 @section Searching Source Files
6611 @cindex searching source files
6613 There are two commands for searching through the current source file for a
6618 @kindex forward-search
6619 @item forward-search @var{regexp}
6620 @itemx search @var{regexp}
6621 The command @samp{forward-search @var{regexp}} checks each line,
6622 starting with the one following the last line listed, for a match for
6623 @var{regexp}. It lists the line that is found. You can use the
6624 synonym @samp{search @var{regexp}} or abbreviate the command name as
6627 @kindex reverse-search
6628 @item reverse-search @var{regexp}
6629 The command @samp{reverse-search @var{regexp}} checks each line, starting
6630 with the one before the last line listed and going backward, for a match
6631 for @var{regexp}. It lists the line that is found. You can abbreviate
6632 this command as @code{rev}.
6636 @section Specifying Source Directories
6639 @cindex directories for source files
6640 Executable programs sometimes do not record the directories of the source
6641 files from which they were compiled, just the names. Even when they do,
6642 the directories could be moved between the compilation and your debugging
6643 session. @value{GDBN} has a list of directories to search for source files;
6644 this is called the @dfn{source path}. Each time @value{GDBN} wants a source file,
6645 it tries all the directories in the list, in the order they are present
6646 in the list, until it finds a file with the desired name.
6648 For example, suppose an executable references the file
6649 @file{/usr/src/foo-1.0/lib/foo.c}, and our source path is
6650 @file{/mnt/cross}. The file is first looked up literally; if this
6651 fails, @file{/mnt/cross/usr/src/foo-1.0/lib/foo.c} is tried; if this
6652 fails, @file{/mnt/cross/foo.c} is opened; if this fails, an error
6653 message is printed. @value{GDBN} does not look up the parts of the
6654 source file name, such as @file{/mnt/cross/src/foo-1.0/lib/foo.c}.
6655 Likewise, the subdirectories of the source path are not searched: if
6656 the source path is @file{/mnt/cross}, and the binary refers to
6657 @file{foo.c}, @value{GDBN} would not find it under
6658 @file{/mnt/cross/usr/src/foo-1.0/lib}.
6660 Plain file names, relative file names with leading directories, file
6661 names containing dots, etc.@: are all treated as described above; for
6662 instance, if the source path is @file{/mnt/cross}, and the source file
6663 is recorded as @file{../lib/foo.c}, @value{GDBN} would first try
6664 @file{../lib/foo.c}, then @file{/mnt/cross/../lib/foo.c}, and after
6665 that---@file{/mnt/cross/foo.c}.
6667 Note that the executable search path is @emph{not} used to locate the
6670 Whenever you reset or rearrange the source path, @value{GDBN} clears out
6671 any information it has cached about where source files are found and where
6672 each line is in the file.
6676 When you start @value{GDBN}, its source path includes only @samp{cdir}
6677 and @samp{cwd}, in that order.
6678 To add other directories, use the @code{directory} command.
6680 The search path is used to find both program source files and @value{GDBN}
6681 script files (read using the @samp{-command} option and @samp{source} command).
6683 In addition to the source path, @value{GDBN} provides a set of commands
6684 that manage a list of source path substitution rules. A @dfn{substitution
6685 rule} specifies how to rewrite source directories stored in the program's
6686 debug information in case the sources were moved to a different
6687 directory between compilation and debugging. A rule is made of
6688 two strings, the first specifying what needs to be rewritten in
6689 the path, and the second specifying how it should be rewritten.
6690 In @ref{set substitute-path}, we name these two parts @var{from} and
6691 @var{to} respectively. @value{GDBN} does a simple string replacement
6692 of @var{from} with @var{to} at the start of the directory part of the
6693 source file name, and uses that result instead of the original file
6694 name to look up the sources.
6696 Using the previous example, suppose the @file{foo-1.0} tree has been
6697 moved from @file{/usr/src} to @file{/mnt/cross}, then you can tell
6698 @value{GDBN} to replace @file{/usr/src} in all source path names with
6699 @file{/mnt/cross}. The first lookup will then be
6700 @file{/mnt/cross/foo-1.0/lib/foo.c} in place of the original location
6701 of @file{/usr/src/foo-1.0/lib/foo.c}. To define a source path
6702 substitution rule, use the @code{set substitute-path} command
6703 (@pxref{set substitute-path}).
6705 To avoid unexpected substitution results, a rule is applied only if the
6706 @var{from} part of the directory name ends at a directory separator.
6707 For instance, a rule substituting @file{/usr/source} into
6708 @file{/mnt/cross} will be applied to @file{/usr/source/foo-1.0} but
6709 not to @file{/usr/sourceware/foo-2.0}. And because the substitution
6710 is applied only at the beginning of the directory name, this rule will
6711 not be applied to @file{/root/usr/source/baz.c} either.
6713 In many cases, you can achieve the same result using the @code{directory}
6714 command. However, @code{set substitute-path} can be more efficient in
6715 the case where the sources are organized in a complex tree with multiple
6716 subdirectories. With the @code{directory} command, you need to add each
6717 subdirectory of your project. If you moved the entire tree while
6718 preserving its internal organization, then @code{set substitute-path}
6719 allows you to direct the debugger to all the sources with one single
6722 @code{set substitute-path} is also more than just a shortcut command.
6723 The source path is only used if the file at the original location no
6724 longer exists. On the other hand, @code{set substitute-path} modifies
6725 the debugger behavior to look at the rewritten location instead. So, if
6726 for any reason a source file that is not relevant to your executable is
6727 located at the original location, a substitution rule is the only
6728 method available to point @value{GDBN} at the new location.
6730 @cindex @samp{--with-relocated-sources}
6731 @cindex default source path substitution
6732 You can configure a default source path substitution rule by
6733 configuring @value{GDBN} with the
6734 @samp{--with-relocated-sources=@var{dir}} option. The @var{dir}
6735 should be the name of a directory under @value{GDBN}'s configured
6736 prefix (set with @samp{--prefix} or @samp{--exec-prefix}), and
6737 directory names in debug information under @var{dir} will be adjusted
6738 automatically if the installed @value{GDBN} is moved to a new
6739 location. This is useful if @value{GDBN}, libraries or executables
6740 with debug information and corresponding source code are being moved
6744 @item directory @var{dirname} @dots{}
6745 @item dir @var{dirname} @dots{}
6746 Add directory @var{dirname} to the front of the source path. Several
6747 directory names may be given to this command, separated by @samp{:}
6748 (@samp{;} on MS-DOS and MS-Windows, where @samp{:} usually appears as
6749 part of absolute file names) or
6750 whitespace. You may specify a directory that is already in the source
6751 path; this moves it forward, so @value{GDBN} searches it sooner.
6755 @vindex $cdir@r{, convenience variable}
6756 @vindex $cwd@r{, convenience variable}
6757 @cindex compilation directory
6758 @cindex current directory
6759 @cindex working directory
6760 @cindex directory, current
6761 @cindex directory, compilation
6762 You can use the string @samp{$cdir} to refer to the compilation
6763 directory (if one is recorded), and @samp{$cwd} to refer to the current
6764 working directory. @samp{$cwd} is not the same as @samp{.}---the former
6765 tracks the current working directory as it changes during your @value{GDBN}
6766 session, while the latter is immediately expanded to the current
6767 directory at the time you add an entry to the source path.
6770 Reset the source path to its default value (@samp{$cdir:$cwd} on Unix systems). This requires confirmation.
6772 @c RET-repeat for @code{directory} is explicitly disabled, but since
6773 @c repeating it would be a no-op we do not say that. (thanks to RMS)
6775 @item set directories @var{path-list}
6776 @kindex set directories
6777 Set the source path to @var{path-list}.
6778 @samp{$cdir:$cwd} are added if missing.
6780 @item show directories
6781 @kindex show directories
6782 Print the source path: show which directories it contains.
6784 @anchor{set substitute-path}
6785 @item set substitute-path @var{from} @var{to}
6786 @kindex set substitute-path
6787 Define a source path substitution rule, and add it at the end of the
6788 current list of existing substitution rules. If a rule with the same
6789 @var{from} was already defined, then the old rule is also deleted.
6791 For example, if the file @file{/foo/bar/baz.c} was moved to
6792 @file{/mnt/cross/baz.c}, then the command
6795 (@value{GDBP}) set substitute-path /usr/src /mnt/cross
6799 will tell @value{GDBN} to replace @samp{/usr/src} with
6800 @samp{/mnt/cross}, which will allow @value{GDBN} to find the file
6801 @file{baz.c} even though it was moved.
6803 In the case when more than one substitution rule have been defined,
6804 the rules are evaluated one by one in the order where they have been
6805 defined. The first one matching, if any, is selected to perform
6808 For instance, if we had entered the following commands:
6811 (@value{GDBP}) set substitute-path /usr/src/include /mnt/include
6812 (@value{GDBP}) set substitute-path /usr/src /mnt/src
6816 @value{GDBN} would then rewrite @file{/usr/src/include/defs.h} into
6817 @file{/mnt/include/defs.h} by using the first rule. However, it would
6818 use the second rule to rewrite @file{/usr/src/lib/foo.c} into
6819 @file{/mnt/src/lib/foo.c}.
6822 @item unset substitute-path [path]
6823 @kindex unset substitute-path
6824 If a path is specified, search the current list of substitution rules
6825 for a rule that would rewrite that path. Delete that rule if found.
6826 A warning is emitted by the debugger if no rule could be found.
6828 If no path is specified, then all substitution rules are deleted.
6830 @item show substitute-path [path]
6831 @kindex show substitute-path
6832 If a path is specified, then print the source path substitution rule
6833 which would rewrite that path, if any.
6835 If no path is specified, then print all existing source path substitution
6840 If your source path is cluttered with directories that are no longer of
6841 interest, @value{GDBN} may sometimes cause confusion by finding the wrong
6842 versions of source. You can correct the situation as follows:
6846 Use @code{directory} with no argument to reset the source path to its default value.
6849 Use @code{directory} with suitable arguments to reinstall the
6850 directories you want in the source path. You can add all the
6851 directories in one command.
6855 @section Source and Machine Code
6856 @cindex source line and its code address
6858 You can use the command @code{info line} to map source lines to program
6859 addresses (and vice versa), and the command @code{disassemble} to display
6860 a range of addresses as machine instructions. You can use the command
6861 @code{set disassemble-next-line} to set whether to disassemble next
6862 source line when execution stops. When run under @sc{gnu} Emacs
6863 mode, the @code{info line} command causes the arrow to point to the
6864 line specified. Also, @code{info line} prints addresses in symbolic form as
6869 @item info line @var{linespec}
6870 Print the starting and ending addresses of the compiled code for
6871 source line @var{linespec}. You can specify source lines in any of
6872 the ways documented in @ref{Specify Location}.
6875 For example, we can use @code{info line} to discover the location of
6876 the object code for the first line of function
6877 @code{m4_changequote}:
6879 @c FIXME: I think this example should also show the addresses in
6880 @c symbolic form, as they usually would be displayed.
6882 (@value{GDBP}) info line m4_changequote
6883 Line 895 of "builtin.c" starts at pc 0x634c and ends at 0x6350.
6887 @cindex code address and its source line
6888 We can also inquire (using @code{*@var{addr}} as the form for
6889 @var{linespec}) what source line covers a particular address:
6891 (@value{GDBP}) info line *0x63ff
6892 Line 926 of "builtin.c" starts at pc 0x63e4 and ends at 0x6404.
6895 @cindex @code{$_} and @code{info line}
6896 @cindex @code{x} command, default address
6897 @kindex x@r{(examine), and} info line
6898 After @code{info line}, the default address for the @code{x} command
6899 is changed to the starting address of the line, so that @samp{x/i} is
6900 sufficient to begin examining the machine code (@pxref{Memory,
6901 ,Examining Memory}). Also, this address is saved as the value of the
6902 convenience variable @code{$_} (@pxref{Convenience Vars, ,Convenience
6907 @cindex assembly instructions
6908 @cindex instructions, assembly
6909 @cindex machine instructions
6910 @cindex listing machine instructions
6912 @itemx disassemble /m
6913 @itemx disassemble /r
6914 This specialized command dumps a range of memory as machine
6915 instructions. It can also print mixed source+disassembly by specifying
6916 the @code{/m} modifier and print the raw instructions in hex as well as
6917 in symbolic form by specifying the @code{/r}.
6918 The default memory range is the function surrounding the
6919 program counter of the selected frame. A single argument to this
6920 command is a program counter value; @value{GDBN} dumps the function
6921 surrounding this value. When two arguments are given, they should
6922 be separated by a comma, possibly surrounded by whitespace. The
6923 arguments specify a range of addresses to dump, in one of two forms:
6926 @item @var{start},@var{end}
6927 the addresses from @var{start} (inclusive) to @var{end} (exclusive)
6928 @item @var{start},+@var{length}
6929 the addresses from @var{start} (inclusive) to
6930 @code{@var{start}+@var{length}} (exclusive).
6934 When 2 arguments are specified, the name of the function is also
6935 printed (since there could be several functions in the given range).
6937 The argument(s) can be any expression yielding a numeric value, such as
6938 @samp{0x32c4}, @samp{&main+10} or @samp{$pc - 8}.
6940 If the range of memory being disassembled contains current program counter,
6941 the instruction at that location is shown with a @code{=>} marker.
6944 The following example shows the disassembly of a range of addresses of
6945 HP PA-RISC 2.0 code:
6948 (@value{GDBP}) disas 0x32c4, 0x32e4
6949 Dump of assembler code from 0x32c4 to 0x32e4:
6950 0x32c4 <main+204>: addil 0,dp
6951 0x32c8 <main+208>: ldw 0x22c(sr0,r1),r26
6952 0x32cc <main+212>: ldil 0x3000,r31
6953 0x32d0 <main+216>: ble 0x3f8(sr4,r31)
6954 0x32d4 <main+220>: ldo 0(r31),rp
6955 0x32d8 <main+224>: addil -0x800,dp
6956 0x32dc <main+228>: ldo 0x588(r1),r26
6957 0x32e0 <main+232>: ldil 0x3000,r31
6958 End of assembler dump.
6961 Here is an example showing mixed source+assembly for Intel x86, when the
6962 program is stopped just after function prologue:
6965 (@value{GDBP}) disas /m main
6966 Dump of assembler code for function main:
6968 0x08048330 <+0>: push %ebp
6969 0x08048331 <+1>: mov %esp,%ebp
6970 0x08048333 <+3>: sub $0x8,%esp
6971 0x08048336 <+6>: and $0xfffffff0,%esp
6972 0x08048339 <+9>: sub $0x10,%esp
6974 6 printf ("Hello.\n");
6975 => 0x0804833c <+12>: movl $0x8048440,(%esp)
6976 0x08048343 <+19>: call 0x8048284 <puts@@plt>
6980 0x08048348 <+24>: mov $0x0,%eax
6981 0x0804834d <+29>: leave
6982 0x0804834e <+30>: ret
6984 End of assembler dump.
6987 Here is another example showing raw instructions in hex for AMD x86-64,
6990 (gdb) disas /r 0x400281,+10
6991 Dump of assembler code from 0x400281 to 0x40028b:
6992 0x0000000000400281: 38 36 cmp %dh,(%rsi)
6993 0x0000000000400283: 2d 36 34 2e 73 sub $0x732e3436,%eax
6994 0x0000000000400288: 6f outsl %ds:(%rsi),(%dx)
6995 0x0000000000400289: 2e 32 00 xor %cs:(%rax),%al
6996 End of assembler dump.
6999 Some architectures have more than one commonly-used set of instruction
7000 mnemonics or other syntax.
7002 For programs that were dynamically linked and use shared libraries,
7003 instructions that call functions or branch to locations in the shared
7004 libraries might show a seemingly bogus location---it's actually a
7005 location of the relocation table. On some architectures, @value{GDBN}
7006 might be able to resolve these to actual function names.
7009 @kindex set disassembly-flavor
7010 @cindex Intel disassembly flavor
7011 @cindex AT&T disassembly flavor
7012 @item set disassembly-flavor @var{instruction-set}
7013 Select the instruction set to use when disassembling the
7014 program via the @code{disassemble} or @code{x/i} commands.
7016 Currently this command is only defined for the Intel x86 family. You
7017 can set @var{instruction-set} to either @code{intel} or @code{att}.
7018 The default is @code{att}, the AT&T flavor used by default by Unix
7019 assemblers for x86-based targets.
7021 @kindex show disassembly-flavor
7022 @item show disassembly-flavor
7023 Show the current setting of the disassembly flavor.
7027 @kindex set disassemble-next-line
7028 @kindex show disassemble-next-line
7029 @item set disassemble-next-line
7030 @itemx show disassemble-next-line
7031 Control whether or not @value{GDBN} will disassemble the next source
7032 line or instruction when execution stops. If ON, @value{GDBN} will
7033 display disassembly of the next source line when execution of the
7034 program being debugged stops. This is @emph{in addition} to
7035 displaying the source line itself, which @value{GDBN} always does if
7036 possible. If the next source line cannot be displayed for some reason
7037 (e.g., if @value{GDBN} cannot find the source file, or there's no line
7038 info in the debug info), @value{GDBN} will display disassembly of the
7039 next @emph{instruction} instead of showing the next source line. If
7040 AUTO, @value{GDBN} will display disassembly of next instruction only
7041 if the source line cannot be displayed. This setting causes
7042 @value{GDBN} to display some feedback when you step through a function
7043 with no line info or whose source file is unavailable. The default is
7044 OFF, which means never display the disassembly of the next line or
7050 @chapter Examining Data
7052 @cindex printing data
7053 @cindex examining data
7056 @c "inspect" is not quite a synonym if you are using Epoch, which we do not
7057 @c document because it is nonstandard... Under Epoch it displays in a
7058 @c different window or something like that.
7059 The usual way to examine data in your program is with the @code{print}
7060 command (abbreviated @code{p}), or its synonym @code{inspect}. It
7061 evaluates and prints the value of an expression of the language your
7062 program is written in (@pxref{Languages, ,Using @value{GDBN} with
7063 Different Languages}). It may also print the expression using a
7064 Python-based pretty-printer (@pxref{Pretty Printing}).
7067 @item print @var{expr}
7068 @itemx print /@var{f} @var{expr}
7069 @var{expr} is an expression (in the source language). By default the
7070 value of @var{expr} is printed in a format appropriate to its data type;
7071 you can choose a different format by specifying @samp{/@var{f}}, where
7072 @var{f} is a letter specifying the format; see @ref{Output Formats,,Output
7076 @itemx print /@var{f}
7077 @cindex reprint the last value
7078 If you omit @var{expr}, @value{GDBN} displays the last value again (from the
7079 @dfn{value history}; @pxref{Value History, ,Value History}). This allows you to
7080 conveniently inspect the same value in an alternative format.
7083 A more low-level way of examining data is with the @code{x} command.
7084 It examines data in memory at a specified address and prints it in a
7085 specified format. @xref{Memory, ,Examining Memory}.
7087 If you are interested in information about types, or about how the
7088 fields of a struct or a class are declared, use the @code{ptype @var{exp}}
7089 command rather than @code{print}. @xref{Symbols, ,Examining the Symbol
7093 * Expressions:: Expressions
7094 * Ambiguous Expressions:: Ambiguous Expressions
7095 * Variables:: Program variables
7096 * Arrays:: Artificial arrays
7097 * Output Formats:: Output formats
7098 * Memory:: Examining memory
7099 * Auto Display:: Automatic display
7100 * Print Settings:: Print settings
7101 * Pretty Printing:: Python pretty printing
7102 * Value History:: Value history
7103 * Convenience Vars:: Convenience variables
7104 * Registers:: Registers
7105 * Floating Point Hardware:: Floating point hardware
7106 * Vector Unit:: Vector Unit
7107 * OS Information:: Auxiliary data provided by operating system
7108 * Memory Region Attributes:: Memory region attributes
7109 * Dump/Restore Files:: Copy between memory and a file
7110 * Core File Generation:: Cause a program dump its core
7111 * Character Sets:: Debugging programs that use a different
7112 character set than GDB does
7113 * Caching Remote Data:: Data caching for remote targets
7114 * Searching Memory:: Searching memory for a sequence of bytes
7118 @section Expressions
7121 @code{print} and many other @value{GDBN} commands accept an expression and
7122 compute its value. Any kind of constant, variable or operator defined
7123 by the programming language you are using is valid in an expression in
7124 @value{GDBN}. This includes conditional expressions, function calls,
7125 casts, and string constants. It also includes preprocessor macros, if
7126 you compiled your program to include this information; see
7129 @cindex arrays in expressions
7130 @value{GDBN} supports array constants in expressions input by
7131 the user. The syntax is @{@var{element}, @var{element}@dots{}@}. For example,
7132 you can use the command @code{print @{1, 2, 3@}} to create an array
7133 of three integers. If you pass an array to a function or assign it
7134 to a program variable, @value{GDBN} copies the array to memory that
7135 is @code{malloc}ed in the target program.
7137 Because C is so widespread, most of the expressions shown in examples in
7138 this manual are in C. @xref{Languages, , Using @value{GDBN} with Different
7139 Languages}, for information on how to use expressions in other
7142 In this section, we discuss operators that you can use in @value{GDBN}
7143 expressions regardless of your programming language.
7145 @cindex casts, in expressions
7146 Casts are supported in all languages, not just in C, because it is so
7147 useful to cast a number into a pointer in order to examine a structure
7148 at that address in memory.
7149 @c FIXME: casts supported---Mod2 true?
7151 @value{GDBN} supports these operators, in addition to those common
7152 to programming languages:
7156 @samp{@@} is a binary operator for treating parts of memory as arrays.
7157 @xref{Arrays, ,Artificial Arrays}, for more information.
7160 @samp{::} allows you to specify a variable in terms of the file or
7161 function where it is defined. @xref{Variables, ,Program Variables}.
7163 @cindex @{@var{type}@}
7164 @cindex type casting memory
7165 @cindex memory, viewing as typed object
7166 @cindex casts, to view memory
7167 @item @{@var{type}@} @var{addr}
7168 Refers to an object of type @var{type} stored at address @var{addr} in
7169 memory. @var{addr} may be any expression whose value is an integer or
7170 pointer (but parentheses are required around binary operators, just as in
7171 a cast). This construct is allowed regardless of what kind of data is
7172 normally supposed to reside at @var{addr}.
7175 @node Ambiguous Expressions
7176 @section Ambiguous Expressions
7177 @cindex ambiguous expressions
7179 Expressions can sometimes contain some ambiguous elements. For instance,
7180 some programming languages (notably Ada, C@t{++} and Objective-C) permit
7181 a single function name to be defined several times, for application in
7182 different contexts. This is called @dfn{overloading}. Another example
7183 involving Ada is generics. A @dfn{generic package} is similar to C@t{++}
7184 templates and is typically instantiated several times, resulting in
7185 the same function name being defined in different contexts.
7187 In some cases and depending on the language, it is possible to adjust
7188 the expression to remove the ambiguity. For instance in C@t{++}, you
7189 can specify the signature of the function you want to break on, as in
7190 @kbd{break @var{function}(@var{types})}. In Ada, using the fully
7191 qualified name of your function often makes the expression unambiguous
7194 When an ambiguity that needs to be resolved is detected, the debugger
7195 has the capability to display a menu of numbered choices for each
7196 possibility, and then waits for the selection with the prompt @samp{>}.
7197 The first option is always @samp{[0] cancel}, and typing @kbd{0 @key{RET}}
7198 aborts the current command. If the command in which the expression was
7199 used allows more than one choice to be selected, the next option in the
7200 menu is @samp{[1] all}, and typing @kbd{1 @key{RET}} selects all possible
7203 For example, the following session excerpt shows an attempt to set a
7204 breakpoint at the overloaded symbol @code{String::after}.
7205 We choose three particular definitions of that function name:
7207 @c FIXME! This is likely to change to show arg type lists, at least
7210 (@value{GDBP}) b String::after
7213 [2] file:String.cc; line number:867
7214 [3] file:String.cc; line number:860
7215 [4] file:String.cc; line number:875
7216 [5] file:String.cc; line number:853
7217 [6] file:String.cc; line number:846
7218 [7] file:String.cc; line number:735
7220 Breakpoint 1 at 0xb26c: file String.cc, line 867.
7221 Breakpoint 2 at 0xb344: file String.cc, line 875.
7222 Breakpoint 3 at 0xafcc: file String.cc, line 846.
7223 Multiple breakpoints were set.
7224 Use the "delete" command to delete unwanted
7231 @kindex set multiple-symbols
7232 @item set multiple-symbols @var{mode}
7233 @cindex multiple-symbols menu
7235 This option allows you to adjust the debugger behavior when an expression
7238 By default, @var{mode} is set to @code{all}. If the command with which
7239 the expression is used allows more than one choice, then @value{GDBN}
7240 automatically selects all possible choices. For instance, inserting
7241 a breakpoint on a function using an ambiguous name results in a breakpoint
7242 inserted on each possible match. However, if a unique choice must be made,
7243 then @value{GDBN} uses the menu to help you disambiguate the expression.
7244 For instance, printing the address of an overloaded function will result
7245 in the use of the menu.
7247 When @var{mode} is set to @code{ask}, the debugger always uses the menu
7248 when an ambiguity is detected.
7250 Finally, when @var{mode} is set to @code{cancel}, the debugger reports
7251 an error due to the ambiguity and the command is aborted.
7253 @kindex show multiple-symbols
7254 @item show multiple-symbols
7255 Show the current value of the @code{multiple-symbols} setting.
7259 @section Program Variables
7261 The most common kind of expression to use is the name of a variable
7264 Variables in expressions are understood in the selected stack frame
7265 (@pxref{Selection, ,Selecting a Frame}); they must be either:
7269 global (or file-static)
7276 visible according to the scope rules of the
7277 programming language from the point of execution in that frame
7280 @noindent This means that in the function
7295 you can examine and use the variable @code{a} whenever your program is
7296 executing within the function @code{foo}, but you can only use or
7297 examine the variable @code{b} while your program is executing inside
7298 the block where @code{b} is declared.
7300 @cindex variable name conflict
7301 There is an exception: you can refer to a variable or function whose
7302 scope is a single source file even if the current execution point is not
7303 in this file. But it is possible to have more than one such variable or
7304 function with the same name (in different source files). If that
7305 happens, referring to that name has unpredictable effects. If you wish,
7306 you can specify a static variable in a particular function or file,
7307 using the colon-colon (@code{::}) notation:
7309 @cindex colon-colon, context for variables/functions
7311 @c info cannot cope with a :: index entry, but why deprive hard copy readers?
7312 @cindex @code{::}, context for variables/functions
7315 @var{file}::@var{variable}
7316 @var{function}::@var{variable}
7320 Here @var{file} or @var{function} is the name of the context for the
7321 static @var{variable}. In the case of file names, you can use quotes to
7322 make sure @value{GDBN} parses the file name as a single word---for example,
7323 to print a global value of @code{x} defined in @file{f2.c}:
7326 (@value{GDBP}) p 'f2.c'::x
7329 @cindex C@t{++} scope resolution
7330 This use of @samp{::} is very rarely in conflict with the very similar
7331 use of the same notation in C@t{++}. @value{GDBN} also supports use of the C@t{++}
7332 scope resolution operator in @value{GDBN} expressions.
7333 @c FIXME: Um, so what happens in one of those rare cases where it's in
7336 @cindex wrong values
7337 @cindex variable values, wrong
7338 @cindex function entry/exit, wrong values of variables
7339 @cindex optimized code, wrong values of variables
7341 @emph{Warning:} Occasionally, a local variable may appear to have the
7342 wrong value at certain points in a function---just after entry to a new
7343 scope, and just before exit.
7345 You may see this problem when you are stepping by machine instructions.
7346 This is because, on most machines, it takes more than one instruction to
7347 set up a stack frame (including local variable definitions); if you are
7348 stepping by machine instructions, variables may appear to have the wrong
7349 values until the stack frame is completely built. On exit, it usually
7350 also takes more than one machine instruction to destroy a stack frame;
7351 after you begin stepping through that group of instructions, local
7352 variable definitions may be gone.
7354 This may also happen when the compiler does significant optimizations.
7355 To be sure of always seeing accurate values, turn off all optimization
7358 @cindex ``No symbol "foo" in current context''
7359 Another possible effect of compiler optimizations is to optimize
7360 unused variables out of existence, or assign variables to registers (as
7361 opposed to memory addresses). Depending on the support for such cases
7362 offered by the debug info format used by the compiler, @value{GDBN}
7363 might not be able to display values for such local variables. If that
7364 happens, @value{GDBN} will print a message like this:
7367 No symbol "foo" in current context.
7370 To solve such problems, either recompile without optimizations, or use a
7371 different debug info format, if the compiler supports several such
7372 formats. For example, @value{NGCC}, the @sc{gnu} C/C@t{++} compiler,
7373 usually supports the @option{-gstabs+} option. @option{-gstabs+}
7374 produces debug info in a format that is superior to formats such as
7375 COFF. You may be able to use DWARF 2 (@option{-gdwarf-2}), which is also
7376 an effective form for debug info. @xref{Debugging Options,,Options
7377 for Debugging Your Program or GCC, gcc.info, Using the @sc{gnu}
7378 Compiler Collection (GCC)}.
7379 @xref{C, ,C and C@t{++}}, for more information about debug info formats
7380 that are best suited to C@t{++} programs.
7382 If you ask to print an object whose contents are unknown to
7383 @value{GDBN}, e.g., because its data type is not completely specified
7384 by the debug information, @value{GDBN} will say @samp{<incomplete
7385 type>}. @xref{Symbols, incomplete type}, for more about this.
7387 If you append @kbd{@@entry} string to a function parameter name you get its
7388 value at the time the function got called. If the value is not available an
7389 error message is printed. Entry values are available only with some compilers.
7390 Entry values are normally also printed at the function parameter list according
7391 to @ref{set print entry-values}.
7394 Breakpoint 1, d (i=30) at gdb.base/entry-value.c:29
7400 (gdb) print i@@entry
7404 Strings are identified as arrays of @code{char} values without specified
7405 signedness. Arrays of either @code{signed char} or @code{unsigned char} get
7406 printed as arrays of 1 byte sized integers. @code{-fsigned-char} or
7407 @code{-funsigned-char} @value{NGCC} options have no effect as @value{GDBN}
7408 defines literal string type @code{"char"} as @code{char} without a sign.
7413 signed char var1[] = "A";
7416 You get during debugging
7421 $2 = @{65 'A', 0 '\0'@}
7425 @section Artificial Arrays
7427 @cindex artificial array
7429 @kindex @@@r{, referencing memory as an array}
7430 It is often useful to print out several successive objects of the
7431 same type in memory; a section of an array, or an array of
7432 dynamically determined size for which only a pointer exists in the
7435 You can do this by referring to a contiguous span of memory as an
7436 @dfn{artificial array}, using the binary operator @samp{@@}. The left
7437 operand of @samp{@@} should be the first element of the desired array
7438 and be an individual object. The right operand should be the desired length
7439 of the array. The result is an array value whose elements are all of
7440 the type of the left argument. The first element is actually the left
7441 argument; the second element comes from bytes of memory immediately
7442 following those that hold the first element, and so on. Here is an
7443 example. If a program says
7446 int *array = (int *) malloc (len * sizeof (int));
7450 you can print the contents of @code{array} with
7456 The left operand of @samp{@@} must reside in memory. Array values made
7457 with @samp{@@} in this way behave just like other arrays in terms of
7458 subscripting, and are coerced to pointers when used in expressions.
7459 Artificial arrays most often appear in expressions via the value history
7460 (@pxref{Value History, ,Value History}), after printing one out.
7462 Another way to create an artificial array is to use a cast.
7463 This re-interprets a value as if it were an array.
7464 The value need not be in memory:
7466 (@value{GDBP}) p/x (short[2])0x12345678
7467 $1 = @{0x1234, 0x5678@}
7470 As a convenience, if you leave the array length out (as in
7471 @samp{(@var{type}[])@var{value}}) @value{GDBN} calculates the size to fill
7472 the value (as @samp{sizeof(@var{value})/sizeof(@var{type})}:
7474 (@value{GDBP}) p/x (short[])0x12345678
7475 $2 = @{0x1234, 0x5678@}
7478 Sometimes the artificial array mechanism is not quite enough; in
7479 moderately complex data structures, the elements of interest may not
7480 actually be adjacent---for example, if you are interested in the values
7481 of pointers in an array. One useful work-around in this situation is
7482 to use a convenience variable (@pxref{Convenience Vars, ,Convenience
7483 Variables}) as a counter in an expression that prints the first
7484 interesting value, and then repeat that expression via @key{RET}. For
7485 instance, suppose you have an array @code{dtab} of pointers to
7486 structures, and you are interested in the values of a field @code{fv}
7487 in each structure. Here is an example of what you might type:
7497 @node Output Formats
7498 @section Output Formats
7500 @cindex formatted output
7501 @cindex output formats
7502 By default, @value{GDBN} prints a value according to its data type. Sometimes
7503 this is not what you want. For example, you might want to print a number
7504 in hex, or a pointer in decimal. Or you might want to view data in memory
7505 at a certain address as a character string or as an instruction. To do
7506 these things, specify an @dfn{output format} when you print a value.
7508 The simplest use of output formats is to say how to print a value
7509 already computed. This is done by starting the arguments of the
7510 @code{print} command with a slash and a format letter. The format
7511 letters supported are:
7515 Regard the bits of the value as an integer, and print the integer in
7519 Print as integer in signed decimal.
7522 Print as integer in unsigned decimal.
7525 Print as integer in octal.
7528 Print as integer in binary. The letter @samp{t} stands for ``two''.
7529 @footnote{@samp{b} cannot be used because these format letters are also
7530 used with the @code{x} command, where @samp{b} stands for ``byte'';
7531 see @ref{Memory,,Examining Memory}.}
7534 @cindex unknown address, locating
7535 @cindex locate address
7536 Print as an address, both absolute in hexadecimal and as an offset from
7537 the nearest preceding symbol. You can use this format used to discover
7538 where (in what function) an unknown address is located:
7541 (@value{GDBP}) p/a 0x54320
7542 $3 = 0x54320 <_initialize_vx+396>
7546 The command @code{info symbol 0x54320} yields similar results.
7547 @xref{Symbols, info symbol}.
7550 Regard as an integer and print it as a character constant. This
7551 prints both the numerical value and its character representation. The
7552 character representation is replaced with the octal escape @samp{\nnn}
7553 for characters outside the 7-bit @sc{ascii} range.
7555 Without this format, @value{GDBN} displays @code{char},
7556 @w{@code{unsigned char}}, and @w{@code{signed char}} data as character
7557 constants. Single-byte members of vectors are displayed as integer
7561 Regard the bits of the value as a floating point number and print
7562 using typical floating point syntax.
7565 @cindex printing strings
7566 @cindex printing byte arrays
7567 Regard as a string, if possible. With this format, pointers to single-byte
7568 data are displayed as null-terminated strings and arrays of single-byte data
7569 are displayed as fixed-length strings. Other values are displayed in their
7572 Without this format, @value{GDBN} displays pointers to and arrays of
7573 @code{char}, @w{@code{unsigned char}}, and @w{@code{signed char}} as
7574 strings. Single-byte members of a vector are displayed as an integer
7578 @cindex raw printing
7579 Print using the @samp{raw} formatting. By default, @value{GDBN} will
7580 use a Python-based pretty-printer, if one is available (@pxref{Pretty
7581 Printing}). This typically results in a higher-level display of the
7582 value's contents. The @samp{r} format bypasses any Python
7583 pretty-printer which might exist.
7586 For example, to print the program counter in hex (@pxref{Registers}), type
7593 Note that no space is required before the slash; this is because command
7594 names in @value{GDBN} cannot contain a slash.
7596 To reprint the last value in the value history with a different format,
7597 you can use the @code{print} command with just a format and no
7598 expression. For example, @samp{p/x} reprints the last value in hex.
7601 @section Examining Memory
7603 You can use the command @code{x} (for ``examine'') to examine memory in
7604 any of several formats, independently of your program's data types.
7606 @cindex examining memory
7608 @kindex x @r{(examine memory)}
7609 @item x/@var{nfu} @var{addr}
7612 Use the @code{x} command to examine memory.
7615 @var{n}, @var{f}, and @var{u} are all optional parameters that specify how
7616 much memory to display and how to format it; @var{addr} is an
7617 expression giving the address where you want to start displaying memory.
7618 If you use defaults for @var{nfu}, you need not type the slash @samp{/}.
7619 Several commands set convenient defaults for @var{addr}.
7622 @item @var{n}, the repeat count
7623 The repeat count is a decimal integer; the default is 1. It specifies
7624 how much memory (counting by units @var{u}) to display.
7625 @c This really is **decimal**; unaffected by 'set radix' as of GDB
7628 @item @var{f}, the display format
7629 The display format is one of the formats used by @code{print}
7630 (@samp{x}, @samp{d}, @samp{u}, @samp{o}, @samp{t}, @samp{a}, @samp{c},
7631 @samp{f}, @samp{s}), and in addition @samp{i} (for machine instructions).
7632 The default is @samp{x} (hexadecimal) initially. The default changes
7633 each time you use either @code{x} or @code{print}.
7635 @item @var{u}, the unit size
7636 The unit size is any of
7642 Halfwords (two bytes).
7644 Words (four bytes). This is the initial default.
7646 Giant words (eight bytes).
7649 Each time you specify a unit size with @code{x}, that size becomes the
7650 default unit the next time you use @code{x}. For the @samp{i} format,
7651 the unit size is ignored and is normally not written. For the @samp{s} format,
7652 the unit size defaults to @samp{b}, unless it is explicitly given.
7653 Use @kbd{x /hs} to display 16-bit char strings and @kbd{x /ws} to display
7654 32-bit strings. The next use of @kbd{x /s} will again display 8-bit strings.
7655 Note that the results depend on the programming language of the
7656 current compilation unit. If the language is C, the @samp{s}
7657 modifier will use the UTF-16 encoding while @samp{w} will use
7658 UTF-32. The encoding is set by the programming language and cannot
7661 @item @var{addr}, starting display address
7662 @var{addr} is the address where you want @value{GDBN} to begin displaying
7663 memory. The expression need not have a pointer value (though it may);
7664 it is always interpreted as an integer address of a byte of memory.
7665 @xref{Expressions, ,Expressions}, for more information on expressions. The default for
7666 @var{addr} is usually just after the last address examined---but several
7667 other commands also set the default address: @code{info breakpoints} (to
7668 the address of the last breakpoint listed), @code{info line} (to the
7669 starting address of a line), and @code{print} (if you use it to display
7670 a value from memory).
7673 For example, @samp{x/3uh 0x54320} is a request to display three halfwords
7674 (@code{h}) of memory, formatted as unsigned decimal integers (@samp{u}),
7675 starting at address @code{0x54320}. @samp{x/4xw $sp} prints the four
7676 words (@samp{w}) of memory above the stack pointer (here, @samp{$sp};
7677 @pxref{Registers, ,Registers}) in hexadecimal (@samp{x}).
7679 Since the letters indicating unit sizes are all distinct from the
7680 letters specifying output formats, you do not have to remember whether
7681 unit size or format comes first; either order works. The output
7682 specifications @samp{4xw} and @samp{4wx} mean exactly the same thing.
7683 (However, the count @var{n} must come first; @samp{wx4} does not work.)
7685 Even though the unit size @var{u} is ignored for the formats @samp{s}
7686 and @samp{i}, you might still want to use a count @var{n}; for example,
7687 @samp{3i} specifies that you want to see three machine instructions,
7688 including any operands. For convenience, especially when used with
7689 the @code{display} command, the @samp{i} format also prints branch delay
7690 slot instructions, if any, beyond the count specified, which immediately
7691 follow the last instruction that is within the count. The command
7692 @code{disassemble} gives an alternative way of inspecting machine
7693 instructions; see @ref{Machine Code,,Source and Machine Code}.
7695 All the defaults for the arguments to @code{x} are designed to make it
7696 easy to continue scanning memory with minimal specifications each time
7697 you use @code{x}. For example, after you have inspected three machine
7698 instructions with @samp{x/3i @var{addr}}, you can inspect the next seven
7699 with just @samp{x/7}. If you use @key{RET} to repeat the @code{x} command,
7700 the repeat count @var{n} is used again; the other arguments default as
7701 for successive uses of @code{x}.
7703 When examining machine instructions, the instruction at current program
7704 counter is shown with a @code{=>} marker. For example:
7707 (@value{GDBP}) x/5i $pc-6
7708 0x804837f <main+11>: mov %esp,%ebp
7709 0x8048381 <main+13>: push %ecx
7710 0x8048382 <main+14>: sub $0x4,%esp
7711 => 0x8048385 <main+17>: movl $0x8048460,(%esp)
7712 0x804838c <main+24>: call 0x80482d4 <puts@@plt>
7715 @cindex @code{$_}, @code{$__}, and value history
7716 The addresses and contents printed by the @code{x} command are not saved
7717 in the value history because there is often too much of them and they
7718 would get in the way. Instead, @value{GDBN} makes these values available for
7719 subsequent use in expressions as values of the convenience variables
7720 @code{$_} and @code{$__}. After an @code{x} command, the last address
7721 examined is available for use in expressions in the convenience variable
7722 @code{$_}. The contents of that address, as examined, are available in
7723 the convenience variable @code{$__}.
7725 If the @code{x} command has a repeat count, the address and contents saved
7726 are from the last memory unit printed; this is not the same as the last
7727 address printed if several units were printed on the last line of output.
7729 @cindex remote memory comparison
7730 @cindex verify remote memory image
7731 When you are debugging a program running on a remote target machine
7732 (@pxref{Remote Debugging}), you may wish to verify the program's image in the
7733 remote machine's memory against the executable file you downloaded to
7734 the target. The @code{compare-sections} command is provided for such
7738 @kindex compare-sections
7739 @item compare-sections @r{[}@var{section-name}@r{]}
7740 Compare the data of a loadable section @var{section-name} in the
7741 executable file of the program being debugged with the same section in
7742 the remote machine's memory, and report any mismatches. With no
7743 arguments, compares all loadable sections. This command's
7744 availability depends on the target's support for the @code{"qCRC"}
7749 @section Automatic Display
7750 @cindex automatic display
7751 @cindex display of expressions
7753 If you find that you want to print the value of an expression frequently
7754 (to see how it changes), you might want to add it to the @dfn{automatic
7755 display list} so that @value{GDBN} prints its value each time your program stops.
7756 Each expression added to the list is given a number to identify it;
7757 to remove an expression from the list, you specify that number.
7758 The automatic display looks like this:
7762 3: bar[5] = (struct hack *) 0x3804
7766 This display shows item numbers, expressions and their current values. As with
7767 displays you request manually using @code{x} or @code{print}, you can
7768 specify the output format you prefer; in fact, @code{display} decides
7769 whether to use @code{print} or @code{x} depending your format
7770 specification---it uses @code{x} if you specify either the @samp{i}
7771 or @samp{s} format, or a unit size; otherwise it uses @code{print}.
7775 @item display @var{expr}
7776 Add the expression @var{expr} to the list of expressions to display
7777 each time your program stops. @xref{Expressions, ,Expressions}.
7779 @code{display} does not repeat if you press @key{RET} again after using it.
7781 @item display/@var{fmt} @var{expr}
7782 For @var{fmt} specifying only a display format and not a size or
7783 count, add the expression @var{expr} to the auto-display list but
7784 arrange to display it each time in the specified format @var{fmt}.
7785 @xref{Output Formats,,Output Formats}.
7787 @item display/@var{fmt} @var{addr}
7788 For @var{fmt} @samp{i} or @samp{s}, or including a unit-size or a
7789 number of units, add the expression @var{addr} as a memory address to
7790 be examined each time your program stops. Examining means in effect
7791 doing @samp{x/@var{fmt} @var{addr}}. @xref{Memory, ,Examining Memory}.
7794 For example, @samp{display/i $pc} can be helpful, to see the machine
7795 instruction about to be executed each time execution stops (@samp{$pc}
7796 is a common name for the program counter; @pxref{Registers, ,Registers}).
7799 @kindex delete display
7801 @item undisplay @var{dnums}@dots{}
7802 @itemx delete display @var{dnums}@dots{}
7803 Remove items from the list of expressions to display. Specify the
7804 numbers of the displays that you want affected with the command
7805 argument @var{dnums}. It can be a single display number, one of the
7806 numbers shown in the first field of the @samp{info display} display;
7807 or it could be a range of display numbers, as in @code{2-4}.
7809 @code{undisplay} does not repeat if you press @key{RET} after using it.
7810 (Otherwise you would just get the error @samp{No display number @dots{}}.)
7812 @kindex disable display
7813 @item disable display @var{dnums}@dots{}
7814 Disable the display of item numbers @var{dnums}. A disabled display
7815 item is not printed automatically, but is not forgotten. It may be
7816 enabled again later. Specify the numbers of the displays that you
7817 want affected with the command argument @var{dnums}. It can be a
7818 single display number, one of the numbers shown in the first field of
7819 the @samp{info display} display; or it could be a range of display
7820 numbers, as in @code{2-4}.
7822 @kindex enable display
7823 @item enable display @var{dnums}@dots{}
7824 Enable display of item numbers @var{dnums}. It becomes effective once
7825 again in auto display of its expression, until you specify otherwise.
7826 Specify the numbers of the displays that you want affected with the
7827 command argument @var{dnums}. It can be a single display number, one
7828 of the numbers shown in the first field of the @samp{info display}
7829 display; or it could be a range of display numbers, as in @code{2-4}.
7832 Display the current values of the expressions on the list, just as is
7833 done when your program stops.
7835 @kindex info display
7837 Print the list of expressions previously set up to display
7838 automatically, each one with its item number, but without showing the
7839 values. This includes disabled expressions, which are marked as such.
7840 It also includes expressions which would not be displayed right now
7841 because they refer to automatic variables not currently available.
7844 @cindex display disabled out of scope
7845 If a display expression refers to local variables, then it does not make
7846 sense outside the lexical context for which it was set up. Such an
7847 expression is disabled when execution enters a context where one of its
7848 variables is not defined. For example, if you give the command
7849 @code{display last_char} while inside a function with an argument
7850 @code{last_char}, @value{GDBN} displays this argument while your program
7851 continues to stop inside that function. When it stops elsewhere---where
7852 there is no variable @code{last_char}---the display is disabled
7853 automatically. The next time your program stops where @code{last_char}
7854 is meaningful, you can enable the display expression once again.
7856 @node Print Settings
7857 @section Print Settings
7859 @cindex format options
7860 @cindex print settings
7861 @value{GDBN} provides the following ways to control how arrays, structures,
7862 and symbols are printed.
7865 These settings are useful for debugging programs in any language:
7869 @item set print address
7870 @itemx set print address on
7871 @cindex print/don't print memory addresses
7872 @value{GDBN} prints memory addresses showing the location of stack
7873 traces, structure values, pointer values, breakpoints, and so forth,
7874 even when it also displays the contents of those addresses. The default
7875 is @code{on}. For example, this is what a stack frame display looks like with
7876 @code{set print address on}:
7881 #0 set_quotes (lq=0x34c78 "<<", rq=0x34c88 ">>")
7883 530 if (lquote != def_lquote)
7887 @item set print address off
7888 Do not print addresses when displaying their contents. For example,
7889 this is the same stack frame displayed with @code{set print address off}:
7893 (@value{GDBP}) set print addr off
7895 #0 set_quotes (lq="<<", rq=">>") at input.c:530
7896 530 if (lquote != def_lquote)
7900 You can use @samp{set print address off} to eliminate all machine
7901 dependent displays from the @value{GDBN} interface. For example, with
7902 @code{print address off}, you should get the same text for backtraces on
7903 all machines---whether or not they involve pointer arguments.
7906 @item show print address
7907 Show whether or not addresses are to be printed.
7910 When @value{GDBN} prints a symbolic address, it normally prints the
7911 closest earlier symbol plus an offset. If that symbol does not uniquely
7912 identify the address (for example, it is a name whose scope is a single
7913 source file), you may need to clarify. One way to do this is with
7914 @code{info line}, for example @samp{info line *0x4537}. Alternately,
7915 you can set @value{GDBN} to print the source file and line number when
7916 it prints a symbolic address:
7919 @item set print symbol-filename on
7920 @cindex source file and line of a symbol
7921 @cindex symbol, source file and line
7922 Tell @value{GDBN} to print the source file name and line number of a
7923 symbol in the symbolic form of an address.
7925 @item set print symbol-filename off
7926 Do not print source file name and line number of a symbol. This is the
7929 @item show print symbol-filename
7930 Show whether or not @value{GDBN} will print the source file name and
7931 line number of a symbol in the symbolic form of an address.
7934 Another situation where it is helpful to show symbol filenames and line
7935 numbers is when disassembling code; @value{GDBN} shows you the line
7936 number and source file that corresponds to each instruction.
7938 Also, you may wish to see the symbolic form only if the address being
7939 printed is reasonably close to the closest earlier symbol:
7942 @item set print max-symbolic-offset @var{max-offset}
7943 @cindex maximum value for offset of closest symbol
7944 Tell @value{GDBN} to only display the symbolic form of an address if the
7945 offset between the closest earlier symbol and the address is less than
7946 @var{max-offset}. The default is 0, which tells @value{GDBN}
7947 to always print the symbolic form of an address if any symbol precedes it.
7949 @item show print max-symbolic-offset
7950 Ask how large the maximum offset is that @value{GDBN} prints in a
7954 @cindex wild pointer, interpreting
7955 @cindex pointer, finding referent
7956 If you have a pointer and you are not sure where it points, try
7957 @samp{set print symbol-filename on}. Then you can determine the name
7958 and source file location of the variable where it points, using
7959 @samp{p/a @var{pointer}}. This interprets the address in symbolic form.
7960 For example, here @value{GDBN} shows that a variable @code{ptt} points
7961 at another variable @code{t}, defined in @file{hi2.c}:
7964 (@value{GDBP}) set print symbol-filename on
7965 (@value{GDBP}) p/a ptt
7966 $4 = 0xe008 <t in hi2.c>
7970 @emph{Warning:} For pointers that point to a local variable, @samp{p/a}
7971 does not show the symbol name and filename of the referent, even with
7972 the appropriate @code{set print} options turned on.
7975 Other settings control how different kinds of objects are printed:
7978 @item set print array
7979 @itemx set print array on
7980 @cindex pretty print arrays
7981 Pretty print arrays. This format is more convenient to read,
7982 but uses more space. The default is off.
7984 @item set print array off
7985 Return to compressed format for arrays.
7987 @item show print array
7988 Show whether compressed or pretty format is selected for displaying
7991 @cindex print array indexes
7992 @item set print array-indexes
7993 @itemx set print array-indexes on
7994 Print the index of each element when displaying arrays. May be more
7995 convenient to locate a given element in the array or quickly find the
7996 index of a given element in that printed array. The default is off.
7998 @item set print array-indexes off
7999 Stop printing element indexes when displaying arrays.
8001 @item show print array-indexes
8002 Show whether the index of each element is printed when displaying
8005 @item set print elements @var{number-of-elements}
8006 @cindex number of array elements to print
8007 @cindex limit on number of printed array elements
8008 Set a limit on how many elements of an array @value{GDBN} will print.
8009 If @value{GDBN} is printing a large array, it stops printing after it has
8010 printed the number of elements set by the @code{set print elements} command.
8011 This limit also applies to the display of strings.
8012 When @value{GDBN} starts, this limit is set to 200.
8013 Setting @var{number-of-elements} to zero means that the printing is unlimited.
8015 @item show print elements
8016 Display the number of elements of a large array that @value{GDBN} will print.
8017 If the number is 0, then the printing is unlimited.
8019 @item set print frame-arguments @var{value}
8020 @kindex set print frame-arguments
8021 @cindex printing frame argument values
8022 @cindex print all frame argument values
8023 @cindex print frame argument values for scalars only
8024 @cindex do not print frame argument values
8025 This command allows to control how the values of arguments are printed
8026 when the debugger prints a frame (@pxref{Frames}). The possible
8031 The values of all arguments are printed.
8034 Print the value of an argument only if it is a scalar. The value of more
8035 complex arguments such as arrays, structures, unions, etc, is replaced
8036 by @code{@dots{}}. This is the default. Here is an example where
8037 only scalar arguments are shown:
8040 #1 0x08048361 in call_me (i=3, s=@dots{}, ss=0xbf8d508c, u=@dots{}, e=green)
8045 None of the argument values are printed. Instead, the value of each argument
8046 is replaced by @code{@dots{}}. In this case, the example above now becomes:
8049 #1 0x08048361 in call_me (i=@dots{}, s=@dots{}, ss=@dots{}, u=@dots{}, e=@dots{})
8054 By default, only scalar arguments are printed. This command can be used
8055 to configure the debugger to print the value of all arguments, regardless
8056 of their type. However, it is often advantageous to not print the value
8057 of more complex parameters. For instance, it reduces the amount of
8058 information printed in each frame, making the backtrace more readable.
8059 Also, it improves performance when displaying Ada frames, because
8060 the computation of large arguments can sometimes be CPU-intensive,
8061 especially in large applications. Setting @code{print frame-arguments}
8062 to @code{scalars} (the default) or @code{none} avoids this computation,
8063 thus speeding up the display of each Ada frame.
8065 @item show print frame-arguments
8066 Show how the value of arguments should be displayed when printing a frame.
8068 @anchor{set print entry-values}
8069 @item set print entry-values @var{value}
8070 @kindex set print entry-values
8071 Set printing of frame argument values at function entry. In some cases
8072 @value{GDBN} can determine the value of function argument which was passed by
8073 the function caller, even if the value was modified inside the called function
8074 and therefore is different. With optimized code, the current value could be
8075 unavailable, but the entry value may still be known.
8077 The default value is @code{default} (see below for its description). Older
8078 @value{GDBN} behaved as with the setting @code{no}. Compilers not supporting
8079 this feature will behave in the @code{default} setting the same way as with the
8082 This functionality is currently supported only by DWARF 2 debugging format and
8083 the compiler has to produce @samp{DW_TAG_GNU_call_site} tags. With
8084 @value{NGCC}, you need to specify @option{-O -g} during compilation, to get
8087 The @var{value} parameter can be one of the following:
8091 Print only actual parameter values, never print values from function entry
8095 #0 different (val=6)
8096 #0 lost (val=<optimized out>)
8098 #0 invalid (val=<optimized out>)
8102 Print only parameter values from function entry point. The actual parameter
8103 values are never printed.
8105 #0 equal (val@@entry=5)
8106 #0 different (val@@entry=5)
8107 #0 lost (val@@entry=5)
8108 #0 born (val@@entry=<optimized out>)
8109 #0 invalid (val@@entry=<optimized out>)
8113 Print only parameter values from function entry point. If value from function
8114 entry point is not known while the actual value is known, print the actual
8115 value for such parameter.
8117 #0 equal (val@@entry=5)
8118 #0 different (val@@entry=5)
8119 #0 lost (val@@entry=5)
8121 #0 invalid (val@@entry=<optimized out>)
8125 Print actual parameter values. If actual parameter value is not known while
8126 value from function entry point is known, print the entry point value for such
8130 #0 different (val=6)
8131 #0 lost (val@@entry=5)
8133 #0 invalid (val=<optimized out>)
8137 Always print both the actual parameter value and its value from function entry
8138 point, even if values of one or both are not available due to compiler
8141 #0 equal (val=5, val@@entry=5)
8142 #0 different (val=6, val@@entry=5)
8143 #0 lost (val=<optimized out>, val@@entry=5)
8144 #0 born (val=10, val@@entry=<optimized out>)
8145 #0 invalid (val=<optimized out>, val@@entry=<optimized out>)
8149 Print the actual parameter value if it is known and also its value from
8150 function entry point if it is known. If neither is known, print for the actual
8151 value @code{<optimized out>}. If not in MI mode (@pxref{GDB/MI}) and if both
8152 values are known and identical, print the shortened
8153 @code{param=param@@entry=VALUE} notation.
8155 #0 equal (val=val@@entry=5)
8156 #0 different (val=6, val@@entry=5)
8157 #0 lost (val@@entry=5)
8159 #0 invalid (val=<optimized out>)
8163 Always print the actual parameter value. Print also its value from function
8164 entry point, but only if it is known. If not in MI mode (@pxref{GDB/MI}) and
8165 if both values are known and identical, print the shortened
8166 @code{param=param@@entry=VALUE} notation.
8168 #0 equal (val=val@@entry=5)
8169 #0 different (val=6, val@@entry=5)
8170 #0 lost (val=<optimized out>, val@@entry=5)
8172 #0 invalid (val=<optimized out>)
8176 For analysis messages on possible failures of frame argument values at function
8177 entry resolution see @ref{set debug entry-values}.
8179 @item show print entry-values
8180 Show the method being used for printing of frame argument values at function
8183 @item set print repeats
8184 @cindex repeated array elements
8185 Set the threshold for suppressing display of repeated array
8186 elements. When the number of consecutive identical elements of an
8187 array exceeds the threshold, @value{GDBN} prints the string
8188 @code{"<repeats @var{n} times>"}, where @var{n} is the number of
8189 identical repetitions, instead of displaying the identical elements
8190 themselves. Setting the threshold to zero will cause all elements to
8191 be individually printed. The default threshold is 10.
8193 @item show print repeats
8194 Display the current threshold for printing repeated identical
8197 @item set print null-stop
8198 @cindex @sc{null} elements in arrays
8199 Cause @value{GDBN} to stop printing the characters of an array when the first
8200 @sc{null} is encountered. This is useful when large arrays actually
8201 contain only short strings.
8204 @item show print null-stop
8205 Show whether @value{GDBN} stops printing an array on the first
8206 @sc{null} character.
8208 @item set print pretty on
8209 @cindex print structures in indented form
8210 @cindex indentation in structure display
8211 Cause @value{GDBN} to print structures in an indented format with one member
8212 per line, like this:
8227 @item set print pretty off
8228 Cause @value{GDBN} to print structures in a compact format, like this:
8232 $1 = @{next = 0x0, flags = @{sweet = 1, sour = 1@}, \
8233 meat = 0x54 "Pork"@}
8238 This is the default format.
8240 @item show print pretty
8241 Show which format @value{GDBN} is using to print structures.
8243 @item set print sevenbit-strings on
8244 @cindex eight-bit characters in strings
8245 @cindex octal escapes in strings
8246 Print using only seven-bit characters; if this option is set,
8247 @value{GDBN} displays any eight-bit characters (in strings or
8248 character values) using the notation @code{\}@var{nnn}. This setting is
8249 best if you are working in English (@sc{ascii}) and you use the
8250 high-order bit of characters as a marker or ``meta'' bit.
8252 @item set print sevenbit-strings off
8253 Print full eight-bit characters. This allows the use of more
8254 international character sets, and is the default.
8256 @item show print sevenbit-strings
8257 Show whether or not @value{GDBN} is printing only seven-bit characters.
8259 @item set print union on
8260 @cindex unions in structures, printing
8261 Tell @value{GDBN} to print unions which are contained in structures
8262 and other unions. This is the default setting.
8264 @item set print union off
8265 Tell @value{GDBN} not to print unions which are contained in
8266 structures and other unions. @value{GDBN} will print @code{"@{...@}"}
8269 @item show print union
8270 Ask @value{GDBN} whether or not it will print unions which are contained in
8271 structures and other unions.
8273 For example, given the declarations
8276 typedef enum @{Tree, Bug@} Species;
8277 typedef enum @{Big_tree, Acorn, Seedling@} Tree_forms;
8278 typedef enum @{Caterpillar, Cocoon, Butterfly@}
8289 struct thing foo = @{Tree, @{Acorn@}@};
8293 with @code{set print union on} in effect @samp{p foo} would print
8296 $1 = @{it = Tree, form = @{tree = Acorn, bug = Cocoon@}@}
8300 and with @code{set print union off} in effect it would print
8303 $1 = @{it = Tree, form = @{...@}@}
8307 @code{set print union} affects programs written in C-like languages
8313 These settings are of interest when debugging C@t{++} programs:
8316 @cindex demangling C@t{++} names
8317 @item set print demangle
8318 @itemx set print demangle on
8319 Print C@t{++} names in their source form rather than in the encoded
8320 (``mangled'') form passed to the assembler and linker for type-safe
8321 linkage. The default is on.
8323 @item show print demangle
8324 Show whether C@t{++} names are printed in mangled or demangled form.
8326 @item set print asm-demangle
8327 @itemx set print asm-demangle on
8328 Print C@t{++} names in their source form rather than their mangled form, even
8329 in assembler code printouts such as instruction disassemblies.
8332 @item show print asm-demangle
8333 Show whether C@t{++} names in assembly listings are printed in mangled
8336 @cindex C@t{++} symbol decoding style
8337 @cindex symbol decoding style, C@t{++}
8338 @kindex set demangle-style
8339 @item set demangle-style @var{style}
8340 Choose among several encoding schemes used by different compilers to
8341 represent C@t{++} names. The choices for @var{style} are currently:
8345 Allow @value{GDBN} to choose a decoding style by inspecting your program.
8348 Decode based on the @sc{gnu} C@t{++} compiler (@code{g++}) encoding algorithm.
8349 This is the default.
8352 Decode based on the HP ANSI C@t{++} (@code{aCC}) encoding algorithm.
8355 Decode based on the Lucid C@t{++} compiler (@code{lcc}) encoding algorithm.
8358 Decode using the algorithm in the @cite{C@t{++} Annotated Reference Manual}.
8359 @strong{Warning:} this setting alone is not sufficient to allow
8360 debugging @code{cfront}-generated executables. @value{GDBN} would
8361 require further enhancement to permit that.
8364 If you omit @var{style}, you will see a list of possible formats.
8366 @item show demangle-style
8367 Display the encoding style currently in use for decoding C@t{++} symbols.
8369 @item set print object
8370 @itemx set print object on
8371 @cindex derived type of an object, printing
8372 @cindex display derived types
8373 When displaying a pointer to an object, identify the @emph{actual}
8374 (derived) type of the object rather than the @emph{declared} type, using
8375 the virtual function table. Note that the virtual function table is
8376 required---this feature can only work for objects that have run-time
8377 type identification; a single virtual method in the object's declared
8380 @item set print object off
8381 Display only the declared type of objects, without reference to the
8382 virtual function table. This is the default setting.
8384 @item show print object
8385 Show whether actual, or declared, object types are displayed.
8387 @item set print static-members
8388 @itemx set print static-members on
8389 @cindex static members of C@t{++} objects
8390 Print static members when displaying a C@t{++} object. The default is on.
8392 @item set print static-members off
8393 Do not print static members when displaying a C@t{++} object.
8395 @item show print static-members
8396 Show whether C@t{++} static members are printed or not.
8398 @item set print pascal_static-members
8399 @itemx set print pascal_static-members on
8400 @cindex static members of Pascal objects
8401 @cindex Pascal objects, static members display
8402 Print static members when displaying a Pascal object. The default is on.
8404 @item set print pascal_static-members off
8405 Do not print static members when displaying a Pascal object.
8407 @item show print pascal_static-members
8408 Show whether Pascal static members are printed or not.
8410 @c These don't work with HP ANSI C++ yet.
8411 @item set print vtbl
8412 @itemx set print vtbl on
8413 @cindex pretty print C@t{++} virtual function tables
8414 @cindex virtual functions (C@t{++}) display
8415 @cindex VTBL display
8416 Pretty print C@t{++} virtual function tables. The default is off.
8417 (The @code{vtbl} commands do not work on programs compiled with the HP
8418 ANSI C@t{++} compiler (@code{aCC}).)
8420 @item set print vtbl off
8421 Do not pretty print C@t{++} virtual function tables.
8423 @item show print vtbl
8424 Show whether C@t{++} virtual function tables are pretty printed, or not.
8427 @node Pretty Printing
8428 @section Pretty Printing
8430 @value{GDBN} provides a mechanism to allow pretty-printing of values using
8431 Python code. It greatly simplifies the display of complex objects. This
8432 mechanism works for both MI and the CLI.
8435 * Pretty-Printer Introduction:: Introduction to pretty-printers
8436 * Pretty-Printer Example:: An example pretty-printer
8437 * Pretty-Printer Commands:: Pretty-printer commands
8440 @node Pretty-Printer Introduction
8441 @subsection Pretty-Printer Introduction
8443 When @value{GDBN} prints a value, it first sees if there is a pretty-printer
8444 registered for the value. If there is then @value{GDBN} invokes the
8445 pretty-printer to print the value. Otherwise the value is printed normally.
8447 Pretty-printers are normally named. This makes them easy to manage.
8448 The @samp{info pretty-printer} command will list all the installed
8449 pretty-printers with their names.
8450 If a pretty-printer can handle multiple data types, then its
8451 @dfn{subprinters} are the printers for the individual data types.
8452 Each such subprinter has its own name.
8453 The format of the name is @var{printer-name};@var{subprinter-name}.
8455 Pretty-printers are installed by @dfn{registering} them with @value{GDBN}.
8456 Typically they are automatically loaded and registered when the corresponding
8457 debug information is loaded, thus making them available without having to
8458 do anything special.
8460 There are three places where a pretty-printer can be registered.
8464 Pretty-printers registered globally are available when debugging
8468 Pretty-printers registered with a program space are available only
8469 when debugging that program.
8470 @xref{Progspaces In Python}, for more details on program spaces in Python.
8473 Pretty-printers registered with an objfile are loaded and unloaded
8474 with the corresponding objfile (e.g., shared library).
8475 @xref{Objfiles In Python}, for more details on objfiles in Python.
8478 @xref{Selecting Pretty-Printers}, for further information on how
8479 pretty-printers are selected,
8481 @xref{Writing a Pretty-Printer}, for implementing pretty printers
8484 @node Pretty-Printer Example
8485 @subsection Pretty-Printer Example
8487 Here is how a C@t{++} @code{std::string} looks without a pretty-printer:
8490 (@value{GDBP}) print s
8492 static npos = 4294967295,
8494 <std::allocator<char>> = @{
8495 <__gnu_cxx::new_allocator<char>> = @{
8496 <No data fields>@}, <No data fields>
8498 members of std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>,
8499 std::allocator<char> >::_Alloc_hider:
8500 _M_p = 0x804a014 "abcd"
8505 With a pretty-printer for @code{std::string} only the contents are printed:
8508 (@value{GDBP}) print s
8512 @node Pretty-Printer Commands
8513 @subsection Pretty-Printer Commands
8514 @cindex pretty-printer commands
8517 @kindex info pretty-printer
8518 @item info pretty-printer [@var{object-regexp} [@var{name-regexp}]]
8519 Print the list of installed pretty-printers.
8520 This includes disabled pretty-printers, which are marked as such.
8522 @var{object-regexp} is a regular expression matching the objects
8523 whose pretty-printers to list.
8524 Objects can be @code{global}, the program space's file
8525 (@pxref{Progspaces In Python}),
8526 and the object files within that program space (@pxref{Objfiles In Python}).
8527 @xref{Selecting Pretty-Printers}, for details on how @value{GDBN}
8528 looks up a printer from these three objects.
8530 @var{name-regexp} is a regular expression matching the name of the printers
8533 @kindex disable pretty-printer
8534 @item disable pretty-printer [@var{object-regexp} [@var{name-regexp}]]
8535 Disable pretty-printers matching @var{object-regexp} and @var{name-regexp}.
8536 A disabled pretty-printer is not forgotten, it may be enabled again later.
8538 @kindex enable pretty-printer
8539 @item enable pretty-printer [@var{object-regexp} [@var{name-regexp}]]
8540 Enable pretty-printers matching @var{object-regexp} and @var{name-regexp}.
8545 Suppose we have three pretty-printers installed: one from library1.so
8546 named @code{foo} that prints objects of type @code{foo}, and
8547 another from library2.so named @code{bar} that prints two types of objects,
8548 @code{bar1} and @code{bar2}.
8551 (gdb) info pretty-printer
8558 (gdb) info pretty-printer library2
8563 (gdb) disable pretty-printer library1
8565 2 of 3 printers enabled
8566 (gdb) info pretty-printer
8573 (gdb) disable pretty-printer library2 bar:bar1
8575 1 of 3 printers enabled
8576 (gdb) info pretty-printer library2
8583 (gdb) disable pretty-printer library2 bar
8585 0 of 3 printers enabled
8586 (gdb) info pretty-printer library2
8595 Note that for @code{bar} the entire printer can be disabled,
8596 as can each individual subprinter.
8599 @section Value History
8601 @cindex value history
8602 @cindex history of values printed by @value{GDBN}
8603 Values printed by the @code{print} command are saved in the @value{GDBN}
8604 @dfn{value history}. This allows you to refer to them in other expressions.
8605 Values are kept until the symbol table is re-read or discarded
8606 (for example with the @code{file} or @code{symbol-file} commands).
8607 When the symbol table changes, the value history is discarded,
8608 since the values may contain pointers back to the types defined in the
8613 @cindex history number
8614 The values printed are given @dfn{history numbers} by which you can
8615 refer to them. These are successive integers starting with one.
8616 @code{print} shows you the history number assigned to a value by
8617 printing @samp{$@var{num} = } before the value; here @var{num} is the
8620 To refer to any previous value, use @samp{$} followed by the value's
8621 history number. The way @code{print} labels its output is designed to
8622 remind you of this. Just @code{$} refers to the most recent value in
8623 the history, and @code{$$} refers to the value before that.
8624 @code{$$@var{n}} refers to the @var{n}th value from the end; @code{$$2}
8625 is the value just prior to @code{$$}, @code{$$1} is equivalent to
8626 @code{$$}, and @code{$$0} is equivalent to @code{$}.
8628 For example, suppose you have just printed a pointer to a structure and
8629 want to see the contents of the structure. It suffices to type
8635 If you have a chain of structures where the component @code{next} points
8636 to the next one, you can print the contents of the next one with this:
8643 You can print successive links in the chain by repeating this
8644 command---which you can do by just typing @key{RET}.
8646 Note that the history records values, not expressions. If the value of
8647 @code{x} is 4 and you type these commands:
8655 then the value recorded in the value history by the @code{print} command
8656 remains 4 even though the value of @code{x} has changed.
8661 Print the last ten values in the value history, with their item numbers.
8662 This is like @samp{p@ $$9} repeated ten times, except that @code{show
8663 values} does not change the history.
8665 @item show values @var{n}
8666 Print ten history values centered on history item number @var{n}.
8669 Print ten history values just after the values last printed. If no more
8670 values are available, @code{show values +} produces no display.
8673 Pressing @key{RET} to repeat @code{show values @var{n}} has exactly the
8674 same effect as @samp{show values +}.
8676 @node Convenience Vars
8677 @section Convenience Variables
8679 @cindex convenience variables
8680 @cindex user-defined variables
8681 @value{GDBN} provides @dfn{convenience variables} that you can use within
8682 @value{GDBN} to hold on to a value and refer to it later. These variables
8683 exist entirely within @value{GDBN}; they are not part of your program, and
8684 setting a convenience variable has no direct effect on further execution
8685 of your program. That is why you can use them freely.
8687 Convenience variables are prefixed with @samp{$}. Any name preceded by
8688 @samp{$} can be used for a convenience variable, unless it is one of
8689 the predefined machine-specific register names (@pxref{Registers, ,Registers}).
8690 (Value history references, in contrast, are @emph{numbers} preceded
8691 by @samp{$}. @xref{Value History, ,Value History}.)
8693 You can save a value in a convenience variable with an assignment
8694 expression, just as you would set a variable in your program.
8698 set $foo = *object_ptr
8702 would save in @code{$foo} the value contained in the object pointed to by
8705 Using a convenience variable for the first time creates it, but its
8706 value is @code{void} until you assign a new value. You can alter the
8707 value with another assignment at any time.
8709 Convenience variables have no fixed types. You can assign a convenience
8710 variable any type of value, including structures and arrays, even if
8711 that variable already has a value of a different type. The convenience
8712 variable, when used as an expression, has the type of its current value.
8715 @kindex show convenience
8716 @cindex show all user variables
8717 @item show convenience
8718 Print a list of convenience variables used so far, and their values.
8719 Abbreviated @code{show conv}.
8721 @kindex init-if-undefined
8722 @cindex convenience variables, initializing
8723 @item init-if-undefined $@var{variable} = @var{expression}
8724 Set a convenience variable if it has not already been set. This is useful
8725 for user-defined commands that keep some state. It is similar, in concept,
8726 to using local static variables with initializers in C (except that
8727 convenience variables are global). It can also be used to allow users to
8728 override default values used in a command script.
8730 If the variable is already defined then the expression is not evaluated so
8731 any side-effects do not occur.
8734 One of the ways to use a convenience variable is as a counter to be
8735 incremented or a pointer to be advanced. For example, to print
8736 a field from successive elements of an array of structures:
8740 print bar[$i++]->contents
8744 Repeat that command by typing @key{RET}.
8746 Some convenience variables are created automatically by @value{GDBN} and given
8747 values likely to be useful.
8750 @vindex $_@r{, convenience variable}
8752 The variable @code{$_} is automatically set by the @code{x} command to
8753 the last address examined (@pxref{Memory, ,Examining Memory}). Other
8754 commands which provide a default address for @code{x} to examine also
8755 set @code{$_} to that address; these commands include @code{info line}
8756 and @code{info breakpoint}. The type of @code{$_} is @code{void *}
8757 except when set by the @code{x} command, in which case it is a pointer
8758 to the type of @code{$__}.
8760 @vindex $__@r{, convenience variable}
8762 The variable @code{$__} is automatically set by the @code{x} command
8763 to the value found in the last address examined. Its type is chosen
8764 to match the format in which the data was printed.
8767 @vindex $_exitcode@r{, convenience variable}
8768 The variable @code{$_exitcode} is automatically set to the exit code when
8769 the program being debugged terminates.
8772 @vindex $_sdata@r{, inspect, convenience variable}
8773 The variable @code{$_sdata} contains extra collected static tracepoint
8774 data. @xref{Tracepoint Actions,,Tracepoint Action Lists}. Note that
8775 @code{$_sdata} could be empty, if not inspecting a trace buffer, or
8776 if extra static tracepoint data has not been collected.
8779 @vindex $_siginfo@r{, convenience variable}
8780 The variable @code{$_siginfo} contains extra signal information
8781 (@pxref{extra signal information}). Note that @code{$_siginfo}
8782 could be empty, if the application has not yet received any signals.
8783 For example, it will be empty before you execute the @code{run} command.
8786 @vindex $_tlb@r{, convenience variable}
8787 The variable @code{$_tlb} is automatically set when debugging
8788 applications running on MS-Windows in native mode or connected to
8789 gdbserver that supports the @code{qGetTIBAddr} request.
8790 @xref{General Query Packets}.
8791 This variable contains the address of the thread information block.
8795 On HP-UX systems, if you refer to a function or variable name that
8796 begins with a dollar sign, @value{GDBN} searches for a user or system
8797 name first, before it searches for a convenience variable.
8799 @cindex convenience functions
8800 @value{GDBN} also supplies some @dfn{convenience functions}. These
8801 have a syntax similar to convenience variables. A convenience
8802 function can be used in an expression just like an ordinary function;
8803 however, a convenience function is implemented internally to
8808 @kindex help function
8809 @cindex show all convenience functions
8810 Print a list of all convenience functions.
8817 You can refer to machine register contents, in expressions, as variables
8818 with names starting with @samp{$}. The names of registers are different
8819 for each machine; use @code{info registers} to see the names used on
8823 @kindex info registers
8824 @item info registers
8825 Print the names and values of all registers except floating-point
8826 and vector registers (in the selected stack frame).
8828 @kindex info all-registers
8829 @cindex floating point registers
8830 @item info all-registers
8831 Print the names and values of all registers, including floating-point
8832 and vector registers (in the selected stack frame).
8834 @item info registers @var{regname} @dots{}
8835 Print the @dfn{relativized} value of each specified register @var{regname}.
8836 As discussed in detail below, register values are normally relative to
8837 the selected stack frame. @var{regname} may be any register name valid on
8838 the machine you are using, with or without the initial @samp{$}.
8841 @cindex stack pointer register
8842 @cindex program counter register
8843 @cindex process status register
8844 @cindex frame pointer register
8845 @cindex standard registers
8846 @value{GDBN} has four ``standard'' register names that are available (in
8847 expressions) on most machines---whenever they do not conflict with an
8848 architecture's canonical mnemonics for registers. The register names
8849 @code{$pc} and @code{$sp} are used for the program counter register and
8850 the stack pointer. @code{$fp} is used for a register that contains a
8851 pointer to the current stack frame, and @code{$ps} is used for a
8852 register that contains the processor status. For example,
8853 you could print the program counter in hex with
8860 or print the instruction to be executed next with
8867 or add four to the stack pointer@footnote{This is a way of removing
8868 one word from the stack, on machines where stacks grow downward in
8869 memory (most machines, nowadays). This assumes that the innermost
8870 stack frame is selected; setting @code{$sp} is not allowed when other
8871 stack frames are selected. To pop entire frames off the stack,
8872 regardless of machine architecture, use @code{return};
8873 see @ref{Returning, ,Returning from a Function}.} with
8879 Whenever possible, these four standard register names are available on
8880 your machine even though the machine has different canonical mnemonics,
8881 so long as there is no conflict. The @code{info registers} command
8882 shows the canonical names. For example, on the SPARC, @code{info
8883 registers} displays the processor status register as @code{$psr} but you
8884 can also refer to it as @code{$ps}; and on x86-based machines @code{$ps}
8885 is an alias for the @sc{eflags} register.
8887 @value{GDBN} always considers the contents of an ordinary register as an
8888 integer when the register is examined in this way. Some machines have
8889 special registers which can hold nothing but floating point; these
8890 registers are considered to have floating point values. There is no way
8891 to refer to the contents of an ordinary register as floating point value
8892 (although you can @emph{print} it as a floating point value with
8893 @samp{print/f $@var{regname}}).
8895 Some registers have distinct ``raw'' and ``virtual'' data formats. This
8896 means that the data format in which the register contents are saved by
8897 the operating system is not the same one that your program normally
8898 sees. For example, the registers of the 68881 floating point
8899 coprocessor are always saved in ``extended'' (raw) format, but all C
8900 programs expect to work with ``double'' (virtual) format. In such
8901 cases, @value{GDBN} normally works with the virtual format only (the format
8902 that makes sense for your program), but the @code{info registers} command
8903 prints the data in both formats.
8905 @cindex SSE registers (x86)
8906 @cindex MMX registers (x86)
8907 Some machines have special registers whose contents can be interpreted
8908 in several different ways. For example, modern x86-based machines
8909 have SSE and MMX registers that can hold several values packed
8910 together in several different formats. @value{GDBN} refers to such
8911 registers in @code{struct} notation:
8914 (@value{GDBP}) print $xmm1
8916 v4_float = @{0, 3.43859137e-038, 1.54142831e-044, 1.821688e-044@},
8917 v2_double = @{9.92129282474342e-303, 2.7585945287983262e-313@},
8918 v16_int8 = "\000\000\000\000\3706;\001\v\000\000\000\r\000\000",
8919 v8_int16 = @{0, 0, 14072, 315, 11, 0, 13, 0@},
8920 v4_int32 = @{0, 20657912, 11, 13@},
8921 v2_int64 = @{88725056443645952, 55834574859@},
8922 uint128 = 0x0000000d0000000b013b36f800000000
8927 To set values of such registers, you need to tell @value{GDBN} which
8928 view of the register you wish to change, as if you were assigning
8929 value to a @code{struct} member:
8932 (@value{GDBP}) set $xmm1.uint128 = 0x000000000000000000000000FFFFFFFF
8935 Normally, register values are relative to the selected stack frame
8936 (@pxref{Selection, ,Selecting a Frame}). This means that you get the
8937 value that the register would contain if all stack frames farther in
8938 were exited and their saved registers restored. In order to see the
8939 true contents of hardware registers, you must select the innermost
8940 frame (with @samp{frame 0}).
8942 However, @value{GDBN} must deduce where registers are saved, from the machine
8943 code generated by your compiler. If some registers are not saved, or if
8944 @value{GDBN} is unable to locate the saved registers, the selected stack
8945 frame makes no difference.
8947 @node Floating Point Hardware
8948 @section Floating Point Hardware
8949 @cindex floating point
8951 Depending on the configuration, @value{GDBN} may be able to give
8952 you more information about the status of the floating point hardware.
8957 Display hardware-dependent information about the floating
8958 point unit. The exact contents and layout vary depending on the
8959 floating point chip. Currently, @samp{info float} is supported on
8960 the ARM and x86 machines.
8964 @section Vector Unit
8967 Depending on the configuration, @value{GDBN} may be able to give you
8968 more information about the status of the vector unit.
8973 Display information about the vector unit. The exact contents and
8974 layout vary depending on the hardware.
8977 @node OS Information
8978 @section Operating System Auxiliary Information
8979 @cindex OS information
8981 @value{GDBN} provides interfaces to useful OS facilities that can help
8982 you debug your program.
8984 @cindex @code{ptrace} system call
8985 @cindex @code{struct user} contents
8986 When @value{GDBN} runs on a @dfn{Posix system} (such as GNU or Unix
8987 machines), it interfaces with the inferior via the @code{ptrace}
8988 system call. The operating system creates a special sata structure,
8989 called @code{struct user}, for this interface. You can use the
8990 command @code{info udot} to display the contents of this data
8996 Display the contents of the @code{struct user} maintained by the OS
8997 kernel for the program being debugged. @value{GDBN} displays the
8998 contents of @code{struct user} as a list of hex numbers, similar to
8999 the @code{examine} command.
9002 @cindex auxiliary vector
9003 @cindex vector, auxiliary
9004 Some operating systems supply an @dfn{auxiliary vector} to programs at
9005 startup. This is akin to the arguments and environment that you
9006 specify for a program, but contains a system-dependent variety of
9007 binary values that tell system libraries important details about the
9008 hardware, operating system, and process. Each value's purpose is
9009 identified by an integer tag; the meanings are well-known but system-specific.
9010 Depending on the configuration and operating system facilities,
9011 @value{GDBN} may be able to show you this information. For remote
9012 targets, this functionality may further depend on the remote stub's
9013 support of the @samp{qXfer:auxv:read} packet, see
9014 @ref{qXfer auxiliary vector read}.
9019 Display the auxiliary vector of the inferior, which can be either a
9020 live process or a core dump file. @value{GDBN} prints each tag value
9021 numerically, and also shows names and text descriptions for recognized
9022 tags. Some values in the vector are numbers, some bit masks, and some
9023 pointers to strings or other data. @value{GDBN} displays each value in the
9024 most appropriate form for a recognized tag, and in hexadecimal for
9025 an unrecognized tag.
9028 On some targets, @value{GDBN} can access operating-system-specific information
9029 and display it to user, without interpretation. For remote targets,
9030 this functionality depends on the remote stub's support of the
9031 @samp{qXfer:osdata:read} packet, see @ref{qXfer osdata read}.
9036 List the types of OS information available for the target. If the
9037 target does not return a list of possible types, this command will
9040 @kindex info os processes
9041 @item info os processes
9042 Display the list of processes on the target. For each process,
9043 @value{GDBN} prints the process identifier, the name of the user, and
9044 the command corresponding to the process.
9047 @node Memory Region Attributes
9048 @section Memory Region Attributes
9049 @cindex memory region attributes
9051 @dfn{Memory region attributes} allow you to describe special handling
9052 required by regions of your target's memory. @value{GDBN} uses
9053 attributes to determine whether to allow certain types of memory
9054 accesses; whether to use specific width accesses; and whether to cache
9055 target memory. By default the description of memory regions is
9056 fetched from the target (if the current target supports this), but the
9057 user can override the fetched regions.
9059 Defined memory regions can be individually enabled and disabled. When a
9060 memory region is disabled, @value{GDBN} uses the default attributes when
9061 accessing memory in that region. Similarly, if no memory regions have
9062 been defined, @value{GDBN} uses the default attributes when accessing
9065 When a memory region is defined, it is given a number to identify it;
9066 to enable, disable, or remove a memory region, you specify that number.
9070 @item mem @var{lower} @var{upper} @var{attributes}@dots{}
9071 Define a memory region bounded by @var{lower} and @var{upper} with
9072 attributes @var{attributes}@dots{}, and add it to the list of regions
9073 monitored by @value{GDBN}. Note that @var{upper} == 0 is a special
9074 case: it is treated as the target's maximum memory address.
9075 (0xffff on 16 bit targets, 0xffffffff on 32 bit targets, etc.)
9078 Discard any user changes to the memory regions and use target-supplied
9079 regions, if available, or no regions if the target does not support.
9082 @item delete mem @var{nums}@dots{}
9083 Remove memory regions @var{nums}@dots{} from the list of regions
9084 monitored by @value{GDBN}.
9087 @item disable mem @var{nums}@dots{}
9088 Disable monitoring of memory regions @var{nums}@dots{}.
9089 A disabled memory region is not forgotten.
9090 It may be enabled again later.
9093 @item enable mem @var{nums}@dots{}
9094 Enable monitoring of memory regions @var{nums}@dots{}.
9098 Print a table of all defined memory regions, with the following columns
9102 @item Memory Region Number
9103 @item Enabled or Disabled.
9104 Enabled memory regions are marked with @samp{y}.
9105 Disabled memory regions are marked with @samp{n}.
9108 The address defining the inclusive lower bound of the memory region.
9111 The address defining the exclusive upper bound of the memory region.
9114 The list of attributes set for this memory region.
9119 @subsection Attributes
9121 @subsubsection Memory Access Mode
9122 The access mode attributes set whether @value{GDBN} may make read or
9123 write accesses to a memory region.
9125 While these attributes prevent @value{GDBN} from performing invalid
9126 memory accesses, they do nothing to prevent the target system, I/O DMA,
9127 etc.@: from accessing memory.
9131 Memory is read only.
9133 Memory is write only.
9135 Memory is read/write. This is the default.
9138 @subsubsection Memory Access Size
9139 The access size attribute tells @value{GDBN} to use specific sized
9140 accesses in the memory region. Often memory mapped device registers
9141 require specific sized accesses. If no access size attribute is
9142 specified, @value{GDBN} may use accesses of any size.
9146 Use 8 bit memory accesses.
9148 Use 16 bit memory accesses.
9150 Use 32 bit memory accesses.
9152 Use 64 bit memory accesses.
9155 @c @subsubsection Hardware/Software Breakpoints
9156 @c The hardware/software breakpoint attributes set whether @value{GDBN}
9157 @c will use hardware or software breakpoints for the internal breakpoints
9158 @c used by the step, next, finish, until, etc. commands.
9162 @c Always use hardware breakpoints
9163 @c @item swbreak (default)
9166 @subsubsection Data Cache
9167 The data cache attributes set whether @value{GDBN} will cache target
9168 memory. While this generally improves performance by reducing debug
9169 protocol overhead, it can lead to incorrect results because @value{GDBN}
9170 does not know about volatile variables or memory mapped device
9175 Enable @value{GDBN} to cache target memory.
9177 Disable @value{GDBN} from caching target memory. This is the default.
9180 @subsection Memory Access Checking
9181 @value{GDBN} can be instructed to refuse accesses to memory that is
9182 not explicitly described. This can be useful if accessing such
9183 regions has undesired effects for a specific target, or to provide
9184 better error checking. The following commands control this behaviour.
9187 @kindex set mem inaccessible-by-default
9188 @item set mem inaccessible-by-default [on|off]
9189 If @code{on} is specified, make @value{GDBN} treat memory not
9190 explicitly described by the memory ranges as non-existent and refuse accesses
9191 to such memory. The checks are only performed if there's at least one
9192 memory range defined. If @code{off} is specified, make @value{GDBN}
9193 treat the memory not explicitly described by the memory ranges as RAM.
9194 The default value is @code{on}.
9195 @kindex show mem inaccessible-by-default
9196 @item show mem inaccessible-by-default
9197 Show the current handling of accesses to unknown memory.
9201 @c @subsubsection Memory Write Verification
9202 @c The memory write verification attributes set whether @value{GDBN}
9203 @c will re-reads data after each write to verify the write was successful.
9207 @c @item noverify (default)
9210 @node Dump/Restore Files
9211 @section Copy Between Memory and a File
9212 @cindex dump/restore files
9213 @cindex append data to a file
9214 @cindex dump data to a file
9215 @cindex restore data from a file
9217 You can use the commands @code{dump}, @code{append}, and
9218 @code{restore} to copy data between target memory and a file. The
9219 @code{dump} and @code{append} commands write data to a file, and the
9220 @code{restore} command reads data from a file back into the inferior's
9221 memory. Files may be in binary, Motorola S-record, Intel hex, or
9222 Tektronix Hex format; however, @value{GDBN} can only append to binary
9228 @item dump @r{[}@var{format}@r{]} memory @var{filename} @var{start_addr} @var{end_addr}
9229 @itemx dump @r{[}@var{format}@r{]} value @var{filename} @var{expr}
9230 Dump the contents of memory from @var{start_addr} to @var{end_addr},
9231 or the value of @var{expr}, to @var{filename} in the given format.
9233 The @var{format} parameter may be any one of:
9240 Motorola S-record format.
9242 Tektronix Hex format.
9245 @value{GDBN} uses the same definitions of these formats as the
9246 @sc{gnu} binary utilities, like @samp{objdump} and @samp{objcopy}. If
9247 @var{format} is omitted, @value{GDBN} dumps the data in raw binary
9251 @item append @r{[}binary@r{]} memory @var{filename} @var{start_addr} @var{end_addr}
9252 @itemx append @r{[}binary@r{]} value @var{filename} @var{expr}
9253 Append the contents of memory from @var{start_addr} to @var{end_addr},
9254 or the value of @var{expr}, to the file @var{filename}, in raw binary form.
9255 (@value{GDBN} can only append data to files in raw binary form.)
9258 @item restore @var{filename} @r{[}binary@r{]} @var{bias} @var{start} @var{end}
9259 Restore the contents of file @var{filename} into memory. The
9260 @code{restore} command can automatically recognize any known @sc{bfd}
9261 file format, except for raw binary. To restore a raw binary file you
9262 must specify the optional keyword @code{binary} after the filename.
9264 If @var{bias} is non-zero, its value will be added to the addresses
9265 contained in the file. Binary files always start at address zero, so
9266 they will be restored at address @var{bias}. Other bfd files have
9267 a built-in location; they will be restored at offset @var{bias}
9270 If @var{start} and/or @var{end} are non-zero, then only data between
9271 file offset @var{start} and file offset @var{end} will be restored.
9272 These offsets are relative to the addresses in the file, before
9273 the @var{bias} argument is applied.
9277 @node Core File Generation
9278 @section How to Produce a Core File from Your Program
9279 @cindex dump core from inferior
9281 A @dfn{core file} or @dfn{core dump} is a file that records the memory
9282 image of a running process and its process status (register values
9283 etc.). Its primary use is post-mortem debugging of a program that
9284 crashed while it ran outside a debugger. A program that crashes
9285 automatically produces a core file, unless this feature is disabled by
9286 the user. @xref{Files}, for information on invoking @value{GDBN} in
9287 the post-mortem debugging mode.
9289 Occasionally, you may wish to produce a core file of the program you
9290 are debugging in order to preserve a snapshot of its state.
9291 @value{GDBN} has a special command for that.
9295 @kindex generate-core-file
9296 @item generate-core-file [@var{file}]
9297 @itemx gcore [@var{file}]
9298 Produce a core dump of the inferior process. The optional argument
9299 @var{file} specifies the file name where to put the core dump. If not
9300 specified, the file name defaults to @file{core.@var{pid}}, where
9301 @var{pid} is the inferior process ID.
9303 Note that this command is implemented only for some systems (as of
9304 this writing, @sc{gnu}/Linux, FreeBSD, Solaris, Unixware, and S390).
9307 @node Character Sets
9308 @section Character Sets
9309 @cindex character sets
9311 @cindex translating between character sets
9312 @cindex host character set
9313 @cindex target character set
9315 If the program you are debugging uses a different character set to
9316 represent characters and strings than the one @value{GDBN} uses itself,
9317 @value{GDBN} can automatically translate between the character sets for
9318 you. The character set @value{GDBN} uses we call the @dfn{host
9319 character set}; the one the inferior program uses we call the
9320 @dfn{target character set}.
9322 For example, if you are running @value{GDBN} on a @sc{gnu}/Linux system, which
9323 uses the ISO Latin 1 character set, but you are using @value{GDBN}'s
9324 remote protocol (@pxref{Remote Debugging}) to debug a program
9325 running on an IBM mainframe, which uses the @sc{ebcdic} character set,
9326 then the host character set is Latin-1, and the target character set is
9327 @sc{ebcdic}. If you give @value{GDBN} the command @code{set
9328 target-charset EBCDIC-US}, then @value{GDBN} translates between
9329 @sc{ebcdic} and Latin 1 as you print character or string values, or use
9330 character and string literals in expressions.
9332 @value{GDBN} has no way to automatically recognize which character set
9333 the inferior program uses; you must tell it, using the @code{set
9334 target-charset} command, described below.
9336 Here are the commands for controlling @value{GDBN}'s character set
9340 @item set target-charset @var{charset}
9341 @kindex set target-charset
9342 Set the current target character set to @var{charset}. To display the
9343 list of supported target character sets, type
9344 @kbd{@w{set target-charset @key{TAB}@key{TAB}}}.
9346 @item set host-charset @var{charset}
9347 @kindex set host-charset
9348 Set the current host character set to @var{charset}.
9350 By default, @value{GDBN} uses a host character set appropriate to the
9351 system it is running on; you can override that default using the
9352 @code{set host-charset} command. On some systems, @value{GDBN} cannot
9353 automatically determine the appropriate host character set. In this
9354 case, @value{GDBN} uses @samp{UTF-8}.
9356 @value{GDBN} can only use certain character sets as its host character
9357 set. If you type @kbd{@w{set host-charset @key{TAB}@key{TAB}}},
9358 @value{GDBN} will list the host character sets it supports.
9360 @item set charset @var{charset}
9362 Set the current host and target character sets to @var{charset}. As
9363 above, if you type @kbd{@w{set charset @key{TAB}@key{TAB}}},
9364 @value{GDBN} will list the names of the character sets that can be used
9365 for both host and target.
9368 @kindex show charset
9369 Show the names of the current host and target character sets.
9371 @item show host-charset
9372 @kindex show host-charset
9373 Show the name of the current host character set.
9375 @item show target-charset
9376 @kindex show target-charset
9377 Show the name of the current target character set.
9379 @item set target-wide-charset @var{charset}
9380 @kindex set target-wide-charset
9381 Set the current target's wide character set to @var{charset}. This is
9382 the character set used by the target's @code{wchar_t} type. To
9383 display the list of supported wide character sets, type
9384 @kbd{@w{set target-wide-charset @key{TAB}@key{TAB}}}.
9386 @item show target-wide-charset
9387 @kindex show target-wide-charset
9388 Show the name of the current target's wide character set.
9391 Here is an example of @value{GDBN}'s character set support in action.
9392 Assume that the following source code has been placed in the file
9393 @file{charset-test.c}:
9399 = @{72, 101, 108, 108, 111, 44, 32, 119,
9400 111, 114, 108, 100, 33, 10, 0@};
9401 char ibm1047_hello[]
9402 = @{200, 133, 147, 147, 150, 107, 64, 166,
9403 150, 153, 147, 132, 90, 37, 0@};
9407 printf ("Hello, world!\n");
9411 In this program, @code{ascii_hello} and @code{ibm1047_hello} are arrays
9412 containing the string @samp{Hello, world!} followed by a newline,
9413 encoded in the @sc{ascii} and @sc{ibm1047} character sets.
9415 We compile the program, and invoke the debugger on it:
9418 $ gcc -g charset-test.c -o charset-test
9419 $ gdb -nw charset-test
9420 GNU gdb 2001-12-19-cvs
9421 Copyright 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
9426 We can use the @code{show charset} command to see what character sets
9427 @value{GDBN} is currently using to interpret and display characters and
9431 (@value{GDBP}) show charset
9432 The current host and target character set is `ISO-8859-1'.
9436 For the sake of printing this manual, let's use @sc{ascii} as our
9437 initial character set:
9439 (@value{GDBP}) set charset ASCII
9440 (@value{GDBP}) show charset
9441 The current host and target character set is `ASCII'.
9445 Let's assume that @sc{ascii} is indeed the correct character set for our
9446 host system --- in other words, let's assume that if @value{GDBN} prints
9447 characters using the @sc{ascii} character set, our terminal will display
9448 them properly. Since our current target character set is also
9449 @sc{ascii}, the contents of @code{ascii_hello} print legibly:
9452 (@value{GDBP}) print ascii_hello
9453 $1 = 0x401698 "Hello, world!\n"
9454 (@value{GDBP}) print ascii_hello[0]
9459 @value{GDBN} uses the target character set for character and string
9460 literals you use in expressions:
9463 (@value{GDBP}) print '+'
9468 The @sc{ascii} character set uses the number 43 to encode the @samp{+}
9471 @value{GDBN} relies on the user to tell it which character set the
9472 target program uses. If we print @code{ibm1047_hello} while our target
9473 character set is still @sc{ascii}, we get jibberish:
9476 (@value{GDBP}) print ibm1047_hello
9477 $4 = 0x4016a8 "\310\205\223\223\226k@@\246\226\231\223\204Z%"
9478 (@value{GDBP}) print ibm1047_hello[0]
9483 If we invoke the @code{set target-charset} followed by @key{TAB}@key{TAB},
9484 @value{GDBN} tells us the character sets it supports:
9487 (@value{GDBP}) set target-charset
9488 ASCII EBCDIC-US IBM1047 ISO-8859-1
9489 (@value{GDBP}) set target-charset
9492 We can select @sc{ibm1047} as our target character set, and examine the
9493 program's strings again. Now the @sc{ascii} string is wrong, but
9494 @value{GDBN} translates the contents of @code{ibm1047_hello} from the
9495 target character set, @sc{ibm1047}, to the host character set,
9496 @sc{ascii}, and they display correctly:
9499 (@value{GDBP}) set target-charset IBM1047
9500 (@value{GDBP}) show charset
9501 The current host character set is `ASCII'.
9502 The current target character set is `IBM1047'.
9503 (@value{GDBP}) print ascii_hello
9504 $6 = 0x401698 "\110\145%%?\054\040\167?\162%\144\041\012"
9505 (@value{GDBP}) print ascii_hello[0]
9507 (@value{GDBP}) print ibm1047_hello
9508 $8 = 0x4016a8 "Hello, world!\n"
9509 (@value{GDBP}) print ibm1047_hello[0]
9514 As above, @value{GDBN} uses the target character set for character and
9515 string literals you use in expressions:
9518 (@value{GDBP}) print '+'
9523 The @sc{ibm1047} character set uses the number 78 to encode the @samp{+}
9526 @node Caching Remote Data
9527 @section Caching Data of Remote Targets
9528 @cindex caching data of remote targets
9530 @value{GDBN} caches data exchanged between the debugger and a
9531 remote target (@pxref{Remote Debugging}). Such caching generally improves
9532 performance, because it reduces the overhead of the remote protocol by
9533 bundling memory reads and writes into large chunks. Unfortunately, simply
9534 caching everything would lead to incorrect results, since @value{GDBN}
9535 does not necessarily know anything about volatile values, memory-mapped I/O
9536 addresses, etc. Furthermore, in non-stop mode (@pxref{Non-Stop Mode})
9537 memory can be changed @emph{while} a gdb command is executing.
9538 Therefore, by default, @value{GDBN} only caches data
9539 known to be on the stack@footnote{In non-stop mode, it is moderately
9540 rare for a running thread to modify the stack of a stopped thread
9541 in a way that would interfere with a backtrace, and caching of
9542 stack reads provides a significant speed up of remote backtraces.}.
9543 Other regions of memory can be explicitly marked as
9544 cacheable; see @pxref{Memory Region Attributes}.
9547 @kindex set remotecache
9548 @item set remotecache on
9549 @itemx set remotecache off
9550 This option no longer does anything; it exists for compatibility
9553 @kindex show remotecache
9554 @item show remotecache
9555 Show the current state of the obsolete remotecache flag.
9557 @kindex set stack-cache
9558 @item set stack-cache on
9559 @itemx set stack-cache off
9560 Enable or disable caching of stack accesses. When @code{ON}, use
9561 caching. By default, this option is @code{ON}.
9563 @kindex show stack-cache
9564 @item show stack-cache
9565 Show the current state of data caching for memory accesses.
9568 @item info dcache @r{[}line@r{]}
9569 Print the information about the data cache performance. The
9570 information displayed includes the dcache width and depth, and for
9571 each cache line, its number, address, and how many times it was
9572 referenced. This command is useful for debugging the data cache
9575 If a line number is specified, the contents of that line will be
9578 @item set dcache size @var{size}
9580 @kindex set dcache size
9581 Set maximum number of entries in dcache (dcache depth above).
9583 @item set dcache line-size @var{line-size}
9584 @cindex dcache line-size
9585 @kindex set dcache line-size
9586 Set number of bytes each dcache entry caches (dcache width above).
9587 Must be a power of 2.
9589 @item show dcache size
9590 @kindex show dcache size
9591 Show maximum number of dcache entries. See also @ref{Caching Remote Data, info dcache}.
9593 @item show dcache line-size
9594 @kindex show dcache line-size
9595 Show default size of dcache lines. See also @ref{Caching Remote Data, info dcache}.
9599 @node Searching Memory
9600 @section Search Memory
9601 @cindex searching memory
9603 Memory can be searched for a particular sequence of bytes with the
9604 @code{find} command.
9608 @item find @r{[}/@var{sn}@r{]} @var{start_addr}, +@var{len}, @var{val1} @r{[}, @var{val2}, @dots{}@r{]}
9609 @itemx find @r{[}/@var{sn}@r{]} @var{start_addr}, @var{end_addr}, @var{val1} @r{[}, @var{val2}, @dots{}@r{]}
9610 Search memory for the sequence of bytes specified by @var{val1}, @var{val2},
9611 etc. The search begins at address @var{start_addr} and continues for either
9612 @var{len} bytes or through to @var{end_addr} inclusive.
9615 @var{s} and @var{n} are optional parameters.
9616 They may be specified in either order, apart or together.
9619 @item @var{s}, search query size
9620 The size of each search query value.
9626 halfwords (two bytes)
9630 giant words (eight bytes)
9633 All values are interpreted in the current language.
9634 This means, for example, that if the current source language is C/C@t{++}
9635 then searching for the string ``hello'' includes the trailing '\0'.
9637 If the value size is not specified, it is taken from the
9638 value's type in the current language.
9639 This is useful when one wants to specify the search
9640 pattern as a mixture of types.
9641 Note that this means, for example, that in the case of C-like languages
9642 a search for an untyped 0x42 will search for @samp{(int) 0x42}
9643 which is typically four bytes.
9645 @item @var{n}, maximum number of finds
9646 The maximum number of matches to print. The default is to print all finds.
9649 You can use strings as search values. Quote them with double-quotes
9651 The string value is copied into the search pattern byte by byte,
9652 regardless of the endianness of the target and the size specification.
9654 The address of each match found is printed as well as a count of the
9655 number of matches found.
9657 The address of the last value found is stored in convenience variable
9659 A count of the number of matches is stored in @samp{$numfound}.
9661 For example, if stopped at the @code{printf} in this function:
9667 static char hello[] = "hello-hello";
9668 static struct @{ char c; short s; int i; @}
9669 __attribute__ ((packed)) mixed
9670 = @{ 'c', 0x1234, 0x87654321 @};
9671 printf ("%s\n", hello);
9676 you get during debugging:
9679 (gdb) find &hello[0], +sizeof(hello), "hello"
9680 0x804956d <hello.1620+6>
9682 (gdb) find &hello[0], +sizeof(hello), 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'
9683 0x8049567 <hello.1620>
9684 0x804956d <hello.1620+6>
9686 (gdb) find /b1 &hello[0], +sizeof(hello), 'h', 0x65, 'l'
9687 0x8049567 <hello.1620>
9689 (gdb) find &mixed, +sizeof(mixed), (char) 'c', (short) 0x1234, (int) 0x87654321
9690 0x8049560 <mixed.1625>
9692 (gdb) print $numfound
9695 $2 = (void *) 0x8049560
9698 @node Optimized Code
9699 @chapter Debugging Optimized Code
9700 @cindex optimized code, debugging
9701 @cindex debugging optimized code
9703 Almost all compilers support optimization. With optimization
9704 disabled, the compiler generates assembly code that corresponds
9705 directly to your source code, in a simplistic way. As the compiler
9706 applies more powerful optimizations, the generated assembly code
9707 diverges from your original source code. With help from debugging
9708 information generated by the compiler, @value{GDBN} can map from
9709 the running program back to constructs from your original source.
9711 @value{GDBN} is more accurate with optimization disabled. If you
9712 can recompile without optimization, it is easier to follow the
9713 progress of your program during debugging. But, there are many cases
9714 where you may need to debug an optimized version.
9716 When you debug a program compiled with @samp{-g -O}, remember that the
9717 optimizer has rearranged your code; the debugger shows you what is
9718 really there. Do not be too surprised when the execution path does not
9719 exactly match your source file! An extreme example: if you define a
9720 variable, but never use it, @value{GDBN} never sees that
9721 variable---because the compiler optimizes it out of existence.
9723 Some things do not work as well with @samp{-g -O} as with just
9724 @samp{-g}, particularly on machines with instruction scheduling. If in
9725 doubt, recompile with @samp{-g} alone, and if this fixes the problem,
9726 please report it to us as a bug (including a test case!).
9727 @xref{Variables}, for more information about debugging optimized code.
9730 * Inline Functions:: How @value{GDBN} presents inlining
9731 * Tail Call Frames:: @value{GDBN} analysis of jumps to functions
9734 @node Inline Functions
9735 @section Inline Functions
9736 @cindex inline functions, debugging
9738 @dfn{Inlining} is an optimization that inserts a copy of the function
9739 body directly at each call site, instead of jumping to a shared
9740 routine. @value{GDBN} displays inlined functions just like
9741 non-inlined functions. They appear in backtraces. You can view their
9742 arguments and local variables, step into them with @code{step}, skip
9743 them with @code{next}, and escape from them with @code{finish}.
9744 You can check whether a function was inlined by using the
9745 @code{info frame} command.
9747 For @value{GDBN} to support inlined functions, the compiler must
9748 record information about inlining in the debug information ---
9749 @value{NGCC} using the @sc{dwarf 2} format does this, and several
9750 other compilers do also. @value{GDBN} only supports inlined functions
9751 when using @sc{dwarf 2}. Versions of @value{NGCC} before 4.1
9752 do not emit two required attributes (@samp{DW_AT_call_file} and
9753 @samp{DW_AT_call_line}); @value{GDBN} does not display inlined
9754 function calls with earlier versions of @value{NGCC}. It instead
9755 displays the arguments and local variables of inlined functions as
9756 local variables in the caller.
9758 The body of an inlined function is directly included at its call site;
9759 unlike a non-inlined function, there are no instructions devoted to
9760 the call. @value{GDBN} still pretends that the call site and the
9761 start of the inlined function are different instructions. Stepping to
9762 the call site shows the call site, and then stepping again shows
9763 the first line of the inlined function, even though no additional
9764 instructions are executed.
9766 This makes source-level debugging much clearer; you can see both the
9767 context of the call and then the effect of the call. Only stepping by
9768 a single instruction using @code{stepi} or @code{nexti} does not do
9769 this; single instruction steps always show the inlined body.
9771 There are some ways that @value{GDBN} does not pretend that inlined
9772 function calls are the same as normal calls:
9776 You cannot set breakpoints on inlined functions. @value{GDBN}
9777 either reports that there is no symbol with that name, or else sets the
9778 breakpoint only on non-inlined copies of the function. This limitation
9779 will be removed in a future version of @value{GDBN}; until then,
9780 set a breakpoint by line number on the first line of the inlined
9784 Setting breakpoints at the call site of an inlined function may not
9785 work, because the call site does not contain any code. @value{GDBN}
9786 may incorrectly move the breakpoint to the next line of the enclosing
9787 function, after the call. This limitation will be removed in a future
9788 version of @value{GDBN}; until then, set a breakpoint on an earlier line
9789 or inside the inlined function instead.
9792 @value{GDBN} cannot locate the return value of inlined calls after
9793 using the @code{finish} command. This is a limitation of compiler-generated
9794 debugging information; after @code{finish}, you can step to the next line
9795 and print a variable where your program stored the return value.
9799 @node Tail Call Frames
9800 @section Tail Call Frames
9801 @cindex tail call frames, debugging
9803 Function @code{B} can call function @code{C} in its very last statement. In
9804 unoptimized compilation the call of @code{C} is immediately followed by return
9805 instruction at the end of @code{B} code. Optimizing compiler may replace the
9806 call and return in function @code{B} into one jump to function @code{C}
9807 instead. Such use of a jump instruction is called @dfn{tail call}.
9809 During execution of function @code{C}, there will be no indication in the
9810 function call stack frames that it was tail-called from @code{B}. If function
9811 @code{A} regularly calls function @code{B} which tail-calls function @code{C},
9812 then @value{GDBN} will see @code{A} as the caller of @code{C}. However, in
9813 some cases @value{GDBN} can determine that @code{C} was tail-called from
9814 @code{B}, and it will then create fictitious call frame for that, with the
9815 return address set up as if @code{B} called @code{C} normally.
9817 This functionality is currently supported only by DWARF 2 debugging format and
9818 the compiler has to produce @samp{DW_TAG_GNU_call_site} tags. With
9819 @value{NGCC}, you need to specify @option{-O -g} during compilation, to get
9822 @kbd{info frame} command (@pxref{Frame Info}) will indicate the tail call frame
9823 kind by text @code{tail call frame} such as in this sample @value{GDBN} output:
9827 0x40066b <b(int, double)+11>: jmp 0x400640 <c(int, double)>
9829 Stack level 1, frame at 0x7fffffffda30:
9830 rip = 0x40066d in b (amd64-entry-value.cc:59); saved rip 0x4004c5
9831 tail call frame, caller of frame at 0x7fffffffda30
9832 source language c++.
9833 Arglist at unknown address.
9834 Locals at unknown address, Previous frame's sp is 0x7fffffffda30
9837 The detection of all the possible code path executions can find them ambiguous.
9838 There is no execution history stored (possible @ref{Reverse Execution} is never
9839 used for this purpose) and the last known caller could have reached the known
9840 callee by multiple different jump sequences. In such case @value{GDBN} still
9841 tries to show at least all the unambiguous top tail callers and all the
9842 unambiguous bottom tail calees, if any.
9845 @anchor{set debug entry-values}
9846 @item set debug entry-values
9847 @kindex set debug entry-values
9848 When set to on, enables printing of analysis messages for both frame argument
9849 values at function entry and tail calls. It will show all the possible valid
9850 tail calls code paths it has considered. It will also print the intersection
9851 of them with the final unambiguous (possibly partial or even empty) code path
9854 @item show debug entry-values
9855 @kindex show debug entry-values
9856 Show the current state of analysis messages printing for both frame argument
9857 values at function entry and tail calls.
9860 The analysis messages for tail calls can for example show why the virtual tail
9861 call frame for function @code{c} has not been recognized (due to the indirect
9862 reference by variable @code{x}):
9865 static void __attribute__((noinline, noclone)) c (void);
9866 void (*x) (void) = c;
9867 static void __attribute__((noinline, noclone)) a (void) @{ x++; @}
9868 static void __attribute__((noinline, noclone)) c (void) @{ a (); @}
9869 int main (void) @{ x (); return 0; @}
9871 Breakpoint 1, DW_OP_GNU_entry_value resolving cannot find
9872 DW_TAG_GNU_call_site 0x40039a in main
9874 3 static void __attribute__((noinline, noclone)) a (void) @{ x++; @}
9877 #1 0x000000000040039a in main () at t.c:5
9880 Another possibility is an ambiguous virtual tail call frames resolution:
9884 static void __attribute__((noinline, noclone)) f (void) @{ i++; @}
9885 static void __attribute__((noinline, noclone)) e (void) @{ f (); @}
9886 static void __attribute__((noinline, noclone)) d (void) @{ f (); @}
9887 static void __attribute__((noinline, noclone)) c (void) @{ d (); @}
9888 static void __attribute__((noinline, noclone)) b (void)
9889 @{ if (i) c (); else e (); @}
9890 static void __attribute__((noinline, noclone)) a (void) @{ b (); @}
9891 int main (void) @{ a (); return 0; @}
9893 tailcall: initial: 0x4004d2(a) 0x4004ce(b) 0x4004b2(c) 0x4004a2(d)
9894 tailcall: compare: 0x4004d2(a) 0x4004cc(b) 0x400492(e)
9895 tailcall: reduced: 0x4004d2(a) |
9898 #1 0x00000000004004d2 in a () at t.c:8
9899 #2 0x0000000000400395 in main () at t.c:9
9902 @set CALLSEQ1A @code{main@value{ARROW}a@value{ARROW}b@value{ARROW}c@value{ARROW}d@value{ARROW}f}
9903 @set CALLSEQ2A @code{main@value{ARROW}a@value{ARROW}b@value{ARROW}e@value{ARROW}f}
9905 @c Convert CALLSEQ#A to CALLSEQ#B depending on HAVE_MAKEINFO_CLICK.
9906 @ifset HAVE_MAKEINFO_CLICK
9908 @set CALLSEQ1B @clicksequence{@value{CALLSEQ1A}}
9909 @set CALLSEQ2B @clicksequence{@value{CALLSEQ2A}}
9911 @ifclear HAVE_MAKEINFO_CLICK
9913 @set CALLSEQ1B @value{CALLSEQ1A}
9914 @set CALLSEQ2B @value{CALLSEQ2A}
9917 Frames #0 and #2 are real, #1 is a virtual tail call frame.
9918 The code can have possible execution paths @value{CALLSEQ1B} or
9919 @value{CALLSEQ2B}, @value{GDBN} cannot find which one from the inferior state.
9921 @code{initial:} state shows some random possible calling sequence @value{GDBN}
9922 has found. It then finds another possible calling sequcen - that one is
9923 prefixed by @code{compare:}. The non-ambiguous intersection of these two is
9924 printed as the @code{reduced:} calling sequence. That one could have many
9925 futher @code{compare:} and @code{reduced:} statements as long as there remain
9926 any non-ambiguous sequence entries.
9928 For the frame of function @code{b} in both cases there are different possible
9929 @code{$pc} values (@code{0x4004cc} or @code{0x4004ce}), therefore this frame is
9930 also ambigous. The only non-ambiguous frame is the one for function @code{a},
9931 therefore this one is displayed to the user while the ambiguous frames are
9934 There can be also reasons why printing of frame argument values at function
9939 static void __attribute__((noinline, noclone)) c (int i) @{ v++; @}
9940 static void __attribute__((noinline, noclone)) a (int i);
9941 static void __attribute__((noinline, noclone)) b (int i) @{ a (i); @}
9942 static void __attribute__((noinline, noclone)) a (int i)
9943 @{ if (i) b (i - 1); else c (0); @}
9944 int main (void) @{ a (5); return 0; @}
9947 #0 c (i=i@@entry=0) at t.c:2
9948 #1 0x0000000000400428 in a (DW_OP_GNU_entry_value resolving has found
9949 function "a" at 0x400420 can call itself via tail calls
9950 i=<optimized out>) at t.c:6
9951 #2 0x000000000040036e in main () at t.c:7
9954 @value{GDBN} cannot find out from the inferior state if and how many times did
9955 function @code{a} call itself (via function @code{b}) as these calls would be
9956 tail calls. Such tail calls would modify thue @code{i} variable, therefore
9957 @value{GDBN} cannot be sure the value it knows would be right - @value{GDBN}
9958 prints @code{<optimized out>} instead.
9961 @chapter C Preprocessor Macros
9963 Some languages, such as C and C@t{++}, provide a way to define and invoke
9964 ``preprocessor macros'' which expand into strings of tokens.
9965 @value{GDBN} can evaluate expressions containing macro invocations, show
9966 the result of macro expansion, and show a macro's definition, including
9967 where it was defined.
9969 You may need to compile your program specially to provide @value{GDBN}
9970 with information about preprocessor macros. Most compilers do not
9971 include macros in their debugging information, even when you compile
9972 with the @option{-g} flag. @xref{Compilation}.
9974 A program may define a macro at one point, remove that definition later,
9975 and then provide a different definition after that. Thus, at different
9976 points in the program, a macro may have different definitions, or have
9977 no definition at all. If there is a current stack frame, @value{GDBN}
9978 uses the macros in scope at that frame's source code line. Otherwise,
9979 @value{GDBN} uses the macros in scope at the current listing location;
9982 Whenever @value{GDBN} evaluates an expression, it always expands any
9983 macro invocations present in the expression. @value{GDBN} also provides
9984 the following commands for working with macros explicitly.
9988 @kindex macro expand
9989 @cindex macro expansion, showing the results of preprocessor
9990 @cindex preprocessor macro expansion, showing the results of
9991 @cindex expanding preprocessor macros
9992 @item macro expand @var{expression}
9993 @itemx macro exp @var{expression}
9994 Show the results of expanding all preprocessor macro invocations in
9995 @var{expression}. Since @value{GDBN} simply expands macros, but does
9996 not parse the result, @var{expression} need not be a valid expression;
9997 it can be any string of tokens.
10000 @item macro expand-once @var{expression}
10001 @itemx macro exp1 @var{expression}
10002 @cindex expand macro once
10003 @i{(This command is not yet implemented.)} Show the results of
10004 expanding those preprocessor macro invocations that appear explicitly in
10005 @var{expression}. Macro invocations appearing in that expansion are
10006 left unchanged. This command allows you to see the effect of a
10007 particular macro more clearly, without being confused by further
10008 expansions. Since @value{GDBN} simply expands macros, but does not
10009 parse the result, @var{expression} need not be a valid expression; it
10010 can be any string of tokens.
10013 @cindex macro definition, showing
10014 @cindex definition of a macro, showing
10015 @cindex macros, from debug info
10016 @item info macro @var{macro}
10017 Show the current definition of the named @var{macro}, and describe the
10018 source location or compiler command-line where that definition was established.
10020 @kindex info macros
10021 @item info macros @var{linespec}
10022 Show all macro definitions that are in effect at the location specified
10023 by @var{linespec}, and describe the source location or compiler
10024 command-line where those definitions were established.
10026 @kindex info definitions
10027 @item info definitions @var{macro}
10028 Show all definitions of the named @var{macro} that are defined in the current
10029 compilation unit, and describe the source location or compiler command-line
10030 where those definitions were established.
10032 @kindex macro define
10033 @cindex user-defined macros
10034 @cindex defining macros interactively
10035 @cindex macros, user-defined
10036 @item macro define @var{macro} @var{replacement-list}
10037 @itemx macro define @var{macro}(@var{arglist}) @var{replacement-list}
10038 Introduce a definition for a preprocessor macro named @var{macro},
10039 invocations of which are replaced by the tokens given in
10040 @var{replacement-list}. The first form of this command defines an
10041 ``object-like'' macro, which takes no arguments; the second form
10042 defines a ``function-like'' macro, which takes the arguments given in
10045 A definition introduced by this command is in scope in every
10046 expression evaluated in @value{GDBN}, until it is removed with the
10047 @code{macro undef} command, described below. The definition overrides
10048 all definitions for @var{macro} present in the program being debugged,
10049 as well as any previous user-supplied definition.
10051 @kindex macro undef
10052 @item macro undef @var{macro}
10053 Remove any user-supplied definition for the macro named @var{macro}.
10054 This command only affects definitions provided with the @code{macro
10055 define} command, described above; it cannot remove definitions present
10056 in the program being debugged.
10060 List all the macros defined using the @code{macro define} command.
10063 @cindex macros, example of debugging with
10064 Here is a transcript showing the above commands in action. First, we
10065 show our source files:
10070 #include "sample.h"
10073 #define ADD(x) (M + x)
10078 printf ("Hello, world!\n");
10080 printf ("We're so creative.\n");
10082 printf ("Goodbye, world!\n");
10089 Now, we compile the program using the @sc{gnu} C compiler, @value{NGCC}.
10090 We pass the @option{-gdwarf-2} and @option{-g3} flags to ensure the
10091 compiler includes information about preprocessor macros in the debugging
10095 $ gcc -gdwarf-2 -g3 sample.c -o sample
10099 Now, we start @value{GDBN} on our sample program:
10103 GNU gdb 2002-05-06-cvs
10104 Copyright 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
10105 GDB is free software, @dots{}
10109 We can expand macros and examine their definitions, even when the
10110 program is not running. @value{GDBN} uses the current listing position
10111 to decide which macro definitions are in scope:
10114 (@value{GDBP}) list main
10117 5 #define ADD(x) (M + x)
10122 10 printf ("Hello, world!\n");
10124 12 printf ("We're so creative.\n");
10125 (@value{GDBP}) info macro ADD
10126 Defined at /home/jimb/gdb/macros/play/sample.c:5
10127 #define ADD(x) (M + x)
10128 (@value{GDBP}) info macro Q
10129 Defined at /home/jimb/gdb/macros/play/sample.h:1
10130 included at /home/jimb/gdb/macros/play/sample.c:2
10132 (@value{GDBP}) macro expand ADD(1)
10133 expands to: (42 + 1)
10134 (@value{GDBP}) macro expand-once ADD(1)
10135 expands to: once (M + 1)
10139 In the example above, note that @code{macro expand-once} expands only
10140 the macro invocation explicit in the original text --- the invocation of
10141 @code{ADD} --- but does not expand the invocation of the macro @code{M},
10142 which was introduced by @code{ADD}.
10144 Once the program is running, @value{GDBN} uses the macro definitions in
10145 force at the source line of the current stack frame:
10148 (@value{GDBP}) break main
10149 Breakpoint 1 at 0x8048370: file sample.c, line 10.
10151 Starting program: /home/jimb/gdb/macros/play/sample
10153 Breakpoint 1, main () at sample.c:10
10154 10 printf ("Hello, world!\n");
10158 At line 10, the definition of the macro @code{N} at line 9 is in force:
10161 (@value{GDBP}) info macro N
10162 Defined at /home/jimb/gdb/macros/play/sample.c:9
10164 (@value{GDBP}) macro expand N Q M
10165 expands to: 28 < 42
10166 (@value{GDBP}) print N Q M
10171 As we step over directives that remove @code{N}'s definition, and then
10172 give it a new definition, @value{GDBN} finds the definition (or lack
10173 thereof) in force at each point:
10176 (@value{GDBP}) next
10178 12 printf ("We're so creative.\n");
10179 (@value{GDBP}) info macro N
10180 The symbol `N' has no definition as a C/C++ preprocessor macro
10181 at /home/jimb/gdb/macros/play/sample.c:12
10182 (@value{GDBP}) next
10184 14 printf ("Goodbye, world!\n");
10185 (@value{GDBP}) info macro N
10186 Defined at /home/jimb/gdb/macros/play/sample.c:13
10188 (@value{GDBP}) macro expand N Q M
10189 expands to: 1729 < 42
10190 (@value{GDBP}) print N Q M
10195 In addition to source files, macros can be defined on the compilation command
10196 line using the @option{-D@var{name}=@var{value}} syntax. For macros defined in
10197 such a way, @value{GDBN} displays the location of their definition as line zero
10198 of the source file submitted to the compiler.
10201 (@value{GDBP}) info macro __STDC__
10202 Defined at /home/jimb/gdb/macros/play/sample.c:0
10209 @chapter Tracepoints
10210 @c This chapter is based on the documentation written by Michael
10211 @c Snyder, David Taylor, Jim Blandy, and Elena Zannoni.
10213 @cindex tracepoints
10214 In some applications, it is not feasible for the debugger to interrupt
10215 the program's execution long enough for the developer to learn
10216 anything helpful about its behavior. If the program's correctness
10217 depends on its real-time behavior, delays introduced by a debugger
10218 might cause the program to change its behavior drastically, or perhaps
10219 fail, even when the code itself is correct. It is useful to be able
10220 to observe the program's behavior without interrupting it.
10222 Using @value{GDBN}'s @code{trace} and @code{collect} commands, you can
10223 specify locations in the program, called @dfn{tracepoints}, and
10224 arbitrary expressions to evaluate when those tracepoints are reached.
10225 Later, using the @code{tfind} command, you can examine the values
10226 those expressions had when the program hit the tracepoints. The
10227 expressions may also denote objects in memory---structures or arrays,
10228 for example---whose values @value{GDBN} should record; while visiting
10229 a particular tracepoint, you may inspect those objects as if they were
10230 in memory at that moment. However, because @value{GDBN} records these
10231 values without interacting with you, it can do so quickly and
10232 unobtrusively, hopefully not disturbing the program's behavior.
10234 The tracepoint facility is currently available only for remote
10235 targets. @xref{Targets}. In addition, your remote target must know
10236 how to collect trace data. This functionality is implemented in the
10237 remote stub; however, none of the stubs distributed with @value{GDBN}
10238 support tracepoints as of this writing. The format of the remote
10239 packets used to implement tracepoints are described in @ref{Tracepoint
10242 It is also possible to get trace data from a file, in a manner reminiscent
10243 of corefiles; you specify the filename, and use @code{tfind} to search
10244 through the file. @xref{Trace Files}, for more details.
10246 This chapter describes the tracepoint commands and features.
10249 * Set Tracepoints::
10250 * Analyze Collected Data::
10251 * Tracepoint Variables::
10255 @node Set Tracepoints
10256 @section Commands to Set Tracepoints
10258 Before running such a @dfn{trace experiment}, an arbitrary number of
10259 tracepoints can be set. A tracepoint is actually a special type of
10260 breakpoint (@pxref{Set Breaks}), so you can manipulate it using
10261 standard breakpoint commands. For instance, as with breakpoints,
10262 tracepoint numbers are successive integers starting from one, and many
10263 of the commands associated with tracepoints take the tracepoint number
10264 as their argument, to identify which tracepoint to work on.
10266 For each tracepoint, you can specify, in advance, some arbitrary set
10267 of data that you want the target to collect in the trace buffer when
10268 it hits that tracepoint. The collected data can include registers,
10269 local variables, or global data. Later, you can use @value{GDBN}
10270 commands to examine the values these data had at the time the
10271 tracepoint was hit.
10273 Tracepoints do not support every breakpoint feature. Ignore counts on
10274 tracepoints have no effect, and tracepoints cannot run @value{GDBN}
10275 commands when they are hit. Tracepoints may not be thread-specific
10278 @cindex fast tracepoints
10279 Some targets may support @dfn{fast tracepoints}, which are inserted in
10280 a different way (such as with a jump instead of a trap), that is
10281 faster but possibly restricted in where they may be installed.
10283 @cindex static tracepoints
10284 @cindex markers, static tracepoints
10285 @cindex probing markers, static tracepoints
10286 Regular and fast tracepoints are dynamic tracing facilities, meaning
10287 that they can be used to insert tracepoints at (almost) any location
10288 in the target. Some targets may also support controlling @dfn{static
10289 tracepoints} from @value{GDBN}. With static tracing, a set of
10290 instrumentation points, also known as @dfn{markers}, are embedded in
10291 the target program, and can be activated or deactivated by name or
10292 address. These are usually placed at locations which facilitate
10293 investigating what the target is actually doing. @value{GDBN}'s
10294 support for static tracing includes being able to list instrumentation
10295 points, and attach them with @value{GDBN} defined high level
10296 tracepoints that expose the whole range of convenience of
10297 @value{GDBN}'s tracepoints support. Namely, support for collecting
10298 registers values and values of global or local (to the instrumentation
10299 point) variables; tracepoint conditions and trace state variables.
10300 The act of installing a @value{GDBN} static tracepoint on an
10301 instrumentation point, or marker, is referred to as @dfn{probing} a
10302 static tracepoint marker.
10304 @code{gdbserver} supports tracepoints on some target systems.
10305 @xref{Server,,Tracepoints support in @code{gdbserver}}.
10307 This section describes commands to set tracepoints and associated
10308 conditions and actions.
10311 * Create and Delete Tracepoints::
10312 * Enable and Disable Tracepoints::
10313 * Tracepoint Passcounts::
10314 * Tracepoint Conditions::
10315 * Trace State Variables::
10316 * Tracepoint Actions::
10317 * Listing Tracepoints::
10318 * Listing Static Tracepoint Markers::
10319 * Starting and Stopping Trace Experiments::
10320 * Tracepoint Restrictions::
10323 @node Create and Delete Tracepoints
10324 @subsection Create and Delete Tracepoints
10327 @cindex set tracepoint
10329 @item trace @var{location}
10330 The @code{trace} command is very similar to the @code{break} command.
10331 Its argument @var{location} can be a source line, a function name, or
10332 an address in the target program. @xref{Specify Location}. The
10333 @code{trace} command defines a tracepoint, which is a point in the
10334 target program where the debugger will briefly stop, collect some
10335 data, and then allow the program to continue. Setting a tracepoint or
10336 changing its actions doesn't take effect until the next @code{tstart}
10337 command, and once a trace experiment is running, further changes will
10338 not have any effect until the next trace experiment starts.
10340 Here are some examples of using the @code{trace} command:
10343 (@value{GDBP}) @b{trace foo.c:121} // a source file and line number
10345 (@value{GDBP}) @b{trace +2} // 2 lines forward
10347 (@value{GDBP}) @b{trace my_function} // first source line of function
10349 (@value{GDBP}) @b{trace *my_function} // EXACT start address of function
10351 (@value{GDBP}) @b{trace *0x2117c4} // an address
10355 You can abbreviate @code{trace} as @code{tr}.
10357 @item trace @var{location} if @var{cond}
10358 Set a tracepoint with condition @var{cond}; evaluate the expression
10359 @var{cond} each time the tracepoint is reached, and collect data only
10360 if the value is nonzero---that is, if @var{cond} evaluates as true.
10361 @xref{Tracepoint Conditions, ,Tracepoint Conditions}, for more
10362 information on tracepoint conditions.
10364 @item ftrace @var{location} [ if @var{cond} ]
10365 @cindex set fast tracepoint
10366 @cindex fast tracepoints, setting
10368 The @code{ftrace} command sets a fast tracepoint. For targets that
10369 support them, fast tracepoints will use a more efficient but possibly
10370 less general technique to trigger data collection, such as a jump
10371 instruction instead of a trap, or some sort of hardware support. It
10372 may not be possible to create a fast tracepoint at the desired
10373 location, in which case the command will exit with an explanatory
10376 @value{GDBN} handles arguments to @code{ftrace} exactly as for
10379 @item strace @var{location} [ if @var{cond} ]
10380 @cindex set static tracepoint
10381 @cindex static tracepoints, setting
10382 @cindex probe static tracepoint marker
10384 The @code{strace} command sets a static tracepoint. For targets that
10385 support it, setting a static tracepoint probes a static
10386 instrumentation point, or marker, found at @var{location}. It may not
10387 be possible to set a static tracepoint at the desired location, in
10388 which case the command will exit with an explanatory message.
10390 @value{GDBN} handles arguments to @code{strace} exactly as for
10391 @code{trace}, with the addition that the user can also specify
10392 @code{-m @var{marker}} as @var{location}. This probes the marker
10393 identified by the @var{marker} string identifier. This identifier
10394 depends on the static tracepoint backend library your program is
10395 using. You can find all the marker identifiers in the @samp{ID} field
10396 of the @code{info static-tracepoint-markers} command output.
10397 @xref{Listing Static Tracepoint Markers,,Listing Static Tracepoint
10398 Markers}. For example, in the following small program using the UST
10404 trace_mark(ust, bar33, "str %s", "FOOBAZ");
10409 the marker id is composed of joining the first two arguments to the
10410 @code{trace_mark} call with a slash, which translates to:
10413 (@value{GDBP}) info static-tracepoint-markers
10414 Cnt Enb ID Address What
10415 1 n ust/bar33 0x0000000000400ddc in main at stexample.c:22
10421 so you may probe the marker above with:
10424 (@value{GDBP}) strace -m ust/bar33
10427 Static tracepoints accept an extra collect action --- @code{collect
10428 $_sdata}. This collects arbitrary user data passed in the probe point
10429 call to the tracing library. In the UST example above, you'll see
10430 that the third argument to @code{trace_mark} is a printf-like format
10431 string. The user data is then the result of running that formating
10432 string against the following arguments. Note that @code{info
10433 static-tracepoint-markers} command output lists that format string in
10434 the @samp{Data:} field.
10436 You can inspect this data when analyzing the trace buffer, by printing
10437 the $_sdata variable like any other variable available to
10438 @value{GDBN}. @xref{Tracepoint Actions,,Tracepoint Action Lists}.
10441 @cindex last tracepoint number
10442 @cindex recent tracepoint number
10443 @cindex tracepoint number
10444 The convenience variable @code{$tpnum} records the tracepoint number
10445 of the most recently set tracepoint.
10447 @kindex delete tracepoint
10448 @cindex tracepoint deletion
10449 @item delete tracepoint @r{[}@var{num}@r{]}
10450 Permanently delete one or more tracepoints. With no argument, the
10451 default is to delete all tracepoints. Note that the regular
10452 @code{delete} command can remove tracepoints also.
10457 (@value{GDBP}) @b{delete trace 1 2 3} // remove three tracepoints
10459 (@value{GDBP}) @b{delete trace} // remove all tracepoints
10463 You can abbreviate this command as @code{del tr}.
10466 @node Enable and Disable Tracepoints
10467 @subsection Enable and Disable Tracepoints
10469 These commands are deprecated; they are equivalent to plain @code{disable} and @code{enable}.
10472 @kindex disable tracepoint
10473 @item disable tracepoint @r{[}@var{num}@r{]}
10474 Disable tracepoint @var{num}, or all tracepoints if no argument
10475 @var{num} is given. A disabled tracepoint will have no effect during
10476 a trace experiment, but it is not forgotten. You can re-enable
10477 a disabled tracepoint using the @code{enable tracepoint} command.
10478 If the command is issued during a trace experiment and the debug target
10479 has support for disabling tracepoints during a trace experiment, then the
10480 change will be effective immediately. Otherwise, it will be applied to the
10481 next trace experiment.
10483 @kindex enable tracepoint
10484 @item enable tracepoint @r{[}@var{num}@r{]}
10485 Enable tracepoint @var{num}, or all tracepoints. If this command is
10486 issued during a trace experiment and the debug target supports enabling
10487 tracepoints during a trace experiment, then the enabled tracepoints will
10488 become effective immediately. Otherwise, they will become effective the
10489 next time a trace experiment is run.
10492 @node Tracepoint Passcounts
10493 @subsection Tracepoint Passcounts
10497 @cindex tracepoint pass count
10498 @item passcount @r{[}@var{n} @r{[}@var{num}@r{]]}
10499 Set the @dfn{passcount} of a tracepoint. The passcount is a way to
10500 automatically stop a trace experiment. If a tracepoint's passcount is
10501 @var{n}, then the trace experiment will be automatically stopped on
10502 the @var{n}'th time that tracepoint is hit. If the tracepoint number
10503 @var{num} is not specified, the @code{passcount} command sets the
10504 passcount of the most recently defined tracepoint. If no passcount is
10505 given, the trace experiment will run until stopped explicitly by the
10511 (@value{GDBP}) @b{passcount 5 2} // Stop on the 5th execution of
10512 @exdent @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @code{// tracepoint 2}
10514 (@value{GDBP}) @b{passcount 12} // Stop on the 12th execution of the
10515 @exdent @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @code{// most recently defined tracepoint.}
10516 (@value{GDBP}) @b{trace foo}
10517 (@value{GDBP}) @b{pass 3}
10518 (@value{GDBP}) @b{trace bar}
10519 (@value{GDBP}) @b{pass 2}
10520 (@value{GDBP}) @b{trace baz}
10521 (@value{GDBP}) @b{pass 1} // Stop tracing when foo has been
10522 @exdent @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @code{// executed 3 times OR when bar has}
10523 @exdent @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @code{// been executed 2 times}
10524 @exdent @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @code{// OR when baz has been executed 1 time.}
10528 @node Tracepoint Conditions
10529 @subsection Tracepoint Conditions
10530 @cindex conditional tracepoints
10531 @cindex tracepoint conditions
10533 The simplest sort of tracepoint collects data every time your program
10534 reaches a specified place. You can also specify a @dfn{condition} for
10535 a tracepoint. A condition is just a Boolean expression in your
10536 programming language (@pxref{Expressions, ,Expressions}). A
10537 tracepoint with a condition evaluates the expression each time your
10538 program reaches it, and data collection happens only if the condition
10541 Tracepoint conditions can be specified when a tracepoint is set, by
10542 using @samp{if} in the arguments to the @code{trace} command.
10543 @xref{Create and Delete Tracepoints, ,Setting Tracepoints}. They can
10544 also be set or changed at any time with the @code{condition} command,
10545 just as with breakpoints.
10547 Unlike breakpoint conditions, @value{GDBN} does not actually evaluate
10548 the conditional expression itself. Instead, @value{GDBN} encodes the
10549 expression into an agent expression (@pxref{Agent Expressions})
10550 suitable for execution on the target, independently of @value{GDBN}.
10551 Global variables become raw memory locations, locals become stack
10552 accesses, and so forth.
10554 For instance, suppose you have a function that is usually called
10555 frequently, but should not be called after an error has occurred. You
10556 could use the following tracepoint command to collect data about calls
10557 of that function that happen while the error code is propagating
10558 through the program; an unconditional tracepoint could end up
10559 collecting thousands of useless trace frames that you would have to
10563 (@value{GDBP}) @kbd{trace normal_operation if errcode > 0}
10566 @node Trace State Variables
10567 @subsection Trace State Variables
10568 @cindex trace state variables
10570 A @dfn{trace state variable} is a special type of variable that is
10571 created and managed by target-side code. The syntax is the same as
10572 that for GDB's convenience variables (a string prefixed with ``$''),
10573 but they are stored on the target. They must be created explicitly,
10574 using a @code{tvariable} command. They are always 64-bit signed
10577 Trace state variables are remembered by @value{GDBN}, and downloaded
10578 to the target along with tracepoint information when the trace
10579 experiment starts. There are no intrinsic limits on the number of
10580 trace state variables, beyond memory limitations of the target.
10582 @cindex convenience variables, and trace state variables
10583 Although trace state variables are managed by the target, you can use
10584 them in print commands and expressions as if they were convenience
10585 variables; @value{GDBN} will get the current value from the target
10586 while the trace experiment is running. Trace state variables share
10587 the same namespace as other ``$'' variables, which means that you
10588 cannot have trace state variables with names like @code{$23} or
10589 @code{$pc}, nor can you have a trace state variable and a convenience
10590 variable with the same name.
10594 @item tvariable $@var{name} [ = @var{expression} ]
10596 The @code{tvariable} command creates a new trace state variable named
10597 @code{$@var{name}}, and optionally gives it an initial value of
10598 @var{expression}. @var{expression} is evaluated when this command is
10599 entered; the result will be converted to an integer if possible,
10600 otherwise @value{GDBN} will report an error. A subsequent
10601 @code{tvariable} command specifying the same name does not create a
10602 variable, but instead assigns the supplied initial value to the
10603 existing variable of that name, overwriting any previous initial
10604 value. The default initial value is 0.
10606 @item info tvariables
10607 @kindex info tvariables
10608 List all the trace state variables along with their initial values.
10609 Their current values may also be displayed, if the trace experiment is
10612 @item delete tvariable @r{[} $@var{name} @dots{} @r{]}
10613 @kindex delete tvariable
10614 Delete the given trace state variables, or all of them if no arguments
10619 @node Tracepoint Actions
10620 @subsection Tracepoint Action Lists
10624 @cindex tracepoint actions
10625 @item actions @r{[}@var{num}@r{]}
10626 This command will prompt for a list of actions to be taken when the
10627 tracepoint is hit. If the tracepoint number @var{num} is not
10628 specified, this command sets the actions for the one that was most
10629 recently defined (so that you can define a tracepoint and then say
10630 @code{actions} without bothering about its number). You specify the
10631 actions themselves on the following lines, one action at a time, and
10632 terminate the actions list with a line containing just @code{end}. So
10633 far, the only defined actions are @code{collect}, @code{teval}, and
10634 @code{while-stepping}.
10636 @code{actions} is actually equivalent to @code{commands} (@pxref{Break
10637 Commands, ,Breakpoint Command Lists}), except that only the defined
10638 actions are allowed; any other @value{GDBN} command is rejected.
10640 @cindex remove actions from a tracepoint
10641 To remove all actions from a tracepoint, type @samp{actions @var{num}}
10642 and follow it immediately with @samp{end}.
10645 (@value{GDBP}) @b{collect @var{data}} // collect some data
10647 (@value{GDBP}) @b{while-stepping 5} // single-step 5 times, collect data
10649 (@value{GDBP}) @b{end} // signals the end of actions.
10652 In the following example, the action list begins with @code{collect}
10653 commands indicating the things to be collected when the tracepoint is
10654 hit. Then, in order to single-step and collect additional data
10655 following the tracepoint, a @code{while-stepping} command is used,
10656 followed by the list of things to be collected after each step in a
10657 sequence of single steps. The @code{while-stepping} command is
10658 terminated by its own separate @code{end} command. Lastly, the action
10659 list is terminated by an @code{end} command.
10662 (@value{GDBP}) @b{trace foo}
10663 (@value{GDBP}) @b{actions}
10664 Enter actions for tracepoint 1, one per line:
10667 > while-stepping 12
10668 > collect $pc, arr[i]
10673 @kindex collect @r{(tracepoints)}
10674 @item collect@r{[}/@var{mods}@r{]} @var{expr1}, @var{expr2}, @dots{}
10675 Collect values of the given expressions when the tracepoint is hit.
10676 This command accepts a comma-separated list of any valid expressions.
10677 In addition to global, static, or local variables, the following
10678 special arguments are supported:
10682 Collect all registers.
10685 Collect all function arguments.
10688 Collect all local variables.
10691 Collect the return address. This is helpful if you want to see more
10695 @vindex $_sdata@r{, collect}
10696 Collect static tracepoint marker specific data. Only available for
10697 static tracepoints. @xref{Tracepoint Actions,,Tracepoint Action
10698 Lists}. On the UST static tracepoints library backend, an
10699 instrumentation point resembles a @code{printf} function call. The
10700 tracing library is able to collect user specified data formatted to a
10701 character string using the format provided by the programmer that
10702 instrumented the program. Other backends have similar mechanisms.
10703 Here's an example of a UST marker call:
10706 const char master_name[] = "$your_name";
10707 trace_mark(channel1, marker1, "hello %s", master_name)
10710 In this case, collecting @code{$_sdata} collects the string
10711 @samp{hello $yourname}. When analyzing the trace buffer, you can
10712 inspect @samp{$_sdata} like any other variable available to
10716 You can give several consecutive @code{collect} commands, each one
10717 with a single argument, or one @code{collect} command with several
10718 arguments separated by commas; the effect is the same.
10720 The optional @var{mods} changes the usual handling of the arguments.
10721 @code{s} requests that pointers to chars be handled as strings, in
10722 particular collecting the contents of the memory being pointed at, up
10723 to the first zero. The upper bound is by default the value of the
10724 @code{print elements} variable; if @code{s} is followed by a decimal
10725 number, that is the upper bound instead. So for instance
10726 @samp{collect/s25 mystr} collects as many as 25 characters at
10729 The command @code{info scope} (@pxref{Symbols, info scope}) is
10730 particularly useful for figuring out what data to collect.
10732 @kindex teval @r{(tracepoints)}
10733 @item teval @var{expr1}, @var{expr2}, @dots{}
10734 Evaluate the given expressions when the tracepoint is hit. This
10735 command accepts a comma-separated list of expressions. The results
10736 are discarded, so this is mainly useful for assigning values to trace
10737 state variables (@pxref{Trace State Variables}) without adding those
10738 values to the trace buffer, as would be the case if the @code{collect}
10741 @kindex while-stepping @r{(tracepoints)}
10742 @item while-stepping @var{n}
10743 Perform @var{n} single-step instruction traces after the tracepoint,
10744 collecting new data after each step. The @code{while-stepping}
10745 command is followed by the list of what to collect while stepping
10746 (followed by its own @code{end} command):
10749 > while-stepping 12
10750 > collect $regs, myglobal
10756 Note that @code{$pc} is not automatically collected by
10757 @code{while-stepping}; you need to explicitly collect that register if
10758 you need it. You may abbreviate @code{while-stepping} as @code{ws} or
10761 @item set default-collect @var{expr1}, @var{expr2}, @dots{}
10762 @kindex set default-collect
10763 @cindex default collection action
10764 This variable is a list of expressions to collect at each tracepoint
10765 hit. It is effectively an additional @code{collect} action prepended
10766 to every tracepoint action list. The expressions are parsed
10767 individually for each tracepoint, so for instance a variable named
10768 @code{xyz} may be interpreted as a global for one tracepoint, and a
10769 local for another, as appropriate to the tracepoint's location.
10771 @item show default-collect
10772 @kindex show default-collect
10773 Show the list of expressions that are collected by default at each
10778 @node Listing Tracepoints
10779 @subsection Listing Tracepoints
10782 @kindex info tracepoints @r{[}@var{n}@dots{}@r{]}
10783 @kindex info tp @r{[}@var{n}@dots{}@r{]}
10784 @cindex information about tracepoints
10785 @item info tracepoints @r{[}@var{num}@dots{}@r{]}
10786 Display information about the tracepoint @var{num}. If you don't
10787 specify a tracepoint number, displays information about all the
10788 tracepoints defined so far. The format is similar to that used for
10789 @code{info breakpoints}; in fact, @code{info tracepoints} is the same
10790 command, simply restricting itself to tracepoints.
10792 A tracepoint's listing may include additional information specific to
10797 its passcount as given by the @code{passcount @var{n}} command
10801 (@value{GDBP}) @b{info trace}
10802 Num Type Disp Enb Address What
10803 1 tracepoint keep y 0x0804ab57 in foo() at main.cxx:7
10805 collect globfoo, $regs
10814 This command can be abbreviated @code{info tp}.
10817 @node Listing Static Tracepoint Markers
10818 @subsection Listing Static Tracepoint Markers
10821 @kindex info static-tracepoint-markers
10822 @cindex information about static tracepoint markers
10823 @item info static-tracepoint-markers
10824 Display information about all static tracepoint markers defined in the
10827 For each marker, the following columns are printed:
10831 An incrementing counter, output to help readability. This is not a
10834 The marker ID, as reported by the target.
10835 @item Enabled or Disabled
10836 Probed markers are tagged with @samp{y}. @samp{n} identifies marks
10837 that are not enabled.
10839 Where the marker is in your program, as a memory address.
10841 Where the marker is in the source for your program, as a file and line
10842 number. If the debug information included in the program does not
10843 allow @value{GDBN} to locate the source of the marker, this column
10844 will be left blank.
10848 In addition, the following information may be printed for each marker:
10852 User data passed to the tracing library by the marker call. In the
10853 UST backend, this is the format string passed as argument to the
10855 @item Static tracepoints probing the marker
10856 The list of static tracepoints attached to the marker.
10860 (@value{GDBP}) info static-tracepoint-markers
10861 Cnt ID Enb Address What
10862 1 ust/bar2 y 0x0000000000400e1a in main at stexample.c:25
10863 Data: number1 %d number2 %d
10864 Probed by static tracepoints: #2
10865 2 ust/bar33 n 0x0000000000400c87 in main at stexample.c:24
10871 @node Starting and Stopping Trace Experiments
10872 @subsection Starting and Stopping Trace Experiments
10876 @cindex start a new trace experiment
10877 @cindex collected data discarded
10879 This command takes no arguments. It starts the trace experiment, and
10880 begins collecting data. This has the side effect of discarding all
10881 the data collected in the trace buffer during the previous trace
10885 @cindex stop a running trace experiment
10887 This command takes no arguments. It ends the trace experiment, and
10888 stops collecting data.
10890 @strong{Note}: a trace experiment and data collection may stop
10891 automatically if any tracepoint's passcount is reached
10892 (@pxref{Tracepoint Passcounts}), or if the trace buffer becomes full.
10895 @cindex status of trace data collection
10896 @cindex trace experiment, status of
10898 This command displays the status of the current trace data
10902 Here is an example of the commands we described so far:
10905 (@value{GDBP}) @b{trace gdb_c_test}
10906 (@value{GDBP}) @b{actions}
10907 Enter actions for tracepoint #1, one per line.
10908 > collect $regs,$locals,$args
10909 > while-stepping 11
10913 (@value{GDBP}) @b{tstart}
10914 [time passes @dots{}]
10915 (@value{GDBP}) @b{tstop}
10918 @anchor{disconnected tracing}
10919 @cindex disconnected tracing
10920 You can choose to continue running the trace experiment even if
10921 @value{GDBN} disconnects from the target, voluntarily or
10922 involuntarily. For commands such as @code{detach}, the debugger will
10923 ask what you want to do with the trace. But for unexpected
10924 terminations (@value{GDBN} crash, network outage), it would be
10925 unfortunate to lose hard-won trace data, so the variable
10926 @code{disconnected-tracing} lets you decide whether the trace should
10927 continue running without @value{GDBN}.
10930 @item set disconnected-tracing on
10931 @itemx set disconnected-tracing off
10932 @kindex set disconnected-tracing
10933 Choose whether a tracing run should continue to run if @value{GDBN}
10934 has disconnected from the target. Note that @code{detach} or
10935 @code{quit} will ask you directly what to do about a running trace no
10936 matter what this variable's setting, so the variable is mainly useful
10937 for handling unexpected situations, such as loss of the network.
10939 @item show disconnected-tracing
10940 @kindex show disconnected-tracing
10941 Show the current choice for disconnected tracing.
10945 When you reconnect to the target, the trace experiment may or may not
10946 still be running; it might have filled the trace buffer in the
10947 meantime, or stopped for one of the other reasons. If it is running,
10948 it will continue after reconnection.
10950 Upon reconnection, the target will upload information about the
10951 tracepoints in effect. @value{GDBN} will then compare that
10952 information to the set of tracepoints currently defined, and attempt
10953 to match them up, allowing for the possibility that the numbers may
10954 have changed due to creation and deletion in the meantime. If one of
10955 the target's tracepoints does not match any in @value{GDBN}, the
10956 debugger will create a new tracepoint, so that you have a number with
10957 which to specify that tracepoint. This matching-up process is
10958 necessarily heuristic, and it may result in useless tracepoints being
10959 created; you may simply delete them if they are of no use.
10961 @cindex circular trace buffer
10962 If your target agent supports a @dfn{circular trace buffer}, then you
10963 can run a trace experiment indefinitely without filling the trace
10964 buffer; when space runs out, the agent deletes already-collected trace
10965 frames, oldest first, until there is enough room to continue
10966 collecting. This is especially useful if your tracepoints are being
10967 hit too often, and your trace gets terminated prematurely because the
10968 buffer is full. To ask for a circular trace buffer, simply set
10969 @samp{circular-trace-buffer} to on. You can set this at any time,
10970 including during tracing; if the agent can do it, it will change
10971 buffer handling on the fly, otherwise it will not take effect until
10975 @item set circular-trace-buffer on
10976 @itemx set circular-trace-buffer off
10977 @kindex set circular-trace-buffer
10978 Choose whether a tracing run should use a linear or circular buffer
10979 for trace data. A linear buffer will not lose any trace data, but may
10980 fill up prematurely, while a circular buffer will discard old trace
10981 data, but it will have always room for the latest tracepoint hits.
10983 @item show circular-trace-buffer
10984 @kindex show circular-trace-buffer
10985 Show the current choice for the trace buffer. Note that this may not
10986 match the agent's current buffer handling, nor is it guaranteed to
10987 match the setting that might have been in effect during a past run,
10988 for instance if you are looking at frames from a trace file.
10992 @node Tracepoint Restrictions
10993 @subsection Tracepoint Restrictions
10995 @cindex tracepoint restrictions
10996 There are a number of restrictions on the use of tracepoints. As
10997 described above, tracepoint data gathering occurs on the target
10998 without interaction from @value{GDBN}. Thus the full capabilities of
10999 the debugger are not available during data gathering, and then at data
11000 examination time, you will be limited by only having what was
11001 collected. The following items describe some common problems, but it
11002 is not exhaustive, and you may run into additional difficulties not
11008 Tracepoint expressions are intended to gather objects (lvalues). Thus
11009 the full flexibility of GDB's expression evaluator is not available.
11010 You cannot call functions, cast objects to aggregate types, access
11011 convenience variables or modify values (except by assignment to trace
11012 state variables). Some language features may implicitly call
11013 functions (for instance Objective-C fields with accessors), and therefore
11014 cannot be collected either.
11017 Collection of local variables, either individually or in bulk with
11018 @code{$locals} or @code{$args}, during @code{while-stepping} may
11019 behave erratically. The stepping action may enter a new scope (for
11020 instance by stepping into a function), or the location of the variable
11021 may change (for instance it is loaded into a register). The
11022 tracepoint data recorded uses the location information for the
11023 variables that is correct for the tracepoint location. When the
11024 tracepoint is created, it is not possible, in general, to determine
11025 where the steps of a @code{while-stepping} sequence will advance the
11026 program---particularly if a conditional branch is stepped.
11029 Collection of an incompletely-initialized or partially-destroyed object
11030 may result in something that @value{GDBN} cannot display, or displays
11031 in a misleading way.
11034 When @value{GDBN} displays a pointer to character it automatically
11035 dereferences the pointer to also display characters of the string
11036 being pointed to. However, collecting the pointer during tracing does
11037 not automatically collect the string. You need to explicitly
11038 dereference the pointer and provide size information if you want to
11039 collect not only the pointer, but the memory pointed to. For example,
11040 @code{*ptr@@50} can be used to collect the 50 element array pointed to
11044 It is not possible to collect a complete stack backtrace at a
11045 tracepoint. Instead, you may collect the registers and a few hundred
11046 bytes from the stack pointer with something like @code{*(unsigned char *)$esp@@300}
11047 (adjust to use the name of the actual stack pointer register on your
11048 target architecture, and the amount of stack you wish to capture).
11049 Then the @code{backtrace} command will show a partial backtrace when
11050 using a trace frame. The number of stack frames that can be examined
11051 depends on the sizes of the frames in the collected stack. Note that
11052 if you ask for a block so large that it goes past the bottom of the
11053 stack, the target agent may report an error trying to read from an
11057 If you do not collect registers at a tracepoint, @value{GDBN} can
11058 infer that the value of @code{$pc} must be the same as the address of
11059 the tracepoint and use that when you are looking at a trace frame
11060 for that tracepoint. However, this cannot work if the tracepoint has
11061 multiple locations (for instance if it was set in a function that was
11062 inlined), or if it has a @code{while-stepping} loop. In those cases
11063 @value{GDBN} will warn you that it can't infer @code{$pc}, and default
11068 @node Analyze Collected Data
11069 @section Using the Collected Data
11071 After the tracepoint experiment ends, you use @value{GDBN} commands
11072 for examining the trace data. The basic idea is that each tracepoint
11073 collects a trace @dfn{snapshot} every time it is hit and another
11074 snapshot every time it single-steps. All these snapshots are
11075 consecutively numbered from zero and go into a buffer, and you can
11076 examine them later. The way you examine them is to @dfn{focus} on a
11077 specific trace snapshot. When the remote stub is focused on a trace
11078 snapshot, it will respond to all @value{GDBN} requests for memory and
11079 registers by reading from the buffer which belongs to that snapshot,
11080 rather than from @emph{real} memory or registers of the program being
11081 debugged. This means that @strong{all} @value{GDBN} commands
11082 (@code{print}, @code{info registers}, @code{backtrace}, etc.) will
11083 behave as if we were currently debugging the program state as it was
11084 when the tracepoint occurred. Any requests for data that are not in
11085 the buffer will fail.
11088 * tfind:: How to select a trace snapshot
11089 * tdump:: How to display all data for a snapshot
11090 * save tracepoints:: How to save tracepoints for a future run
11094 @subsection @code{tfind @var{n}}
11097 @cindex select trace snapshot
11098 @cindex find trace snapshot
11099 The basic command for selecting a trace snapshot from the buffer is
11100 @code{tfind @var{n}}, which finds trace snapshot number @var{n},
11101 counting from zero. If no argument @var{n} is given, the next
11102 snapshot is selected.
11104 Here are the various forms of using the @code{tfind} command.
11108 Find the first snapshot in the buffer. This is a synonym for
11109 @code{tfind 0} (since 0 is the number of the first snapshot).
11112 Stop debugging trace snapshots, resume @emph{live} debugging.
11115 Same as @samp{tfind none}.
11118 No argument means find the next trace snapshot.
11121 Find the previous trace snapshot before the current one. This permits
11122 retracing earlier steps.
11124 @item tfind tracepoint @var{num}
11125 Find the next snapshot associated with tracepoint @var{num}. Search
11126 proceeds forward from the last examined trace snapshot. If no
11127 argument @var{num} is given, it means find the next snapshot collected
11128 for the same tracepoint as the current snapshot.
11130 @item tfind pc @var{addr}
11131 Find the next snapshot associated with the value @var{addr} of the
11132 program counter. Search proceeds forward from the last examined trace
11133 snapshot. If no argument @var{addr} is given, it means find the next
11134 snapshot with the same value of PC as the current snapshot.
11136 @item tfind outside @var{addr1}, @var{addr2}
11137 Find the next snapshot whose PC is outside the given range of
11138 addresses (exclusive).
11140 @item tfind range @var{addr1}, @var{addr2}
11141 Find the next snapshot whose PC is between @var{addr1} and
11142 @var{addr2} (inclusive).
11144 @item tfind line @r{[}@var{file}:@r{]}@var{n}
11145 Find the next snapshot associated with the source line @var{n}. If
11146 the optional argument @var{file} is given, refer to line @var{n} in
11147 that source file. Search proceeds forward from the last examined
11148 trace snapshot. If no argument @var{n} is given, it means find the
11149 next line other than the one currently being examined; thus saying
11150 @code{tfind line} repeatedly can appear to have the same effect as
11151 stepping from line to line in a @emph{live} debugging session.
11154 The default arguments for the @code{tfind} commands are specifically
11155 designed to make it easy to scan through the trace buffer. For
11156 instance, @code{tfind} with no argument selects the next trace
11157 snapshot, and @code{tfind -} with no argument selects the previous
11158 trace snapshot. So, by giving one @code{tfind} command, and then
11159 simply hitting @key{RET} repeatedly you can examine all the trace
11160 snapshots in order. Or, by saying @code{tfind -} and then hitting
11161 @key{RET} repeatedly you can examine the snapshots in reverse order.
11162 The @code{tfind line} command with no argument selects the snapshot
11163 for the next source line executed. The @code{tfind pc} command with
11164 no argument selects the next snapshot with the same program counter
11165 (PC) as the current frame. The @code{tfind tracepoint} command with
11166 no argument selects the next trace snapshot collected by the same
11167 tracepoint as the current one.
11169 In addition to letting you scan through the trace buffer manually,
11170 these commands make it easy to construct @value{GDBN} scripts that
11171 scan through the trace buffer and print out whatever collected data
11172 you are interested in. Thus, if we want to examine the PC, FP, and SP
11173 registers from each trace frame in the buffer, we can say this:
11176 (@value{GDBP}) @b{tfind start}
11177 (@value{GDBP}) @b{while ($trace_frame != -1)}
11178 > printf "Frame %d, PC = %08X, SP = %08X, FP = %08X\n", \
11179 $trace_frame, $pc, $sp, $fp
11183 Frame 0, PC = 0020DC64, SP = 0030BF3C, FP = 0030BF44
11184 Frame 1, PC = 0020DC6C, SP = 0030BF38, FP = 0030BF44
11185 Frame 2, PC = 0020DC70, SP = 0030BF34, FP = 0030BF44
11186 Frame 3, PC = 0020DC74, SP = 0030BF30, FP = 0030BF44
11187 Frame 4, PC = 0020DC78, SP = 0030BF2C, FP = 0030BF44
11188 Frame 5, PC = 0020DC7C, SP = 0030BF28, FP = 0030BF44
11189 Frame 6, PC = 0020DC80, SP = 0030BF24, FP = 0030BF44
11190 Frame 7, PC = 0020DC84, SP = 0030BF20, FP = 0030BF44
11191 Frame 8, PC = 0020DC88, SP = 0030BF1C, FP = 0030BF44
11192 Frame 9, PC = 0020DC8E, SP = 0030BF18, FP = 0030BF44
11193 Frame 10, PC = 00203F6C, SP = 0030BE3C, FP = 0030BF14
11196 Or, if we want to examine the variable @code{X} at each source line in
11200 (@value{GDBP}) @b{tfind start}
11201 (@value{GDBP}) @b{while ($trace_frame != -1)}
11202 > printf "Frame %d, X == %d\n", $trace_frame, X
11212 @subsection @code{tdump}
11214 @cindex dump all data collected at tracepoint
11215 @cindex tracepoint data, display
11217 This command takes no arguments. It prints all the data collected at
11218 the current trace snapshot.
11221 (@value{GDBP}) @b{trace 444}
11222 (@value{GDBP}) @b{actions}
11223 Enter actions for tracepoint #2, one per line:
11224 > collect $regs, $locals, $args, gdb_long_test
11227 (@value{GDBP}) @b{tstart}
11229 (@value{GDBP}) @b{tfind line 444}
11230 #0 gdb_test (p1=0x11, p2=0x22, p3=0x33, p4=0x44, p5=0x55, p6=0x66)
11232 444 printp( "%s: arguments = 0x%X 0x%X 0x%X 0x%X 0x%X 0x%X\n", )
11234 (@value{GDBP}) @b{tdump}
11235 Data collected at tracepoint 2, trace frame 1:
11236 d0 0xc4aa0085 -995491707
11240 d4 0x71aea3d 119204413
11243 d7 0x380035 3670069
11244 a0 0x19e24a 1696330
11245 a1 0x3000668 50333288
11247 a3 0x322000 3284992
11248 a4 0x3000698 50333336
11249 a5 0x1ad3cc 1758156
11250 fp 0x30bf3c 0x30bf3c
11251 sp 0x30bf34 0x30bf34
11253 pc 0x20b2c8 0x20b2c8
11257 p = 0x20e5b4 "gdb-test"
11264 gdb_long_test = 17 '\021'
11269 @code{tdump} works by scanning the tracepoint's current collection
11270 actions and printing the value of each expression listed. So
11271 @code{tdump} can fail, if after a run, you change the tracepoint's
11272 actions to mention variables that were not collected during the run.
11274 Also, for tracepoints with @code{while-stepping} loops, @code{tdump}
11275 uses the collected value of @code{$pc} to distinguish between trace
11276 frames that were collected at the tracepoint hit, and frames that were
11277 collected while stepping. This allows it to correctly choose whether
11278 to display the basic list of collections, or the collections from the
11279 body of the while-stepping loop. However, if @code{$pc} was not collected,
11280 then @code{tdump} will always attempt to dump using the basic collection
11281 list, and may fail if a while-stepping frame does not include all the
11282 same data that is collected at the tracepoint hit.
11283 @c This is getting pretty arcane, example would be good.
11285 @node save tracepoints
11286 @subsection @code{save tracepoints @var{filename}}
11287 @kindex save tracepoints
11288 @kindex save-tracepoints
11289 @cindex save tracepoints for future sessions
11291 This command saves all current tracepoint definitions together with
11292 their actions and passcounts, into a file @file{@var{filename}}
11293 suitable for use in a later debugging session. To read the saved
11294 tracepoint definitions, use the @code{source} command (@pxref{Command
11295 Files}). The @w{@code{save-tracepoints}} command is a deprecated
11296 alias for @w{@code{save tracepoints}}
11298 @node Tracepoint Variables
11299 @section Convenience Variables for Tracepoints
11300 @cindex tracepoint variables
11301 @cindex convenience variables for tracepoints
11304 @vindex $trace_frame
11305 @item (int) $trace_frame
11306 The current trace snapshot (a.k.a.@: @dfn{frame}) number, or -1 if no
11307 snapshot is selected.
11309 @vindex $tracepoint
11310 @item (int) $tracepoint
11311 The tracepoint for the current trace snapshot.
11313 @vindex $trace_line
11314 @item (int) $trace_line
11315 The line number for the current trace snapshot.
11317 @vindex $trace_file
11318 @item (char []) $trace_file
11319 The source file for the current trace snapshot.
11321 @vindex $trace_func
11322 @item (char []) $trace_func
11323 The name of the function containing @code{$tracepoint}.
11326 Note: @code{$trace_file} is not suitable for use in @code{printf},
11327 use @code{output} instead.
11329 Here's a simple example of using these convenience variables for
11330 stepping through all the trace snapshots and printing some of their
11331 data. Note that these are not the same as trace state variables,
11332 which are managed by the target.
11335 (@value{GDBP}) @b{tfind start}
11337 (@value{GDBP}) @b{while $trace_frame != -1}
11338 > output $trace_file
11339 > printf ", line %d (tracepoint #%d)\n", $trace_line, $tracepoint
11345 @section Using Trace Files
11346 @cindex trace files
11348 In some situations, the target running a trace experiment may no
11349 longer be available; perhaps it crashed, or the hardware was needed
11350 for a different activity. To handle these cases, you can arrange to
11351 dump the trace data into a file, and later use that file as a source
11352 of trace data, via the @code{target tfile} command.
11357 @item tsave [ -r ] @var{filename}
11358 Save the trace data to @var{filename}. By default, this command
11359 assumes that @var{filename} refers to the host filesystem, so if
11360 necessary @value{GDBN} will copy raw trace data up from the target and
11361 then save it. If the target supports it, you can also supply the
11362 optional argument @code{-r} (``remote'') to direct the target to save
11363 the data directly into @var{filename} in its own filesystem, which may be
11364 more efficient if the trace buffer is very large. (Note, however, that
11365 @code{target tfile} can only read from files accessible to the host.)
11367 @kindex target tfile
11369 @item target tfile @var{filename}
11370 Use the file named @var{filename} as a source of trace data. Commands
11371 that examine data work as they do with a live target, but it is not
11372 possible to run any new trace experiments. @code{tstatus} will report
11373 the state of the trace run at the moment the data was saved, as well
11374 as the current trace frame you are examining. @var{filename} must be
11375 on a filesystem accessible to the host.
11380 @chapter Debugging Programs That Use Overlays
11383 If your program is too large to fit completely in your target system's
11384 memory, you can sometimes use @dfn{overlays} to work around this
11385 problem. @value{GDBN} provides some support for debugging programs that
11389 * How Overlays Work:: A general explanation of overlays.
11390 * Overlay Commands:: Managing overlays in @value{GDBN}.
11391 * Automatic Overlay Debugging:: @value{GDBN} can find out which overlays are
11392 mapped by asking the inferior.
11393 * Overlay Sample Program:: A sample program using overlays.
11396 @node How Overlays Work
11397 @section How Overlays Work
11398 @cindex mapped overlays
11399 @cindex unmapped overlays
11400 @cindex load address, overlay's
11401 @cindex mapped address
11402 @cindex overlay area
11404 Suppose you have a computer whose instruction address space is only 64
11405 kilobytes long, but which has much more memory which can be accessed by
11406 other means: special instructions, segment registers, or memory
11407 management hardware, for example. Suppose further that you want to
11408 adapt a program which is larger than 64 kilobytes to run on this system.
11410 One solution is to identify modules of your program which are relatively
11411 independent, and need not call each other directly; call these modules
11412 @dfn{overlays}. Separate the overlays from the main program, and place
11413 their machine code in the larger memory. Place your main program in
11414 instruction memory, but leave at least enough space there to hold the
11415 largest overlay as well.
11417 Now, to call a function located in an overlay, you must first copy that
11418 overlay's machine code from the large memory into the space set aside
11419 for it in the instruction memory, and then jump to its entry point
11422 @c NB: In the below the mapped area's size is greater or equal to the
11423 @c size of all overlays. This is intentional to remind the developer
11424 @c that overlays don't necessarily need to be the same size.
11428 Data Instruction Larger
11429 Address Space Address Space Address Space
11430 +-----------+ +-----------+ +-----------+
11432 +-----------+ +-----------+ +-----------+<-- overlay 1
11433 | program | | main | .----| overlay 1 | load address
11434 | variables | | program | | +-----------+
11435 | and heap | | | | | |
11436 +-----------+ | | | +-----------+<-- overlay 2
11437 | | +-----------+ | | | load address
11438 +-----------+ | | | .-| overlay 2 |
11440 mapped --->+-----------+ | | +-----------+
11441 address | | | | | |
11442 | overlay | <-' | | |
11443 | area | <---' +-----------+<-- overlay 3
11444 | | <---. | | load address
11445 +-----------+ `--| overlay 3 |
11452 @anchor{A code overlay}A code overlay
11456 The diagram (@pxref{A code overlay}) shows a system with separate data
11457 and instruction address spaces. To map an overlay, the program copies
11458 its code from the larger address space to the instruction address space.
11459 Since the overlays shown here all use the same mapped address, only one
11460 may be mapped at a time. For a system with a single address space for
11461 data and instructions, the diagram would be similar, except that the
11462 program variables and heap would share an address space with the main
11463 program and the overlay area.
11465 An overlay loaded into instruction memory and ready for use is called a
11466 @dfn{mapped} overlay; its @dfn{mapped address} is its address in the
11467 instruction memory. An overlay not present (or only partially present)
11468 in instruction memory is called @dfn{unmapped}; its @dfn{load address}
11469 is its address in the larger memory. The mapped address is also called
11470 the @dfn{virtual memory address}, or @dfn{VMA}; the load address is also
11471 called the @dfn{load memory address}, or @dfn{LMA}.
11473 Unfortunately, overlays are not a completely transparent way to adapt a
11474 program to limited instruction memory. They introduce a new set of
11475 global constraints you must keep in mind as you design your program:
11480 Before calling or returning to a function in an overlay, your program
11481 must make sure that overlay is actually mapped. Otherwise, the call or
11482 return will transfer control to the right address, but in the wrong
11483 overlay, and your program will probably crash.
11486 If the process of mapping an overlay is expensive on your system, you
11487 will need to choose your overlays carefully to minimize their effect on
11488 your program's performance.
11491 The executable file you load onto your system must contain each
11492 overlay's instructions, appearing at the overlay's load address, not its
11493 mapped address. However, each overlay's instructions must be relocated
11494 and its symbols defined as if the overlay were at its mapped address.
11495 You can use GNU linker scripts to specify different load and relocation
11496 addresses for pieces of your program; see @ref{Overlay Description,,,
11497 ld.info, Using ld: the GNU linker}.
11500 The procedure for loading executable files onto your system must be able
11501 to load their contents into the larger address space as well as the
11502 instruction and data spaces.
11506 The overlay system described above is rather simple, and could be
11507 improved in many ways:
11512 If your system has suitable bank switch registers or memory management
11513 hardware, you could use those facilities to make an overlay's load area
11514 contents simply appear at their mapped address in instruction space.
11515 This would probably be faster than copying the overlay to its mapped
11516 area in the usual way.
11519 If your overlays are small enough, you could set aside more than one
11520 overlay area, and have more than one overlay mapped at a time.
11523 You can use overlays to manage data, as well as instructions. In
11524 general, data overlays are even less transparent to your design than
11525 code overlays: whereas code overlays only require care when you call or
11526 return to functions, data overlays require care every time you access
11527 the data. Also, if you change the contents of a data overlay, you
11528 must copy its contents back out to its load address before you can copy a
11529 different data overlay into the same mapped area.
11534 @node Overlay Commands
11535 @section Overlay Commands
11537 To use @value{GDBN}'s overlay support, each overlay in your program must
11538 correspond to a separate section of the executable file. The section's
11539 virtual memory address and load memory address must be the overlay's
11540 mapped and load addresses. Identifying overlays with sections allows
11541 @value{GDBN} to determine the appropriate address of a function or
11542 variable, depending on whether the overlay is mapped or not.
11544 @value{GDBN}'s overlay commands all start with the word @code{overlay};
11545 you can abbreviate this as @code{ov} or @code{ovly}. The commands are:
11550 Disable @value{GDBN}'s overlay support. When overlay support is
11551 disabled, @value{GDBN} assumes that all functions and variables are
11552 always present at their mapped addresses. By default, @value{GDBN}'s
11553 overlay support is disabled.
11555 @item overlay manual
11556 @cindex manual overlay debugging
11557 Enable @dfn{manual} overlay debugging. In this mode, @value{GDBN}
11558 relies on you to tell it which overlays are mapped, and which are not,
11559 using the @code{overlay map-overlay} and @code{overlay unmap-overlay}
11560 commands described below.
11562 @item overlay map-overlay @var{overlay}
11563 @itemx overlay map @var{overlay}
11564 @cindex map an overlay
11565 Tell @value{GDBN} that @var{overlay} is now mapped; @var{overlay} must
11566 be the name of the object file section containing the overlay. When an
11567 overlay is mapped, @value{GDBN} assumes it can find the overlay's
11568 functions and variables at their mapped addresses. @value{GDBN} assumes
11569 that any other overlays whose mapped ranges overlap that of
11570 @var{overlay} are now unmapped.
11572 @item overlay unmap-overlay @var{overlay}
11573 @itemx overlay unmap @var{overlay}
11574 @cindex unmap an overlay
11575 Tell @value{GDBN} that @var{overlay} is no longer mapped; @var{overlay}
11576 must be the name of the object file section containing the overlay.
11577 When an overlay is unmapped, @value{GDBN} assumes it can find the
11578 overlay's functions and variables at their load addresses.
11581 Enable @dfn{automatic} overlay debugging. In this mode, @value{GDBN}
11582 consults a data structure the overlay manager maintains in the inferior
11583 to see which overlays are mapped. For details, see @ref{Automatic
11584 Overlay Debugging}.
11586 @item overlay load-target
11587 @itemx overlay load
11588 @cindex reloading the overlay table
11589 Re-read the overlay table from the inferior. Normally, @value{GDBN}
11590 re-reads the table @value{GDBN} automatically each time the inferior
11591 stops, so this command should only be necessary if you have changed the
11592 overlay mapping yourself using @value{GDBN}. This command is only
11593 useful when using automatic overlay debugging.
11595 @item overlay list-overlays
11596 @itemx overlay list
11597 @cindex listing mapped overlays
11598 Display a list of the overlays currently mapped, along with their mapped
11599 addresses, load addresses, and sizes.
11603 Normally, when @value{GDBN} prints a code address, it includes the name
11604 of the function the address falls in:
11607 (@value{GDBP}) print main
11608 $3 = @{int ()@} 0x11a0 <main>
11611 When overlay debugging is enabled, @value{GDBN} recognizes code in
11612 unmapped overlays, and prints the names of unmapped functions with
11613 asterisks around them. For example, if @code{foo} is a function in an
11614 unmapped overlay, @value{GDBN} prints it this way:
11617 (@value{GDBP}) overlay list
11618 No sections are mapped.
11619 (@value{GDBP}) print foo
11620 $5 = @{int (int)@} 0x100000 <*foo*>
11623 When @code{foo}'s overlay is mapped, @value{GDBN} prints the function's
11627 (@value{GDBP}) overlay list
11628 Section .ov.foo.text, loaded at 0x100000 - 0x100034,
11629 mapped at 0x1016 - 0x104a
11630 (@value{GDBP}) print foo
11631 $6 = @{int (int)@} 0x1016 <foo>
11634 When overlay debugging is enabled, @value{GDBN} can find the correct
11635 address for functions and variables in an overlay, whether or not the
11636 overlay is mapped. This allows most @value{GDBN} commands, like
11637 @code{break} and @code{disassemble}, to work normally, even on unmapped
11638 code. However, @value{GDBN}'s breakpoint support has some limitations:
11642 @cindex breakpoints in overlays
11643 @cindex overlays, setting breakpoints in
11644 You can set breakpoints in functions in unmapped overlays, as long as
11645 @value{GDBN} can write to the overlay at its load address.
11647 @value{GDBN} can not set hardware or simulator-based breakpoints in
11648 unmapped overlays. However, if you set a breakpoint at the end of your
11649 overlay manager (and tell @value{GDBN} which overlays are now mapped, if
11650 you are using manual overlay management), @value{GDBN} will re-set its
11651 breakpoints properly.
11655 @node Automatic Overlay Debugging
11656 @section Automatic Overlay Debugging
11657 @cindex automatic overlay debugging
11659 @value{GDBN} can automatically track which overlays are mapped and which
11660 are not, given some simple co-operation from the overlay manager in the
11661 inferior. If you enable automatic overlay debugging with the
11662 @code{overlay auto} command (@pxref{Overlay Commands}), @value{GDBN}
11663 looks in the inferior's memory for certain variables describing the
11664 current state of the overlays.
11666 Here are the variables your overlay manager must define to support
11667 @value{GDBN}'s automatic overlay debugging:
11671 @item @code{_ovly_table}:
11672 This variable must be an array of the following structures:
11677 /* The overlay's mapped address. */
11680 /* The size of the overlay, in bytes. */
11681 unsigned long size;
11683 /* The overlay's load address. */
11686 /* Non-zero if the overlay is currently mapped;
11688 unsigned long mapped;
11692 @item @code{_novlys}:
11693 This variable must be a four-byte signed integer, holding the total
11694 number of elements in @code{_ovly_table}.
11698 To decide whether a particular overlay is mapped or not, @value{GDBN}
11699 looks for an entry in @w{@code{_ovly_table}} whose @code{vma} and
11700 @code{lma} members equal the VMA and LMA of the overlay's section in the
11701 executable file. When @value{GDBN} finds a matching entry, it consults
11702 the entry's @code{mapped} member to determine whether the overlay is
11705 In addition, your overlay manager may define a function called
11706 @code{_ovly_debug_event}. If this function is defined, @value{GDBN}
11707 will silently set a breakpoint there. If the overlay manager then
11708 calls this function whenever it has changed the overlay table, this
11709 will enable @value{GDBN} to accurately keep track of which overlays
11710 are in program memory, and update any breakpoints that may be set
11711 in overlays. This will allow breakpoints to work even if the
11712 overlays are kept in ROM or other non-writable memory while they
11713 are not being executed.
11715 @node Overlay Sample Program
11716 @section Overlay Sample Program
11717 @cindex overlay example program
11719 When linking a program which uses overlays, you must place the overlays
11720 at their load addresses, while relocating them to run at their mapped
11721 addresses. To do this, you must write a linker script (@pxref{Overlay
11722 Description,,, ld.info, Using ld: the GNU linker}). Unfortunately,
11723 since linker scripts are specific to a particular host system, target
11724 architecture, and target memory layout, this manual cannot provide
11725 portable sample code demonstrating @value{GDBN}'s overlay support.
11727 However, the @value{GDBN} source distribution does contain an overlaid
11728 program, with linker scripts for a few systems, as part of its test
11729 suite. The program consists of the following files from
11730 @file{gdb/testsuite/gdb.base}:
11734 The main program file.
11736 A simple overlay manager, used by @file{overlays.c}.
11741 Overlay modules, loaded and used by @file{overlays.c}.
11744 Linker scripts for linking the test program on the @code{d10v-elf}
11745 and @code{m32r-elf} targets.
11748 You can build the test program using the @code{d10v-elf} GCC
11749 cross-compiler like this:
11752 $ d10v-elf-gcc -g -c overlays.c
11753 $ d10v-elf-gcc -g -c ovlymgr.c
11754 $ d10v-elf-gcc -g -c foo.c
11755 $ d10v-elf-gcc -g -c bar.c
11756 $ d10v-elf-gcc -g -c baz.c
11757 $ d10v-elf-gcc -g -c grbx.c
11758 $ d10v-elf-gcc -g overlays.o ovlymgr.o foo.o bar.o \
11759 baz.o grbx.o -Wl,-Td10v.ld -o overlays
11762 The build process is identical for any other architecture, except that
11763 you must substitute the appropriate compiler and linker script for the
11764 target system for @code{d10v-elf-gcc} and @code{d10v.ld}.
11768 @chapter Using @value{GDBN} with Different Languages
11771 Although programming languages generally have common aspects, they are
11772 rarely expressed in the same manner. For instance, in ANSI C,
11773 dereferencing a pointer @code{p} is accomplished by @code{*p}, but in
11774 Modula-2, it is accomplished by @code{p^}. Values can also be
11775 represented (and displayed) differently. Hex numbers in C appear as
11776 @samp{0x1ae}, while in Modula-2 they appear as @samp{1AEH}.
11778 @cindex working language
11779 Language-specific information is built into @value{GDBN} for some languages,
11780 allowing you to express operations like the above in your program's
11781 native language, and allowing @value{GDBN} to output values in a manner
11782 consistent with the syntax of your program's native language. The
11783 language you use to build expressions is called the @dfn{working
11787 * Setting:: Switching between source languages
11788 * Show:: Displaying the language
11789 * Checks:: Type and range checks
11790 * Supported Languages:: Supported languages
11791 * Unsupported Languages:: Unsupported languages
11795 @section Switching Between Source Languages
11797 There are two ways to control the working language---either have @value{GDBN}
11798 set it automatically, or select it manually yourself. You can use the
11799 @code{set language} command for either purpose. On startup, @value{GDBN}
11800 defaults to setting the language automatically. The working language is
11801 used to determine how expressions you type are interpreted, how values
11804 In addition to the working language, every source file that
11805 @value{GDBN} knows about has its own working language. For some object
11806 file formats, the compiler might indicate which language a particular
11807 source file is in. However, most of the time @value{GDBN} infers the
11808 language from the name of the file. The language of a source file
11809 controls whether C@t{++} names are demangled---this way @code{backtrace} can
11810 show each frame appropriately for its own language. There is no way to
11811 set the language of a source file from within @value{GDBN}, but you can
11812 set the language associated with a filename extension. @xref{Show, ,
11813 Displaying the Language}.
11815 This is most commonly a problem when you use a program, such
11816 as @code{cfront} or @code{f2c}, that generates C but is written in
11817 another language. In that case, make the
11818 program use @code{#line} directives in its C output; that way
11819 @value{GDBN} will know the correct language of the source code of the original
11820 program, and will display that source code, not the generated C code.
11823 * Filenames:: Filename extensions and languages.
11824 * Manually:: Setting the working language manually
11825 * Automatically:: Having @value{GDBN} infer the source language
11829 @subsection List of Filename Extensions and Languages
11831 If a source file name ends in one of the following extensions, then
11832 @value{GDBN} infers that its language is the one indicated.
11850 C@t{++} source file
11856 Objective-C source file
11860 Fortran source file
11863 Modula-2 source file
11867 Assembler source file. This actually behaves almost like C, but
11868 @value{GDBN} does not skip over function prologues when stepping.
11871 In addition, you may set the language associated with a filename
11872 extension. @xref{Show, , Displaying the Language}.
11875 @subsection Setting the Working Language
11877 If you allow @value{GDBN} to set the language automatically,
11878 expressions are interpreted the same way in your debugging session and
11881 @kindex set language
11882 If you wish, you may set the language manually. To do this, issue the
11883 command @samp{set language @var{lang}}, where @var{lang} is the name of
11884 a language, such as
11885 @code{c} or @code{modula-2}.
11886 For a list of the supported languages, type @samp{set language}.
11888 Setting the language manually prevents @value{GDBN} from updating the working
11889 language automatically. This can lead to confusion if you try
11890 to debug a program when the working language is not the same as the
11891 source language, when an expression is acceptable to both
11892 languages---but means different things. For instance, if the current
11893 source file were written in C, and @value{GDBN} was parsing Modula-2, a
11901 might not have the effect you intended. In C, this means to add
11902 @code{b} and @code{c} and place the result in @code{a}. The result
11903 printed would be the value of @code{a}. In Modula-2, this means to compare
11904 @code{a} to the result of @code{b+c}, yielding a @code{BOOLEAN} value.
11906 @node Automatically
11907 @subsection Having @value{GDBN} Infer the Source Language
11909 To have @value{GDBN} set the working language automatically, use
11910 @samp{set language local} or @samp{set language auto}. @value{GDBN}
11911 then infers the working language. That is, when your program stops in a
11912 frame (usually by encountering a breakpoint), @value{GDBN} sets the
11913 working language to the language recorded for the function in that
11914 frame. If the language for a frame is unknown (that is, if the function
11915 or block corresponding to the frame was defined in a source file that
11916 does not have a recognized extension), the current working language is
11917 not changed, and @value{GDBN} issues a warning.
11919 This may not seem necessary for most programs, which are written
11920 entirely in one source language. However, program modules and libraries
11921 written in one source language can be used by a main program written in
11922 a different source language. Using @samp{set language auto} in this
11923 case frees you from having to set the working language manually.
11926 @section Displaying the Language
11928 The following commands help you find out which language is the
11929 working language, and also what language source files were written in.
11932 @item show language
11933 @kindex show language
11934 Display the current working language. This is the
11935 language you can use with commands such as @code{print} to
11936 build and compute expressions that may involve variables in your program.
11939 @kindex info frame@r{, show the source language}
11940 Display the source language for this frame. This language becomes the
11941 working language if you use an identifier from this frame.
11942 @xref{Frame Info, ,Information about a Frame}, to identify the other
11943 information listed here.
11946 @kindex info source@r{, show the source language}
11947 Display the source language of this source file.
11948 @xref{Symbols, ,Examining the Symbol Table}, to identify the other
11949 information listed here.
11952 In unusual circumstances, you may have source files with extensions
11953 not in the standard list. You can then set the extension associated
11954 with a language explicitly:
11957 @item set extension-language @var{ext} @var{language}
11958 @kindex set extension-language
11959 Tell @value{GDBN} that source files with extension @var{ext} are to be
11960 assumed as written in the source language @var{language}.
11962 @item info extensions
11963 @kindex info extensions
11964 List all the filename extensions and the associated languages.
11968 @section Type and Range Checking
11971 @emph{Warning:} In this release, the @value{GDBN} commands for type and range
11972 checking are included, but they do not yet have any effect. This
11973 section documents the intended facilities.
11975 @c FIXME remove warning when type/range code added
11977 Some languages are designed to guard you against making seemingly common
11978 errors through a series of compile- and run-time checks. These include
11979 checking the type of arguments to functions and operators, and making
11980 sure mathematical overflows are caught at run time. Checks such as
11981 these help to ensure a program's correctness once it has been compiled
11982 by eliminating type mismatches, and providing active checks for range
11983 errors when your program is running.
11985 @value{GDBN} can check for conditions like the above if you wish.
11986 Although @value{GDBN} does not check the statements in your program,
11987 it can check expressions entered directly into @value{GDBN} for
11988 evaluation via the @code{print} command, for example. As with the
11989 working language, @value{GDBN} can also decide whether or not to check
11990 automatically based on your program's source language.
11991 @xref{Supported Languages, ,Supported Languages}, for the default
11992 settings of supported languages.
11995 * Type Checking:: An overview of type checking
11996 * Range Checking:: An overview of range checking
11999 @cindex type checking
12000 @cindex checks, type
12001 @node Type Checking
12002 @subsection An Overview of Type Checking
12004 Some languages, such as Modula-2, are strongly typed, meaning that the
12005 arguments to operators and functions have to be of the correct type,
12006 otherwise an error occurs. These checks prevent type mismatch
12007 errors from ever causing any run-time problems. For example,
12015 The second example fails because the @code{CARDINAL} 1 is not
12016 type-compatible with the @code{REAL} 2.3.
12018 For the expressions you use in @value{GDBN} commands, you can tell the
12019 @value{GDBN} type checker to skip checking;
12020 to treat any mismatches as errors and abandon the expression;
12021 or to only issue warnings when type mismatches occur,
12022 but evaluate the expression anyway. When you choose the last of
12023 these, @value{GDBN} evaluates expressions like the second example above, but
12024 also issues a warning.
12026 Even if you turn type checking off, there may be other reasons
12027 related to type that prevent @value{GDBN} from evaluating an expression.
12028 For instance, @value{GDBN} does not know how to add an @code{int} and
12029 a @code{struct foo}. These particular type errors have nothing to do
12030 with the language in use, and usually arise from expressions, such as
12031 the one described above, which make little sense to evaluate anyway.
12033 Each language defines to what degree it is strict about type. For
12034 instance, both Modula-2 and C require the arguments to arithmetical
12035 operators to be numbers. In C, enumerated types and pointers can be
12036 represented as numbers, so that they are valid arguments to mathematical
12037 operators. @xref{Supported Languages, ,Supported Languages}, for further
12038 details on specific languages.
12040 @value{GDBN} provides some additional commands for controlling the type checker:
12042 @kindex set check type
12043 @kindex show check type
12045 @item set check type auto
12046 Set type checking on or off based on the current working language.
12047 @xref{Supported Languages, ,Supported Languages}, for the default settings for
12050 @item set check type on
12051 @itemx set check type off
12052 Set type checking on or off, overriding the default setting for the
12053 current working language. Issue a warning if the setting does not
12054 match the language default. If any type mismatches occur in
12055 evaluating an expression while type checking is on, @value{GDBN} prints a
12056 message and aborts evaluation of the expression.
12058 @item set check type warn
12059 Cause the type checker to issue warnings, but to always attempt to
12060 evaluate the expression. Evaluating the expression may still
12061 be impossible for other reasons. For example, @value{GDBN} cannot add
12062 numbers and structures.
12065 Show the current setting of the type checker, and whether or not @value{GDBN}
12066 is setting it automatically.
12069 @cindex range checking
12070 @cindex checks, range
12071 @node Range Checking
12072 @subsection An Overview of Range Checking
12074 In some languages (such as Modula-2), it is an error to exceed the
12075 bounds of a type; this is enforced with run-time checks. Such range
12076 checking is meant to ensure program correctness by making sure
12077 computations do not overflow, or indices on an array element access do
12078 not exceed the bounds of the array.
12080 For expressions you use in @value{GDBN} commands, you can tell
12081 @value{GDBN} to treat range errors in one of three ways: ignore them,
12082 always treat them as errors and abandon the expression, or issue
12083 warnings but evaluate the expression anyway.
12085 A range error can result from numerical overflow, from exceeding an
12086 array index bound, or when you type a constant that is not a member
12087 of any type. Some languages, however, do not treat overflows as an
12088 error. In many implementations of C, mathematical overflow causes the
12089 result to ``wrap around'' to lower values---for example, if @var{m} is
12090 the largest integer value, and @var{s} is the smallest, then
12093 @var{m} + 1 @result{} @var{s}
12096 This, too, is specific to individual languages, and in some cases
12097 specific to individual compilers or machines. @xref{Supported Languages, ,
12098 Supported Languages}, for further details on specific languages.
12100 @value{GDBN} provides some additional commands for controlling the range checker:
12102 @kindex set check range
12103 @kindex show check range
12105 @item set check range auto
12106 Set range checking on or off based on the current working language.
12107 @xref{Supported Languages, ,Supported Languages}, for the default settings for
12110 @item set check range on
12111 @itemx set check range off
12112 Set range checking on or off, overriding the default setting for the
12113 current working language. A warning is issued if the setting does not
12114 match the language default. If a range error occurs and range checking is on,
12115 then a message is printed and evaluation of the expression is aborted.
12117 @item set check range warn
12118 Output messages when the @value{GDBN} range checker detects a range error,
12119 but attempt to evaluate the expression anyway. Evaluating the
12120 expression may still be impossible for other reasons, such as accessing
12121 memory that the process does not own (a typical example from many Unix
12125 Show the current setting of the range checker, and whether or not it is
12126 being set automatically by @value{GDBN}.
12129 @node Supported Languages
12130 @section Supported Languages
12132 @value{GDBN} supports C, C@t{++}, D, Objective-C, Fortran, Java, OpenCL C, Pascal,
12133 assembly, Modula-2, and Ada.
12134 @c This is false ...
12135 Some @value{GDBN} features may be used in expressions regardless of the
12136 language you use: the @value{GDBN} @code{@@} and @code{::} operators,
12137 and the @samp{@{type@}addr} construct (@pxref{Expressions,
12138 ,Expressions}) can be used with the constructs of any supported
12141 The following sections detail to what degree each source language is
12142 supported by @value{GDBN}. These sections are not meant to be language
12143 tutorials or references, but serve only as a reference guide to what the
12144 @value{GDBN} expression parser accepts, and what input and output
12145 formats should look like for different languages. There are many good
12146 books written on each of these languages; please look to these for a
12147 language reference or tutorial.
12150 * C:: C and C@t{++}
12152 * Objective-C:: Objective-C
12153 * OpenCL C:: OpenCL C
12154 * Fortran:: Fortran
12156 * Modula-2:: Modula-2
12161 @subsection C and C@t{++}
12163 @cindex C and C@t{++}
12164 @cindex expressions in C or C@t{++}
12166 Since C and C@t{++} are so closely related, many features of @value{GDBN} apply
12167 to both languages. Whenever this is the case, we discuss those languages
12171 @cindex @code{g++}, @sc{gnu} C@t{++} compiler
12172 @cindex @sc{gnu} C@t{++}
12173 The C@t{++} debugging facilities are jointly implemented by the C@t{++}
12174 compiler and @value{GDBN}. Therefore, to debug your C@t{++} code
12175 effectively, you must compile your C@t{++} programs with a supported
12176 C@t{++} compiler, such as @sc{gnu} @code{g++}, or the HP ANSI C@t{++}
12177 compiler (@code{aCC}).
12179 For best results when using @sc{gnu} C@t{++}, use the DWARF 2 debugging
12180 format; if it doesn't work on your system, try the stabs+ debugging
12181 format. You can select those formats explicitly with the @code{g++}
12182 command-line options @option{-gdwarf-2} and @option{-gstabs+}.
12183 @xref{Debugging Options,,Options for Debugging Your Program or GCC,
12184 gcc.info, Using the @sc{gnu} Compiler Collection (GCC)}.
12187 * C Operators:: C and C@t{++} operators
12188 * C Constants:: C and C@t{++} constants
12189 * C Plus Plus Expressions:: C@t{++} expressions
12190 * C Defaults:: Default settings for C and C@t{++}
12191 * C Checks:: C and C@t{++} type and range checks
12192 * Debugging C:: @value{GDBN} and C
12193 * Debugging C Plus Plus:: @value{GDBN} features for C@t{++}
12194 * Decimal Floating Point:: Numbers in Decimal Floating Point format
12198 @subsubsection C and C@t{++} Operators
12200 @cindex C and C@t{++} operators
12202 Operators must be defined on values of specific types. For instance,
12203 @code{+} is defined on numbers, but not on structures. Operators are
12204 often defined on groups of types.
12206 For the purposes of C and C@t{++}, the following definitions hold:
12211 @emph{Integral types} include @code{int} with any of its storage-class
12212 specifiers; @code{char}; @code{enum}; and, for C@t{++}, @code{bool}.
12215 @emph{Floating-point types} include @code{float}, @code{double}, and
12216 @code{long double} (if supported by the target platform).
12219 @emph{Pointer types} include all types defined as @code{(@var{type} *)}.
12222 @emph{Scalar types} include all of the above.
12227 The following operators are supported. They are listed here
12228 in order of increasing precedence:
12232 The comma or sequencing operator. Expressions in a comma-separated list
12233 are evaluated from left to right, with the result of the entire
12234 expression being the last expression evaluated.
12237 Assignment. The value of an assignment expression is the value
12238 assigned. Defined on scalar types.
12241 Used in an expression of the form @w{@code{@var{a} @var{op}= @var{b}}},
12242 and translated to @w{@code{@var{a} = @var{a op b}}}.
12243 @w{@code{@var{op}=}} and @code{=} have the same precedence.
12244 @var{op} is any one of the operators @code{|}, @code{^}, @code{&},
12245 @code{<<}, @code{>>}, @code{+}, @code{-}, @code{*}, @code{/}, @code{%}.
12248 The ternary operator. @code{@var{a} ? @var{b} : @var{c}} can be thought
12249 of as: if @var{a} then @var{b} else @var{c}. @var{a} should be of an
12253 Logical @sc{or}. Defined on integral types.
12256 Logical @sc{and}. Defined on integral types.
12259 Bitwise @sc{or}. Defined on integral types.
12262 Bitwise exclusive-@sc{or}. Defined on integral types.
12265 Bitwise @sc{and}. Defined on integral types.
12268 Equality and inequality. Defined on scalar types. The value of these
12269 expressions is 0 for false and non-zero for true.
12271 @item <@r{, }>@r{, }<=@r{, }>=
12272 Less than, greater than, less than or equal, greater than or equal.
12273 Defined on scalar types. The value of these expressions is 0 for false
12274 and non-zero for true.
12277 left shift, and right shift. Defined on integral types.
12280 The @value{GDBN} ``artificial array'' operator (@pxref{Expressions, ,Expressions}).
12283 Addition and subtraction. Defined on integral types, floating-point types and
12286 @item *@r{, }/@r{, }%
12287 Multiplication, division, and modulus. Multiplication and division are
12288 defined on integral and floating-point types. Modulus is defined on
12292 Increment and decrement. When appearing before a variable, the
12293 operation is performed before the variable is used in an expression;
12294 when appearing after it, the variable's value is used before the
12295 operation takes place.
12298 Pointer dereferencing. Defined on pointer types. Same precedence as
12302 Address operator. Defined on variables. Same precedence as @code{++}.
12304 For debugging C@t{++}, @value{GDBN} implements a use of @samp{&} beyond what is
12305 allowed in the C@t{++} language itself: you can use @samp{&(&@var{ref})}
12306 to examine the address
12307 where a C@t{++} reference variable (declared with @samp{&@var{ref}}) is
12311 Negative. Defined on integral and floating-point types. Same
12312 precedence as @code{++}.
12315 Logical negation. Defined on integral types. Same precedence as
12319 Bitwise complement operator. Defined on integral types. Same precedence as
12324 Structure member, and pointer-to-structure member. For convenience,
12325 @value{GDBN} regards the two as equivalent, choosing whether to dereference a
12326 pointer based on the stored type information.
12327 Defined on @code{struct} and @code{union} data.
12330 Dereferences of pointers to members.
12333 Array indexing. @code{@var{a}[@var{i}]} is defined as
12334 @code{*(@var{a}+@var{i})}. Same precedence as @code{->}.
12337 Function parameter list. Same precedence as @code{->}.
12340 C@t{++} scope resolution operator. Defined on @code{struct}, @code{union},
12341 and @code{class} types.
12344 Doubled colons also represent the @value{GDBN} scope operator
12345 (@pxref{Expressions, ,Expressions}). Same precedence as @code{::},
12349 If an operator is redefined in the user code, @value{GDBN} usually
12350 attempts to invoke the redefined version instead of using the operator's
12351 predefined meaning.
12354 @subsubsection C and C@t{++} Constants
12356 @cindex C and C@t{++} constants
12358 @value{GDBN} allows you to express the constants of C and C@t{++} in the
12363 Integer constants are a sequence of digits. Octal constants are
12364 specified by a leading @samp{0} (i.e.@: zero), and hexadecimal constants
12365 by a leading @samp{0x} or @samp{0X}. Constants may also end with a letter
12366 @samp{l}, specifying that the constant should be treated as a
12370 Floating point constants are a sequence of digits, followed by a decimal
12371 point, followed by a sequence of digits, and optionally followed by an
12372 exponent. An exponent is of the form:
12373 @samp{@w{e@r{[[}+@r{]|}-@r{]}@var{nnn}}}, where @var{nnn} is another
12374 sequence of digits. The @samp{+} is optional for positive exponents.
12375 A floating-point constant may also end with a letter @samp{f} or
12376 @samp{F}, specifying that the constant should be treated as being of
12377 the @code{float} (as opposed to the default @code{double}) type; or with
12378 a letter @samp{l} or @samp{L}, which specifies a @code{long double}
12382 Enumerated constants consist of enumerated identifiers, or their
12383 integral equivalents.
12386 Character constants are a single character surrounded by single quotes
12387 (@code{'}), or a number---the ordinal value of the corresponding character
12388 (usually its @sc{ascii} value). Within quotes, the single character may
12389 be represented by a letter or by @dfn{escape sequences}, which are of
12390 the form @samp{\@var{nnn}}, where @var{nnn} is the octal representation
12391 of the character's ordinal value; or of the form @samp{\@var{x}}, where
12392 @samp{@var{x}} is a predefined special character---for example,
12393 @samp{\n} for newline.
12396 String constants are a sequence of character constants surrounded by
12397 double quotes (@code{"}). Any valid character constant (as described
12398 above) may appear. Double quotes within the string must be preceded by
12399 a backslash, so for instance @samp{"a\"b'c"} is a string of five
12403 Pointer constants are an integral value. You can also write pointers
12404 to constants using the C operator @samp{&}.
12407 Array constants are comma-separated lists surrounded by braces @samp{@{}
12408 and @samp{@}}; for example, @samp{@{1,2,3@}} is a three-element array of
12409 integers, @samp{@{@{1,2@}, @{3,4@}, @{5,6@}@}} is a three-by-two array,
12410 and @samp{@{&"hi", &"there", &"fred"@}} is a three-element array of pointers.
12413 @node C Plus Plus Expressions
12414 @subsubsection C@t{++} Expressions
12416 @cindex expressions in C@t{++}
12417 @value{GDBN} expression handling can interpret most C@t{++} expressions.
12419 @cindex debugging C@t{++} programs
12420 @cindex C@t{++} compilers
12421 @cindex debug formats and C@t{++}
12422 @cindex @value{NGCC} and C@t{++}
12424 @emph{Warning:} @value{GDBN} can only debug C@t{++} code if you use the
12425 proper compiler and the proper debug format. Currently, @value{GDBN}
12426 works best when debugging C@t{++} code that is compiled with
12427 @value{NGCC} 2.95.3 or with @value{NGCC} 3.1 or newer, using the options
12428 @option{-gdwarf-2} or @option{-gstabs+}. DWARF 2 is preferred over
12429 stabs+. Most configurations of @value{NGCC} emit either DWARF 2 or
12430 stabs+ as their default debug format, so you usually don't need to
12431 specify a debug format explicitly. Other compilers and/or debug formats
12432 are likely to work badly or not at all when using @value{GDBN} to debug
12438 @cindex member functions
12440 Member function calls are allowed; you can use expressions like
12443 count = aml->GetOriginal(x, y)
12446 @vindex this@r{, inside C@t{++} member functions}
12447 @cindex namespace in C@t{++}
12449 While a member function is active (in the selected stack frame), your
12450 expressions have the same namespace available as the member function;
12451 that is, @value{GDBN} allows implicit references to the class instance
12452 pointer @code{this} following the same rules as C@t{++}.
12454 @cindex call overloaded functions
12455 @cindex overloaded functions, calling
12456 @cindex type conversions in C@t{++}
12458 You can call overloaded functions; @value{GDBN} resolves the function
12459 call to the right definition, with some restrictions. @value{GDBN} does not
12460 perform overload resolution involving user-defined type conversions,
12461 calls to constructors, or instantiations of templates that do not exist
12462 in the program. It also cannot handle ellipsis argument lists or
12465 It does perform integral conversions and promotions, floating-point
12466 promotions, arithmetic conversions, pointer conversions, conversions of
12467 class objects to base classes, and standard conversions such as those of
12468 functions or arrays to pointers; it requires an exact match on the
12469 number of function arguments.
12471 Overload resolution is always performed, unless you have specified
12472 @code{set overload-resolution off}. @xref{Debugging C Plus Plus,
12473 ,@value{GDBN} Features for C@t{++}}.
12475 You must specify @code{set overload-resolution off} in order to use an
12476 explicit function signature to call an overloaded function, as in
12478 p 'foo(char,int)'('x', 13)
12481 The @value{GDBN} command-completion facility can simplify this;
12482 see @ref{Completion, ,Command Completion}.
12484 @cindex reference declarations
12486 @value{GDBN} understands variables declared as C@t{++} references; you can use
12487 them in expressions just as you do in C@t{++} source---they are automatically
12490 In the parameter list shown when @value{GDBN} displays a frame, the values of
12491 reference variables are not displayed (unlike other variables); this
12492 avoids clutter, since references are often used for large structures.
12493 The @emph{address} of a reference variable is always shown, unless
12494 you have specified @samp{set print address off}.
12497 @value{GDBN} supports the C@t{++} name resolution operator @code{::}---your
12498 expressions can use it just as expressions in your program do. Since
12499 one scope may be defined in another, you can use @code{::} repeatedly if
12500 necessary, for example in an expression like
12501 @samp{@var{scope1}::@var{scope2}::@var{name}}. @value{GDBN} also allows
12502 resolving name scope by reference to source files, in both C and C@t{++}
12503 debugging (@pxref{Variables, ,Program Variables}).
12506 In addition, when used with HP's C@t{++} compiler, @value{GDBN} supports
12507 calling virtual functions correctly, printing out virtual bases of
12508 objects, calling functions in a base subobject, casting objects, and
12509 invoking user-defined operators.
12512 @subsubsection C and C@t{++} Defaults
12514 @cindex C and C@t{++} defaults
12516 If you allow @value{GDBN} to set type and range checking automatically, they
12517 both default to @code{off} whenever the working language changes to
12518 C or C@t{++}. This happens regardless of whether you or @value{GDBN}
12519 selects the working language.
12521 If you allow @value{GDBN} to set the language automatically, it
12522 recognizes source files whose names end with @file{.c}, @file{.C}, or
12523 @file{.cc}, etc, and when @value{GDBN} enters code compiled from one of
12524 these files, it sets the working language to C or C@t{++}.
12525 @xref{Automatically, ,Having @value{GDBN} Infer the Source Language},
12526 for further details.
12528 @c Type checking is (a) primarily motivated by Modula-2, and (b)
12529 @c unimplemented. If (b) changes, it might make sense to let this node
12530 @c appear even if Mod-2 does not, but meanwhile ignore it. roland 16jul93.
12533 @subsubsection C and C@t{++} Type and Range Checks
12535 @cindex C and C@t{++} checks
12537 By default, when @value{GDBN} parses C or C@t{++} expressions, type checking
12538 is not used. However, if you turn type checking on, @value{GDBN}
12539 considers two variables type equivalent if:
12543 The two variables are structured and have the same structure, union, or
12547 The two variables have the same type name, or types that have been
12548 declared equivalent through @code{typedef}.
12551 @c leaving this out because neither J Gilmore nor R Pesch understand it.
12554 The two @code{struct}, @code{union}, or @code{enum} variables are
12555 declared in the same declaration. (Note: this may not be true for all C
12560 Range checking, if turned on, is done on mathematical operations. Array
12561 indices are not checked, since they are often used to index a pointer
12562 that is not itself an array.
12565 @subsubsection @value{GDBN} and C
12567 The @code{set print union} and @code{show print union} commands apply to
12568 the @code{union} type. When set to @samp{on}, any @code{union} that is
12569 inside a @code{struct} or @code{class} is also printed. Otherwise, it
12570 appears as @samp{@{...@}}.
12572 The @code{@@} operator aids in the debugging of dynamic arrays, formed
12573 with pointers and a memory allocation function. @xref{Expressions,
12576 @node Debugging C Plus Plus
12577 @subsubsection @value{GDBN} Features for C@t{++}
12579 @cindex commands for C@t{++}
12581 Some @value{GDBN} commands are particularly useful with C@t{++}, and some are
12582 designed specifically for use with C@t{++}. Here is a summary:
12585 @cindex break in overloaded functions
12586 @item @r{breakpoint menus}
12587 When you want a breakpoint in a function whose name is overloaded,
12588 @value{GDBN} has the capability to display a menu of possible breakpoint
12589 locations to help you specify which function definition you want.
12590 @xref{Ambiguous Expressions,,Ambiguous Expressions}.
12592 @cindex overloading in C@t{++}
12593 @item rbreak @var{regex}
12594 Setting breakpoints using regular expressions is helpful for setting
12595 breakpoints on overloaded functions that are not members of any special
12597 @xref{Set Breaks, ,Setting Breakpoints}.
12599 @cindex C@t{++} exception handling
12602 Debug C@t{++} exception handling using these commands. @xref{Set
12603 Catchpoints, , Setting Catchpoints}.
12605 @cindex inheritance
12606 @item ptype @var{typename}
12607 Print inheritance relationships as well as other information for type
12609 @xref{Symbols, ,Examining the Symbol Table}.
12611 @cindex C@t{++} symbol display
12612 @item set print demangle
12613 @itemx show print demangle
12614 @itemx set print asm-demangle
12615 @itemx show print asm-demangle
12616 Control whether C@t{++} symbols display in their source form, both when
12617 displaying code as C@t{++} source and when displaying disassemblies.
12618 @xref{Print Settings, ,Print Settings}.
12620 @item set print object
12621 @itemx show print object
12622 Choose whether to print derived (actual) or declared types of objects.
12623 @xref{Print Settings, ,Print Settings}.
12625 @item set print vtbl
12626 @itemx show print vtbl
12627 Control the format for printing virtual function tables.
12628 @xref{Print Settings, ,Print Settings}.
12629 (The @code{vtbl} commands do not work on programs compiled with the HP
12630 ANSI C@t{++} compiler (@code{aCC}).)
12632 @kindex set overload-resolution
12633 @cindex overloaded functions, overload resolution
12634 @item set overload-resolution on
12635 Enable overload resolution for C@t{++} expression evaluation. The default
12636 is on. For overloaded functions, @value{GDBN} evaluates the arguments
12637 and searches for a function whose signature matches the argument types,
12638 using the standard C@t{++} conversion rules (see @ref{C Plus Plus
12639 Expressions, ,C@t{++} Expressions}, for details).
12640 If it cannot find a match, it emits a message.
12642 @item set overload-resolution off
12643 Disable overload resolution for C@t{++} expression evaluation. For
12644 overloaded functions that are not class member functions, @value{GDBN}
12645 chooses the first function of the specified name that it finds in the
12646 symbol table, whether or not its arguments are of the correct type. For
12647 overloaded functions that are class member functions, @value{GDBN}
12648 searches for a function whose signature @emph{exactly} matches the
12651 @kindex show overload-resolution
12652 @item show overload-resolution
12653 Show the current setting of overload resolution.
12655 @item @r{Overloaded symbol names}
12656 You can specify a particular definition of an overloaded symbol, using
12657 the same notation that is used to declare such symbols in C@t{++}: type
12658 @code{@var{symbol}(@var{types})} rather than just @var{symbol}. You can
12659 also use the @value{GDBN} command-line word completion facilities to list the
12660 available choices, or to finish the type list for you.
12661 @xref{Completion,, Command Completion}, for details on how to do this.
12664 @node Decimal Floating Point
12665 @subsubsection Decimal Floating Point format
12666 @cindex decimal floating point format
12668 @value{GDBN} can examine, set and perform computations with numbers in
12669 decimal floating point format, which in the C language correspond to the
12670 @code{_Decimal32}, @code{_Decimal64} and @code{_Decimal128} types as
12671 specified by the extension to support decimal floating-point arithmetic.
12673 There are two encodings in use, depending on the architecture: BID (Binary
12674 Integer Decimal) for x86 and x86-64, and DPD (Densely Packed Decimal) for
12675 PowerPC. @value{GDBN} will use the appropriate encoding for the configured
12678 Because of a limitation in @file{libdecnumber}, the library used by @value{GDBN}
12679 to manipulate decimal floating point numbers, it is not possible to convert
12680 (using a cast, for example) integers wider than 32-bit to decimal float.
12682 In addition, in order to imitate @value{GDBN}'s behaviour with binary floating
12683 point computations, error checking in decimal float operations ignores
12684 underflow, overflow and divide by zero exceptions.
12686 In the PowerPC architecture, @value{GDBN} provides a set of pseudo-registers
12687 to inspect @code{_Decimal128} values stored in floating point registers.
12688 See @ref{PowerPC,,PowerPC} for more details.
12694 @value{GDBN} can be used to debug programs written in D and compiled with
12695 GDC, LDC or DMD compilers. Currently @value{GDBN} supports only one D
12696 specific feature --- dynamic arrays.
12699 @subsection Objective-C
12701 @cindex Objective-C
12702 This section provides information about some commands and command
12703 options that are useful for debugging Objective-C code. See also
12704 @ref{Symbols, info classes}, and @ref{Symbols, info selectors}, for a
12705 few more commands specific to Objective-C support.
12708 * Method Names in Commands::
12709 * The Print Command with Objective-C::
12712 @node Method Names in Commands
12713 @subsubsection Method Names in Commands
12715 The following commands have been extended to accept Objective-C method
12716 names as line specifications:
12718 @kindex clear@r{, and Objective-C}
12719 @kindex break@r{, and Objective-C}
12720 @kindex info line@r{, and Objective-C}
12721 @kindex jump@r{, and Objective-C}
12722 @kindex list@r{, and Objective-C}
12726 @item @code{info line}
12731 A fully qualified Objective-C method name is specified as
12734 -[@var{Class} @var{methodName}]
12737 where the minus sign is used to indicate an instance method and a
12738 plus sign (not shown) is used to indicate a class method. The class
12739 name @var{Class} and method name @var{methodName} are enclosed in
12740 brackets, similar to the way messages are specified in Objective-C
12741 source code. For example, to set a breakpoint at the @code{create}
12742 instance method of class @code{Fruit} in the program currently being
12746 break -[Fruit create]
12749 To list ten program lines around the @code{initialize} class method,
12753 list +[NSText initialize]
12756 In the current version of @value{GDBN}, the plus or minus sign is
12757 required. In future versions of @value{GDBN}, the plus or minus
12758 sign will be optional, but you can use it to narrow the search. It
12759 is also possible to specify just a method name:
12765 You must specify the complete method name, including any colons. If
12766 your program's source files contain more than one @code{create} method,
12767 you'll be presented with a numbered list of classes that implement that
12768 method. Indicate your choice by number, or type @samp{0} to exit if
12771 As another example, to clear a breakpoint established at the
12772 @code{makeKeyAndOrderFront:} method of the @code{NSWindow} class, enter:
12775 clear -[NSWindow makeKeyAndOrderFront:]
12778 @node The Print Command with Objective-C
12779 @subsubsection The Print Command With Objective-C
12780 @cindex Objective-C, print objects
12781 @kindex print-object
12782 @kindex po @r{(@code{print-object})}
12784 The print command has also been extended to accept methods. For example:
12787 print -[@var{object} hash]
12790 @cindex print an Objective-C object description
12791 @cindex @code{_NSPrintForDebugger}, and printing Objective-C objects
12793 will tell @value{GDBN} to send the @code{hash} message to @var{object}
12794 and print the result. Also, an additional command has been added,
12795 @code{print-object} or @code{po} for short, which is meant to print
12796 the description of an object. However, this command may only work
12797 with certain Objective-C libraries that have a particular hook
12798 function, @code{_NSPrintForDebugger}, defined.
12801 @subsection OpenCL C
12804 This section provides information about @value{GDBN}s OpenCL C support.
12807 * OpenCL C Datatypes::
12808 * OpenCL C Expressions::
12809 * OpenCL C Operators::
12812 @node OpenCL C Datatypes
12813 @subsubsection OpenCL C Datatypes
12815 @cindex OpenCL C Datatypes
12816 @value{GDBN} supports the builtin scalar and vector datatypes specified
12817 by OpenCL 1.1. In addition the half- and double-precision floating point
12818 data types of the @code{cl_khr_fp16} and @code{cl_khr_fp64} OpenCL
12819 extensions are also known to @value{GDBN}.
12821 @node OpenCL C Expressions
12822 @subsubsection OpenCL C Expressions
12824 @cindex OpenCL C Expressions
12825 @value{GDBN} supports accesses to vector components including the access as
12826 lvalue where possible. Since OpenCL C is based on C99 most C expressions
12827 supported by @value{GDBN} can be used as well.
12829 @node OpenCL C Operators
12830 @subsubsection OpenCL C Operators
12832 @cindex OpenCL C Operators
12833 @value{GDBN} supports the operators specified by OpenCL 1.1 for scalar and
12837 @subsection Fortran
12838 @cindex Fortran-specific support in @value{GDBN}
12840 @value{GDBN} can be used to debug programs written in Fortran, but it
12841 currently supports only the features of Fortran 77 language.
12843 @cindex trailing underscore, in Fortran symbols
12844 Some Fortran compilers (@sc{gnu} Fortran 77 and Fortran 95 compilers
12845 among them) append an underscore to the names of variables and
12846 functions. When you debug programs compiled by those compilers, you
12847 will need to refer to variables and functions with a trailing
12851 * Fortran Operators:: Fortran operators and expressions
12852 * Fortran Defaults:: Default settings for Fortran
12853 * Special Fortran Commands:: Special @value{GDBN} commands for Fortran
12856 @node Fortran Operators
12857 @subsubsection Fortran Operators and Expressions
12859 @cindex Fortran operators and expressions
12861 Operators must be defined on values of specific types. For instance,
12862 @code{+} is defined on numbers, but not on characters or other non-
12863 arithmetic types. Operators are often defined on groups of types.
12867 The exponentiation operator. It raises the first operand to the power
12871 The range operator. Normally used in the form of array(low:high) to
12872 represent a section of array.
12875 The access component operator. Normally used to access elements in derived
12876 types. Also suitable for unions. As unions aren't part of regular Fortran,
12877 this can only happen when accessing a register that uses a gdbarch-defined
12881 @node Fortran Defaults
12882 @subsubsection Fortran Defaults
12884 @cindex Fortran Defaults
12886 Fortran symbols are usually case-insensitive, so @value{GDBN} by
12887 default uses case-insensitive matches for Fortran symbols. You can
12888 change that with the @samp{set case-insensitive} command, see
12889 @ref{Symbols}, for the details.
12891 @node Special Fortran Commands
12892 @subsubsection Special Fortran Commands
12894 @cindex Special Fortran commands
12896 @value{GDBN} has some commands to support Fortran-specific features,
12897 such as displaying common blocks.
12900 @cindex @code{COMMON} blocks, Fortran
12901 @kindex info common
12902 @item info common @r{[}@var{common-name}@r{]}
12903 This command prints the values contained in the Fortran @code{COMMON}
12904 block whose name is @var{common-name}. With no argument, the names of
12905 all @code{COMMON} blocks visible at the current program location are
12912 @cindex Pascal support in @value{GDBN}, limitations
12913 Debugging Pascal programs which use sets, subranges, file variables, or
12914 nested functions does not currently work. @value{GDBN} does not support
12915 entering expressions, printing values, or similar features using Pascal
12918 The Pascal-specific command @code{set print pascal_static-members}
12919 controls whether static members of Pascal objects are displayed.
12920 @xref{Print Settings, pascal_static-members}.
12923 @subsection Modula-2
12925 @cindex Modula-2, @value{GDBN} support
12927 The extensions made to @value{GDBN} to support Modula-2 only support
12928 output from the @sc{gnu} Modula-2 compiler (which is currently being
12929 developed). Other Modula-2 compilers are not currently supported, and
12930 attempting to debug executables produced by them is most likely
12931 to give an error as @value{GDBN} reads in the executable's symbol
12934 @cindex expressions in Modula-2
12936 * M2 Operators:: Built-in operators
12937 * Built-In Func/Proc:: Built-in functions and procedures
12938 * M2 Constants:: Modula-2 constants
12939 * M2 Types:: Modula-2 types
12940 * M2 Defaults:: Default settings for Modula-2
12941 * Deviations:: Deviations from standard Modula-2
12942 * M2 Checks:: Modula-2 type and range checks
12943 * M2 Scope:: The scope operators @code{::} and @code{.}
12944 * GDB/M2:: @value{GDBN} and Modula-2
12948 @subsubsection Operators
12949 @cindex Modula-2 operators
12951 Operators must be defined on values of specific types. For instance,
12952 @code{+} is defined on numbers, but not on structures. Operators are
12953 often defined on groups of types. For the purposes of Modula-2, the
12954 following definitions hold:
12959 @emph{Integral types} consist of @code{INTEGER}, @code{CARDINAL}, and
12963 @emph{Character types} consist of @code{CHAR} and its subranges.
12966 @emph{Floating-point types} consist of @code{REAL}.
12969 @emph{Pointer types} consist of anything declared as @code{POINTER TO
12973 @emph{Scalar types} consist of all of the above.
12976 @emph{Set types} consist of @code{SET} and @code{BITSET} types.
12979 @emph{Boolean types} consist of @code{BOOLEAN}.
12983 The following operators are supported, and appear in order of
12984 increasing precedence:
12988 Function argument or array index separator.
12991 Assignment. The value of @var{var} @code{:=} @var{value} is
12995 Less than, greater than on integral, floating-point, or enumerated
12999 Less than or equal to, greater than or equal to
13000 on integral, floating-point and enumerated types, or set inclusion on
13001 set types. Same precedence as @code{<}.
13003 @item =@r{, }<>@r{, }#
13004 Equality and two ways of expressing inequality, valid on scalar types.
13005 Same precedence as @code{<}. In @value{GDBN} scripts, only @code{<>} is
13006 available for inequality, since @code{#} conflicts with the script
13010 Set membership. Defined on set types and the types of their members.
13011 Same precedence as @code{<}.
13014 Boolean disjunction. Defined on boolean types.
13017 Boolean conjunction. Defined on boolean types.
13020 The @value{GDBN} ``artificial array'' operator (@pxref{Expressions, ,Expressions}).
13023 Addition and subtraction on integral and floating-point types, or union
13024 and difference on set types.
13027 Multiplication on integral and floating-point types, or set intersection
13031 Division on floating-point types, or symmetric set difference on set
13032 types. Same precedence as @code{*}.
13035 Integer division and remainder. Defined on integral types. Same
13036 precedence as @code{*}.
13039 Negative. Defined on @code{INTEGER} and @code{REAL} data.
13042 Pointer dereferencing. Defined on pointer types.
13045 Boolean negation. Defined on boolean types. Same precedence as
13049 @code{RECORD} field selector. Defined on @code{RECORD} data. Same
13050 precedence as @code{^}.
13053 Array indexing. Defined on @code{ARRAY} data. Same precedence as @code{^}.
13056 Procedure argument list. Defined on @code{PROCEDURE} objects. Same precedence
13060 @value{GDBN} and Modula-2 scope operators.
13064 @emph{Warning:} Set expressions and their operations are not yet supported, so @value{GDBN}
13065 treats the use of the operator @code{IN}, or the use of operators
13066 @code{+}, @code{-}, @code{*}, @code{/}, @code{=}, , @code{<>}, @code{#},
13067 @code{<=}, and @code{>=} on sets as an error.
13071 @node Built-In Func/Proc
13072 @subsubsection Built-in Functions and Procedures
13073 @cindex Modula-2 built-ins
13075 Modula-2 also makes available several built-in procedures and functions.
13076 In describing these, the following metavariables are used:
13081 represents an @code{ARRAY} variable.
13084 represents a @code{CHAR} constant or variable.
13087 represents a variable or constant of integral type.
13090 represents an identifier that belongs to a set. Generally used in the
13091 same function with the metavariable @var{s}. The type of @var{s} should
13092 be @code{SET OF @var{mtype}} (where @var{mtype} is the type of @var{m}).
13095 represents a variable or constant of integral or floating-point type.
13098 represents a variable or constant of floating-point type.
13104 represents a variable.
13107 represents a variable or constant of one of many types. See the
13108 explanation of the function for details.
13111 All Modula-2 built-in procedures also return a result, described below.
13115 Returns the absolute value of @var{n}.
13118 If @var{c} is a lower case letter, it returns its upper case
13119 equivalent, otherwise it returns its argument.
13122 Returns the character whose ordinal value is @var{i}.
13125 Decrements the value in the variable @var{v} by one. Returns the new value.
13127 @item DEC(@var{v},@var{i})
13128 Decrements the value in the variable @var{v} by @var{i}. Returns the
13131 @item EXCL(@var{m},@var{s})
13132 Removes the element @var{m} from the set @var{s}. Returns the new
13135 @item FLOAT(@var{i})
13136 Returns the floating point equivalent of the integer @var{i}.
13138 @item HIGH(@var{a})
13139 Returns the index of the last member of @var{a}.
13142 Increments the value in the variable @var{v} by one. Returns the new value.
13144 @item INC(@var{v},@var{i})
13145 Increments the value in the variable @var{v} by @var{i}. Returns the
13148 @item INCL(@var{m},@var{s})
13149 Adds the element @var{m} to the set @var{s} if it is not already
13150 there. Returns the new set.
13153 Returns the maximum value of the type @var{t}.
13156 Returns the minimum value of the type @var{t}.
13159 Returns boolean TRUE if @var{i} is an odd number.
13162 Returns the ordinal value of its argument. For example, the ordinal
13163 value of a character is its @sc{ascii} value (on machines supporting the
13164 @sc{ascii} character set). @var{x} must be of an ordered type, which include
13165 integral, character and enumerated types.
13167 @item SIZE(@var{x})
13168 Returns the size of its argument. @var{x} can be a variable or a type.
13170 @item TRUNC(@var{r})
13171 Returns the integral part of @var{r}.
13173 @item TSIZE(@var{x})
13174 Returns the size of its argument. @var{x} can be a variable or a type.
13176 @item VAL(@var{t},@var{i})
13177 Returns the member of the type @var{t} whose ordinal value is @var{i}.
13181 @emph{Warning:} Sets and their operations are not yet supported, so
13182 @value{GDBN} treats the use of procedures @code{INCL} and @code{EXCL} as
13186 @cindex Modula-2 constants
13188 @subsubsection Constants
13190 @value{GDBN} allows you to express the constants of Modula-2 in the following
13196 Integer constants are simply a sequence of digits. When used in an
13197 expression, a constant is interpreted to be type-compatible with the
13198 rest of the expression. Hexadecimal integers are specified by a
13199 trailing @samp{H}, and octal integers by a trailing @samp{B}.
13202 Floating point constants appear as a sequence of digits, followed by a
13203 decimal point and another sequence of digits. An optional exponent can
13204 then be specified, in the form @samp{E@r{[}+@r{|}-@r{]}@var{nnn}}, where
13205 @samp{@r{[}+@r{|}-@r{]}@var{nnn}} is the desired exponent. All of the
13206 digits of the floating point constant must be valid decimal (base 10)
13210 Character constants consist of a single character enclosed by a pair of
13211 like quotes, either single (@code{'}) or double (@code{"}). They may
13212 also be expressed by their ordinal value (their @sc{ascii} value, usually)
13213 followed by a @samp{C}.
13216 String constants consist of a sequence of characters enclosed by a
13217 pair of like quotes, either single (@code{'}) or double (@code{"}).
13218 Escape sequences in the style of C are also allowed. @xref{C
13219 Constants, ,C and C@t{++} Constants}, for a brief explanation of escape
13223 Enumerated constants consist of an enumerated identifier.
13226 Boolean constants consist of the identifiers @code{TRUE} and
13230 Pointer constants consist of integral values only.
13233 Set constants are not yet supported.
13237 @subsubsection Modula-2 Types
13238 @cindex Modula-2 types
13240 Currently @value{GDBN} can print the following data types in Modula-2
13241 syntax: array types, record types, set types, pointer types, procedure
13242 types, enumerated types, subrange types and base types. You can also
13243 print the contents of variables declared using these type.
13244 This section gives a number of simple source code examples together with
13245 sample @value{GDBN} sessions.
13247 The first example contains the following section of code:
13256 and you can request @value{GDBN} to interrogate the type and value of
13257 @code{r} and @code{s}.
13260 (@value{GDBP}) print s
13262 (@value{GDBP}) ptype s
13264 (@value{GDBP}) print r
13266 (@value{GDBP}) ptype r
13271 Likewise if your source code declares @code{s} as:
13275 s: SET ['A'..'Z'] ;
13279 then you may query the type of @code{s} by:
13282 (@value{GDBP}) ptype s
13283 type = SET ['A'..'Z']
13287 Note that at present you cannot interactively manipulate set
13288 expressions using the debugger.
13290 The following example shows how you might declare an array in Modula-2
13291 and how you can interact with @value{GDBN} to print its type and contents:
13295 s: ARRAY [-10..10] OF CHAR ;
13299 (@value{GDBP}) ptype s
13300 ARRAY [-10..10] OF CHAR
13303 Note that the array handling is not yet complete and although the type
13304 is printed correctly, expression handling still assumes that all
13305 arrays have a lower bound of zero and not @code{-10} as in the example
13308 Here are some more type related Modula-2 examples:
13312 colour = (blue, red, yellow, green) ;
13313 t = [blue..yellow] ;
13321 The @value{GDBN} interaction shows how you can query the data type
13322 and value of a variable.
13325 (@value{GDBP}) print s
13327 (@value{GDBP}) ptype t
13328 type = [blue..yellow]
13332 In this example a Modula-2 array is declared and its contents
13333 displayed. Observe that the contents are written in the same way as
13334 their @code{C} counterparts.
13338 s: ARRAY [1..5] OF CARDINAL ;
13344 (@value{GDBP}) print s
13345 $1 = @{1, 0, 0, 0, 0@}
13346 (@value{GDBP}) ptype s
13347 type = ARRAY [1..5] OF CARDINAL
13350 The Modula-2 language interface to @value{GDBN} also understands
13351 pointer types as shown in this example:
13355 s: POINTER TO ARRAY [1..5] OF CARDINAL ;
13362 and you can request that @value{GDBN} describes the type of @code{s}.
13365 (@value{GDBP}) ptype s
13366 type = POINTER TO ARRAY [1..5] OF CARDINAL
13369 @value{GDBN} handles compound types as we can see in this example.
13370 Here we combine array types, record types, pointer types and subrange
13381 myarray = ARRAY myrange OF CARDINAL ;
13382 myrange = [-2..2] ;
13384 s: POINTER TO ARRAY myrange OF foo ;
13388 and you can ask @value{GDBN} to describe the type of @code{s} as shown
13392 (@value{GDBP}) ptype s
13393 type = POINTER TO ARRAY [-2..2] OF foo = RECORD
13396 f3 : ARRAY [-2..2] OF CARDINAL;
13401 @subsubsection Modula-2 Defaults
13402 @cindex Modula-2 defaults
13404 If type and range checking are set automatically by @value{GDBN}, they
13405 both default to @code{on} whenever the working language changes to
13406 Modula-2. This happens regardless of whether you or @value{GDBN}
13407 selected the working language.
13409 If you allow @value{GDBN} to set the language automatically, then entering
13410 code compiled from a file whose name ends with @file{.mod} sets the
13411 working language to Modula-2. @xref{Automatically, ,Having @value{GDBN}
13412 Infer the Source Language}, for further details.
13415 @subsubsection Deviations from Standard Modula-2
13416 @cindex Modula-2, deviations from
13418 A few changes have been made to make Modula-2 programs easier to debug.
13419 This is done primarily via loosening its type strictness:
13423 Unlike in standard Modula-2, pointer constants can be formed by
13424 integers. This allows you to modify pointer variables during
13425 debugging. (In standard Modula-2, the actual address contained in a
13426 pointer variable is hidden from you; it can only be modified
13427 through direct assignment to another pointer variable or expression that
13428 returned a pointer.)
13431 C escape sequences can be used in strings and characters to represent
13432 non-printable characters. @value{GDBN} prints out strings with these
13433 escape sequences embedded. Single non-printable characters are
13434 printed using the @samp{CHR(@var{nnn})} format.
13437 The assignment operator (@code{:=}) returns the value of its right-hand
13441 All built-in procedures both modify @emph{and} return their argument.
13445 @subsubsection Modula-2 Type and Range Checks
13446 @cindex Modula-2 checks
13449 @emph{Warning:} in this release, @value{GDBN} does not yet perform type or
13452 @c FIXME remove warning when type/range checks added
13454 @value{GDBN} considers two Modula-2 variables type equivalent if:
13458 They are of types that have been declared equivalent via a @code{TYPE
13459 @var{t1} = @var{t2}} statement
13462 They have been declared on the same line. (Note: This is true of the
13463 @sc{gnu} Modula-2 compiler, but it may not be true of other compilers.)
13466 As long as type checking is enabled, any attempt to combine variables
13467 whose types are not equivalent is an error.
13469 Range checking is done on all mathematical operations, assignment, array
13470 index bounds, and all built-in functions and procedures.
13473 @subsubsection The Scope Operators @code{::} and @code{.}
13475 @cindex @code{.}, Modula-2 scope operator
13476 @cindex colon, doubled as scope operator
13478 @vindex colon-colon@r{, in Modula-2}
13479 @c Info cannot handle :: but TeX can.
13482 @vindex ::@r{, in Modula-2}
13485 There are a few subtle differences between the Modula-2 scope operator
13486 (@code{.}) and the @value{GDBN} scope operator (@code{::}). The two have
13491 @var{module} . @var{id}
13492 @var{scope} :: @var{id}
13496 where @var{scope} is the name of a module or a procedure,
13497 @var{module} the name of a module, and @var{id} is any declared
13498 identifier within your program, except another module.
13500 Using the @code{::} operator makes @value{GDBN} search the scope
13501 specified by @var{scope} for the identifier @var{id}. If it is not
13502 found in the specified scope, then @value{GDBN} searches all scopes
13503 enclosing the one specified by @var{scope}.
13505 Using the @code{.} operator makes @value{GDBN} search the current scope for
13506 the identifier specified by @var{id} that was imported from the
13507 definition module specified by @var{module}. With this operator, it is
13508 an error if the identifier @var{id} was not imported from definition
13509 module @var{module}, or if @var{id} is not an identifier in
13513 @subsubsection @value{GDBN} and Modula-2
13515 Some @value{GDBN} commands have little use when debugging Modula-2 programs.
13516 Five subcommands of @code{set print} and @code{show print} apply
13517 specifically to C and C@t{++}: @samp{vtbl}, @samp{demangle},
13518 @samp{asm-demangle}, @samp{object}, and @samp{union}. The first four
13519 apply to C@t{++}, and the last to the C @code{union} type, which has no direct
13520 analogue in Modula-2.
13522 The @code{@@} operator (@pxref{Expressions, ,Expressions}), while available
13523 with any language, is not useful with Modula-2. Its
13524 intent is to aid the debugging of @dfn{dynamic arrays}, which cannot be
13525 created in Modula-2 as they can in C or C@t{++}. However, because an
13526 address can be specified by an integral constant, the construct
13527 @samp{@{@var{type}@}@var{adrexp}} is still useful.
13529 @cindex @code{#} in Modula-2
13530 In @value{GDBN} scripts, the Modula-2 inequality operator @code{#} is
13531 interpreted as the beginning of a comment. Use @code{<>} instead.
13537 The extensions made to @value{GDBN} for Ada only support
13538 output from the @sc{gnu} Ada (GNAT) compiler.
13539 Other Ada compilers are not currently supported, and
13540 attempting to debug executables produced by them is most likely
13544 @cindex expressions in Ada
13546 * Ada Mode Intro:: General remarks on the Ada syntax
13547 and semantics supported by Ada mode
13549 * Omissions from Ada:: Restrictions on the Ada expression syntax.
13550 * Additions to Ada:: Extensions of the Ada expression syntax.
13551 * Stopping Before Main Program:: Debugging the program during elaboration.
13552 * Ada Tasks:: Listing and setting breakpoints in tasks.
13553 * Ada Tasks and Core Files:: Tasking Support when Debugging Core Files
13554 * Ravenscar Profile:: Tasking Support when using the Ravenscar
13556 * Ada Glitches:: Known peculiarities of Ada mode.
13559 @node Ada Mode Intro
13560 @subsubsection Introduction
13561 @cindex Ada mode, general
13563 The Ada mode of @value{GDBN} supports a fairly large subset of Ada expression
13564 syntax, with some extensions.
13565 The philosophy behind the design of this subset is
13569 That @value{GDBN} should provide basic literals and access to operations for
13570 arithmetic, dereferencing, field selection, indexing, and subprogram calls,
13571 leaving more sophisticated computations to subprograms written into the
13572 program (which therefore may be called from @value{GDBN}).
13575 That type safety and strict adherence to Ada language restrictions
13576 are not particularly important to the @value{GDBN} user.
13579 That brevity is important to the @value{GDBN} user.
13582 Thus, for brevity, the debugger acts as if all names declared in
13583 user-written packages are directly visible, even if they are not visible
13584 according to Ada rules, thus making it unnecessary to fully qualify most
13585 names with their packages, regardless of context. Where this causes
13586 ambiguity, @value{GDBN} asks the user's intent.
13588 The debugger will start in Ada mode if it detects an Ada main program.
13589 As for other languages, it will enter Ada mode when stopped in a program that
13590 was translated from an Ada source file.
13592 While in Ada mode, you may use `@t{--}' for comments. This is useful
13593 mostly for documenting command files. The standard @value{GDBN} comment
13594 (@samp{#}) still works at the beginning of a line in Ada mode, but not in the
13595 middle (to allow based literals).
13597 The debugger supports limited overloading. Given a subprogram call in which
13598 the function symbol has multiple definitions, it will use the number of
13599 actual parameters and some information about their types to attempt to narrow
13600 the set of definitions. It also makes very limited use of context, preferring
13601 procedures to functions in the context of the @code{call} command, and
13602 functions to procedures elsewhere.
13604 @node Omissions from Ada
13605 @subsubsection Omissions from Ada
13606 @cindex Ada, omissions from
13608 Here are the notable omissions from the subset:
13612 Only a subset of the attributes are supported:
13616 @t{'First}, @t{'Last}, and @t{'Length}
13617 on array objects (not on types and subtypes).
13620 @t{'Min} and @t{'Max}.
13623 @t{'Pos} and @t{'Val}.
13629 @t{'Range} on array objects (not subtypes), but only as the right
13630 operand of the membership (@code{in}) operator.
13633 @t{'Access}, @t{'Unchecked_Access}, and
13634 @t{'Unrestricted_Access} (a GNAT extension).
13642 @code{Characters.Latin_1} are not available and
13643 concatenation is not implemented. Thus, escape characters in strings are
13644 not currently available.
13647 Equality tests (@samp{=} and @samp{/=}) on arrays test for bitwise
13648 equality of representations. They will generally work correctly
13649 for strings and arrays whose elements have integer or enumeration types.
13650 They may not work correctly for arrays whose element
13651 types have user-defined equality, for arrays of real values
13652 (in particular, IEEE-conformant floating point, because of negative
13653 zeroes and NaNs), and for arrays whose elements contain unused bits with
13654 indeterminate values.
13657 The other component-by-component array operations (@code{and}, @code{or},
13658 @code{xor}, @code{not}, and relational tests other than equality)
13659 are not implemented.
13662 @cindex array aggregates (Ada)
13663 @cindex record aggregates (Ada)
13664 @cindex aggregates (Ada)
13665 There is limited support for array and record aggregates. They are
13666 permitted only on the right sides of assignments, as in these examples:
13669 (@value{GDBP}) set An_Array := (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
13670 (@value{GDBP}) set An_Array := (1, others => 0)
13671 (@value{GDBP}) set An_Array := (0|4 => 1, 1..3 => 2, 5 => 6)
13672 (@value{GDBP}) set A_2D_Array := ((1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6), (7, 8, 9))
13673 (@value{GDBP}) set A_Record := (1, "Peter", True);
13674 (@value{GDBP}) set A_Record := (Name => "Peter", Id => 1, Alive => True)
13678 discriminant's value by assigning an aggregate has an
13679 undefined effect if that discriminant is used within the record.
13680 However, you can first modify discriminants by directly assigning to
13681 them (which normally would not be allowed in Ada), and then performing an
13682 aggregate assignment. For example, given a variable @code{A_Rec}
13683 declared to have a type such as:
13686 type Rec (Len : Small_Integer := 0) is record
13688 Vals : IntArray (1 .. Len);
13692 you can assign a value with a different size of @code{Vals} with two
13696 (@value{GDBP}) set A_Rec.Len := 4
13697 (@value{GDBP}) set A_Rec := (Id => 42, Vals => (1, 2, 3, 4))
13700 As this example also illustrates, @value{GDBN} is very loose about the usual
13701 rules concerning aggregates. You may leave out some of the
13702 components of an array or record aggregate (such as the @code{Len}
13703 component in the assignment to @code{A_Rec} above); they will retain their
13704 original values upon assignment. You may freely use dynamic values as
13705 indices in component associations. You may even use overlapping or
13706 redundant component associations, although which component values are
13707 assigned in such cases is not defined.
13710 Calls to dispatching subprograms are not implemented.
13713 The overloading algorithm is much more limited (i.e., less selective)
13714 than that of real Ada. It makes only limited use of the context in
13715 which a subexpression appears to resolve its meaning, and it is much
13716 looser in its rules for allowing type matches. As a result, some
13717 function calls will be ambiguous, and the user will be asked to choose
13718 the proper resolution.
13721 The @code{new} operator is not implemented.
13724 Entry calls are not implemented.
13727 Aside from printing, arithmetic operations on the native VAX floating-point
13728 formats are not supported.
13731 It is not possible to slice a packed array.
13734 The names @code{True} and @code{False}, when not part of a qualified name,
13735 are interpreted as if implicitly prefixed by @code{Standard}, regardless of
13737 Should your program
13738 redefine these names in a package or procedure (at best a dubious practice),
13739 you will have to use fully qualified names to access their new definitions.
13742 @node Additions to Ada
13743 @subsubsection Additions to Ada
13744 @cindex Ada, deviations from
13746 As it does for other languages, @value{GDBN} makes certain generic
13747 extensions to Ada (@pxref{Expressions}):
13751 If the expression @var{E} is a variable residing in memory (typically
13752 a local variable or array element) and @var{N} is a positive integer,
13753 then @code{@var{E}@@@var{N}} displays the values of @var{E} and the
13754 @var{N}-1 adjacent variables following it in memory as an array. In
13755 Ada, this operator is generally not necessary, since its prime use is
13756 in displaying parts of an array, and slicing will usually do this in
13757 Ada. However, there are occasional uses when debugging programs in
13758 which certain debugging information has been optimized away.
13761 @code{@var{B}::@var{var}} means ``the variable named @var{var} that
13762 appears in function or file @var{B}.'' When @var{B} is a file name,
13763 you must typically surround it in single quotes.
13766 The expression @code{@{@var{type}@} @var{addr}} means ``the variable of type
13767 @var{type} that appears at address @var{addr}.''
13770 A name starting with @samp{$} is a convenience variable
13771 (@pxref{Convenience Vars}) or a machine register (@pxref{Registers}).
13774 In addition, @value{GDBN} provides a few other shortcuts and outright
13775 additions specific to Ada:
13779 The assignment statement is allowed as an expression, returning
13780 its right-hand operand as its value. Thus, you may enter
13783 (@value{GDBP}) set x := y + 3
13784 (@value{GDBP}) print A(tmp := y + 1)
13788 The semicolon is allowed as an ``operator,'' returning as its value
13789 the value of its right-hand operand.
13790 This allows, for example,
13791 complex conditional breaks:
13794 (@value{GDBP}) break f
13795 (@value{GDBP}) condition 1 (report(i); k += 1; A(k) > 100)
13799 Rather than use catenation and symbolic character names to introduce special
13800 characters into strings, one may instead use a special bracket notation,
13801 which is also used to print strings. A sequence of characters of the form
13802 @samp{["@var{XX}"]} within a string or character literal denotes the
13803 (single) character whose numeric encoding is @var{XX} in hexadecimal. The
13804 sequence of characters @samp{["""]} also denotes a single quotation mark
13805 in strings. For example,
13807 "One line.["0a"]Next line.["0a"]"
13810 contains an ASCII newline character (@code{Ada.Characters.Latin_1.LF})
13814 The subtype used as a prefix for the attributes @t{'Pos}, @t{'Min}, and
13815 @t{'Max} is optional (and is ignored in any case). For example, it is valid
13819 (@value{GDBP}) print 'max(x, y)
13823 When printing arrays, @value{GDBN} uses positional notation when the
13824 array has a lower bound of 1, and uses a modified named notation otherwise.
13825 For example, a one-dimensional array of three integers with a lower bound
13826 of 3 might print as
13833 That is, in contrast to valid Ada, only the first component has a @code{=>}
13837 You may abbreviate attributes in expressions with any unique,
13838 multi-character subsequence of
13839 their names (an exact match gets preference).
13840 For example, you may use @t{a'len}, @t{a'gth}, or @t{a'lh}
13841 in place of @t{a'length}.
13844 @cindex quoting Ada internal identifiers
13845 Since Ada is case-insensitive, the debugger normally maps identifiers you type
13846 to lower case. The GNAT compiler uses upper-case characters for
13847 some of its internal identifiers, which are normally of no interest to users.
13848 For the rare occasions when you actually have to look at them,
13849 enclose them in angle brackets to avoid the lower-case mapping.
13852 (@value{GDBP}) print <JMPBUF_SAVE>[0]
13856 Printing an object of class-wide type or dereferencing an
13857 access-to-class-wide value will display all the components of the object's
13858 specific type (as indicated by its run-time tag). Likewise, component
13859 selection on such a value will operate on the specific type of the
13864 @node Stopping Before Main Program
13865 @subsubsection Stopping at the Very Beginning
13867 @cindex breakpointing Ada elaboration code
13868 It is sometimes necessary to debug the program during elaboration, and
13869 before reaching the main procedure.
13870 As defined in the Ada Reference
13871 Manual, the elaboration code is invoked from a procedure called
13872 @code{adainit}. To run your program up to the beginning of
13873 elaboration, simply use the following two commands:
13874 @code{tbreak adainit} and @code{run}.
13877 @subsubsection Extensions for Ada Tasks
13878 @cindex Ada, tasking
13880 Support for Ada tasks is analogous to that for threads (@pxref{Threads}).
13881 @value{GDBN} provides the following task-related commands:
13886 This command shows a list of current Ada tasks, as in the following example:
13893 (@value{GDBP}) info tasks
13894 ID TID P-ID Pri State Name
13895 1 8088000 0 15 Child Activation Wait main_task
13896 2 80a4000 1 15 Accept Statement b
13897 3 809a800 1 15 Child Activation Wait a
13898 * 4 80ae800 3 15 Runnable c
13903 In this listing, the asterisk before the last task indicates it to be the
13904 task currently being inspected.
13908 Represents @value{GDBN}'s internal task number.
13914 The parent's task ID (@value{GDBN}'s internal task number).
13917 The base priority of the task.
13920 Current state of the task.
13924 The task has been created but has not been activated. It cannot be
13928 The task is not blocked for any reason known to Ada. (It may be waiting
13929 for a mutex, though.) It is conceptually "executing" in normal mode.
13932 The task is terminated, in the sense of ARM 9.3 (5). Any dependents
13933 that were waiting on terminate alternatives have been awakened and have
13934 terminated themselves.
13936 @item Child Activation Wait
13937 The task is waiting for created tasks to complete activation.
13939 @item Accept Statement
13940 The task is waiting on an accept or selective wait statement.
13942 @item Waiting on entry call
13943 The task is waiting on an entry call.
13945 @item Async Select Wait
13946 The task is waiting to start the abortable part of an asynchronous
13950 The task is waiting on a select statement with only a delay
13953 @item Child Termination Wait
13954 The task is sleeping having completed a master within itself, and is
13955 waiting for the tasks dependent on that master to become terminated or
13956 waiting on a terminate Phase.
13958 @item Wait Child in Term Alt
13959 The task is sleeping waiting for tasks on terminate alternatives to
13960 finish terminating.
13962 @item Accepting RV with @var{taskno}
13963 The task is accepting a rendez-vous with the task @var{taskno}.
13967 Name of the task in the program.
13971 @kindex info task @var{taskno}
13972 @item info task @var{taskno}
13973 This command shows detailled informations on the specified task, as in
13974 the following example:
13979 (@value{GDBP}) info tasks
13980 ID TID P-ID Pri State Name
13981 1 8077880 0 15 Child Activation Wait main_task
13982 * 2 807c468 1 15 Runnable task_1
13983 (@value{GDBP}) info task 2
13984 Ada Task: 0x807c468
13987 Parent: 1 (main_task)
13993 @kindex task@r{ (Ada)}
13994 @cindex current Ada task ID
13995 This command prints the ID of the current task.
14001 (@value{GDBP}) info tasks
14002 ID TID P-ID Pri State Name
14003 1 8077870 0 15 Child Activation Wait main_task
14004 * 2 807c458 1 15 Runnable t
14005 (@value{GDBP}) task
14006 [Current task is 2]
14009 @item task @var{taskno}
14010 @cindex Ada task switching
14011 This command is like the @code{thread @var{threadno}}
14012 command (@pxref{Threads}). It switches the context of debugging
14013 from the current task to the given task.
14019 (@value{GDBP}) info tasks
14020 ID TID P-ID Pri State Name
14021 1 8077870 0 15 Child Activation Wait main_task
14022 * 2 807c458 1 15 Runnable t
14023 (@value{GDBP}) task 1
14024 [Switching to task 1]
14025 #0 0x8067726 in pthread_cond_wait ()
14027 #0 0x8067726 in pthread_cond_wait ()
14028 #1 0x8056714 in system.os_interface.pthread_cond_wait ()
14029 #2 0x805cb63 in system.task_primitives.operations.sleep ()
14030 #3 0x806153e in system.tasking.stages.activate_tasks ()
14031 #4 0x804aacc in un () at un.adb:5
14034 @item break @var{linespec} task @var{taskno}
14035 @itemx break @var{linespec} task @var{taskno} if @dots{}
14036 @cindex breakpoints and tasks, in Ada
14037 @cindex task breakpoints, in Ada
14038 @kindex break @dots{} task @var{taskno}@r{ (Ada)}
14039 These commands are like the @code{break @dots{} thread @dots{}}
14040 command (@pxref{Thread Stops}).
14041 @var{linespec} specifies source lines, as described
14042 in @ref{Specify Location}.
14044 Use the qualifier @samp{task @var{taskno}} with a breakpoint command
14045 to specify that you only want @value{GDBN} to stop the program when a
14046 particular Ada task reaches this breakpoint. @var{taskno} is one of the
14047 numeric task identifiers assigned by @value{GDBN}, shown in the first
14048 column of the @samp{info tasks} display.
14050 If you do not specify @samp{task @var{taskno}} when you set a
14051 breakpoint, the breakpoint applies to @emph{all} tasks of your
14054 You can use the @code{task} qualifier on conditional breakpoints as
14055 well; in this case, place @samp{task @var{taskno}} before the
14056 breakpoint condition (before the @code{if}).
14064 (@value{GDBP}) info tasks
14065 ID TID P-ID Pri State Name
14066 1 140022020 0 15 Child Activation Wait main_task
14067 2 140045060 1 15 Accept/Select Wait t2
14068 3 140044840 1 15 Runnable t1
14069 * 4 140056040 1 15 Runnable t3
14070 (@value{GDBP}) b 15 task 2
14071 Breakpoint 5 at 0x120044cb0: file test_task_debug.adb, line 15.
14072 (@value{GDBP}) cont
14077 Breakpoint 5, test_task_debug () at test_task_debug.adb:15
14079 (@value{GDBP}) info tasks
14080 ID TID P-ID Pri State Name
14081 1 140022020 0 15 Child Activation Wait main_task
14082 * 2 140045060 1 15 Runnable t2
14083 3 140044840 1 15 Runnable t1
14084 4 140056040 1 15 Delay Sleep t3
14088 @node Ada Tasks and Core Files
14089 @subsubsection Tasking Support when Debugging Core Files
14090 @cindex Ada tasking and core file debugging
14092 When inspecting a core file, as opposed to debugging a live program,
14093 tasking support may be limited or even unavailable, depending on
14094 the platform being used.
14095 For instance, on x86-linux, the list of tasks is available, but task
14096 switching is not supported. On Tru64, however, task switching will work
14099 On certain platforms, including Tru64, the debugger needs to perform some
14100 memory writes in order to provide Ada tasking support. When inspecting
14101 a core file, this means that the core file must be opened with read-write
14102 privileges, using the command @samp{"set write on"} (@pxref{Patching}).
14103 Under these circumstances, you should make a backup copy of the core
14104 file before inspecting it with @value{GDBN}.
14106 @node Ravenscar Profile
14107 @subsubsection Tasking Support when using the Ravenscar Profile
14108 @cindex Ravenscar Profile
14110 The @dfn{Ravenscar Profile} is a subset of the Ada tasking features,
14111 specifically designed for systems with safety-critical real-time
14115 @kindex set ravenscar task-switching on
14116 @cindex task switching with program using Ravenscar Profile
14117 @item set ravenscar task-switching on
14118 Allows task switching when debugging a program that uses the Ravenscar
14119 Profile. This is the default.
14121 @kindex set ravenscar task-switching off
14122 @item set ravenscar task-switching off
14123 Turn off task switching when debugging a program that uses the Ravenscar
14124 Profile. This is mostly intended to disable the code that adds support
14125 for the Ravenscar Profile, in case a bug in either @value{GDBN} or in
14126 the Ravenscar runtime is preventing @value{GDBN} from working properly.
14127 To be effective, this command should be run before the program is started.
14129 @kindex show ravenscar task-switching
14130 @item show ravenscar task-switching
14131 Show whether it is possible to switch from task to task in a program
14132 using the Ravenscar Profile.
14137 @subsubsection Known Peculiarities of Ada Mode
14138 @cindex Ada, problems
14140 Besides the omissions listed previously (@pxref{Omissions from Ada}),
14141 we know of several problems with and limitations of Ada mode in
14143 some of which will be fixed with planned future releases of the debugger
14144 and the GNU Ada compiler.
14148 Static constants that the compiler chooses not to materialize as objects in
14149 storage are invisible to the debugger.
14152 Named parameter associations in function argument lists are ignored (the
14153 argument lists are treated as positional).
14156 Many useful library packages are currently invisible to the debugger.
14159 Fixed-point arithmetic, conversions, input, and output is carried out using
14160 floating-point arithmetic, and may give results that only approximate those on
14164 The GNAT compiler never generates the prefix @code{Standard} for any of
14165 the standard symbols defined by the Ada language. @value{GDBN} knows about
14166 this: it will strip the prefix from names when you use it, and will never
14167 look for a name you have so qualified among local symbols, nor match against
14168 symbols in other packages or subprograms. If you have
14169 defined entities anywhere in your program other than parameters and
14170 local variables whose simple names match names in @code{Standard},
14171 GNAT's lack of qualification here can cause confusion. When this happens,
14172 you can usually resolve the confusion
14173 by qualifying the problematic names with package
14174 @code{Standard} explicitly.
14177 Older versions of the compiler sometimes generate erroneous debugging
14178 information, resulting in the debugger incorrectly printing the value
14179 of affected entities. In some cases, the debugger is able to work
14180 around an issue automatically. In other cases, the debugger is able
14181 to work around the issue, but the work-around has to be specifically
14184 @kindex set ada trust-PAD-over-XVS
14185 @kindex show ada trust-PAD-over-XVS
14188 @item set ada trust-PAD-over-XVS on
14189 Configure GDB to strictly follow the GNAT encoding when computing the
14190 value of Ada entities, particularly when @code{PAD} and @code{PAD___XVS}
14191 types are involved (see @code{ada/exp_dbug.ads} in the GCC sources for
14192 a complete description of the encoding used by the GNAT compiler).
14193 This is the default.
14195 @item set ada trust-PAD-over-XVS off
14196 This is related to the encoding using by the GNAT compiler. If @value{GDBN}
14197 sometimes prints the wrong value for certain entities, changing @code{ada
14198 trust-PAD-over-XVS} to @code{off} activates a work-around which may fix
14199 the issue. It is always safe to set @code{ada trust-PAD-over-XVS} to
14200 @code{off}, but this incurs a slight performance penalty, so it is
14201 recommended to leave this setting to @code{on} unless necessary.
14205 @node Unsupported Languages
14206 @section Unsupported Languages
14208 @cindex unsupported languages
14209 @cindex minimal language
14210 In addition to the other fully-supported programming languages,
14211 @value{GDBN} also provides a pseudo-language, called @code{minimal}.
14212 It does not represent a real programming language, but provides a set
14213 of capabilities close to what the C or assembly languages provide.
14214 This should allow most simple operations to be performed while debugging
14215 an application that uses a language currently not supported by @value{GDBN}.
14217 If the language is set to @code{auto}, @value{GDBN} will automatically
14218 select this language if the current frame corresponds to an unsupported
14222 @chapter Examining the Symbol Table
14224 The commands described in this chapter allow you to inquire about the
14225 symbols (names of variables, functions and types) defined in your
14226 program. This information is inherent in the text of your program and
14227 does not change as your program executes. @value{GDBN} finds it in your
14228 program's symbol table, in the file indicated when you started @value{GDBN}
14229 (@pxref{File Options, ,Choosing Files}), or by one of the
14230 file-management commands (@pxref{Files, ,Commands to Specify Files}).
14232 @cindex symbol names
14233 @cindex names of symbols
14234 @cindex quoting names
14235 Occasionally, you may need to refer to symbols that contain unusual
14236 characters, which @value{GDBN} ordinarily treats as word delimiters. The
14237 most frequent case is in referring to static variables in other
14238 source files (@pxref{Variables,,Program Variables}). File names
14239 are recorded in object files as debugging symbols, but @value{GDBN} would
14240 ordinarily parse a typical file name, like @file{foo.c}, as the three words
14241 @samp{foo} @samp{.} @samp{c}. To allow @value{GDBN} to recognize
14242 @samp{foo.c} as a single symbol, enclose it in single quotes; for example,
14249 looks up the value of @code{x} in the scope of the file @file{foo.c}.
14252 @cindex case-insensitive symbol names
14253 @cindex case sensitivity in symbol names
14254 @kindex set case-sensitive
14255 @item set case-sensitive on
14256 @itemx set case-sensitive off
14257 @itemx set case-sensitive auto
14258 Normally, when @value{GDBN} looks up symbols, it matches their names
14259 with case sensitivity determined by the current source language.
14260 Occasionally, you may wish to control that. The command @code{set
14261 case-sensitive} lets you do that by specifying @code{on} for
14262 case-sensitive matches or @code{off} for case-insensitive ones. If
14263 you specify @code{auto}, case sensitivity is reset to the default
14264 suitable for the source language. The default is case-sensitive
14265 matches for all languages except for Fortran, for which the default is
14266 case-insensitive matches.
14268 @kindex show case-sensitive
14269 @item show case-sensitive
14270 This command shows the current setting of case sensitivity for symbols
14273 @kindex info address
14274 @cindex address of a symbol
14275 @item info address @var{symbol}
14276 Describe where the data for @var{symbol} is stored. For a register
14277 variable, this says which register it is kept in. For a non-register
14278 local variable, this prints the stack-frame offset at which the variable
14281 Note the contrast with @samp{print &@var{symbol}}, which does not work
14282 at all for a register variable, and for a stack local variable prints
14283 the exact address of the current instantiation of the variable.
14285 @kindex info symbol
14286 @cindex symbol from address
14287 @cindex closest symbol and offset for an address
14288 @item info symbol @var{addr}
14289 Print the name of a symbol which is stored at the address @var{addr}.
14290 If no symbol is stored exactly at @var{addr}, @value{GDBN} prints the
14291 nearest symbol and an offset from it:
14294 (@value{GDBP}) info symbol 0x54320
14295 _initialize_vx + 396 in section .text
14299 This is the opposite of the @code{info address} command. You can use
14300 it to find out the name of a variable or a function given its address.
14302 For dynamically linked executables, the name of executable or shared
14303 library containing the symbol is also printed:
14306 (@value{GDBP}) info symbol 0x400225
14307 _start + 5 in section .text of /tmp/a.out
14308 (@value{GDBP}) info symbol 0x2aaaac2811cf
14309 __read_nocancel + 6 in section .text of /usr/lib64/libc.so.6
14313 @item whatis [@var{arg}]
14314 Print the data type of @var{arg}, which can be either an expression
14315 or a name of a data type. With no argument, print the data type of
14316 @code{$}, the last value in the value history.
14318 If @var{arg} is an expression (@pxref{Expressions, ,Expressions}), it
14319 is not actually evaluated, and any side-effecting operations (such as
14320 assignments or function calls) inside it do not take place.
14322 If @var{arg} is a variable or an expression, @code{whatis} prints its
14323 literal type as it is used in the source code. If the type was
14324 defined using a @code{typedef}, @code{whatis} will @emph{not} print
14325 the data type underlying the @code{typedef}. If the type of the
14326 variable or the expression is a compound data type, such as
14327 @code{struct} or @code{class}, @code{whatis} never prints their
14328 fields or methods. It just prints the @code{struct}/@code{class}
14329 name (a.k.a.@: its @dfn{tag}). If you want to see the members of
14330 such a compound data type, use @code{ptype}.
14332 If @var{arg} is a type name that was defined using @code{typedef},
14333 @code{whatis} @dfn{unrolls} only one level of that @code{typedef}.
14334 Unrolling means that @code{whatis} will show the underlying type used
14335 in the @code{typedef} declaration of @var{arg}. However, if that
14336 underlying type is also a @code{typedef}, @code{whatis} will not
14339 For C code, the type names may also have the form @samp{class
14340 @var{class-name}}, @samp{struct @var{struct-tag}}, @samp{union
14341 @var{union-tag}} or @samp{enum @var{enum-tag}}.
14344 @item ptype [@var{arg}]
14345 @code{ptype} accepts the same arguments as @code{whatis}, but prints a
14346 detailed description of the type, instead of just the name of the type.
14347 @xref{Expressions, ,Expressions}.
14349 Contrary to @code{whatis}, @code{ptype} always unrolls any
14350 @code{typedef}s in its argument declaration, whether the argument is
14351 a variable, expression, or a data type. This means that @code{ptype}
14352 of a variable or an expression will not print literally its type as
14353 present in the source code---use @code{whatis} for that. @code{typedef}s at
14354 the pointer or reference targets are also unrolled. Only @code{typedef}s of
14355 fields, methods and inner @code{class typedef}s of @code{struct}s,
14356 @code{class}es and @code{union}s are not unrolled even with @code{ptype}.
14358 For example, for this variable declaration:
14361 typedef double real_t;
14362 struct complex @{ real_t real; double imag; @};
14363 typedef struct complex complex_t;
14365 real_t *real_pointer_var;
14369 the two commands give this output:
14373 (@value{GDBP}) whatis var
14375 (@value{GDBP}) ptype var
14376 type = struct complex @{
14380 (@value{GDBP}) whatis complex_t
14381 type = struct complex
14382 (@value{GDBP}) whatis struct complex
14383 type = struct complex
14384 (@value{GDBP}) ptype struct complex
14385 type = struct complex @{
14389 (@value{GDBP}) whatis real_pointer_var
14391 (@value{GDBP}) ptype real_pointer_var
14397 As with @code{whatis}, using @code{ptype} without an argument refers to
14398 the type of @code{$}, the last value in the value history.
14400 @cindex incomplete type
14401 Sometimes, programs use opaque data types or incomplete specifications
14402 of complex data structure. If the debug information included in the
14403 program does not allow @value{GDBN} to display a full declaration of
14404 the data type, it will say @samp{<incomplete type>}. For example,
14405 given these declarations:
14409 struct foo *fooptr;
14413 but no definition for @code{struct foo} itself, @value{GDBN} will say:
14416 (@value{GDBP}) ptype foo
14417 $1 = <incomplete type>
14421 ``Incomplete type'' is C terminology for data types that are not
14422 completely specified.
14425 @item info types @var{regexp}
14427 Print a brief description of all types whose names match the regular
14428 expression @var{regexp} (or all types in your program, if you supply
14429 no argument). Each complete typename is matched as though it were a
14430 complete line; thus, @samp{i type value} gives information on all
14431 types in your program whose names include the string @code{value}, but
14432 @samp{i type ^value$} gives information only on types whose complete
14433 name is @code{value}.
14435 This command differs from @code{ptype} in two ways: first, like
14436 @code{whatis}, it does not print a detailed description; second, it
14437 lists all source files where a type is defined.
14440 @cindex local variables
14441 @item info scope @var{location}
14442 List all the variables local to a particular scope. This command
14443 accepts a @var{location} argument---a function name, a source line, or
14444 an address preceded by a @samp{*}, and prints all the variables local
14445 to the scope defined by that location. (@xref{Specify Location}, for
14446 details about supported forms of @var{location}.) For example:
14449 (@value{GDBP}) @b{info scope command_line_handler}
14450 Scope for command_line_handler:
14451 Symbol rl is an argument at stack/frame offset 8, length 4.
14452 Symbol linebuffer is in static storage at address 0x150a18, length 4.
14453 Symbol linelength is in static storage at address 0x150a1c, length 4.
14454 Symbol p is a local variable in register $esi, length 4.
14455 Symbol p1 is a local variable in register $ebx, length 4.
14456 Symbol nline is a local variable in register $edx, length 4.
14457 Symbol repeat is a local variable at frame offset -8, length 4.
14461 This command is especially useful for determining what data to collect
14462 during a @dfn{trace experiment}, see @ref{Tracepoint Actions,
14465 @kindex info source
14467 Show information about the current source file---that is, the source file for
14468 the function containing the current point of execution:
14471 the name of the source file, and the directory containing it,
14473 the directory it was compiled in,
14475 its length, in lines,
14477 which programming language it is written in,
14479 whether the executable includes debugging information for that file, and
14480 if so, what format the information is in (e.g., STABS, Dwarf 2, etc.), and
14482 whether the debugging information includes information about
14483 preprocessor macros.
14487 @kindex info sources
14489 Print the names of all source files in your program for which there is
14490 debugging information, organized into two lists: files whose symbols
14491 have already been read, and files whose symbols will be read when needed.
14493 @kindex info functions
14494 @item info functions
14495 Print the names and data types of all defined functions.
14497 @item info functions @var{regexp}
14498 Print the names and data types of all defined functions
14499 whose names contain a match for regular expression @var{regexp}.
14500 Thus, @samp{info fun step} finds all functions whose names
14501 include @code{step}; @samp{info fun ^step} finds those whose names
14502 start with @code{step}. If a function name contains characters
14503 that conflict with the regular expression language (e.g.@:
14504 @samp{operator*()}), they may be quoted with a backslash.
14506 @kindex info variables
14507 @item info variables
14508 Print the names and data types of all variables that are defined
14509 outside of functions (i.e.@: excluding local variables).
14511 @item info variables @var{regexp}
14512 Print the names and data types of all variables (except for local
14513 variables) whose names contain a match for regular expression
14516 @kindex info classes
14517 @cindex Objective-C, classes and selectors
14519 @itemx info classes @var{regexp}
14520 Display all Objective-C classes in your program, or
14521 (with the @var{regexp} argument) all those matching a particular regular
14524 @kindex info selectors
14525 @item info selectors
14526 @itemx info selectors @var{regexp}
14527 Display all Objective-C selectors in your program, or
14528 (with the @var{regexp} argument) all those matching a particular regular
14532 This was never implemented.
14533 @kindex info methods
14535 @itemx info methods @var{regexp}
14536 The @code{info methods} command permits the user to examine all defined
14537 methods within C@t{++} program, or (with the @var{regexp} argument) a
14538 specific set of methods found in the various C@t{++} classes. Many
14539 C@t{++} classes provide a large number of methods. Thus, the output
14540 from the @code{ptype} command can be overwhelming and hard to use. The
14541 @code{info-methods} command filters the methods, printing only those
14542 which match the regular-expression @var{regexp}.
14545 @cindex reloading symbols
14546 Some systems allow individual object files that make up your program to
14547 be replaced without stopping and restarting your program. For example,
14548 in VxWorks you can simply recompile a defective object file and keep on
14549 running. If you are running on one of these systems, you can allow
14550 @value{GDBN} to reload the symbols for automatically relinked modules:
14553 @kindex set symbol-reloading
14554 @item set symbol-reloading on
14555 Replace symbol definitions for the corresponding source file when an
14556 object file with a particular name is seen again.
14558 @item set symbol-reloading off
14559 Do not replace symbol definitions when encountering object files of the
14560 same name more than once. This is the default state; if you are not
14561 running on a system that permits automatic relinking of modules, you
14562 should leave @code{symbol-reloading} off, since otherwise @value{GDBN}
14563 may discard symbols when linking large programs, that may contain
14564 several modules (from different directories or libraries) with the same
14567 @kindex show symbol-reloading
14568 @item show symbol-reloading
14569 Show the current @code{on} or @code{off} setting.
14572 @cindex opaque data types
14573 @kindex set opaque-type-resolution
14574 @item set opaque-type-resolution on
14575 Tell @value{GDBN} to resolve opaque types. An opaque type is a type
14576 declared as a pointer to a @code{struct}, @code{class}, or
14577 @code{union}---for example, @code{struct MyType *}---that is used in one
14578 source file although the full declaration of @code{struct MyType} is in
14579 another source file. The default is on.
14581 A change in the setting of this subcommand will not take effect until
14582 the next time symbols for a file are loaded.
14584 @item set opaque-type-resolution off
14585 Tell @value{GDBN} not to resolve opaque types. In this case, the type
14586 is printed as follows:
14588 @{<no data fields>@}
14591 @kindex show opaque-type-resolution
14592 @item show opaque-type-resolution
14593 Show whether opaque types are resolved or not.
14595 @kindex maint print symbols
14596 @cindex symbol dump
14597 @kindex maint print psymbols
14598 @cindex partial symbol dump
14599 @item maint print symbols @var{filename}
14600 @itemx maint print psymbols @var{filename}
14601 @itemx maint print msymbols @var{filename}
14602 Write a dump of debugging symbol data into the file @var{filename}.
14603 These commands are used to debug the @value{GDBN} symbol-reading code. Only
14604 symbols with debugging data are included. If you use @samp{maint print
14605 symbols}, @value{GDBN} includes all the symbols for which it has already
14606 collected full details: that is, @var{filename} reflects symbols for
14607 only those files whose symbols @value{GDBN} has read. You can use the
14608 command @code{info sources} to find out which files these are. If you
14609 use @samp{maint print psymbols} instead, the dump shows information about
14610 symbols that @value{GDBN} only knows partially---that is, symbols defined in
14611 files that @value{GDBN} has skimmed, but not yet read completely. Finally,
14612 @samp{maint print msymbols} dumps just the minimal symbol information
14613 required for each object file from which @value{GDBN} has read some symbols.
14614 @xref{Files, ,Commands to Specify Files}, for a discussion of how
14615 @value{GDBN} reads symbols (in the description of @code{symbol-file}).
14617 @kindex maint info symtabs
14618 @kindex maint info psymtabs
14619 @cindex listing @value{GDBN}'s internal symbol tables
14620 @cindex symbol tables, listing @value{GDBN}'s internal
14621 @cindex full symbol tables, listing @value{GDBN}'s internal
14622 @cindex partial symbol tables, listing @value{GDBN}'s internal
14623 @item maint info symtabs @r{[} @var{regexp} @r{]}
14624 @itemx maint info psymtabs @r{[} @var{regexp} @r{]}
14626 List the @code{struct symtab} or @code{struct partial_symtab}
14627 structures whose names match @var{regexp}. If @var{regexp} is not
14628 given, list them all. The output includes expressions which you can
14629 copy into a @value{GDBN} debugging this one to examine a particular
14630 structure in more detail. For example:
14633 (@value{GDBP}) maint info psymtabs dwarf2read
14634 @{ objfile /home/gnu/build/gdb/gdb
14635 ((struct objfile *) 0x82e69d0)
14636 @{ psymtab /home/gnu/src/gdb/dwarf2read.c
14637 ((struct partial_symtab *) 0x8474b10)
14640 text addresses 0x814d3c8 -- 0x8158074
14641 globals (* (struct partial_symbol **) 0x8507a08 @@ 9)
14642 statics (* (struct partial_symbol **) 0x40e95b78 @@ 2882)
14643 dependencies (none)
14646 (@value{GDBP}) maint info symtabs
14650 We see that there is one partial symbol table whose filename contains
14651 the string @samp{dwarf2read}, belonging to the @samp{gdb} executable;
14652 and we see that @value{GDBN} has not read in any symtabs yet at all.
14653 If we set a breakpoint on a function, that will cause @value{GDBN} to
14654 read the symtab for the compilation unit containing that function:
14657 (@value{GDBP}) break dwarf2_psymtab_to_symtab
14658 Breakpoint 1 at 0x814e5da: file /home/gnu/src/gdb/dwarf2read.c,
14660 (@value{GDBP}) maint info symtabs
14661 @{ objfile /home/gnu/build/gdb/gdb
14662 ((struct objfile *) 0x82e69d0)
14663 @{ symtab /home/gnu/src/gdb/dwarf2read.c
14664 ((struct symtab *) 0x86c1f38)
14667 blockvector ((struct blockvector *) 0x86c1bd0) (primary)
14668 linetable ((struct linetable *) 0x8370fa0)
14669 debugformat DWARF 2
14678 @chapter Altering Execution
14680 Once you think you have found an error in your program, you might want to
14681 find out for certain whether correcting the apparent error would lead to
14682 correct results in the rest of the run. You can find the answer by
14683 experiment, using the @value{GDBN} features for altering execution of the
14686 For example, you can store new values into variables or memory
14687 locations, give your program a signal, restart it at a different
14688 address, or even return prematurely from a function.
14691 * Assignment:: Assignment to variables
14692 * Jumping:: Continuing at a different address
14693 * Signaling:: Giving your program a signal
14694 * Returning:: Returning from a function
14695 * Calling:: Calling your program's functions
14696 * Patching:: Patching your program
14700 @section Assignment to Variables
14703 @cindex setting variables
14704 To alter the value of a variable, evaluate an assignment expression.
14705 @xref{Expressions, ,Expressions}. For example,
14712 stores the value 4 into the variable @code{x}, and then prints the
14713 value of the assignment expression (which is 4).
14714 @xref{Languages, ,Using @value{GDBN} with Different Languages}, for more
14715 information on operators in supported languages.
14717 @kindex set variable
14718 @cindex variables, setting
14719 If you are not interested in seeing the value of the assignment, use the
14720 @code{set} command instead of the @code{print} command. @code{set} is
14721 really the same as @code{print} except that the expression's value is
14722 not printed and is not put in the value history (@pxref{Value History,
14723 ,Value History}). The expression is evaluated only for its effects.
14725 If the beginning of the argument string of the @code{set} command
14726 appears identical to a @code{set} subcommand, use the @code{set
14727 variable} command instead of just @code{set}. This command is identical
14728 to @code{set} except for its lack of subcommands. For example, if your
14729 program has a variable @code{width}, you get an error if you try to set
14730 a new value with just @samp{set width=13}, because @value{GDBN} has the
14731 command @code{set width}:
14734 (@value{GDBP}) whatis width
14736 (@value{GDBP}) p width
14738 (@value{GDBP}) set width=47
14739 Invalid syntax in expression.
14743 The invalid expression, of course, is @samp{=47}. In
14744 order to actually set the program's variable @code{width}, use
14747 (@value{GDBP}) set var width=47
14750 Because the @code{set} command has many subcommands that can conflict
14751 with the names of program variables, it is a good idea to use the
14752 @code{set variable} command instead of just @code{set}. For example, if
14753 your program has a variable @code{g}, you run into problems if you try
14754 to set a new value with just @samp{set g=4}, because @value{GDBN} has
14755 the command @code{set gnutarget}, abbreviated @code{set g}:
14759 (@value{GDBP}) whatis g
14763 (@value{GDBP}) set g=4
14767 The program being debugged has been started already.
14768 Start it from the beginning? (y or n) y
14769 Starting program: /home/smith/cc_progs/a.out
14770 "/home/smith/cc_progs/a.out": can't open to read symbols:
14771 Invalid bfd target.
14772 (@value{GDBP}) show g
14773 The current BFD target is "=4".
14778 The program variable @code{g} did not change, and you silently set the
14779 @code{gnutarget} to an invalid value. In order to set the variable
14783 (@value{GDBP}) set var g=4
14786 @value{GDBN} allows more implicit conversions in assignments than C; you can
14787 freely store an integer value into a pointer variable or vice versa,
14788 and you can convert any structure to any other structure that is the
14789 same length or shorter.
14790 @comment FIXME: how do structs align/pad in these conversions?
14791 @comment /doc@cygnus.com 18dec1990
14793 To store values into arbitrary places in memory, use the @samp{@{@dots{}@}}
14794 construct to generate a value of specified type at a specified address
14795 (@pxref{Expressions, ,Expressions}). For example, @code{@{int@}0x83040} refers
14796 to memory location @code{0x83040} as an integer (which implies a certain size
14797 and representation in memory), and
14800 set @{int@}0x83040 = 4
14804 stores the value 4 into that memory location.
14807 @section Continuing at a Different Address
14809 Ordinarily, when you continue your program, you do so at the place where
14810 it stopped, with the @code{continue} command. You can instead continue at
14811 an address of your own choosing, with the following commands:
14815 @item jump @var{linespec}
14816 @itemx jump @var{location}
14817 Resume execution at line @var{linespec} or at address given by
14818 @var{location}. Execution stops again immediately if there is a
14819 breakpoint there. @xref{Specify Location}, for a description of the
14820 different forms of @var{linespec} and @var{location}. It is common
14821 practice to use the @code{tbreak} command in conjunction with
14822 @code{jump}. @xref{Set Breaks, ,Setting Breakpoints}.
14824 The @code{jump} command does not change the current stack frame, or
14825 the stack pointer, or the contents of any memory location or any
14826 register other than the program counter. If line @var{linespec} is in
14827 a different function from the one currently executing, the results may
14828 be bizarre if the two functions expect different patterns of arguments or
14829 of local variables. For this reason, the @code{jump} command requests
14830 confirmation if the specified line is not in the function currently
14831 executing. However, even bizarre results are predictable if you are
14832 well acquainted with the machine-language code of your program.
14835 @c Doesn't work on HP-UX; have to set $pcoqh and $pcoqt.
14836 On many systems, you can get much the same effect as the @code{jump}
14837 command by storing a new value into the register @code{$pc}. The
14838 difference is that this does not start your program running; it only
14839 changes the address of where it @emph{will} run when you continue. For
14847 makes the next @code{continue} command or stepping command execute at
14848 address @code{0x485}, rather than at the address where your program stopped.
14849 @xref{Continuing and Stepping, ,Continuing and Stepping}.
14851 The most common occasion to use the @code{jump} command is to back
14852 up---perhaps with more breakpoints set---over a portion of a program
14853 that has already executed, in order to examine its execution in more
14858 @section Giving your Program a Signal
14859 @cindex deliver a signal to a program
14863 @item signal @var{signal}
14864 Resume execution where your program stopped, but immediately give it the
14865 signal @var{signal}. @var{signal} can be the name or the number of a
14866 signal. For example, on many systems @code{signal 2} and @code{signal
14867 SIGINT} are both ways of sending an interrupt signal.
14869 Alternatively, if @var{signal} is zero, continue execution without
14870 giving a signal. This is useful when your program stopped on account of
14871 a signal and would ordinary see the signal when resumed with the
14872 @code{continue} command; @samp{signal 0} causes it to resume without a
14875 @code{signal} does not repeat when you press @key{RET} a second time
14876 after executing the command.
14880 Invoking the @code{signal} command is not the same as invoking the
14881 @code{kill} utility from the shell. Sending a signal with @code{kill}
14882 causes @value{GDBN} to decide what to do with the signal depending on
14883 the signal handling tables (@pxref{Signals}). The @code{signal} command
14884 passes the signal directly to your program.
14888 @section Returning from a Function
14891 @cindex returning from a function
14894 @itemx return @var{expression}
14895 You can cancel execution of a function call with the @code{return}
14896 command. If you give an
14897 @var{expression} argument, its value is used as the function's return
14901 When you use @code{return}, @value{GDBN} discards the selected stack frame
14902 (and all frames within it). You can think of this as making the
14903 discarded frame return prematurely. If you wish to specify a value to
14904 be returned, give that value as the argument to @code{return}.
14906 This pops the selected stack frame (@pxref{Selection, ,Selecting a
14907 Frame}), and any other frames inside of it, leaving its caller as the
14908 innermost remaining frame. That frame becomes selected. The
14909 specified value is stored in the registers used for returning values
14912 The @code{return} command does not resume execution; it leaves the
14913 program stopped in the state that would exist if the function had just
14914 returned. In contrast, the @code{finish} command (@pxref{Continuing
14915 and Stepping, ,Continuing and Stepping}) resumes execution until the
14916 selected stack frame returns naturally.
14918 @value{GDBN} needs to know how the @var{expression} argument should be set for
14919 the inferior. The concrete registers assignment depends on the OS ABI and the
14920 type being returned by the selected stack frame. For example it is common for
14921 OS ABI to return floating point values in FPU registers while integer values in
14922 CPU registers. Still some ABIs return even floating point values in CPU
14923 registers. Larger integer widths (such as @code{long long int}) also have
14924 specific placement rules. @value{GDBN} already knows the OS ABI from its
14925 current target so it needs to find out also the type being returned to make the
14926 assignment into the right register(s).
14928 Normally, the selected stack frame has debug info. @value{GDBN} will always
14929 use the debug info instead of the implicit type of @var{expression} when the
14930 debug info is available. For example, if you type @kbd{return -1}, and the
14931 function in the current stack frame is declared to return a @code{long long
14932 int}, @value{GDBN} transparently converts the implicit @code{int} value of -1
14933 into a @code{long long int}:
14936 Breakpoint 1, func () at gdb.base/return-nodebug.c:29
14938 (@value{GDBP}) return -1
14939 Make func return now? (y or n) y
14940 #0 0x004004f6 in main () at gdb.base/return-nodebug.c:43
14941 43 printf ("result=%lld\n", func ());
14945 However, if the selected stack frame does not have a debug info, e.g., if the
14946 function was compiled without debug info, @value{GDBN} has to find out the type
14947 to return from user. Specifying a different type by mistake may set the value
14948 in different inferior registers than the caller code expects. For example,
14949 typing @kbd{return -1} with its implicit type @code{int} would set only a part
14950 of a @code{long long int} result for a debug info less function (on 32-bit
14951 architectures). Therefore the user is required to specify the return type by
14952 an appropriate cast explicitly:
14955 Breakpoint 2, 0x0040050b in func ()
14956 (@value{GDBP}) return -1
14957 Return value type not available for selected stack frame.
14958 Please use an explicit cast of the value to return.
14959 (@value{GDBP}) return (long long int) -1
14960 Make selected stack frame return now? (y or n) y
14961 #0 0x00400526 in main ()
14966 @section Calling Program Functions
14969 @cindex calling functions
14970 @cindex inferior functions, calling
14971 @item print @var{expr}
14972 Evaluate the expression @var{expr} and display the resulting value.
14973 @var{expr} may include calls to functions in the program being
14977 @item call @var{expr}
14978 Evaluate the expression @var{expr} without displaying @code{void}
14981 You can use this variant of the @code{print} command if you want to
14982 execute a function from your program that does not return anything
14983 (a.k.a.@: @dfn{a void function}), but without cluttering the output
14984 with @code{void} returned values that @value{GDBN} will otherwise
14985 print. If the result is not void, it is printed and saved in the
14989 It is possible for the function you call via the @code{print} or
14990 @code{call} command to generate a signal (e.g., if there's a bug in
14991 the function, or if you passed it incorrect arguments). What happens
14992 in that case is controlled by the @code{set unwindonsignal} command.
14994 Similarly, with a C@t{++} program it is possible for the function you
14995 call via the @code{print} or @code{call} command to generate an
14996 exception that is not handled due to the constraints of the dummy
14997 frame. In this case, any exception that is raised in the frame, but has
14998 an out-of-frame exception handler will not be found. GDB builds a
14999 dummy-frame for the inferior function call, and the unwinder cannot
15000 seek for exception handlers outside of this dummy-frame. What happens
15001 in that case is controlled by the
15002 @code{set unwind-on-terminating-exception} command.
15005 @item set unwindonsignal
15006 @kindex set unwindonsignal
15007 @cindex unwind stack in called functions
15008 @cindex call dummy stack unwinding
15009 Set unwinding of the stack if a signal is received while in a function
15010 that @value{GDBN} called in the program being debugged. If set to on,
15011 @value{GDBN} unwinds the stack it created for the call and restores
15012 the context to what it was before the call. If set to off (the
15013 default), @value{GDBN} stops in the frame where the signal was
15016 @item show unwindonsignal
15017 @kindex show unwindonsignal
15018 Show the current setting of stack unwinding in the functions called by
15021 @item set unwind-on-terminating-exception
15022 @kindex set unwind-on-terminating-exception
15023 @cindex unwind stack in called functions with unhandled exceptions
15024 @cindex call dummy stack unwinding on unhandled exception.
15025 Set unwinding of the stack if a C@t{++} exception is raised, but left
15026 unhandled while in a function that @value{GDBN} called in the program being
15027 debugged. If set to on (the default), @value{GDBN} unwinds the stack
15028 it created for the call and restores the context to what it was before
15029 the call. If set to off, @value{GDBN} the exception is delivered to
15030 the default C@t{++} exception handler and the inferior terminated.
15032 @item show unwind-on-terminating-exception
15033 @kindex show unwind-on-terminating-exception
15034 Show the current setting of stack unwinding in the functions called by
15039 @cindex weak alias functions
15040 Sometimes, a function you wish to call is actually a @dfn{weak alias}
15041 for another function. In such case, @value{GDBN} might not pick up
15042 the type information, including the types of the function arguments,
15043 which causes @value{GDBN} to call the inferior function incorrectly.
15044 As a result, the called function will function erroneously and may
15045 even crash. A solution to that is to use the name of the aliased
15049 @section Patching Programs
15051 @cindex patching binaries
15052 @cindex writing into executables
15053 @cindex writing into corefiles
15055 By default, @value{GDBN} opens the file containing your program's
15056 executable code (or the corefile) read-only. This prevents accidental
15057 alterations to machine code; but it also prevents you from intentionally
15058 patching your program's binary.
15060 If you'd like to be able to patch the binary, you can specify that
15061 explicitly with the @code{set write} command. For example, you might
15062 want to turn on internal debugging flags, or even to make emergency
15068 @itemx set write off
15069 If you specify @samp{set write on}, @value{GDBN} opens executable and
15070 core files for both reading and writing; if you specify @kbd{set write
15071 off} (the default), @value{GDBN} opens them read-only.
15073 If you have already loaded a file, you must load it again (using the
15074 @code{exec-file} or @code{core-file} command) after changing @code{set
15075 write}, for your new setting to take effect.
15079 Display whether executable files and core files are opened for writing
15080 as well as reading.
15084 @chapter @value{GDBN} Files
15086 @value{GDBN} needs to know the file name of the program to be debugged,
15087 both in order to read its symbol table and in order to start your
15088 program. To debug a core dump of a previous run, you must also tell
15089 @value{GDBN} the name of the core dump file.
15092 * Files:: Commands to specify files
15093 * Separate Debug Files:: Debugging information in separate files
15094 * Index Files:: Index files speed up GDB
15095 * Symbol Errors:: Errors reading symbol files
15096 * Data Files:: GDB data files
15100 @section Commands to Specify Files
15102 @cindex symbol table
15103 @cindex core dump file
15105 You may want to specify executable and core dump file names. The usual
15106 way to do this is at start-up time, using the arguments to
15107 @value{GDBN}'s start-up commands (@pxref{Invocation, , Getting In and
15108 Out of @value{GDBN}}).
15110 Occasionally it is necessary to change to a different file during a
15111 @value{GDBN} session. Or you may run @value{GDBN} and forget to
15112 specify a file you want to use. Or you are debugging a remote target
15113 via @code{gdbserver} (@pxref{Server, file, Using the @code{gdbserver}
15114 Program}). In these situations the @value{GDBN} commands to specify
15115 new files are useful.
15118 @cindex executable file
15120 @item file @var{filename}
15121 Use @var{filename} as the program to be debugged. It is read for its
15122 symbols and for the contents of pure memory. It is also the program
15123 executed when you use the @code{run} command. If you do not specify a
15124 directory and the file is not found in the @value{GDBN} working directory,
15125 @value{GDBN} uses the environment variable @code{PATH} as a list of
15126 directories to search, just as the shell does when looking for a program
15127 to run. You can change the value of this variable, for both @value{GDBN}
15128 and your program, using the @code{path} command.
15130 @cindex unlinked object files
15131 @cindex patching object files
15132 You can load unlinked object @file{.o} files into @value{GDBN} using
15133 the @code{file} command. You will not be able to ``run'' an object
15134 file, but you can disassemble functions and inspect variables. Also,
15135 if the underlying BFD functionality supports it, you could use
15136 @kbd{gdb -write} to patch object files using this technique. Note
15137 that @value{GDBN} can neither interpret nor modify relocations in this
15138 case, so branches and some initialized variables will appear to go to
15139 the wrong place. But this feature is still handy from time to time.
15142 @code{file} with no argument makes @value{GDBN} discard any information it
15143 has on both executable file and the symbol table.
15146 @item exec-file @r{[} @var{filename} @r{]}
15147 Specify that the program to be run (but not the symbol table) is found
15148 in @var{filename}. @value{GDBN} searches the environment variable @code{PATH}
15149 if necessary to locate your program. Omitting @var{filename} means to
15150 discard information on the executable file.
15152 @kindex symbol-file
15153 @item symbol-file @r{[} @var{filename} @r{]}
15154 Read symbol table information from file @var{filename}. @code{PATH} is
15155 searched when necessary. Use the @code{file} command to get both symbol
15156 table and program to run from the same file.
15158 @code{symbol-file} with no argument clears out @value{GDBN} information on your
15159 program's symbol table.
15161 The @code{symbol-file} command causes @value{GDBN} to forget the contents of
15162 some breakpoints and auto-display expressions. This is because they may
15163 contain pointers to the internal data recording symbols and data types,
15164 which are part of the old symbol table data being discarded inside
15167 @code{symbol-file} does not repeat if you press @key{RET} again after
15170 When @value{GDBN} is configured for a particular environment, it
15171 understands debugging information in whatever format is the standard
15172 generated for that environment; you may use either a @sc{gnu} compiler, or
15173 other compilers that adhere to the local conventions.
15174 Best results are usually obtained from @sc{gnu} compilers; for example,
15175 using @code{@value{NGCC}} you can generate debugging information for
15178 For most kinds of object files, with the exception of old SVR3 systems
15179 using COFF, the @code{symbol-file} command does not normally read the
15180 symbol table in full right away. Instead, it scans the symbol table
15181 quickly to find which source files and which symbols are present. The
15182 details are read later, one source file at a time, as they are needed.
15184 The purpose of this two-stage reading strategy is to make @value{GDBN}
15185 start up faster. For the most part, it is invisible except for
15186 occasional pauses while the symbol table details for a particular source
15187 file are being read. (The @code{set verbose} command can turn these
15188 pauses into messages if desired. @xref{Messages/Warnings, ,Optional
15189 Warnings and Messages}.)
15191 We have not implemented the two-stage strategy for COFF yet. When the
15192 symbol table is stored in COFF format, @code{symbol-file} reads the
15193 symbol table data in full right away. Note that ``stabs-in-COFF''
15194 still does the two-stage strategy, since the debug info is actually
15198 @cindex reading symbols immediately
15199 @cindex symbols, reading immediately
15200 @item symbol-file @r{[} -readnow @r{]} @var{filename}
15201 @itemx file @r{[} -readnow @r{]} @var{filename}
15202 You can override the @value{GDBN} two-stage strategy for reading symbol
15203 tables by using the @samp{-readnow} option with any of the commands that
15204 load symbol table information, if you want to be sure @value{GDBN} has the
15205 entire symbol table available.
15207 @c FIXME: for now no mention of directories, since this seems to be in
15208 @c flux. 13mar1992 status is that in theory GDB would look either in
15209 @c current dir or in same dir as myprog; but issues like competing
15210 @c GDB's, or clutter in system dirs, mean that in practice right now
15211 @c only current dir is used. FFish says maybe a special GDB hierarchy
15212 @c (eg rooted in val of env var GDBSYMS) could exist for mappable symbol
15216 @item core-file @r{[}@var{filename}@r{]}
15218 Specify the whereabouts of a core dump file to be used as the ``contents
15219 of memory''. Traditionally, core files contain only some parts of the
15220 address space of the process that generated them; @value{GDBN} can access the
15221 executable file itself for other parts.
15223 @code{core-file} with no argument specifies that no core file is
15226 Note that the core file is ignored when your program is actually running
15227 under @value{GDBN}. So, if you have been running your program and you
15228 wish to debug a core file instead, you must kill the subprocess in which
15229 the program is running. To do this, use the @code{kill} command
15230 (@pxref{Kill Process, ,Killing the Child Process}).
15232 @kindex add-symbol-file
15233 @cindex dynamic linking
15234 @item add-symbol-file @var{filename} @var{address}
15235 @itemx add-symbol-file @var{filename} @var{address} @r{[} -readnow @r{]}
15236 @itemx add-symbol-file @var{filename} @var{address} -s @var{section} @var{address} @dots{}
15237 The @code{add-symbol-file} command reads additional symbol table
15238 information from the file @var{filename}. You would use this command
15239 when @var{filename} has been dynamically loaded (by some other means)
15240 into the program that is running. @var{address} should be the memory
15241 address at which the file has been loaded; @value{GDBN} cannot figure
15242 this out for itself. You can additionally specify an arbitrary number
15243 of @samp{-s @var{section} @var{address}} pairs, to give an explicit
15244 section name and base address for that section. You can specify any
15245 @var{address} as an expression.
15247 The symbol table of the file @var{filename} is added to the symbol table
15248 originally read with the @code{symbol-file} command. You can use the
15249 @code{add-symbol-file} command any number of times; the new symbol data
15250 thus read keeps adding to the old. To discard all old symbol data
15251 instead, use the @code{symbol-file} command without any arguments.
15253 @cindex relocatable object files, reading symbols from
15254 @cindex object files, relocatable, reading symbols from
15255 @cindex reading symbols from relocatable object files
15256 @cindex symbols, reading from relocatable object files
15257 @cindex @file{.o} files, reading symbols from
15258 Although @var{filename} is typically a shared library file, an
15259 executable file, or some other object file which has been fully
15260 relocated for loading into a process, you can also load symbolic
15261 information from relocatable @file{.o} files, as long as:
15265 the file's symbolic information refers only to linker symbols defined in
15266 that file, not to symbols defined by other object files,
15268 every section the file's symbolic information refers to has actually
15269 been loaded into the inferior, as it appears in the file, and
15271 you can determine the address at which every section was loaded, and
15272 provide these to the @code{add-symbol-file} command.
15276 Some embedded operating systems, like Sun Chorus and VxWorks, can load
15277 relocatable files into an already running program; such systems
15278 typically make the requirements above easy to meet. However, it's
15279 important to recognize that many native systems use complex link
15280 procedures (@code{.linkonce} section factoring and C@t{++} constructor table
15281 assembly, for example) that make the requirements difficult to meet. In
15282 general, one cannot assume that using @code{add-symbol-file} to read a
15283 relocatable object file's symbolic information will have the same effect
15284 as linking the relocatable object file into the program in the normal
15287 @code{add-symbol-file} does not repeat if you press @key{RET} after using it.
15289 @kindex add-symbol-file-from-memory
15290 @cindex @code{syscall DSO}
15291 @cindex load symbols from memory
15292 @item add-symbol-file-from-memory @var{address}
15293 Load symbols from the given @var{address} in a dynamically loaded
15294 object file whose image is mapped directly into the inferior's memory.
15295 For example, the Linux kernel maps a @code{syscall DSO} into each
15296 process's address space; this DSO provides kernel-specific code for
15297 some system calls. The argument can be any expression whose
15298 evaluation yields the address of the file's shared object file header.
15299 For this command to work, you must have used @code{symbol-file} or
15300 @code{exec-file} commands in advance.
15302 @kindex add-shared-symbol-files
15304 @item add-shared-symbol-files @var{library-file}
15305 @itemx assf @var{library-file}
15306 The @code{add-shared-symbol-files} command can currently be used only
15307 in the Cygwin build of @value{GDBN} on MS-Windows OS, where it is an
15308 alias for the @code{dll-symbols} command (@pxref{Cygwin Native}).
15309 @value{GDBN} automatically looks for shared libraries, however if
15310 @value{GDBN} does not find yours, you can invoke
15311 @code{add-shared-symbol-files}. It takes one argument: the shared
15312 library's file name. @code{assf} is a shorthand alias for
15313 @code{add-shared-symbol-files}.
15316 @item section @var{section} @var{addr}
15317 The @code{section} command changes the base address of the named
15318 @var{section} of the exec file to @var{addr}. This can be used if the
15319 exec file does not contain section addresses, (such as in the
15320 @code{a.out} format), or when the addresses specified in the file
15321 itself are wrong. Each section must be changed separately. The
15322 @code{info files} command, described below, lists all the sections and
15326 @kindex info target
15329 @code{info files} and @code{info target} are synonymous; both print the
15330 current target (@pxref{Targets, ,Specifying a Debugging Target}),
15331 including the names of the executable and core dump files currently in
15332 use by @value{GDBN}, and the files from which symbols were loaded. The
15333 command @code{help target} lists all possible targets rather than
15336 @kindex maint info sections
15337 @item maint info sections
15338 Another command that can give you extra information about program sections
15339 is @code{maint info sections}. In addition to the section information
15340 displayed by @code{info files}, this command displays the flags and file
15341 offset of each section in the executable and core dump files. In addition,
15342 @code{maint info sections} provides the following command options (which
15343 may be arbitrarily combined):
15347 Display sections for all loaded object files, including shared libraries.
15348 @item @var{sections}
15349 Display info only for named @var{sections}.
15350 @item @var{section-flags}
15351 Display info only for sections for which @var{section-flags} are true.
15352 The section flags that @value{GDBN} currently knows about are:
15355 Section will have space allocated in the process when loaded.
15356 Set for all sections except those containing debug information.
15358 Section will be loaded from the file into the child process memory.
15359 Set for pre-initialized code and data, clear for @code{.bss} sections.
15361 Section needs to be relocated before loading.
15363 Section cannot be modified by the child process.
15365 Section contains executable code only.
15367 Section contains data only (no executable code).
15369 Section will reside in ROM.
15371 Section contains data for constructor/destructor lists.
15373 Section is not empty.
15375 An instruction to the linker to not output the section.
15376 @item COFF_SHARED_LIBRARY
15377 A notification to the linker that the section contains
15378 COFF shared library information.
15380 Section contains common symbols.
15383 @kindex set trust-readonly-sections
15384 @cindex read-only sections
15385 @item set trust-readonly-sections on
15386 Tell @value{GDBN} that readonly sections in your object file
15387 really are read-only (i.e.@: that their contents will not change).
15388 In that case, @value{GDBN} can fetch values from these sections
15389 out of the object file, rather than from the target program.
15390 For some targets (notably embedded ones), this can be a significant
15391 enhancement to debugging performance.
15393 The default is off.
15395 @item set trust-readonly-sections off
15396 Tell @value{GDBN} not to trust readonly sections. This means that
15397 the contents of the section might change while the program is running,
15398 and must therefore be fetched from the target when needed.
15400 @item show trust-readonly-sections
15401 Show the current setting of trusting readonly sections.
15404 All file-specifying commands allow both absolute and relative file names
15405 as arguments. @value{GDBN} always converts the file name to an absolute file
15406 name and remembers it that way.
15408 @cindex shared libraries
15409 @anchor{Shared Libraries}
15410 @value{GDBN} supports @sc{gnu}/Linux, MS-Windows, HP-UX, SunOS, SVr4, Irix,
15411 and IBM RS/6000 AIX shared libraries.
15413 On MS-Windows @value{GDBN} must be linked with the Expat library to support
15414 shared libraries. @xref{Expat}.
15416 @value{GDBN} automatically loads symbol definitions from shared libraries
15417 when you use the @code{run} command, or when you examine a core file.
15418 (Before you issue the @code{run} command, @value{GDBN} does not understand
15419 references to a function in a shared library, however---unless you are
15420 debugging a core file).
15422 On HP-UX, if the program loads a library explicitly, @value{GDBN}
15423 automatically loads the symbols at the time of the @code{shl_load} call.
15425 @c FIXME: some @value{GDBN} release may permit some refs to undef
15426 @c FIXME...symbols---eg in a break cmd---assuming they are from a shared
15427 @c FIXME...lib; check this from time to time when updating manual
15429 There are times, however, when you may wish to not automatically load
15430 symbol definitions from shared libraries, such as when they are
15431 particularly large or there are many of them.
15433 To control the automatic loading of shared library symbols, use the
15437 @kindex set auto-solib-add
15438 @item set auto-solib-add @var{mode}
15439 If @var{mode} is @code{on}, symbols from all shared object libraries
15440 will be loaded automatically when the inferior begins execution, you
15441 attach to an independently started inferior, or when the dynamic linker
15442 informs @value{GDBN} that a new library has been loaded. If @var{mode}
15443 is @code{off}, symbols must be loaded manually, using the
15444 @code{sharedlibrary} command. The default value is @code{on}.
15446 @cindex memory used for symbol tables
15447 If your program uses lots of shared libraries with debug info that
15448 takes large amounts of memory, you can decrease the @value{GDBN}
15449 memory footprint by preventing it from automatically loading the
15450 symbols from shared libraries. To that end, type @kbd{set
15451 auto-solib-add off} before running the inferior, then load each
15452 library whose debug symbols you do need with @kbd{sharedlibrary
15453 @var{regexp}}, where @var{regexp} is a regular expression that matches
15454 the libraries whose symbols you want to be loaded.
15456 @kindex show auto-solib-add
15457 @item show auto-solib-add
15458 Display the current autoloading mode.
15461 @cindex load shared library
15462 To explicitly load shared library symbols, use the @code{sharedlibrary}
15466 @kindex info sharedlibrary
15468 @item info share @var{regex}
15469 @itemx info sharedlibrary @var{regex}
15470 Print the names of the shared libraries which are currently loaded
15471 that match @var{regex}. If @var{regex} is omitted then print
15472 all shared libraries that are loaded.
15474 @kindex sharedlibrary
15476 @item sharedlibrary @var{regex}
15477 @itemx share @var{regex}
15478 Load shared object library symbols for files matching a
15479 Unix regular expression.
15480 As with files loaded automatically, it only loads shared libraries
15481 required by your program for a core file or after typing @code{run}. If
15482 @var{regex} is omitted all shared libraries required by your program are
15485 @item nosharedlibrary
15486 @kindex nosharedlibrary
15487 @cindex unload symbols from shared libraries
15488 Unload all shared object library symbols. This discards all symbols
15489 that have been loaded from all shared libraries. Symbols from shared
15490 libraries that were loaded by explicit user requests are not
15494 Sometimes you may wish that @value{GDBN} stops and gives you control
15495 when any of shared library events happen. Use the @code{set
15496 stop-on-solib-events} command for this:
15499 @item set stop-on-solib-events
15500 @kindex set stop-on-solib-events
15501 This command controls whether @value{GDBN} should give you control
15502 when the dynamic linker notifies it about some shared library event.
15503 The most common event of interest is loading or unloading of a new
15506 @item show stop-on-solib-events
15507 @kindex show stop-on-solib-events
15508 Show whether @value{GDBN} stops and gives you control when shared
15509 library events happen.
15512 Shared libraries are also supported in many cross or remote debugging
15513 configurations. @value{GDBN} needs to have access to the target's libraries;
15514 this can be accomplished either by providing copies of the libraries
15515 on the host system, or by asking @value{GDBN} to automatically retrieve the
15516 libraries from the target. If copies of the target libraries are
15517 provided, they need to be the same as the target libraries, although the
15518 copies on the target can be stripped as long as the copies on the host are
15521 @cindex where to look for shared libraries
15522 For remote debugging, you need to tell @value{GDBN} where the target
15523 libraries are, so that it can load the correct copies---otherwise, it
15524 may try to load the host's libraries. @value{GDBN} has two variables
15525 to specify the search directories for target libraries.
15528 @cindex prefix for shared library file names
15529 @cindex system root, alternate
15530 @kindex set solib-absolute-prefix
15531 @kindex set sysroot
15532 @item set sysroot @var{path}
15533 Use @var{path} as the system root for the program being debugged. Any
15534 absolute shared library paths will be prefixed with @var{path}; many
15535 runtime loaders store the absolute paths to the shared library in the
15536 target program's memory. If you use @code{set sysroot} to find shared
15537 libraries, they need to be laid out in the same way that they are on
15538 the target, with e.g.@: a @file{/lib} and @file{/usr/lib} hierarchy
15541 If @var{path} starts with the sequence @file{remote:}, @value{GDBN} will
15542 retrieve the target libraries from the remote system. This is only
15543 supported when using a remote target that supports the @code{remote get}
15544 command (@pxref{File Transfer,,Sending files to a remote system}).
15545 The part of @var{path} following the initial @file{remote:}
15546 (if present) is used as system root prefix on the remote file system.
15547 @footnote{If you want to specify a local system root using a directory
15548 that happens to be named @file{remote:}, you need to use some equivalent
15549 variant of the name like @file{./remote:}.}
15551 For targets with an MS-DOS based filesystem, such as MS-Windows and
15552 SymbianOS, @value{GDBN} tries prefixing a few variants of the target
15553 absolute file name with @var{path}. But first, on Unix hosts,
15554 @value{GDBN} converts all backslash directory separators into forward
15555 slashes, because the backslash is not a directory separator on Unix:
15558 c:\foo\bar.dll @result{} c:/foo/bar.dll
15561 Then, @value{GDBN} attempts prefixing the target file name with
15562 @var{path}, and looks for the resulting file name in the host file
15566 c:/foo/bar.dll @result{} /path/to/sysroot/c:/foo/bar.dll
15569 If that does not find the shared library, @value{GDBN} tries removing
15570 the @samp{:} character from the drive spec, both for convenience, and,
15571 for the case of the host file system not supporting file names with
15575 c:/foo/bar.dll @result{} /path/to/sysroot/c/foo/bar.dll
15578 This makes it possible to have a system root that mirrors a target
15579 with more than one drive. E.g., you may want to setup your local
15580 copies of the target system shared libraries like so (note @samp{c} vs
15584 @file{/path/to/sysroot/c/sys/bin/foo.dll}
15585 @file{/path/to/sysroot/c/sys/bin/bar.dll}
15586 @file{/path/to/sysroot/z/sys/bin/bar.dll}
15590 and point the system root at @file{/path/to/sysroot}, so that
15591 @value{GDBN} can find the correct copies of both
15592 @file{c:\sys\bin\foo.dll}, and @file{z:\sys\bin\bar.dll}.
15594 If that still does not find the shared library, @value{GDBN} tries
15595 removing the whole drive spec from the target file name:
15598 c:/foo/bar.dll @result{} /path/to/sysroot/foo/bar.dll
15601 This last lookup makes it possible to not care about the drive name,
15602 if you don't want or need to.
15604 The @code{set solib-absolute-prefix} command is an alias for @code{set
15607 @cindex default system root
15608 @cindex @samp{--with-sysroot}
15609 You can set the default system root by using the configure-time
15610 @samp{--with-sysroot} option. If the system root is inside
15611 @value{GDBN}'s configured binary prefix (set with @samp{--prefix} or
15612 @samp{--exec-prefix}), then the default system root will be updated
15613 automatically if the installed @value{GDBN} is moved to a new
15616 @kindex show sysroot
15618 Display the current shared library prefix.
15620 @kindex set solib-search-path
15621 @item set solib-search-path @var{path}
15622 If this variable is set, @var{path} is a colon-separated list of
15623 directories to search for shared libraries. @samp{solib-search-path}
15624 is used after @samp{sysroot} fails to locate the library, or if the
15625 path to the library is relative instead of absolute. If you want to
15626 use @samp{solib-search-path} instead of @samp{sysroot}, be sure to set
15627 @samp{sysroot} to a nonexistent directory to prevent @value{GDBN} from
15628 finding your host's libraries. @samp{sysroot} is preferred; setting
15629 it to a nonexistent directory may interfere with automatic loading
15630 of shared library symbols.
15632 @kindex show solib-search-path
15633 @item show solib-search-path
15634 Display the current shared library search path.
15636 @cindex DOS file-name semantics of file names.
15637 @kindex set target-file-system-kind (unix|dos-based|auto)
15638 @kindex show target-file-system-kind
15639 @item set target-file-system-kind @var{kind}
15640 Set assumed file system kind for target reported file names.
15642 Shared library file names as reported by the target system may not
15643 make sense as is on the system @value{GDBN} is running on. For
15644 example, when remote debugging a target that has MS-DOS based file
15645 system semantics, from a Unix host, the target may be reporting to
15646 @value{GDBN} a list of loaded shared libraries with file names such as
15647 @file{c:\Windows\kernel32.dll}. On Unix hosts, there's no concept of
15648 drive letters, so the @samp{c:\} prefix is not normally understood as
15649 indicating an absolute file name, and neither is the backslash
15650 normally considered a directory separator character. In that case,
15651 the native file system would interpret this whole absolute file name
15652 as a relative file name with no directory components. This would make
15653 it impossible to point @value{GDBN} at a copy of the remote target's
15654 shared libraries on the host using @code{set sysroot}, and impractical
15655 with @code{set solib-search-path}. Setting
15656 @code{target-file-system-kind} to @code{dos-based} tells @value{GDBN}
15657 to interpret such file names similarly to how the target would, and to
15658 map them to file names valid on @value{GDBN}'s native file system
15659 semantics. The value of @var{kind} can be @code{"auto"}, in addition
15660 to one of the supported file system kinds. In that case, @value{GDBN}
15661 tries to determine the appropriate file system variant based on the
15662 current target's operating system (@pxref{ABI, ,Configuring the
15663 Current ABI}). The supported file system settings are:
15667 Instruct @value{GDBN} to assume the target file system is of Unix
15668 kind. Only file names starting the forward slash (@samp{/}) character
15669 are considered absolute, and the directory separator character is also
15673 Instruct @value{GDBN} to assume the target file system is DOS based.
15674 File names starting with either a forward slash, or a drive letter
15675 followed by a colon (e.g., @samp{c:}), are considered absolute, and
15676 both the slash (@samp{/}) and the backslash (@samp{\\}) characters are
15677 considered directory separators.
15680 Instruct @value{GDBN} to use the file system kind associated with the
15681 target operating system (@pxref{ABI, ,Configuring the Current ABI}).
15682 This is the default.
15687 @node Separate Debug Files
15688 @section Debugging Information in Separate Files
15689 @cindex separate debugging information files
15690 @cindex debugging information in separate files
15691 @cindex @file{.debug} subdirectories
15692 @cindex debugging information directory, global
15693 @cindex global debugging information directory
15694 @cindex build ID, and separate debugging files
15695 @cindex @file{.build-id} directory
15697 @value{GDBN} allows you to put a program's debugging information in a
15698 file separate from the executable itself, in a way that allows
15699 @value{GDBN} to find and load the debugging information automatically.
15700 Since debugging information can be very large---sometimes larger
15701 than the executable code itself---some systems distribute debugging
15702 information for their executables in separate files, which users can
15703 install only when they need to debug a problem.
15705 @value{GDBN} supports two ways of specifying the separate debug info
15710 The executable contains a @dfn{debug link} that specifies the name of
15711 the separate debug info file. The separate debug file's name is
15712 usually @file{@var{executable}.debug}, where @var{executable} is the
15713 name of the corresponding executable file without leading directories
15714 (e.g., @file{ls.debug} for @file{/usr/bin/ls}). In addition, the
15715 debug link specifies a 32-bit @dfn{Cyclic Redundancy Check} (CRC)
15716 checksum for the debug file, which @value{GDBN} uses to validate that
15717 the executable and the debug file came from the same build.
15720 The executable contains a @dfn{build ID}, a unique bit string that is
15721 also present in the corresponding debug info file. (This is supported
15722 only on some operating systems, notably those which use the ELF format
15723 for binary files and the @sc{gnu} Binutils.) For more details about
15724 this feature, see the description of the @option{--build-id}
15725 command-line option in @ref{Options, , Command Line Options, ld.info,
15726 The GNU Linker}. The debug info file's name is not specified
15727 explicitly by the build ID, but can be computed from the build ID, see
15731 Depending on the way the debug info file is specified, @value{GDBN}
15732 uses two different methods of looking for the debug file:
15736 For the ``debug link'' method, @value{GDBN} looks up the named file in
15737 the directory of the executable file, then in a subdirectory of that
15738 directory named @file{.debug}, and finally under the global debug
15739 directory, in a subdirectory whose name is identical to the leading
15740 directories of the executable's absolute file name.
15743 For the ``build ID'' method, @value{GDBN} looks in the
15744 @file{.build-id} subdirectory of the global debug directory for a file
15745 named @file{@var{nn}/@var{nnnnnnnn}.debug}, where @var{nn} are the
15746 first 2 hex characters of the build ID bit string, and @var{nnnnnnnn}
15747 are the rest of the bit string. (Real build ID strings are 32 or more
15748 hex characters, not 10.)
15751 So, for example, suppose you ask @value{GDBN} to debug
15752 @file{/usr/bin/ls}, which has a debug link that specifies the
15753 file @file{ls.debug}, and a build ID whose value in hex is
15754 @code{abcdef1234}. If the global debug directory is
15755 @file{/usr/lib/debug}, then @value{GDBN} will look for the following
15756 debug information files, in the indicated order:
15760 @file{/usr/lib/debug/.build-id/ab/cdef1234.debug}
15762 @file{/usr/bin/ls.debug}
15764 @file{/usr/bin/.debug/ls.debug}
15766 @file{/usr/lib/debug/usr/bin/ls.debug}.
15769 You can set the global debugging info directory's name, and view the
15770 name @value{GDBN} is currently using.
15774 @kindex set debug-file-directory
15775 @item set debug-file-directory @var{directories}
15776 Set the directories which @value{GDBN} searches for separate debugging
15777 information files to @var{directory}. Multiple directory components can be set
15778 concatenating them by a directory separator.
15780 @kindex show debug-file-directory
15781 @item show debug-file-directory
15782 Show the directories @value{GDBN} searches for separate debugging
15787 @cindex @code{.gnu_debuglink} sections
15788 @cindex debug link sections
15789 A debug link is a special section of the executable file named
15790 @code{.gnu_debuglink}. The section must contain:
15794 A filename, with any leading directory components removed, followed by
15797 zero to three bytes of padding, as needed to reach the next four-byte
15798 boundary within the section, and
15800 a four-byte CRC checksum, stored in the same endianness used for the
15801 executable file itself. The checksum is computed on the debugging
15802 information file's full contents by the function given below, passing
15803 zero as the @var{crc} argument.
15806 Any executable file format can carry a debug link, as long as it can
15807 contain a section named @code{.gnu_debuglink} with the contents
15810 @cindex @code{.note.gnu.build-id} sections
15811 @cindex build ID sections
15812 The build ID is a special section in the executable file (and in other
15813 ELF binary files that @value{GDBN} may consider). This section is
15814 often named @code{.note.gnu.build-id}, but that name is not mandatory.
15815 It contains unique identification for the built files---the ID remains
15816 the same across multiple builds of the same build tree. The default
15817 algorithm SHA1 produces 160 bits (40 hexadecimal characters) of the
15818 content for the build ID string. The same section with an identical
15819 value is present in the original built binary with symbols, in its
15820 stripped variant, and in the separate debugging information file.
15822 The debugging information file itself should be an ordinary
15823 executable, containing a full set of linker symbols, sections, and
15824 debugging information. The sections of the debugging information file
15825 should have the same names, addresses, and sizes as the original file,
15826 but they need not contain any data---much like a @code{.bss} section
15827 in an ordinary executable.
15829 The @sc{gnu} binary utilities (Binutils) package includes the
15830 @samp{objcopy} utility that can produce
15831 the separated executable / debugging information file pairs using the
15832 following commands:
15835 @kbd{objcopy --only-keep-debug foo foo.debug}
15840 These commands remove the debugging
15841 information from the executable file @file{foo} and place it in the file
15842 @file{foo.debug}. You can use the first, second or both methods to link the
15847 The debug link method needs the following additional command to also leave
15848 behind a debug link in @file{foo}:
15851 @kbd{objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=foo.debug foo}
15854 Ulrich Drepper's @file{elfutils} package, starting with version 0.53, contains
15855 a version of the @code{strip} command such that the command @kbd{strip foo -f
15856 foo.debug} has the same functionality as the two @code{objcopy} commands and
15857 the @code{ln -s} command above, together.
15860 Build ID gets embedded into the main executable using @code{ld --build-id} or
15861 the @value{NGCC} counterpart @code{gcc -Wl,--build-id}. Build ID support plus
15862 compatibility fixes for debug files separation are present in @sc{gnu} binary
15863 utilities (Binutils) package since version 2.18.
15868 @cindex CRC algorithm definition
15869 The CRC used in @code{.gnu_debuglink} is the CRC-32 defined in
15870 IEEE 802.3 using the polynomial:
15872 @c TexInfo requires naked braces for multi-digit exponents for Tex
15873 @c output, but this causes HTML output to barf. HTML has to be set using
15874 @c raw commands. So we end up having to specify this equation in 2
15879 <em>x</em><sup>32</sup> + <em>x</em><sup>26</sup> + <em>x</em><sup>23</sup> + <em>x</em><sup>22</sup> + <em>x</em><sup>16</sup> + <em>x</em><sup>12</sup> + <em>x</em><sup>11</sup>
15880 + <em>x</em><sup>10</sup> + <em>x</em><sup>8</sup> + <em>x</em><sup>7</sup> + <em>x</em><sup>5</sup> + <em>x</em><sup>4</sup> + <em>x</em><sup>2</sup> + <em>x</em> + 1
15886 @math{x^{32} + x^{26} + x^{23} + x^{22} + x^{16} + x^{12} + x^{11}}
15887 @math{+ x^{10} + x^8 + x^7 + x^5 + x^4 + x^2 + x + 1}
15891 The function is computed byte at a time, taking the least
15892 significant bit of each byte first. The initial pattern
15893 @code{0xffffffff} is used, to ensure leading zeros affect the CRC and
15894 the final result is inverted to ensure trailing zeros also affect the
15897 @emph{Note:} This is the same CRC polynomial as used in handling the
15898 @dfn{Remote Serial Protocol} @code{qCRC} packet (@pxref{Remote Protocol,
15899 , @value{GDBN} Remote Serial Protocol}). However in the
15900 case of the Remote Serial Protocol, the CRC is computed @emph{most}
15901 significant bit first, and the result is not inverted, so trailing
15902 zeros have no effect on the CRC value.
15904 To complete the description, we show below the code of the function
15905 which produces the CRC used in @code{.gnu_debuglink}. Inverting the
15906 initially supplied @code{crc} argument means that an initial call to
15907 this function passing in zero will start computing the CRC using
15910 @kindex gnu_debuglink_crc32
15913 gnu_debuglink_crc32 (unsigned long crc,
15914 unsigned char *buf, size_t len)
15916 static const unsigned long crc32_table[256] =
15918 0x00000000, 0x77073096, 0xee0e612c, 0x990951ba, 0x076dc419,
15919 0x706af48f, 0xe963a535, 0x9e6495a3, 0x0edb8832, 0x79dcb8a4,
15920 0xe0d5e91e, 0x97d2d988, 0x09b64c2b, 0x7eb17cbd, 0xe7b82d07,
15921 0x90bf1d91, 0x1db71064, 0x6ab020f2, 0xf3b97148, 0x84be41de,
15922 0x1adad47d, 0x6ddde4eb, 0xf4d4b551, 0x83d385c7, 0x136c9856,
15923 0x646ba8c0, 0xfd62f97a, 0x8a65c9ec, 0x14015c4f, 0x63066cd9,
15924 0xfa0f3d63, 0x8d080df5, 0x3b6e20c8, 0x4c69105e, 0xd56041e4,
15925 0xa2677172, 0x3c03e4d1, 0x4b04d447, 0xd20d85fd, 0xa50ab56b,
15926 0x35b5a8fa, 0x42b2986c, 0xdbbbc9d6, 0xacbcf940, 0x32d86ce3,
15927 0x45df5c75, 0xdcd60dcf, 0xabd13d59, 0x26d930ac, 0x51de003a,
15928 0xc8d75180, 0xbfd06116, 0x21b4f4b5, 0x56b3c423, 0xcfba9599,
15929 0xb8bda50f, 0x2802b89e, 0x5f058808, 0xc60cd9b2, 0xb10be924,
15930 0x2f6f7c87, 0x58684c11, 0xc1611dab, 0xb6662d3d, 0x76dc4190,
15931 0x01db7106, 0x98d220bc, 0xefd5102a, 0x71b18589, 0x06b6b51f,
15932 0x9fbfe4a5, 0xe8b8d433, 0x7807c9a2, 0x0f00f934, 0x9609a88e,
15933 0xe10e9818, 0x7f6a0dbb, 0x086d3d2d, 0x91646c97, 0xe6635c01,
15934 0x6b6b51f4, 0x1c6c6162, 0x856530d8, 0xf262004e, 0x6c0695ed,
15935 0x1b01a57b, 0x8208f4c1, 0xf50fc457, 0x65b0d9c6, 0x12b7e950,
15936 0x8bbeb8ea, 0xfcb9887c, 0x62dd1ddf, 0x15da2d49, 0x8cd37cf3,
15937 0xfbd44c65, 0x4db26158, 0x3ab551ce, 0xa3bc0074, 0xd4bb30e2,
15938 0x4adfa541, 0x3dd895d7, 0xa4d1c46d, 0xd3d6f4fb, 0x4369e96a,
15939 0x346ed9fc, 0xad678846, 0xda60b8d0, 0x44042d73, 0x33031de5,
15940 0xaa0a4c5f, 0xdd0d7cc9, 0x5005713c, 0x270241aa, 0xbe0b1010,
15941 0xc90c2086, 0x5768b525, 0x206f85b3, 0xb966d409, 0xce61e49f,
15942 0x5edef90e, 0x29d9c998, 0xb0d09822, 0xc7d7a8b4, 0x59b33d17,
15943 0x2eb40d81, 0xb7bd5c3b, 0xc0ba6cad, 0xedb88320, 0x9abfb3b6,
15944 0x03b6e20c, 0x74b1d29a, 0xead54739, 0x9dd277af, 0x04db2615,
15945 0x73dc1683, 0xe3630b12, 0x94643b84, 0x0d6d6a3e, 0x7a6a5aa8,
15946 0xe40ecf0b, 0x9309ff9d, 0x0a00ae27, 0x7d079eb1, 0xf00f9344,
15947 0x8708a3d2, 0x1e01f268, 0x6906c2fe, 0xf762575d, 0x806567cb,
15948 0x196c3671, 0x6e6b06e7, 0xfed41b76, 0x89d32be0, 0x10da7a5a,
15949 0x67dd4acc, 0xf9b9df6f, 0x8ebeeff9, 0x17b7be43, 0x60b08ed5,
15950 0xd6d6a3e8, 0xa1d1937e, 0x38d8c2c4, 0x4fdff252, 0xd1bb67f1,
15951 0xa6bc5767, 0x3fb506dd, 0x48b2364b, 0xd80d2bda, 0xaf0a1b4c,
15952 0x36034af6, 0x41047a60, 0xdf60efc3, 0xa867df55, 0x316e8eef,
15953 0x4669be79, 0xcb61b38c, 0xbc66831a, 0x256fd2a0, 0x5268e236,
15954 0xcc0c7795, 0xbb0b4703, 0x220216b9, 0x5505262f, 0xc5ba3bbe,
15955 0xb2bd0b28, 0x2bb45a92, 0x5cb36a04, 0xc2d7ffa7, 0xb5d0cf31,
15956 0x2cd99e8b, 0x5bdeae1d, 0x9b64c2b0, 0xec63f226, 0x756aa39c,
15957 0x026d930a, 0x9c0906a9, 0xeb0e363f, 0x72076785, 0x05005713,
15958 0x95bf4a82, 0xe2b87a14, 0x7bb12bae, 0x0cb61b38, 0x92d28e9b,
15959 0xe5d5be0d, 0x7cdcefb7, 0x0bdbdf21, 0x86d3d2d4, 0xf1d4e242,
15960 0x68ddb3f8, 0x1fda836e, 0x81be16cd, 0xf6b9265b, 0x6fb077e1,
15961 0x18b74777, 0x88085ae6, 0xff0f6a70, 0x66063bca, 0x11010b5c,
15962 0x8f659eff, 0xf862ae69, 0x616bffd3, 0x166ccf45, 0xa00ae278,
15963 0xd70dd2ee, 0x4e048354, 0x3903b3c2, 0xa7672661, 0xd06016f7,
15964 0x4969474d, 0x3e6e77db, 0xaed16a4a, 0xd9d65adc, 0x40df0b66,
15965 0x37d83bf0, 0xa9bcae53, 0xdebb9ec5, 0x47b2cf7f, 0x30b5ffe9,
15966 0xbdbdf21c, 0xcabac28a, 0x53b39330, 0x24b4a3a6, 0xbad03605,
15967 0xcdd70693, 0x54de5729, 0x23d967bf, 0xb3667a2e, 0xc4614ab8,
15968 0x5d681b02, 0x2a6f2b94, 0xb40bbe37, 0xc30c8ea1, 0x5a05df1b,
15971 unsigned char *end;
15973 crc = ~crc & 0xffffffff;
15974 for (end = buf + len; buf < end; ++buf)
15975 crc = crc32_table[(crc ^ *buf) & 0xff] ^ (crc >> 8);
15976 return ~crc & 0xffffffff;
15981 This computation does not apply to the ``build ID'' method.
15985 @section Index Files Speed Up @value{GDBN}
15986 @cindex index files
15987 @cindex @samp{.gdb_index} section
15989 When @value{GDBN} finds a symbol file, it scans the symbols in the
15990 file in order to construct an internal symbol table. This lets most
15991 @value{GDBN} operations work quickly---at the cost of a delay early
15992 on. For large programs, this delay can be quite lengthy, so
15993 @value{GDBN} provides a way to build an index, which speeds up
15996 The index is stored as a section in the symbol file. @value{GDBN} can
15997 write the index to a file, then you can put it into the symbol file
15998 using @command{objcopy}.
16000 To create an index file, use the @code{save gdb-index} command:
16003 @item save gdb-index @var{directory}
16004 @kindex save gdb-index
16005 Create an index file for each symbol file currently known by
16006 @value{GDBN}. Each file is named after its corresponding symbol file,
16007 with @samp{.gdb-index} appended, and is written into the given
16011 Once you have created an index file you can merge it into your symbol
16012 file, here named @file{symfile}, using @command{objcopy}:
16015 $ objcopy --add-section .gdb_index=symfile.gdb-index \
16016 --set-section-flags .gdb_index=readonly symfile symfile
16019 There are currently some limitation on indices. They only work when
16020 for DWARF debugging information, not stabs. And, they do not
16021 currently work for programs using Ada.
16023 @node Symbol Errors
16024 @section Errors Reading Symbol Files
16026 While reading a symbol file, @value{GDBN} occasionally encounters problems,
16027 such as symbol types it does not recognize, or known bugs in compiler
16028 output. By default, @value{GDBN} does not notify you of such problems, since
16029 they are relatively common and primarily of interest to people
16030 debugging compilers. If you are interested in seeing information
16031 about ill-constructed symbol tables, you can either ask @value{GDBN} to print
16032 only one message about each such type of problem, no matter how many
16033 times the problem occurs; or you can ask @value{GDBN} to print more messages,
16034 to see how many times the problems occur, with the @code{set
16035 complaints} command (@pxref{Messages/Warnings, ,Optional Warnings and
16038 The messages currently printed, and their meanings, include:
16041 @item inner block not inside outer block in @var{symbol}
16043 The symbol information shows where symbol scopes begin and end
16044 (such as at the start of a function or a block of statements). This
16045 error indicates that an inner scope block is not fully contained
16046 in its outer scope blocks.
16048 @value{GDBN} circumvents the problem by treating the inner block as if it had
16049 the same scope as the outer block. In the error message, @var{symbol}
16050 may be shown as ``@code{(don't know)}'' if the outer block is not a
16053 @item block at @var{address} out of order
16055 The symbol information for symbol scope blocks should occur in
16056 order of increasing addresses. This error indicates that it does not
16059 @value{GDBN} does not circumvent this problem, and has trouble
16060 locating symbols in the source file whose symbols it is reading. (You
16061 can often determine what source file is affected by specifying
16062 @code{set verbose on}. @xref{Messages/Warnings, ,Optional Warnings and
16065 @item bad block start address patched
16067 The symbol information for a symbol scope block has a start address
16068 smaller than the address of the preceding source line. This is known
16069 to occur in the SunOS 4.1.1 (and earlier) C compiler.
16071 @value{GDBN} circumvents the problem by treating the symbol scope block as
16072 starting on the previous source line.
16074 @item bad string table offset in symbol @var{n}
16077 Symbol number @var{n} contains a pointer into the string table which is
16078 larger than the size of the string table.
16080 @value{GDBN} circumvents the problem by considering the symbol to have the
16081 name @code{foo}, which may cause other problems if many symbols end up
16084 @item unknown symbol type @code{0x@var{nn}}
16086 The symbol information contains new data types that @value{GDBN} does
16087 not yet know how to read. @code{0x@var{nn}} is the symbol type of the
16088 uncomprehended information, in hexadecimal.
16090 @value{GDBN} circumvents the error by ignoring this symbol information.
16091 This usually allows you to debug your program, though certain symbols
16092 are not accessible. If you encounter such a problem and feel like
16093 debugging it, you can debug @code{@value{GDBP}} with itself, breakpoint
16094 on @code{complain}, then go up to the function @code{read_dbx_symtab}
16095 and examine @code{*bufp} to see the symbol.
16097 @item stub type has NULL name
16099 @value{GDBN} could not find the full definition for a struct or class.
16101 @item const/volatile indicator missing (ok if using g++ v1.x), got@dots{}
16102 The symbol information for a C@t{++} member function is missing some
16103 information that recent versions of the compiler should have output for
16106 @item info mismatch between compiler and debugger
16108 @value{GDBN} could not parse a type specification output by the compiler.
16113 @section GDB Data Files
16115 @cindex prefix for data files
16116 @value{GDBN} will sometimes read an auxiliary data file. These files
16117 are kept in a directory known as the @dfn{data directory}.
16119 You can set the data directory's name, and view the name @value{GDBN}
16120 is currently using.
16123 @kindex set data-directory
16124 @item set data-directory @var{directory}
16125 Set the directory which @value{GDBN} searches for auxiliary data files
16126 to @var{directory}.
16128 @kindex show data-directory
16129 @item show data-directory
16130 Show the directory @value{GDBN} searches for auxiliary data files.
16133 @cindex default data directory
16134 @cindex @samp{--with-gdb-datadir}
16135 You can set the default data directory by using the configure-time
16136 @samp{--with-gdb-datadir} option. If the data directory is inside
16137 @value{GDBN}'s configured binary prefix (set with @samp{--prefix} or
16138 @samp{--exec-prefix}), then the default data directory will be updated
16139 automatically if the installed @value{GDBN} is moved to a new
16142 The data directory may also be specified with the
16143 @code{--data-directory} command line option.
16144 @xref{Mode Options}.
16147 @chapter Specifying a Debugging Target
16149 @cindex debugging target
16150 A @dfn{target} is the execution environment occupied by your program.
16152 Often, @value{GDBN} runs in the same host environment as your program;
16153 in that case, the debugging target is specified as a side effect when
16154 you use the @code{file} or @code{core} commands. When you need more
16155 flexibility---for example, running @value{GDBN} on a physically separate
16156 host, or controlling a standalone system over a serial port or a
16157 realtime system over a TCP/IP connection---you can use the @code{target}
16158 command to specify one of the target types configured for @value{GDBN}
16159 (@pxref{Target Commands, ,Commands for Managing Targets}).
16161 @cindex target architecture
16162 It is possible to build @value{GDBN} for several different @dfn{target
16163 architectures}. When @value{GDBN} is built like that, you can choose
16164 one of the available architectures with the @kbd{set architecture}
16168 @kindex set architecture
16169 @kindex show architecture
16170 @item set architecture @var{arch}
16171 This command sets the current target architecture to @var{arch}. The
16172 value of @var{arch} can be @code{"auto"}, in addition to one of the
16173 supported architectures.
16175 @item show architecture
16176 Show the current target architecture.
16178 @item set processor
16180 @kindex set processor
16181 @kindex show processor
16182 These are alias commands for, respectively, @code{set architecture}
16183 and @code{show architecture}.
16187 * Active Targets:: Active targets
16188 * Target Commands:: Commands for managing targets
16189 * Byte Order:: Choosing target byte order
16192 @node Active Targets
16193 @section Active Targets
16195 @cindex stacking targets
16196 @cindex active targets
16197 @cindex multiple targets
16199 There are multiple classes of targets such as: processes, executable files or
16200 recording sessions. Core files belong to the process class, making core file
16201 and process mutually exclusive. Otherwise, @value{GDBN} can work concurrently
16202 on multiple active targets, one in each class. This allows you to (for
16203 example) start a process and inspect its activity, while still having access to
16204 the executable file after the process finishes. Or if you start process
16205 recording (@pxref{Reverse Execution}) and @code{reverse-step} there, you are
16206 presented a virtual layer of the recording target, while the process target
16207 remains stopped at the chronologically last point of the process execution.
16209 Use the @code{core-file} and @code{exec-file} commands to select a new core
16210 file or executable target (@pxref{Files, ,Commands to Specify Files}). To
16211 specify as a target a process that is already running, use the @code{attach}
16212 command (@pxref{Attach, ,Debugging an Already-running Process}).
16214 @node Target Commands
16215 @section Commands for Managing Targets
16218 @item target @var{type} @var{parameters}
16219 Connects the @value{GDBN} host environment to a target machine or
16220 process. A target is typically a protocol for talking to debugging
16221 facilities. You use the argument @var{type} to specify the type or
16222 protocol of the target machine.
16224 Further @var{parameters} are interpreted by the target protocol, but
16225 typically include things like device names or host names to connect
16226 with, process numbers, and baud rates.
16228 The @code{target} command does not repeat if you press @key{RET} again
16229 after executing the command.
16231 @kindex help target
16233 Displays the names of all targets available. To display targets
16234 currently selected, use either @code{info target} or @code{info files}
16235 (@pxref{Files, ,Commands to Specify Files}).
16237 @item help target @var{name}
16238 Describe a particular target, including any parameters necessary to
16241 @kindex set gnutarget
16242 @item set gnutarget @var{args}
16243 @value{GDBN} uses its own library BFD to read your files. @value{GDBN}
16244 knows whether it is reading an @dfn{executable},
16245 a @dfn{core}, or a @dfn{.o} file; however, you can specify the file format
16246 with the @code{set gnutarget} command. Unlike most @code{target} commands,
16247 with @code{gnutarget} the @code{target} refers to a program, not a machine.
16250 @emph{Warning:} To specify a file format with @code{set gnutarget},
16251 you must know the actual BFD name.
16255 @xref{Files, , Commands to Specify Files}.
16257 @kindex show gnutarget
16258 @item show gnutarget
16259 Use the @code{show gnutarget} command to display what file format
16260 @code{gnutarget} is set to read. If you have not set @code{gnutarget},
16261 @value{GDBN} will determine the file format for each file automatically,
16262 and @code{show gnutarget} displays @samp{The current BDF target is "auto"}.
16265 @cindex common targets
16266 Here are some common targets (available, or not, depending on the GDB
16271 @item target exec @var{program}
16272 @cindex executable file target
16273 An executable file. @samp{target exec @var{program}} is the same as
16274 @samp{exec-file @var{program}}.
16276 @item target core @var{filename}
16277 @cindex core dump file target
16278 A core dump file. @samp{target core @var{filename}} is the same as
16279 @samp{core-file @var{filename}}.
16281 @item target remote @var{medium}
16282 @cindex remote target
16283 A remote system connected to @value{GDBN} via a serial line or network
16284 connection. This command tells @value{GDBN} to use its own remote
16285 protocol over @var{medium} for debugging. @xref{Remote Debugging}.
16287 For example, if you have a board connected to @file{/dev/ttya} on the
16288 machine running @value{GDBN}, you could say:
16291 target remote /dev/ttya
16294 @code{target remote} supports the @code{load} command. This is only
16295 useful if you have some other way of getting the stub to the target
16296 system, and you can put it somewhere in memory where it won't get
16297 clobbered by the download.
16299 @item target sim @r{[}@var{simargs}@r{]} @dots{}
16300 @cindex built-in simulator target
16301 Builtin CPU simulator. @value{GDBN} includes simulators for most architectures.
16309 works; however, you cannot assume that a specific memory map, device
16310 drivers, or even basic I/O is available, although some simulators do
16311 provide these. For info about any processor-specific simulator details,
16312 see the appropriate section in @ref{Embedded Processors, ,Embedded
16317 Some configurations may include these targets as well:
16321 @item target nrom @var{dev}
16322 @cindex NetROM ROM emulator target
16323 NetROM ROM emulator. This target only supports downloading.
16327 Different targets are available on different configurations of @value{GDBN};
16328 your configuration may have more or fewer targets.
16330 Many remote targets require you to download the executable's code once
16331 you've successfully established a connection. You may wish to control
16332 various aspects of this process.
16337 @kindex set hash@r{, for remote monitors}
16338 @cindex hash mark while downloading
16339 This command controls whether a hash mark @samp{#} is displayed while
16340 downloading a file to the remote monitor. If on, a hash mark is
16341 displayed after each S-record is successfully downloaded to the
16345 @kindex show hash@r{, for remote monitors}
16346 Show the current status of displaying the hash mark.
16348 @item set debug monitor
16349 @kindex set debug monitor
16350 @cindex display remote monitor communications
16351 Enable or disable display of communications messages between
16352 @value{GDBN} and the remote monitor.
16354 @item show debug monitor
16355 @kindex show debug monitor
16356 Show the current status of displaying communications between
16357 @value{GDBN} and the remote monitor.
16362 @kindex load @var{filename}
16363 @item load @var{filename}
16365 Depending on what remote debugging facilities are configured into
16366 @value{GDBN}, the @code{load} command may be available. Where it exists, it
16367 is meant to make @var{filename} (an executable) available for debugging
16368 on the remote system---by downloading, or dynamic linking, for example.
16369 @code{load} also records the @var{filename} symbol table in @value{GDBN}, like
16370 the @code{add-symbol-file} command.
16372 If your @value{GDBN} does not have a @code{load} command, attempting to
16373 execute it gets the error message ``@code{You can't do that when your
16374 target is @dots{}}''
16376 The file is loaded at whatever address is specified in the executable.
16377 For some object file formats, you can specify the load address when you
16378 link the program; for other formats, like a.out, the object file format
16379 specifies a fixed address.
16380 @c FIXME! This would be a good place for an xref to the GNU linker doc.
16382 Depending on the remote side capabilities, @value{GDBN} may be able to
16383 load programs into flash memory.
16385 @code{load} does not repeat if you press @key{RET} again after using it.
16389 @section Choosing Target Byte Order
16391 @cindex choosing target byte order
16392 @cindex target byte order
16394 Some types of processors, such as the MIPS, PowerPC, and Renesas SH,
16395 offer the ability to run either big-endian or little-endian byte
16396 orders. Usually the executable or symbol will include a bit to
16397 designate the endian-ness, and you will not need to worry about
16398 which to use. However, you may still find it useful to adjust
16399 @value{GDBN}'s idea of processor endian-ness manually.
16403 @item set endian big
16404 Instruct @value{GDBN} to assume the target is big-endian.
16406 @item set endian little
16407 Instruct @value{GDBN} to assume the target is little-endian.
16409 @item set endian auto
16410 Instruct @value{GDBN} to use the byte order associated with the
16414 Display @value{GDBN}'s current idea of the target byte order.
16418 Note that these commands merely adjust interpretation of symbolic
16419 data on the host, and that they have absolutely no effect on the
16423 @node Remote Debugging
16424 @chapter Debugging Remote Programs
16425 @cindex remote debugging
16427 If you are trying to debug a program running on a machine that cannot run
16428 @value{GDBN} in the usual way, it is often useful to use remote debugging.
16429 For example, you might use remote debugging on an operating system kernel,
16430 or on a small system which does not have a general purpose operating system
16431 powerful enough to run a full-featured debugger.
16433 Some configurations of @value{GDBN} have special serial or TCP/IP interfaces
16434 to make this work with particular debugging targets. In addition,
16435 @value{GDBN} comes with a generic serial protocol (specific to @value{GDBN},
16436 but not specific to any particular target system) which you can use if you
16437 write the remote stubs---the code that runs on the remote system to
16438 communicate with @value{GDBN}.
16440 Other remote targets may be available in your
16441 configuration of @value{GDBN}; use @code{help target} to list them.
16444 * Connecting:: Connecting to a remote target
16445 * File Transfer:: Sending files to a remote system
16446 * Server:: Using the gdbserver program
16447 * Remote Configuration:: Remote configuration
16448 * Remote Stub:: Implementing a remote stub
16452 @section Connecting to a Remote Target
16454 On the @value{GDBN} host machine, you will need an unstripped copy of
16455 your program, since @value{GDBN} needs symbol and debugging information.
16456 Start up @value{GDBN} as usual, using the name of the local copy of your
16457 program as the first argument.
16459 @cindex @code{target remote}
16460 @value{GDBN} can communicate with the target over a serial line, or
16461 over an @acronym{IP} network using @acronym{TCP} or @acronym{UDP}. In
16462 each case, @value{GDBN} uses the same protocol for debugging your
16463 program; only the medium carrying the debugging packets varies. The
16464 @code{target remote} command establishes a connection to the target.
16465 Its arguments indicate which medium to use:
16469 @item target remote @var{serial-device}
16470 @cindex serial line, @code{target remote}
16471 Use @var{serial-device} to communicate with the target. For example,
16472 to use a serial line connected to the device named @file{/dev/ttyb}:
16475 target remote /dev/ttyb
16478 If you're using a serial line, you may want to give @value{GDBN} the
16479 @w{@samp{--baud}} option, or use the @code{set remotebaud} command
16480 (@pxref{Remote Configuration, set remotebaud}) before the
16481 @code{target} command.
16483 @item target remote @code{@var{host}:@var{port}}
16484 @itemx target remote @code{tcp:@var{host}:@var{port}}
16485 @cindex @acronym{TCP} port, @code{target remote}
16486 Debug using a @acronym{TCP} connection to @var{port} on @var{host}.
16487 The @var{host} may be either a host name or a numeric @acronym{IP}
16488 address; @var{port} must be a decimal number. The @var{host} could be
16489 the target machine itself, if it is directly connected to the net, or
16490 it might be a terminal server which in turn has a serial line to the
16493 For example, to connect to port 2828 on a terminal server named
16497 target remote manyfarms:2828
16500 If your remote target is actually running on the same machine as your
16501 debugger session (e.g.@: a simulator for your target running on the
16502 same host), you can omit the hostname. For example, to connect to
16503 port 1234 on your local machine:
16506 target remote :1234
16510 Note that the colon is still required here.
16512 @item target remote @code{udp:@var{host}:@var{port}}
16513 @cindex @acronym{UDP} port, @code{target remote}
16514 Debug using @acronym{UDP} packets to @var{port} on @var{host}. For example, to
16515 connect to @acronym{UDP} port 2828 on a terminal server named @code{manyfarms}:
16518 target remote udp:manyfarms:2828
16521 When using a @acronym{UDP} connection for remote debugging, you should
16522 keep in mind that the `U' stands for ``Unreliable''. @acronym{UDP}
16523 can silently drop packets on busy or unreliable networks, which will
16524 cause havoc with your debugging session.
16526 @item target remote | @var{command}
16527 @cindex pipe, @code{target remote} to
16528 Run @var{command} in the background and communicate with it using a
16529 pipe. The @var{command} is a shell command, to be parsed and expanded
16530 by the system's command shell, @code{/bin/sh}; it should expect remote
16531 protocol packets on its standard input, and send replies on its
16532 standard output. You could use this to run a stand-alone simulator
16533 that speaks the remote debugging protocol, to make net connections
16534 using programs like @code{ssh}, or for other similar tricks.
16536 If @var{command} closes its standard output (perhaps by exiting),
16537 @value{GDBN} will try to send it a @code{SIGTERM} signal. (If the
16538 program has already exited, this will have no effect.)
16542 Once the connection has been established, you can use all the usual
16543 commands to examine and change data. The remote program is already
16544 running; you can use @kbd{step} and @kbd{continue}, and you do not
16545 need to use @kbd{run}.
16547 @cindex interrupting remote programs
16548 @cindex remote programs, interrupting
16549 Whenever @value{GDBN} is waiting for the remote program, if you type the
16550 interrupt character (often @kbd{Ctrl-c}), @value{GDBN} attempts to stop the
16551 program. This may or may not succeed, depending in part on the hardware
16552 and the serial drivers the remote system uses. If you type the
16553 interrupt character once again, @value{GDBN} displays this prompt:
16556 Interrupted while waiting for the program.
16557 Give up (and stop debugging it)? (y or n)
16560 If you type @kbd{y}, @value{GDBN} abandons the remote debugging session.
16561 (If you decide you want to try again later, you can use @samp{target
16562 remote} again to connect once more.) If you type @kbd{n}, @value{GDBN}
16563 goes back to waiting.
16566 @kindex detach (remote)
16568 When you have finished debugging the remote program, you can use the
16569 @code{detach} command to release it from @value{GDBN} control.
16570 Detaching from the target normally resumes its execution, but the results
16571 will depend on your particular remote stub. After the @code{detach}
16572 command, @value{GDBN} is free to connect to another target.
16576 The @code{disconnect} command behaves like @code{detach}, except that
16577 the target is generally not resumed. It will wait for @value{GDBN}
16578 (this instance or another one) to connect and continue debugging. After
16579 the @code{disconnect} command, @value{GDBN} is again free to connect to
16582 @cindex send command to remote monitor
16583 @cindex extend @value{GDBN} for remote targets
16584 @cindex add new commands for external monitor
16586 @item monitor @var{cmd}
16587 This command allows you to send arbitrary commands directly to the
16588 remote monitor. Since @value{GDBN} doesn't care about the commands it
16589 sends like this, this command is the way to extend @value{GDBN}---you
16590 can add new commands that only the external monitor will understand
16594 @node File Transfer
16595 @section Sending files to a remote system
16596 @cindex remote target, file transfer
16597 @cindex file transfer
16598 @cindex sending files to remote systems
16600 Some remote targets offer the ability to transfer files over the same
16601 connection used to communicate with @value{GDBN}. This is convenient
16602 for targets accessible through other means, e.g.@: @sc{gnu}/Linux systems
16603 running @code{gdbserver} over a network interface. For other targets,
16604 e.g.@: embedded devices with only a single serial port, this may be
16605 the only way to upload or download files.
16607 Not all remote targets support these commands.
16611 @item remote put @var{hostfile} @var{targetfile}
16612 Copy file @var{hostfile} from the host system (the machine running
16613 @value{GDBN}) to @var{targetfile} on the target system.
16616 @item remote get @var{targetfile} @var{hostfile}
16617 Copy file @var{targetfile} from the target system to @var{hostfile}
16618 on the host system.
16620 @kindex remote delete
16621 @item remote delete @var{targetfile}
16622 Delete @var{targetfile} from the target system.
16627 @section Using the @code{gdbserver} Program
16630 @cindex remote connection without stubs
16631 @code{gdbserver} is a control program for Unix-like systems, which
16632 allows you to connect your program with a remote @value{GDBN} via
16633 @code{target remote}---but without linking in the usual debugging stub.
16635 @code{gdbserver} is not a complete replacement for the debugging stubs,
16636 because it requires essentially the same operating-system facilities
16637 that @value{GDBN} itself does. In fact, a system that can run
16638 @code{gdbserver} to connect to a remote @value{GDBN} could also run
16639 @value{GDBN} locally! @code{gdbserver} is sometimes useful nevertheless,
16640 because it is a much smaller program than @value{GDBN} itself. It is
16641 also easier to port than all of @value{GDBN}, so you may be able to get
16642 started more quickly on a new system by using @code{gdbserver}.
16643 Finally, if you develop code for real-time systems, you may find that
16644 the tradeoffs involved in real-time operation make it more convenient to
16645 do as much development work as possible on another system, for example
16646 by cross-compiling. You can use @code{gdbserver} to make a similar
16647 choice for debugging.
16649 @value{GDBN} and @code{gdbserver} communicate via either a serial line
16650 or a TCP connection, using the standard @value{GDBN} remote serial
16654 @emph{Warning:} @code{gdbserver} does not have any built-in security.
16655 Do not run @code{gdbserver} connected to any public network; a
16656 @value{GDBN} connection to @code{gdbserver} provides access to the
16657 target system with the same privileges as the user running
16661 @subsection Running @code{gdbserver}
16662 @cindex arguments, to @code{gdbserver}
16663 @cindex @code{gdbserver}, command-line arguments
16665 Run @code{gdbserver} on the target system. You need a copy of the
16666 program you want to debug, including any libraries it requires.
16667 @code{gdbserver} does not need your program's symbol table, so you can
16668 strip the program if necessary to save space. @value{GDBN} on the host
16669 system does all the symbol handling.
16671 To use the server, you must tell it how to communicate with @value{GDBN};
16672 the name of your program; and the arguments for your program. The usual
16676 target> gdbserver @var{comm} @var{program} [ @var{args} @dots{} ]
16679 @var{comm} is either a device name (to use a serial line) or a TCP
16680 hostname and portnumber. For example, to debug Emacs with the argument
16681 @samp{foo.txt} and communicate with @value{GDBN} over the serial port
16685 target> gdbserver /dev/com1 emacs foo.txt
16688 @code{gdbserver} waits passively for the host @value{GDBN} to communicate
16691 To use a TCP connection instead of a serial line:
16694 target> gdbserver host:2345 emacs foo.txt
16697 The only difference from the previous example is the first argument,
16698 specifying that you are communicating with the host @value{GDBN} via
16699 TCP. The @samp{host:2345} argument means that @code{gdbserver} is to
16700 expect a TCP connection from machine @samp{host} to local TCP port 2345.
16701 (Currently, the @samp{host} part is ignored.) You can choose any number
16702 you want for the port number as long as it does not conflict with any
16703 TCP ports already in use on the target system (for example, @code{23} is
16704 reserved for @code{telnet}).@footnote{If you choose a port number that
16705 conflicts with another service, @code{gdbserver} prints an error message
16706 and exits.} You must use the same port number with the host @value{GDBN}
16707 @code{target remote} command.
16709 @subsubsection Attaching to a Running Program
16710 @cindex attach to a program, @code{gdbserver}
16711 @cindex @option{--attach}, @code{gdbserver} option
16713 On some targets, @code{gdbserver} can also attach to running programs.
16714 This is accomplished via the @code{--attach} argument. The syntax is:
16717 target> gdbserver --attach @var{comm} @var{pid}
16720 @var{pid} is the process ID of a currently running process. It isn't necessary
16721 to point @code{gdbserver} at a binary for the running process.
16724 You can debug processes by name instead of process ID if your target has the
16725 @code{pidof} utility:
16728 target> gdbserver --attach @var{comm} `pidof @var{program}`
16731 In case more than one copy of @var{program} is running, or @var{program}
16732 has multiple threads, most versions of @code{pidof} support the
16733 @code{-s} option to only return the first process ID.
16735 @subsubsection Multi-Process Mode for @code{gdbserver}
16736 @cindex @code{gdbserver}, multiple processes
16737 @cindex multiple processes with @code{gdbserver}
16739 When you connect to @code{gdbserver} using @code{target remote},
16740 @code{gdbserver} debugs the specified program only once. When the
16741 program exits, or you detach from it, @value{GDBN} closes the connection
16742 and @code{gdbserver} exits.
16744 If you connect using @kbd{target extended-remote}, @code{gdbserver}
16745 enters multi-process mode. When the debugged program exits, or you
16746 detach from it, @value{GDBN} stays connected to @code{gdbserver} even
16747 though no program is running. The @code{run} and @code{attach}
16748 commands instruct @code{gdbserver} to run or attach to a new program.
16749 The @code{run} command uses @code{set remote exec-file} (@pxref{set
16750 remote exec-file}) to select the program to run. Command line
16751 arguments are supported, except for wildcard expansion and I/O
16752 redirection (@pxref{Arguments}).
16754 @cindex @option{--multi}, @code{gdbserver} option
16755 To start @code{gdbserver} without supplying an initial command to run
16756 or process ID to attach, use the @option{--multi} command line option.
16757 Then you can connect using @kbd{target extended-remote} and start
16758 the program you want to debug.
16760 In multi-process mode @code{gdbserver} does not automatically exit unless you
16761 use the option @option{--once}. You can terminate it by using
16762 @code{monitor exit} (@pxref{Monitor Commands for gdbserver}). Note that the
16763 conditions under which @code{gdbserver} terminates depend on how @value{GDBN}
16764 connects to it (@kbd{target remote} or @kbd{target extended-remote}). The
16765 @option{--multi} option to @code{gdbserver} has no influence on that.
16767 @subsubsection TCP port allocation lifecycle of @code{gdbserver}
16769 This section applies only when @code{gdbserver} is run to listen on a TCP port.
16771 @code{gdbserver} normally terminates after all of its debugged processes have
16772 terminated in @kbd{target remote} mode. On the other hand, for @kbd{target
16773 extended-remote}, @code{gdbserver} stays running even with no processes left.
16774 @value{GDBN} normally terminates the spawned debugged process on its exit,
16775 which normally also terminates @code{gdbserver} in the @kbd{target remote}
16776 mode. Therefore, when the connection drops unexpectedly, and @value{GDBN}
16777 cannot ask @code{gdbserver} to kill its debugged processes, @code{gdbserver}
16778 stays running even in the @kbd{target remote} mode.
16780 When @code{gdbserver} stays running, @value{GDBN} can connect to it again later.
16781 Such reconnecting is useful for features like @ref{disconnected tracing}. For
16782 completeness, at most one @value{GDBN} can be connected at a time.
16784 @cindex @option{--once}, @code{gdbserver} option
16785 By default, @code{gdbserver} keeps the listening TCP port open, so that
16786 additional connections are possible. However, if you start @code{gdbserver}
16787 with the @option{--once} option, it will stop listening for any further
16788 connection attempts after connecting to the first @value{GDBN} session. This
16789 means no further connections to @code{gdbserver} will be possible after the
16790 first one. It also means @code{gdbserver} will terminate after the first
16791 connection with remote @value{GDBN} has closed, even for unexpectedly closed
16792 connections and even in the @kbd{target extended-remote} mode. The
16793 @option{--once} option allows reusing the same port number for connecting to
16794 multiple instances of @code{gdbserver} running on the same host, since each
16795 instance closes its port after the first connection.
16797 @subsubsection Other Command-Line Arguments for @code{gdbserver}
16799 @cindex @option{--debug}, @code{gdbserver} option
16800 The @option{--debug} option tells @code{gdbserver} to display extra
16801 status information about the debugging process.
16802 @cindex @option{--remote-debug}, @code{gdbserver} option
16803 The @option{--remote-debug} option tells @code{gdbserver} to display
16804 remote protocol debug output. These options are intended for
16805 @code{gdbserver} development and for bug reports to the developers.
16807 @cindex @option{--wrapper}, @code{gdbserver} option
16808 The @option{--wrapper} option specifies a wrapper to launch programs
16809 for debugging. The option should be followed by the name of the
16810 wrapper, then any command-line arguments to pass to the wrapper, then
16811 @kbd{--} indicating the end of the wrapper arguments.
16813 @code{gdbserver} runs the specified wrapper program with a combined
16814 command line including the wrapper arguments, then the name of the
16815 program to debug, then any arguments to the program. The wrapper
16816 runs until it executes your program, and then @value{GDBN} gains control.
16818 You can use any program that eventually calls @code{execve} with
16819 its arguments as a wrapper. Several standard Unix utilities do
16820 this, e.g.@: @code{env} and @code{nohup}. Any Unix shell script ending
16821 with @code{exec "$@@"} will also work.
16823 For example, you can use @code{env} to pass an environment variable to
16824 the debugged program, without setting the variable in @code{gdbserver}'s
16828 $ gdbserver --wrapper env LD_PRELOAD=libtest.so -- :2222 ./testprog
16831 @subsection Connecting to @code{gdbserver}
16833 Run @value{GDBN} on the host system.
16835 First make sure you have the necessary symbol files. Load symbols for
16836 your application using the @code{file} command before you connect. Use
16837 @code{set sysroot} to locate target libraries (unless your @value{GDBN}
16838 was compiled with the correct sysroot using @code{--with-sysroot}).
16840 The symbol file and target libraries must exactly match the executable
16841 and libraries on the target, with one exception: the files on the host
16842 system should not be stripped, even if the files on the target system
16843 are. Mismatched or missing files will lead to confusing results
16844 during debugging. On @sc{gnu}/Linux targets, mismatched or missing
16845 files may also prevent @code{gdbserver} from debugging multi-threaded
16848 Connect to your target (@pxref{Connecting,,Connecting to a Remote Target}).
16849 For TCP connections, you must start up @code{gdbserver} prior to using
16850 the @code{target remote} command. Otherwise you may get an error whose
16851 text depends on the host system, but which usually looks something like
16852 @samp{Connection refused}. Don't use the @code{load}
16853 command in @value{GDBN} when using @code{gdbserver}, since the program is
16854 already on the target.
16856 @subsection Monitor Commands for @code{gdbserver}
16857 @cindex monitor commands, for @code{gdbserver}
16858 @anchor{Monitor Commands for gdbserver}
16860 During a @value{GDBN} session using @code{gdbserver}, you can use the
16861 @code{monitor} command to send special requests to @code{gdbserver}.
16862 Here are the available commands.
16866 List the available monitor commands.
16868 @item monitor set debug 0
16869 @itemx monitor set debug 1
16870 Disable or enable general debugging messages.
16872 @item monitor set remote-debug 0
16873 @itemx monitor set remote-debug 1
16874 Disable or enable specific debugging messages associated with the remote
16875 protocol (@pxref{Remote Protocol}).
16877 @item monitor set libthread-db-search-path [PATH]
16878 @cindex gdbserver, search path for @code{libthread_db}
16879 When this command is issued, @var{path} is a colon-separated list of
16880 directories to search for @code{libthread_db} (@pxref{Threads,,set
16881 libthread-db-search-path}). If you omit @var{path},
16882 @samp{libthread-db-search-path} will be reset to its default value.
16884 The special entry @samp{$pdir} for @samp{libthread-db-search-path} is
16885 not supported in @code{gdbserver}.
16888 Tell gdbserver to exit immediately. This command should be followed by
16889 @code{disconnect} to close the debugging session. @code{gdbserver} will
16890 detach from any attached processes and kill any processes it created.
16891 Use @code{monitor exit} to terminate @code{gdbserver} at the end
16892 of a multi-process mode debug session.
16896 @subsection Tracepoints support in @code{gdbserver}
16897 @cindex tracepoints support in @code{gdbserver}
16899 On some targets, @code{gdbserver} supports tracepoints, fast
16900 tracepoints and static tracepoints.
16902 For fast or static tracepoints to work, a special library called the
16903 @dfn{in-process agent} (IPA), must be loaded in the inferior process.
16904 This library is built and distributed as an integral part of
16905 @code{gdbserver}. In addition, support for static tracepoints
16906 requires building the in-process agent library with static tracepoints
16907 support. At present, the UST (LTTng Userspace Tracer,
16908 @url{http://lttng.org/ust}) tracing engine is supported. This support
16909 is automatically available if UST development headers are found in the
16910 standard include path when @code{gdbserver} is built, or if
16911 @code{gdbserver} was explicitly configured using @option{--with-ust}
16912 to point at such headers. You can explicitly disable the support
16913 using @option{--with-ust=no}.
16915 There are several ways to load the in-process agent in your program:
16918 @item Specifying it as dependency at link time
16920 You can link your program dynamically with the in-process agent
16921 library. On most systems, this is accomplished by adding
16922 @code{-linproctrace} to the link command.
16924 @item Using the system's preloading mechanisms
16926 You can force loading the in-process agent at startup time by using
16927 your system's support for preloading shared libraries. Many Unixes
16928 support the concept of preloading user defined libraries. In most
16929 cases, you do that by specifying @code{LD_PRELOAD=libinproctrace.so}
16930 in the environment. See also the description of @code{gdbserver}'s
16931 @option{--wrapper} command line option.
16933 @item Using @value{GDBN} to force loading the agent at run time
16935 On some systems, you can force the inferior to load a shared library,
16936 by calling a dynamic loader function in the inferior that takes care
16937 of dynamically looking up and loading a shared library. On most Unix
16938 systems, the function is @code{dlopen}. You'll use the @code{call}
16939 command for that. For example:
16942 (@value{GDBP}) call dlopen ("libinproctrace.so", ...)
16945 Note that on most Unix systems, for the @code{dlopen} function to be
16946 available, the program needs to be linked with @code{-ldl}.
16949 On systems that have a userspace dynamic loader, like most Unix
16950 systems, when you connect to @code{gdbserver} using @code{target
16951 remote}, you'll find that the program is stopped at the dynamic
16952 loader's entry point, and no shared library has been loaded in the
16953 program's address space yet, including the in-process agent. In that
16954 case, before being able to use any of the fast or static tracepoints
16955 features, you need to let the loader run and load the shared
16956 libraries. The simplest way to do that is to run the program to the
16957 main procedure. E.g., if debugging a C or C@t{++} program, start
16958 @code{gdbserver} like so:
16961 $ gdbserver :9999 myprogram
16964 Start GDB and connect to @code{gdbserver} like so, and run to main:
16968 (@value{GDBP}) target remote myhost:9999
16969 0x00007f215893ba60 in ?? () from /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
16970 (@value{GDBP}) b main
16971 (@value{GDBP}) continue
16974 The in-process tracing agent library should now be loaded into the
16975 process; you can confirm it with the @code{info sharedlibrary}
16976 command, which will list @file{libinproctrace.so} as loaded in the
16977 process. You are now ready to install fast tracepoints, list static
16978 tracepoint markers, probe static tracepoints markers, and start
16981 @node Remote Configuration
16982 @section Remote Configuration
16985 @kindex show remote
16986 This section documents the configuration options available when
16987 debugging remote programs. For the options related to the File I/O
16988 extensions of the remote protocol, see @ref{system,
16989 system-call-allowed}.
16992 @item set remoteaddresssize @var{bits}
16993 @cindex address size for remote targets
16994 @cindex bits in remote address
16995 Set the maximum size of address in a memory packet to the specified
16996 number of bits. @value{GDBN} will mask off the address bits above
16997 that number, when it passes addresses to the remote target. The
16998 default value is the number of bits in the target's address.
17000 @item show remoteaddresssize
17001 Show the current value of remote address size in bits.
17003 @item set remotebaud @var{n}
17004 @cindex baud rate for remote targets
17005 Set the baud rate for the remote serial I/O to @var{n} baud. The
17006 value is used to set the speed of the serial port used for debugging
17009 @item show remotebaud
17010 Show the current speed of the remote connection.
17012 @item set remotebreak
17013 @cindex interrupt remote programs
17014 @cindex BREAK signal instead of Ctrl-C
17015 @anchor{set remotebreak}
17016 If set to on, @value{GDBN} sends a @code{BREAK} signal to the remote
17017 when you type @kbd{Ctrl-c} to interrupt the program running
17018 on the remote. If set to off, @value{GDBN} sends the @samp{Ctrl-C}
17019 character instead. The default is off, since most remote systems
17020 expect to see @samp{Ctrl-C} as the interrupt signal.
17022 @item show remotebreak
17023 Show whether @value{GDBN} sends @code{BREAK} or @samp{Ctrl-C} to
17024 interrupt the remote program.
17026 @item set remoteflow on
17027 @itemx set remoteflow off
17028 @kindex set remoteflow
17029 Enable or disable hardware flow control (@code{RTS}/@code{CTS})
17030 on the serial port used to communicate to the remote target.
17032 @item show remoteflow
17033 @kindex show remoteflow
17034 Show the current setting of hardware flow control.
17036 @item set remotelogbase @var{base}
17037 Set the base (a.k.a.@: radix) of logging serial protocol
17038 communications to @var{base}. Supported values of @var{base} are:
17039 @code{ascii}, @code{octal}, and @code{hex}. The default is
17042 @item show remotelogbase
17043 Show the current setting of the radix for logging remote serial
17046 @item set remotelogfile @var{file}
17047 @cindex record serial communications on file
17048 Record remote serial communications on the named @var{file}. The
17049 default is not to record at all.
17051 @item show remotelogfile.
17052 Show the current setting of the file name on which to record the
17053 serial communications.
17055 @item set remotetimeout @var{num}
17056 @cindex timeout for serial communications
17057 @cindex remote timeout
17058 Set the timeout limit to wait for the remote target to respond to
17059 @var{num} seconds. The default is 2 seconds.
17061 @item show remotetimeout
17062 Show the current number of seconds to wait for the remote target
17065 @cindex limit hardware breakpoints and watchpoints
17066 @cindex remote target, limit break- and watchpoints
17067 @anchor{set remote hardware-watchpoint-limit}
17068 @anchor{set remote hardware-breakpoint-limit}
17069 @item set remote hardware-watchpoint-limit @var{limit}
17070 @itemx set remote hardware-breakpoint-limit @var{limit}
17071 Restrict @value{GDBN} to using @var{limit} remote hardware breakpoint or
17072 watchpoints. A limit of -1, the default, is treated as unlimited.
17074 @cindex limit hardware watchpoints length
17075 @cindex remote target, limit watchpoints length
17076 @anchor{set remote hardware-watchpoint-length-limit}
17077 @item set remote hardware-watchpoint-length-limit @var{limit}
17078 Restrict @value{GDBN} to using @var{limit} bytes for the maximum length of
17079 a remote hardware watchpoint. A limit of -1, the default, is treated
17082 @item show remote hardware-watchpoint-length-limit
17083 Show the current limit (in bytes) of the maximum length of
17084 a remote hardware watchpoint.
17086 @item set remote exec-file @var{filename}
17087 @itemx show remote exec-file
17088 @anchor{set remote exec-file}
17089 @cindex executable file, for remote target
17090 Select the file used for @code{run} with @code{target
17091 extended-remote}. This should be set to a filename valid on the
17092 target system. If it is not set, the target will use a default
17093 filename (e.g.@: the last program run).
17095 @item set remote interrupt-sequence
17096 @cindex interrupt remote programs
17097 @cindex select Ctrl-C, BREAK or BREAK-g
17098 Allow the user to select one of @samp{Ctrl-C}, a @code{BREAK} or
17099 @samp{BREAK-g} as the
17100 sequence to the remote target in order to interrupt the execution.
17101 @samp{Ctrl-C} is a default. Some system prefers @code{BREAK} which
17102 is high level of serial line for some certain time.
17103 Linux kernel prefers @samp{BREAK-g}, a.k.a Magic SysRq g.
17104 It is @code{BREAK} signal followed by character @code{g}.
17106 @item show interrupt-sequence
17107 Show which of @samp{Ctrl-C}, @code{BREAK} or @code{BREAK-g}
17108 is sent by @value{GDBN} to interrupt the remote program.
17109 @code{BREAK-g} is BREAK signal followed by @code{g} and
17110 also known as Magic SysRq g.
17112 @item set remote interrupt-on-connect
17113 @cindex send interrupt-sequence on start
17114 Specify whether interrupt-sequence is sent to remote target when
17115 @value{GDBN} connects to it. This is mostly needed when you debug
17116 Linux kernel. Linux kernel expects @code{BREAK} followed by @code{g}
17117 which is known as Magic SysRq g in order to connect @value{GDBN}.
17119 @item show interrupt-on-connect
17120 Show whether interrupt-sequence is sent
17121 to remote target when @value{GDBN} connects to it.
17125 @item set tcp auto-retry on
17126 @cindex auto-retry, for remote TCP target
17127 Enable auto-retry for remote TCP connections. This is useful if the remote
17128 debugging agent is launched in parallel with @value{GDBN}; there is a race
17129 condition because the agent may not become ready to accept the connection
17130 before @value{GDBN} attempts to connect. When auto-retry is
17131 enabled, if the initial attempt to connect fails, @value{GDBN} reattempts
17132 to establish the connection using the timeout specified by
17133 @code{set tcp connect-timeout}.
17135 @item set tcp auto-retry off
17136 Do not auto-retry failed TCP connections.
17138 @item show tcp auto-retry
17139 Show the current auto-retry setting.
17141 @item set tcp connect-timeout @var{seconds}
17142 @cindex connection timeout, for remote TCP target
17143 @cindex timeout, for remote target connection
17144 Set the timeout for establishing a TCP connection to the remote target to
17145 @var{seconds}. The timeout affects both polling to retry failed connections
17146 (enabled by @code{set tcp auto-retry on}) and waiting for connections
17147 that are merely slow to complete, and represents an approximate cumulative
17150 @item show tcp connect-timeout
17151 Show the current connection timeout setting.
17154 @cindex remote packets, enabling and disabling
17155 The @value{GDBN} remote protocol autodetects the packets supported by
17156 your debugging stub. If you need to override the autodetection, you
17157 can use these commands to enable or disable individual packets. Each
17158 packet can be set to @samp{on} (the remote target supports this
17159 packet), @samp{off} (the remote target does not support this packet),
17160 or @samp{auto} (detect remote target support for this packet). They
17161 all default to @samp{auto}. For more information about each packet,
17162 see @ref{Remote Protocol}.
17164 During normal use, you should not have to use any of these commands.
17165 If you do, that may be a bug in your remote debugging stub, or a bug
17166 in @value{GDBN}. You may want to report the problem to the
17167 @value{GDBN} developers.
17169 For each packet @var{name}, the command to enable or disable the
17170 packet is @code{set remote @var{name}-packet}. The available settings
17173 @multitable @columnfractions 0.28 0.32 0.25
17176 @tab Related Features
17178 @item @code{fetch-register}
17180 @tab @code{info registers}
17182 @item @code{set-register}
17186 @item @code{binary-download}
17188 @tab @code{load}, @code{set}
17190 @item @code{read-aux-vector}
17191 @tab @code{qXfer:auxv:read}
17192 @tab @code{info auxv}
17194 @item @code{symbol-lookup}
17195 @tab @code{qSymbol}
17196 @tab Detecting multiple threads
17198 @item @code{attach}
17199 @tab @code{vAttach}
17202 @item @code{verbose-resume}
17204 @tab Stepping or resuming multiple threads
17210 @item @code{software-breakpoint}
17214 @item @code{hardware-breakpoint}
17218 @item @code{write-watchpoint}
17222 @item @code{read-watchpoint}
17226 @item @code{access-watchpoint}
17230 @item @code{target-features}
17231 @tab @code{qXfer:features:read}
17232 @tab @code{set architecture}
17234 @item @code{library-info}
17235 @tab @code{qXfer:libraries:read}
17236 @tab @code{info sharedlibrary}
17238 @item @code{memory-map}
17239 @tab @code{qXfer:memory-map:read}
17240 @tab @code{info mem}
17242 @item @code{read-sdata-object}
17243 @tab @code{qXfer:sdata:read}
17244 @tab @code{print $_sdata}
17246 @item @code{read-spu-object}
17247 @tab @code{qXfer:spu:read}
17248 @tab @code{info spu}
17250 @item @code{write-spu-object}
17251 @tab @code{qXfer:spu:write}
17252 @tab @code{info spu}
17254 @item @code{read-siginfo-object}
17255 @tab @code{qXfer:siginfo:read}
17256 @tab @code{print $_siginfo}
17258 @item @code{write-siginfo-object}
17259 @tab @code{qXfer:siginfo:write}
17260 @tab @code{set $_siginfo}
17262 @item @code{threads}
17263 @tab @code{qXfer:threads:read}
17264 @tab @code{info threads}
17266 @item @code{get-thread-local-@*storage-address}
17267 @tab @code{qGetTLSAddr}
17268 @tab Displaying @code{__thread} variables
17270 @item @code{get-thread-information-block-address}
17271 @tab @code{qGetTIBAddr}
17272 @tab Display MS-Windows Thread Information Block.
17274 @item @code{search-memory}
17275 @tab @code{qSearch:memory}
17278 @item @code{supported-packets}
17279 @tab @code{qSupported}
17280 @tab Remote communications parameters
17282 @item @code{pass-signals}
17283 @tab @code{QPassSignals}
17284 @tab @code{handle @var{signal}}
17286 @item @code{hostio-close-packet}
17287 @tab @code{vFile:close}
17288 @tab @code{remote get}, @code{remote put}
17290 @item @code{hostio-open-packet}
17291 @tab @code{vFile:open}
17292 @tab @code{remote get}, @code{remote put}
17294 @item @code{hostio-pread-packet}
17295 @tab @code{vFile:pread}
17296 @tab @code{remote get}, @code{remote put}
17298 @item @code{hostio-pwrite-packet}
17299 @tab @code{vFile:pwrite}
17300 @tab @code{remote get}, @code{remote put}
17302 @item @code{hostio-unlink-packet}
17303 @tab @code{vFile:unlink}
17304 @tab @code{remote delete}
17306 @item @code{noack-packet}
17307 @tab @code{QStartNoAckMode}
17308 @tab Packet acknowledgment
17310 @item @code{osdata}
17311 @tab @code{qXfer:osdata:read}
17312 @tab @code{info os}
17314 @item @code{query-attached}
17315 @tab @code{qAttached}
17316 @tab Querying remote process attach state.
17318 @item @code{traceframe-info}
17319 @tab @code{qXfer:traceframe-info:read}
17320 @tab Traceframe info
17322 @item @code{disable-randomization}
17323 @tab @code{QDisableRandomization}
17324 @tab @code{set disable-randomization}
17328 @section Implementing a Remote Stub
17330 @cindex debugging stub, example
17331 @cindex remote stub, example
17332 @cindex stub example, remote debugging
17333 The stub files provided with @value{GDBN} implement the target side of the
17334 communication protocol, and the @value{GDBN} side is implemented in the
17335 @value{GDBN} source file @file{remote.c}. Normally, you can simply allow
17336 these subroutines to communicate, and ignore the details. (If you're
17337 implementing your own stub file, you can still ignore the details: start
17338 with one of the existing stub files. @file{sparc-stub.c} is the best
17339 organized, and therefore the easiest to read.)
17341 @cindex remote serial debugging, overview
17342 To debug a program running on another machine (the debugging
17343 @dfn{target} machine), you must first arrange for all the usual
17344 prerequisites for the program to run by itself. For example, for a C
17349 A startup routine to set up the C runtime environment; these usually
17350 have a name like @file{crt0}. The startup routine may be supplied by
17351 your hardware supplier, or you may have to write your own.
17354 A C subroutine library to support your program's
17355 subroutine calls, notably managing input and output.
17358 A way of getting your program to the other machine---for example, a
17359 download program. These are often supplied by the hardware
17360 manufacturer, but you may have to write your own from hardware
17364 The next step is to arrange for your program to use a serial port to
17365 communicate with the machine where @value{GDBN} is running (the @dfn{host}
17366 machine). In general terms, the scheme looks like this:
17370 @value{GDBN} already understands how to use this protocol; when everything
17371 else is set up, you can simply use the @samp{target remote} command
17372 (@pxref{Targets,,Specifying a Debugging Target}).
17374 @item On the target,
17375 you must link with your program a few special-purpose subroutines that
17376 implement the @value{GDBN} remote serial protocol. The file containing these
17377 subroutines is called a @dfn{debugging stub}.
17379 On certain remote targets, you can use an auxiliary program
17380 @code{gdbserver} instead of linking a stub into your program.
17381 @xref{Server,,Using the @code{gdbserver} Program}, for details.
17384 The debugging stub is specific to the architecture of the remote
17385 machine; for example, use @file{sparc-stub.c} to debug programs on
17388 @cindex remote serial stub list
17389 These working remote stubs are distributed with @value{GDBN}:
17394 @cindex @file{i386-stub.c}
17397 For Intel 386 and compatible architectures.
17400 @cindex @file{m68k-stub.c}
17401 @cindex Motorola 680x0
17403 For Motorola 680x0 architectures.
17406 @cindex @file{sh-stub.c}
17409 For Renesas SH architectures.
17412 @cindex @file{sparc-stub.c}
17414 For @sc{sparc} architectures.
17416 @item sparcl-stub.c
17417 @cindex @file{sparcl-stub.c}
17420 For Fujitsu @sc{sparclite} architectures.
17424 The @file{README} file in the @value{GDBN} distribution may list other
17425 recently added stubs.
17428 * Stub Contents:: What the stub can do for you
17429 * Bootstrapping:: What you must do for the stub
17430 * Debug Session:: Putting it all together
17433 @node Stub Contents
17434 @subsection What the Stub Can Do for You
17436 @cindex remote serial stub
17437 The debugging stub for your architecture supplies these three
17441 @item set_debug_traps
17442 @findex set_debug_traps
17443 @cindex remote serial stub, initialization
17444 This routine arranges for @code{handle_exception} to run when your
17445 program stops. You must call this subroutine explicitly near the
17446 beginning of your program.
17448 @item handle_exception
17449 @findex handle_exception
17450 @cindex remote serial stub, main routine
17451 This is the central workhorse, but your program never calls it
17452 explicitly---the setup code arranges for @code{handle_exception} to
17453 run when a trap is triggered.
17455 @code{handle_exception} takes control when your program stops during
17456 execution (for example, on a breakpoint), and mediates communications
17457 with @value{GDBN} on the host machine. This is where the communications
17458 protocol is implemented; @code{handle_exception} acts as the @value{GDBN}
17459 representative on the target machine. It begins by sending summary
17460 information on the state of your program, then continues to execute,
17461 retrieving and transmitting any information @value{GDBN} needs, until you
17462 execute a @value{GDBN} command that makes your program resume; at that point,
17463 @code{handle_exception} returns control to your own code on the target
17467 @cindex @code{breakpoint} subroutine, remote
17468 Use this auxiliary subroutine to make your program contain a
17469 breakpoint. Depending on the particular situation, this may be the only
17470 way for @value{GDBN} to get control. For instance, if your target
17471 machine has some sort of interrupt button, you won't need to call this;
17472 pressing the interrupt button transfers control to
17473 @code{handle_exception}---in effect, to @value{GDBN}. On some machines,
17474 simply receiving characters on the serial port may also trigger a trap;
17475 again, in that situation, you don't need to call @code{breakpoint} from
17476 your own program---simply running @samp{target remote} from the host
17477 @value{GDBN} session gets control.
17479 Call @code{breakpoint} if none of these is true, or if you simply want
17480 to make certain your program stops at a predetermined point for the
17481 start of your debugging session.
17484 @node Bootstrapping
17485 @subsection What You Must Do for the Stub
17487 @cindex remote stub, support routines
17488 The debugging stubs that come with @value{GDBN} are set up for a particular
17489 chip architecture, but they have no information about the rest of your
17490 debugging target machine.
17492 First of all you need to tell the stub how to communicate with the
17496 @item int getDebugChar()
17497 @findex getDebugChar
17498 Write this subroutine to read a single character from the serial port.
17499 It may be identical to @code{getchar} for your target system; a
17500 different name is used to allow you to distinguish the two if you wish.
17502 @item void putDebugChar(int)
17503 @findex putDebugChar
17504 Write this subroutine to write a single character to the serial port.
17505 It may be identical to @code{putchar} for your target system; a
17506 different name is used to allow you to distinguish the two if you wish.
17509 @cindex control C, and remote debugging
17510 @cindex interrupting remote targets
17511 If you want @value{GDBN} to be able to stop your program while it is
17512 running, you need to use an interrupt-driven serial driver, and arrange
17513 for it to stop when it receives a @code{^C} (@samp{\003}, the control-C
17514 character). That is the character which @value{GDBN} uses to tell the
17515 remote system to stop.
17517 Getting the debugging target to return the proper status to @value{GDBN}
17518 probably requires changes to the standard stub; one quick and dirty way
17519 is to just execute a breakpoint instruction (the ``dirty'' part is that
17520 @value{GDBN} reports a @code{SIGTRAP} instead of a @code{SIGINT}).
17522 Other routines you need to supply are:
17525 @item void exceptionHandler (int @var{exception_number}, void *@var{exception_address})
17526 @findex exceptionHandler
17527 Write this function to install @var{exception_address} in the exception
17528 handling tables. You need to do this because the stub does not have any
17529 way of knowing what the exception handling tables on your target system
17530 are like (for example, the processor's table might be in @sc{rom},
17531 containing entries which point to a table in @sc{ram}).
17532 @var{exception_number} is the exception number which should be changed;
17533 its meaning is architecture-dependent (for example, different numbers
17534 might represent divide by zero, misaligned access, etc). When this
17535 exception occurs, control should be transferred directly to
17536 @var{exception_address}, and the processor state (stack, registers,
17537 and so on) should be just as it is when a processor exception occurs. So if
17538 you want to use a jump instruction to reach @var{exception_address}, it
17539 should be a simple jump, not a jump to subroutine.
17541 For the 386, @var{exception_address} should be installed as an interrupt
17542 gate so that interrupts are masked while the handler runs. The gate
17543 should be at privilege level 0 (the most privileged level). The
17544 @sc{sparc} and 68k stubs are able to mask interrupts themselves without
17545 help from @code{exceptionHandler}.
17547 @item void flush_i_cache()
17548 @findex flush_i_cache
17549 On @sc{sparc} and @sc{sparclite} only, write this subroutine to flush the
17550 instruction cache, if any, on your target machine. If there is no
17551 instruction cache, this subroutine may be a no-op.
17553 On target machines that have instruction caches, @value{GDBN} requires this
17554 function to make certain that the state of your program is stable.
17558 You must also make sure this library routine is available:
17561 @item void *memset(void *, int, int)
17563 This is the standard library function @code{memset} that sets an area of
17564 memory to a known value. If you have one of the free versions of
17565 @code{libc.a}, @code{memset} can be found there; otherwise, you must
17566 either obtain it from your hardware manufacturer, or write your own.
17569 If you do not use the GNU C compiler, you may need other standard
17570 library subroutines as well; this varies from one stub to another,
17571 but in general the stubs are likely to use any of the common library
17572 subroutines which @code{@value{NGCC}} generates as inline code.
17575 @node Debug Session
17576 @subsection Putting it All Together
17578 @cindex remote serial debugging summary
17579 In summary, when your program is ready to debug, you must follow these
17584 Make sure you have defined the supporting low-level routines
17585 (@pxref{Bootstrapping,,What You Must Do for the Stub}):
17587 @code{getDebugChar}, @code{putDebugChar},
17588 @code{flush_i_cache}, @code{memset}, @code{exceptionHandler}.
17592 Insert these lines near the top of your program:
17600 For the 680x0 stub only, you need to provide a variable called
17601 @code{exceptionHook}. Normally you just use:
17604 void (*exceptionHook)() = 0;
17608 but if before calling @code{set_debug_traps}, you set it to point to a
17609 function in your program, that function is called when
17610 @code{@value{GDBN}} continues after stopping on a trap (for example, bus
17611 error). The function indicated by @code{exceptionHook} is called with
17612 one parameter: an @code{int} which is the exception number.
17615 Compile and link together: your program, the @value{GDBN} debugging stub for
17616 your target architecture, and the supporting subroutines.
17619 Make sure you have a serial connection between your target machine and
17620 the @value{GDBN} host, and identify the serial port on the host.
17623 @c The "remote" target now provides a `load' command, so we should
17624 @c document that. FIXME.
17625 Download your program to your target machine (or get it there by
17626 whatever means the manufacturer provides), and start it.
17629 Start @value{GDBN} on the host, and connect to the target
17630 (@pxref{Connecting,,Connecting to a Remote Target}).
17634 @node Configurations
17635 @chapter Configuration-Specific Information
17637 While nearly all @value{GDBN} commands are available for all native and
17638 cross versions of the debugger, there are some exceptions. This chapter
17639 describes things that are only available in certain configurations.
17641 There are three major categories of configurations: native
17642 configurations, where the host and target are the same, embedded
17643 operating system configurations, which are usually the same for several
17644 different processor architectures, and bare embedded processors, which
17645 are quite different from each other.
17650 * Embedded Processors::
17657 This section describes details specific to particular native
17662 * BSD libkvm Interface:: Debugging BSD kernel memory images
17663 * SVR4 Process Information:: SVR4 process information
17664 * DJGPP Native:: Features specific to the DJGPP port
17665 * Cygwin Native:: Features specific to the Cygwin port
17666 * Hurd Native:: Features specific to @sc{gnu} Hurd
17667 * Neutrino:: Features specific to QNX Neutrino
17668 * Darwin:: Features specific to Darwin
17674 On HP-UX systems, if you refer to a function or variable name that
17675 begins with a dollar sign, @value{GDBN} searches for a user or system
17676 name first, before it searches for a convenience variable.
17679 @node BSD libkvm Interface
17680 @subsection BSD libkvm Interface
17683 @cindex kernel memory image
17684 @cindex kernel crash dump
17686 BSD-derived systems (FreeBSD/NetBSD/OpenBSD) have a kernel memory
17687 interface that provides a uniform interface for accessing kernel virtual
17688 memory images, including live systems and crash dumps. @value{GDBN}
17689 uses this interface to allow you to debug live kernels and kernel crash
17690 dumps on many native BSD configurations. This is implemented as a
17691 special @code{kvm} debugging target. For debugging a live system, load
17692 the currently running kernel into @value{GDBN} and connect to the
17696 (@value{GDBP}) @b{target kvm}
17699 For debugging crash dumps, provide the file name of the crash dump as an
17703 (@value{GDBP}) @b{target kvm /var/crash/bsd.0}
17706 Once connected to the @code{kvm} target, the following commands are
17712 Set current context from the @dfn{Process Control Block} (PCB) address.
17715 Set current context from proc address. This command isn't available on
17716 modern FreeBSD systems.
17719 @node SVR4 Process Information
17720 @subsection SVR4 Process Information
17722 @cindex examine process image
17723 @cindex process info via @file{/proc}
17725 Many versions of SVR4 and compatible systems provide a facility called
17726 @samp{/proc} that can be used to examine the image of a running
17727 process using file-system subroutines. If @value{GDBN} is configured
17728 for an operating system with this facility, the command @code{info
17729 proc} is available to report information about the process running
17730 your program, or about any process running on your system. @code{info
17731 proc} works only on SVR4 systems that include the @code{procfs} code.
17732 This includes, as of this writing, @sc{gnu}/Linux, OSF/1 (Digital
17733 Unix), Solaris, Irix, and Unixware, but not HP-UX, for example.
17739 @itemx info proc @var{process-id}
17740 Summarize available information about any running process. If a
17741 process ID is specified by @var{process-id}, display information about
17742 that process; otherwise display information about the program being
17743 debugged. The summary includes the debugged process ID, the command
17744 line used to invoke it, its current working directory, and its
17745 executable file's absolute file name.
17747 On some systems, @var{process-id} can be of the form
17748 @samp{[@var{pid}]/@var{tid}} which specifies a certain thread ID
17749 within a process. If the optional @var{pid} part is missing, it means
17750 a thread from the process being debugged (the leading @samp{/} still
17751 needs to be present, or else @value{GDBN} will interpret the number as
17752 a process ID rather than a thread ID).
17754 @item info proc mappings
17755 @cindex memory address space mappings
17756 Report the memory address space ranges accessible in the program, with
17757 information on whether the process has read, write, or execute access
17758 rights to each range. On @sc{gnu}/Linux systems, each memory range
17759 includes the object file which is mapped to that range, instead of the
17760 memory access rights to that range.
17762 @item info proc stat
17763 @itemx info proc status
17764 @cindex process detailed status information
17765 These subcommands are specific to @sc{gnu}/Linux systems. They show
17766 the process-related information, including the user ID and group ID;
17767 how many threads are there in the process; its virtual memory usage;
17768 the signals that are pending, blocked, and ignored; its TTY; its
17769 consumption of system and user time; its stack size; its @samp{nice}
17770 value; etc. For more information, see the @samp{proc} man page
17771 (type @kbd{man 5 proc} from your shell prompt).
17773 @item info proc all
17774 Show all the information about the process described under all of the
17775 above @code{info proc} subcommands.
17778 @comment These sub-options of 'info proc' were not included when
17779 @comment procfs.c was re-written. Keep their descriptions around
17780 @comment against the day when someone finds the time to put them back in.
17781 @kindex info proc times
17782 @item info proc times
17783 Starting time, user CPU time, and system CPU time for your program and
17786 @kindex info proc id
17788 Report on the process IDs related to your program: its own process ID,
17789 the ID of its parent, the process group ID, and the session ID.
17792 @item set procfs-trace
17793 @kindex set procfs-trace
17794 @cindex @code{procfs} API calls
17795 This command enables and disables tracing of @code{procfs} API calls.
17797 @item show procfs-trace
17798 @kindex show procfs-trace
17799 Show the current state of @code{procfs} API call tracing.
17801 @item set procfs-file @var{file}
17802 @kindex set procfs-file
17803 Tell @value{GDBN} to write @code{procfs} API trace to the named
17804 @var{file}. @value{GDBN} appends the trace info to the previous
17805 contents of the file. The default is to display the trace on the
17808 @item show procfs-file
17809 @kindex show procfs-file
17810 Show the file to which @code{procfs} API trace is written.
17812 @item proc-trace-entry
17813 @itemx proc-trace-exit
17814 @itemx proc-untrace-entry
17815 @itemx proc-untrace-exit
17816 @kindex proc-trace-entry
17817 @kindex proc-trace-exit
17818 @kindex proc-untrace-entry
17819 @kindex proc-untrace-exit
17820 These commands enable and disable tracing of entries into and exits
17821 from the @code{syscall} interface.
17824 @kindex info pidlist
17825 @cindex process list, QNX Neutrino
17826 For QNX Neutrino only, this command displays the list of all the
17827 processes and all the threads within each process.
17830 @kindex info meminfo
17831 @cindex mapinfo list, QNX Neutrino
17832 For QNX Neutrino only, this command displays the list of all mapinfos.
17836 @subsection Features for Debugging @sc{djgpp} Programs
17837 @cindex @sc{djgpp} debugging
17838 @cindex native @sc{djgpp} debugging
17839 @cindex MS-DOS-specific commands
17842 @sc{djgpp} is a port of the @sc{gnu} development tools to MS-DOS and
17843 MS-Windows. @sc{djgpp} programs are 32-bit protected-mode programs
17844 that use the @dfn{DPMI} (DOS Protected-Mode Interface) API to run on
17845 top of real-mode DOS systems and their emulations.
17847 @value{GDBN} supports native debugging of @sc{djgpp} programs, and
17848 defines a few commands specific to the @sc{djgpp} port. This
17849 subsection describes those commands.
17854 This is a prefix of @sc{djgpp}-specific commands which print
17855 information about the target system and important OS structures.
17858 @cindex MS-DOS system info
17859 @cindex free memory information (MS-DOS)
17860 @item info dos sysinfo
17861 This command displays assorted information about the underlying
17862 platform: the CPU type and features, the OS version and flavor, the
17863 DPMI version, and the available conventional and DPMI memory.
17868 @cindex segment descriptor tables
17869 @cindex descriptor tables display
17871 @itemx info dos ldt
17872 @itemx info dos idt
17873 These 3 commands display entries from, respectively, Global, Local,
17874 and Interrupt Descriptor Tables (GDT, LDT, and IDT). The descriptor
17875 tables are data structures which store a descriptor for each segment
17876 that is currently in use. The segment's selector is an index into a
17877 descriptor table; the table entry for that index holds the
17878 descriptor's base address and limit, and its attributes and access
17881 A typical @sc{djgpp} program uses 3 segments: a code segment, a data
17882 segment (used for both data and the stack), and a DOS segment (which
17883 allows access to DOS/BIOS data structures and absolute addresses in
17884 conventional memory). However, the DPMI host will usually define
17885 additional segments in order to support the DPMI environment.
17887 @cindex garbled pointers
17888 These commands allow to display entries from the descriptor tables.
17889 Without an argument, all entries from the specified table are
17890 displayed. An argument, which should be an integer expression, means
17891 display a single entry whose index is given by the argument. For
17892 example, here's a convenient way to display information about the
17893 debugged program's data segment:
17896 @exdent @code{(@value{GDBP}) info dos ldt $ds}
17897 @exdent @code{0x13f: base=0x11970000 limit=0x0009ffff 32-Bit Data (Read/Write, Exp-up)}
17901 This comes in handy when you want to see whether a pointer is outside
17902 the data segment's limit (i.e.@: @dfn{garbled}).
17904 @cindex page tables display (MS-DOS)
17906 @itemx info dos pte
17907 These two commands display entries from, respectively, the Page
17908 Directory and the Page Tables. Page Directories and Page Tables are
17909 data structures which control how virtual memory addresses are mapped
17910 into physical addresses. A Page Table includes an entry for every
17911 page of memory that is mapped into the program's address space; there
17912 may be several Page Tables, each one holding up to 4096 entries. A
17913 Page Directory has up to 4096 entries, one each for every Page Table
17914 that is currently in use.
17916 Without an argument, @kbd{info dos pde} displays the entire Page
17917 Directory, and @kbd{info dos pte} displays all the entries in all of
17918 the Page Tables. An argument, an integer expression, given to the
17919 @kbd{info dos pde} command means display only that entry from the Page
17920 Directory table. An argument given to the @kbd{info dos pte} command
17921 means display entries from a single Page Table, the one pointed to by
17922 the specified entry in the Page Directory.
17924 @cindex direct memory access (DMA) on MS-DOS
17925 These commands are useful when your program uses @dfn{DMA} (Direct
17926 Memory Access), which needs physical addresses to program the DMA
17929 These commands are supported only with some DPMI servers.
17931 @cindex physical address from linear address
17932 @item info dos address-pte @var{addr}
17933 This command displays the Page Table entry for a specified linear
17934 address. The argument @var{addr} is a linear address which should
17935 already have the appropriate segment's base address added to it,
17936 because this command accepts addresses which may belong to @emph{any}
17937 segment. For example, here's how to display the Page Table entry for
17938 the page where a variable @code{i} is stored:
17941 @exdent @code{(@value{GDBP}) info dos address-pte __djgpp_base_address + (char *)&i}
17942 @exdent @code{Page Table entry for address 0x11a00d30:}
17943 @exdent @code{Base=0x02698000 Dirty Acc. Not-Cached Write-Back Usr Read-Write +0xd30}
17947 This says that @code{i} is stored at offset @code{0xd30} from the page
17948 whose physical base address is @code{0x02698000}, and shows all the
17949 attributes of that page.
17951 Note that you must cast the addresses of variables to a @code{char *},
17952 since otherwise the value of @code{__djgpp_base_address}, the base
17953 address of all variables and functions in a @sc{djgpp} program, will
17954 be added using the rules of C pointer arithmetics: if @code{i} is
17955 declared an @code{int}, @value{GDBN} will add 4 times the value of
17956 @code{__djgpp_base_address} to the address of @code{i}.
17958 Here's another example, it displays the Page Table entry for the
17962 @exdent @code{(@value{GDBP}) info dos address-pte *((unsigned *)&_go32_info_block + 3)}
17963 @exdent @code{Page Table entry for address 0x29110:}
17964 @exdent @code{Base=0x00029000 Dirty Acc. Not-Cached Write-Back Usr Read-Write +0x110}
17968 (The @code{+ 3} offset is because the transfer buffer's address is the
17969 3rd member of the @code{_go32_info_block} structure.) The output
17970 clearly shows that this DPMI server maps the addresses in conventional
17971 memory 1:1, i.e.@: the physical (@code{0x00029000} + @code{0x110}) and
17972 linear (@code{0x29110}) addresses are identical.
17974 This command is supported only with some DPMI servers.
17977 @cindex DOS serial data link, remote debugging
17978 In addition to native debugging, the DJGPP port supports remote
17979 debugging via a serial data link. The following commands are specific
17980 to remote serial debugging in the DJGPP port of @value{GDBN}.
17983 @kindex set com1base
17984 @kindex set com1irq
17985 @kindex set com2base
17986 @kindex set com2irq
17987 @kindex set com3base
17988 @kindex set com3irq
17989 @kindex set com4base
17990 @kindex set com4irq
17991 @item set com1base @var{addr}
17992 This command sets the base I/O port address of the @file{COM1} serial
17995 @item set com1irq @var{irq}
17996 This command sets the @dfn{Interrupt Request} (@code{IRQ}) line to use
17997 for the @file{COM1} serial port.
17999 There are similar commands @samp{set com2base}, @samp{set com3irq},
18000 etc.@: for setting the port address and the @code{IRQ} lines for the
18003 @kindex show com1base
18004 @kindex show com1irq
18005 @kindex show com2base
18006 @kindex show com2irq
18007 @kindex show com3base
18008 @kindex show com3irq
18009 @kindex show com4base
18010 @kindex show com4irq
18011 The related commands @samp{show com1base}, @samp{show com1irq} etc.@:
18012 display the current settings of the base address and the @code{IRQ}
18013 lines used by the COM ports.
18016 @kindex info serial
18017 @cindex DOS serial port status
18018 This command prints the status of the 4 DOS serial ports. For each
18019 port, it prints whether it's active or not, its I/O base address and
18020 IRQ number, whether it uses a 16550-style FIFO, its baudrate, and the
18021 counts of various errors encountered so far.
18025 @node Cygwin Native
18026 @subsection Features for Debugging MS Windows PE Executables
18027 @cindex MS Windows debugging
18028 @cindex native Cygwin debugging
18029 @cindex Cygwin-specific commands
18031 @value{GDBN} supports native debugging of MS Windows programs, including
18032 DLLs with and without symbolic debugging information.
18034 @cindex Ctrl-BREAK, MS-Windows
18035 @cindex interrupt debuggee on MS-Windows
18036 MS-Windows programs that call @code{SetConsoleMode} to switch off the
18037 special meaning of the @samp{Ctrl-C} keystroke cannot be interrupted
18038 by typing @kbd{C-c}. For this reason, @value{GDBN} on MS-Windows
18039 supports @kbd{C-@key{BREAK}} as an alternative interrupt key
18040 sequence, which can be used to interrupt the debuggee even if it
18043 There are various additional Cygwin-specific commands, described in
18044 this section. Working with DLLs that have no debugging symbols is
18045 described in @ref{Non-debug DLL Symbols}.
18050 This is a prefix of MS Windows-specific commands which print
18051 information about the target system and important OS structures.
18053 @item info w32 selector
18054 This command displays information returned by
18055 the Win32 API @code{GetThreadSelectorEntry} function.
18056 It takes an optional argument that is evaluated to
18057 a long value to give the information about this given selector.
18058 Without argument, this command displays information
18059 about the six segment registers.
18061 @item info w32 thread-information-block
18062 This command displays thread specific information stored in the
18063 Thread Information Block (readable on the X86 CPU family using @code{$fs}
18064 selector for 32-bit programs and @code{$gs} for 64-bit programs).
18068 This is a Cygwin-specific alias of @code{info shared}.
18070 @kindex dll-symbols
18072 This command loads symbols from a dll similarly to
18073 add-sym command but without the need to specify a base address.
18075 @kindex set cygwin-exceptions
18076 @cindex debugging the Cygwin DLL
18077 @cindex Cygwin DLL, debugging
18078 @item set cygwin-exceptions @var{mode}
18079 If @var{mode} is @code{on}, @value{GDBN} will break on exceptions that
18080 happen inside the Cygwin DLL. If @var{mode} is @code{off},
18081 @value{GDBN} will delay recognition of exceptions, and may ignore some
18082 exceptions which seem to be caused by internal Cygwin DLL
18083 ``bookkeeping''. This option is meant primarily for debugging the
18084 Cygwin DLL itself; the default value is @code{off} to avoid annoying
18085 @value{GDBN} users with false @code{SIGSEGV} signals.
18087 @kindex show cygwin-exceptions
18088 @item show cygwin-exceptions
18089 Displays whether @value{GDBN} will break on exceptions that happen
18090 inside the Cygwin DLL itself.
18092 @kindex set new-console
18093 @item set new-console @var{mode}
18094 If @var{mode} is @code{on} the debuggee will
18095 be started in a new console on next start.
18096 If @var{mode} is @code{off}, the debuggee will
18097 be started in the same console as the debugger.
18099 @kindex show new-console
18100 @item show new-console
18101 Displays whether a new console is used
18102 when the debuggee is started.
18104 @kindex set new-group
18105 @item set new-group @var{mode}
18106 This boolean value controls whether the debuggee should
18107 start a new group or stay in the same group as the debugger.
18108 This affects the way the Windows OS handles
18111 @kindex show new-group
18112 @item show new-group
18113 Displays current value of new-group boolean.
18115 @kindex set debugevents
18116 @item set debugevents
18117 This boolean value adds debug output concerning kernel events related
18118 to the debuggee seen by the debugger. This includes events that
18119 signal thread and process creation and exit, DLL loading and
18120 unloading, console interrupts, and debugging messages produced by the
18121 Windows @code{OutputDebugString} API call.
18123 @kindex set debugexec
18124 @item set debugexec
18125 This boolean value adds debug output concerning execute events
18126 (such as resume thread) seen by the debugger.
18128 @kindex set debugexceptions
18129 @item set debugexceptions
18130 This boolean value adds debug output concerning exceptions in the
18131 debuggee seen by the debugger.
18133 @kindex set debugmemory
18134 @item set debugmemory
18135 This boolean value adds debug output concerning debuggee memory reads
18136 and writes by the debugger.
18140 This boolean values specifies whether the debuggee is called
18141 via a shell or directly (default value is on).
18145 Displays if the debuggee will be started with a shell.
18150 * Non-debug DLL Symbols:: Support for DLLs without debugging symbols
18153 @node Non-debug DLL Symbols
18154 @subsubsection Support for DLLs without Debugging Symbols
18155 @cindex DLLs with no debugging symbols
18156 @cindex Minimal symbols and DLLs
18158 Very often on windows, some of the DLLs that your program relies on do
18159 not include symbolic debugging information (for example,
18160 @file{kernel32.dll}). When @value{GDBN} doesn't recognize any debugging
18161 symbols in a DLL, it relies on the minimal amount of symbolic
18162 information contained in the DLL's export table. This section
18163 describes working with such symbols, known internally to @value{GDBN} as
18164 ``minimal symbols''.
18166 Note that before the debugged program has started execution, no DLLs
18167 will have been loaded. The easiest way around this problem is simply to
18168 start the program --- either by setting a breakpoint or letting the
18169 program run once to completion. It is also possible to force
18170 @value{GDBN} to load a particular DLL before starting the executable ---
18171 see the shared library information in @ref{Files}, or the
18172 @code{dll-symbols} command in @ref{Cygwin Native}. Currently,
18173 explicitly loading symbols from a DLL with no debugging information will
18174 cause the symbol names to be duplicated in @value{GDBN}'s lookup table,
18175 which may adversely affect symbol lookup performance.
18177 @subsubsection DLL Name Prefixes
18179 In keeping with the naming conventions used by the Microsoft debugging
18180 tools, DLL export symbols are made available with a prefix based on the
18181 DLL name, for instance @code{KERNEL32!CreateFileA}. The plain name is
18182 also entered into the symbol table, so @code{CreateFileA} is often
18183 sufficient. In some cases there will be name clashes within a program
18184 (particularly if the executable itself includes full debugging symbols)
18185 necessitating the use of the fully qualified name when referring to the
18186 contents of the DLL. Use single-quotes around the name to avoid the
18187 exclamation mark (``!'') being interpreted as a language operator.
18189 Note that the internal name of the DLL may be all upper-case, even
18190 though the file name of the DLL is lower-case, or vice-versa. Since
18191 symbols within @value{GDBN} are @emph{case-sensitive} this may cause
18192 some confusion. If in doubt, try the @code{info functions} and
18193 @code{info variables} commands or even @code{maint print msymbols}
18194 (@pxref{Symbols}). Here's an example:
18197 (@value{GDBP}) info function CreateFileA
18198 All functions matching regular expression "CreateFileA":
18200 Non-debugging symbols:
18201 0x77e885f4 CreateFileA
18202 0x77e885f4 KERNEL32!CreateFileA
18206 (@value{GDBP}) info function !
18207 All functions matching regular expression "!":
18209 Non-debugging symbols:
18210 0x6100114c cygwin1!__assert
18211 0x61004034 cygwin1!_dll_crt0@@0
18212 0x61004240 cygwin1!dll_crt0(per_process *)
18216 @subsubsection Working with Minimal Symbols
18218 Symbols extracted from a DLL's export table do not contain very much
18219 type information. All that @value{GDBN} can do is guess whether a symbol
18220 refers to a function or variable depending on the linker section that
18221 contains the symbol. Also note that the actual contents of the memory
18222 contained in a DLL are not available unless the program is running. This
18223 means that you cannot examine the contents of a variable or disassemble
18224 a function within a DLL without a running program.
18226 Variables are generally treated as pointers and dereferenced
18227 automatically. For this reason, it is often necessary to prefix a
18228 variable name with the address-of operator (``&'') and provide explicit
18229 type information in the command. Here's an example of the type of
18233 (@value{GDBP}) print 'cygwin1!__argv'
18238 (@value{GDBP}) x 'cygwin1!__argv'
18239 0x10021610: "\230y\""
18242 And two possible solutions:
18245 (@value{GDBP}) print ((char **)'cygwin1!__argv')[0]
18246 $2 = 0x22fd98 "/cygdrive/c/mydirectory/myprogram"
18250 (@value{GDBP}) x/2x &'cygwin1!__argv'
18251 0x610c0aa8 <cygwin1!__argv>: 0x10021608 0x00000000
18252 (@value{GDBP}) x/x 0x10021608
18253 0x10021608: 0x0022fd98
18254 (@value{GDBP}) x/s 0x0022fd98
18255 0x22fd98: "/cygdrive/c/mydirectory/myprogram"
18258 Setting a break point within a DLL is possible even before the program
18259 starts execution. However, under these circumstances, @value{GDBN} can't
18260 examine the initial instructions of the function in order to skip the
18261 function's frame set-up code. You can work around this by using ``*&''
18262 to set the breakpoint at a raw memory address:
18265 (@value{GDBP}) break *&'python22!PyOS_Readline'
18266 Breakpoint 1 at 0x1e04eff0
18269 The author of these extensions is not entirely convinced that setting a
18270 break point within a shared DLL like @file{kernel32.dll} is completely
18274 @subsection Commands Specific to @sc{gnu} Hurd Systems
18275 @cindex @sc{gnu} Hurd debugging
18277 This subsection describes @value{GDBN} commands specific to the
18278 @sc{gnu} Hurd native debugging.
18283 @kindex set signals@r{, Hurd command}
18284 @kindex set sigs@r{, Hurd command}
18285 This command toggles the state of inferior signal interception by
18286 @value{GDBN}. Mach exceptions, such as breakpoint traps, are not
18287 affected by this command. @code{sigs} is a shorthand alias for
18292 @kindex show signals@r{, Hurd command}
18293 @kindex show sigs@r{, Hurd command}
18294 Show the current state of intercepting inferior's signals.
18296 @item set signal-thread
18297 @itemx set sigthread
18298 @kindex set signal-thread
18299 @kindex set sigthread
18300 This command tells @value{GDBN} which thread is the @code{libc} signal
18301 thread. That thread is run when a signal is delivered to a running
18302 process. @code{set sigthread} is the shorthand alias of @code{set
18305 @item show signal-thread
18306 @itemx show sigthread
18307 @kindex show signal-thread
18308 @kindex show sigthread
18309 These two commands show which thread will run when the inferior is
18310 delivered a signal.
18313 @kindex set stopped@r{, Hurd command}
18314 This commands tells @value{GDBN} that the inferior process is stopped,
18315 as with the @code{SIGSTOP} signal. The stopped process can be
18316 continued by delivering a signal to it.
18319 @kindex show stopped@r{, Hurd command}
18320 This command shows whether @value{GDBN} thinks the debuggee is
18323 @item set exceptions
18324 @kindex set exceptions@r{, Hurd command}
18325 Use this command to turn off trapping of exceptions in the inferior.
18326 When exception trapping is off, neither breakpoints nor
18327 single-stepping will work. To restore the default, set exception
18330 @item show exceptions
18331 @kindex show exceptions@r{, Hurd command}
18332 Show the current state of trapping exceptions in the inferior.
18334 @item set task pause
18335 @kindex set task@r{, Hurd commands}
18336 @cindex task attributes (@sc{gnu} Hurd)
18337 @cindex pause current task (@sc{gnu} Hurd)
18338 This command toggles task suspension when @value{GDBN} has control.
18339 Setting it to on takes effect immediately, and the task is suspended
18340 whenever @value{GDBN} gets control. Setting it to off will take
18341 effect the next time the inferior is continued. If this option is set
18342 to off, you can use @code{set thread default pause on} or @code{set
18343 thread pause on} (see below) to pause individual threads.
18345 @item show task pause
18346 @kindex show task@r{, Hurd commands}
18347 Show the current state of task suspension.
18349 @item set task detach-suspend-count
18350 @cindex task suspend count
18351 @cindex detach from task, @sc{gnu} Hurd
18352 This command sets the suspend count the task will be left with when
18353 @value{GDBN} detaches from it.
18355 @item show task detach-suspend-count
18356 Show the suspend count the task will be left with when detaching.
18358 @item set task exception-port
18359 @itemx set task excp
18360 @cindex task exception port, @sc{gnu} Hurd
18361 This command sets the task exception port to which @value{GDBN} will
18362 forward exceptions. The argument should be the value of the @dfn{send
18363 rights} of the task. @code{set task excp} is a shorthand alias.
18365 @item set noninvasive
18366 @cindex noninvasive task options
18367 This command switches @value{GDBN} to a mode that is the least
18368 invasive as far as interfering with the inferior is concerned. This
18369 is the same as using @code{set task pause}, @code{set exceptions}, and
18370 @code{set signals} to values opposite to the defaults.
18372 @item info send-rights
18373 @itemx info receive-rights
18374 @itemx info port-rights
18375 @itemx info port-sets
18376 @itemx info dead-names
18379 @cindex send rights, @sc{gnu} Hurd
18380 @cindex receive rights, @sc{gnu} Hurd
18381 @cindex port rights, @sc{gnu} Hurd
18382 @cindex port sets, @sc{gnu} Hurd
18383 @cindex dead names, @sc{gnu} Hurd
18384 These commands display information about, respectively, send rights,
18385 receive rights, port rights, port sets, and dead names of a task.
18386 There are also shorthand aliases: @code{info ports} for @code{info
18387 port-rights} and @code{info psets} for @code{info port-sets}.
18389 @item set thread pause
18390 @kindex set thread@r{, Hurd command}
18391 @cindex thread properties, @sc{gnu} Hurd
18392 @cindex pause current thread (@sc{gnu} Hurd)
18393 This command toggles current thread suspension when @value{GDBN} has
18394 control. Setting it to on takes effect immediately, and the current
18395 thread is suspended whenever @value{GDBN} gets control. Setting it to
18396 off will take effect the next time the inferior is continued.
18397 Normally, this command has no effect, since when @value{GDBN} has
18398 control, the whole task is suspended. However, if you used @code{set
18399 task pause off} (see above), this command comes in handy to suspend
18400 only the current thread.
18402 @item show thread pause
18403 @kindex show thread@r{, Hurd command}
18404 This command shows the state of current thread suspension.
18406 @item set thread run
18407 This command sets whether the current thread is allowed to run.
18409 @item show thread run
18410 Show whether the current thread is allowed to run.
18412 @item set thread detach-suspend-count
18413 @cindex thread suspend count, @sc{gnu} Hurd
18414 @cindex detach from thread, @sc{gnu} Hurd
18415 This command sets the suspend count @value{GDBN} will leave on a
18416 thread when detaching. This number is relative to the suspend count
18417 found by @value{GDBN} when it notices the thread; use @code{set thread
18418 takeover-suspend-count} to force it to an absolute value.
18420 @item show thread detach-suspend-count
18421 Show the suspend count @value{GDBN} will leave on the thread when
18424 @item set thread exception-port
18425 @itemx set thread excp
18426 Set the thread exception port to which to forward exceptions. This
18427 overrides the port set by @code{set task exception-port} (see above).
18428 @code{set thread excp} is the shorthand alias.
18430 @item set thread takeover-suspend-count
18431 Normally, @value{GDBN}'s thread suspend counts are relative to the
18432 value @value{GDBN} finds when it notices each thread. This command
18433 changes the suspend counts to be absolute instead.
18435 @item set thread default
18436 @itemx show thread default
18437 @cindex thread default settings, @sc{gnu} Hurd
18438 Each of the above @code{set thread} commands has a @code{set thread
18439 default} counterpart (e.g., @code{set thread default pause}, @code{set
18440 thread default exception-port}, etc.). The @code{thread default}
18441 variety of commands sets the default thread properties for all
18442 threads; you can then change the properties of individual threads with
18443 the non-default commands.
18448 @subsection QNX Neutrino
18449 @cindex QNX Neutrino
18451 @value{GDBN} provides the following commands specific to the QNX
18455 @item set debug nto-debug
18456 @kindex set debug nto-debug
18457 When set to on, enables debugging messages specific to the QNX
18460 @item show debug nto-debug
18461 @kindex show debug nto-debug
18462 Show the current state of QNX Neutrino messages.
18469 @value{GDBN} provides the following commands specific to the Darwin target:
18472 @item set debug darwin @var{num}
18473 @kindex set debug darwin
18474 When set to a non zero value, enables debugging messages specific to
18475 the Darwin support. Higher values produce more verbose output.
18477 @item show debug darwin
18478 @kindex show debug darwin
18479 Show the current state of Darwin messages.
18481 @item set debug mach-o @var{num}
18482 @kindex set debug mach-o
18483 When set to a non zero value, enables debugging messages while
18484 @value{GDBN} is reading Darwin object files. (@dfn{Mach-O} is the
18485 file format used on Darwin for object and executable files.) Higher
18486 values produce more verbose output. This is a command to diagnose
18487 problems internal to @value{GDBN} and should not be needed in normal
18490 @item show debug mach-o
18491 @kindex show debug mach-o
18492 Show the current state of Mach-O file messages.
18494 @item set mach-exceptions on
18495 @itemx set mach-exceptions off
18496 @kindex set mach-exceptions
18497 On Darwin, faults are first reported as a Mach exception and are then
18498 mapped to a Posix signal. Use this command to turn on trapping of
18499 Mach exceptions in the inferior. This might be sometimes useful to
18500 better understand the cause of a fault. The default is off.
18502 @item show mach-exceptions
18503 @kindex show mach-exceptions
18504 Show the current state of exceptions trapping.
18509 @section Embedded Operating Systems
18511 This section describes configurations involving the debugging of
18512 embedded operating systems that are available for several different
18516 * VxWorks:: Using @value{GDBN} with VxWorks
18519 @value{GDBN} includes the ability to debug programs running on
18520 various real-time operating systems.
18523 @subsection Using @value{GDBN} with VxWorks
18529 @kindex target vxworks
18530 @item target vxworks @var{machinename}
18531 A VxWorks system, attached via TCP/IP. The argument @var{machinename}
18532 is the target system's machine name or IP address.
18536 On VxWorks, @code{load} links @var{filename} dynamically on the
18537 current target system as well as adding its symbols in @value{GDBN}.
18539 @value{GDBN} enables developers to spawn and debug tasks running on networked
18540 VxWorks targets from a Unix host. Already-running tasks spawned from
18541 the VxWorks shell can also be debugged. @value{GDBN} uses code that runs on
18542 both the Unix host and on the VxWorks target. The program
18543 @code{@value{GDBP}} is installed and executed on the Unix host. (It may be
18544 installed with the name @code{vxgdb}, to distinguish it from a
18545 @value{GDBN} for debugging programs on the host itself.)
18548 @item VxWorks-timeout @var{args}
18549 @kindex vxworks-timeout
18550 All VxWorks-based targets now support the option @code{vxworks-timeout}.
18551 This option is set by the user, and @var{args} represents the number of
18552 seconds @value{GDBN} waits for responses to rpc's. You might use this if
18553 your VxWorks target is a slow software simulator or is on the far side
18554 of a thin network line.
18557 The following information on connecting to VxWorks was current when
18558 this manual was produced; newer releases of VxWorks may use revised
18561 @findex INCLUDE_RDB
18562 To use @value{GDBN} with VxWorks, you must rebuild your VxWorks kernel
18563 to include the remote debugging interface routines in the VxWorks
18564 library @file{rdb.a}. To do this, define @code{INCLUDE_RDB} in the
18565 VxWorks configuration file @file{configAll.h} and rebuild your VxWorks
18566 kernel. The resulting kernel contains @file{rdb.a}, and spawns the
18567 source debugging task @code{tRdbTask} when VxWorks is booted. For more
18568 information on configuring and remaking VxWorks, see the manufacturer's
18570 @c VxWorks, see the @cite{VxWorks Programmer's Guide}.
18572 Once you have included @file{rdb.a} in your VxWorks system image and set
18573 your Unix execution search path to find @value{GDBN}, you are ready to
18574 run @value{GDBN}. From your Unix host, run @code{@value{GDBP}} (or
18575 @code{vxgdb}, depending on your installation).
18577 @value{GDBN} comes up showing the prompt:
18584 * VxWorks Connection:: Connecting to VxWorks
18585 * VxWorks Download:: VxWorks download
18586 * VxWorks Attach:: Running tasks
18589 @node VxWorks Connection
18590 @subsubsection Connecting to VxWorks
18592 The @value{GDBN} command @code{target} lets you connect to a VxWorks target on the
18593 network. To connect to a target whose host name is ``@code{tt}'', type:
18596 (vxgdb) target vxworks tt
18600 @value{GDBN} displays messages like these:
18603 Attaching remote machine across net...
18608 @value{GDBN} then attempts to read the symbol tables of any object modules
18609 loaded into the VxWorks target since it was last booted. @value{GDBN} locates
18610 these files by searching the directories listed in the command search
18611 path (@pxref{Environment, ,Your Program's Environment}); if it fails
18612 to find an object file, it displays a message such as:
18615 prog.o: No such file or directory.
18618 When this happens, add the appropriate directory to the search path with
18619 the @value{GDBN} command @code{path}, and execute the @code{target}
18622 @node VxWorks Download
18623 @subsubsection VxWorks Download
18625 @cindex download to VxWorks
18626 If you have connected to the VxWorks target and you want to debug an
18627 object that has not yet been loaded, you can use the @value{GDBN}
18628 @code{load} command to download a file from Unix to VxWorks
18629 incrementally. The object file given as an argument to the @code{load}
18630 command is actually opened twice: first by the VxWorks target in order
18631 to download the code, then by @value{GDBN} in order to read the symbol
18632 table. This can lead to problems if the current working directories on
18633 the two systems differ. If both systems have NFS mounted the same
18634 filesystems, you can avoid these problems by using absolute paths.
18635 Otherwise, it is simplest to set the working directory on both systems
18636 to the directory in which the object file resides, and then to reference
18637 the file by its name, without any path. For instance, a program
18638 @file{prog.o} may reside in @file{@var{vxpath}/vw/demo/rdb} in VxWorks
18639 and in @file{@var{hostpath}/vw/demo/rdb} on the host. To load this
18640 program, type this on VxWorks:
18643 -> cd "@var{vxpath}/vw/demo/rdb"
18647 Then, in @value{GDBN}, type:
18650 (vxgdb) cd @var{hostpath}/vw/demo/rdb
18651 (vxgdb) load prog.o
18654 @value{GDBN} displays a response similar to this:
18657 Reading symbol data from wherever/vw/demo/rdb/prog.o... done.
18660 You can also use the @code{load} command to reload an object module
18661 after editing and recompiling the corresponding source file. Note that
18662 this makes @value{GDBN} delete all currently-defined breakpoints,
18663 auto-displays, and convenience variables, and to clear the value
18664 history. (This is necessary in order to preserve the integrity of
18665 debugger's data structures that reference the target system's symbol
18668 @node VxWorks Attach
18669 @subsubsection Running Tasks
18671 @cindex running VxWorks tasks
18672 You can also attach to an existing task using the @code{attach} command as
18676 (vxgdb) attach @var{task}
18680 where @var{task} is the VxWorks hexadecimal task ID. The task can be running
18681 or suspended when you attach to it. Running tasks are suspended at
18682 the time of attachment.
18684 @node Embedded Processors
18685 @section Embedded Processors
18687 This section goes into details specific to particular embedded
18690 @cindex send command to simulator
18691 Whenever a specific embedded processor has a simulator, @value{GDBN}
18692 allows to send an arbitrary command to the simulator.
18695 @item sim @var{command}
18696 @kindex sim@r{, a command}
18697 Send an arbitrary @var{command} string to the simulator. Consult the
18698 documentation for the specific simulator in use for information about
18699 acceptable commands.
18705 * M32R/D:: Renesas M32R/D
18706 * M68K:: Motorola M68K
18707 * MicroBlaze:: Xilinx MicroBlaze
18708 * MIPS Embedded:: MIPS Embedded
18709 * OpenRISC 1000:: OpenRisc 1000
18710 * PA:: HP PA Embedded
18711 * PowerPC Embedded:: PowerPC Embedded
18712 * Sparclet:: Tsqware Sparclet
18713 * Sparclite:: Fujitsu Sparclite
18714 * Z8000:: Zilog Z8000
18717 * Super-H:: Renesas Super-H
18726 @item target rdi @var{dev}
18727 ARM Angel monitor, via RDI library interface to ADP protocol. You may
18728 use this target to communicate with both boards running the Angel
18729 monitor, or with the EmbeddedICE JTAG debug device.
18732 @item target rdp @var{dev}
18737 @value{GDBN} provides the following ARM-specific commands:
18740 @item set arm disassembler
18742 This commands selects from a list of disassembly styles. The
18743 @code{"std"} style is the standard style.
18745 @item show arm disassembler
18747 Show the current disassembly style.
18749 @item set arm apcs32
18750 @cindex ARM 32-bit mode
18751 This command toggles ARM operation mode between 32-bit and 26-bit.
18753 @item show arm apcs32
18754 Display the current usage of the ARM 32-bit mode.
18756 @item set arm fpu @var{fputype}
18757 This command sets the ARM floating-point unit (FPU) type. The
18758 argument @var{fputype} can be one of these:
18762 Determine the FPU type by querying the OS ABI.
18764 Software FPU, with mixed-endian doubles on little-endian ARM
18767 GCC-compiled FPA co-processor.
18769 Software FPU with pure-endian doubles.
18775 Show the current type of the FPU.
18778 This command forces @value{GDBN} to use the specified ABI.
18781 Show the currently used ABI.
18783 @item set arm fallback-mode (arm|thumb|auto)
18784 @value{GDBN} uses the symbol table, when available, to determine
18785 whether instructions are ARM or Thumb. This command controls
18786 @value{GDBN}'s default behavior when the symbol table is not
18787 available. The default is @samp{auto}, which causes @value{GDBN} to
18788 use the current execution mode (from the @code{T} bit in the @code{CPSR}
18791 @item show arm fallback-mode
18792 Show the current fallback instruction mode.
18794 @item set arm force-mode (arm|thumb|auto)
18795 This command overrides use of the symbol table to determine whether
18796 instructions are ARM or Thumb. The default is @samp{auto}, which
18797 causes @value{GDBN} to use the symbol table and then the setting
18798 of @samp{set arm fallback-mode}.
18800 @item show arm force-mode
18801 Show the current forced instruction mode.
18803 @item set debug arm
18804 Toggle whether to display ARM-specific debugging messages from the ARM
18805 target support subsystem.
18807 @item show debug arm
18808 Show whether ARM-specific debugging messages are enabled.
18811 The following commands are available when an ARM target is debugged
18812 using the RDI interface:
18815 @item rdilogfile @r{[}@var{file}@r{]}
18817 @cindex ADP (Angel Debugger Protocol) logging
18818 Set the filename for the ADP (Angel Debugger Protocol) packet log.
18819 With an argument, sets the log file to the specified @var{file}. With
18820 no argument, show the current log file name. The default log file is
18823 @item rdilogenable @r{[}@var{arg}@r{]}
18824 @kindex rdilogenable
18825 Control logging of ADP packets. With an argument of 1 or @code{"yes"}
18826 enables logging, with an argument 0 or @code{"no"} disables it. With
18827 no arguments displays the current setting. When logging is enabled,
18828 ADP packets exchanged between @value{GDBN} and the RDI target device
18829 are logged to a file.
18831 @item set rdiromatzero
18832 @kindex set rdiromatzero
18833 @cindex ROM at zero address, RDI
18834 Tell @value{GDBN} whether the target has ROM at address 0. If on,
18835 vector catching is disabled, so that zero address can be used. If off
18836 (the default), vector catching is enabled. For this command to take
18837 effect, it needs to be invoked prior to the @code{target rdi} command.
18839 @item show rdiromatzero
18840 @kindex show rdiromatzero
18841 Show the current setting of ROM at zero address.
18843 @item set rdiheartbeat
18844 @kindex set rdiheartbeat
18845 @cindex RDI heartbeat
18846 Enable or disable RDI heartbeat packets. It is not recommended to
18847 turn on this option, since it confuses ARM and EPI JTAG interface, as
18848 well as the Angel monitor.
18850 @item show rdiheartbeat
18851 @kindex show rdiheartbeat
18852 Show the setting of RDI heartbeat packets.
18856 @item target sim @r{[}@var{simargs}@r{]} @dots{}
18857 The @value{GDBN} ARM simulator accepts the following optional arguments.
18860 @item --swi-support=@var{type}
18861 Tell the simulator which SWI interfaces to support.
18862 @var{type} may be a comma separated list of the following values.
18863 The default value is @code{all}.
18876 @subsection Renesas M32R/D and M32R/SDI
18879 @kindex target m32r
18880 @item target m32r @var{dev}
18881 Renesas M32R/D ROM monitor.
18883 @kindex target m32rsdi
18884 @item target m32rsdi @var{dev}
18885 Renesas M32R SDI server, connected via parallel port to the board.
18888 The following @value{GDBN} commands are specific to the M32R monitor:
18891 @item set download-path @var{path}
18892 @kindex set download-path
18893 @cindex find downloadable @sc{srec} files (M32R)
18894 Set the default path for finding downloadable @sc{srec} files.
18896 @item show download-path
18897 @kindex show download-path
18898 Show the default path for downloadable @sc{srec} files.
18900 @item set board-address @var{addr}
18901 @kindex set board-address
18902 @cindex M32-EVA target board address
18903 Set the IP address for the M32R-EVA target board.
18905 @item show board-address
18906 @kindex show board-address
18907 Show the current IP address of the target board.
18909 @item set server-address @var{addr}
18910 @kindex set server-address
18911 @cindex download server address (M32R)
18912 Set the IP address for the download server, which is the @value{GDBN}'s
18915 @item show server-address
18916 @kindex show server-address
18917 Display the IP address of the download server.
18919 @item upload @r{[}@var{file}@r{]}
18920 @kindex upload@r{, M32R}
18921 Upload the specified @sc{srec} @var{file} via the monitor's Ethernet
18922 upload capability. If no @var{file} argument is given, the current
18923 executable file is uploaded.
18925 @item tload @r{[}@var{file}@r{]}
18926 @kindex tload@r{, M32R}
18927 Test the @code{upload} command.
18930 The following commands are available for M32R/SDI:
18935 @cindex reset SDI connection, M32R
18936 This command resets the SDI connection.
18940 This command shows the SDI connection status.
18943 @kindex debug_chaos
18944 @cindex M32R/Chaos debugging
18945 Instructs the remote that M32R/Chaos debugging is to be used.
18947 @item use_debug_dma
18948 @kindex use_debug_dma
18949 Instructs the remote to use the DEBUG_DMA method of accessing memory.
18952 @kindex use_mon_code
18953 Instructs the remote to use the MON_CODE method of accessing memory.
18956 @kindex use_ib_break
18957 Instructs the remote to set breakpoints by IB break.
18959 @item use_dbt_break
18960 @kindex use_dbt_break
18961 Instructs the remote to set breakpoints by DBT.
18967 The Motorola m68k configuration includes ColdFire support, and a
18968 target command for the following ROM monitor.
18972 @kindex target dbug
18973 @item target dbug @var{dev}
18974 dBUG ROM monitor for Motorola ColdFire.
18979 @subsection MicroBlaze
18980 @cindex Xilinx MicroBlaze
18981 @cindex XMD, Xilinx Microprocessor Debugger
18983 The MicroBlaze is a soft-core processor supported on various Xilinx
18984 FPGAs, such as Spartan or Virtex series. Boards with these processors
18985 usually have JTAG ports which connect to a host system running the Xilinx
18986 Embedded Development Kit (EDK) or Software Development Kit (SDK).
18987 This host system is used to download the configuration bitstream to
18988 the target FPGA. The Xilinx Microprocessor Debugger (XMD) program
18989 communicates with the target board using the JTAG interface and
18990 presents a @code{gdbserver} interface to the board. By default
18991 @code{xmd} uses port @code{1234}. (While it is possible to change
18992 this default port, it requires the use of undocumented @code{xmd}
18993 commands. Contact Xilinx support if you need to do this.)
18995 Use these GDB commands to connect to the MicroBlaze target processor.
18998 @item target remote :1234
18999 Use this command to connect to the target if you are running @value{GDBN}
19000 on the same system as @code{xmd}.
19002 @item target remote @var{xmd-host}:1234
19003 Use this command to connect to the target if it is connected to @code{xmd}
19004 running on a different system named @var{xmd-host}.
19007 Use this command to download a program to the MicroBlaze target.
19009 @item set debug microblaze @var{n}
19010 Enable MicroBlaze-specific debugging messages if non-zero.
19012 @item show debug microblaze @var{n}
19013 Show MicroBlaze-specific debugging level.
19016 @node MIPS Embedded
19017 @subsection MIPS Embedded
19019 @cindex MIPS boards
19020 @value{GDBN} can use the MIPS remote debugging protocol to talk to a
19021 MIPS board attached to a serial line. This is available when
19022 you configure @value{GDBN} with @samp{--target=mips-idt-ecoff}.
19025 Use these @value{GDBN} commands to specify the connection to your target board:
19028 @item target mips @var{port}
19029 @kindex target mips @var{port}
19030 To run a program on the board, start up @code{@value{GDBP}} with the
19031 name of your program as the argument. To connect to the board, use the
19032 command @samp{target mips @var{port}}, where @var{port} is the name of
19033 the serial port connected to the board. If the program has not already
19034 been downloaded to the board, you may use the @code{load} command to
19035 download it. You can then use all the usual @value{GDBN} commands.
19037 For example, this sequence connects to the target board through a serial
19038 port, and loads and runs a program called @var{prog} through the
19042 host$ @value{GDBP} @var{prog}
19043 @value{GDBN} is free software and @dots{}
19044 (@value{GDBP}) target mips /dev/ttyb
19045 (@value{GDBP}) load @var{prog}
19049 @item target mips @var{hostname}:@var{portnumber}
19050 On some @value{GDBN} host configurations, you can specify a TCP
19051 connection (for instance, to a serial line managed by a terminal
19052 concentrator) instead of a serial port, using the syntax
19053 @samp{@var{hostname}:@var{portnumber}}.
19055 @item target pmon @var{port}
19056 @kindex target pmon @var{port}
19059 @item target ddb @var{port}
19060 @kindex target ddb @var{port}
19061 NEC's DDB variant of PMON for Vr4300.
19063 @item target lsi @var{port}
19064 @kindex target lsi @var{port}
19065 LSI variant of PMON.
19067 @kindex target r3900
19068 @item target r3900 @var{dev}
19069 Densan DVE-R3900 ROM monitor for Toshiba R3900 Mips.
19071 @kindex target array
19072 @item target array @var{dev}
19073 Array Tech LSI33K RAID controller board.
19079 @value{GDBN} also supports these special commands for MIPS targets:
19082 @item set mipsfpu double
19083 @itemx set mipsfpu single
19084 @itemx set mipsfpu none
19085 @itemx set mipsfpu auto
19086 @itemx show mipsfpu
19087 @kindex set mipsfpu
19088 @kindex show mipsfpu
19089 @cindex MIPS remote floating point
19090 @cindex floating point, MIPS remote
19091 If your target board does not support the MIPS floating point
19092 coprocessor, you should use the command @samp{set mipsfpu none} (if you
19093 need this, you may wish to put the command in your @value{GDBN} init
19094 file). This tells @value{GDBN} how to find the return value of
19095 functions which return floating point values. It also allows
19096 @value{GDBN} to avoid saving the floating point registers when calling
19097 functions on the board. If you are using a floating point coprocessor
19098 with only single precision floating point support, as on the @sc{r4650}
19099 processor, use the command @samp{set mipsfpu single}. The default
19100 double precision floating point coprocessor may be selected using
19101 @samp{set mipsfpu double}.
19103 In previous versions the only choices were double precision or no
19104 floating point, so @samp{set mipsfpu on} will select double precision
19105 and @samp{set mipsfpu off} will select no floating point.
19107 As usual, you can inquire about the @code{mipsfpu} variable with
19108 @samp{show mipsfpu}.
19110 @item set timeout @var{seconds}
19111 @itemx set retransmit-timeout @var{seconds}
19112 @itemx show timeout
19113 @itemx show retransmit-timeout
19114 @cindex @code{timeout}, MIPS protocol
19115 @cindex @code{retransmit-timeout}, MIPS protocol
19116 @kindex set timeout
19117 @kindex show timeout
19118 @kindex set retransmit-timeout
19119 @kindex show retransmit-timeout
19120 You can control the timeout used while waiting for a packet, in the MIPS
19121 remote protocol, with the @code{set timeout @var{seconds}} command. The
19122 default is 5 seconds. Similarly, you can control the timeout used while
19123 waiting for an acknowledgment of a packet with the @code{set
19124 retransmit-timeout @var{seconds}} command. The default is 3 seconds.
19125 You can inspect both values with @code{show timeout} and @code{show
19126 retransmit-timeout}. (These commands are @emph{only} available when
19127 @value{GDBN} is configured for @samp{--target=mips-idt-ecoff}.)
19129 The timeout set by @code{set timeout} does not apply when @value{GDBN}
19130 is waiting for your program to stop. In that case, @value{GDBN} waits
19131 forever because it has no way of knowing how long the program is going
19132 to run before stopping.
19134 @item set syn-garbage-limit @var{num}
19135 @kindex set syn-garbage-limit@r{, MIPS remote}
19136 @cindex synchronize with remote MIPS target
19137 Limit the maximum number of characters @value{GDBN} should ignore when
19138 it tries to synchronize with the remote target. The default is 10
19139 characters. Setting the limit to -1 means there's no limit.
19141 @item show syn-garbage-limit
19142 @kindex show syn-garbage-limit@r{, MIPS remote}
19143 Show the current limit on the number of characters to ignore when
19144 trying to synchronize with the remote system.
19146 @item set monitor-prompt @var{prompt}
19147 @kindex set monitor-prompt@r{, MIPS remote}
19148 @cindex remote monitor prompt
19149 Tell @value{GDBN} to expect the specified @var{prompt} string from the
19150 remote monitor. The default depends on the target:
19160 @item show monitor-prompt
19161 @kindex show monitor-prompt@r{, MIPS remote}
19162 Show the current strings @value{GDBN} expects as the prompt from the
19165 @item set monitor-warnings
19166 @kindex set monitor-warnings@r{, MIPS remote}
19167 Enable or disable monitor warnings about hardware breakpoints. This
19168 has effect only for the @code{lsi} target. When on, @value{GDBN} will
19169 display warning messages whose codes are returned by the @code{lsi}
19170 PMON monitor for breakpoint commands.
19172 @item show monitor-warnings
19173 @kindex show monitor-warnings@r{, MIPS remote}
19174 Show the current setting of printing monitor warnings.
19176 @item pmon @var{command}
19177 @kindex pmon@r{, MIPS remote}
19178 @cindex send PMON command
19179 This command allows sending an arbitrary @var{command} string to the
19180 monitor. The monitor must be in debug mode for this to work.
19183 @node OpenRISC 1000
19184 @subsection OpenRISC 1000
19185 @cindex OpenRISC 1000
19187 @cindex or1k boards
19188 See OR1k Architecture document (@uref{www.opencores.org}) for more information
19189 about platform and commands.
19193 @kindex target jtag
19194 @item target jtag jtag://@var{host}:@var{port}
19196 Connects to remote JTAG server.
19197 JTAG remote server can be either an or1ksim or JTAG server,
19198 connected via parallel port to the board.
19200 Example: @code{target jtag jtag://localhost:9999}
19203 @item or1ksim @var{command}
19204 If connected to @code{or1ksim} OpenRISC 1000 Architectural
19205 Simulator, proprietary commands can be executed.
19207 @kindex info or1k spr
19208 @item info or1k spr
19209 Displays spr groups.
19211 @item info or1k spr @var{group}
19212 @itemx info or1k spr @var{groupno}
19213 Displays register names in selected group.
19215 @item info or1k spr @var{group} @var{register}
19216 @itemx info or1k spr @var{register}
19217 @itemx info or1k spr @var{groupno} @var{registerno}
19218 @itemx info or1k spr @var{registerno}
19219 Shows information about specified spr register.
19222 @item spr @var{group} @var{register} @var{value}
19223 @itemx spr @var{register @var{value}}
19224 @itemx spr @var{groupno} @var{registerno @var{value}}
19225 @itemx spr @var{registerno @var{value}}
19226 Writes @var{value} to specified spr register.
19229 Some implementations of OpenRISC 1000 Architecture also have hardware trace.
19230 It is very similar to @value{GDBN} trace, except it does not interfere with normal
19231 program execution and is thus much faster. Hardware breakpoints/watchpoint
19232 triggers can be set using:
19235 Load effective address/data
19237 Store effective address/data
19239 Access effective address ($SEA or $LEA) or data ($SDATA/$LDATA)
19244 When triggered, it can capture low level data, like: @code{PC}, @code{LSEA},
19245 @code{LDATA}, @code{SDATA}, @code{READSPR}, @code{WRITESPR}, @code{INSTR}.
19247 @code{htrace} commands:
19248 @cindex OpenRISC 1000 htrace
19251 @item hwatch @var{conditional}
19252 Set hardware watchpoint on combination of Load/Store Effective Address(es)
19253 or Data. For example:
19255 @code{hwatch ($LEA == my_var) && ($LDATA < 50) || ($SEA == my_var) && ($SDATA >= 50)}
19257 @code{hwatch ($LEA == my_var) && ($LDATA < 50) || ($SEA == my_var) && ($SDATA >= 50)}
19261 Display information about current HW trace configuration.
19263 @item htrace trigger @var{conditional}
19264 Set starting criteria for HW trace.
19266 @item htrace qualifier @var{conditional}
19267 Set acquisition qualifier for HW trace.
19269 @item htrace stop @var{conditional}
19270 Set HW trace stopping criteria.
19272 @item htrace record [@var{data}]*
19273 Selects the data to be recorded, when qualifier is met and HW trace was
19276 @item htrace enable
19277 @itemx htrace disable
19278 Enables/disables the HW trace.
19280 @item htrace rewind [@var{filename}]
19281 Clears currently recorded trace data.
19283 If filename is specified, new trace file is made and any newly collected data
19284 will be written there.
19286 @item htrace print [@var{start} [@var{len}]]
19287 Prints trace buffer, using current record configuration.
19289 @item htrace mode continuous
19290 Set continuous trace mode.
19292 @item htrace mode suspend
19293 Set suspend trace mode.
19297 @node PowerPC Embedded
19298 @subsection PowerPC Embedded
19300 @cindex DVC register
19301 @value{GDBN} supports using the DVC (Data Value Compare) register to
19302 implement in hardware simple hardware watchpoint conditions of the form:
19305 (@value{GDBP}) watch @var{ADDRESS|VARIABLE} \
19306 if @var{ADDRESS|VARIABLE} == @var{CONSTANT EXPRESSION}
19309 The DVC register will be automatically used when @value{GDBN} detects
19310 such pattern in a condition expression, and the created watchpoint uses one
19311 debug register (either the @code{exact-watchpoints} option is on and the
19312 variable is scalar, or the variable has a length of one byte). This feature
19313 is available in native @value{GDBN} running on a Linux kernel version 2.6.34
19316 When running on PowerPC embedded processors, @value{GDBN} automatically uses
19317 ranged hardware watchpoints, unless the @code{exact-watchpoints} option is on,
19318 in which case watchpoints using only one debug register are created when
19319 watching variables of scalar types.
19321 You can create an artificial array to watch an arbitrary memory
19322 region using one of the following commands (@pxref{Expressions}):
19325 (@value{GDBP}) watch *((char *) @var{address})@@@var{length}
19326 (@value{GDBP}) watch @{char[@var{length}]@} @var{address}
19329 PowerPC embedded processors support masked watchpoints. See the discussion
19330 about the @code{mask} argument in @ref{Set Watchpoints}.
19332 @cindex ranged breakpoint
19333 PowerPC embedded processors support hardware accelerated
19334 @dfn{ranged breakpoints}. A ranged breakpoint stops execution of
19335 the inferior whenever it executes an instruction at any address within
19336 the range it specifies. To set a ranged breakpoint in @value{GDBN},
19337 use the @code{break-range} command.
19339 @value{GDBN} provides the following PowerPC-specific commands:
19342 @kindex break-range
19343 @item break-range @var{start-location}, @var{end-location}
19344 Set a breakpoint for an address range.
19345 @var{start-location} and @var{end-location} can specify a function name,
19346 a line number, an offset of lines from the current line or from the start
19347 location, or an address of an instruction (see @ref{Specify Location},
19348 for a list of all the possible ways to specify a @var{location}.)
19349 The breakpoint will stop execution of the inferior whenever it
19350 executes an instruction at any address within the specified range,
19351 (including @var{start-location} and @var{end-location}.)
19353 @kindex set powerpc
19354 @item set powerpc soft-float
19355 @itemx show powerpc soft-float
19356 Force @value{GDBN} to use (or not use) a software floating point calling
19357 convention. By default, @value{GDBN} selects the calling convention based
19358 on the selected architecture and the provided executable file.
19360 @item set powerpc vector-abi
19361 @itemx show powerpc vector-abi
19362 Force @value{GDBN} to use the specified calling convention for vector
19363 arguments and return values. The valid options are @samp{auto};
19364 @samp{generic}, to avoid vector registers even if they are present;
19365 @samp{altivec}, to use AltiVec registers; and @samp{spe} to use SPE
19366 registers. By default, @value{GDBN} selects the calling convention
19367 based on the selected architecture and the provided executable file.
19369 @item set powerpc exact-watchpoints
19370 @itemx show powerpc exact-watchpoints
19371 Allow @value{GDBN} to use only one debug register when watching a variable
19372 of scalar type, thus assuming that the variable is accessed through the
19373 address of its first byte.
19375 @kindex target dink32
19376 @item target dink32 @var{dev}
19377 DINK32 ROM monitor.
19379 @kindex target ppcbug
19380 @item target ppcbug @var{dev}
19381 @kindex target ppcbug1
19382 @item target ppcbug1 @var{dev}
19383 PPCBUG ROM monitor for PowerPC.
19386 @item target sds @var{dev}
19387 SDS monitor, running on a PowerPC board (such as Motorola's ADS).
19390 @cindex SDS protocol
19391 The following commands specific to the SDS protocol are supported
19395 @item set sdstimeout @var{nsec}
19396 @kindex set sdstimeout
19397 Set the timeout for SDS protocol reads to be @var{nsec} seconds. The
19398 default is 2 seconds.
19400 @item show sdstimeout
19401 @kindex show sdstimeout
19402 Show the current value of the SDS timeout.
19404 @item sds @var{command}
19405 @kindex sds@r{, a command}
19406 Send the specified @var{command} string to the SDS monitor.
19411 @subsection HP PA Embedded
19415 @kindex target op50n
19416 @item target op50n @var{dev}
19417 OP50N monitor, running on an OKI HPPA board.
19419 @kindex target w89k
19420 @item target w89k @var{dev}
19421 W89K monitor, running on a Winbond HPPA board.
19426 @subsection Tsqware Sparclet
19430 @value{GDBN} enables developers to debug tasks running on
19431 Sparclet targets from a Unix host.
19432 @value{GDBN} uses code that runs on
19433 both the Unix host and on the Sparclet target. The program
19434 @code{@value{GDBP}} is installed and executed on the Unix host.
19437 @item remotetimeout @var{args}
19438 @kindex remotetimeout
19439 @value{GDBN} supports the option @code{remotetimeout}.
19440 This option is set by the user, and @var{args} represents the number of
19441 seconds @value{GDBN} waits for responses.
19444 @cindex compiling, on Sparclet
19445 When compiling for debugging, include the options @samp{-g} to get debug
19446 information and @samp{-Ttext} to relocate the program to where you wish to
19447 load it on the target. You may also want to add the options @samp{-n} or
19448 @samp{-N} in order to reduce the size of the sections. Example:
19451 sparclet-aout-gcc prog.c -Ttext 0x12010000 -g -o prog -N
19454 You can use @code{objdump} to verify that the addresses are what you intended:
19457 sparclet-aout-objdump --headers --syms prog
19460 @cindex running, on Sparclet
19462 your Unix execution search path to find @value{GDBN}, you are ready to
19463 run @value{GDBN}. From your Unix host, run @code{@value{GDBP}}
19464 (or @code{sparclet-aout-gdb}, depending on your installation).
19466 @value{GDBN} comes up showing the prompt:
19473 * Sparclet File:: Setting the file to debug
19474 * Sparclet Connection:: Connecting to Sparclet
19475 * Sparclet Download:: Sparclet download
19476 * Sparclet Execution:: Running and debugging
19479 @node Sparclet File
19480 @subsubsection Setting File to Debug
19482 The @value{GDBN} command @code{file} lets you choose with program to debug.
19485 (gdbslet) file prog
19489 @value{GDBN} then attempts to read the symbol table of @file{prog}.
19490 @value{GDBN} locates
19491 the file by searching the directories listed in the command search
19493 If the file was compiled with debug information (option @samp{-g}), source
19494 files will be searched as well.
19495 @value{GDBN} locates
19496 the source files by searching the directories listed in the directory search
19497 path (@pxref{Environment, ,Your Program's Environment}).
19499 to find a file, it displays a message such as:
19502 prog: No such file or directory.
19505 When this happens, add the appropriate directories to the search paths with
19506 the @value{GDBN} commands @code{path} and @code{dir}, and execute the
19507 @code{target} command again.
19509 @node Sparclet Connection
19510 @subsubsection Connecting to Sparclet
19512 The @value{GDBN} command @code{target} lets you connect to a Sparclet target.
19513 To connect to a target on serial port ``@code{ttya}'', type:
19516 (gdbslet) target sparclet /dev/ttya
19517 Remote target sparclet connected to /dev/ttya
19518 main () at ../prog.c:3
19522 @value{GDBN} displays messages like these:
19528 @node Sparclet Download
19529 @subsubsection Sparclet Download
19531 @cindex download to Sparclet
19532 Once connected to the Sparclet target,
19533 you can use the @value{GDBN}
19534 @code{load} command to download the file from the host to the target.
19535 The file name and load offset should be given as arguments to the @code{load}
19537 Since the file format is aout, the program must be loaded to the starting
19538 address. You can use @code{objdump} to find out what this value is. The load
19539 offset is an offset which is added to the VMA (virtual memory address)
19540 of each of the file's sections.
19541 For instance, if the program
19542 @file{prog} was linked to text address 0x1201000, with data at 0x12010160
19543 and bss at 0x12010170, in @value{GDBN}, type:
19546 (gdbslet) load prog 0x12010000
19547 Loading section .text, size 0xdb0 vma 0x12010000
19550 If the code is loaded at a different address then what the program was linked
19551 to, you may need to use the @code{section} and @code{add-symbol-file} commands
19552 to tell @value{GDBN} where to map the symbol table.
19554 @node Sparclet Execution
19555 @subsubsection Running and Debugging
19557 @cindex running and debugging Sparclet programs
19558 You can now begin debugging the task using @value{GDBN}'s execution control
19559 commands, @code{b}, @code{step}, @code{run}, etc. See the @value{GDBN}
19560 manual for the list of commands.
19564 Breakpoint 1 at 0x12010000: file prog.c, line 3.
19566 Starting program: prog
19567 Breakpoint 1, main (argc=1, argv=0xeffff21c) at prog.c:3
19568 3 char *symarg = 0;
19570 4 char *execarg = "hello!";
19575 @subsection Fujitsu Sparclite
19579 @kindex target sparclite
19580 @item target sparclite @var{dev}
19581 Fujitsu sparclite boards, used only for the purpose of loading.
19582 You must use an additional command to debug the program.
19583 For example: target remote @var{dev} using @value{GDBN} standard
19589 @subsection Zilog Z8000
19592 @cindex simulator, Z8000
19593 @cindex Zilog Z8000 simulator
19595 When configured for debugging Zilog Z8000 targets, @value{GDBN} includes
19598 For the Z8000 family, @samp{target sim} simulates either the Z8002 (the
19599 unsegmented variant of the Z8000 architecture) or the Z8001 (the
19600 segmented variant). The simulator recognizes which architecture is
19601 appropriate by inspecting the object code.
19604 @item target sim @var{args}
19606 @kindex target sim@r{, with Z8000}
19607 Debug programs on a simulated CPU. If the simulator supports setup
19608 options, specify them via @var{args}.
19612 After specifying this target, you can debug programs for the simulated
19613 CPU in the same style as programs for your host computer; use the
19614 @code{file} command to load a new program image, the @code{run} command
19615 to run your program, and so on.
19617 As well as making available all the usual machine registers
19618 (@pxref{Registers, ,Registers}), the Z8000 simulator provides three
19619 additional items of information as specially named registers:
19624 Counts clock-ticks in the simulator.
19627 Counts instructions run in the simulator.
19630 Execution time in 60ths of a second.
19634 You can refer to these values in @value{GDBN} expressions with the usual
19635 conventions; for example, @w{@samp{b fputc if $cycles>5000}} sets a
19636 conditional breakpoint that suspends only after at least 5000
19637 simulated clock ticks.
19640 @subsection Atmel AVR
19643 When configured for debugging the Atmel AVR, @value{GDBN} supports the
19644 following AVR-specific commands:
19647 @item info io_registers
19648 @kindex info io_registers@r{, AVR}
19649 @cindex I/O registers (Atmel AVR)
19650 This command displays information about the AVR I/O registers. For
19651 each register, @value{GDBN} prints its number and value.
19658 When configured for debugging CRIS, @value{GDBN} provides the
19659 following CRIS-specific commands:
19662 @item set cris-version @var{ver}
19663 @cindex CRIS version
19664 Set the current CRIS version to @var{ver}, either @samp{10} or @samp{32}.
19665 The CRIS version affects register names and sizes. This command is useful in
19666 case autodetection of the CRIS version fails.
19668 @item show cris-version
19669 Show the current CRIS version.
19671 @item set cris-dwarf2-cfi
19672 @cindex DWARF-2 CFI and CRIS
19673 Set the usage of DWARF-2 CFI for CRIS debugging. The default is @samp{on}.
19674 Change to @samp{off} when using @code{gcc-cris} whose version is below
19677 @item show cris-dwarf2-cfi
19678 Show the current state of using DWARF-2 CFI.
19680 @item set cris-mode @var{mode}
19682 Set the current CRIS mode to @var{mode}. It should only be changed when
19683 debugging in guru mode, in which case it should be set to
19684 @samp{guru} (the default is @samp{normal}).
19686 @item show cris-mode
19687 Show the current CRIS mode.
19691 @subsection Renesas Super-H
19694 For the Renesas Super-H processor, @value{GDBN} provides these
19699 @kindex regs@r{, Super-H}
19700 Show the values of all Super-H registers.
19702 @item set sh calling-convention @var{convention}
19703 @kindex set sh calling-convention
19704 Set the calling-convention used when calling functions from @value{GDBN}.
19705 Allowed values are @samp{gcc}, which is the default setting, and @samp{renesas}.
19706 With the @samp{gcc} setting, functions are called using the @value{NGCC} calling
19707 convention. If the DWARF-2 information of the called function specifies
19708 that the function follows the Renesas calling convention, the function
19709 is called using the Renesas calling convention. If the calling convention
19710 is set to @samp{renesas}, the Renesas calling convention is always used,
19711 regardless of the DWARF-2 information. This can be used to override the
19712 default of @samp{gcc} if debug information is missing, or the compiler
19713 does not emit the DWARF-2 calling convention entry for a function.
19715 @item show sh calling-convention
19716 @kindex show sh calling-convention
19717 Show the current calling convention setting.
19722 @node Architectures
19723 @section Architectures
19725 This section describes characteristics of architectures that affect
19726 all uses of @value{GDBN} with the architecture, both native and cross.
19733 * HPPA:: HP PA architecture
19734 * SPU:: Cell Broadband Engine SPU architecture
19739 @subsection x86 Architecture-specific Issues
19742 @item set struct-convention @var{mode}
19743 @kindex set struct-convention
19744 @cindex struct return convention
19745 @cindex struct/union returned in registers
19746 Set the convention used by the inferior to return @code{struct}s and
19747 @code{union}s from functions to @var{mode}. Possible values of
19748 @var{mode} are @code{"pcc"}, @code{"reg"}, and @code{"default"} (the
19749 default). @code{"default"} or @code{"pcc"} means that @code{struct}s
19750 are returned on the stack, while @code{"reg"} means that a
19751 @code{struct} or a @code{union} whose size is 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes will
19752 be returned in a register.
19754 @item show struct-convention
19755 @kindex show struct-convention
19756 Show the current setting of the convention to return @code{struct}s
19765 @kindex set rstack_high_address
19766 @cindex AMD 29K register stack
19767 @cindex register stack, AMD29K
19768 @item set rstack_high_address @var{address}
19769 On AMD 29000 family processors, registers are saved in a separate
19770 @dfn{register stack}. There is no way for @value{GDBN} to determine the
19771 extent of this stack. Normally, @value{GDBN} just assumes that the
19772 stack is ``large enough''. This may result in @value{GDBN} referencing
19773 memory locations that do not exist. If necessary, you can get around
19774 this problem by specifying the ending address of the register stack with
19775 the @code{set rstack_high_address} command. The argument should be an
19776 address, which you probably want to precede with @samp{0x} to specify in
19779 @kindex show rstack_high_address
19780 @item show rstack_high_address
19781 Display the current limit of the register stack, on AMD 29000 family
19789 See the following section.
19794 @cindex stack on Alpha
19795 @cindex stack on MIPS
19796 @cindex Alpha stack
19798 Alpha- and MIPS-based computers use an unusual stack frame, which
19799 sometimes requires @value{GDBN} to search backward in the object code to
19800 find the beginning of a function.
19802 @cindex response time, MIPS debugging
19803 To improve response time (especially for embedded applications, where
19804 @value{GDBN} may be restricted to a slow serial line for this search)
19805 you may want to limit the size of this search, using one of these
19809 @cindex @code{heuristic-fence-post} (Alpha, MIPS)
19810 @item set heuristic-fence-post @var{limit}
19811 Restrict @value{GDBN} to examining at most @var{limit} bytes in its
19812 search for the beginning of a function. A value of @var{0} (the
19813 default) means there is no limit. However, except for @var{0}, the
19814 larger the limit the more bytes @code{heuristic-fence-post} must search
19815 and therefore the longer it takes to run. You should only need to use
19816 this command when debugging a stripped executable.
19818 @item show heuristic-fence-post
19819 Display the current limit.
19823 These commands are available @emph{only} when @value{GDBN} is configured
19824 for debugging programs on Alpha or MIPS processors.
19826 Several MIPS-specific commands are available when debugging MIPS
19830 @item set mips abi @var{arg}
19831 @kindex set mips abi
19832 @cindex set ABI for MIPS
19833 Tell @value{GDBN} which MIPS ABI is used by the inferior. Possible
19834 values of @var{arg} are:
19838 The default ABI associated with the current binary (this is the
19848 @item show mips abi
19849 @kindex show mips abi
19850 Show the MIPS ABI used by @value{GDBN} to debug the inferior.
19853 @itemx show mipsfpu
19854 @xref{MIPS Embedded, set mipsfpu}.
19856 @item set mips mask-address @var{arg}
19857 @kindex set mips mask-address
19858 @cindex MIPS addresses, masking
19859 This command determines whether the most-significant 32 bits of 64-bit
19860 MIPS addresses are masked off. The argument @var{arg} can be
19861 @samp{on}, @samp{off}, or @samp{auto}. The latter is the default
19862 setting, which lets @value{GDBN} determine the correct value.
19864 @item show mips mask-address
19865 @kindex show mips mask-address
19866 Show whether the upper 32 bits of MIPS addresses are masked off or
19869 @item set remote-mips64-transfers-32bit-regs
19870 @kindex set remote-mips64-transfers-32bit-regs
19871 This command controls compatibility with 64-bit MIPS targets that
19872 transfer data in 32-bit quantities. If you have an old MIPS 64 target
19873 that transfers 32 bits for some registers, like @sc{sr} and @sc{fsr},
19874 and 64 bits for other registers, set this option to @samp{on}.
19876 @item show remote-mips64-transfers-32bit-regs
19877 @kindex show remote-mips64-transfers-32bit-regs
19878 Show the current setting of compatibility with older MIPS 64 targets.
19880 @item set debug mips
19881 @kindex set debug mips
19882 This command turns on and off debugging messages for the MIPS-specific
19883 target code in @value{GDBN}.
19885 @item show debug mips
19886 @kindex show debug mips
19887 Show the current setting of MIPS debugging messages.
19893 @cindex HPPA support
19895 When @value{GDBN} is debugging the HP PA architecture, it provides the
19896 following special commands:
19899 @item set debug hppa
19900 @kindex set debug hppa
19901 This command determines whether HPPA architecture-specific debugging
19902 messages are to be displayed.
19904 @item show debug hppa
19905 Show whether HPPA debugging messages are displayed.
19907 @item maint print unwind @var{address}
19908 @kindex maint print unwind@r{, HPPA}
19909 This command displays the contents of the unwind table entry at the
19910 given @var{address}.
19916 @subsection Cell Broadband Engine SPU architecture
19917 @cindex Cell Broadband Engine
19920 When @value{GDBN} is debugging the Cell Broadband Engine SPU architecture,
19921 it provides the following special commands:
19924 @item info spu event
19926 Display SPU event facility status. Shows current event mask
19927 and pending event status.
19929 @item info spu signal
19930 Display SPU signal notification facility status. Shows pending
19931 signal-control word and signal notification mode of both signal
19932 notification channels.
19934 @item info spu mailbox
19935 Display SPU mailbox facility status. Shows all pending entries,
19936 in order of processing, in each of the SPU Write Outbound,
19937 SPU Write Outbound Interrupt, and SPU Read Inbound mailboxes.
19940 Display MFC DMA status. Shows all pending commands in the MFC
19941 DMA queue. For each entry, opcode, tag, class IDs, effective
19942 and local store addresses and transfer size are shown.
19944 @item info spu proxydma
19945 Display MFC Proxy-DMA status. Shows all pending commands in the MFC
19946 Proxy-DMA queue. For each entry, opcode, tag, class IDs, effective
19947 and local store addresses and transfer size are shown.
19951 When @value{GDBN} is debugging a combined PowerPC/SPU application
19952 on the Cell Broadband Engine, it provides in addition the following
19956 @item set spu stop-on-load @var{arg}
19958 Set whether to stop for new SPE threads. When set to @code{on}, @value{GDBN}
19959 will give control to the user when a new SPE thread enters its @code{main}
19960 function. The default is @code{off}.
19962 @item show spu stop-on-load
19964 Show whether to stop for new SPE threads.
19966 @item set spu auto-flush-cache @var{arg}
19967 Set whether to automatically flush the software-managed cache. When set to
19968 @code{on}, @value{GDBN} will automatically cause the SPE software-managed
19969 cache to be flushed whenever SPE execution stops. This provides a consistent
19970 view of PowerPC memory that is accessed via the cache. If an application
19971 does not use the software-managed cache, this option has no effect.
19973 @item show spu auto-flush-cache
19974 Show whether to automatically flush the software-managed cache.
19979 @subsection PowerPC
19980 @cindex PowerPC architecture
19982 When @value{GDBN} is debugging the PowerPC architecture, it provides a set of
19983 pseudo-registers to enable inspection of 128-bit wide Decimal Floating Point
19984 numbers stored in the floating point registers. These values must be stored
19985 in two consecutive registers, always starting at an even register like
19986 @code{f0} or @code{f2}.
19988 The pseudo-registers go from @code{$dl0} through @code{$dl15}, and are formed
19989 by joining the even/odd register pairs @code{f0} and @code{f1} for @code{$dl0},
19990 @code{f2} and @code{f3} for @code{$dl1} and so on.
19992 For POWER7 processors, @value{GDBN} provides a set of pseudo-registers, the 64-bit
19993 wide Extended Floating Point Registers (@samp{f32} through @samp{f63}).
19996 @node Controlling GDB
19997 @chapter Controlling @value{GDBN}
19999 You can alter the way @value{GDBN} interacts with you by using the
20000 @code{set} command. For commands controlling how @value{GDBN} displays
20001 data, see @ref{Print Settings, ,Print Settings}. Other settings are
20006 * Editing:: Command editing
20007 * Command History:: Command history
20008 * Screen Size:: Screen size
20009 * Numbers:: Numbers
20010 * ABI:: Configuring the current ABI
20011 * Messages/Warnings:: Optional warnings and messages
20012 * Debugging Output:: Optional messages about internal happenings
20013 * Other Misc Settings:: Other Miscellaneous Settings
20021 @value{GDBN} indicates its readiness to read a command by printing a string
20022 called the @dfn{prompt}. This string is normally @samp{(@value{GDBP})}. You
20023 can change the prompt string with the @code{set prompt} command. For
20024 instance, when debugging @value{GDBN} with @value{GDBN}, it is useful to change
20025 the prompt in one of the @value{GDBN} sessions so that you can always tell
20026 which one you are talking to.
20028 @emph{Note:} @code{set prompt} does not add a space for you after the
20029 prompt you set. This allows you to set a prompt which ends in a space
20030 or a prompt that does not.
20034 @item set prompt @var{newprompt}
20035 Directs @value{GDBN} to use @var{newprompt} as its prompt string henceforth.
20037 @kindex show prompt
20039 Prints a line of the form: @samp{Gdb's prompt is: @var{your-prompt}}
20042 Versions of @value{GDBN} that ship with Python scripting enabled have
20043 prompt extensions. The commands for interacting with these extensions
20047 @kindex set extended-prompt
20048 @item set extended-prompt @var{prompt}
20049 Set an extended prompt that allows for substitutions.
20050 @xref{gdb.prompt}, for a list of escape sequences that can be used for
20051 substitution. Any escape sequences specified as part of the prompt
20052 string are replaced with the corresponding strings each time the prompt
20058 set extended-prompt Current working directory: \w (gdb)
20061 Note that when an extended-prompt is set, it takes control of the
20062 @var{prompt_hook} hook. @xref{prompt_hook}, for further information.
20064 @kindex show extended-prompt
20065 @item show extended-prompt
20066 Prints the extended prompt. Any escape sequences specified as part of
20067 the prompt string with @code{set extended-prompt}, are replaced with the
20068 corresponding strings each time the prompt is displayed.
20072 @section Command Editing
20074 @cindex command line editing
20076 @value{GDBN} reads its input commands via the @dfn{Readline} interface. This
20077 @sc{gnu} library provides consistent behavior for programs which provide a
20078 command line interface to the user. Advantages are @sc{gnu} Emacs-style
20079 or @dfn{vi}-style inline editing of commands, @code{csh}-like history
20080 substitution, and a storage and recall of command history across
20081 debugging sessions.
20083 You may control the behavior of command line editing in @value{GDBN} with the
20084 command @code{set}.
20087 @kindex set editing
20090 @itemx set editing on
20091 Enable command line editing (enabled by default).
20093 @item set editing off
20094 Disable command line editing.
20096 @kindex show editing
20098 Show whether command line editing is enabled.
20101 @ifset SYSTEM_READLINE
20102 @xref{Command Line Editing, , , rluserman, GNU Readline Library},
20104 @ifclear SYSTEM_READLINE
20105 @xref{Command Line Editing},
20107 for more details about the Readline
20108 interface. Users unfamiliar with @sc{gnu} Emacs or @code{vi} are
20109 encouraged to read that chapter.
20111 @node Command History
20112 @section Command History
20113 @cindex command history
20115 @value{GDBN} can keep track of the commands you type during your
20116 debugging sessions, so that you can be certain of precisely what
20117 happened. Use these commands to manage the @value{GDBN} command
20120 @value{GDBN} uses the @sc{gnu} History library, a part of the Readline
20121 package, to provide the history facility.
20122 @ifset SYSTEM_READLINE
20123 @xref{Using History Interactively, , , history, GNU History Library},
20125 @ifclear SYSTEM_READLINE
20126 @xref{Using History Interactively},
20128 for the detailed description of the History library.
20130 To issue a command to @value{GDBN} without affecting certain aspects of
20131 the state which is seen by users, prefix it with @samp{server }
20132 (@pxref{Server Prefix}). This
20133 means that this command will not affect the command history, nor will it
20134 affect @value{GDBN}'s notion of which command to repeat if @key{RET} is
20135 pressed on a line by itself.
20137 @cindex @code{server}, command prefix
20138 The server prefix does not affect the recording of values into the value
20139 history; to print a value without recording it into the value history,
20140 use the @code{output} command instead of the @code{print} command.
20142 Here is the description of @value{GDBN} commands related to command
20146 @cindex history substitution
20147 @cindex history file
20148 @kindex set history filename
20149 @cindex @env{GDBHISTFILE}, environment variable
20150 @item set history filename @var{fname}
20151 Set the name of the @value{GDBN} command history file to @var{fname}.
20152 This is the file where @value{GDBN} reads an initial command history
20153 list, and where it writes the command history from this session when it
20154 exits. You can access this list through history expansion or through
20155 the history command editing characters listed below. This file defaults
20156 to the value of the environment variable @code{GDBHISTFILE}, or to
20157 @file{./.gdb_history} (@file{./_gdb_history} on MS-DOS) if this variable
20160 @cindex save command history
20161 @kindex set history save
20162 @item set history save
20163 @itemx set history save on
20164 Record command history in a file, whose name may be specified with the
20165 @code{set history filename} command. By default, this option is disabled.
20167 @item set history save off
20168 Stop recording command history in a file.
20170 @cindex history size
20171 @kindex set history size
20172 @cindex @env{HISTSIZE}, environment variable
20173 @item set history size @var{size}
20174 Set the number of commands which @value{GDBN} keeps in its history list.
20175 This defaults to the value of the environment variable
20176 @code{HISTSIZE}, or to 256 if this variable is not set.
20179 History expansion assigns special meaning to the character @kbd{!}.
20180 @ifset SYSTEM_READLINE
20181 @xref{Event Designators, , , history, GNU History Library},
20183 @ifclear SYSTEM_READLINE
20184 @xref{Event Designators},
20188 @cindex history expansion, turn on/off
20189 Since @kbd{!} is also the logical not operator in C, history expansion
20190 is off by default. If you decide to enable history expansion with the
20191 @code{set history expansion on} command, you may sometimes need to
20192 follow @kbd{!} (when it is used as logical not, in an expression) with
20193 a space or a tab to prevent it from being expanded. The readline
20194 history facilities do not attempt substitution on the strings
20195 @kbd{!=} and @kbd{!(}, even when history expansion is enabled.
20197 The commands to control history expansion are:
20200 @item set history expansion on
20201 @itemx set history expansion
20202 @kindex set history expansion
20203 Enable history expansion. History expansion is off by default.
20205 @item set history expansion off
20206 Disable history expansion.
20209 @kindex show history
20211 @itemx show history filename
20212 @itemx show history save
20213 @itemx show history size
20214 @itemx show history expansion
20215 These commands display the state of the @value{GDBN} history parameters.
20216 @code{show history} by itself displays all four states.
20221 @kindex show commands
20222 @cindex show last commands
20223 @cindex display command history
20224 @item show commands
20225 Display the last ten commands in the command history.
20227 @item show commands @var{n}
20228 Print ten commands centered on command number @var{n}.
20230 @item show commands +
20231 Print ten commands just after the commands last printed.
20235 @section Screen Size
20236 @cindex size of screen
20237 @cindex pauses in output
20239 Certain commands to @value{GDBN} may produce large amounts of
20240 information output to the screen. To help you read all of it,
20241 @value{GDBN} pauses and asks you for input at the end of each page of
20242 output. Type @key{RET} when you want to continue the output, or @kbd{q}
20243 to discard the remaining output. Also, the screen width setting
20244 determines when to wrap lines of output. Depending on what is being
20245 printed, @value{GDBN} tries to break the line at a readable place,
20246 rather than simply letting it overflow onto the following line.
20248 Normally @value{GDBN} knows the size of the screen from the terminal
20249 driver software. For example, on Unix @value{GDBN} uses the termcap data base
20250 together with the value of the @code{TERM} environment variable and the
20251 @code{stty rows} and @code{stty cols} settings. If this is not correct,
20252 you can override it with the @code{set height} and @code{set
20259 @kindex show height
20260 @item set height @var{lpp}
20262 @itemx set width @var{cpl}
20264 These @code{set} commands specify a screen height of @var{lpp} lines and
20265 a screen width of @var{cpl} characters. The associated @code{show}
20266 commands display the current settings.
20268 If you specify a height of zero lines, @value{GDBN} does not pause during
20269 output no matter how long the output is. This is useful if output is to a
20270 file or to an editor buffer.
20272 Likewise, you can specify @samp{set width 0} to prevent @value{GDBN}
20273 from wrapping its output.
20275 @item set pagination on
20276 @itemx set pagination off
20277 @kindex set pagination
20278 Turn the output pagination on or off; the default is on. Turning
20279 pagination off is the alternative to @code{set height 0}. Note that
20280 running @value{GDBN} with the @option{--batch} option (@pxref{Mode
20281 Options, -batch}) also automatically disables pagination.
20283 @item show pagination
20284 @kindex show pagination
20285 Show the current pagination mode.
20290 @cindex number representation
20291 @cindex entering numbers
20293 You can always enter numbers in octal, decimal, or hexadecimal in
20294 @value{GDBN} by the usual conventions: octal numbers begin with
20295 @samp{0}, decimal numbers end with @samp{.}, and hexadecimal numbers
20296 begin with @samp{0x}. Numbers that neither begin with @samp{0} or
20297 @samp{0x}, nor end with a @samp{.} are, by default, entered in base
20298 10; likewise, the default display for numbers---when no particular
20299 format is specified---is base 10. You can change the default base for
20300 both input and output with the commands described below.
20303 @kindex set input-radix
20304 @item set input-radix @var{base}
20305 Set the default base for numeric input. Supported choices
20306 for @var{base} are decimal 8, 10, or 16. @var{base} must itself be
20307 specified either unambiguously or using the current input radix; for
20311 set input-radix 012
20312 set input-radix 10.
20313 set input-radix 0xa
20317 sets the input base to decimal. On the other hand, @samp{set input-radix 10}
20318 leaves the input radix unchanged, no matter what it was, since
20319 @samp{10}, being without any leading or trailing signs of its base, is
20320 interpreted in the current radix. Thus, if the current radix is 16,
20321 @samp{10} is interpreted in hex, i.e.@: as 16 decimal, which doesn't
20324 @kindex set output-radix
20325 @item set output-radix @var{base}
20326 Set the default base for numeric display. Supported choices
20327 for @var{base} are decimal 8, 10, or 16. @var{base} must itself be
20328 specified either unambiguously or using the current input radix.
20330 @kindex show input-radix
20331 @item show input-radix
20332 Display the current default base for numeric input.
20334 @kindex show output-radix
20335 @item show output-radix
20336 Display the current default base for numeric display.
20338 @item set radix @r{[}@var{base}@r{]}
20342 These commands set and show the default base for both input and output
20343 of numbers. @code{set radix} sets the radix of input and output to
20344 the same base; without an argument, it resets the radix back to its
20345 default value of 10.
20350 @section Configuring the Current ABI
20352 @value{GDBN} can determine the @dfn{ABI} (Application Binary Interface) of your
20353 application automatically. However, sometimes you need to override its
20354 conclusions. Use these commands to manage @value{GDBN}'s view of the
20361 One @value{GDBN} configuration can debug binaries for multiple operating
20362 system targets, either via remote debugging or native emulation.
20363 @value{GDBN} will autodetect the @dfn{OS ABI} (Operating System ABI) in use,
20364 but you can override its conclusion using the @code{set osabi} command.
20365 One example where this is useful is in debugging of binaries which use
20366 an alternate C library (e.g.@: @sc{uClibc} for @sc{gnu}/Linux) which does
20367 not have the same identifying marks that the standard C library for your
20372 Show the OS ABI currently in use.
20375 With no argument, show the list of registered available OS ABI's.
20377 @item set osabi @var{abi}
20378 Set the current OS ABI to @var{abi}.
20381 @cindex float promotion
20383 Generally, the way that an argument of type @code{float} is passed to a
20384 function depends on whether the function is prototyped. For a prototyped
20385 (i.e.@: ANSI/ISO style) function, @code{float} arguments are passed unchanged,
20386 according to the architecture's convention for @code{float}. For unprototyped
20387 (i.e.@: K&R style) functions, @code{float} arguments are first promoted to type
20388 @code{double} and then passed.
20390 Unfortunately, some forms of debug information do not reliably indicate whether
20391 a function is prototyped. If @value{GDBN} calls a function that is not marked
20392 as prototyped, it consults @kbd{set coerce-float-to-double}.
20395 @kindex set coerce-float-to-double
20396 @item set coerce-float-to-double
20397 @itemx set coerce-float-to-double on
20398 Arguments of type @code{float} will be promoted to @code{double} when passed
20399 to an unprototyped function. This is the default setting.
20401 @item set coerce-float-to-double off
20402 Arguments of type @code{float} will be passed directly to unprototyped
20405 @kindex show coerce-float-to-double
20406 @item show coerce-float-to-double
20407 Show the current setting of promoting @code{float} to @code{double}.
20411 @kindex show cp-abi
20412 @value{GDBN} needs to know the ABI used for your program's C@t{++}
20413 objects. The correct C@t{++} ABI depends on which C@t{++} compiler was
20414 used to build your application. @value{GDBN} only fully supports
20415 programs with a single C@t{++} ABI; if your program contains code using
20416 multiple C@t{++} ABI's or if @value{GDBN} can not identify your
20417 program's ABI correctly, you can tell @value{GDBN} which ABI to use.
20418 Currently supported ABI's include ``gnu-v2'', for @code{g++} versions
20419 before 3.0, ``gnu-v3'', for @code{g++} versions 3.0 and later, and
20420 ``hpaCC'' for the HP ANSI C@t{++} compiler. Other C@t{++} compilers may
20421 use the ``gnu-v2'' or ``gnu-v3'' ABI's as well. The default setting is
20426 Show the C@t{++} ABI currently in use.
20429 With no argument, show the list of supported C@t{++} ABI's.
20431 @item set cp-abi @var{abi}
20432 @itemx set cp-abi auto
20433 Set the current C@t{++} ABI to @var{abi}, or return to automatic detection.
20436 @node Messages/Warnings
20437 @section Optional Warnings and Messages
20439 @cindex verbose operation
20440 @cindex optional warnings
20441 By default, @value{GDBN} is silent about its inner workings. If you are
20442 running on a slow machine, you may want to use the @code{set verbose}
20443 command. This makes @value{GDBN} tell you when it does a lengthy
20444 internal operation, so you will not think it has crashed.
20446 Currently, the messages controlled by @code{set verbose} are those
20447 which announce that the symbol table for a source file is being read;
20448 see @code{symbol-file} in @ref{Files, ,Commands to Specify Files}.
20451 @kindex set verbose
20452 @item set verbose on
20453 Enables @value{GDBN} output of certain informational messages.
20455 @item set verbose off
20456 Disables @value{GDBN} output of certain informational messages.
20458 @kindex show verbose
20460 Displays whether @code{set verbose} is on or off.
20463 By default, if @value{GDBN} encounters bugs in the symbol table of an
20464 object file, it is silent; but if you are debugging a compiler, you may
20465 find this information useful (@pxref{Symbol Errors, ,Errors Reading
20470 @kindex set complaints
20471 @item set complaints @var{limit}
20472 Permits @value{GDBN} to output @var{limit} complaints about each type of
20473 unusual symbols before becoming silent about the problem. Set
20474 @var{limit} to zero to suppress all complaints; set it to a large number
20475 to prevent complaints from being suppressed.
20477 @kindex show complaints
20478 @item show complaints
20479 Displays how many symbol complaints @value{GDBN} is permitted to produce.
20483 @anchor{confirmation requests}
20484 By default, @value{GDBN} is cautious, and asks what sometimes seems to be a
20485 lot of stupid questions to confirm certain commands. For example, if
20486 you try to run a program which is already running:
20490 The program being debugged has been started already.
20491 Start it from the beginning? (y or n)
20494 If you are willing to unflinchingly face the consequences of your own
20495 commands, you can disable this ``feature'':
20499 @kindex set confirm
20501 @cindex confirmation
20502 @cindex stupid questions
20503 @item set confirm off
20504 Disables confirmation requests. Note that running @value{GDBN} with
20505 the @option{--batch} option (@pxref{Mode Options, -batch}) also
20506 automatically disables confirmation requests.
20508 @item set confirm on
20509 Enables confirmation requests (the default).
20511 @kindex show confirm
20513 Displays state of confirmation requests.
20517 @cindex command tracing
20518 If you need to debug user-defined commands or sourced files you may find it
20519 useful to enable @dfn{command tracing}. In this mode each command will be
20520 printed as it is executed, prefixed with one or more @samp{+} symbols, the
20521 quantity denoting the call depth of each command.
20524 @kindex set trace-commands
20525 @cindex command scripts, debugging
20526 @item set trace-commands on
20527 Enable command tracing.
20528 @item set trace-commands off
20529 Disable command tracing.
20530 @item show trace-commands
20531 Display the current state of command tracing.
20534 @node Debugging Output
20535 @section Optional Messages about Internal Happenings
20536 @cindex optional debugging messages
20538 @value{GDBN} has commands that enable optional debugging messages from
20539 various @value{GDBN} subsystems; normally these commands are of
20540 interest to @value{GDBN} maintainers, or when reporting a bug. This
20541 section documents those commands.
20544 @kindex set exec-done-display
20545 @item set exec-done-display
20546 Turns on or off the notification of asynchronous commands'
20547 completion. When on, @value{GDBN} will print a message when an
20548 asynchronous command finishes its execution. The default is off.
20549 @kindex show exec-done-display
20550 @item show exec-done-display
20551 Displays the current setting of asynchronous command completion
20554 @cindex gdbarch debugging info
20555 @cindex architecture debugging info
20556 @item set debug arch
20557 Turns on or off display of gdbarch debugging info. The default is off
20559 @item show debug arch
20560 Displays the current state of displaying gdbarch debugging info.
20561 @item set debug aix-thread
20562 @cindex AIX threads
20563 Display debugging messages about inner workings of the AIX thread
20565 @item show debug aix-thread
20566 Show the current state of AIX thread debugging info display.
20567 @item set debug check-physname
20569 Check the results of the ``physname'' computation. When reading DWARF
20570 debugging information for C@t{++}, @value{GDBN} attempts to compute
20571 each entity's name. @value{GDBN} can do this computation in two
20572 different ways, depending on exactly what information is present.
20573 When enabled, this setting causes @value{GDBN} to compute the names
20574 both ways and display any discrepancies.
20575 @item show debug check-physname
20576 Show the current state of ``physname'' checking.
20577 @item set debug dwarf2-die
20578 @cindex DWARF2 DIEs
20579 Dump DWARF2 DIEs after they are read in.
20580 The value is the number of nesting levels to print.
20581 A value of zero turns off the display.
20582 @item show debug dwarf2-die
20583 Show the current state of DWARF2 DIE debugging.
20584 @item set debug displaced
20585 @cindex displaced stepping debugging info
20586 Turns on or off display of @value{GDBN} debugging info for the
20587 displaced stepping support. The default is off.
20588 @item show debug displaced
20589 Displays the current state of displaying @value{GDBN} debugging info
20590 related to displaced stepping.
20591 @item set debug event
20592 @cindex event debugging info
20593 Turns on or off display of @value{GDBN} event debugging info. The
20595 @item show debug event
20596 Displays the current state of displaying @value{GDBN} event debugging
20598 @item set debug expression
20599 @cindex expression debugging info
20600 Turns on or off display of debugging info about @value{GDBN}
20601 expression parsing. The default is off.
20602 @item show debug expression
20603 Displays the current state of displaying debugging info about
20604 @value{GDBN} expression parsing.
20605 @item set debug frame
20606 @cindex frame debugging info
20607 Turns on or off display of @value{GDBN} frame debugging info. The
20609 @item show debug frame
20610 Displays the current state of displaying @value{GDBN} frame debugging
20612 @item set debug gnu-nat
20613 @cindex @sc{gnu}/Hurd debug messages
20614 Turns on or off debugging messages from the @sc{gnu}/Hurd debug support.
20615 @item show debug gnu-nat
20616 Show the current state of @sc{gnu}/Hurd debugging messages.
20617 @item set debug infrun
20618 @cindex inferior debugging info
20619 Turns on or off display of @value{GDBN} debugging info for running the inferior.
20620 The default is off. @file{infrun.c} contains GDB's runtime state machine used
20621 for implementing operations such as single-stepping the inferior.
20622 @item show debug infrun
20623 Displays the current state of @value{GDBN} inferior debugging.
20624 @item set debug jit
20625 @cindex just-in-time compilation, debugging messages
20626 Turns on or off debugging messages from JIT debug support.
20627 @item show debug jit
20628 Displays the current state of @value{GDBN} JIT debugging.
20629 @item set debug lin-lwp
20630 @cindex @sc{gnu}/Linux LWP debug messages
20631 @cindex Linux lightweight processes
20632 Turns on or off debugging messages from the Linux LWP debug support.
20633 @item show debug lin-lwp
20634 Show the current state of Linux LWP debugging messages.
20635 @item set debug observer
20636 @cindex observer debugging info
20637 Turns on or off display of @value{GDBN} observer debugging. This
20638 includes info such as the notification of observable events.
20639 @item show debug observer
20640 Displays the current state of observer debugging.
20641 @item set debug overload
20642 @cindex C@t{++} overload debugging info
20643 Turns on or off display of @value{GDBN} C@t{++} overload debugging
20644 info. This includes info such as ranking of functions, etc. The default
20646 @item show debug overload
20647 Displays the current state of displaying @value{GDBN} C@t{++} overload
20649 @cindex expression parser, debugging info
20650 @cindex debug expression parser
20651 @item set debug parser
20652 Turns on or off the display of expression parser debugging output.
20653 Internally, this sets the @code{yydebug} variable in the expression
20654 parser. @xref{Tracing, , Tracing Your Parser, bison, Bison}, for
20655 details. The default is off.
20656 @item show debug parser
20657 Show the current state of expression parser debugging.
20658 @cindex packets, reporting on stdout
20659 @cindex serial connections, debugging
20660 @cindex debug remote protocol
20661 @cindex remote protocol debugging
20662 @cindex display remote packets
20663 @item set debug remote
20664 Turns on or off display of reports on all packets sent back and forth across
20665 the serial line to the remote machine. The info is printed on the
20666 @value{GDBN} standard output stream. The default is off.
20667 @item show debug remote
20668 Displays the state of display of remote packets.
20669 @item set debug serial
20670 Turns on or off display of @value{GDBN} serial debugging info. The
20672 @item show debug serial
20673 Displays the current state of displaying @value{GDBN} serial debugging
20675 @item set debug solib-frv
20676 @cindex FR-V shared-library debugging
20677 Turns on or off debugging messages for FR-V shared-library code.
20678 @item show debug solib-frv
20679 Display the current state of FR-V shared-library code debugging
20681 @item set debug target
20682 @cindex target debugging info
20683 Turns on or off display of @value{GDBN} target debugging info. This info
20684 includes what is going on at the target level of GDB, as it happens. The
20685 default is 0. Set it to 1 to track events, and to 2 to also track the
20686 value of large memory transfers. Changes to this flag do not take effect
20687 until the next time you connect to a target or use the @code{run} command.
20688 @item show debug target
20689 Displays the current state of displaying @value{GDBN} target debugging
20691 @item set debug timestamp
20692 @cindex timestampping debugging info
20693 Turns on or off display of timestamps with @value{GDBN} debugging info.
20694 When enabled, seconds and microseconds are displayed before each debugging
20696 @item show debug timestamp
20697 Displays the current state of displaying timestamps with @value{GDBN}
20699 @item set debugvarobj
20700 @cindex variable object debugging info
20701 Turns on or off display of @value{GDBN} variable object debugging
20702 info. The default is off.
20703 @item show debugvarobj
20704 Displays the current state of displaying @value{GDBN} variable object
20706 @item set debug xml
20707 @cindex XML parser debugging
20708 Turns on or off debugging messages for built-in XML parsers.
20709 @item show debug xml
20710 Displays the current state of XML debugging messages.
20713 @node Other Misc Settings
20714 @section Other Miscellaneous Settings
20715 @cindex miscellaneous settings
20718 @kindex set interactive-mode
20719 @item set interactive-mode
20720 If @code{on}, forces @value{GDBN} to assume that GDB was started
20721 in a terminal. In practice, this means that @value{GDBN} should wait
20722 for the user to answer queries generated by commands entered at
20723 the command prompt. If @code{off}, forces @value{GDBN} to operate
20724 in the opposite mode, and it uses the default answers to all queries.
20725 If @code{auto} (the default), @value{GDBN} tries to determine whether
20726 its standard input is a terminal, and works in interactive-mode if it
20727 is, non-interactively otherwise.
20729 In the vast majority of cases, the debugger should be able to guess
20730 correctly which mode should be used. But this setting can be useful
20731 in certain specific cases, such as running a MinGW @value{GDBN}
20732 inside a cygwin window.
20734 @kindex show interactive-mode
20735 @item show interactive-mode
20736 Displays whether the debugger is operating in interactive mode or not.
20739 @node Extending GDB
20740 @chapter Extending @value{GDBN}
20741 @cindex extending GDB
20743 @value{GDBN} provides three mechanisms for extension. The first is based
20744 on composition of @value{GDBN} commands, the second is based on the
20745 Python scripting language, and the third is for defining new aliases of
20748 To facilitate the use of the first two extensions, @value{GDBN} is capable
20749 of evaluating the contents of a file. When doing so, @value{GDBN}
20750 can recognize which scripting language is being used by looking at
20751 the filename extension. Files with an unrecognized filename extension
20752 are always treated as a @value{GDBN} Command Files.
20753 @xref{Command Files,, Command files}.
20755 You can control how @value{GDBN} evaluates these files with the following
20759 @kindex set script-extension
20760 @kindex show script-extension
20761 @item set script-extension off
20762 All scripts are always evaluated as @value{GDBN} Command Files.
20764 @item set script-extension soft
20765 The debugger determines the scripting language based on filename
20766 extension. If this scripting language is supported, @value{GDBN}
20767 evaluates the script using that language. Otherwise, it evaluates
20768 the file as a @value{GDBN} Command File.
20770 @item set script-extension strict
20771 The debugger determines the scripting language based on filename
20772 extension, and evaluates the script using that language. If the
20773 language is not supported, then the evaluation fails.
20775 @item show script-extension
20776 Display the current value of the @code{script-extension} option.
20781 * Sequences:: Canned Sequences of Commands
20782 * Python:: Scripting @value{GDBN} using Python
20783 * Aliases:: Creating new spellings of existing commands
20787 @section Canned Sequences of Commands
20789 Aside from breakpoint commands (@pxref{Break Commands, ,Breakpoint
20790 Command Lists}), @value{GDBN} provides two ways to store sequences of
20791 commands for execution as a unit: user-defined commands and command
20795 * Define:: How to define your own commands
20796 * Hooks:: Hooks for user-defined commands
20797 * Command Files:: How to write scripts of commands to be stored in a file
20798 * Output:: Commands for controlled output
20802 @subsection User-defined Commands
20804 @cindex user-defined command
20805 @cindex arguments, to user-defined commands
20806 A @dfn{user-defined command} is a sequence of @value{GDBN} commands to
20807 which you assign a new name as a command. This is done with the
20808 @code{define} command. User commands may accept up to 10 arguments
20809 separated by whitespace. Arguments are accessed within the user command
20810 via @code{$arg0@dots{}$arg9}. A trivial example:
20814 print $arg0 + $arg1 + $arg2
20819 To execute the command use:
20826 This defines the command @code{adder}, which prints the sum of
20827 its three arguments. Note the arguments are text substitutions, so they may
20828 reference variables, use complex expressions, or even perform inferior
20831 @cindex argument count in user-defined commands
20832 @cindex how many arguments (user-defined commands)
20833 In addition, @code{$argc} may be used to find out how many arguments have
20834 been passed. This expands to a number in the range 0@dots{}10.
20839 print $arg0 + $arg1
20842 print $arg0 + $arg1 + $arg2
20850 @item define @var{commandname}
20851 Define a command named @var{commandname}. If there is already a command
20852 by that name, you are asked to confirm that you want to redefine it.
20853 @var{commandname} may be a bare command name consisting of letters,
20854 numbers, dashes, and underscores. It may also start with any predefined
20855 prefix command. For example, @samp{define target my-target} creates
20856 a user-defined @samp{target my-target} command.
20858 The definition of the command is made up of other @value{GDBN} command lines,
20859 which are given following the @code{define} command. The end of these
20860 commands is marked by a line containing @code{end}.
20863 @kindex end@r{ (user-defined commands)}
20864 @item document @var{commandname}
20865 Document the user-defined command @var{commandname}, so that it can be
20866 accessed by @code{help}. The command @var{commandname} must already be
20867 defined. This command reads lines of documentation just as @code{define}
20868 reads the lines of the command definition, ending with @code{end}.
20869 After the @code{document} command is finished, @code{help} on command
20870 @var{commandname} displays the documentation you have written.
20872 You may use the @code{document} command again to change the
20873 documentation of a command. Redefining the command with @code{define}
20874 does not change the documentation.
20876 @kindex dont-repeat
20877 @cindex don't repeat command
20879 Used inside a user-defined command, this tells @value{GDBN} that this
20880 command should not be repeated when the user hits @key{RET}
20881 (@pxref{Command Syntax, repeat last command}).
20883 @kindex help user-defined
20884 @item help user-defined
20885 List all user-defined commands, with the first line of the documentation
20890 @itemx show user @var{commandname}
20891 Display the @value{GDBN} commands used to define @var{commandname} (but
20892 not its documentation). If no @var{commandname} is given, display the
20893 definitions for all user-defined commands.
20895 @cindex infinite recursion in user-defined commands
20896 @kindex show max-user-call-depth
20897 @kindex set max-user-call-depth
20898 @item show max-user-call-depth
20899 @itemx set max-user-call-depth
20900 The value of @code{max-user-call-depth} controls how many recursion
20901 levels are allowed in user-defined commands before @value{GDBN} suspects an
20902 infinite recursion and aborts the command.
20905 In addition to the above commands, user-defined commands frequently
20906 use control flow commands, described in @ref{Command Files}.
20908 When user-defined commands are executed, the
20909 commands of the definition are not printed. An error in any command
20910 stops execution of the user-defined command.
20912 If used interactively, commands that would ask for confirmation proceed
20913 without asking when used inside a user-defined command. Many @value{GDBN}
20914 commands that normally print messages to say what they are doing omit the
20915 messages when used in a user-defined command.
20918 @subsection User-defined Command Hooks
20919 @cindex command hooks
20920 @cindex hooks, for commands
20921 @cindex hooks, pre-command
20924 You may define @dfn{hooks}, which are a special kind of user-defined
20925 command. Whenever you run the command @samp{foo}, if the user-defined
20926 command @samp{hook-foo} exists, it is executed (with no arguments)
20927 before that command.
20929 @cindex hooks, post-command
20931 A hook may also be defined which is run after the command you executed.
20932 Whenever you run the command @samp{foo}, if the user-defined command
20933 @samp{hookpost-foo} exists, it is executed (with no arguments) after
20934 that command. Post-execution hooks may exist simultaneously with
20935 pre-execution hooks, for the same command.
20937 It is valid for a hook to call the command which it hooks. If this
20938 occurs, the hook is not re-executed, thereby avoiding infinite recursion.
20940 @c It would be nice if hookpost could be passed a parameter indicating
20941 @c if the command it hooks executed properly or not. FIXME!
20943 @kindex stop@r{, a pseudo-command}
20944 In addition, a pseudo-command, @samp{stop} exists. Defining
20945 (@samp{hook-stop}) makes the associated commands execute every time
20946 execution stops in your program: before breakpoint commands are run,
20947 displays are printed, or the stack frame is printed.
20949 For example, to ignore @code{SIGALRM} signals while
20950 single-stepping, but treat them normally during normal execution,
20955 handle SIGALRM nopass
20959 handle SIGALRM pass
20962 define hook-continue
20963 handle SIGALRM pass
20967 As a further example, to hook at the beginning and end of the @code{echo}
20968 command, and to add extra text to the beginning and end of the message,
20976 define hookpost-echo
20980 (@value{GDBP}) echo Hello World
20981 <<<---Hello World--->>>
20986 You can define a hook for any single-word command in @value{GDBN}, but
20987 not for command aliases; you should define a hook for the basic command
20988 name, e.g.@: @code{backtrace} rather than @code{bt}.
20989 @c FIXME! So how does Joe User discover whether a command is an alias
20991 You can hook a multi-word command by adding @code{hook-} or
20992 @code{hookpost-} to the last word of the command, e.g.@:
20993 @samp{define target hook-remote} to add a hook to @samp{target remote}.
20995 If an error occurs during the execution of your hook, execution of
20996 @value{GDBN} commands stops and @value{GDBN} issues a prompt
20997 (before the command that you actually typed had a chance to run).
20999 If you try to define a hook which does not match any known command, you
21000 get a warning from the @code{define} command.
21002 @node Command Files
21003 @subsection Command Files
21005 @cindex command files
21006 @cindex scripting commands
21007 A command file for @value{GDBN} is a text file made of lines that are
21008 @value{GDBN} commands. Comments (lines starting with @kbd{#}) may
21009 also be included. An empty line in a command file does nothing; it
21010 does not mean to repeat the last command, as it would from the
21013 You can request the execution of a command file with the @code{source}
21014 command. Note that the @code{source} command is also used to evaluate
21015 scripts that are not Command Files. The exact behavior can be configured
21016 using the @code{script-extension} setting.
21017 @xref{Extending GDB,, Extending GDB}.
21021 @cindex execute commands from a file
21022 @item source [-s] [-v] @var{filename}
21023 Execute the command file @var{filename}.
21026 The lines in a command file are generally executed sequentially,
21027 unless the order of execution is changed by one of the
21028 @emph{flow-control commands} described below. The commands are not
21029 printed as they are executed. An error in any command terminates
21030 execution of the command file and control is returned to the console.
21032 @value{GDBN} first searches for @var{filename} in the current directory.
21033 If the file is not found there, and @var{filename} does not specify a
21034 directory, then @value{GDBN} also looks for the file on the source search path
21035 (specified with the @samp{directory} command);
21036 except that @file{$cdir} is not searched because the compilation directory
21037 is not relevant to scripts.
21039 If @code{-s} is specified, then @value{GDBN} searches for @var{filename}
21040 on the search path even if @var{filename} specifies a directory.
21041 The search is done by appending @var{filename} to each element of the
21042 search path. So, for example, if @var{filename} is @file{mylib/myscript}
21043 and the search path contains @file{/home/user} then @value{GDBN} will
21044 look for the script @file{/home/user/mylib/myscript}.
21045 The search is also done if @var{filename} is an absolute path.
21046 For example, if @var{filename} is @file{/tmp/myscript} and
21047 the search path contains @file{/home/user} then @value{GDBN} will
21048 look for the script @file{/home/user/tmp/myscript}.
21049 For DOS-like systems, if @var{filename} contains a drive specification,
21050 it is stripped before concatenation. For example, if @var{filename} is
21051 @file{d:myscript} and the search path contains @file{c:/tmp} then @value{GDBN}
21052 will look for the script @file{c:/tmp/myscript}.
21054 If @code{-v}, for verbose mode, is given then @value{GDBN} displays
21055 each command as it is executed. The option must be given before
21056 @var{filename}, and is interpreted as part of the filename anywhere else.
21058 Commands that would ask for confirmation if used interactively proceed
21059 without asking when used in a command file. Many @value{GDBN} commands that
21060 normally print messages to say what they are doing omit the messages
21061 when called from command files.
21063 @value{GDBN} also accepts command input from standard input. In this
21064 mode, normal output goes to standard output and error output goes to
21065 standard error. Errors in a command file supplied on standard input do
21066 not terminate execution of the command file---execution continues with
21070 gdb < cmds > log 2>&1
21073 (The syntax above will vary depending on the shell used.) This example
21074 will execute commands from the file @file{cmds}. All output and errors
21075 would be directed to @file{log}.
21077 Since commands stored on command files tend to be more general than
21078 commands typed interactively, they frequently need to deal with
21079 complicated situations, such as different or unexpected values of
21080 variables and symbols, changes in how the program being debugged is
21081 built, etc. @value{GDBN} provides a set of flow-control commands to
21082 deal with these complexities. Using these commands, you can write
21083 complex scripts that loop over data structures, execute commands
21084 conditionally, etc.
21091 This command allows to include in your script conditionally executed
21092 commands. The @code{if} command takes a single argument, which is an
21093 expression to evaluate. It is followed by a series of commands that
21094 are executed only if the expression is true (its value is nonzero).
21095 There can then optionally be an @code{else} line, followed by a series
21096 of commands that are only executed if the expression was false. The
21097 end of the list is marked by a line containing @code{end}.
21101 This command allows to write loops. Its syntax is similar to
21102 @code{if}: the command takes a single argument, which is an expression
21103 to evaluate, and must be followed by the commands to execute, one per
21104 line, terminated by an @code{end}. These commands are called the
21105 @dfn{body} of the loop. The commands in the body of @code{while} are
21106 executed repeatedly as long as the expression evaluates to true.
21110 This command exits the @code{while} loop in whose body it is included.
21111 Execution of the script continues after that @code{while}s @code{end}
21114 @kindex loop_continue
21115 @item loop_continue
21116 This command skips the execution of the rest of the body of commands
21117 in the @code{while} loop in whose body it is included. Execution
21118 branches to the beginning of the @code{while} loop, where it evaluates
21119 the controlling expression.
21121 @kindex end@r{ (if/else/while commands)}
21123 Terminate the block of commands that are the body of @code{if},
21124 @code{else}, or @code{while} flow-control commands.
21129 @subsection Commands for Controlled Output
21131 During the execution of a command file or a user-defined command, normal
21132 @value{GDBN} output is suppressed; the only output that appears is what is
21133 explicitly printed by the commands in the definition. This section
21134 describes three commands useful for generating exactly the output you
21139 @item echo @var{text}
21140 @c I do not consider backslash-space a standard C escape sequence
21141 @c because it is not in ANSI.
21142 Print @var{text}. Nonprinting characters can be included in
21143 @var{text} using C escape sequences, such as @samp{\n} to print a
21144 newline. @strong{No newline is printed unless you specify one.}
21145 In addition to the standard C escape sequences, a backslash followed
21146 by a space stands for a space. This is useful for displaying a
21147 string with spaces at the beginning or the end, since leading and
21148 trailing spaces are otherwise trimmed from all arguments.
21149 To print @samp{@w{ }and foo =@w{ }}, use the command
21150 @samp{echo \@w{ }and foo = \@w{ }}.
21152 A backslash at the end of @var{text} can be used, as in C, to continue
21153 the command onto subsequent lines. For example,
21156 echo This is some text\n\
21157 which is continued\n\
21158 onto several lines.\n
21161 produces the same output as
21164 echo This is some text\n
21165 echo which is continued\n
21166 echo onto several lines.\n
21170 @item output @var{expression}
21171 Print the value of @var{expression} and nothing but that value: no
21172 newlines, no @samp{$@var{nn} = }. The value is not entered in the
21173 value history either. @xref{Expressions, ,Expressions}, for more information
21176 @item output/@var{fmt} @var{expression}
21177 Print the value of @var{expression} in format @var{fmt}. You can use
21178 the same formats as for @code{print}. @xref{Output Formats,,Output
21179 Formats}, for more information.
21182 @item printf @var{template}, @var{expressions}@dots{}
21183 Print the values of one or more @var{expressions} under the control of
21184 the string @var{template}. To print several values, make
21185 @var{expressions} be a comma-separated list of individual expressions,
21186 which may be either numbers or pointers. Their values are printed as
21187 specified by @var{template}, exactly as a C program would do by
21188 executing the code below:
21191 printf (@var{template}, @var{expressions}@dots{});
21194 As in @code{C} @code{printf}, ordinary characters in @var{template}
21195 are printed verbatim, while @dfn{conversion specification} introduced
21196 by the @samp{%} character cause subsequent @var{expressions} to be
21197 evaluated, their values converted and formatted according to type and
21198 style information encoded in the conversion specifications, and then
21201 For example, you can print two values in hex like this:
21204 printf "foo, bar-foo = 0x%x, 0x%x\n", foo, bar-foo
21207 @code{printf} supports all the standard @code{C} conversion
21208 specifications, including the flags and modifiers between the @samp{%}
21209 character and the conversion letter, with the following exceptions:
21213 The argument-ordering modifiers, such as @samp{2$}, are not supported.
21216 The modifier @samp{*} is not supported for specifying precision or
21220 The @samp{'} flag (for separation of digits into groups according to
21221 @code{LC_NUMERIC'}) is not supported.
21224 The type modifiers @samp{hh}, @samp{j}, @samp{t}, and @samp{z} are not
21228 The conversion letter @samp{n} (as in @samp{%n}) is not supported.
21231 The conversion letters @samp{a} and @samp{A} are not supported.
21235 Note that the @samp{ll} type modifier is supported only if the
21236 underlying @code{C} implementation used to build @value{GDBN} supports
21237 the @code{long long int} type, and the @samp{L} type modifier is
21238 supported only if @code{long double} type is available.
21240 As in @code{C}, @code{printf} supports simple backslash-escape
21241 sequences, such as @code{\n}, @samp{\t}, @samp{\\}, @samp{\"},
21242 @samp{\a}, and @samp{\f}, that consist of backslash followed by a
21243 single character. Octal and hexadecimal escape sequences are not
21246 Additionally, @code{printf} supports conversion specifications for DFP
21247 (@dfn{Decimal Floating Point}) types using the following length modifiers
21248 together with a floating point specifier.
21253 @samp{H} for printing @code{Decimal32} types.
21256 @samp{D} for printing @code{Decimal64} types.
21259 @samp{DD} for printing @code{Decimal128} types.
21262 If the underlying @code{C} implementation used to build @value{GDBN} has
21263 support for the three length modifiers for DFP types, other modifiers
21264 such as width and precision will also be available for @value{GDBN} to use.
21266 In case there is no such @code{C} support, no additional modifiers will be
21267 available and the value will be printed in the standard way.
21269 Here's an example of printing DFP types using the above conversion letters:
21271 printf "D32: %Hf - D64: %Df - D128: %DDf\n",1.2345df,1.2E10dd,1.2E1dl
21275 @item eval @var{template}, @var{expressions}@dots{}
21276 Convert the values of one or more @var{expressions} under the control of
21277 the string @var{template} to a command line, and call it.
21282 @section Scripting @value{GDBN} using Python
21283 @cindex python scripting
21284 @cindex scripting with python
21286 You can script @value{GDBN} using the @uref{http://www.python.org/,
21287 Python programming language}. This feature is available only if
21288 @value{GDBN} was configured using @option{--with-python}.
21290 @cindex python directory
21291 Python scripts used by @value{GDBN} should be installed in
21292 @file{@var{data-directory}/python}, where @var{data-directory} is
21293 the data directory as determined at @value{GDBN} startup (@pxref{Data Files}).
21294 This directory, known as the @dfn{python directory},
21295 is automatically added to the Python Search Path in order to allow
21296 the Python interpreter to locate all scripts installed at this location.
21298 Additionally, @value{GDBN} commands and convenience functions which
21299 are written in Python and are located in the
21300 @file{@var{data-directory}/python/gdb/command} or
21301 @file{@var{data-directory}/python/gdb/function} directories are
21302 automatically imported when @value{GDBN} starts.
21305 * Python Commands:: Accessing Python from @value{GDBN}.
21306 * Python API:: Accessing @value{GDBN} from Python.
21307 * Auto-loading:: Automatically loading Python code.
21308 * Python modules:: Python modules provided by @value{GDBN}.
21311 @node Python Commands
21312 @subsection Python Commands
21313 @cindex python commands
21314 @cindex commands to access python
21316 @value{GDBN} provides one command for accessing the Python interpreter,
21317 and one related setting:
21321 @item python @r{[}@var{code}@r{]}
21322 The @code{python} command can be used to evaluate Python code.
21324 If given an argument, the @code{python} command will evaluate the
21325 argument as a Python command. For example:
21328 (@value{GDBP}) python print 23
21332 If you do not provide an argument to @code{python}, it will act as a
21333 multi-line command, like @code{define}. In this case, the Python
21334 script is made up of subsequent command lines, given after the
21335 @code{python} command. This command list is terminated using a line
21336 containing @code{end}. For example:
21339 (@value{GDBP}) python
21341 End with a line saying just "end".
21347 @kindex maint set python print-stack
21348 @item maint set python print-stack
21349 This command is now deprecated. Instead use @code{set python
21352 @kindex set python print-stack
21353 @item set python print-stack
21354 By default, @value{GDBN} will not print a stack trace when an error
21355 occurs in a Python script. This can be controlled using @code{set
21356 python print-stack}: if @code{on}, then Python stack printing is
21357 enabled; if @code{off}, the default, then Python stack printing is
21361 It is also possible to execute a Python script from the @value{GDBN}
21365 @item source @file{script-name}
21366 The script name must end with @samp{.py} and @value{GDBN} must be configured
21367 to recognize the script language based on filename extension using
21368 the @code{script-extension} setting. @xref{Extending GDB, ,Extending GDB}.
21370 @item python execfile ("script-name")
21371 This method is based on the @code{execfile} Python built-in function,
21372 and thus is always available.
21376 @subsection Python API
21378 @cindex programming in python
21380 @cindex python stdout
21381 @cindex python pagination
21382 At startup, @value{GDBN} overrides Python's @code{sys.stdout} and
21383 @code{sys.stderr} to print using @value{GDBN}'s output-paging streams.
21384 A Python program which outputs to one of these streams may have its
21385 output interrupted by the user (@pxref{Screen Size}). In this
21386 situation, a Python @code{KeyboardInterrupt} exception is thrown.
21389 * Basic Python:: Basic Python Functions.
21390 * Exception Handling:: How Python exceptions are translated.
21391 * Values From Inferior:: Python representation of values.
21392 * Types In Python:: Python representation of types.
21393 * Pretty Printing API:: Pretty-printing values.
21394 * Selecting Pretty-Printers:: How GDB chooses a pretty-printer.
21395 * Writing a Pretty-Printer:: Writing a Pretty-Printer.
21396 * Inferiors In Python:: Python representation of inferiors (processes)
21397 * Events In Python:: Listening for events from @value{GDBN}.
21398 * Threads In Python:: Accessing inferior threads from Python.
21399 * Commands In Python:: Implementing new commands in Python.
21400 * Parameters In Python:: Adding new @value{GDBN} parameters.
21401 * Functions In Python:: Writing new convenience functions.
21402 * Progspaces In Python:: Program spaces.
21403 * Objfiles In Python:: Object files.
21404 * Frames In Python:: Accessing inferior stack frames from Python.
21405 * Blocks In Python:: Accessing frame blocks from Python.
21406 * Symbols In Python:: Python representation of symbols.
21407 * Symbol Tables In Python:: Python representation of symbol tables.
21408 * Lazy Strings In Python:: Python representation of lazy strings.
21409 * Breakpoints In Python:: Manipulating breakpoints using Python.
21413 @subsubsection Basic Python
21415 @cindex python functions
21416 @cindex python module
21418 @value{GDBN} introduces a new Python module, named @code{gdb}. All
21419 methods and classes added by @value{GDBN} are placed in this module.
21420 @value{GDBN} automatically @code{import}s the @code{gdb} module for
21421 use in all scripts evaluated by the @code{python} command.
21423 @findex gdb.PYTHONDIR
21424 @defvar gdb.PYTHONDIR
21425 A string containing the python directory (@pxref{Python}).
21428 @findex gdb.execute
21429 @defun gdb.execute (command @r{[}, from_tty @r{[}, to_string@r{]]})
21430 Evaluate @var{command}, a string, as a @value{GDBN} CLI command.
21431 If a GDB exception happens while @var{command} runs, it is
21432 translated as described in @ref{Exception Handling,,Exception Handling}.
21434 @var{from_tty} specifies whether @value{GDBN} ought to consider this
21435 command as having originated from the user invoking it interactively.
21436 It must be a boolean value. If omitted, it defaults to @code{False}.
21438 By default, any output produced by @var{command} is sent to
21439 @value{GDBN}'s standard output. If the @var{to_string} parameter is
21440 @code{True}, then output will be collected by @code{gdb.execute} and
21441 returned as a string. The default is @code{False}, in which case the
21442 return value is @code{None}. If @var{to_string} is @code{True}, the
21443 @value{GDBN} virtual terminal will be temporarily set to unlimited width
21444 and height, and its pagination will be disabled; @pxref{Screen Size}.
21447 @findex gdb.breakpoints
21448 @defun gdb.breakpoints ()
21449 Return a sequence holding all of @value{GDBN}'s breakpoints.
21450 @xref{Breakpoints In Python}, for more information.
21453 @findex gdb.parameter
21454 @defun gdb.parameter (parameter)
21455 Return the value of a @value{GDBN} parameter. @var{parameter} is a
21456 string naming the parameter to look up; @var{parameter} may contain
21457 spaces if the parameter has a multi-part name. For example,
21458 @samp{print object} is a valid parameter name.
21460 If the named parameter does not exist, this function throws a
21461 @code{gdb.error} (@pxref{Exception Handling}). Otherwise, the
21462 parameter's value is converted to a Python value of the appropriate
21463 type, and returned.
21466 @findex gdb.history
21467 @defun gdb.history (number)
21468 Return a value from @value{GDBN}'s value history (@pxref{Value
21469 History}). @var{number} indicates which history element to return.
21470 If @var{number} is negative, then @value{GDBN} will take its absolute value
21471 and count backward from the last element (i.e., the most recent element) to
21472 find the value to return. If @var{number} is zero, then @value{GDBN} will
21473 return the most recent element. If the element specified by @var{number}
21474 doesn't exist in the value history, a @code{gdb.error} exception will be
21477 If no exception is raised, the return value is always an instance of
21478 @code{gdb.Value} (@pxref{Values From Inferior}).
21481 @findex gdb.parse_and_eval
21482 @defun gdb.parse_and_eval (expression)
21483 Parse @var{expression} as an expression in the current language,
21484 evaluate it, and return the result as a @code{gdb.Value}.
21485 @var{expression} must be a string.
21487 This function can be useful when implementing a new command
21488 (@pxref{Commands In Python}), as it provides a way to parse the
21489 command's argument as an expression. It is also useful simply to
21490 compute values, for example, it is the only way to get the value of a
21491 convenience variable (@pxref{Convenience Vars}) as a @code{gdb.Value}.
21494 @findex gdb.post_event
21495 @defun gdb.post_event (event)
21496 Put @var{event}, a callable object taking no arguments, into
21497 @value{GDBN}'s internal event queue. This callable will be invoked at
21498 some later point, during @value{GDBN}'s event processing. Events
21499 posted using @code{post_event} will be run in the order in which they
21500 were posted; however, there is no way to know when they will be
21501 processed relative to other events inside @value{GDBN}.
21503 @value{GDBN} is not thread-safe. If your Python program uses multiple
21504 threads, you must be careful to only call @value{GDBN}-specific
21505 functions in the main @value{GDBN} thread. @code{post_event} ensures
21509 (@value{GDBP}) python
21513 > def __init__(self, message):
21514 > self.message = message;
21515 > def __call__(self):
21516 > gdb.write(self.message)
21518 >class MyThread1 (threading.Thread):
21520 > gdb.post_event(Writer("Hello "))
21522 >class MyThread2 (threading.Thread):
21524 > gdb.post_event(Writer("World\n"))
21526 >MyThread1().start()
21527 >MyThread2().start()
21529 (@value{GDBP}) Hello World
21534 @defun gdb.write (string @r{[}, stream{]})
21535 Print a string to @value{GDBN}'s paginated output stream. The
21536 optional @var{stream} determines the stream to print to. The default
21537 stream is @value{GDBN}'s standard output stream. Possible stream
21544 @value{GDBN}'s standard output stream.
21549 @value{GDBN}'s standard error stream.
21554 @value{GDBN}'s log stream (@pxref{Logging Output}).
21557 Writing to @code{sys.stdout} or @code{sys.stderr} will automatically
21558 call this function and will automatically direct the output to the
21563 @defun gdb.flush ()
21564 Flush the buffer of a @value{GDBN} paginated stream so that the
21565 contents are displayed immediately. @value{GDBN} will flush the
21566 contents of a stream automatically when it encounters a newline in the
21567 buffer. The optional @var{stream} determines the stream to flush. The
21568 default stream is @value{GDBN}'s standard output stream. Possible
21575 @value{GDBN}'s standard output stream.
21580 @value{GDBN}'s standard error stream.
21585 @value{GDBN}'s log stream (@pxref{Logging Output}).
21589 Flushing @code{sys.stdout} or @code{sys.stderr} will automatically
21590 call this function for the relevant stream.
21593 @findex gdb.target_charset
21594 @defun gdb.target_charset ()
21595 Return the name of the current target character set (@pxref{Character
21596 Sets}). This differs from @code{gdb.parameter('target-charset')} in
21597 that @samp{auto} is never returned.
21600 @findex gdb.target_wide_charset
21601 @defun gdb.target_wide_charset ()
21602 Return the name of the current target wide character set
21603 (@pxref{Character Sets}). This differs from
21604 @code{gdb.parameter('target-wide-charset')} in that @samp{auto} is
21608 @findex gdb.solib_name
21609 @defun gdb.solib_name (address)
21610 Return the name of the shared library holding the given @var{address}
21611 as a string, or @code{None}.
21614 @findex gdb.decode_line
21615 @defun gdb.decode_line @r{[}expression@r{]}
21616 Return locations of the line specified by @var{expression}, or of the
21617 current line if no argument was given. This function returns a Python
21618 tuple containing two elements. The first element contains a string
21619 holding any unparsed section of @var{expression} (or @code{None} if
21620 the expression has been fully parsed). The second element contains
21621 either @code{None} or another tuple that contains all the locations
21622 that match the expression represented as @code{gdb.Symtab_and_line}
21623 objects (@pxref{Symbol Tables In Python}). If @var{expression} is
21624 provided, it is decoded the way that @value{GDBN}'s inbuilt
21625 @code{break} or @code{edit} commands do (@pxref{Specify Location}).
21628 @defun gdb.prompt_hook (current_prompt)
21629 @anchor{prompt_hook}
21631 If @var{prompt_hook} is callable, @value{GDBN} will call the method
21632 assigned to this operation before a prompt is displayed by
21635 The parameter @code{current_prompt} contains the current @value{GDBN}
21636 prompt. This method must return a Python string, or @code{None}. If
21637 a string is returned, the @value{GDBN} prompt will be set to that
21638 string. If @code{None} is returned, @value{GDBN} will continue to use
21639 the current prompt.
21641 Some prompts cannot be substituted in @value{GDBN}. Secondary prompts
21642 such as those used by readline for command input, and annotation
21643 related prompts are prohibited from being changed.
21646 @node Exception Handling
21647 @subsubsection Exception Handling
21648 @cindex python exceptions
21649 @cindex exceptions, python
21651 When executing the @code{python} command, Python exceptions
21652 uncaught within the Python code are translated to calls to
21653 @value{GDBN} error-reporting mechanism. If the command that called
21654 @code{python} does not handle the error, @value{GDBN} will
21655 terminate it and print an error message containing the Python
21656 exception name, the associated value, and the Python call stack
21657 backtrace at the point where the exception was raised. Example:
21660 (@value{GDBP}) python print foo
21661 Traceback (most recent call last):
21662 File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
21663 NameError: name 'foo' is not defined
21666 @value{GDBN} errors that happen in @value{GDBN} commands invoked by
21667 Python code are converted to Python exceptions. The type of the
21668 Python exception depends on the error.
21672 This is the base class for most exceptions generated by @value{GDBN}.
21673 It is derived from @code{RuntimeError}, for compatibility with earlier
21674 versions of @value{GDBN}.
21676 If an error occurring in @value{GDBN} does not fit into some more
21677 specific category, then the generated exception will have this type.
21679 @item gdb.MemoryError
21680 This is a subclass of @code{gdb.error} which is thrown when an
21681 operation tried to access invalid memory in the inferior.
21683 @item KeyboardInterrupt
21684 User interrupt (via @kbd{C-c} or by typing @kbd{q} at a pagination
21685 prompt) is translated to a Python @code{KeyboardInterrupt} exception.
21688 In all cases, your exception handler will see the @value{GDBN} error
21689 message as its value and the Python call stack backtrace at the Python
21690 statement closest to where the @value{GDBN} error occured as the
21693 @findex gdb.GdbError
21694 When implementing @value{GDBN} commands in Python via @code{gdb.Command},
21695 it is useful to be able to throw an exception that doesn't cause a
21696 traceback to be printed. For example, the user may have invoked the
21697 command incorrectly. Use the @code{gdb.GdbError} exception
21698 to handle this case. Example:
21702 >class HelloWorld (gdb.Command):
21703 > """Greet the whole world."""
21704 > def __init__ (self):
21705 > super (HelloWorld, self).__init__ ("hello-world", gdb.COMMAND_OBSCURE)
21706 > def invoke (self, args, from_tty):
21707 > argv = gdb.string_to_argv (args)
21708 > if len (argv) != 0:
21709 > raise gdb.GdbError ("hello-world takes no arguments")
21710 > print "Hello, World!"
21713 (gdb) hello-world 42
21714 hello-world takes no arguments
21717 @node Values From Inferior
21718 @subsubsection Values From Inferior
21719 @cindex values from inferior, with Python
21720 @cindex python, working with values from inferior
21722 @cindex @code{gdb.Value}
21723 @value{GDBN} provides values it obtains from the inferior program in
21724 an object of type @code{gdb.Value}. @value{GDBN} uses this object
21725 for its internal bookkeeping of the inferior's values, and for
21726 fetching values when necessary.
21728 Inferior values that are simple scalars can be used directly in
21729 Python expressions that are valid for the value's data type. Here's
21730 an example for an integer or floating-point value @code{some_val}:
21737 As result of this, @code{bar} will also be a @code{gdb.Value} object
21738 whose values are of the same type as those of @code{some_val}.
21740 Inferior values that are structures or instances of some class can
21741 be accessed using the Python @dfn{dictionary syntax}. For example, if
21742 @code{some_val} is a @code{gdb.Value} instance holding a structure, you
21743 can access its @code{foo} element with:
21746 bar = some_val['foo']
21749 Again, @code{bar} will also be a @code{gdb.Value} object.
21751 A @code{gdb.Value} that represents a function can be executed via
21752 inferior function call. Any arguments provided to the call must match
21753 the function's prototype, and must be provided in the order specified
21756 For example, @code{some_val} is a @code{gdb.Value} instance
21757 representing a function that takes two integers as arguments. To
21758 execute this function, call it like so:
21761 result = some_val (10,20)
21764 Any values returned from a function call will be stored as a
21767 The following attributes are provided:
21770 @defvar Value.address
21771 If this object is addressable, this read-only attribute holds a
21772 @code{gdb.Value} object representing the address. Otherwise,
21773 this attribute holds @code{None}.
21776 @cindex optimized out value in Python
21777 @defvar Value.is_optimized_out
21778 This read-only boolean attribute is true if the compiler optimized out
21779 this value, thus it is not available for fetching from the inferior.
21783 The type of this @code{gdb.Value}. The value of this attribute is a
21784 @code{gdb.Type} object (@pxref{Types In Python}).
21787 @defvar Value.dynamic_type
21788 The dynamic type of this @code{gdb.Value}. This uses C@t{++} run-time
21789 type information (@acronym{RTTI}) to determine the dynamic type of the
21790 value. If this value is of class type, it will return the class in
21791 which the value is embedded, if any. If this value is of pointer or
21792 reference to a class type, it will compute the dynamic type of the
21793 referenced object, and return a pointer or reference to that type,
21794 respectively. In all other cases, it will return the value's static
21797 Note that this feature will only work when debugging a C@t{++} program
21798 that includes @acronym{RTTI} for the object in question. Otherwise,
21799 it will just return the static type of the value as in @kbd{ptype foo}
21800 (@pxref{Symbols, ptype}).
21803 @defvar Value.is_lazy
21804 The value of this read-only boolean attribute is @code{True} if this
21805 @code{gdb.Value} has not yet been fetched from the inferior.
21806 @value{GDBN} does not fetch values until necessary, for efficiency.
21810 myval = gdb.parse_and_eval ('somevar')
21813 The value of @code{somevar} is not fetched at this time. It will be
21814 fetched when the value is needed, or when the @code{fetch_lazy}
21819 The following methods are provided:
21822 @defun Value.__init__ (@var{val})
21823 Many Python values can be converted directly to a @code{gdb.Value} via
21824 this object initializer. Specifically:
21827 @item Python boolean
21828 A Python boolean is converted to the boolean type from the current
21831 @item Python integer
21832 A Python integer is converted to the C @code{long} type for the
21833 current architecture.
21836 A Python long is converted to the C @code{long long} type for the
21837 current architecture.
21840 A Python float is converted to the C @code{double} type for the
21841 current architecture.
21843 @item Python string
21844 A Python string is converted to a target string, using the current
21847 @item @code{gdb.Value}
21848 If @code{val} is a @code{gdb.Value}, then a copy of the value is made.
21850 @item @code{gdb.LazyString}
21851 If @code{val} is a @code{gdb.LazyString} (@pxref{Lazy Strings In
21852 Python}), then the lazy string's @code{value} method is called, and
21853 its result is used.
21857 @defun Value.cast (type)
21858 Return a new instance of @code{gdb.Value} that is the result of
21859 casting this instance to the type described by @var{type}, which must
21860 be a @code{gdb.Type} object. If the cast cannot be performed for some
21861 reason, this method throws an exception.
21864 @defun Value.dereference ()
21865 For pointer data types, this method returns a new @code{gdb.Value} object
21866 whose contents is the object pointed to by the pointer. For example, if
21867 @code{foo} is a C pointer to an @code{int}, declared in your C program as
21874 then you can use the corresponding @code{gdb.Value} to access what
21875 @code{foo} points to like this:
21878 bar = foo.dereference ()
21881 The result @code{bar} will be a @code{gdb.Value} object holding the
21882 value pointed to by @code{foo}.
21885 @defun Value.dynamic_cast (type)
21886 Like @code{Value.cast}, but works as if the C@t{++} @code{dynamic_cast}
21887 operator were used. Consult a C@t{++} reference for details.
21890 @defun Value.reinterpret_cast (type)
21891 Like @code{Value.cast}, but works as if the C@t{++} @code{reinterpret_cast}
21892 operator were used. Consult a C@t{++} reference for details.
21895 @defun Value.string (@r{[}encoding@r{[}, errors@r{[}, length@r{]]]})
21896 If this @code{gdb.Value} represents a string, then this method
21897 converts the contents to a Python string. Otherwise, this method will
21898 throw an exception.
21900 Strings are recognized in a language-specific way; whether a given
21901 @code{gdb.Value} represents a string is determined by the current
21904 For C-like languages, a value is a string if it is a pointer to or an
21905 array of characters or ints. The string is assumed to be terminated
21906 by a zero of the appropriate width. However if the optional length
21907 argument is given, the string will be converted to that given length,
21908 ignoring any embedded zeros that the string may contain.
21910 If the optional @var{encoding} argument is given, it must be a string
21911 naming the encoding of the string in the @code{gdb.Value}, such as
21912 @code{"ascii"}, @code{"iso-8859-6"} or @code{"utf-8"}. It accepts
21913 the same encodings as the corresponding argument to Python's
21914 @code{string.decode} method, and the Python codec machinery will be used
21915 to convert the string. If @var{encoding} is not given, or if
21916 @var{encoding} is the empty string, then either the @code{target-charset}
21917 (@pxref{Character Sets}) will be used, or a language-specific encoding
21918 will be used, if the current language is able to supply one.
21920 The optional @var{errors} argument is the same as the corresponding
21921 argument to Python's @code{string.decode} method.
21923 If the optional @var{length} argument is given, the string will be
21924 fetched and converted to the given length.
21927 @defun Value.lazy_string (@r{[}encoding @r{[}, length@r{]]})
21928 If this @code{gdb.Value} represents a string, then this method
21929 converts the contents to a @code{gdb.LazyString} (@pxref{Lazy Strings
21930 In Python}). Otherwise, this method will throw an exception.
21932 If the optional @var{encoding} argument is given, it must be a string
21933 naming the encoding of the @code{gdb.LazyString}. Some examples are:
21934 @samp{ascii}, @samp{iso-8859-6} or @samp{utf-8}. If the
21935 @var{encoding} argument is an encoding that @value{GDBN} does
21936 recognize, @value{GDBN} will raise an error.
21938 When a lazy string is printed, the @value{GDBN} encoding machinery is
21939 used to convert the string during printing. If the optional
21940 @var{encoding} argument is not provided, or is an empty string,
21941 @value{GDBN} will automatically select the encoding most suitable for
21942 the string type. For further information on encoding in @value{GDBN}
21943 please see @ref{Character Sets}.
21945 If the optional @var{length} argument is given, the string will be
21946 fetched and encoded to the length of characters specified. If
21947 the @var{length} argument is not provided, the string will be fetched
21948 and encoded until a null of appropriate width is found.
21951 @defun Value.fetch_lazy ()
21952 If the @code{gdb.Value} object is currently a lazy value
21953 (@code{gdb.Value.is_lazy} is @code{True}), then the value is
21954 fetched from the inferior. Any errors that occur in the process
21955 will produce a Python exception.
21957 If the @code{gdb.Value} object is not a lazy value, this method
21960 This method does not return a value.
21965 @node Types In Python
21966 @subsubsection Types In Python
21967 @cindex types in Python
21968 @cindex Python, working with types
21971 @value{GDBN} represents types from the inferior using the class
21974 The following type-related functions are available in the @code{gdb}
21977 @findex gdb.lookup_type
21978 @defun gdb.lookup_type (name @r{[}, block@r{]})
21979 This function looks up a type by name. @var{name} is the name of the
21980 type to look up. It must be a string.
21982 If @var{block} is given, then @var{name} is looked up in that scope.
21983 Otherwise, it is searched for globally.
21985 Ordinarily, this function will return an instance of @code{gdb.Type}.
21986 If the named type cannot be found, it will throw an exception.
21989 If the type is a structure or class type, or an enum type, the fields
21990 of that type can be accessed using the Python @dfn{dictionary syntax}.
21991 For example, if @code{some_type} is a @code{gdb.Type} instance holding
21992 a structure type, you can access its @code{foo} field with:
21995 bar = some_type['foo']
21998 @code{bar} will be a @code{gdb.Field} object; see below under the
21999 description of the @code{Type.fields} method for a description of the
22000 @code{gdb.Field} class.
22002 An instance of @code{Type} has the following attributes:
22006 The type code for this type. The type code will be one of the
22007 @code{TYPE_CODE_} constants defined below.
22010 @defvar Type.sizeof
22011 The size of this type, in target @code{char} units. Usually, a
22012 target's @code{char} type will be an 8-bit byte. However, on some
22013 unusual platforms, this type may have a different size.
22017 The tag name for this type. The tag name is the name after
22018 @code{struct}, @code{union}, or @code{enum} in C and C@t{++}; not all
22019 languages have this concept. If this type has no tag name, then
22020 @code{None} is returned.
22024 The following methods are provided:
22027 @defun Type.fields ()
22028 For structure and union types, this method returns the fields. Range
22029 types have two fields, the minimum and maximum values. Enum types
22030 have one field per enum constant. Function and method types have one
22031 field per parameter. The base types of C@t{++} classes are also
22032 represented as fields. If the type has no fields, or does not fit
22033 into one of these categories, an empty sequence will be returned.
22035 Each field is a @code{gdb.Field} object, with some pre-defined attributes:
22038 This attribute is not available for @code{static} fields (as in
22039 C@t{++} or Java). For non-@code{static} fields, the value is the bit
22040 position of the field. For @code{enum} fields, the value is the
22041 enumeration member's integer representation.
22044 The name of the field, or @code{None} for anonymous fields.
22047 This is @code{True} if the field is artificial, usually meaning that
22048 it was provided by the compiler and not the user. This attribute is
22049 always provided, and is @code{False} if the field is not artificial.
22051 @item is_base_class
22052 This is @code{True} if the field represents a base class of a C@t{++}
22053 structure. This attribute is always provided, and is @code{False}
22054 if the field is not a base class of the type that is the argument of
22055 @code{fields}, or if that type was not a C@t{++} class.
22058 If the field is packed, or is a bitfield, then this will have a
22059 non-zero value, which is the size of the field in bits. Otherwise,
22060 this will be zero; in this case the field's size is given by its type.
22063 The type of the field. This is usually an instance of @code{Type},
22064 but it can be @code{None} in some situations.
22068 @defun Type.array (@var{n1} @r{[}, @var{n2}@r{]})
22069 Return a new @code{gdb.Type} object which represents an array of this
22070 type. If one argument is given, it is the inclusive upper bound of
22071 the array; in this case the lower bound is zero. If two arguments are
22072 given, the first argument is the lower bound of the array, and the
22073 second argument is the upper bound of the array. An array's length
22074 must not be negative, but the bounds can be.
22077 @defun Type.const ()
22078 Return a new @code{gdb.Type} object which represents a
22079 @code{const}-qualified variant of this type.
22082 @defun Type.volatile ()
22083 Return a new @code{gdb.Type} object which represents a
22084 @code{volatile}-qualified variant of this type.
22087 @defun Type.unqualified ()
22088 Return a new @code{gdb.Type} object which represents an unqualified
22089 variant of this type. That is, the result is neither @code{const} nor
22093 @defun Type.range ()
22094 Return a Python @code{Tuple} object that contains two elements: the
22095 low bound of the argument type and the high bound of that type. If
22096 the type does not have a range, @value{GDBN} will raise a
22097 @code{gdb.error} exception (@pxref{Exception Handling}).
22100 @defun Type.reference ()
22101 Return a new @code{gdb.Type} object which represents a reference to this
22105 @defun Type.pointer ()
22106 Return a new @code{gdb.Type} object which represents a pointer to this
22110 @defun Type.strip_typedefs ()
22111 Return a new @code{gdb.Type} that represents the real type,
22112 after removing all layers of typedefs.
22115 @defun Type.target ()
22116 Return a new @code{gdb.Type} object which represents the target type
22119 For a pointer type, the target type is the type of the pointed-to
22120 object. For an array type (meaning C-like arrays), the target type is
22121 the type of the elements of the array. For a function or method type,
22122 the target type is the type of the return value. For a complex type,
22123 the target type is the type of the elements. For a typedef, the
22124 target type is the aliased type.
22126 If the type does not have a target, this method will throw an
22130 @defun Type.template_argument (n @r{[}, block@r{]})
22131 If this @code{gdb.Type} is an instantiation of a template, this will
22132 return a new @code{gdb.Type} which represents the type of the
22133 @var{n}th template argument.
22135 If this @code{gdb.Type} is not a template type, this will throw an
22136 exception. Ordinarily, only C@t{++} code will have template types.
22138 If @var{block} is given, then @var{name} is looked up in that scope.
22139 Otherwise, it is searched for globally.
22144 Each type has a code, which indicates what category this type falls
22145 into. The available type categories are represented by constants
22146 defined in the @code{gdb} module:
22149 @findex TYPE_CODE_PTR
22150 @findex gdb.TYPE_CODE_PTR
22151 @item gdb.TYPE_CODE_PTR
22152 The type is a pointer.
22154 @findex TYPE_CODE_ARRAY
22155 @findex gdb.TYPE_CODE_ARRAY
22156 @item gdb.TYPE_CODE_ARRAY
22157 The type is an array.
22159 @findex TYPE_CODE_STRUCT
22160 @findex gdb.TYPE_CODE_STRUCT
22161 @item gdb.TYPE_CODE_STRUCT
22162 The type is a structure.
22164 @findex TYPE_CODE_UNION
22165 @findex gdb.TYPE_CODE_UNION
22166 @item gdb.TYPE_CODE_UNION
22167 The type is a union.
22169 @findex TYPE_CODE_ENUM
22170 @findex gdb.TYPE_CODE_ENUM
22171 @item gdb.TYPE_CODE_ENUM
22172 The type is an enum.
22174 @findex TYPE_CODE_FLAGS
22175 @findex gdb.TYPE_CODE_FLAGS
22176 @item gdb.TYPE_CODE_FLAGS
22177 A bit flags type, used for things such as status registers.
22179 @findex TYPE_CODE_FUNC
22180 @findex gdb.TYPE_CODE_FUNC
22181 @item gdb.TYPE_CODE_FUNC
22182 The type is a function.
22184 @findex TYPE_CODE_INT
22185 @findex gdb.TYPE_CODE_INT
22186 @item gdb.TYPE_CODE_INT
22187 The type is an integer type.
22189 @findex TYPE_CODE_FLT
22190 @findex gdb.TYPE_CODE_FLT
22191 @item gdb.TYPE_CODE_FLT
22192 A floating point type.
22194 @findex TYPE_CODE_VOID
22195 @findex gdb.TYPE_CODE_VOID
22196 @item gdb.TYPE_CODE_VOID
22197 The special type @code{void}.
22199 @findex TYPE_CODE_SET
22200 @findex gdb.TYPE_CODE_SET
22201 @item gdb.TYPE_CODE_SET
22204 @findex TYPE_CODE_RANGE
22205 @findex gdb.TYPE_CODE_RANGE
22206 @item gdb.TYPE_CODE_RANGE
22207 A range type, that is, an integer type with bounds.
22209 @findex TYPE_CODE_STRING
22210 @findex gdb.TYPE_CODE_STRING
22211 @item gdb.TYPE_CODE_STRING
22212 A string type. Note that this is only used for certain languages with
22213 language-defined string types; C strings are not represented this way.
22215 @findex TYPE_CODE_BITSTRING
22216 @findex gdb.TYPE_CODE_BITSTRING
22217 @item gdb.TYPE_CODE_BITSTRING
22220 @findex TYPE_CODE_ERROR
22221 @findex gdb.TYPE_CODE_ERROR
22222 @item gdb.TYPE_CODE_ERROR
22223 An unknown or erroneous type.
22225 @findex TYPE_CODE_METHOD
22226 @findex gdb.TYPE_CODE_METHOD
22227 @item gdb.TYPE_CODE_METHOD
22228 A method type, as found in C@t{++} or Java.
22230 @findex TYPE_CODE_METHODPTR
22231 @findex gdb.TYPE_CODE_METHODPTR
22232 @item gdb.TYPE_CODE_METHODPTR
22233 A pointer-to-member-function.
22235 @findex TYPE_CODE_MEMBERPTR
22236 @findex gdb.TYPE_CODE_MEMBERPTR
22237 @item gdb.TYPE_CODE_MEMBERPTR
22238 A pointer-to-member.
22240 @findex TYPE_CODE_REF
22241 @findex gdb.TYPE_CODE_REF
22242 @item gdb.TYPE_CODE_REF
22245 @findex TYPE_CODE_CHAR
22246 @findex gdb.TYPE_CODE_CHAR
22247 @item gdb.TYPE_CODE_CHAR
22250 @findex TYPE_CODE_BOOL
22251 @findex gdb.TYPE_CODE_BOOL
22252 @item gdb.TYPE_CODE_BOOL
22255 @findex TYPE_CODE_COMPLEX
22256 @findex gdb.TYPE_CODE_COMPLEX
22257 @item gdb.TYPE_CODE_COMPLEX
22258 A complex float type.
22260 @findex TYPE_CODE_TYPEDEF
22261 @findex gdb.TYPE_CODE_TYPEDEF
22262 @item gdb.TYPE_CODE_TYPEDEF
22263 A typedef to some other type.
22265 @findex TYPE_CODE_NAMESPACE
22266 @findex gdb.TYPE_CODE_NAMESPACE
22267 @item gdb.TYPE_CODE_NAMESPACE
22268 A C@t{++} namespace.
22270 @findex TYPE_CODE_DECFLOAT
22271 @findex gdb.TYPE_CODE_DECFLOAT
22272 @item gdb.TYPE_CODE_DECFLOAT
22273 A decimal floating point type.
22275 @findex TYPE_CODE_INTERNAL_FUNCTION
22276 @findex gdb.TYPE_CODE_INTERNAL_FUNCTION
22277 @item gdb.TYPE_CODE_INTERNAL_FUNCTION
22278 A function internal to @value{GDBN}. This is the type used to represent
22279 convenience functions.
22282 Further support for types is provided in the @code{gdb.types}
22283 Python module (@pxref{gdb.types}).
22285 @node Pretty Printing API
22286 @subsubsection Pretty Printing API
22288 An example output is provided (@pxref{Pretty Printing}).
22290 A pretty-printer is just an object that holds a value and implements a
22291 specific interface, defined here.
22293 @defun pretty_printer.children (self)
22294 @value{GDBN} will call this method on a pretty-printer to compute the
22295 children of the pretty-printer's value.
22297 This method must return an object conforming to the Python iterator
22298 protocol. Each item returned by the iterator must be a tuple holding
22299 two elements. The first element is the ``name'' of the child; the
22300 second element is the child's value. The value can be any Python
22301 object which is convertible to a @value{GDBN} value.
22303 This method is optional. If it does not exist, @value{GDBN} will act
22304 as though the value has no children.
22307 @defun pretty_printer.display_hint (self)
22308 The CLI may call this method and use its result to change the
22309 formatting of a value. The result will also be supplied to an MI
22310 consumer as a @samp{displayhint} attribute of the variable being
22313 This method is optional. If it does exist, this method must return a
22316 Some display hints are predefined by @value{GDBN}:
22320 Indicate that the object being printed is ``array-like''. The CLI
22321 uses this to respect parameters such as @code{set print elements} and
22322 @code{set print array}.
22325 Indicate that the object being printed is ``map-like'', and that the
22326 children of this value can be assumed to alternate between keys and
22330 Indicate that the object being printed is ``string-like''. If the
22331 printer's @code{to_string} method returns a Python string of some
22332 kind, then @value{GDBN} will call its internal language-specific
22333 string-printing function to format the string. For the CLI this means
22334 adding quotation marks, possibly escaping some characters, respecting
22335 @code{set print elements}, and the like.
22339 @defun pretty_printer.to_string (self)
22340 @value{GDBN} will call this method to display the string
22341 representation of the value passed to the object's constructor.
22343 When printing from the CLI, if the @code{to_string} method exists,
22344 then @value{GDBN} will prepend its result to the values returned by
22345 @code{children}. Exactly how this formatting is done is dependent on
22346 the display hint, and may change as more hints are added. Also,
22347 depending on the print settings (@pxref{Print Settings}), the CLI may
22348 print just the result of @code{to_string} in a stack trace, omitting
22349 the result of @code{children}.
22351 If this method returns a string, it is printed verbatim.
22353 Otherwise, if this method returns an instance of @code{gdb.Value},
22354 then @value{GDBN} prints this value. This may result in a call to
22355 another pretty-printer.
22357 If instead the method returns a Python value which is convertible to a
22358 @code{gdb.Value}, then @value{GDBN} performs the conversion and prints
22359 the resulting value. Again, this may result in a call to another
22360 pretty-printer. Python scalars (integers, floats, and booleans) and
22361 strings are convertible to @code{gdb.Value}; other types are not.
22363 Finally, if this method returns @code{None} then no further operations
22364 are peformed in this method and nothing is printed.
22366 If the result is not one of these types, an exception is raised.
22369 @value{GDBN} provides a function which can be used to look up the
22370 default pretty-printer for a @code{gdb.Value}:
22372 @findex gdb.default_visualizer
22373 @defun gdb.default_visualizer (value)
22374 This function takes a @code{gdb.Value} object as an argument. If a
22375 pretty-printer for this value exists, then it is returned. If no such
22376 printer exists, then this returns @code{None}.
22379 @node Selecting Pretty-Printers
22380 @subsubsection Selecting Pretty-Printers
22382 The Python list @code{gdb.pretty_printers} contains an array of
22383 functions or callable objects that have been registered via addition
22384 as a pretty-printer. Printers in this list are called @code{global}
22385 printers, they're available when debugging all inferiors.
22386 Each @code{gdb.Progspace} contains a @code{pretty_printers} attribute.
22387 Each @code{gdb.Objfile} also contains a @code{pretty_printers}
22390 Each function on these lists is passed a single @code{gdb.Value}
22391 argument and should return a pretty-printer object conforming to the
22392 interface definition above (@pxref{Pretty Printing API}). If a function
22393 cannot create a pretty-printer for the value, it should return
22396 @value{GDBN} first checks the @code{pretty_printers} attribute of each
22397 @code{gdb.Objfile} in the current program space and iteratively calls
22398 each enabled lookup routine in the list for that @code{gdb.Objfile}
22399 until it receives a pretty-printer object.
22400 If no pretty-printer is found in the objfile lists, @value{GDBN} then
22401 searches the pretty-printer list of the current program space,
22402 calling each enabled function until an object is returned.
22403 After these lists have been exhausted, it tries the global
22404 @code{gdb.pretty_printers} list, again calling each enabled function until an
22405 object is returned.
22407 The order in which the objfiles are searched is not specified. For a
22408 given list, functions are always invoked from the head of the list,
22409 and iterated over sequentially until the end of the list, or a printer
22410 object is returned.
22412 For various reasons a pretty-printer may not work.
22413 For example, the underlying data structure may have changed and
22414 the pretty-printer is out of date.
22416 The consequences of a broken pretty-printer are severe enough that
22417 @value{GDBN} provides support for enabling and disabling individual
22418 printers. For example, if @code{print frame-arguments} is on,
22419 a backtrace can become highly illegible if any argument is printed
22420 with a broken printer.
22422 Pretty-printers are enabled and disabled by attaching an @code{enabled}
22423 attribute to the registered function or callable object. If this attribute
22424 is present and its value is @code{False}, the printer is disabled, otherwise
22425 the printer is enabled.
22427 @node Writing a Pretty-Printer
22428 @subsubsection Writing a Pretty-Printer
22429 @cindex writing a pretty-printer
22431 A pretty-printer consists of two parts: a lookup function to detect
22432 if the type is supported, and the printer itself.
22434 Here is an example showing how a @code{std::string} printer might be
22435 written. @xref{Pretty Printing API}, for details on the API this class
22439 class StdStringPrinter(object):
22440 "Print a std::string"
22442 def __init__(self, val):
22445 def to_string(self):
22446 return self.val['_M_dataplus']['_M_p']
22448 def display_hint(self):
22452 And here is an example showing how a lookup function for the printer
22453 example above might be written.
22456 def str_lookup_function(val):
22457 lookup_tag = val.type.tag
22458 if lookup_tag == None:
22460 regex = re.compile("^std::basic_string<char,.*>$")
22461 if regex.match(lookup_tag):
22462 return StdStringPrinter(val)
22466 The example lookup function extracts the value's type, and attempts to
22467 match it to a type that it can pretty-print. If it is a type the
22468 printer can pretty-print, it will return a printer object. If not, it
22469 returns @code{None}.
22471 We recommend that you put your core pretty-printers into a Python
22472 package. If your pretty-printers are for use with a library, we
22473 further recommend embedding a version number into the package name.
22474 This practice will enable @value{GDBN} to load multiple versions of
22475 your pretty-printers at the same time, because they will have
22478 You should write auto-loaded code (@pxref{Auto-loading}) such that it
22479 can be evaluated multiple times without changing its meaning. An
22480 ideal auto-load file will consist solely of @code{import}s of your
22481 printer modules, followed by a call to a register pretty-printers with
22482 the current objfile.
22484 Taken as a whole, this approach will scale nicely to multiple
22485 inferiors, each potentially using a different library version.
22486 Embedding a version number in the Python package name will ensure that
22487 @value{GDBN} is able to load both sets of printers simultaneously.
22488 Then, because the search for pretty-printers is done by objfile, and
22489 because your auto-loaded code took care to register your library's
22490 printers with a specific objfile, @value{GDBN} will find the correct
22491 printers for the specific version of the library used by each
22494 To continue the @code{std::string} example (@pxref{Pretty Printing API}),
22495 this code might appear in @code{gdb.libstdcxx.v6}:
22498 def register_printers(objfile):
22499 objfile.pretty_printers.add(str_lookup_function)
22503 And then the corresponding contents of the auto-load file would be:
22506 import gdb.libstdcxx.v6
22507 gdb.libstdcxx.v6.register_printers(gdb.current_objfile())
22510 The previous example illustrates a basic pretty-printer.
22511 There are a few things that can be improved on.
22512 The printer doesn't have a name, making it hard to identify in a
22513 list of installed printers. The lookup function has a name, but
22514 lookup functions can have arbitrary, even identical, names.
22516 Second, the printer only handles one type, whereas a library typically has
22517 several types. One could install a lookup function for each desired type
22518 in the library, but one could also have a single lookup function recognize
22519 several types. The latter is the conventional way this is handled.
22520 If a pretty-printer can handle multiple data types, then its
22521 @dfn{subprinters} are the printers for the individual data types.
22523 The @code{gdb.printing} module provides a formal way of solving these
22524 problems (@pxref{gdb.printing}).
22525 Here is another example that handles multiple types.
22527 These are the types we are going to pretty-print:
22530 struct foo @{ int a, b; @};
22531 struct bar @{ struct foo x, y; @};
22534 Here are the printers:
22538 """Print a foo object."""
22540 def __init__(self, val):
22543 def to_string(self):
22544 return ("a=<" + str(self.val["a"]) +
22545 "> b=<" + str(self.val["b"]) + ">")
22548 """Print a bar object."""
22550 def __init__(self, val):
22553 def to_string(self):
22554 return ("x=<" + str(self.val["x"]) +
22555 "> y=<" + str(self.val["y"]) + ">")
22558 This example doesn't need a lookup function, that is handled by the
22559 @code{gdb.printing} module. Instead a function is provided to build up
22560 the object that handles the lookup.
22563 import gdb.printing
22565 def build_pretty_printer():
22566 pp = gdb.printing.RegexpCollectionPrettyPrinter(
22568 pp.add_printer('foo', '^foo$', fooPrinter)
22569 pp.add_printer('bar', '^bar$', barPrinter)
22573 And here is the autoload support:
22576 import gdb.printing
22578 gdb.printing.register_pretty_printer(
22579 gdb.current_objfile(),
22580 my_library.build_pretty_printer())
22583 Finally, when this printer is loaded into @value{GDBN}, here is the
22584 corresponding output of @samp{info pretty-printer}:
22587 (gdb) info pretty-printer
22594 @node Inferiors In Python
22595 @subsubsection Inferiors In Python
22596 @cindex inferiors in Python
22598 @findex gdb.Inferior
22599 Programs which are being run under @value{GDBN} are called inferiors
22600 (@pxref{Inferiors and Programs}). Python scripts can access
22601 information about and manipulate inferiors controlled by @value{GDBN}
22602 via objects of the @code{gdb.Inferior} class.
22604 The following inferior-related functions are available in the @code{gdb}
22607 @defun gdb.inferiors ()
22608 Return a tuple containing all inferior objects.
22611 @defun gdb.selected_inferior ()
22612 Return an object representing the current inferior.
22615 A @code{gdb.Inferior} object has the following attributes:
22618 @defvar Inferior.num
22619 ID of inferior, as assigned by GDB.
22622 @defvar Inferior.pid
22623 Process ID of the inferior, as assigned by the underlying operating
22627 @defvar Inferior.was_attached
22628 Boolean signaling whether the inferior was created using `attach', or
22629 started by @value{GDBN} itself.
22633 A @code{gdb.Inferior} object has the following methods:
22636 @defun Inferior.is_valid ()
22637 Returns @code{True} if the @code{gdb.Inferior} object is valid,
22638 @code{False} if not. A @code{gdb.Inferior} object will become invalid
22639 if the inferior no longer exists within @value{GDBN}. All other
22640 @code{gdb.Inferior} methods will throw an exception if it is invalid
22641 at the time the method is called.
22644 @defun Inferior.threads ()
22645 This method returns a tuple holding all the threads which are valid
22646 when it is called. If there are no valid threads, the method will
22647 return an empty tuple.
22650 @findex gdb.read_memory
22651 @defun Inferior.read_memory (address, length)
22652 Read @var{length} bytes of memory from the inferior, starting at
22653 @var{address}. Returns a buffer object, which behaves much like an array
22654 or a string. It can be modified and given to the @code{gdb.write_memory}
22658 @findex gdb.write_memory
22659 @defun Inferior.write_memory (address, buffer @r{[}, length@r{]})
22660 Write the contents of @var{buffer} to the inferior, starting at
22661 @var{address}. The @var{buffer} parameter must be a Python object
22662 which supports the buffer protocol, i.e., a string, an array or the
22663 object returned from @code{gdb.read_memory}. If given, @var{length}
22664 determines the number of bytes from @var{buffer} to be written.
22667 @findex gdb.search_memory
22668 @defun Inferior.search_memory (address, length, pattern)
22669 Search a region of the inferior memory starting at @var{address} with
22670 the given @var{length} using the search pattern supplied in
22671 @var{pattern}. The @var{pattern} parameter must be a Python object
22672 which supports the buffer protocol, i.e., a string, an array or the
22673 object returned from @code{gdb.read_memory}. Returns a Python @code{Long}
22674 containing the address where the pattern was found, or @code{None} if
22675 the pattern could not be found.
22679 @node Events In Python
22680 @subsubsection Events In Python
22681 @cindex inferior events in Python
22683 @value{GDBN} provides a general event facility so that Python code can be
22684 notified of various state changes, particularly changes that occur in
22687 An @dfn{event} is just an object that describes some state change. The
22688 type of the object and its attributes will vary depending on the details
22689 of the change. All the existing events are described below.
22691 In order to be notified of an event, you must register an event handler
22692 with an @dfn{event registry}. An event registry is an object in the
22693 @code{gdb.events} module which dispatches particular events. A registry
22694 provides methods to register and unregister event handlers:
22697 @defun EventRegistry.connect (object)
22698 Add the given callable @var{object} to the registry. This object will be
22699 called when an event corresponding to this registry occurs.
22702 @defun EventRegistry.disconnect (object)
22703 Remove the given @var{object} from the registry. Once removed, the object
22704 will no longer receive notifications of events.
22708 Here is an example:
22711 def exit_handler (event):
22712 print "event type: exit"
22713 print "exit code: %d" % (event.exit_code)
22715 gdb.events.exited.connect (exit_handler)
22718 In the above example we connect our handler @code{exit_handler} to the
22719 registry @code{events.exited}. Once connected, @code{exit_handler} gets
22720 called when the inferior exits. The argument @dfn{event} in this example is
22721 of type @code{gdb.ExitedEvent}. As you can see in the example the
22722 @code{ExitedEvent} object has an attribute which indicates the exit code of
22725 The following is a listing of the event registries that are available and
22726 details of the events they emit:
22731 Emits @code{gdb.ThreadEvent}.
22733 Some events can be thread specific when @value{GDBN} is running in non-stop
22734 mode. When represented in Python, these events all extend
22735 @code{gdb.ThreadEvent}. Note, this event is not emitted directly; instead,
22736 events which are emitted by this or other modules might extend this event.
22737 Examples of these events are @code{gdb.BreakpointEvent} and
22738 @code{gdb.ContinueEvent}.
22741 @defvar ThreadEvent.inferior_thread
22742 In non-stop mode this attribute will be set to the specific thread which was
22743 involved in the emitted event. Otherwise, it will be set to @code{None}.
22747 Emits @code{gdb.ContinueEvent} which extends @code{gdb.ThreadEvent}.
22749 This event indicates that the inferior has been continued after a stop. For
22750 inherited attribute refer to @code{gdb.ThreadEvent} above.
22752 @item events.exited
22753 Emits @code{events.ExitedEvent} which indicates that the inferior has exited.
22754 @code{events.ExitedEvent} has two attributes:
22756 @defvar ExitedEvent.exit_code
22757 An integer representing the exit code, if available, which the inferior
22758 has returned. (The exit code could be unavailable if, for example,
22759 @value{GDBN} detaches from the inferior.) If the exit code is unavailable,
22760 the attribute does not exist.
22762 @defvar ExitedEvent inferior
22763 A reference to the inferior which triggered the @code{exited} event.
22768 Emits @code{gdb.StopEvent} which extends @code{gdb.ThreadEvent}.
22770 Indicates that the inferior has stopped. All events emitted by this registry
22771 extend StopEvent. As a child of @code{gdb.ThreadEvent}, @code{gdb.StopEvent}
22772 will indicate the stopped thread when @value{GDBN} is running in non-stop
22773 mode. Refer to @code{gdb.ThreadEvent} above for more details.
22775 Emits @code{gdb.SignalEvent} which extends @code{gdb.StopEvent}.
22777 This event indicates that the inferior or one of its threads has received as
22778 signal. @code{gdb.SignalEvent} has the following attributes:
22781 @defvar SignalEvent.stop_signal
22782 A string representing the signal received by the inferior. A list of possible
22783 signal values can be obtained by running the command @code{info signals} in
22784 the @value{GDBN} command prompt.
22788 Also emits @code{gdb.BreakpointEvent} which extends @code{gdb.StopEvent}.
22790 @code{gdb.BreakpointEvent} event indicates that one or more breakpoints have
22791 been hit, and has the following attributes:
22794 @defvar BreakpointEvent.breakpoints
22795 A sequence containing references to all the breakpoints (type
22796 @code{gdb.Breakpoint}) that were hit.
22797 @xref{Breakpoints In Python}, for details of the @code{gdb.Breakpoint} object.
22799 @defvar BreakpointEvent.breakpoint
22800 A reference to the first breakpoint that was hit.
22801 This function is maintained for backward compatibility and is now deprecated
22802 in favor of the @code{gdb.BreakpointEvent.breakpoints} attribute.
22806 @item events.new_objfile
22807 Emits @code{gdb.NewObjFileEvent} which indicates that a new object file has
22808 been loaded by @value{GDBN}. @code{gdb.NewObjFileEvent} has one attribute:
22811 @defvar NewObjFileEvent.new_objfile
22812 A reference to the object file (@code{gdb.Objfile}) which has been loaded.
22813 @xref{Objfiles In Python}, for details of the @code{gdb.Objfile} object.
22819 @node Threads In Python
22820 @subsubsection Threads In Python
22821 @cindex threads in python
22823 @findex gdb.InferiorThread
22824 Python scripts can access information about, and manipulate inferior threads
22825 controlled by @value{GDBN}, via objects of the @code{gdb.InferiorThread} class.
22827 The following thread-related functions are available in the @code{gdb}
22830 @findex gdb.selected_thread
22831 @defun gdb.selected_thread ()
22832 This function returns the thread object for the selected thread. If there
22833 is no selected thread, this will return @code{None}.
22836 A @code{gdb.InferiorThread} object has the following attributes:
22839 @defvar InferiorThread.name
22840 The name of the thread. If the user specified a name using
22841 @code{thread name}, then this returns that name. Otherwise, if an
22842 OS-supplied name is available, then it is returned. Otherwise, this
22843 returns @code{None}.
22845 This attribute can be assigned to. The new value must be a string
22846 object, which sets the new name, or @code{None}, which removes any
22847 user-specified thread name.
22850 @defvar InferiorThread.num
22851 ID of the thread, as assigned by GDB.
22854 @defvar InferiorThread.ptid
22855 ID of the thread, as assigned by the operating system. This attribute is a
22856 tuple containing three integers. The first is the Process ID (PID); the second
22857 is the Lightweight Process ID (LWPID), and the third is the Thread ID (TID).
22858 Either the LWPID or TID may be 0, which indicates that the operating system
22859 does not use that identifier.
22863 A @code{gdb.InferiorThread} object has the following methods:
22866 @defun InferiorThread.is_valid ()
22867 Returns @code{True} if the @code{gdb.InferiorThread} object is valid,
22868 @code{False} if not. A @code{gdb.InferiorThread} object will become
22869 invalid if the thread exits, or the inferior that the thread belongs
22870 is deleted. All other @code{gdb.InferiorThread} methods will throw an
22871 exception if it is invalid at the time the method is called.
22874 @defun InferiorThread.switch ()
22875 This changes @value{GDBN}'s currently selected thread to the one represented
22879 @defun InferiorThread.is_stopped ()
22880 Return a Boolean indicating whether the thread is stopped.
22883 @defun InferiorThread.is_running ()
22884 Return a Boolean indicating whether the thread is running.
22887 @defun InferiorThread.is_exited ()
22888 Return a Boolean indicating whether the thread is exited.
22892 @node Commands In Python
22893 @subsubsection Commands In Python
22895 @cindex commands in python
22896 @cindex python commands
22897 You can implement new @value{GDBN} CLI commands in Python. A CLI
22898 command is implemented using an instance of the @code{gdb.Command}
22899 class, most commonly using a subclass.
22901 @defun Command.__init__ (name, @var{command_class} @r{[}, @var{completer_class} @r{[}, @var{prefix}@r{]]})
22902 The object initializer for @code{Command} registers the new command
22903 with @value{GDBN}. This initializer is normally invoked from the
22904 subclass' own @code{__init__} method.
22906 @var{name} is the name of the command. If @var{name} consists of
22907 multiple words, then the initial words are looked for as prefix
22908 commands. In this case, if one of the prefix commands does not exist,
22909 an exception is raised.
22911 There is no support for multi-line commands.
22913 @var{command_class} should be one of the @samp{COMMAND_} constants
22914 defined below. This argument tells @value{GDBN} how to categorize the
22915 new command in the help system.
22917 @var{completer_class} is an optional argument. If given, it should be
22918 one of the @samp{COMPLETE_} constants defined below. This argument
22919 tells @value{GDBN} how to perform completion for this command. If not
22920 given, @value{GDBN} will attempt to complete using the object's
22921 @code{complete} method (see below); if no such method is found, an
22922 error will occur when completion is attempted.
22924 @var{prefix} is an optional argument. If @code{True}, then the new
22925 command is a prefix command; sub-commands of this command may be
22928 The help text for the new command is taken from the Python
22929 documentation string for the command's class, if there is one. If no
22930 documentation string is provided, the default value ``This command is
22931 not documented.'' is used.
22934 @cindex don't repeat Python command
22935 @defun Command.dont_repeat ()
22936 By default, a @value{GDBN} command is repeated when the user enters a
22937 blank line at the command prompt. A command can suppress this
22938 behavior by invoking the @code{dont_repeat} method. This is similar
22939 to the user command @code{dont-repeat}, see @ref{Define, dont-repeat}.
22942 @defun Command.invoke (argument, from_tty)
22943 This method is called by @value{GDBN} when this command is invoked.
22945 @var{argument} is a string. It is the argument to the command, after
22946 leading and trailing whitespace has been stripped.
22948 @var{from_tty} is a boolean argument. When true, this means that the
22949 command was entered by the user at the terminal; when false it means
22950 that the command came from elsewhere.
22952 If this method throws an exception, it is turned into a @value{GDBN}
22953 @code{error} call. Otherwise, the return value is ignored.
22955 @findex gdb.string_to_argv
22956 To break @var{argument} up into an argv-like string use
22957 @code{gdb.string_to_argv}. This function behaves identically to
22958 @value{GDBN}'s internal argument lexer @code{buildargv}.
22959 It is recommended to use this for consistency.
22960 Arguments are separated by spaces and may be quoted.
22964 print gdb.string_to_argv ("1 2\ \\\"3 '4 \"5' \"6 '7\"")
22965 ['1', '2 "3', '4 "5', "6 '7"]
22970 @cindex completion of Python commands
22971 @defun Command.complete (text, word)
22972 This method is called by @value{GDBN} when the user attempts
22973 completion on this command. All forms of completion are handled by
22974 this method, that is, the @key{TAB} and @key{M-?} key bindings
22975 (@pxref{Completion}), and the @code{complete} command (@pxref{Help,
22978 The arguments @var{text} and @var{word} are both strings. @var{text}
22979 holds the complete command line up to the cursor's location.
22980 @var{word} holds the last word of the command line; this is computed
22981 using a word-breaking heuristic.
22983 The @code{complete} method can return several values:
22986 If the return value is a sequence, the contents of the sequence are
22987 used as the completions. It is up to @code{complete} to ensure that the
22988 contents actually do complete the word. A zero-length sequence is
22989 allowed, it means that there were no completions available. Only
22990 string elements of the sequence are used; other elements in the
22991 sequence are ignored.
22994 If the return value is one of the @samp{COMPLETE_} constants defined
22995 below, then the corresponding @value{GDBN}-internal completion
22996 function is invoked, and its result is used.
22999 All other results are treated as though there were no available
23004 When a new command is registered, it must be declared as a member of
23005 some general class of commands. This is used to classify top-level
23006 commands in the on-line help system; note that prefix commands are not
23007 listed under their own category but rather that of their top-level
23008 command. The available classifications are represented by constants
23009 defined in the @code{gdb} module:
23012 @findex COMMAND_NONE
23013 @findex gdb.COMMAND_NONE
23014 @item gdb.COMMAND_NONE
23015 The command does not belong to any particular class. A command in
23016 this category will not be displayed in any of the help categories.
23018 @findex COMMAND_RUNNING
23019 @findex gdb.COMMAND_RUNNING
23020 @item gdb.COMMAND_RUNNING
23021 The command is related to running the inferior. For example,
23022 @code{start}, @code{step}, and @code{continue} are in this category.
23023 Type @kbd{help running} at the @value{GDBN} prompt to see a list of
23024 commands in this category.
23026 @findex COMMAND_DATA
23027 @findex gdb.COMMAND_DATA
23028 @item gdb.COMMAND_DATA
23029 The command is related to data or variables. For example,
23030 @code{call}, @code{find}, and @code{print} are in this category. Type
23031 @kbd{help data} at the @value{GDBN} prompt to see a list of commands
23034 @findex COMMAND_STACK
23035 @findex gdb.COMMAND_STACK
23036 @item gdb.COMMAND_STACK
23037 The command has to do with manipulation of the stack. For example,
23038 @code{backtrace}, @code{frame}, and @code{return} are in this
23039 category. Type @kbd{help stack} at the @value{GDBN} prompt to see a
23040 list of commands in this category.
23042 @findex COMMAND_FILES
23043 @findex gdb.COMMAND_FILES
23044 @item gdb.COMMAND_FILES
23045 This class is used for file-related commands. For example,
23046 @code{file}, @code{list} and @code{section} are in this category.
23047 Type @kbd{help files} at the @value{GDBN} prompt to see a list of
23048 commands in this category.
23050 @findex COMMAND_SUPPORT
23051 @findex gdb.COMMAND_SUPPORT
23052 @item gdb.COMMAND_SUPPORT
23053 This should be used for ``support facilities'', generally meaning
23054 things that are useful to the user when interacting with @value{GDBN},
23055 but not related to the state of the inferior. For example,
23056 @code{help}, @code{make}, and @code{shell} are in this category. Type
23057 @kbd{help support} at the @value{GDBN} prompt to see a list of
23058 commands in this category.
23060 @findex COMMAND_STATUS
23061 @findex gdb.COMMAND_STATUS
23062 @item gdb.COMMAND_STATUS
23063 The command is an @samp{info}-related command, that is, related to the
23064 state of @value{GDBN} itself. For example, @code{info}, @code{macro},
23065 and @code{show} are in this category. Type @kbd{help status} at the
23066 @value{GDBN} prompt to see a list of commands in this category.
23068 @findex COMMAND_BREAKPOINTS
23069 @findex gdb.COMMAND_BREAKPOINTS
23070 @item gdb.COMMAND_BREAKPOINTS
23071 The command has to do with breakpoints. For example, @code{break},
23072 @code{clear}, and @code{delete} are in this category. Type @kbd{help
23073 breakpoints} at the @value{GDBN} prompt to see a list of commands in
23076 @findex COMMAND_TRACEPOINTS
23077 @findex gdb.COMMAND_TRACEPOINTS
23078 @item gdb.COMMAND_TRACEPOINTS
23079 The command has to do with tracepoints. For example, @code{trace},
23080 @code{actions}, and @code{tfind} are in this category. Type
23081 @kbd{help tracepoints} at the @value{GDBN} prompt to see a list of
23082 commands in this category.
23084 @findex COMMAND_OBSCURE
23085 @findex gdb.COMMAND_OBSCURE
23086 @item gdb.COMMAND_OBSCURE
23087 The command is only used in unusual circumstances, or is not of
23088 general interest to users. For example, @code{checkpoint},
23089 @code{fork}, and @code{stop} are in this category. Type @kbd{help
23090 obscure} at the @value{GDBN} prompt to see a list of commands in this
23093 @findex COMMAND_MAINTENANCE
23094 @findex gdb.COMMAND_MAINTENANCE
23095 @item gdb.COMMAND_MAINTENANCE
23096 The command is only useful to @value{GDBN} maintainers. The
23097 @code{maintenance} and @code{flushregs} commands are in this category.
23098 Type @kbd{help internals} at the @value{GDBN} prompt to see a list of
23099 commands in this category.
23102 A new command can use a predefined completion function, either by
23103 specifying it via an argument at initialization, or by returning it
23104 from the @code{complete} method. These predefined completion
23105 constants are all defined in the @code{gdb} module:
23108 @findex COMPLETE_NONE
23109 @findex gdb.COMPLETE_NONE
23110 @item gdb.COMPLETE_NONE
23111 This constant means that no completion should be done.
23113 @findex COMPLETE_FILENAME
23114 @findex gdb.COMPLETE_FILENAME
23115 @item gdb.COMPLETE_FILENAME
23116 This constant means that filename completion should be performed.
23118 @findex COMPLETE_LOCATION
23119 @findex gdb.COMPLETE_LOCATION
23120 @item gdb.COMPLETE_LOCATION
23121 This constant means that location completion should be done.
23122 @xref{Specify Location}.
23124 @findex COMPLETE_COMMAND
23125 @findex gdb.COMPLETE_COMMAND
23126 @item gdb.COMPLETE_COMMAND
23127 This constant means that completion should examine @value{GDBN}
23130 @findex COMPLETE_SYMBOL
23131 @findex gdb.COMPLETE_SYMBOL
23132 @item gdb.COMPLETE_SYMBOL
23133 This constant means that completion should be done using symbol names
23137 The following code snippet shows how a trivial CLI command can be
23138 implemented in Python:
23141 class HelloWorld (gdb.Command):
23142 """Greet the whole world."""
23144 def __init__ (self):
23145 super (HelloWorld, self).__init__ ("hello-world", gdb.COMMAND_OBSCURE)
23147 def invoke (self, arg, from_tty):
23148 print "Hello, World!"
23153 The last line instantiates the class, and is necessary to trigger the
23154 registration of the command with @value{GDBN}. Depending on how the
23155 Python code is read into @value{GDBN}, you may need to import the
23156 @code{gdb} module explicitly.
23158 @node Parameters In Python
23159 @subsubsection Parameters In Python
23161 @cindex parameters in python
23162 @cindex python parameters
23163 @tindex gdb.Parameter
23165 You can implement new @value{GDBN} parameters using Python. A new
23166 parameter is implemented as an instance of the @code{gdb.Parameter}
23169 Parameters are exposed to the user via the @code{set} and
23170 @code{show} commands. @xref{Help}.
23172 There are many parameters that already exist and can be set in
23173 @value{GDBN}. Two examples are: @code{set follow fork} and
23174 @code{set charset}. Setting these parameters influences certain
23175 behavior in @value{GDBN}. Similarly, you can define parameters that
23176 can be used to influence behavior in custom Python scripts and commands.
23178 @defun Parameter.__init__ (name, @var{command-class}, @var{parameter-class} @r{[}, @var{enum-sequence}@r{]})
23179 The object initializer for @code{Parameter} registers the new
23180 parameter with @value{GDBN}. This initializer is normally invoked
23181 from the subclass' own @code{__init__} method.
23183 @var{name} is the name of the new parameter. If @var{name} consists
23184 of multiple words, then the initial words are looked for as prefix
23185 parameters. An example of this can be illustrated with the
23186 @code{set print} set of parameters. If @var{name} is
23187 @code{print foo}, then @code{print} will be searched as the prefix
23188 parameter. In this case the parameter can subsequently be accessed in
23189 @value{GDBN} as @code{set print foo}.
23191 If @var{name} consists of multiple words, and no prefix parameter group
23192 can be found, an exception is raised.
23194 @var{command-class} should be one of the @samp{COMMAND_} constants
23195 (@pxref{Commands In Python}). This argument tells @value{GDBN} how to
23196 categorize the new parameter in the help system.
23198 @var{parameter-class} should be one of the @samp{PARAM_} constants
23199 defined below. This argument tells @value{GDBN} the type of the new
23200 parameter; this information is used for input validation and
23203 If @var{parameter-class} is @code{PARAM_ENUM}, then
23204 @var{enum-sequence} must be a sequence of strings. These strings
23205 represent the possible values for the parameter.
23207 If @var{parameter-class} is not @code{PARAM_ENUM}, then the presence
23208 of a fourth argument will cause an exception to be thrown.
23210 The help text for the new parameter is taken from the Python
23211 documentation string for the parameter's class, if there is one. If
23212 there is no documentation string, a default value is used.
23215 @defvar Parameter.set_doc
23216 If this attribute exists, and is a string, then its value is used as
23217 the help text for this parameter's @code{set} command. The value is
23218 examined when @code{Parameter.__init__} is invoked; subsequent changes
23222 @defvar Parameter.show_doc
23223 If this attribute exists, and is a string, then its value is used as
23224 the help text for this parameter's @code{show} command. The value is
23225 examined when @code{Parameter.__init__} is invoked; subsequent changes
23229 @defvar Parameter.value
23230 The @code{value} attribute holds the underlying value of the
23231 parameter. It can be read and assigned to just as any other
23232 attribute. @value{GDBN} does validation when assignments are made.
23235 There are two methods that should be implemented in any
23236 @code{Parameter} class. These are:
23238 @defun Parameter.get_set_string (self)
23239 @value{GDBN} will call this method when a @var{parameter}'s value has
23240 been changed via the @code{set} API (for example, @kbd{set foo off}).
23241 The @code{value} attribute has already been populated with the new
23242 value and may be used in output. This method must return a string.
23245 @defun Parameter.get_show_string (self, svalue)
23246 @value{GDBN} will call this method when a @var{parameter}'s
23247 @code{show} API has been invoked (for example, @kbd{show foo}). The
23248 argument @code{svalue} receives the string representation of the
23249 current value. This method must return a string.
23252 When a new parameter is defined, its type must be specified. The
23253 available types are represented by constants defined in the @code{gdb}
23257 @findex PARAM_BOOLEAN
23258 @findex gdb.PARAM_BOOLEAN
23259 @item gdb.PARAM_BOOLEAN
23260 The value is a plain boolean. The Python boolean values, @code{True}
23261 and @code{False} are the only valid values.
23263 @findex PARAM_AUTO_BOOLEAN
23264 @findex gdb.PARAM_AUTO_BOOLEAN
23265 @item gdb.PARAM_AUTO_BOOLEAN
23266 The value has three possible states: true, false, and @samp{auto}. In
23267 Python, true and false are represented using boolean constants, and
23268 @samp{auto} is represented using @code{None}.
23270 @findex PARAM_UINTEGER
23271 @findex gdb.PARAM_UINTEGER
23272 @item gdb.PARAM_UINTEGER
23273 The value is an unsigned integer. The value of 0 should be
23274 interpreted to mean ``unlimited''.
23276 @findex PARAM_INTEGER
23277 @findex gdb.PARAM_INTEGER
23278 @item gdb.PARAM_INTEGER
23279 The value is a signed integer. The value of 0 should be interpreted
23280 to mean ``unlimited''.
23282 @findex PARAM_STRING
23283 @findex gdb.PARAM_STRING
23284 @item gdb.PARAM_STRING
23285 The value is a string. When the user modifies the string, any escape
23286 sequences, such as @samp{\t}, @samp{\f}, and octal escapes, are
23287 translated into corresponding characters and encoded into the current
23290 @findex PARAM_STRING_NOESCAPE
23291 @findex gdb.PARAM_STRING_NOESCAPE
23292 @item gdb.PARAM_STRING_NOESCAPE
23293 The value is a string. When the user modifies the string, escapes are
23294 passed through untranslated.
23296 @findex PARAM_OPTIONAL_FILENAME
23297 @findex gdb.PARAM_OPTIONAL_FILENAME
23298 @item gdb.PARAM_OPTIONAL_FILENAME
23299 The value is a either a filename (a string), or @code{None}.
23301 @findex PARAM_FILENAME
23302 @findex gdb.PARAM_FILENAME
23303 @item gdb.PARAM_FILENAME
23304 The value is a filename. This is just like
23305 @code{PARAM_STRING_NOESCAPE}, but uses file names for completion.
23307 @findex PARAM_ZINTEGER
23308 @findex gdb.PARAM_ZINTEGER
23309 @item gdb.PARAM_ZINTEGER
23310 The value is an integer. This is like @code{PARAM_INTEGER}, except 0
23311 is interpreted as itself.
23314 @findex gdb.PARAM_ENUM
23315 @item gdb.PARAM_ENUM
23316 The value is a string, which must be one of a collection string
23317 constants provided when the parameter is created.
23320 @node Functions In Python
23321 @subsubsection Writing new convenience functions
23323 @cindex writing convenience functions
23324 @cindex convenience functions in python
23325 @cindex python convenience functions
23326 @tindex gdb.Function
23328 You can implement new convenience functions (@pxref{Convenience Vars})
23329 in Python. A convenience function is an instance of a subclass of the
23330 class @code{gdb.Function}.
23332 @defun Function.__init__ (name)
23333 The initializer for @code{Function} registers the new function with
23334 @value{GDBN}. The argument @var{name} is the name of the function,
23335 a string. The function will be visible to the user as a convenience
23336 variable of type @code{internal function}, whose name is the same as
23337 the given @var{name}.
23339 The documentation for the new function is taken from the documentation
23340 string for the new class.
23343 @defun Function.invoke (@var{*args})
23344 When a convenience function is evaluated, its arguments are converted
23345 to instances of @code{gdb.Value}, and then the function's
23346 @code{invoke} method is called. Note that @value{GDBN} does not
23347 predetermine the arity of convenience functions. Instead, all
23348 available arguments are passed to @code{invoke}, following the
23349 standard Python calling convention. In particular, a convenience
23350 function can have default values for parameters without ill effect.
23352 The return value of this method is used as its value in the enclosing
23353 expression. If an ordinary Python value is returned, it is converted
23354 to a @code{gdb.Value} following the usual rules.
23357 The following code snippet shows how a trivial convenience function can
23358 be implemented in Python:
23361 class Greet (gdb.Function):
23362 """Return string to greet someone.
23363 Takes a name as argument."""
23365 def __init__ (self):
23366 super (Greet, self).__init__ ("greet")
23368 def invoke (self, name):
23369 return "Hello, %s!" % name.string ()
23374 The last line instantiates the class, and is necessary to trigger the
23375 registration of the function with @value{GDBN}. Depending on how the
23376 Python code is read into @value{GDBN}, you may need to import the
23377 @code{gdb} module explicitly.
23379 @node Progspaces In Python
23380 @subsubsection Program Spaces In Python
23382 @cindex progspaces in python
23383 @tindex gdb.Progspace
23385 A program space, or @dfn{progspace}, represents a symbolic view
23386 of an address space.
23387 It consists of all of the objfiles of the program.
23388 @xref{Objfiles In Python}.
23389 @xref{Inferiors and Programs, program spaces}, for more details
23390 about program spaces.
23392 The following progspace-related functions are available in the
23395 @findex gdb.current_progspace
23396 @defun gdb.current_progspace ()
23397 This function returns the program space of the currently selected inferior.
23398 @xref{Inferiors and Programs}.
23401 @findex gdb.progspaces
23402 @defun gdb.progspaces ()
23403 Return a sequence of all the progspaces currently known to @value{GDBN}.
23406 Each progspace is represented by an instance of the @code{gdb.Progspace}
23409 @defvar Progspace.filename
23410 The file name of the progspace as a string.
23413 @defvar Progspace.pretty_printers
23414 The @code{pretty_printers} attribute is a list of functions. It is
23415 used to look up pretty-printers. A @code{Value} is passed to each
23416 function in order; if the function returns @code{None}, then the
23417 search continues. Otherwise, the return value should be an object
23418 which is used to format the value. @xref{Pretty Printing API}, for more
23422 @node Objfiles In Python
23423 @subsubsection Objfiles In Python
23425 @cindex objfiles in python
23426 @tindex gdb.Objfile
23428 @value{GDBN} loads symbols for an inferior from various
23429 symbol-containing files (@pxref{Files}). These include the primary
23430 executable file, any shared libraries used by the inferior, and any
23431 separate debug info files (@pxref{Separate Debug Files}).
23432 @value{GDBN} calls these symbol-containing files @dfn{objfiles}.
23434 The following objfile-related functions are available in the
23437 @findex gdb.current_objfile
23438 @defun gdb.current_objfile ()
23439 When auto-loading a Python script (@pxref{Auto-loading}), @value{GDBN}
23440 sets the ``current objfile'' to the corresponding objfile. This
23441 function returns the current objfile. If there is no current objfile,
23442 this function returns @code{None}.
23445 @findex gdb.objfiles
23446 @defun gdb.objfiles ()
23447 Return a sequence of all the objfiles current known to @value{GDBN}.
23448 @xref{Objfiles In Python}.
23451 Each objfile is represented by an instance of the @code{gdb.Objfile}
23454 @defvar Objfile.filename
23455 The file name of the objfile as a string.
23458 @defvar Objfile.pretty_printers
23459 The @code{pretty_printers} attribute is a list of functions. It is
23460 used to look up pretty-printers. A @code{Value} is passed to each
23461 function in order; if the function returns @code{None}, then the
23462 search continues. Otherwise, the return value should be an object
23463 which is used to format the value. @xref{Pretty Printing API}, for more
23467 A @code{gdb.Objfile} object has the following methods:
23469 @defun Objfile.is_valid ()
23470 Returns @code{True} if the @code{gdb.Objfile} object is valid,
23471 @code{False} if not. A @code{gdb.Objfile} object can become invalid
23472 if the object file it refers to is not loaded in @value{GDBN} any
23473 longer. All other @code{gdb.Objfile} methods will throw an exception
23474 if it is invalid at the time the method is called.
23477 @node Frames In Python
23478 @subsubsection Accessing inferior stack frames from Python.
23480 @cindex frames in python
23481 When the debugged program stops, @value{GDBN} is able to analyze its call
23482 stack (@pxref{Frames,,Stack frames}). The @code{gdb.Frame} class
23483 represents a frame in the stack. A @code{gdb.Frame} object is only valid
23484 while its corresponding frame exists in the inferior's stack. If you try
23485 to use an invalid frame object, @value{GDBN} will throw a @code{gdb.error}
23486 exception (@pxref{Exception Handling}).
23488 Two @code{gdb.Frame} objects can be compared for equality with the @code{==}
23492 (@value{GDBP}) python print gdb.newest_frame() == gdb.selected_frame ()
23496 The following frame-related functions are available in the @code{gdb} module:
23498 @findex gdb.selected_frame
23499 @defun gdb.selected_frame ()
23500 Return the selected frame object. (@pxref{Selection,,Selecting a Frame}).
23503 @findex gdb.newest_frame
23504 @defun gdb.newest_frame ()
23505 Return the newest frame object for the selected thread.
23508 @defun gdb.frame_stop_reason_string (reason)
23509 Return a string explaining the reason why @value{GDBN} stopped unwinding
23510 frames, as expressed by the given @var{reason} code (an integer, see the
23511 @code{unwind_stop_reason} method further down in this section).
23514 A @code{gdb.Frame} object has the following methods:
23517 @defun Frame.is_valid ()
23518 Returns true if the @code{gdb.Frame} object is valid, false if not.
23519 A frame object can become invalid if the frame it refers to doesn't
23520 exist anymore in the inferior. All @code{gdb.Frame} methods will throw
23521 an exception if it is invalid at the time the method is called.
23524 @defun Frame.name ()
23525 Returns the function name of the frame, or @code{None} if it can't be
23529 @defun Frame.type ()
23530 Returns the type of the frame. The value can be one of:
23532 @item gdb.NORMAL_FRAME
23533 An ordinary stack frame.
23535 @item gdb.DUMMY_FRAME
23536 A fake stack frame that was created by @value{GDBN} when performing an
23537 inferior function call.
23539 @item gdb.INLINE_FRAME
23540 A frame representing an inlined function. The function was inlined
23541 into a @code{gdb.NORMAL_FRAME} that is older than this one.
23543 @item gdb.TAILCALL_FRAME
23544 A frame representing a tail call. @xref{Tail Call Frames}.
23546 @item gdb.SIGTRAMP_FRAME
23547 A signal trampoline frame. This is the frame created by the OS when
23548 it calls into a signal handler.
23550 @item gdb.ARCH_FRAME
23551 A fake stack frame representing a cross-architecture call.
23553 @item gdb.SENTINEL_FRAME
23554 This is like @code{gdb.NORMAL_FRAME}, but it is only used for the
23559 @defun Frame.unwind_stop_reason ()
23560 Return an integer representing the reason why it's not possible to find
23561 more frames toward the outermost frame. Use
23562 @code{gdb.frame_stop_reason_string} to convert the value returned by this
23563 function to a string. The value can be one of:
23566 @item gdb.FRAME_UNWIND_NO_REASON
23567 No particular reason (older frames should be available).
23569 @item gdb.FRAME_UNWIND_NULL_ID
23570 The previous frame's analyzer returns an invalid result.
23572 @item gdb.FRAME_UNWIND_OUTERMOST
23573 This frame is the outermost.
23575 @item gdb.FRAME_UNWIND_UNAVAILABLE
23576 Cannot unwind further, because that would require knowing the
23577 values of registers or memory that have not been collected.
23579 @item gdb.FRAME_UNWIND_INNER_ID
23580 This frame ID looks like it ought to belong to a NEXT frame,
23581 but we got it for a PREV frame. Normally, this is a sign of
23582 unwinder failure. It could also indicate stack corruption.
23584 @item gdb.FRAME_UNWIND_SAME_ID
23585 This frame has the same ID as the previous one. That means
23586 that unwinding further would almost certainly give us another
23587 frame with exactly the same ID, so break the chain. Normally,
23588 this is a sign of unwinder failure. It could also indicate
23591 @item gdb.FRAME_UNWIND_NO_SAVED_PC
23592 The frame unwinder did not find any saved PC, but we needed
23593 one to unwind further.
23595 @item gdb.FRAME_UNWIND_FIRST_ERROR
23596 Any stop reason greater or equal to this value indicates some kind
23597 of error. This special value facilitates writing code that tests
23598 for errors in unwinding in a way that will work correctly even if
23599 the list of the other values is modified in future @value{GDBN}
23600 versions. Using it, you could write:
23602 reason = gdb.selected_frame().unwind_stop_reason ()
23603 reason_str = gdb.frame_stop_reason_string (reason)
23604 if reason >= gdb.FRAME_UNWIND_FIRST_ERROR:
23605 print "An error occured: %s" % reason_str
23612 Returns the frame's resume address.
23615 @defun Frame.block ()
23616 Return the frame's code block. @xref{Blocks In Python}.
23619 @defun Frame.function ()
23620 Return the symbol for the function corresponding to this frame.
23621 @xref{Symbols In Python}.
23624 @defun Frame.older ()
23625 Return the frame that called this frame.
23628 @defun Frame.newer ()
23629 Return the frame called by this frame.
23632 @defun Frame.find_sal ()
23633 Return the frame's symtab and line object.
23634 @xref{Symbol Tables In Python}.
23637 @defun Frame.read_var (variable @r{[}, block@r{]})
23638 Return the value of @var{variable} in this frame. If the optional
23639 argument @var{block} is provided, search for the variable from that
23640 block; otherwise start at the frame's current block (which is
23641 determined by the frame's current program counter). @var{variable}
23642 must be a string or a @code{gdb.Symbol} object. @var{block} must be a
23643 @code{gdb.Block} object.
23646 @defun Frame.select ()
23647 Set this frame to be the selected frame. @xref{Stack, ,Examining the
23652 @node Blocks In Python
23653 @subsubsection Accessing frame blocks from Python.
23655 @cindex blocks in python
23658 Within each frame, @value{GDBN} maintains information on each block
23659 stored in that frame. These blocks are organized hierarchically, and
23660 are represented individually in Python as a @code{gdb.Block}.
23661 Please see @ref{Frames In Python}, for a more in-depth discussion on
23662 frames. Furthermore, see @ref{Stack, ,Examining the Stack}, for more
23663 detailed technical information on @value{GDBN}'s book-keeping of the
23666 The following block-related functions are available in the @code{gdb}
23669 @findex gdb.block_for_pc
23670 @defun gdb.block_for_pc (pc)
23671 Return the @code{gdb.Block} containing the given @var{pc} value. If the
23672 block cannot be found for the @var{pc} value specified, the function
23673 will return @code{None}.
23676 A @code{gdb.Block} object has the following methods:
23679 @defun Block.is_valid ()
23680 Returns @code{True} if the @code{gdb.Block} object is valid,
23681 @code{False} if not. A block object can become invalid if the block it
23682 refers to doesn't exist anymore in the inferior. All other
23683 @code{gdb.Block} methods will throw an exception if it is invalid at
23684 the time the method is called. This method is also made available to
23685 the Python iterator object that @code{gdb.Block} provides in an iteration
23686 context and via the Python @code{iter} built-in function.
23690 A @code{gdb.Block} object has the following attributes:
23693 @defvar Block.start
23694 The start address of the block. This attribute is not writable.
23698 The end address of the block. This attribute is not writable.
23701 @defvar Block.function
23702 The name of the block represented as a @code{gdb.Symbol}. If the
23703 block is not named, then this attribute holds @code{None}. This
23704 attribute is not writable.
23707 @defvar Block.superblock
23708 The block containing this block. If this parent block does not exist,
23709 this attribute holds @code{None}. This attribute is not writable.
23712 @defvar Block.global_block
23713 The global block associated with this block. This attribute is not
23717 @defvar Block.static_block
23718 The static block associated with this block. This attribute is not
23722 @defvar Block.is_global
23723 @code{True} if the @code{gdb.Block} object is a global block,
23724 @code{False} if not. This attribute is not
23728 @defvar Block.is_static
23729 @code{True} if the @code{gdb.Block} object is a static block,
23730 @code{False} if not. This attribute is not writable.
23734 @node Symbols In Python
23735 @subsubsection Python representation of Symbols.
23737 @cindex symbols in python
23740 @value{GDBN} represents every variable, function and type as an
23741 entry in a symbol table. @xref{Symbols, ,Examining the Symbol Table}.
23742 Similarly, Python represents these symbols in @value{GDBN} with the
23743 @code{gdb.Symbol} object.
23745 The following symbol-related functions are available in the @code{gdb}
23748 @findex gdb.lookup_symbol
23749 @defun gdb.lookup_symbol (name @r{[}, block @r{[}, domain@r{]]})
23750 This function searches for a symbol by name. The search scope can be
23751 restricted to the parameters defined in the optional domain and block
23754 @var{name} is the name of the symbol. It must be a string. The
23755 optional @var{block} argument restricts the search to symbols visible
23756 in that @var{block}. The @var{block} argument must be a
23757 @code{gdb.Block} object. If omitted, the block for the current frame
23758 is used. The optional @var{domain} argument restricts
23759 the search to the domain type. The @var{domain} argument must be a
23760 domain constant defined in the @code{gdb} module and described later
23763 The result is a tuple of two elements.
23764 The first element is a @code{gdb.Symbol} object or @code{None} if the symbol
23766 If the symbol is found, the second element is @code{True} if the symbol
23767 is a field of a method's object (e.g., @code{this} in C@t{++}),
23768 otherwise it is @code{False}.
23769 If the symbol is not found, the second element is @code{False}.
23772 @findex gdb.lookup_global_symbol
23773 @defun gdb.lookup_global_symbol (name @r{[}, domain@r{]})
23774 This function searches for a global symbol by name.
23775 The search scope can be restricted to by the domain argument.
23777 @var{name} is the name of the symbol. It must be a string.
23778 The optional @var{domain} argument restricts the search to the domain type.
23779 The @var{domain} argument must be a domain constant defined in the @code{gdb}
23780 module and described later in this chapter.
23782 The result is a @code{gdb.Symbol} object or @code{None} if the symbol
23786 A @code{gdb.Symbol} object has the following attributes:
23789 @defvar Symbol.type
23790 The type of the symbol or @code{None} if no type is recorded.
23791 This attribute is represented as a @code{gdb.Type} object.
23792 @xref{Types In Python}. This attribute is not writable.
23795 @defvar Symbol.symtab
23796 The symbol table in which the symbol appears. This attribute is
23797 represented as a @code{gdb.Symtab} object. @xref{Symbol Tables In
23798 Python}. This attribute is not writable.
23801 @defvar Symbol.name
23802 The name of the symbol as a string. This attribute is not writable.
23805 @defvar Symbol.linkage_name
23806 The name of the symbol, as used by the linker (i.e., may be mangled).
23807 This attribute is not writable.
23810 @defvar Symbol.print_name
23811 The name of the symbol in a form suitable for output. This is either
23812 @code{name} or @code{linkage_name}, depending on whether the user
23813 asked @value{GDBN} to display demangled or mangled names.
23816 @defvar Symbol.addr_class
23817 The address class of the symbol. This classifies how to find the value
23818 of a symbol. Each address class is a constant defined in the
23819 @code{gdb} module and described later in this chapter.
23822 @defvar Symbol.is_argument
23823 @code{True} if the symbol is an argument of a function.
23826 @defvar Symbol.is_constant
23827 @code{True} if the symbol is a constant.
23830 @defvar Symbol.is_function
23831 @code{True} if the symbol is a function or a method.
23834 @defvar Symbol.is_variable
23835 @code{True} if the symbol is a variable.
23839 A @code{gdb.Symbol} object has the following methods:
23842 @defun Symbol.is_valid ()
23843 Returns @code{True} if the @code{gdb.Symbol} object is valid,
23844 @code{False} if not. A @code{gdb.Symbol} object can become invalid if
23845 the symbol it refers to does not exist in @value{GDBN} any longer.
23846 All other @code{gdb.Symbol} methods will throw an exception if it is
23847 invalid at the time the method is called.
23851 The available domain categories in @code{gdb.Symbol} are represented
23852 as constants in the @code{gdb} module:
23855 @findex SYMBOL_UNDEF_DOMAIN
23856 @findex gdb.SYMBOL_UNDEF_DOMAIN
23857 @item gdb.SYMBOL_UNDEF_DOMAIN
23858 This is used when a domain has not been discovered or none of the
23859 following domains apply. This usually indicates an error either
23860 in the symbol information or in @value{GDBN}'s handling of symbols.
23861 @findex SYMBOL_VAR_DOMAIN
23862 @findex gdb.SYMBOL_VAR_DOMAIN
23863 @item gdb.SYMBOL_VAR_DOMAIN
23864 This domain contains variables, function names, typedef names and enum
23866 @findex SYMBOL_STRUCT_DOMAIN
23867 @findex gdb.SYMBOL_STRUCT_DOMAIN
23868 @item gdb.SYMBOL_STRUCT_DOMAIN
23869 This domain holds struct, union and enum type names.
23870 @findex SYMBOL_LABEL_DOMAIN
23871 @findex gdb.SYMBOL_LABEL_DOMAIN
23872 @item gdb.SYMBOL_LABEL_DOMAIN
23873 This domain contains names of labels (for gotos).
23874 @findex SYMBOL_VARIABLES_DOMAIN
23875 @findex gdb.SYMBOL_VARIABLES_DOMAIN
23876 @item gdb.SYMBOL_VARIABLES_DOMAIN
23877 This domain holds a subset of the @code{SYMBOLS_VAR_DOMAIN}; it
23878 contains everything minus functions and types.
23879 @findex SYMBOL_FUNCTIONS_DOMAIN
23880 @findex gdb.SYMBOL_FUNCTIONS_DOMAIN
23881 @item gdb.SYMBOL_FUNCTION_DOMAIN
23882 This domain contains all functions.
23883 @findex SYMBOL_TYPES_DOMAIN
23884 @findex gdb.SYMBOL_TYPES_DOMAIN
23885 @item gdb.SYMBOL_TYPES_DOMAIN
23886 This domain contains all types.
23889 The available address class categories in @code{gdb.Symbol} are represented
23890 as constants in the @code{gdb} module:
23893 @findex SYMBOL_LOC_UNDEF
23894 @findex gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_UNDEF
23895 @item gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_UNDEF
23896 If this is returned by address class, it indicates an error either in
23897 the symbol information or in @value{GDBN}'s handling of symbols.
23898 @findex SYMBOL_LOC_CONST
23899 @findex gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_CONST
23900 @item gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_CONST
23901 Value is constant int.
23902 @findex SYMBOL_LOC_STATIC
23903 @findex gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_STATIC
23904 @item gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_STATIC
23905 Value is at a fixed address.
23906 @findex SYMBOL_LOC_REGISTER
23907 @findex gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_REGISTER
23908 @item gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_REGISTER
23909 Value is in a register.
23910 @findex SYMBOL_LOC_ARG
23911 @findex gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_ARG
23912 @item gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_ARG
23913 Value is an argument. This value is at the offset stored within the
23914 symbol inside the frame's argument list.
23915 @findex SYMBOL_LOC_REF_ARG
23916 @findex gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_REF_ARG
23917 @item gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_REF_ARG
23918 Value address is stored in the frame's argument list. Just like
23919 @code{LOC_ARG} except that the value's address is stored at the
23920 offset, not the value itself.
23921 @findex SYMBOL_LOC_REGPARM_ADDR
23922 @findex gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_REGPARM_ADDR
23923 @item gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_REGPARM_ADDR
23924 Value is a specified register. Just like @code{LOC_REGISTER} except
23925 the register holds the address of the argument instead of the argument
23927 @findex SYMBOL_LOC_LOCAL
23928 @findex gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_LOCAL
23929 @item gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_LOCAL
23930 Value is a local variable.
23931 @findex SYMBOL_LOC_TYPEDEF
23932 @findex gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_TYPEDEF
23933 @item gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_TYPEDEF
23934 Value not used. Symbols in the domain @code{SYMBOL_STRUCT_DOMAIN} all
23936 @findex SYMBOL_LOC_BLOCK
23937 @findex gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_BLOCK
23938 @item gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_BLOCK
23940 @findex SYMBOL_LOC_CONST_BYTES
23941 @findex gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_CONST_BYTES
23942 @item gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_CONST_BYTES
23943 Value is a byte-sequence.
23944 @findex SYMBOL_LOC_UNRESOLVED
23945 @findex gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_UNRESOLVED
23946 @item gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_UNRESOLVED
23947 Value is at a fixed address, but the address of the variable has to be
23948 determined from the minimal symbol table whenever the variable is
23950 @findex SYMBOL_LOC_OPTIMIZED_OUT
23951 @findex gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_OPTIMIZED_OUT
23952 @item gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_OPTIMIZED_OUT
23953 The value does not actually exist in the program.
23954 @findex SYMBOL_LOC_COMPUTED
23955 @findex gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_COMPUTED
23956 @item gdb.SYMBOL_LOC_COMPUTED
23957 The value's address is a computed location.
23960 @node Symbol Tables In Python
23961 @subsubsection Symbol table representation in Python.
23963 @cindex symbol tables in python
23965 @tindex gdb.Symtab_and_line
23967 Access to symbol table data maintained by @value{GDBN} on the inferior
23968 is exposed to Python via two objects: @code{gdb.Symtab_and_line} and
23969 @code{gdb.Symtab}. Symbol table and line data for a frame is returned
23970 from the @code{find_sal} method in @code{gdb.Frame} object.
23971 @xref{Frames In Python}.
23973 For more information on @value{GDBN}'s symbol table management, see
23974 @ref{Symbols, ,Examining the Symbol Table}, for more information.
23976 A @code{gdb.Symtab_and_line} object has the following attributes:
23979 @defvar Symtab_and_line.symtab
23980 The symbol table object (@code{gdb.Symtab}) for this frame.
23981 This attribute is not writable.
23984 @defvar Symtab_and_line.pc
23985 Indicates the current program counter address. This attribute is not
23989 @defvar Symtab_and_line.line
23990 Indicates the current line number for this object. This
23991 attribute is not writable.
23995 A @code{gdb.Symtab_and_line} object has the following methods:
23998 @defun Symtab_and_line.is_valid ()
23999 Returns @code{True} if the @code{gdb.Symtab_and_line} object is valid,
24000 @code{False} if not. A @code{gdb.Symtab_and_line} object can become
24001 invalid if the Symbol table and line object it refers to does not
24002 exist in @value{GDBN} any longer. All other
24003 @code{gdb.Symtab_and_line} methods will throw an exception if it is
24004 invalid at the time the method is called.
24008 A @code{gdb.Symtab} object has the following attributes:
24011 @defvar Symtab.filename
24012 The symbol table's source filename. This attribute is not writable.
24015 @defvar Symtab.objfile
24016 The symbol table's backing object file. @xref{Objfiles In Python}.
24017 This attribute is not writable.
24021 A @code{gdb.Symtab} object has the following methods:
24024 @defun Symtab.is_valid ()
24025 Returns @code{True} if the @code{gdb.Symtab} object is valid,
24026 @code{False} if not. A @code{gdb.Symtab} object can become invalid if
24027 the symbol table it refers to does not exist in @value{GDBN} any
24028 longer. All other @code{gdb.Symtab} methods will throw an exception
24029 if it is invalid at the time the method is called.
24032 @defun Symtab.fullname ()
24033 Return the symbol table's source absolute file name.
24037 @node Breakpoints In Python
24038 @subsubsection Manipulating breakpoints using Python
24040 @cindex breakpoints in python
24041 @tindex gdb.Breakpoint
24043 Python code can manipulate breakpoints via the @code{gdb.Breakpoint}
24046 @defun Breakpoint.__init__ (spec @r{[}, type @r{[}, wp_class @r{[},internal@r{]]]})
24047 Create a new breakpoint. @var{spec} is a string naming the
24048 location of the breakpoint, or an expression that defines a
24049 watchpoint. The contents can be any location recognized by the
24050 @code{break} command, or in the case of a watchpoint, by the @code{watch}
24051 command. The optional @var{type} denotes the breakpoint to create
24052 from the types defined later in this chapter. This argument can be
24053 either: @code{gdb.BP_BREAKPOINT} or @code{gdb.BP_WATCHPOINT}. @var{type}
24054 defaults to @code{gdb.BP_BREAKPOINT}. The optional @var{internal} argument
24055 allows the breakpoint to become invisible to the user. The breakpoint
24056 will neither be reported when created, nor will it be listed in the
24057 output from @code{info breakpoints} (but will be listed with the
24058 @code{maint info breakpoints} command). The optional @var{wp_class}
24059 argument defines the class of watchpoint to create, if @var{type} is
24060 @code{gdb.BP_WATCHPOINT}. If a watchpoint class is not provided, it is
24061 assumed to be a @code{gdb.WP_WRITE} class.
24064 @defun Breakpoint.stop (self)
24065 The @code{gdb.Breakpoint} class can be sub-classed and, in
24066 particular, you may choose to implement the @code{stop} method.
24067 If this method is defined as a sub-class of @code{gdb.Breakpoint},
24068 it will be called when the inferior reaches any location of a
24069 breakpoint which instantiates that sub-class. If the method returns
24070 @code{True}, the inferior will be stopped at the location of the
24071 breakpoint, otherwise the inferior will continue.
24073 If there are multiple breakpoints at the same location with a
24074 @code{stop} method, each one will be called regardless of the
24075 return status of the previous. This ensures that all @code{stop}
24076 methods have a chance to execute at that location. In this scenario
24077 if one of the methods returns @code{True} but the others return
24078 @code{False}, the inferior will still be stopped.
24080 You should not alter the execution state of the inferior (i.e.@:, step,
24081 next, etc.), alter the current frame context (i.e.@:, change the current
24082 active frame), or alter, add or delete any breakpoint. As a general
24083 rule, you should not alter any data within @value{GDBN} or the inferior
24086 Example @code{stop} implementation:
24089 class MyBreakpoint (gdb.Breakpoint):
24091 inf_val = gdb.parse_and_eval("foo")
24098 The available watchpoint types represented by constants are defined in the
24103 @findex gdb.WP_READ
24105 Read only watchpoint.
24108 @findex gdb.WP_WRITE
24110 Write only watchpoint.
24113 @findex gdb.WP_ACCESS
24114 @item gdb.WP_ACCESS
24115 Read/Write watchpoint.
24118 @defun Breakpoint.is_valid ()
24119 Return @code{True} if this @code{Breakpoint} object is valid,
24120 @code{False} otherwise. A @code{Breakpoint} object can become invalid
24121 if the user deletes the breakpoint. In this case, the object still
24122 exists, but the underlying breakpoint does not. In the cases of
24123 watchpoint scope, the watchpoint remains valid even if execution of the
24124 inferior leaves the scope of that watchpoint.
24127 @defun Breakpoint.delete
24128 Permanently deletes the @value{GDBN} breakpoint. This also
24129 invalidates the Python @code{Breakpoint} object. Any further access
24130 to this object's attributes or methods will raise an error.
24133 @defvar Breakpoint.enabled
24134 This attribute is @code{True} if the breakpoint is enabled, and
24135 @code{False} otherwise. This attribute is writable.
24138 @defvar Breakpoint.silent
24139 This attribute is @code{True} if the breakpoint is silent, and
24140 @code{False} otherwise. This attribute is writable.
24142 Note that a breakpoint can also be silent if it has commands and the
24143 first command is @code{silent}. This is not reported by the
24144 @code{silent} attribute.
24147 @defvar Breakpoint.thread
24148 If the breakpoint is thread-specific, this attribute holds the thread
24149 id. If the breakpoint is not thread-specific, this attribute is
24150 @code{None}. This attribute is writable.
24153 @defvar Breakpoint.task
24154 If the breakpoint is Ada task-specific, this attribute holds the Ada task
24155 id. If the breakpoint is not task-specific (or the underlying
24156 language is not Ada), this attribute is @code{None}. This attribute
24160 @defvar Breakpoint.ignore_count
24161 This attribute holds the ignore count for the breakpoint, an integer.
24162 This attribute is writable.
24165 @defvar Breakpoint.number
24166 This attribute holds the breakpoint's number --- the identifier used by
24167 the user to manipulate the breakpoint. This attribute is not writable.
24170 @defvar Breakpoint.type
24171 This attribute holds the breakpoint's type --- the identifier used to
24172 determine the actual breakpoint type or use-case. This attribute is not
24176 @defvar Breakpoint.visible
24177 This attribute tells whether the breakpoint is visible to the user
24178 when set, or when the @samp{info breakpoints} command is run. This
24179 attribute is not writable.
24182 The available types are represented by constants defined in the @code{gdb}
24186 @findex BP_BREAKPOINT
24187 @findex gdb.BP_BREAKPOINT
24188 @item gdb.BP_BREAKPOINT
24189 Normal code breakpoint.
24191 @findex BP_WATCHPOINT
24192 @findex gdb.BP_WATCHPOINT
24193 @item gdb.BP_WATCHPOINT
24194 Watchpoint breakpoint.
24196 @findex BP_HARDWARE_WATCHPOINT
24197 @findex gdb.BP_HARDWARE_WATCHPOINT
24198 @item gdb.BP_HARDWARE_WATCHPOINT
24199 Hardware assisted watchpoint.
24201 @findex BP_READ_WATCHPOINT
24202 @findex gdb.BP_READ_WATCHPOINT
24203 @item gdb.BP_READ_WATCHPOINT
24204 Hardware assisted read watchpoint.
24206 @findex BP_ACCESS_WATCHPOINT
24207 @findex gdb.BP_ACCESS_WATCHPOINT
24208 @item gdb.BP_ACCESS_WATCHPOINT
24209 Hardware assisted access watchpoint.
24212 @defvar Breakpoint.hit_count
24213 This attribute holds the hit count for the breakpoint, an integer.
24214 This attribute is writable, but currently it can only be set to zero.
24217 @defvar Breakpoint.location
24218 This attribute holds the location of the breakpoint, as specified by
24219 the user. It is a string. If the breakpoint does not have a location
24220 (that is, it is a watchpoint) the attribute's value is @code{None}. This
24221 attribute is not writable.
24224 @defvar Breakpoint.expression
24225 This attribute holds a breakpoint expression, as specified by
24226 the user. It is a string. If the breakpoint does not have an
24227 expression (the breakpoint is not a watchpoint) the attribute's value
24228 is @code{None}. This attribute is not writable.
24231 @defvar Breakpoint.condition
24232 This attribute holds the condition of the breakpoint, as specified by
24233 the user. It is a string. If there is no condition, this attribute's
24234 value is @code{None}. This attribute is writable.
24237 @defvar Breakpoint.commands
24238 This attribute holds the commands attached to the breakpoint. If
24239 there are commands, this attribute's value is a string holding all the
24240 commands, separated by newlines. If there are no commands, this
24241 attribute is @code{None}. This attribute is not writable.
24244 @node Lazy Strings In Python
24245 @subsubsection Python representation of lazy strings.
24247 @cindex lazy strings in python
24248 @tindex gdb.LazyString
24250 A @dfn{lazy string} is a string whose contents is not retrieved or
24251 encoded until it is needed.
24253 A @code{gdb.LazyString} is represented in @value{GDBN} as an
24254 @code{address} that points to a region of memory, an @code{encoding}
24255 that will be used to encode that region of memory, and a @code{length}
24256 to delimit the region of memory that represents the string. The
24257 difference between a @code{gdb.LazyString} and a string wrapped within
24258 a @code{gdb.Value} is that a @code{gdb.LazyString} will be treated
24259 differently by @value{GDBN} when printing. A @code{gdb.LazyString} is
24260 retrieved and encoded during printing, while a @code{gdb.Value}
24261 wrapping a string is immediately retrieved and encoded on creation.
24263 A @code{gdb.LazyString} object has the following functions:
24265 @defun LazyString.value ()
24266 Convert the @code{gdb.LazyString} to a @code{gdb.Value}. This value
24267 will point to the string in memory, but will lose all the delayed
24268 retrieval, encoding and handling that @value{GDBN} applies to a
24269 @code{gdb.LazyString}.
24272 @defvar LazyString.address
24273 This attribute holds the address of the string. This attribute is not
24277 @defvar LazyString.length
24278 This attribute holds the length of the string in characters. If the
24279 length is -1, then the string will be fetched and encoded up to the
24280 first null of appropriate width. This attribute is not writable.
24283 @defvar LazyString.encoding
24284 This attribute holds the encoding that will be applied to the string
24285 when the string is printed by @value{GDBN}. If the encoding is not
24286 set, or contains an empty string, then @value{GDBN} will select the
24287 most appropriate encoding when the string is printed. This attribute
24291 @defvar LazyString.type
24292 This attribute holds the type that is represented by the lazy string's
24293 type. For a lazy string this will always be a pointer type. To
24294 resolve this to the lazy string's character type, use the type's
24295 @code{target} method. @xref{Types In Python}. This attribute is not
24300 @subsection Auto-loading
24301 @cindex auto-loading, Python
24303 When a new object file is read (for example, due to the @code{file}
24304 command, or because the inferior has loaded a shared library),
24305 @value{GDBN} will look for Python support scripts in several ways:
24306 @file{@var{objfile}-gdb.py} and @code{.debug_gdb_scripts} section.
24309 * objfile-gdb.py file:: The @file{@var{objfile}-gdb.py} file
24310 * .debug_gdb_scripts section:: The @code{.debug_gdb_scripts} section
24311 * Which flavor to choose?::
24314 The auto-loading feature is useful for supplying application-specific
24315 debugging commands and scripts.
24317 Auto-loading can be enabled or disabled,
24318 and the list of auto-loaded scripts can be printed.
24321 @kindex set auto-load-scripts
24322 @item set auto-load-scripts [yes|no]
24323 Enable or disable the auto-loading of Python scripts.
24325 @kindex show auto-load-scripts
24326 @item show auto-load-scripts
24327 Show whether auto-loading of Python scripts is enabled or disabled.
24329 @kindex info auto-load-scripts
24330 @cindex print list of auto-loaded scripts
24331 @item info auto-load-scripts [@var{regexp}]
24332 Print the list of all scripts that @value{GDBN} auto-loaded.
24334 Also printed is the list of scripts that were mentioned in
24335 the @code{.debug_gdb_scripts} section and were not found
24336 (@pxref{.debug_gdb_scripts section}).
24337 This is useful because their names are not printed when @value{GDBN}
24338 tries to load them and fails. There may be many of them, and printing
24339 an error message for each one is problematic.
24341 If @var{regexp} is supplied only scripts with matching names are printed.
24346 (gdb) info auto-load-scripts
24348 Yes py-section-script.py
24349 full name: /tmp/py-section-script.py
24350 Missing my-foo-pretty-printers.py
24354 When reading an auto-loaded file, @value{GDBN} sets the
24355 @dfn{current objfile}. This is available via the @code{gdb.current_objfile}
24356 function (@pxref{Objfiles In Python}). This can be useful for
24357 registering objfile-specific pretty-printers.
24359 @node objfile-gdb.py file
24360 @subsubsection The @file{@var{objfile}-gdb.py} file
24361 @cindex @file{@var{objfile}-gdb.py}
24363 When a new object file is read, @value{GDBN} looks for
24364 a file named @file{@var{objfile}-gdb.py},
24365 where @var{objfile} is the object file's real name, formed by ensuring
24366 that the file name is absolute, following all symlinks, and resolving
24367 @code{.} and @code{..} components. If this file exists and is
24368 readable, @value{GDBN} will evaluate it as a Python script.
24370 If this file does not exist, and if the parameter
24371 @code{debug-file-directory} is set (@pxref{Separate Debug Files}),
24372 then @value{GDBN} will look for @var{real-name} in all of the
24373 directories mentioned in the value of @code{debug-file-directory}.
24375 Finally, if this file does not exist, then @value{GDBN} will look for
24376 a file named @file{@var{data-directory}/python/auto-load/@var{real-name}}, where
24377 @var{data-directory} is @value{GDBN}'s data directory (available via
24378 @code{show data-directory}, @pxref{Data Files}), and @var{real-name}
24379 is the object file's real name, as described above.
24381 @value{GDBN} does not track which files it has already auto-loaded this way.
24382 @value{GDBN} will load the associated script every time the corresponding
24383 @var{objfile} is opened.
24384 So your @file{-gdb.py} file should be careful to avoid errors if it
24385 is evaluated more than once.
24387 @node .debug_gdb_scripts section
24388 @subsubsection The @code{.debug_gdb_scripts} section
24389 @cindex @code{.debug_gdb_scripts} section
24391 For systems using file formats like ELF and COFF,
24392 when @value{GDBN} loads a new object file
24393 it will look for a special section named @samp{.debug_gdb_scripts}.
24394 If this section exists, its contents is a list of names of scripts to load.
24396 @value{GDBN} will look for each specified script file first in the
24397 current directory and then along the source search path
24398 (@pxref{Source Path, ,Specifying Source Directories}),
24399 except that @file{$cdir} is not searched, since the compilation
24400 directory is not relevant to scripts.
24402 Entries can be placed in section @code{.debug_gdb_scripts} with,
24403 for example, this GCC macro:
24406 /* Note: The "MS" section flags are to remove duplicates. */
24407 #define DEFINE_GDB_SCRIPT(script_name) \
24409 .pushsection \".debug_gdb_scripts\", \"MS\",@@progbits,1\n\
24411 .asciz \"" script_name "\"\n\
24417 Then one can reference the macro in a header or source file like this:
24420 DEFINE_GDB_SCRIPT ("my-app-scripts.py")
24423 The script name may include directories if desired.
24425 If the macro is put in a header, any application or library
24426 using this header will get a reference to the specified script.
24428 @node Which flavor to choose?
24429 @subsubsection Which flavor to choose?
24431 Given the multiple ways of auto-loading Python scripts, it might not always
24432 be clear which one to choose. This section provides some guidance.
24434 Benefits of the @file{-gdb.py} way:
24438 Can be used with file formats that don't support multiple sections.
24441 Ease of finding scripts for public libraries.
24443 Scripts specified in the @code{.debug_gdb_scripts} section are searched for
24444 in the source search path.
24445 For publicly installed libraries, e.g., @file{libstdc++}, there typically
24446 isn't a source directory in which to find the script.
24449 Doesn't require source code additions.
24452 Benefits of the @code{.debug_gdb_scripts} way:
24456 Works with static linking.
24458 Scripts for libraries done the @file{-gdb.py} way require an objfile to
24459 trigger their loading. When an application is statically linked the only
24460 objfile available is the executable, and it is cumbersome to attach all the
24461 scripts from all the input libraries to the executable's @file{-gdb.py} script.
24464 Works with classes that are entirely inlined.
24466 Some classes can be entirely inlined, and thus there may not be an associated
24467 shared library to attach a @file{-gdb.py} script to.
24470 Scripts needn't be copied out of the source tree.
24472 In some circumstances, apps can be built out of large collections of internal
24473 libraries, and the build infrastructure necessary to install the
24474 @file{-gdb.py} scripts in a place where @value{GDBN} can find them is
24475 cumbersome. It may be easier to specify the scripts in the
24476 @code{.debug_gdb_scripts} section as relative paths, and add a path to the
24477 top of the source tree to the source search path.
24480 @node Python modules
24481 @subsection Python modules
24482 @cindex python modules
24484 @value{GDBN} comes with several modules to assist writing Python code.
24487 * gdb.printing:: Building and registering pretty-printers.
24488 * gdb.types:: Utilities for working with types.
24489 * gdb.prompt:: Utilities for prompt value substitution.
24493 @subsubsection gdb.printing
24494 @cindex gdb.printing
24496 This module provides a collection of utilities for working with
24500 @item PrettyPrinter (@var{name}, @var{subprinters}=None)
24501 This class specifies the API that makes @samp{info pretty-printer},
24502 @samp{enable pretty-printer} and @samp{disable pretty-printer} work.
24503 Pretty-printers should generally inherit from this class.
24505 @item SubPrettyPrinter (@var{name})
24506 For printers that handle multiple types, this class specifies the
24507 corresponding API for the subprinters.
24509 @item RegexpCollectionPrettyPrinter (@var{name})
24510 Utility class for handling multiple printers, all recognized via
24511 regular expressions.
24512 @xref{Writing a Pretty-Printer}, for an example.
24514 @item register_pretty_printer (@var{obj}, @var{printer}, @var{replace}=False)
24515 Register @var{printer} with the pretty-printer list of @var{obj}.
24516 If @var{replace} is @code{True} then any existing copy of the printer
24517 is replaced. Otherwise a @code{RuntimeError} exception is raised
24518 if a printer with the same name already exists.
24522 @subsubsection gdb.types
24525 This module provides a collection of utilities for working with
24526 @code{gdb.Types} objects.
24529 @item get_basic_type (@var{type})
24530 Return @var{type} with const and volatile qualifiers stripped,
24531 and with typedefs and C@t{++} references converted to the underlying type.
24536 typedef const int const_int;
24538 const_int& foo_ref (foo);
24539 int main () @{ return 0; @}
24546 (gdb) python import gdb.types
24547 (gdb) python foo_ref = gdb.parse_and_eval("foo_ref")
24548 (gdb) python print gdb.types.get_basic_type(foo_ref.type)
24552 @item has_field (@var{type}, @var{field})
24553 Return @code{True} if @var{type}, assumed to be a type with fields
24554 (e.g., a structure or union), has field @var{field}.
24556 @item make_enum_dict (@var{enum_type})
24557 Return a Python @code{dictionary} type produced from @var{enum_type}.
24559 @item deep_items (@var{type})
24560 Returns a Python iterator similar to the standard
24561 @code{gdb.Type.iteritems} method, except that the iterator returned
24562 by @code{deep_items} will recursively traverse anonymous struct or
24563 union fields. For example:
24577 Then in @value{GDBN}:
24579 (@value{GDBP}) python import gdb.types
24580 (@value{GDBP}) python struct_a = gdb.lookup_type("struct A")
24581 (@value{GDBP}) python print struct_a.keys ()
24583 (@value{GDBP}) python print [k for k,v in gdb.types.deep_items(struct_a)]
24584 @{['a', 'b0', 'b1']@}
24590 @subsubsection gdb.prompt
24593 This module provides a method for prompt value-substitution.
24596 @item substitute_prompt (@var{string})
24597 Return @var{string} with escape sequences substituted by values. Some
24598 escape sequences take arguments. You can specify arguments inside
24599 ``@{@}'' immediately following the escape sequence.
24601 The escape sequences you can pass to this function are:
24605 Substitute a backslash.
24607 Substitute an ESC character.
24609 Substitute the selected frame; an argument names a frame parameter.
24611 Substitute a newline.
24613 Substitute a parameter's value; the argument names the parameter.
24615 Substitute a carriage return.
24617 Substitute the selected thread; an argument names a thread parameter.
24619 Substitute the version of GDB.
24621 Substitute the current working directory.
24623 Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. These sequences are
24624 typically used with the ESC character, and are not counted in the string
24625 length. Example: ``\[\e[0;34m\](gdb)\[\e[0m\]'' will return a
24626 blue-colored ``(gdb)'' prompt where the length is five.
24628 End a sequence of non-printing characters.
24634 substitute_prompt (``frame: \f,
24635 print arguments: \p@{print frame-arguments@}'')
24638 @exdent will return the string:
24641 "frame: main, print arguments: scalars"
24646 @section Creating new spellings of existing commands
24647 @cindex aliases for commands
24649 It is often useful to define alternate spellings of existing commands.
24650 For example, if a new @value{GDBN} command defined in Python has
24651 a long name to type, it is handy to have an abbreviated version of it
24652 that involves less typing.
24654 @value{GDBN} itself uses aliases. For example @samp{s} is an alias
24655 of the @samp{step} command even though it is otherwise an ambiguous
24656 abbreviation of other commands like @samp{set} and @samp{show}.
24658 Aliases are also used to provide shortened or more common versions
24659 of multi-word commands. For example, @value{GDBN} provides the
24660 @samp{tty} alias of the @samp{set inferior-tty} command.
24662 You can define a new alias with the @samp{alias} command.
24667 @item alias [-a] [--] @var{ALIAS} = @var{COMMAND}
24671 @var{ALIAS} specifies the name of the new alias.
24672 Each word of @var{ALIAS} must consist of letters, numbers, dashes and
24675 @var{COMMAND} specifies the name of an existing command
24676 that is being aliased.
24678 The @samp{-a} option specifies that the new alias is an abbreviation
24679 of the command. Abbreviations are not shown in command
24680 lists displayed by the @samp{help} command.
24682 The @samp{--} option specifies the end of options,
24683 and is useful when @var{ALIAS} begins with a dash.
24685 Here is a simple example showing how to make an abbreviation
24686 of a command so that there is less to type.
24687 Suppose you were tired of typing @samp{disas}, the current
24688 shortest unambiguous abbreviation of the @samp{disassemble} command
24689 and you wanted an even shorter version named @samp{di}.
24690 The following will accomplish this.
24693 (gdb) alias -a di = disas
24696 Note that aliases are different from user-defined commands.
24697 With a user-defined command, you also need to write documentation
24698 for it with the @samp{document} command.
24699 An alias automatically picks up the documentation of the existing command.
24701 Here is an example where we make @samp{elms} an abbreviation of
24702 @samp{elements} in the @samp{set print elements} command.
24703 This is to show that you can make an abbreviation of any part
24707 (gdb) alias -a set print elms = set print elements
24708 (gdb) alias -a show print elms = show print elements
24709 (gdb) set p elms 20
24711 Limit on string chars or array elements to print is 200.
24714 Note that if you are defining an alias of a @samp{set} command,
24715 and you want to have an alias for the corresponding @samp{show}
24716 command, then you need to define the latter separately.
24718 Unambiguously abbreviated commands are allowed in @var{COMMAND} and
24719 @var{ALIAS}, just as they are normally.
24722 (gdb) alias -a set pr elms = set p ele
24725 Finally, here is an example showing the creation of a one word
24726 alias for a more complex command.
24727 This creates alias @samp{spe} of the command @samp{set print elements}.
24730 (gdb) alias spe = set print elements
24735 @chapter Command Interpreters
24736 @cindex command interpreters
24738 @value{GDBN} supports multiple command interpreters, and some command
24739 infrastructure to allow users or user interface writers to switch
24740 between interpreters or run commands in other interpreters.
24742 @value{GDBN} currently supports two command interpreters, the console
24743 interpreter (sometimes called the command-line interpreter or @sc{cli})
24744 and the machine interface interpreter (or @sc{gdb/mi}). This manual
24745 describes both of these interfaces in great detail.
24747 By default, @value{GDBN} will start with the console interpreter.
24748 However, the user may choose to start @value{GDBN} with another
24749 interpreter by specifying the @option{-i} or @option{--interpreter}
24750 startup options. Defined interpreters include:
24754 @cindex console interpreter
24755 The traditional console or command-line interpreter. This is the most often
24756 used interpreter with @value{GDBN}. With no interpreter specified at runtime,
24757 @value{GDBN} will use this interpreter.
24760 @cindex mi interpreter
24761 The newest @sc{gdb/mi} interface (currently @code{mi2}). Used primarily
24762 by programs wishing to use @value{GDBN} as a backend for a debugger GUI
24763 or an IDE. For more information, see @ref{GDB/MI, ,The @sc{gdb/mi}
24767 @cindex mi2 interpreter
24768 The current @sc{gdb/mi} interface.
24771 @cindex mi1 interpreter
24772 The @sc{gdb/mi} interface included in @value{GDBN} 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3.
24776 @cindex invoke another interpreter
24777 The interpreter being used by @value{GDBN} may not be dynamically
24778 switched at runtime. Although possible, this could lead to a very
24779 precarious situation. Consider an IDE using @sc{gdb/mi}. If a user
24780 enters the command "interpreter-set console" in a console view,
24781 @value{GDBN} would switch to using the console interpreter, rendering
24782 the IDE inoperable!
24784 @kindex interpreter-exec
24785 Although you may only choose a single interpreter at startup, you may execute
24786 commands in any interpreter from the current interpreter using the appropriate
24787 command. If you are running the console interpreter, simply use the
24788 @code{interpreter-exec} command:
24791 interpreter-exec mi "-data-list-register-names"
24794 @sc{gdb/mi} has a similar command, although it is only available in versions of
24795 @value{GDBN} which support @sc{gdb/mi} version 2 (or greater).
24798 @chapter @value{GDBN} Text User Interface
24800 @cindex Text User Interface
24803 * TUI Overview:: TUI overview
24804 * TUI Keys:: TUI key bindings
24805 * TUI Single Key Mode:: TUI single key mode
24806 * TUI Commands:: TUI-specific commands
24807 * TUI Configuration:: TUI configuration variables
24810 The @value{GDBN} Text User Interface (TUI) is a terminal
24811 interface which uses the @code{curses} library to show the source
24812 file, the assembly output, the program registers and @value{GDBN}
24813 commands in separate text windows. The TUI mode is supported only
24814 on platforms where a suitable version of the @code{curses} library
24817 @pindex @value{GDBTUI}
24818 The TUI mode is enabled by default when you invoke @value{GDBN} as
24819 either @samp{@value{GDBTUI}} or @samp{@value{GDBP} -tui}.
24820 You can also switch in and out of TUI mode while @value{GDBN} runs by
24821 using various TUI commands and key bindings, such as @kbd{C-x C-a}.
24822 @xref{TUI Keys, ,TUI Key Bindings}.
24825 @section TUI Overview
24827 In TUI mode, @value{GDBN} can display several text windows:
24831 This window is the @value{GDBN} command window with the @value{GDBN}
24832 prompt and the @value{GDBN} output. The @value{GDBN} input is still
24833 managed using readline.
24836 The source window shows the source file of the program. The current
24837 line and active breakpoints are displayed in this window.
24840 The assembly window shows the disassembly output of the program.
24843 This window shows the processor registers. Registers are highlighted
24844 when their values change.
24847 The source and assembly windows show the current program position
24848 by highlighting the current line and marking it with a @samp{>} marker.
24849 Breakpoints are indicated with two markers. The first marker
24850 indicates the breakpoint type:
24854 Breakpoint which was hit at least once.
24857 Breakpoint which was never hit.
24860 Hardware breakpoint which was hit at least once.
24863 Hardware breakpoint which was never hit.
24866 The second marker indicates whether the breakpoint is enabled or not:
24870 Breakpoint is enabled.
24873 Breakpoint is disabled.
24876 The source, assembly and register windows are updated when the current
24877 thread changes, when the frame changes, or when the program counter
24880 These windows are not all visible at the same time. The command
24881 window is always visible. The others can be arranged in several
24892 source and assembly,
24895 source and registers, or
24898 assembly and registers.
24901 A status line above the command window shows the following information:
24905 Indicates the current @value{GDBN} target.
24906 (@pxref{Targets, ,Specifying a Debugging Target}).
24909 Gives the current process or thread number.
24910 When no process is being debugged, this field is set to @code{No process}.
24913 Gives the current function name for the selected frame.
24914 The name is demangled if demangling is turned on (@pxref{Print Settings}).
24915 When there is no symbol corresponding to the current program counter,
24916 the string @code{??} is displayed.
24919 Indicates the current line number for the selected frame.
24920 When the current line number is not known, the string @code{??} is displayed.
24923 Indicates the current program counter address.
24927 @section TUI Key Bindings
24928 @cindex TUI key bindings
24930 The TUI installs several key bindings in the readline keymaps
24931 @ifset SYSTEM_READLINE
24932 (@pxref{Command Line Editing, , , rluserman, GNU Readline Library}).
24934 @ifclear SYSTEM_READLINE
24935 (@pxref{Command Line Editing}).
24937 The following key bindings are installed for both TUI mode and the
24938 @value{GDBN} standard mode.
24947 Enter or leave the TUI mode. When leaving the TUI mode,
24948 the curses window management stops and @value{GDBN} operates using
24949 its standard mode, writing on the terminal directly. When reentering
24950 the TUI mode, control is given back to the curses windows.
24951 The screen is then refreshed.
24955 Use a TUI layout with only one window. The layout will
24956 either be @samp{source} or @samp{assembly}. When the TUI mode
24957 is not active, it will switch to the TUI mode.
24959 Think of this key binding as the Emacs @kbd{C-x 1} binding.
24963 Use a TUI layout with at least two windows. When the current
24964 layout already has two windows, the next layout with two windows is used.
24965 When a new layout is chosen, one window will always be common to the
24966 previous layout and the new one.
24968 Think of it as the Emacs @kbd{C-x 2} binding.
24972 Change the active window. The TUI associates several key bindings
24973 (like scrolling and arrow keys) with the active window. This command
24974 gives the focus to the next TUI window.
24976 Think of it as the Emacs @kbd{C-x o} binding.
24980 Switch in and out of the TUI SingleKey mode that binds single
24981 keys to @value{GDBN} commands (@pxref{TUI Single Key Mode}).
24984 The following key bindings only work in the TUI mode:
24989 Scroll the active window one page up.
24993 Scroll the active window one page down.
24997 Scroll the active window one line up.
25001 Scroll the active window one line down.
25005 Scroll the active window one column left.
25009 Scroll the active window one column right.
25013 Refresh the screen.
25016 Because the arrow keys scroll the active window in the TUI mode, they
25017 are not available for their normal use by readline unless the command
25018 window has the focus. When another window is active, you must use
25019 other readline key bindings such as @kbd{C-p}, @kbd{C-n}, @kbd{C-b}
25020 and @kbd{C-f} to control the command window.
25022 @node TUI Single Key Mode
25023 @section TUI Single Key Mode
25024 @cindex TUI single key mode
25026 The TUI also provides a @dfn{SingleKey} mode, which binds several
25027 frequently used @value{GDBN} commands to single keys. Type @kbd{C-x s} to
25028 switch into this mode, where the following key bindings are used:
25031 @kindex c @r{(SingleKey TUI key)}
25035 @kindex d @r{(SingleKey TUI key)}
25039 @kindex f @r{(SingleKey TUI key)}
25043 @kindex n @r{(SingleKey TUI key)}
25047 @kindex q @r{(SingleKey TUI key)}
25049 exit the SingleKey mode.
25051 @kindex r @r{(SingleKey TUI key)}
25055 @kindex s @r{(SingleKey TUI key)}
25059 @kindex u @r{(SingleKey TUI key)}
25063 @kindex v @r{(SingleKey TUI key)}
25067 @kindex w @r{(SingleKey TUI key)}
25072 Other keys temporarily switch to the @value{GDBN} command prompt.
25073 The key that was pressed is inserted in the editing buffer so that
25074 it is possible to type most @value{GDBN} commands without interaction
25075 with the TUI SingleKey mode. Once the command is entered the TUI
25076 SingleKey mode is restored. The only way to permanently leave
25077 this mode is by typing @kbd{q} or @kbd{C-x s}.
25081 @section TUI-specific Commands
25082 @cindex TUI commands
25084 The TUI has specific commands to control the text windows.
25085 These commands are always available, even when @value{GDBN} is not in
25086 the TUI mode. When @value{GDBN} is in the standard mode, most
25087 of these commands will automatically switch to the TUI mode.
25089 Note that if @value{GDBN}'s @code{stdout} is not connected to a
25090 terminal, or @value{GDBN} has been started with the machine interface
25091 interpreter (@pxref{GDB/MI, ,The @sc{gdb/mi} Interface}), most of
25092 these commands will fail with an error, because it would not be
25093 possible or desirable to enable curses window management.
25098 List and give the size of all displayed windows.
25102 Display the next layout.
25105 Display the previous layout.
25108 Display the source window only.
25111 Display the assembly window only.
25114 Display the source and assembly window.
25117 Display the register window together with the source or assembly window.
25121 Make the next window active for scrolling.
25124 Make the previous window active for scrolling.
25127 Make the source window active for scrolling.
25130 Make the assembly window active for scrolling.
25133 Make the register window active for scrolling.
25136 Make the command window active for scrolling.
25140 Refresh the screen. This is similar to typing @kbd{C-L}.
25142 @item tui reg float
25144 Show the floating point registers in the register window.
25146 @item tui reg general
25147 Show the general registers in the register window.
25150 Show the next register group. The list of register groups as well as
25151 their order is target specific. The predefined register groups are the
25152 following: @code{general}, @code{float}, @code{system}, @code{vector},
25153 @code{all}, @code{save}, @code{restore}.
25155 @item tui reg system
25156 Show the system registers in the register window.
25160 Update the source window and the current execution point.
25162 @item winheight @var{name} +@var{count}
25163 @itemx winheight @var{name} -@var{count}
25165 Change the height of the window @var{name} by @var{count}
25166 lines. Positive counts increase the height, while negative counts
25169 @item tabset @var{nchars}
25171 Set the width of tab stops to be @var{nchars} characters.
25174 @node TUI Configuration
25175 @section TUI Configuration Variables
25176 @cindex TUI configuration variables
25178 Several configuration variables control the appearance of TUI windows.
25181 @item set tui border-kind @var{kind}
25182 @kindex set tui border-kind
25183 Select the border appearance for the source, assembly and register windows.
25184 The possible values are the following:
25187 Use a space character to draw the border.
25190 Use @sc{ascii} characters @samp{+}, @samp{-} and @samp{|} to draw the border.
25193 Use the Alternate Character Set to draw the border. The border is
25194 drawn using character line graphics if the terminal supports them.
25197 @item set tui border-mode @var{mode}
25198 @kindex set tui border-mode
25199 @itemx set tui active-border-mode @var{mode}
25200 @kindex set tui active-border-mode
25201 Select the display attributes for the borders of the inactive windows
25202 or the active window. The @var{mode} can be one of the following:
25205 Use normal attributes to display the border.
25211 Use reverse video mode.
25214 Use half bright mode.
25216 @item half-standout
25217 Use half bright and standout mode.
25220 Use extra bright or bold mode.
25222 @item bold-standout
25223 Use extra bright or bold and standout mode.
25228 @chapter Using @value{GDBN} under @sc{gnu} Emacs
25231 @cindex @sc{gnu} Emacs
25232 A special interface allows you to use @sc{gnu} Emacs to view (and
25233 edit) the source files for the program you are debugging with
25236 To use this interface, use the command @kbd{M-x gdb} in Emacs. Give the
25237 executable file you want to debug as an argument. This command starts
25238 @value{GDBN} as a subprocess of Emacs, with input and output through a newly
25239 created Emacs buffer.
25240 @c (Do not use the @code{-tui} option to run @value{GDBN} from Emacs.)
25242 Running @value{GDBN} under Emacs can be just like running @value{GDBN} normally except for two
25247 All ``terminal'' input and output goes through an Emacs buffer, called
25250 This applies both to @value{GDBN} commands and their output, and to the input
25251 and output done by the program you are debugging.
25253 This is useful because it means that you can copy the text of previous
25254 commands and input them again; you can even use parts of the output
25257 All the facilities of Emacs' Shell mode are available for interacting
25258 with your program. In particular, you can send signals the usual
25259 way---for example, @kbd{C-c C-c} for an interrupt, @kbd{C-c C-z} for a
25263 @value{GDBN} displays source code through Emacs.
25265 Each time @value{GDBN} displays a stack frame, Emacs automatically finds the
25266 source file for that frame and puts an arrow (@samp{=>}) at the
25267 left margin of the current line. Emacs uses a separate buffer for
25268 source display, and splits the screen to show both your @value{GDBN} session
25271 Explicit @value{GDBN} @code{list} or search commands still produce output as
25272 usual, but you probably have no reason to use them from Emacs.
25275 We call this @dfn{text command mode}. Emacs 22.1, and later, also uses
25276 a graphical mode, enabled by default, which provides further buffers
25277 that can control the execution and describe the state of your program.
25278 @xref{GDB Graphical Interface,,, Emacs, The @sc{gnu} Emacs Manual}.
25280 If you specify an absolute file name when prompted for the @kbd{M-x
25281 gdb} argument, then Emacs sets your current working directory to where
25282 your program resides. If you only specify the file name, then Emacs
25283 sets your current working directory to the directory associated
25284 with the previous buffer. In this case, @value{GDBN} may find your
25285 program by searching your environment's @code{PATH} variable, but on
25286 some operating systems it might not find the source. So, although the
25287 @value{GDBN} input and output session proceeds normally, the auxiliary
25288 buffer does not display the current source and line of execution.
25290 The initial working directory of @value{GDBN} is printed on the top
25291 line of the GUD buffer and this serves as a default for the commands
25292 that specify files for @value{GDBN} to operate on. @xref{Files,
25293 ,Commands to Specify Files}.
25295 By default, @kbd{M-x gdb} calls the program called @file{gdb}. If you
25296 need to call @value{GDBN} by a different name (for example, if you
25297 keep several configurations around, with different names) you can
25298 customize the Emacs variable @code{gud-gdb-command-name} to run the
25301 In the GUD buffer, you can use these special Emacs commands in
25302 addition to the standard Shell mode commands:
25306 Describe the features of Emacs' GUD Mode.
25309 Execute to another source line, like the @value{GDBN} @code{step} command; also
25310 update the display window to show the current file and location.
25313 Execute to next source line in this function, skipping all function
25314 calls, like the @value{GDBN} @code{next} command. Then update the display window
25315 to show the current file and location.
25318 Execute one instruction, like the @value{GDBN} @code{stepi} command; update
25319 display window accordingly.
25322 Execute until exit from the selected stack frame, like the @value{GDBN}
25323 @code{finish} command.
25326 Continue execution of your program, like the @value{GDBN} @code{continue}
25330 Go up the number of frames indicated by the numeric argument
25331 (@pxref{Arguments, , Numeric Arguments, Emacs, The @sc{gnu} Emacs Manual}),
25332 like the @value{GDBN} @code{up} command.
25335 Go down the number of frames indicated by the numeric argument, like the
25336 @value{GDBN} @code{down} command.
25339 In any source file, the Emacs command @kbd{C-x @key{SPC}} (@code{gud-break})
25340 tells @value{GDBN} to set a breakpoint on the source line point is on.
25342 In text command mode, if you type @kbd{M-x speedbar}, Emacs displays a
25343 separate frame which shows a backtrace when the GUD buffer is current.
25344 Move point to any frame in the stack and type @key{RET} to make it
25345 become the current frame and display the associated source in the
25346 source buffer. Alternatively, click @kbd{Mouse-2} to make the
25347 selected frame become the current one. In graphical mode, the
25348 speedbar displays watch expressions.
25350 If you accidentally delete the source-display buffer, an easy way to get
25351 it back is to type the command @code{f} in the @value{GDBN} buffer, to
25352 request a frame display; when you run under Emacs, this recreates
25353 the source buffer if necessary to show you the context of the current
25356 The source files displayed in Emacs are in ordinary Emacs buffers
25357 which are visiting the source files in the usual way. You can edit
25358 the files with these buffers if you wish; but keep in mind that @value{GDBN}
25359 communicates with Emacs in terms of line numbers. If you add or
25360 delete lines from the text, the line numbers that @value{GDBN} knows cease
25361 to correspond properly with the code.
25363 A more detailed description of Emacs' interaction with @value{GDBN} is
25364 given in the Emacs manual (@pxref{Debuggers,,, Emacs, The @sc{gnu}
25367 @c The following dropped because Epoch is nonstandard. Reactivate
25368 @c if/when v19 does something similar. ---doc@cygnus.com 19dec1990
25370 @kindex Emacs Epoch environment
25374 Version 18 of @sc{gnu} Emacs has a built-in window system
25375 called the @code{epoch}
25376 environment. Users of this environment can use a new command,
25377 @code{inspect} which performs identically to @code{print} except that
25378 each value is printed in its own window.
25383 @chapter The @sc{gdb/mi} Interface
25385 @unnumberedsec Function and Purpose
25387 @cindex @sc{gdb/mi}, its purpose
25388 @sc{gdb/mi} is a line based machine oriented text interface to
25389 @value{GDBN} and is activated by specifying using the
25390 @option{--interpreter} command line option (@pxref{Mode Options}). It
25391 is specifically intended to support the development of systems which
25392 use the debugger as just one small component of a larger system.
25394 This chapter is a specification of the @sc{gdb/mi} interface. It is written
25395 in the form of a reference manual.
25397 Note that @sc{gdb/mi} is still under construction, so some of the
25398 features described below are incomplete and subject to change
25399 (@pxref{GDB/MI Development and Front Ends, , @sc{gdb/mi} Development and Front Ends}).
25401 @unnumberedsec Notation and Terminology
25403 @cindex notational conventions, for @sc{gdb/mi}
25404 This chapter uses the following notation:
25408 @code{|} separates two alternatives.
25411 @code{[ @var{something} ]} indicates that @var{something} is optional:
25412 it may or may not be given.
25415 @code{( @var{group} )*} means that @var{group} inside the parentheses
25416 may repeat zero or more times.
25419 @code{( @var{group} )+} means that @var{group} inside the parentheses
25420 may repeat one or more times.
25423 @code{"@var{string}"} means a literal @var{string}.
25427 @heading Dependencies
25431 * GDB/MI General Design::
25432 * GDB/MI Command Syntax::
25433 * GDB/MI Compatibility with CLI::
25434 * GDB/MI Development and Front Ends::
25435 * GDB/MI Output Records::
25436 * GDB/MI Simple Examples::
25437 * GDB/MI Command Description Format::
25438 * GDB/MI Breakpoint Commands::
25439 * GDB/MI Program Context::
25440 * GDB/MI Thread Commands::
25441 * GDB/MI Ada Tasking Commands::
25442 * GDB/MI Program Execution::
25443 * GDB/MI Stack Manipulation::
25444 * GDB/MI Variable Objects::
25445 * GDB/MI Data Manipulation::
25446 * GDB/MI Tracepoint Commands::
25447 * GDB/MI Symbol Query::
25448 * GDB/MI File Commands::
25450 * GDB/MI Kod Commands::
25451 * GDB/MI Memory Overlay Commands::
25452 * GDB/MI Signal Handling Commands::
25454 * GDB/MI Target Manipulation::
25455 * GDB/MI File Transfer Commands::
25456 * GDB/MI Miscellaneous Commands::
25459 @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
25460 @node GDB/MI General Design
25461 @section @sc{gdb/mi} General Design
25462 @cindex GDB/MI General Design
25464 Interaction of a @sc{GDB/MI} frontend with @value{GDBN} involves three
25465 parts---commands sent to @value{GDBN}, responses to those commands
25466 and notifications. Each command results in exactly one response,
25467 indicating either successful completion of the command, or an error.
25468 For the commands that do not resume the target, the response contains the
25469 requested information. For the commands that resume the target, the
25470 response only indicates whether the target was successfully resumed.
25471 Notifications is the mechanism for reporting changes in the state of the
25472 target, or in @value{GDBN} state, that cannot conveniently be associated with
25473 a command and reported as part of that command response.
25475 The important examples of notifications are:
25479 Exec notifications. These are used to report changes in
25480 target state---when a target is resumed, or stopped. It would not
25481 be feasible to include this information in response of resuming
25482 commands, because one resume commands can result in multiple events in
25483 different threads. Also, quite some time may pass before any event
25484 happens in the target, while a frontend needs to know whether the resuming
25485 command itself was successfully executed.
25488 Console output, and status notifications. Console output
25489 notifications are used to report output of CLI commands, as well as
25490 diagnostics for other commands. Status notifications are used to
25491 report the progress of a long-running operation. Naturally, including
25492 this information in command response would mean no output is produced
25493 until the command is finished, which is undesirable.
25496 General notifications. Commands may have various side effects on
25497 the @value{GDBN} or target state beyond their official purpose. For example,
25498 a command may change the selected thread. Although such changes can
25499 be included in command response, using notification allows for more
25500 orthogonal frontend design.
25504 There's no guarantee that whenever an MI command reports an error,
25505 @value{GDBN} or the target are in any specific state, and especially,
25506 the state is not reverted to the state before the MI command was
25507 processed. Therefore, whenever an MI command results in an error,
25508 we recommend that the frontend refreshes all the information shown in
25509 the user interface.
25513 * Context management::
25514 * Asynchronous and non-stop modes::
25518 @node Context management
25519 @subsection Context management
25521 In most cases when @value{GDBN} accesses the target, this access is
25522 done in context of a specific thread and frame (@pxref{Frames}).
25523 Often, even when accessing global data, the target requires that a thread
25524 be specified. The CLI interface maintains the selected thread and frame,
25525 and supplies them to target on each command. This is convenient,
25526 because a command line user would not want to specify that information
25527 explicitly on each command, and because user interacts with
25528 @value{GDBN} via a single terminal, so no confusion is possible as
25529 to what thread and frame are the current ones.
25531 In the case of MI, the concept of selected thread and frame is less
25532 useful. First, a frontend can easily remember this information
25533 itself. Second, a graphical frontend can have more than one window,
25534 each one used for debugging a different thread, and the frontend might
25535 want to access additional threads for internal purposes. This
25536 increases the risk that by relying on implicitly selected thread, the
25537 frontend may be operating on a wrong one. Therefore, each MI command
25538 should explicitly specify which thread and frame to operate on. To
25539 make it possible, each MI command accepts the @samp{--thread} and
25540 @samp{--frame} options, the value to each is @value{GDBN} identifier
25541 for thread and frame to operate on.
25543 Usually, each top-level window in a frontend allows the user to select
25544 a thread and a frame, and remembers the user selection for further
25545 operations. However, in some cases @value{GDBN} may suggest that the
25546 current thread be changed. For example, when stopping on a breakpoint
25547 it is reasonable to switch to the thread where breakpoint is hit. For
25548 another example, if the user issues the CLI @samp{thread} command via
25549 the frontend, it is desirable to change the frontend's selected thread to the
25550 one specified by user. @value{GDBN} communicates the suggestion to
25551 change current thread using the @samp{=thread-selected} notification.
25552 No such notification is available for the selected frame at the moment.
25554 Note that historically, MI shares the selected thread with CLI, so
25555 frontends used the @code{-thread-select} to execute commands in the
25556 right context. However, getting this to work right is cumbersome. The
25557 simplest way is for frontend to emit @code{-thread-select} command
25558 before every command. This doubles the number of commands that need
25559 to be sent. The alternative approach is to suppress @code{-thread-select}
25560 if the selected thread in @value{GDBN} is supposed to be identical to the
25561 thread the frontend wants to operate on. However, getting this
25562 optimization right can be tricky. In particular, if the frontend
25563 sends several commands to @value{GDBN}, and one of the commands changes the
25564 selected thread, then the behaviour of subsequent commands will
25565 change. So, a frontend should either wait for response from such
25566 problematic commands, or explicitly add @code{-thread-select} for
25567 all subsequent commands. No frontend is known to do this exactly
25568 right, so it is suggested to just always pass the @samp{--thread} and
25569 @samp{--frame} options.
25571 @node Asynchronous and non-stop modes
25572 @subsection Asynchronous command execution and non-stop mode
25574 On some targets, @value{GDBN} is capable of processing MI commands
25575 even while the target is running. This is called @dfn{asynchronous
25576 command execution} (@pxref{Background Execution}). The frontend may
25577 specify a preferrence for asynchronous execution using the
25578 @code{-gdb-set target-async 1} command, which should be emitted before
25579 either running the executable or attaching to the target. After the
25580 frontend has started the executable or attached to the target, it can
25581 find if asynchronous execution is enabled using the
25582 @code{-list-target-features} command.
25584 Even if @value{GDBN} can accept a command while target is running,
25585 many commands that access the target do not work when the target is
25586 running. Therefore, asynchronous command execution is most useful
25587 when combined with non-stop mode (@pxref{Non-Stop Mode}). Then,
25588 it is possible to examine the state of one thread, while other threads
25591 When a given thread is running, MI commands that try to access the
25592 target in the context of that thread may not work, or may work only on
25593 some targets. In particular, commands that try to operate on thread's
25594 stack will not work, on any target. Commands that read memory, or
25595 modify breakpoints, may work or not work, depending on the target. Note
25596 that even commands that operate on global state, such as @code{print},
25597 @code{set}, and breakpoint commands, still access the target in the
25598 context of a specific thread, so frontend should try to find a
25599 stopped thread and perform the operation on that thread (using the
25600 @samp{--thread} option).
25602 Which commands will work in the context of a running thread is
25603 highly target dependent. However, the two commands
25604 @code{-exec-interrupt}, to stop a thread, and @code{-thread-info},
25605 to find the state of a thread, will always work.
25607 @node Thread groups
25608 @subsection Thread groups
25609 @value{GDBN} may be used to debug several processes at the same time.
25610 On some platfroms, @value{GDBN} may support debugging of several
25611 hardware systems, each one having several cores with several different
25612 processes running on each core. This section describes the MI
25613 mechanism to support such debugging scenarios.
25615 The key observation is that regardless of the structure of the
25616 target, MI can have a global list of threads, because most commands that
25617 accept the @samp{--thread} option do not need to know what process that
25618 thread belongs to. Therefore, it is not necessary to introduce
25619 neither additional @samp{--process} option, nor an notion of the
25620 current process in the MI interface. The only strictly new feature
25621 that is required is the ability to find how the threads are grouped
25624 To allow the user to discover such grouping, and to support arbitrary
25625 hierarchy of machines/cores/processes, MI introduces the concept of a
25626 @dfn{thread group}. Thread group is a collection of threads and other
25627 thread groups. A thread group always has a string identifier, a type,
25628 and may have additional attributes specific to the type. A new
25629 command, @code{-list-thread-groups}, returns the list of top-level
25630 thread groups, which correspond to processes that @value{GDBN} is
25631 debugging at the moment. By passing an identifier of a thread group
25632 to the @code{-list-thread-groups} command, it is possible to obtain
25633 the members of specific thread group.
25635 To allow the user to easily discover processes, and other objects, he
25636 wishes to debug, a concept of @dfn{available thread group} is
25637 introduced. Available thread group is an thread group that
25638 @value{GDBN} is not debugging, but that can be attached to, using the
25639 @code{-target-attach} command. The list of available top-level thread
25640 groups can be obtained using @samp{-list-thread-groups --available}.
25641 In general, the content of a thread group may be only retrieved only
25642 after attaching to that thread group.
25644 Thread groups are related to inferiors (@pxref{Inferiors and
25645 Programs}). Each inferior corresponds to a thread group of a special
25646 type @samp{process}, and some additional operations are permitted on
25647 such thread groups.
25649 @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
25650 @node GDB/MI Command Syntax
25651 @section @sc{gdb/mi} Command Syntax
25654 * GDB/MI Input Syntax::
25655 * GDB/MI Output Syntax::
25658 @node GDB/MI Input Syntax
25659 @subsection @sc{gdb/mi} Input Syntax
25661 @cindex input syntax for @sc{gdb/mi}
25662 @cindex @sc{gdb/mi}, input syntax
25664 @item @var{command} @expansion{}
25665 @code{@var{cli-command} | @var{mi-command}}
25667 @item @var{cli-command} @expansion{}
25668 @code{[ @var{token} ] @var{cli-command} @var{nl}}, where
25669 @var{cli-command} is any existing @value{GDBN} CLI command.
25671 @item @var{mi-command} @expansion{}
25672 @code{[ @var{token} ] "-" @var{operation} ( " " @var{option} )*
25673 @code{[} " --" @code{]} ( " " @var{parameter} )* @var{nl}}
25675 @item @var{token} @expansion{}
25676 "any sequence of digits"
25678 @item @var{option} @expansion{}
25679 @code{"-" @var{parameter} [ " " @var{parameter} ]}
25681 @item @var{parameter} @expansion{}
25682 @code{@var{non-blank-sequence} | @var{c-string}}
25684 @item @var{operation} @expansion{}
25685 @emph{any of the operations described in this chapter}
25687 @item @var{non-blank-sequence} @expansion{}
25688 @emph{anything, provided it doesn't contain special characters such as
25689 "-", @var{nl}, """ and of course " "}
25691 @item @var{c-string} @expansion{}
25692 @code{""" @var{seven-bit-iso-c-string-content} """}
25694 @item @var{nl} @expansion{}
25703 The CLI commands are still handled by the @sc{mi} interpreter; their
25704 output is described below.
25707 The @code{@var{token}}, when present, is passed back when the command
25711 Some @sc{mi} commands accept optional arguments as part of the parameter
25712 list. Each option is identified by a leading @samp{-} (dash) and may be
25713 followed by an optional argument parameter. Options occur first in the
25714 parameter list and can be delimited from normal parameters using
25715 @samp{--} (this is useful when some parameters begin with a dash).
25722 We want easy access to the existing CLI syntax (for debugging).
25725 We want it to be easy to spot a @sc{mi} operation.
25728 @node GDB/MI Output Syntax
25729 @subsection @sc{gdb/mi} Output Syntax
25731 @cindex output syntax of @sc{gdb/mi}
25732 @cindex @sc{gdb/mi}, output syntax
25733 The output from @sc{gdb/mi} consists of zero or more out-of-band records
25734 followed, optionally, by a single result record. This result record
25735 is for the most recent command. The sequence of output records is
25736 terminated by @samp{(gdb)}.
25738 If an input command was prefixed with a @code{@var{token}} then the
25739 corresponding output for that command will also be prefixed by that same
25743 @item @var{output} @expansion{}
25744 @code{( @var{out-of-band-record} )* [ @var{result-record} ] "(gdb)" @var{nl}}
25746 @item @var{result-record} @expansion{}
25747 @code{ [ @var{token} ] "^" @var{result-class} ( "," @var{result} )* @var{nl}}
25749 @item @var{out-of-band-record} @expansion{}
25750 @code{@var{async-record} | @var{stream-record}}
25752 @item @var{async-record} @expansion{}
25753 @code{@var{exec-async-output} | @var{status-async-output} | @var{notify-async-output}}
25755 @item @var{exec-async-output} @expansion{}
25756 @code{[ @var{token} ] "*" @var{async-output}}
25758 @item @var{status-async-output} @expansion{}
25759 @code{[ @var{token} ] "+" @var{async-output}}
25761 @item @var{notify-async-output} @expansion{}
25762 @code{[ @var{token} ] "=" @var{async-output}}
25764 @item @var{async-output} @expansion{}
25765 @code{@var{async-class} ( "," @var{result} )* @var{nl}}
25767 @item @var{result-class} @expansion{}
25768 @code{"done" | "running" | "connected" | "error" | "exit"}
25770 @item @var{async-class} @expansion{}
25771 @code{"stopped" | @var{others}} (where @var{others} will be added
25772 depending on the needs---this is still in development).
25774 @item @var{result} @expansion{}
25775 @code{ @var{variable} "=" @var{value}}
25777 @item @var{variable} @expansion{}
25778 @code{ @var{string} }
25780 @item @var{value} @expansion{}
25781 @code{ @var{const} | @var{tuple} | @var{list} }
25783 @item @var{const} @expansion{}
25784 @code{@var{c-string}}
25786 @item @var{tuple} @expansion{}
25787 @code{ "@{@}" | "@{" @var{result} ( "," @var{result} )* "@}" }
25789 @item @var{list} @expansion{}
25790 @code{ "[]" | "[" @var{value} ( "," @var{value} )* "]" | "["
25791 @var{result} ( "," @var{result} )* "]" }
25793 @item @var{stream-record} @expansion{}
25794 @code{@var{console-stream-output} | @var{target-stream-output} | @var{log-stream-output}}
25796 @item @var{console-stream-output} @expansion{}
25797 @code{"~" @var{c-string}}
25799 @item @var{target-stream-output} @expansion{}
25800 @code{"@@" @var{c-string}}
25802 @item @var{log-stream-output} @expansion{}
25803 @code{"&" @var{c-string}}
25805 @item @var{nl} @expansion{}
25808 @item @var{token} @expansion{}
25809 @emph{any sequence of digits}.
25817 All output sequences end in a single line containing a period.
25820 The @code{@var{token}} is from the corresponding request. Note that
25821 for all async output, while the token is allowed by the grammar and
25822 may be output by future versions of @value{GDBN} for select async
25823 output messages, it is generally omitted. Frontends should treat
25824 all async output as reporting general changes in the state of the
25825 target and there should be no need to associate async output to any
25829 @cindex status output in @sc{gdb/mi}
25830 @var{status-async-output} contains on-going status information about the
25831 progress of a slow operation. It can be discarded. All status output is
25832 prefixed by @samp{+}.
25835 @cindex async output in @sc{gdb/mi}
25836 @var{exec-async-output} contains asynchronous state change on the target
25837 (stopped, started, disappeared). All async output is prefixed by
25841 @cindex notify output in @sc{gdb/mi}
25842 @var{notify-async-output} contains supplementary information that the
25843 client should handle (e.g., a new breakpoint information). All notify
25844 output is prefixed by @samp{=}.
25847 @cindex console output in @sc{gdb/mi}
25848 @var{console-stream-output} is output that should be displayed as is in the
25849 console. It is the textual response to a CLI command. All the console
25850 output is prefixed by @samp{~}.
25853 @cindex target output in @sc{gdb/mi}
25854 @var{target-stream-output} is the output produced by the target program.
25855 All the target output is prefixed by @samp{@@}.
25858 @cindex log output in @sc{gdb/mi}
25859 @var{log-stream-output} is output text coming from @value{GDBN}'s internals, for
25860 instance messages that should be displayed as part of an error log. All
25861 the log output is prefixed by @samp{&}.
25864 @cindex list output in @sc{gdb/mi}
25865 New @sc{gdb/mi} commands should only output @var{lists} containing
25871 @xref{GDB/MI Stream Records, , @sc{gdb/mi} Stream Records}, for more
25872 details about the various output records.
25874 @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
25875 @node GDB/MI Compatibility with CLI
25876 @section @sc{gdb/mi} Compatibility with CLI
25878 @cindex compatibility, @sc{gdb/mi} and CLI
25879 @cindex @sc{gdb/mi}, compatibility with CLI
25881 For the developers convenience CLI commands can be entered directly,
25882 but there may be some unexpected behaviour. For example, commands
25883 that query the user will behave as if the user replied yes, breakpoint
25884 command lists are not executed and some CLI commands, such as
25885 @code{if}, @code{when} and @code{define}, prompt for further input with
25886 @samp{>}, which is not valid MI output.
25888 This feature may be removed at some stage in the future and it is
25889 recommended that front ends use the @code{-interpreter-exec} command
25890 (@pxref{-interpreter-exec}).
25892 @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
25893 @node GDB/MI Development and Front Ends
25894 @section @sc{gdb/mi} Development and Front Ends
25895 @cindex @sc{gdb/mi} development
25897 The application which takes the MI output and presents the state of the
25898 program being debugged to the user is called a @dfn{front end}.
25900 Although @sc{gdb/mi} is still incomplete, it is currently being used
25901 by a variety of front ends to @value{GDBN}. This makes it difficult
25902 to introduce new functionality without breaking existing usage. This
25903 section tries to minimize the problems by describing how the protocol
25906 Some changes in MI need not break a carefully designed front end, and
25907 for these the MI version will remain unchanged. The following is a
25908 list of changes that may occur within one level, so front ends should
25909 parse MI output in a way that can handle them:
25913 New MI commands may be added.
25916 New fields may be added to the output of any MI command.
25919 The range of values for fields with specified values, e.g.,
25920 @code{in_scope} (@pxref{-var-update}) may be extended.
25922 @c The format of field's content e.g type prefix, may change so parse it
25923 @c at your own risk. Yes, in general?
25925 @c The order of fields may change? Shouldn't really matter but it might
25926 @c resolve inconsistencies.
25929 If the changes are likely to break front ends, the MI version level
25930 will be increased by one. This will allow the front end to parse the
25931 output according to the MI version. Apart from mi0, new versions of
25932 @value{GDBN} will not support old versions of MI and it will be the
25933 responsibility of the front end to work with the new one.
25935 @c Starting with mi3, add a new command -mi-version that prints the MI
25938 The best way to avoid unexpected changes in MI that might break your front
25939 end is to make your project known to @value{GDBN} developers and
25940 follow development on @email{gdb@@sourceware.org} and
25941 @email{gdb-patches@@sourceware.org}.
25942 @cindex mailing lists
25944 @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
25945 @node GDB/MI Output Records
25946 @section @sc{gdb/mi} Output Records
25949 * GDB/MI Result Records::
25950 * GDB/MI Stream Records::
25951 * GDB/MI Async Records::
25952 * GDB/MI Frame Information::
25953 * GDB/MI Thread Information::
25954 * GDB/MI Ada Exception Information::
25957 @node GDB/MI Result Records
25958 @subsection @sc{gdb/mi} Result Records
25960 @cindex result records in @sc{gdb/mi}
25961 @cindex @sc{gdb/mi}, result records
25962 In addition to a number of out-of-band notifications, the response to a
25963 @sc{gdb/mi} command includes one of the following result indications:
25967 @item "^done" [ "," @var{results} ]
25968 The synchronous operation was successful, @code{@var{results}} are the return
25973 This result record is equivalent to @samp{^done}. Historically, it
25974 was output instead of @samp{^done} if the command has resumed the
25975 target. This behaviour is maintained for backward compatibility, but
25976 all frontends should treat @samp{^done} and @samp{^running}
25977 identically and rely on the @samp{*running} output record to determine
25978 which threads are resumed.
25982 @value{GDBN} has connected to a remote target.
25984 @item "^error" "," @var{c-string}
25986 The operation failed. The @code{@var{c-string}} contains the corresponding
25991 @value{GDBN} has terminated.
25995 @node GDB/MI Stream Records
25996 @subsection @sc{gdb/mi} Stream Records
25998 @cindex @sc{gdb/mi}, stream records
25999 @cindex stream records in @sc{gdb/mi}
26000 @value{GDBN} internally maintains a number of output streams: the console, the
26001 target, and the log. The output intended for each of these streams is
26002 funneled through the @sc{gdb/mi} interface using @dfn{stream records}.
26004 Each stream record begins with a unique @dfn{prefix character} which
26005 identifies its stream (@pxref{GDB/MI Output Syntax, , @sc{gdb/mi} Output
26006 Syntax}). In addition to the prefix, each stream record contains a
26007 @code{@var{string-output}}. This is either raw text (with an implicit new
26008 line) or a quoted C string (which does not contain an implicit newline).
26011 @item "~" @var{string-output}
26012 The console output stream contains text that should be displayed in the
26013 CLI console window. It contains the textual responses to CLI commands.
26015 @item "@@" @var{string-output}
26016 The target output stream contains any textual output from the running
26017 target. This is only present when GDB's event loop is truly
26018 asynchronous, which is currently only the case for remote targets.
26020 @item "&" @var{string-output}
26021 The log stream contains debugging messages being produced by @value{GDBN}'s
26025 @node GDB/MI Async Records
26026 @subsection @sc{gdb/mi} Async Records
26028 @cindex async records in @sc{gdb/mi}
26029 @cindex @sc{gdb/mi}, async records
26030 @dfn{Async} records are used to notify the @sc{gdb/mi} client of
26031 additional changes that have occurred. Those changes can either be a
26032 consequence of @sc{gdb/mi} commands (e.g., a breakpoint modified) or a result of
26033 target activity (e.g., target stopped).
26035 The following is the list of possible async records:
26039 @item *running,thread-id="@var{thread}"
26040 The target is now running. The @var{thread} field tells which
26041 specific thread is now running, and can be @samp{all} if all threads
26042 are running. The frontend should assume that no interaction with a
26043 running thread is possible after this notification is produced.
26044 The frontend should not assume that this notification is output
26045 only once for any command. @value{GDBN} may emit this notification
26046 several times, either for different threads, because it cannot resume
26047 all threads together, or even for a single thread, if the thread must
26048 be stepped though some code before letting it run freely.
26050 @item *stopped,reason="@var{reason}",thread-id="@var{id}",stopped-threads="@var{stopped}",core="@var{core}"
26051 The target has stopped. The @var{reason} field can have one of the
26055 @item breakpoint-hit
26056 A breakpoint was reached.
26057 @item watchpoint-trigger
26058 A watchpoint was triggered.
26059 @item read-watchpoint-trigger
26060 A read watchpoint was triggered.
26061 @item access-watchpoint-trigger
26062 An access watchpoint was triggered.
26063 @item function-finished
26064 An -exec-finish or similar CLI command was accomplished.
26065 @item location-reached
26066 An -exec-until or similar CLI command was accomplished.
26067 @item watchpoint-scope
26068 A watchpoint has gone out of scope.
26069 @item end-stepping-range
26070 An -exec-next, -exec-next-instruction, -exec-step, -exec-step-instruction or
26071 similar CLI command was accomplished.
26072 @item exited-signalled
26073 The inferior exited because of a signal.
26075 The inferior exited.
26076 @item exited-normally
26077 The inferior exited normally.
26078 @item signal-received
26079 A signal was received by the inferior.
26082 The @var{id} field identifies the thread that directly caused the stop
26083 -- for example by hitting a breakpoint. Depending on whether all-stop
26084 mode is in effect (@pxref{All-Stop Mode}), @value{GDBN} may either
26085 stop all threads, or only the thread that directly triggered the stop.
26086 If all threads are stopped, the @var{stopped} field will have the
26087 value of @code{"all"}. Otherwise, the value of the @var{stopped}
26088 field will be a list of thread identifiers. Presently, this list will
26089 always include a single thread, but frontend should be prepared to see
26090 several threads in the list. The @var{core} field reports the
26091 processor core on which the stop event has happened. This field may be absent
26092 if such information is not available.
26094 @item =thread-group-added,id="@var{id}"
26095 @itemx =thread-group-removed,id="@var{id}"
26096 A thread group was either added or removed. The @var{id} field
26097 contains the @value{GDBN} identifier of the thread group. When a thread
26098 group is added, it generally might not be associated with a running
26099 process. When a thread group is removed, its id becomes invalid and
26100 cannot be used in any way.
26102 @item =thread-group-started,id="@var{id}",pid="@var{pid}"
26103 A thread group became associated with a running program,
26104 either because the program was just started or the thread group
26105 was attached to a program. The @var{id} field contains the
26106 @value{GDBN} identifier of the thread group. The @var{pid} field
26107 contains process identifier, specific to the operating system.
26109 @item =thread-group-exited,id="@var{id}"[,exit-code="@var{code}"]
26110 A thread group is no longer associated with a running program,
26111 either because the program has exited, or because it was detached
26112 from. The @var{id} field contains the @value{GDBN} identifier of the
26113 thread group. @var{code} is the exit code of the inferior; it exists
26114 only when the inferior exited with some code.
26116 @item =thread-created,id="@var{id}",group-id="@var{gid}"
26117 @itemx =thread-exited,id="@var{id}",group-id="@var{gid}"
26118 A thread either was created, or has exited. The @var{id} field
26119 contains the @value{GDBN} identifier of the thread. The @var{gid}
26120 field identifies the thread group this thread belongs to.
26122 @item =thread-selected,id="@var{id}"
26123 Informs that the selected thread was changed as result of the last
26124 command. This notification is not emitted as result of @code{-thread-select}
26125 command but is emitted whenever an MI command that is not documented
26126 to change the selected thread actually changes it. In particular,
26127 invoking, directly or indirectly (via user-defined command), the CLI
26128 @code{thread} command, will generate this notification.
26130 We suggest that in response to this notification, front ends
26131 highlight the selected thread and cause subsequent commands to apply to
26134 @item =library-loaded,...
26135 Reports that a new library file was loaded by the program. This
26136 notification has 4 fields---@var{id}, @var{target-name},
26137 @var{host-name}, and @var{symbols-loaded}. The @var{id} field is an
26138 opaque identifier of the library. For remote debugging case,
26139 @var{target-name} and @var{host-name} fields give the name of the
26140 library file on the target, and on the host respectively. For native
26141 debugging, both those fields have the same value. The
26142 @var{symbols-loaded} field is emitted only for backward compatibility
26143 and should not be relied on to convey any useful information. The
26144 @var{thread-group} field, if present, specifies the id of the thread
26145 group in whose context the library was loaded. If the field is
26146 absent, it means the library was loaded in the context of all present
26149 @item =library-unloaded,...
26150 Reports that a library was unloaded by the program. This notification
26151 has 3 fields---@var{id}, @var{target-name} and @var{host-name} with
26152 the same meaning as for the @code{=library-loaded} notification.
26153 The @var{thread-group} field, if present, specifies the id of the
26154 thread group in whose context the library was unloaded. If the field is
26155 absent, it means the library was unloaded in the context of all present
26158 @item =breakpoint-created,bkpt=@{...@}
26159 @itemx =breakpoint-modified,bkpt=@{...@}
26160 @itemx =breakpoint-deleted,bkpt=@{...@}
26161 Reports that a breakpoint was created, modified, or deleted,
26162 respectively. Only user-visible breakpoints are reported to the MI
26165 The @var{bkpt} argument is of the same form as returned by the various
26166 breakpoint commands; @xref{GDB/MI Breakpoint Commands}.
26168 Note that if a breakpoint is emitted in the result record of a
26169 command, then it will not also be emitted in an async record.
26173 @node GDB/MI Frame Information
26174 @subsection @sc{gdb/mi} Frame Information
26176 Response from many MI commands includes an information about stack
26177 frame. This information is a tuple that may have the following
26182 The level of the stack frame. The innermost frame has the level of
26183 zero. This field is always present.
26186 The name of the function corresponding to the frame. This field may
26187 be absent if @value{GDBN} is unable to determine the function name.
26190 The code address for the frame. This field is always present.
26193 The name of the source files that correspond to the frame's code
26194 address. This field may be absent.
26197 The source line corresponding to the frames' code address. This field
26201 The name of the binary file (either executable or shared library) the
26202 corresponds to the frame's code address. This field may be absent.
26206 @node GDB/MI Thread Information
26207 @subsection @sc{gdb/mi} Thread Information
26209 Whenever @value{GDBN} has to report an information about a thread, it
26210 uses a tuple with the following fields:
26214 The numeric id assigned to the thread by @value{GDBN}. This field is
26218 Target-specific string identifying the thread. This field is always present.
26221 Additional information about the thread provided by the target.
26222 It is supposed to be human-readable and not interpreted by the
26223 frontend. This field is optional.
26226 Either @samp{stopped} or @samp{running}, depending on whether the
26227 thread is presently running. This field is always present.
26230 The value of this field is an integer number of the processor core the
26231 thread was last seen on. This field is optional.
26234 @node GDB/MI Ada Exception Information
26235 @subsection @sc{gdb/mi} Ada Exception Information
26237 Whenever a @code{*stopped} record is emitted because the program
26238 stopped after hitting an exception catchpoint (@pxref{Set Catchpoints}),
26239 @value{GDBN} provides the name of the exception that was raised via
26240 the @code{exception-name} field.
26242 @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
26243 @node GDB/MI Simple Examples
26244 @section Simple Examples of @sc{gdb/mi} Interaction
26245 @cindex @sc{gdb/mi}, simple examples
26247 This subsection presents several simple examples of interaction using
26248 the @sc{gdb/mi} interface. In these examples, @samp{->} means that the
26249 following line is passed to @sc{gdb/mi} as input, while @samp{<-} means
26250 the output received from @sc{gdb/mi}.
26252 Note the line breaks shown in the examples are here only for
26253 readability, they don't appear in the real output.
26255 @subheading Setting a Breakpoint
26257 Setting a breakpoint generates synchronous output which contains detailed
26258 information of the breakpoint.
26261 -> -break-insert main
26262 <- ^done,bkpt=@{number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",
26263 enabled="y",addr="0x08048564",func="main",file="myprog.c",
26264 fullname="/home/nickrob/myprog.c",line="68",times="0"@}
26268 @subheading Program Execution
26270 Program execution generates asynchronous records and MI gives the
26271 reason that execution stopped.
26277 <- *stopped,reason="breakpoint-hit",disp="keep",bkptno="1",thread-id="0",
26278 frame=@{addr="0x08048564",func="main",
26279 args=[@{name="argc",value="1"@},@{name="argv",value="0xbfc4d4d4"@}],
26280 file="myprog.c",fullname="/home/nickrob/myprog.c",line="68"@}
26285 <- *stopped,reason="exited-normally"
26289 @subheading Quitting @value{GDBN}
26291 Quitting @value{GDBN} just prints the result class @samp{^exit}.
26299 Please note that @samp{^exit} is printed immediately, but it might
26300 take some time for @value{GDBN} to actually exit. During that time, @value{GDBN}
26301 performs necessary cleanups, including killing programs being debugged
26302 or disconnecting from debug hardware, so the frontend should wait till
26303 @value{GDBN} exits and should only forcibly kill @value{GDBN} if it
26304 fails to exit in reasonable time.
26306 @subheading A Bad Command
26308 Here's what happens if you pass a non-existent command:
26312 <- ^error,msg="Undefined MI command: rubbish"
26317 @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
26318 @node GDB/MI Command Description Format
26319 @section @sc{gdb/mi} Command Description Format
26321 The remaining sections describe blocks of commands. Each block of
26322 commands is laid out in a fashion similar to this section.
26324 @subheading Motivation
26326 The motivation for this collection of commands.
26328 @subheading Introduction
26330 A brief introduction to this collection of commands as a whole.
26332 @subheading Commands
26334 For each command in the block, the following is described:
26336 @subsubheading Synopsis
26339 -command @var{args}@dots{}
26342 @subsubheading Result
26344 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
26346 The corresponding @value{GDBN} CLI command(s), if any.
26348 @subsubheading Example
26350 Example(s) formatted for readability. Some of the described commands have
26351 not been implemented yet and these are labeled N.A.@: (not available).
26354 @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
26355 @node GDB/MI Breakpoint Commands
26356 @section @sc{gdb/mi} Breakpoint Commands
26358 @cindex breakpoint commands for @sc{gdb/mi}
26359 @cindex @sc{gdb/mi}, breakpoint commands
26360 This section documents @sc{gdb/mi} commands for manipulating
26363 @subheading The @code{-break-after} Command
26364 @findex -break-after
26366 @subsubheading Synopsis
26369 -break-after @var{number} @var{count}
26372 The breakpoint number @var{number} is not in effect until it has been
26373 hit @var{count} times. To see how this is reflected in the output of
26374 the @samp{-break-list} command, see the description of the
26375 @samp{-break-list} command below.
26377 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
26379 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{ignore}.
26381 @subsubheading Example
26386 ^done,bkpt=@{number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",
26387 enabled="y",addr="0x000100d0",func="main",file="hello.c",
26388 fullname="/home/foo/hello.c",line="5",times="0"@}
26395 ^done,BreakpointTable=@{nr_rows="1",nr_cols="6",
26396 hdr=[@{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"@},
26397 @{width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"@},
26398 @{width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"@},
26399 @{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"@},
26400 @{width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"@},
26401 @{width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"@}],
26402 body=[bkpt=@{number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y",
26403 addr="0x000100d0",func="main",file="hello.c",fullname="/home/foo/hello.c",
26404 line="5",times="0",ignore="3"@}]@}
26409 @subheading The @code{-break-catch} Command
26410 @findex -break-catch
26413 @subheading The @code{-break-commands} Command
26414 @findex -break-commands
26416 @subsubheading Synopsis
26419 -break-commands @var{number} [ @var{command1} ... @var{commandN} ]
26422 Specifies the CLI commands that should be executed when breakpoint
26423 @var{number} is hit. The parameters @var{command1} to @var{commandN}
26424 are the commands. If no command is specified, any previously-set
26425 commands are cleared. @xref{Break Commands}. Typical use of this
26426 functionality is tracing a program, that is, printing of values of
26427 some variables whenever breakpoint is hit and then continuing.
26429 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
26431 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{commands}.
26433 @subsubheading Example
26438 ^done,bkpt=@{number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",
26439 enabled="y",addr="0x000100d0",func="main",file="hello.c",
26440 fullname="/home/foo/hello.c",line="5",times="0"@}
26442 -break-commands 1 "print v" "continue"
26447 @subheading The @code{-break-condition} Command
26448 @findex -break-condition
26450 @subsubheading Synopsis
26453 -break-condition @var{number} @var{expr}
26456 Breakpoint @var{number} will stop the program only if the condition in
26457 @var{expr} is true. The condition becomes part of the
26458 @samp{-break-list} output (see the description of the @samp{-break-list}
26461 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
26463 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{condition}.
26465 @subsubheading Example
26469 -break-condition 1 1
26473 ^done,BreakpointTable=@{nr_rows="1",nr_cols="6",
26474 hdr=[@{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"@},
26475 @{width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"@},
26476 @{width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"@},
26477 @{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"@},
26478 @{width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"@},
26479 @{width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"@}],
26480 body=[bkpt=@{number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y",
26481 addr="0x000100d0",func="main",file="hello.c",fullname="/home/foo/hello.c",
26482 line="5",cond="1",times="0",ignore="3"@}]@}
26486 @subheading The @code{-break-delete} Command
26487 @findex -break-delete
26489 @subsubheading Synopsis
26492 -break-delete ( @var{breakpoint} )+
26495 Delete the breakpoint(s) whose number(s) are specified in the argument
26496 list. This is obviously reflected in the breakpoint list.
26498 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
26500 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{delete}.
26502 @subsubheading Example
26510 ^done,BreakpointTable=@{nr_rows="0",nr_cols="6",
26511 hdr=[@{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"@},
26512 @{width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"@},
26513 @{width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"@},
26514 @{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"@},
26515 @{width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"@},
26516 @{width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"@}],
26521 @subheading The @code{-break-disable} Command
26522 @findex -break-disable
26524 @subsubheading Synopsis
26527 -break-disable ( @var{breakpoint} )+
26530 Disable the named @var{breakpoint}(s). The field @samp{enabled} in the
26531 break list is now set to @samp{n} for the named @var{breakpoint}(s).
26533 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
26535 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{disable}.
26537 @subsubheading Example
26545 ^done,BreakpointTable=@{nr_rows="1",nr_cols="6",
26546 hdr=[@{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"@},
26547 @{width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"@},
26548 @{width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"@},
26549 @{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"@},
26550 @{width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"@},
26551 @{width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"@}],
26552 body=[bkpt=@{number="2",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="n",
26553 addr="0x000100d0",func="main",file="hello.c",fullname="/home/foo/hello.c",
26554 line="5",times="0"@}]@}
26558 @subheading The @code{-break-enable} Command
26559 @findex -break-enable
26561 @subsubheading Synopsis
26564 -break-enable ( @var{breakpoint} )+
26567 Enable (previously disabled) @var{breakpoint}(s).
26569 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
26571 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{enable}.
26573 @subsubheading Example
26581 ^done,BreakpointTable=@{nr_rows="1",nr_cols="6",
26582 hdr=[@{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"@},
26583 @{width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"@},
26584 @{width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"@},
26585 @{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"@},
26586 @{width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"@},
26587 @{width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"@}],
26588 body=[bkpt=@{number="2",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y",
26589 addr="0x000100d0",func="main",file="hello.c",fullname="/home/foo/hello.c",
26590 line="5",times="0"@}]@}
26594 @subheading The @code{-break-info} Command
26595 @findex -break-info
26597 @subsubheading Synopsis
26600 -break-info @var{breakpoint}
26604 Get information about a single breakpoint.
26606 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
26608 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{info break @var{breakpoint}}.
26610 @subsubheading Example
26613 @subheading The @code{-break-insert} Command
26614 @findex -break-insert
26616 @subsubheading Synopsis
26619 -break-insert [ -t ] [ -h ] [ -f ] [ -d ] [ -a ]
26620 [ -c @var{condition} ] [ -i @var{ignore-count} ]
26621 [ -p @var{thread} ] [ @var{location} ]
26625 If specified, @var{location}, can be one of:
26632 @item filename:linenum
26633 @item filename:function
26637 The possible optional parameters of this command are:
26641 Insert a temporary breakpoint.
26643 Insert a hardware breakpoint.
26644 @item -c @var{condition}
26645 Make the breakpoint conditional on @var{condition}.
26646 @item -i @var{ignore-count}
26647 Initialize the @var{ignore-count}.
26649 If @var{location} cannot be parsed (for example if it
26650 refers to unknown files or functions), create a pending
26651 breakpoint. Without this flag, @value{GDBN} will report
26652 an error, and won't create a breakpoint, if @var{location}
26655 Create a disabled breakpoint.
26657 Create a tracepoint. @xref{Tracepoints}. When this parameter
26658 is used together with @samp{-h}, a fast tracepoint is created.
26661 @subsubheading Result
26663 The result is in the form:
26666 ^done,bkpt=@{number="@var{number}",type="@var{type}",disp="del"|"keep",
26667 enabled="y"|"n",addr="@var{hex}",func="@var{funcname}",file="@var{filename}",
26668 fullname="@var{full_filename}",line="@var{lineno}",[thread="@var{threadno},]
26669 times="@var{times}"@}
26673 where @var{number} is the @value{GDBN} number for this breakpoint,
26674 @var{funcname} is the name of the function where the breakpoint was
26675 inserted, @var{filename} is the name of the source file which contains
26676 this function, @var{lineno} is the source line number within that file
26677 and @var{times} the number of times that the breakpoint has been hit
26678 (always 0 for -break-insert but may be greater for -break-info or -break-list
26679 which use the same output).
26681 Note: this format is open to change.
26682 @c An out-of-band breakpoint instead of part of the result?
26684 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
26686 The corresponding @value{GDBN} commands are @samp{break}, @samp{tbreak},
26687 @samp{hbreak}, @samp{thbreak}, and @samp{rbreak}.
26689 @subsubheading Example
26694 ^done,bkpt=@{number="1",addr="0x0001072c",file="recursive2.c",
26695 fullname="/home/foo/recursive2.c,line="4",times="0"@}
26697 -break-insert -t foo
26698 ^done,bkpt=@{number="2",addr="0x00010774",file="recursive2.c",
26699 fullname="/home/foo/recursive2.c,line="11",times="0"@}
26702 ^done,BreakpointTable=@{nr_rows="2",nr_cols="6",
26703 hdr=[@{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"@},
26704 @{width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"@},
26705 @{width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"@},
26706 @{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"@},
26707 @{width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"@},
26708 @{width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"@}],
26709 body=[bkpt=@{number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y",
26710 addr="0x0001072c", func="main",file="recursive2.c",
26711 fullname="/home/foo/recursive2.c,"line="4",times="0"@},
26712 bkpt=@{number="2",type="breakpoint",disp="del",enabled="y",
26713 addr="0x00010774",func="foo",file="recursive2.c",
26714 fullname="/home/foo/recursive2.c",line="11",times="0"@}]@}
26716 -break-insert -r foo.*
26717 ~int foo(int, int);
26718 ^done,bkpt=@{number="3",addr="0x00010774",file="recursive2.c,
26719 "fullname="/home/foo/recursive2.c",line="11",times="0"@}
26723 @subheading The @code{-break-list} Command
26724 @findex -break-list
26726 @subsubheading Synopsis
26732 Displays the list of inserted breakpoints, showing the following fields:
26736 number of the breakpoint
26738 type of the breakpoint: @samp{breakpoint} or @samp{watchpoint}
26740 should the breakpoint be deleted or disabled when it is hit: @samp{keep}
26743 is the breakpoint enabled or no: @samp{y} or @samp{n}
26745 memory location at which the breakpoint is set
26747 logical location of the breakpoint, expressed by function name, file
26750 number of times the breakpoint has been hit
26753 If there are no breakpoints or watchpoints, the @code{BreakpointTable}
26754 @code{body} field is an empty list.
26756 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
26758 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{info break}.
26760 @subsubheading Example
26765 ^done,BreakpointTable=@{nr_rows="2",nr_cols="6",
26766 hdr=[@{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"@},
26767 @{width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"@},
26768 @{width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"@},
26769 @{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"@},
26770 @{width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"@},
26771 @{width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"@}],
26772 body=[bkpt=@{number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y",
26773 addr="0x000100d0",func="main",file="hello.c",line="5",times="0"@},
26774 bkpt=@{number="2",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y",
26775 addr="0x00010114",func="foo",file="hello.c",fullname="/home/foo/hello.c",
26776 line="13",times="0"@}]@}
26780 Here's an example of the result when there are no breakpoints:
26785 ^done,BreakpointTable=@{nr_rows="0",nr_cols="6",
26786 hdr=[@{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"@},
26787 @{width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"@},
26788 @{width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"@},
26789 @{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"@},
26790 @{width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"@},
26791 @{width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"@}],
26796 @subheading The @code{-break-passcount} Command
26797 @findex -break-passcount
26799 @subsubheading Synopsis
26802 -break-passcount @var{tracepoint-number} @var{passcount}
26805 Set the passcount for tracepoint @var{tracepoint-number} to
26806 @var{passcount}. If the breakpoint referred to by @var{tracepoint-number}
26807 is not a tracepoint, error is emitted. This corresponds to CLI
26808 command @samp{passcount}.
26810 @subheading The @code{-break-watch} Command
26811 @findex -break-watch
26813 @subsubheading Synopsis
26816 -break-watch [ -a | -r ]
26819 Create a watchpoint. With the @samp{-a} option it will create an
26820 @dfn{access} watchpoint, i.e., a watchpoint that triggers either on a
26821 read from or on a write to the memory location. With the @samp{-r}
26822 option, the watchpoint created is a @dfn{read} watchpoint, i.e., it will
26823 trigger only when the memory location is accessed for reading. Without
26824 either of the options, the watchpoint created is a regular watchpoint,
26825 i.e., it will trigger when the memory location is accessed for writing.
26826 @xref{Set Watchpoints, , Setting Watchpoints}.
26828 Note that @samp{-break-list} will report a single list of watchpoints and
26829 breakpoints inserted.
26831 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
26833 The corresponding @value{GDBN} commands are @samp{watch}, @samp{awatch}, and
26836 @subsubheading Example
26838 Setting a watchpoint on a variable in the @code{main} function:
26843 ^done,wpt=@{number="2",exp="x"@}
26848 *stopped,reason="watchpoint-trigger",wpt=@{number="2",exp="x"@},
26849 value=@{old="-268439212",new="55"@},
26850 frame=@{func="main",args=[],file="recursive2.c",
26851 fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="5"@}
26855 Setting a watchpoint on a variable local to a function. @value{GDBN} will stop
26856 the program execution twice: first for the variable changing value, then
26857 for the watchpoint going out of scope.
26862 ^done,wpt=@{number="5",exp="C"@}
26867 *stopped,reason="watchpoint-trigger",
26868 wpt=@{number="5",exp="C"@},value=@{old="-276895068",new="3"@},
26869 frame=@{func="callee4",args=[],
26870 file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",
26871 fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="13"@}
26876 *stopped,reason="watchpoint-scope",wpnum="5",
26877 frame=@{func="callee3",args=[@{name="strarg",
26878 value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""@}],
26879 file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",
26880 fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="18"@}
26884 Listing breakpoints and watchpoints, at different points in the program
26885 execution. Note that once the watchpoint goes out of scope, it is
26891 ^done,wpt=@{number="2",exp="C"@}
26894 ^done,BreakpointTable=@{nr_rows="2",nr_cols="6",
26895 hdr=[@{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"@},
26896 @{width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"@},
26897 @{width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"@},
26898 @{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"@},
26899 @{width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"@},
26900 @{width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"@}],
26901 body=[bkpt=@{number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y",
26902 addr="0x00010734",func="callee4",
26903 file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",
26904 fullname="/home/foo/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c"line="8",times="1"@},
26905 bkpt=@{number="2",type="watchpoint",disp="keep",
26906 enabled="y",addr="",what="C",times="0"@}]@}
26911 *stopped,reason="watchpoint-trigger",wpt=@{number="2",exp="C"@},
26912 value=@{old="-276895068",new="3"@},
26913 frame=@{func="callee4",args=[],
26914 file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",
26915 fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="13"@}
26918 ^done,BreakpointTable=@{nr_rows="2",nr_cols="6",
26919 hdr=[@{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"@},
26920 @{width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"@},
26921 @{width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"@},
26922 @{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"@},
26923 @{width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"@},
26924 @{width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"@}],
26925 body=[bkpt=@{number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y",
26926 addr="0x00010734",func="callee4",
26927 file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",
26928 fullname="/home/foo/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="8",times="1"@},
26929 bkpt=@{number="2",type="watchpoint",disp="keep",
26930 enabled="y",addr="",what="C",times="-5"@}]@}
26934 ^done,reason="watchpoint-scope",wpnum="2",
26935 frame=@{func="callee3",args=[@{name="strarg",
26936 value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""@}],
26937 file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",
26938 fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="18"@}
26941 ^done,BreakpointTable=@{nr_rows="1",nr_cols="6",
26942 hdr=[@{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"@},
26943 @{width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"@},
26944 @{width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"@},
26945 @{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"@},
26946 @{width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"@},
26947 @{width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"@}],
26948 body=[bkpt=@{number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y",
26949 addr="0x00010734",func="callee4",
26950 file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",
26951 fullname="/home/foo/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="8",
26956 @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
26957 @node GDB/MI Program Context
26958 @section @sc{gdb/mi} Program Context
26960 @subheading The @code{-exec-arguments} Command
26961 @findex -exec-arguments
26964 @subsubheading Synopsis
26967 -exec-arguments @var{args}
26970 Set the inferior program arguments, to be used in the next
26973 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
26975 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{set args}.
26977 @subsubheading Example
26981 -exec-arguments -v word
26988 @subheading The @code{-exec-show-arguments} Command
26989 @findex -exec-show-arguments
26991 @subsubheading Synopsis
26994 -exec-show-arguments
26997 Print the arguments of the program.
26999 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
27001 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{show args}.
27003 @subsubheading Example
27008 @subheading The @code{-environment-cd} Command
27009 @findex -environment-cd
27011 @subsubheading Synopsis
27014 -environment-cd @var{pathdir}
27017 Set @value{GDBN}'s working directory.
27019 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
27021 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{cd}.
27023 @subsubheading Example
27027 -environment-cd /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/devo/gdb
27033 @subheading The @code{-environment-directory} Command
27034 @findex -environment-directory
27036 @subsubheading Synopsis
27039 -environment-directory [ -r ] [ @var{pathdir} ]+
27042 Add directories @var{pathdir} to beginning of search path for source files.
27043 If the @samp{-r} option is used, the search path is reset to the default
27044 search path. If directories @var{pathdir} are supplied in addition to the
27045 @samp{-r} option, the search path is first reset and then addition
27047 Multiple directories may be specified, separated by blanks. Specifying
27048 multiple directories in a single command
27049 results in the directories added to the beginning of the
27050 search path in the same order they were presented in the command.
27051 If blanks are needed as
27052 part of a directory name, double-quotes should be used around
27053 the name. In the command output, the path will show up separated
27054 by the system directory-separator character. The directory-separator
27055 character must not be used
27056 in any directory name.
27057 If no directories are specified, the current search path is displayed.
27059 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
27061 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{dir}.
27063 @subsubheading Example
27067 -environment-directory /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/devo/gdb
27068 ^done,source-path="/kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/devo/gdb:$cdir:$cwd"
27070 -environment-directory ""
27071 ^done,source-path="/kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/devo/gdb:$cdir:$cwd"
27073 -environment-directory -r /home/jjohnstn/src/gdb /usr/src
27074 ^done,source-path="/home/jjohnstn/src/gdb:/usr/src:$cdir:$cwd"
27076 -environment-directory -r
27077 ^done,source-path="$cdir:$cwd"
27082 @subheading The @code{-environment-path} Command
27083 @findex -environment-path
27085 @subsubheading Synopsis
27088 -environment-path [ -r ] [ @var{pathdir} ]+
27091 Add directories @var{pathdir} to beginning of search path for object files.
27092 If the @samp{-r} option is used, the search path is reset to the original
27093 search path that existed at gdb start-up. If directories @var{pathdir} are
27094 supplied in addition to the
27095 @samp{-r} option, the search path is first reset and then addition
27097 Multiple directories may be specified, separated by blanks. Specifying
27098 multiple directories in a single command
27099 results in the directories added to the beginning of the
27100 search path in the same order they were presented in the command.
27101 If blanks are needed as
27102 part of a directory name, double-quotes should be used around
27103 the name. In the command output, the path will show up separated
27104 by the system directory-separator character. The directory-separator
27105 character must not be used
27106 in any directory name.
27107 If no directories are specified, the current path is displayed.
27110 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
27112 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{path}.
27114 @subsubheading Example
27119 ^done,path="/usr/bin"
27121 -environment-path /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/ppc-eabi/gdb /bin
27122 ^done,path="/kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/ppc-eabi/gdb:/bin:/usr/bin"
27124 -environment-path -r /usr/local/bin
27125 ^done,path="/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin"
27130 @subheading The @code{-environment-pwd} Command
27131 @findex -environment-pwd
27133 @subsubheading Synopsis
27139 Show the current working directory.
27141 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
27143 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{pwd}.
27145 @subsubheading Example
27150 ^done,cwd="/kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/devo/gdb"
27154 @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
27155 @node GDB/MI Thread Commands
27156 @section @sc{gdb/mi} Thread Commands
27159 @subheading The @code{-thread-info} Command
27160 @findex -thread-info
27162 @subsubheading Synopsis
27165 -thread-info [ @var{thread-id} ]
27168 Reports information about either a specific thread, if
27169 the @var{thread-id} parameter is present, or about all
27170 threads. When printing information about all threads,
27171 also reports the current thread.
27173 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
27175 The @samp{info thread} command prints the same information
27178 @subsubheading Result
27180 The result is a list of threads. The following attributes are
27181 defined for a given thread:
27185 This field exists only for the current thread. It has the value @samp{*}.
27188 The identifier that @value{GDBN} uses to refer to the thread.
27191 The identifier that the target uses to refer to the thread.
27194 Extra information about the thread, in a target-specific format. This
27198 The name of the thread. If the user specified a name using the
27199 @code{thread name} command, then this name is given. Otherwise, if
27200 @value{GDBN} can extract the thread name from the target, then that
27201 name is given. If @value{GDBN} cannot find the thread name, then this
27205 The stack frame currently executing in the thread.
27208 The thread's state. The @samp{state} field may have the following
27213 The thread is stopped. Frame information is available for stopped
27217 The thread is running. There's no frame information for running
27223 If @value{GDBN} can find the CPU core on which this thread is running,
27224 then this field is the core identifier. This field is optional.
27228 @subsubheading Example
27233 @{id="2",target-id="Thread 0xb7e14b90 (LWP 21257)",
27234 frame=@{level="0",addr="0xffffe410",func="__kernel_vsyscall",
27235 args=[]@},state="running"@},
27236 @{id="1",target-id="Thread 0xb7e156b0 (LWP 21254)",
27237 frame=@{level="0",addr="0x0804891f",func="foo",
27238 args=[@{name="i",value="10"@}],
27239 file="/tmp/a.c",fullname="/tmp/a.c",line="158"@},
27240 state="running"@}],
27241 current-thread-id="1"
27245 @subheading The @code{-thread-list-ids} Command
27246 @findex -thread-list-ids
27248 @subsubheading Synopsis
27254 Produces a list of the currently known @value{GDBN} thread ids. At the
27255 end of the list it also prints the total number of such threads.
27257 This command is retained for historical reasons, the
27258 @code{-thread-info} command should be used instead.
27260 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
27262 Part of @samp{info threads} supplies the same information.
27264 @subsubheading Example
27269 ^done,thread-ids=@{thread-id="3",thread-id="2",thread-id="1"@},
27270 current-thread-id="1",number-of-threads="3"
27275 @subheading The @code{-thread-select} Command
27276 @findex -thread-select
27278 @subsubheading Synopsis
27281 -thread-select @var{threadnum}
27284 Make @var{threadnum} the current thread. It prints the number of the new
27285 current thread, and the topmost frame for that thread.
27287 This command is deprecated in favor of explicitly using the
27288 @samp{--thread} option to each command.
27290 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
27292 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{thread}.
27294 @subsubheading Example
27301 *stopped,reason="end-stepping-range",thread-id="2",line="187",
27302 file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.threads/linux-dp.c"
27306 thread-ids=@{thread-id="3",thread-id="2",thread-id="1"@},
27307 number-of-threads="3"
27310 ^done,new-thread-id="3",
27311 frame=@{level="0",func="vprintf",
27312 args=[@{name="format",value="0x8048e9c \"%*s%c %d %c\\n\""@},
27313 @{name="arg",value="0x2"@}],file="vprintf.c",line="31"@}
27317 @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
27318 @node GDB/MI Ada Tasking Commands
27319 @section @sc{gdb/mi} Ada Tasking Commands
27321 @subheading The @code{-ada-task-info} Command
27322 @findex -ada-task-info
27324 @subsubheading Synopsis
27327 -ada-task-info [ @var{task-id} ]
27330 Reports information about either a specific Ada task, if the
27331 @var{task-id} parameter is present, or about all Ada tasks.
27333 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
27335 The @samp{info tasks} command prints the same information
27336 about all Ada tasks (@pxref{Ada Tasks}).
27338 @subsubheading Result
27340 The result is a table of Ada tasks. The following columns are
27341 defined for each Ada task:
27345 This field exists only for the current thread. It has the value @samp{*}.
27348 The identifier that @value{GDBN} uses to refer to the Ada task.
27351 The identifier that the target uses to refer to the Ada task.
27354 The identifier of the thread corresponding to the Ada task.
27356 This field should always exist, as Ada tasks are always implemented
27357 on top of a thread. But if @value{GDBN} cannot find this corresponding
27358 thread for any reason, the field is omitted.
27361 This field exists only when the task was created by another task.
27362 In this case, it provides the ID of the parent task.
27365 The base priority of the task.
27368 The current state of the task. For a detailed description of the
27369 possible states, see @ref{Ada Tasks}.
27372 The name of the task.
27376 @subsubheading Example
27380 ^done,tasks=@{nr_rows="3",nr_cols="8",
27381 hdr=[@{width="1",alignment="-1",col_name="current",colhdr=""@},
27382 @{width="3",alignment="1",col_name="id",colhdr="ID"@},
27383 @{width="9",alignment="1",col_name="task-id",colhdr="TID"@},
27384 @{width="4",alignment="1",col_name="thread-id",colhdr=""@},
27385 @{width="4",alignment="1",col_name="parent-id",colhdr="P-ID"@},
27386 @{width="3",alignment="1",col_name="priority",colhdr="Pri"@},
27387 @{width="22",alignment="-1",col_name="state",colhdr="State"@},
27388 @{width="1",alignment="2",col_name="name",colhdr="Name"@}],
27389 body=[@{current="*",id="1",task-id=" 644010",thread-id="1",priority="48",
27390 state="Child Termination Wait",name="main_task"@}]@}
27394 @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
27395 @node GDB/MI Program Execution
27396 @section @sc{gdb/mi} Program Execution
27398 These are the asynchronous commands which generate the out-of-band
27399 record @samp{*stopped}. Currently @value{GDBN} only really executes
27400 asynchronously with remote targets and this interaction is mimicked in
27403 @subheading The @code{-exec-continue} Command
27404 @findex -exec-continue
27406 @subsubheading Synopsis
27409 -exec-continue [--reverse] [--all|--thread-group N]
27412 Resumes the execution of the inferior program, which will continue
27413 to execute until it reaches a debugger stop event. If the
27414 @samp{--reverse} option is specified, execution resumes in reverse until
27415 it reaches a stop event. Stop events may include
27418 breakpoints or watchpoints
27420 signals or exceptions
27422 the end of the process (or its beginning under @samp{--reverse})
27424 the end or beginning of a replay log if one is being used.
27426 In all-stop mode (@pxref{All-Stop
27427 Mode}), may resume only one thread, or all threads, depending on the
27428 value of the @samp{scheduler-locking} variable. If @samp{--all} is
27429 specified, all threads (in all inferiors) will be resumed. The @samp{--all} option is
27430 ignored in all-stop mode. If the @samp{--thread-group} options is
27431 specified, then all threads in that thread group are resumed.
27433 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
27435 The corresponding @value{GDBN} corresponding is @samp{continue}.
27437 @subsubheading Example
27444 *stopped,reason="breakpoint-hit",disp="keep",bkptno="2",frame=@{
27445 func="foo",args=[],file="hello.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/hello.c",
27451 @subheading The @code{-exec-finish} Command
27452 @findex -exec-finish
27454 @subsubheading Synopsis
27457 -exec-finish [--reverse]
27460 Resumes the execution of the inferior program until the current
27461 function is exited. Displays the results returned by the function.
27462 If the @samp{--reverse} option is specified, resumes the reverse
27463 execution of the inferior program until the point where current
27464 function was called.
27466 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
27468 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{finish}.
27470 @subsubheading Example
27472 Function returning @code{void}.
27479 *stopped,reason="function-finished",frame=@{func="main",args=[],
27480 file="hello.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/hello.c",line="7"@}
27484 Function returning other than @code{void}. The name of the internal
27485 @value{GDBN} variable storing the result is printed, together with the
27492 *stopped,reason="function-finished",frame=@{addr="0x000107b0",func="foo",
27493 args=[@{name="a",value="1"],@{name="b",value="9"@}@},
27494 file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@},
27495 gdb-result-var="$1",return-value="0"
27500 @subheading The @code{-exec-interrupt} Command
27501 @findex -exec-interrupt
27503 @subsubheading Synopsis
27506 -exec-interrupt [--all|--thread-group N]
27509 Interrupts the background execution of the target. Note how the token
27510 associated with the stop message is the one for the execution command
27511 that has been interrupted. The token for the interrupt itself only
27512 appears in the @samp{^done} output. If the user is trying to
27513 interrupt a non-running program, an error message will be printed.
27515 Note that when asynchronous execution is enabled, this command is
27516 asynchronous just like other execution commands. That is, first the
27517 @samp{^done} response will be printed, and the target stop will be
27518 reported after that using the @samp{*stopped} notification.
27520 In non-stop mode, only the context thread is interrupted by default.
27521 All threads (in all inferiors) will be interrupted if the
27522 @samp{--all} option is specified. If the @samp{--thread-group}
27523 option is specified, all threads in that group will be interrupted.
27525 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
27527 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{interrupt}.
27529 @subsubheading Example
27540 111*stopped,signal-name="SIGINT",signal-meaning="Interrupt",
27541 frame=@{addr="0x00010140",func="foo",args=[],file="try.c",
27542 fullname="/home/foo/bar/try.c",line="13"@}
27547 ^error,msg="mi_cmd_exec_interrupt: Inferior not executing."
27551 @subheading The @code{-exec-jump} Command
27554 @subsubheading Synopsis
27557 -exec-jump @var{location}
27560 Resumes execution of the inferior program at the location specified by
27561 parameter. @xref{Specify Location}, for a description of the
27562 different forms of @var{location}.
27564 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
27566 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{jump}.
27568 @subsubheading Example
27571 -exec-jump foo.c:10
27572 *running,thread-id="all"
27577 @subheading The @code{-exec-next} Command
27580 @subsubheading Synopsis
27583 -exec-next [--reverse]
27586 Resumes execution of the inferior program, stopping when the beginning
27587 of the next source line is reached.
27589 If the @samp{--reverse} option is specified, resumes reverse execution
27590 of the inferior program, stopping at the beginning of the previous
27591 source line. If you issue this command on the first line of a
27592 function, it will take you back to the caller of that function, to the
27593 source line where the function was called.
27596 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
27598 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{next}.
27600 @subsubheading Example
27606 *stopped,reason="end-stepping-range",line="8",file="hello.c"
27611 @subheading The @code{-exec-next-instruction} Command
27612 @findex -exec-next-instruction
27614 @subsubheading Synopsis
27617 -exec-next-instruction [--reverse]
27620 Executes one machine instruction. If the instruction is a function
27621 call, continues until the function returns. If the program stops at an
27622 instruction in the middle of a source line, the address will be
27625 If the @samp{--reverse} option is specified, resumes reverse execution
27626 of the inferior program, stopping at the previous instruction. If the
27627 previously executed instruction was a return from another function,
27628 it will continue to execute in reverse until the call to that function
27629 (from the current stack frame) is reached.
27631 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
27633 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{nexti}.
27635 @subsubheading Example
27639 -exec-next-instruction
27643 *stopped,reason="end-stepping-range",
27644 addr="0x000100d4",line="5",file="hello.c"
27649 @subheading The @code{-exec-return} Command
27650 @findex -exec-return
27652 @subsubheading Synopsis
27658 Makes current function return immediately. Doesn't execute the inferior.
27659 Displays the new current frame.
27661 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
27663 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{return}.
27665 @subsubheading Example
27669 200-break-insert callee4
27670 200^done,bkpt=@{number="1",addr="0x00010734",
27671 file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="8"@}
27676 000*stopped,reason="breakpoint-hit",disp="keep",bkptno="1",
27677 frame=@{func="callee4",args=[],
27678 file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",
27679 fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="8"@}
27685 111^done,frame=@{level="0",func="callee3",
27686 args=[@{name="strarg",
27687 value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""@}],
27688 file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",
27689 fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="18"@}
27694 @subheading The @code{-exec-run} Command
27697 @subsubheading Synopsis
27700 -exec-run [--all | --thread-group N]
27703 Starts execution of the inferior from the beginning. The inferior
27704 executes until either a breakpoint is encountered or the program
27705 exits. In the latter case the output will include an exit code, if
27706 the program has exited exceptionally.
27708 When no option is specified, the current inferior is started. If the
27709 @samp{--thread-group} option is specified, it should refer to a thread
27710 group of type @samp{process}, and that thread group will be started.
27711 If the @samp{--all} option is specified, then all inferiors will be started.
27713 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
27715 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{run}.
27717 @subsubheading Examples
27722 ^done,bkpt=@{number="1",addr="0x0001072c",file="recursive2.c",line="4"@}
27727 *stopped,reason="breakpoint-hit",disp="keep",bkptno="1",
27728 frame=@{func="main",args=[],file="recursive2.c",
27729 fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="4"@}
27734 Program exited normally:
27742 *stopped,reason="exited-normally"
27747 Program exited exceptionally:
27755 *stopped,reason="exited",exit-code="01"
27759 Another way the program can terminate is if it receives a signal such as
27760 @code{SIGINT}. In this case, @sc{gdb/mi} displays this:
27764 *stopped,reason="exited-signalled",signal-name="SIGINT",
27765 signal-meaning="Interrupt"
27769 @c @subheading -exec-signal
27772 @subheading The @code{-exec-step} Command
27775 @subsubheading Synopsis
27778 -exec-step [--reverse]
27781 Resumes execution of the inferior program, stopping when the beginning
27782 of the next source line is reached, if the next source line is not a
27783 function call. If it is, stop at the first instruction of the called
27784 function. If the @samp{--reverse} option is specified, resumes reverse
27785 execution of the inferior program, stopping at the beginning of the
27786 previously executed source line.
27788 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
27790 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{step}.
27792 @subsubheading Example
27794 Stepping into a function:
27800 *stopped,reason="end-stepping-range",
27801 frame=@{func="foo",args=[@{name="a",value="10"@},
27802 @{name="b",value="0"@}],file="recursive2.c",
27803 fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="11"@}
27813 *stopped,reason="end-stepping-range",line="14",file="recursive2.c"
27818 @subheading The @code{-exec-step-instruction} Command
27819 @findex -exec-step-instruction
27821 @subsubheading Synopsis
27824 -exec-step-instruction [--reverse]
27827 Resumes the inferior which executes one machine instruction. If the
27828 @samp{--reverse} option is specified, resumes reverse execution of the
27829 inferior program, stopping at the previously executed instruction.
27830 The output, once @value{GDBN} has stopped, will vary depending on
27831 whether we have stopped in the middle of a source line or not. In the
27832 former case, the address at which the program stopped will be printed
27835 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
27837 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{stepi}.
27839 @subsubheading Example
27843 -exec-step-instruction
27847 *stopped,reason="end-stepping-range",
27848 frame=@{func="foo",args=[],file="try.c",
27849 fullname="/home/foo/bar/try.c",line="10"@}
27851 -exec-step-instruction
27855 *stopped,reason="end-stepping-range",
27856 frame=@{addr="0x000100f4",func="foo",args=[],file="try.c",
27857 fullname="/home/foo/bar/try.c",line="10"@}
27862 @subheading The @code{-exec-until} Command
27863 @findex -exec-until
27865 @subsubheading Synopsis
27868 -exec-until [ @var{location} ]
27871 Executes the inferior until the @var{location} specified in the
27872 argument is reached. If there is no argument, the inferior executes
27873 until a source line greater than the current one is reached. The
27874 reason for stopping in this case will be @samp{location-reached}.
27876 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
27878 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{until}.
27880 @subsubheading Example
27884 -exec-until recursive2.c:6
27888 *stopped,reason="location-reached",frame=@{func="main",args=[],
27889 file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="6"@}
27894 @subheading -file-clear
27895 Is this going away????
27898 @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
27899 @node GDB/MI Stack Manipulation
27900 @section @sc{gdb/mi} Stack Manipulation Commands
27903 @subheading The @code{-stack-info-frame} Command
27904 @findex -stack-info-frame
27906 @subsubheading Synopsis
27912 Get info on the selected frame.
27914 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
27916 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{info frame} or @samp{frame}
27917 (without arguments).
27919 @subsubheading Example
27924 ^done,frame=@{level="1",addr="0x0001076c",func="callee3",
27925 file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",
27926 fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="17"@}
27930 @subheading The @code{-stack-info-depth} Command
27931 @findex -stack-info-depth
27933 @subsubheading Synopsis
27936 -stack-info-depth [ @var{max-depth} ]
27939 Return the depth of the stack. If the integer argument @var{max-depth}
27940 is specified, do not count beyond @var{max-depth} frames.
27942 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
27944 There's no equivalent @value{GDBN} command.
27946 @subsubheading Example
27948 For a stack with frame levels 0 through 11:
27955 -stack-info-depth 4
27958 -stack-info-depth 12
27961 -stack-info-depth 11
27964 -stack-info-depth 13
27969 @subheading The @code{-stack-list-arguments} Command
27970 @findex -stack-list-arguments
27972 @subsubheading Synopsis
27975 -stack-list-arguments @var{print-values}
27976 [ @var{low-frame} @var{high-frame} ]
27979 Display a list of the arguments for the frames between @var{low-frame}
27980 and @var{high-frame} (inclusive). If @var{low-frame} and
27981 @var{high-frame} are not provided, list the arguments for the whole
27982 call stack. If the two arguments are equal, show the single frame
27983 at the corresponding level. It is an error if @var{low-frame} is
27984 larger than the actual number of frames. On the other hand,
27985 @var{high-frame} may be larger than the actual number of frames, in
27986 which case only existing frames will be returned.
27988 If @var{print-values} is 0 or @code{--no-values}, print only the names of
27989 the variables; if it is 1 or @code{--all-values}, print also their
27990 values; and if it is 2 or @code{--simple-values}, print the name,
27991 type and value for simple data types, and the name and type for arrays,
27992 structures and unions.
27994 Use of this command to obtain arguments in a single frame is
27995 deprecated in favor of the @samp{-stack-list-variables} command.
27997 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
27999 @value{GDBN} does not have an equivalent command. @code{gdbtk} has a
28000 @samp{gdb_get_args} command which partially overlaps with the
28001 functionality of @samp{-stack-list-arguments}.
28003 @subsubheading Example
28010 frame=@{level="0",addr="0x00010734",func="callee4",
28011 file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",
28012 fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="8"@},
28013 frame=@{level="1",addr="0x0001076c",func="callee3",
28014 file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",
28015 fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="17"@},
28016 frame=@{level="2",addr="0x0001078c",func="callee2",
28017 file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",
28018 fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="22"@},
28019 frame=@{level="3",addr="0x000107b4",func="callee1",
28020 file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",
28021 fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="27"@},
28022 frame=@{level="4",addr="0x000107e0",func="main",
28023 file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",
28024 fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="32"@}]
28026 -stack-list-arguments 0
28029 frame=@{level="0",args=[]@},
28030 frame=@{level="1",args=[name="strarg"]@},
28031 frame=@{level="2",args=[name="intarg",name="strarg"]@},
28032 frame=@{level="3",args=[name="intarg",name="strarg",name="fltarg"]@},
28033 frame=@{level="4",args=[]@}]
28035 -stack-list-arguments 1
28038 frame=@{level="0",args=[]@},
28040 args=[@{name="strarg",value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""@}]@},
28041 frame=@{level="2",args=[
28042 @{name="intarg",value="2"@},
28043 @{name="strarg",value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""@}]@},
28044 @{frame=@{level="3",args=[
28045 @{name="intarg",value="2"@},
28046 @{name="strarg",value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""@},
28047 @{name="fltarg",value="3.5"@}]@},
28048 frame=@{level="4",args=[]@}]
28050 -stack-list-arguments 0 2 2
28051 ^done,stack-args=[frame=@{level="2",args=[name="intarg",name="strarg"]@}]
28053 -stack-list-arguments 1 2 2
28054 ^done,stack-args=[frame=@{level="2",
28055 args=[@{name="intarg",value="2"@},
28056 @{name="strarg",value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""@}]@}]
28060 @c @subheading -stack-list-exception-handlers
28063 @subheading The @code{-stack-list-frames} Command
28064 @findex -stack-list-frames
28066 @subsubheading Synopsis
28069 -stack-list-frames [ @var{low-frame} @var{high-frame} ]
28072 List the frames currently on the stack. For each frame it displays the
28077 The frame number, 0 being the topmost frame, i.e., the innermost function.
28079 The @code{$pc} value for that frame.
28083 File name of the source file where the function lives.
28084 @item @var{fullname}
28085 The full file name of the source file where the function lives.
28087 Line number corresponding to the @code{$pc}.
28089 The shared library where this function is defined. This is only given
28090 if the frame's function is not known.
28093 If invoked without arguments, this command prints a backtrace for the
28094 whole stack. If given two integer arguments, it shows the frames whose
28095 levels are between the two arguments (inclusive). If the two arguments
28096 are equal, it shows the single frame at the corresponding level. It is
28097 an error if @var{low-frame} is larger than the actual number of
28098 frames. On the other hand, @var{high-frame} may be larger than the
28099 actual number of frames, in which case only existing frames will be returned.
28101 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
28103 The corresponding @value{GDBN} commands are @samp{backtrace} and @samp{where}.
28105 @subsubheading Example
28107 Full stack backtrace:
28113 [frame=@{level="0",addr="0x0001076c",func="foo",
28114 file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="11"@},
28115 frame=@{level="1",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
28116 file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@},
28117 frame=@{level="2",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
28118 file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@},
28119 frame=@{level="3",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
28120 file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@},
28121 frame=@{level="4",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
28122 file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@},
28123 frame=@{level="5",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
28124 file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@},
28125 frame=@{level="6",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
28126 file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@},
28127 frame=@{level="7",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
28128 file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@},
28129 frame=@{level="8",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
28130 file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@},
28131 frame=@{level="9",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
28132 file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@},
28133 frame=@{level="10",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
28134 file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@},
28135 frame=@{level="11",addr="0x00010738",func="main",
28136 file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="4"@}]
28140 Show frames between @var{low_frame} and @var{high_frame}:
28144 -stack-list-frames 3 5
28146 [frame=@{level="3",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
28147 file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@},
28148 frame=@{level="4",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
28149 file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@},
28150 frame=@{level="5",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
28151 file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@}]
28155 Show a single frame:
28159 -stack-list-frames 3 3
28161 [frame=@{level="3",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo",
28162 file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"@}]
28167 @subheading The @code{-stack-list-locals} Command
28168 @findex -stack-list-locals
28170 @subsubheading Synopsis
28173 -stack-list-locals @var{print-values}
28176 Display the local variable names for the selected frame. If
28177 @var{print-values} is 0 or @code{--no-values}, print only the names of
28178 the variables; if it is 1 or @code{--all-values}, print also their
28179 values; and if it is 2 or @code{--simple-values}, print the name,
28180 type and value for simple data types, and the name and type for arrays,
28181 structures and unions. In this last case, a frontend can immediately
28182 display the value of simple data types and create variable objects for
28183 other data types when the user wishes to explore their values in
28186 This command is deprecated in favor of the
28187 @samp{-stack-list-variables} command.
28189 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
28191 @samp{info locals} in @value{GDBN}, @samp{gdb_get_locals} in @code{gdbtk}.
28193 @subsubheading Example
28197 -stack-list-locals 0
28198 ^done,locals=[name="A",name="B",name="C"]
28200 -stack-list-locals --all-values
28201 ^done,locals=[@{name="A",value="1"@},@{name="B",value="2"@},
28202 @{name="C",value="@{1, 2, 3@}"@}]
28203 -stack-list-locals --simple-values
28204 ^done,locals=[@{name="A",type="int",value="1"@},
28205 @{name="B",type="int",value="2"@},@{name="C",type="int [3]"@}]
28209 @subheading The @code{-stack-list-variables} Command
28210 @findex -stack-list-variables
28212 @subsubheading Synopsis
28215 -stack-list-variables @var{print-values}
28218 Display the names of local variables and function arguments for the selected frame. If
28219 @var{print-values} is 0 or @code{--no-values}, print only the names of
28220 the variables; if it is 1 or @code{--all-values}, print also their
28221 values; and if it is 2 or @code{--simple-values}, print the name,
28222 type and value for simple data types, and the name and type for arrays,
28223 structures and unions.
28225 @subsubheading Example
28229 -stack-list-variables --thread 1 --frame 0 --all-values
28230 ^done,variables=[@{name="x",value="11"@},@{name="s",value="@{a = 1, b = 2@}"@}]
28235 @subheading The @code{-stack-select-frame} Command
28236 @findex -stack-select-frame
28238 @subsubheading Synopsis
28241 -stack-select-frame @var{framenum}
28244 Change the selected frame. Select a different frame @var{framenum} on
28247 This command in deprecated in favor of passing the @samp{--frame}
28248 option to every command.
28250 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
28252 The corresponding @value{GDBN} commands are @samp{frame}, @samp{up},
28253 @samp{down}, @samp{select-frame}, @samp{up-silent}, and @samp{down-silent}.
28255 @subsubheading Example
28259 -stack-select-frame 2
28264 @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
28265 @node GDB/MI Variable Objects
28266 @section @sc{gdb/mi} Variable Objects
28270 @subheading Motivation for Variable Objects in @sc{gdb/mi}
28272 For the implementation of a variable debugger window (locals, watched
28273 expressions, etc.), we are proposing the adaptation of the existing code
28274 used by @code{Insight}.
28276 The two main reasons for that are:
28280 It has been proven in practice (it is already on its second generation).
28283 It will shorten development time (needless to say how important it is
28287 The original interface was designed to be used by Tcl code, so it was
28288 slightly changed so it could be used through @sc{gdb/mi}. This section
28289 describes the @sc{gdb/mi} operations that will be available and gives some
28290 hints about their use.
28292 @emph{Note}: In addition to the set of operations described here, we
28293 expect the @sc{gui} implementation of a variable window to require, at
28294 least, the following operations:
28297 @item @code{-gdb-show} @code{output-radix}
28298 @item @code{-stack-list-arguments}
28299 @item @code{-stack-list-locals}
28300 @item @code{-stack-select-frame}
28305 @subheading Introduction to Variable Objects
28307 @cindex variable objects in @sc{gdb/mi}
28309 Variable objects are "object-oriented" MI interface for examining and
28310 changing values of expressions. Unlike some other MI interfaces that
28311 work with expressions, variable objects are specifically designed for
28312 simple and efficient presentation in the frontend. A variable object
28313 is identified by string name. When a variable object is created, the
28314 frontend specifies the expression for that variable object. The
28315 expression can be a simple variable, or it can be an arbitrary complex
28316 expression, and can even involve CPU registers. After creating a
28317 variable object, the frontend can invoke other variable object
28318 operations---for example to obtain or change the value of a variable
28319 object, or to change display format.
28321 Variable objects have hierarchical tree structure. Any variable object
28322 that corresponds to a composite type, such as structure in C, has
28323 a number of child variable objects, for example corresponding to each
28324 element of a structure. A child variable object can itself have
28325 children, recursively. Recursion ends when we reach
28326 leaf variable objects, which always have built-in types. Child variable
28327 objects are created only by explicit request, so if a frontend
28328 is not interested in the children of a particular variable object, no
28329 child will be created.
28331 For a leaf variable object it is possible to obtain its value as a
28332 string, or set the value from a string. String value can be also
28333 obtained for a non-leaf variable object, but it's generally a string
28334 that only indicates the type of the object, and does not list its
28335 contents. Assignment to a non-leaf variable object is not allowed.
28337 A frontend does not need to read the values of all variable objects each time
28338 the program stops. Instead, MI provides an update command that lists all
28339 variable objects whose values has changed since the last update
28340 operation. This considerably reduces the amount of data that must
28341 be transferred to the frontend. As noted above, children variable
28342 objects are created on demand, and only leaf variable objects have a
28343 real value. As result, gdb will read target memory only for leaf
28344 variables that frontend has created.
28346 The automatic update is not always desirable. For example, a frontend
28347 might want to keep a value of some expression for future reference,
28348 and never update it. For another example, fetching memory is
28349 relatively slow for embedded targets, so a frontend might want
28350 to disable automatic update for the variables that are either not
28351 visible on the screen, or ``closed''. This is possible using so
28352 called ``frozen variable objects''. Such variable objects are never
28353 implicitly updated.
28355 Variable objects can be either @dfn{fixed} or @dfn{floating}. For the
28356 fixed variable object, the expression is parsed when the variable
28357 object is created, including associating identifiers to specific
28358 variables. The meaning of expression never changes. For a floating
28359 variable object the values of variables whose names appear in the
28360 expressions are re-evaluated every time in the context of the current
28361 frame. Consider this example:
28366 struct work_state state;
28373 If a fixed variable object for the @code{state} variable is created in
28374 this function, and we enter the recursive call, the variable
28375 object will report the value of @code{state} in the top-level
28376 @code{do_work} invocation. On the other hand, a floating variable
28377 object will report the value of @code{state} in the current frame.
28379 If an expression specified when creating a fixed variable object
28380 refers to a local variable, the variable object becomes bound to the
28381 thread and frame in which the variable object is created. When such
28382 variable object is updated, @value{GDBN} makes sure that the
28383 thread/frame combination the variable object is bound to still exists,
28384 and re-evaluates the variable object in context of that thread/frame.
28386 The following is the complete set of @sc{gdb/mi} operations defined to
28387 access this functionality:
28389 @multitable @columnfractions .4 .6
28390 @item @strong{Operation}
28391 @tab @strong{Description}
28393 @item @code{-enable-pretty-printing}
28394 @tab enable Python-based pretty-printing
28395 @item @code{-var-create}
28396 @tab create a variable object
28397 @item @code{-var-delete}
28398 @tab delete the variable object and/or its children
28399 @item @code{-var-set-format}
28400 @tab set the display format of this variable
28401 @item @code{-var-show-format}
28402 @tab show the display format of this variable
28403 @item @code{-var-info-num-children}
28404 @tab tells how many children this object has
28405 @item @code{-var-list-children}
28406 @tab return a list of the object's children
28407 @item @code{-var-info-type}
28408 @tab show the type of this variable object
28409 @item @code{-var-info-expression}
28410 @tab print parent-relative expression that this variable object represents
28411 @item @code{-var-info-path-expression}
28412 @tab print full expression that this variable object represents
28413 @item @code{-var-show-attributes}
28414 @tab is this variable editable? does it exist here?
28415 @item @code{-var-evaluate-expression}
28416 @tab get the value of this variable
28417 @item @code{-var-assign}
28418 @tab set the value of this variable
28419 @item @code{-var-update}
28420 @tab update the variable and its children
28421 @item @code{-var-set-frozen}
28422 @tab set frozeness attribute
28423 @item @code{-var-set-update-range}
28424 @tab set range of children to display on update
28427 In the next subsection we describe each operation in detail and suggest
28428 how it can be used.
28430 @subheading Description And Use of Operations on Variable Objects
28432 @subheading The @code{-enable-pretty-printing} Command
28433 @findex -enable-pretty-printing
28436 -enable-pretty-printing
28439 @value{GDBN} allows Python-based visualizers to affect the output of the
28440 MI variable object commands. However, because there was no way to
28441 implement this in a fully backward-compatible way, a front end must
28442 request that this functionality be enabled.
28444 Once enabled, this feature cannot be disabled.
28446 Note that if Python support has not been compiled into @value{GDBN},
28447 this command will still succeed (and do nothing).
28449 This feature is currently (as of @value{GDBN} 7.0) experimental, and
28450 may work differently in future versions of @value{GDBN}.
28452 @subheading The @code{-var-create} Command
28453 @findex -var-create
28455 @subsubheading Synopsis
28458 -var-create @{@var{name} | "-"@}
28459 @{@var{frame-addr} | "*" | "@@"@} @var{expression}
28462 This operation creates a variable object, which allows the monitoring of
28463 a variable, the result of an expression, a memory cell or a CPU
28466 The @var{name} parameter is the string by which the object can be
28467 referenced. It must be unique. If @samp{-} is specified, the varobj
28468 system will generate a string ``varNNNNNN'' automatically. It will be
28469 unique provided that one does not specify @var{name} of that format.
28470 The command fails if a duplicate name is found.
28472 The frame under which the expression should be evaluated can be
28473 specified by @var{frame-addr}. A @samp{*} indicates that the current
28474 frame should be used. A @samp{@@} indicates that a floating variable
28475 object must be created.
28477 @var{expression} is any expression valid on the current language set (must not
28478 begin with a @samp{*}), or one of the following:
28482 @samp{*@var{addr}}, where @var{addr} is the address of a memory cell
28485 @samp{*@var{addr}-@var{addr}} --- a memory address range (TBD)
28488 @samp{$@var{regname}} --- a CPU register name
28491 @cindex dynamic varobj
28492 A varobj's contents may be provided by a Python-based pretty-printer. In this
28493 case the varobj is known as a @dfn{dynamic varobj}. Dynamic varobjs
28494 have slightly different semantics in some cases. If the
28495 @code{-enable-pretty-printing} command is not sent, then @value{GDBN}
28496 will never create a dynamic varobj. This ensures backward
28497 compatibility for existing clients.
28499 @subsubheading Result
28501 This operation returns attributes of the newly-created varobj. These
28506 The name of the varobj.
28509 The number of children of the varobj. This number is not necessarily
28510 reliable for a dynamic varobj. Instead, you must examine the
28511 @samp{has_more} attribute.
28514 The varobj's scalar value. For a varobj whose type is some sort of
28515 aggregate (e.g., a @code{struct}), or for a dynamic varobj, this value
28516 will not be interesting.
28519 The varobj's type. This is a string representation of the type, as
28520 would be printed by the @value{GDBN} CLI.
28523 If a variable object is bound to a specific thread, then this is the
28524 thread's identifier.
28527 For a dynamic varobj, this indicates whether there appear to be any
28528 children available. For a non-dynamic varobj, this will be 0.
28531 This attribute will be present and have the value @samp{1} if the
28532 varobj is a dynamic varobj. If the varobj is not a dynamic varobj,
28533 then this attribute will not be present.
28536 A dynamic varobj can supply a display hint to the front end. The
28537 value comes directly from the Python pretty-printer object's
28538 @code{display_hint} method. @xref{Pretty Printing API}.
28541 Typical output will look like this:
28544 name="@var{name}",numchild="@var{N}",type="@var{type}",thread-id="@var{M}",
28545 has_more="@var{has_more}"
28549 @subheading The @code{-var-delete} Command
28550 @findex -var-delete
28552 @subsubheading Synopsis
28555 -var-delete [ -c ] @var{name}
28558 Deletes a previously created variable object and all of its children.
28559 With the @samp{-c} option, just deletes the children.
28561 Returns an error if the object @var{name} is not found.
28564 @subheading The @code{-var-set-format} Command
28565 @findex -var-set-format
28567 @subsubheading Synopsis
28570 -var-set-format @var{name} @var{format-spec}
28573 Sets the output format for the value of the object @var{name} to be
28576 @anchor{-var-set-format}
28577 The syntax for the @var{format-spec} is as follows:
28580 @var{format-spec} @expansion{}
28581 @{binary | decimal | hexadecimal | octal | natural@}
28584 The natural format is the default format choosen automatically
28585 based on the variable type (like decimal for an @code{int}, hex
28586 for pointers, etc.).
28588 For a variable with children, the format is set only on the
28589 variable itself, and the children are not affected.
28591 @subheading The @code{-var-show-format} Command
28592 @findex -var-show-format
28594 @subsubheading Synopsis
28597 -var-show-format @var{name}
28600 Returns the format used to display the value of the object @var{name}.
28603 @var{format} @expansion{}
28608 @subheading The @code{-var-info-num-children} Command
28609 @findex -var-info-num-children
28611 @subsubheading Synopsis
28614 -var-info-num-children @var{name}
28617 Returns the number of children of a variable object @var{name}:
28623 Note that this number is not completely reliable for a dynamic varobj.
28624 It will return the current number of children, but more children may
28628 @subheading The @code{-var-list-children} Command
28629 @findex -var-list-children
28631 @subsubheading Synopsis
28634 -var-list-children [@var{print-values}] @var{name} [@var{from} @var{to}]
28636 @anchor{-var-list-children}
28638 Return a list of the children of the specified variable object and
28639 create variable objects for them, if they do not already exist. With
28640 a single argument or if @var{print-values} has a value of 0 or
28641 @code{--no-values}, print only the names of the variables; if
28642 @var{print-values} is 1 or @code{--all-values}, also print their
28643 values; and if it is 2 or @code{--simple-values} print the name and
28644 value for simple data types and just the name for arrays, structures
28647 @var{from} and @var{to}, if specified, indicate the range of children
28648 to report. If @var{from} or @var{to} is less than zero, the range is
28649 reset and all children will be reported. Otherwise, children starting
28650 at @var{from} (zero-based) and up to and excluding @var{to} will be
28653 If a child range is requested, it will only affect the current call to
28654 @code{-var-list-children}, but not future calls to @code{-var-update}.
28655 For this, you must instead use @code{-var-set-update-range}. The
28656 intent of this approach is to enable a front end to implement any
28657 update approach it likes; for example, scrolling a view may cause the
28658 front end to request more children with @code{-var-list-children}, and
28659 then the front end could call @code{-var-set-update-range} with a
28660 different range to ensure that future updates are restricted to just
28663 For each child the following results are returned:
28668 Name of the variable object created for this child.
28671 The expression to be shown to the user by the front end to designate this child.
28672 For example this may be the name of a structure member.
28674 For a dynamic varobj, this value cannot be used to form an
28675 expression. There is no way to do this at all with a dynamic varobj.
28677 For C/C@t{++} structures there are several pseudo children returned to
28678 designate access qualifiers. For these pseudo children @var{exp} is
28679 @samp{public}, @samp{private}, or @samp{protected}. In this case the
28680 type and value are not present.
28682 A dynamic varobj will not report the access qualifying
28683 pseudo-children, regardless of the language. This information is not
28684 available at all with a dynamic varobj.
28687 Number of children this child has. For a dynamic varobj, this will be
28691 The type of the child.
28694 If values were requested, this is the value.
28697 If this variable object is associated with a thread, this is the thread id.
28698 Otherwise this result is not present.
28701 If the variable object is frozen, this variable will be present with a value of 1.
28704 The result may have its own attributes:
28708 A dynamic varobj can supply a display hint to the front end. The
28709 value comes directly from the Python pretty-printer object's
28710 @code{display_hint} method. @xref{Pretty Printing API}.
28713 This is an integer attribute which is nonzero if there are children
28714 remaining after the end of the selected range.
28717 @subsubheading Example
28721 -var-list-children n
28722 ^done,numchild=@var{n},children=[child=@{name=@var{name},exp=@var{exp},
28723 numchild=@var{n},type=@var{type}@},@r{(repeats N times)}]
28725 -var-list-children --all-values n
28726 ^done,numchild=@var{n},children=[child=@{name=@var{name},exp=@var{exp},
28727 numchild=@var{n},value=@var{value},type=@var{type}@},@r{(repeats N times)}]
28731 @subheading The @code{-var-info-type} Command
28732 @findex -var-info-type
28734 @subsubheading Synopsis
28737 -var-info-type @var{name}
28740 Returns the type of the specified variable @var{name}. The type is
28741 returned as a string in the same format as it is output by the
28745 type=@var{typename}
28749 @subheading The @code{-var-info-expression} Command
28750 @findex -var-info-expression
28752 @subsubheading Synopsis
28755 -var-info-expression @var{name}
28758 Returns a string that is suitable for presenting this
28759 variable object in user interface. The string is generally
28760 not valid expression in the current language, and cannot be evaluated.
28762 For example, if @code{a} is an array, and variable object
28763 @code{A} was created for @code{a}, then we'll get this output:
28766 (gdb) -var-info-expression A.1
28767 ^done,lang="C",exp="1"
28771 Here, the values of @code{lang} can be @code{@{"C" | "C++" | "Java"@}}.
28773 Note that the output of the @code{-var-list-children} command also
28774 includes those expressions, so the @code{-var-info-expression} command
28777 @subheading The @code{-var-info-path-expression} Command
28778 @findex -var-info-path-expression
28780 @subsubheading Synopsis
28783 -var-info-path-expression @var{name}
28786 Returns an expression that can be evaluated in the current
28787 context and will yield the same value that a variable object has.
28788 Compare this with the @code{-var-info-expression} command, which
28789 result can be used only for UI presentation. Typical use of
28790 the @code{-var-info-path-expression} command is creating a
28791 watchpoint from a variable object.
28793 This command is currently not valid for children of a dynamic varobj,
28794 and will give an error when invoked on one.
28796 For example, suppose @code{C} is a C@t{++} class, derived from class
28797 @code{Base}, and that the @code{Base} class has a member called
28798 @code{m_size}. Assume a variable @code{c} is has the type of
28799 @code{C} and a variable object @code{C} was created for variable
28800 @code{c}. Then, we'll get this output:
28802 (gdb) -var-info-path-expression C.Base.public.m_size
28803 ^done,path_expr=((Base)c).m_size)
28806 @subheading The @code{-var-show-attributes} Command
28807 @findex -var-show-attributes
28809 @subsubheading Synopsis
28812 -var-show-attributes @var{name}
28815 List attributes of the specified variable object @var{name}:
28818 status=@var{attr} [ ( ,@var{attr} )* ]
28822 where @var{attr} is @code{@{ @{ editable | noneditable @} | TBD @}}.
28824 @subheading The @code{-var-evaluate-expression} Command
28825 @findex -var-evaluate-expression
28827 @subsubheading Synopsis
28830 -var-evaluate-expression [-f @var{format-spec}] @var{name}
28833 Evaluates the expression that is represented by the specified variable
28834 object and returns its value as a string. The format of the string
28835 can be specified with the @samp{-f} option. The possible values of
28836 this option are the same as for @code{-var-set-format}
28837 (@pxref{-var-set-format}). If the @samp{-f} option is not specified,
28838 the current display format will be used. The current display format
28839 can be changed using the @code{-var-set-format} command.
28845 Note that one must invoke @code{-var-list-children} for a variable
28846 before the value of a child variable can be evaluated.
28848 @subheading The @code{-var-assign} Command
28849 @findex -var-assign
28851 @subsubheading Synopsis
28854 -var-assign @var{name} @var{expression}
28857 Assigns the value of @var{expression} to the variable object specified
28858 by @var{name}. The object must be @samp{editable}. If the variable's
28859 value is altered by the assign, the variable will show up in any
28860 subsequent @code{-var-update} list.
28862 @subsubheading Example
28870 ^done,changelist=[@{name="var1",in_scope="true",type_changed="false"@}]
28874 @subheading The @code{-var-update} Command
28875 @findex -var-update
28877 @subsubheading Synopsis
28880 -var-update [@var{print-values}] @{@var{name} | "*"@}
28883 Reevaluate the expressions corresponding to the variable object
28884 @var{name} and all its direct and indirect children, and return the
28885 list of variable objects whose values have changed; @var{name} must
28886 be a root variable object. Here, ``changed'' means that the result of
28887 @code{-var-evaluate-expression} before and after the
28888 @code{-var-update} is different. If @samp{*} is used as the variable
28889 object names, all existing variable objects are updated, except
28890 for frozen ones (@pxref{-var-set-frozen}). The option
28891 @var{print-values} determines whether both names and values, or just
28892 names are printed. The possible values of this option are the same
28893 as for @code{-var-list-children} (@pxref{-var-list-children}). It is
28894 recommended to use the @samp{--all-values} option, to reduce the
28895 number of MI commands needed on each program stop.
28897 With the @samp{*} parameter, if a variable object is bound to a
28898 currently running thread, it will not be updated, without any
28901 If @code{-var-set-update-range} was previously used on a varobj, then
28902 only the selected range of children will be reported.
28904 @code{-var-update} reports all the changed varobjs in a tuple named
28907 Each item in the change list is itself a tuple holding:
28911 The name of the varobj.
28914 If values were requested for this update, then this field will be
28915 present and will hold the value of the varobj.
28918 @anchor{-var-update}
28919 This field is a string which may take one of three values:
28923 The variable object's current value is valid.
28926 The variable object does not currently hold a valid value but it may
28927 hold one in the future if its associated expression comes back into
28931 The variable object no longer holds a valid value.
28932 This can occur when the executable file being debugged has changed,
28933 either through recompilation or by using the @value{GDBN} @code{file}
28934 command. The front end should normally choose to delete these variable
28938 In the future new values may be added to this list so the front should
28939 be prepared for this possibility. @xref{GDB/MI Development and Front Ends, ,@sc{GDB/MI} Development and Front Ends}.
28942 This is only present if the varobj is still valid. If the type
28943 changed, then this will be the string @samp{true}; otherwise it will
28947 If the varobj's type changed, then this field will be present and will
28950 @item new_num_children
28951 For a dynamic varobj, if the number of children changed, or if the
28952 type changed, this will be the new number of children.
28954 The @samp{numchild} field in other varobj responses is generally not
28955 valid for a dynamic varobj -- it will show the number of children that
28956 @value{GDBN} knows about, but because dynamic varobjs lazily
28957 instantiate their children, this will not reflect the number of
28958 children which may be available.
28960 The @samp{new_num_children} attribute only reports changes to the
28961 number of children known by @value{GDBN}. This is the only way to
28962 detect whether an update has removed children (which necessarily can
28963 only happen at the end of the update range).
28966 The display hint, if any.
28969 This is an integer value, which will be 1 if there are more children
28970 available outside the varobj's update range.
28973 This attribute will be present and have the value @samp{1} if the
28974 varobj is a dynamic varobj. If the varobj is not a dynamic varobj,
28975 then this attribute will not be present.
28978 If new children were added to a dynamic varobj within the selected
28979 update range (as set by @code{-var-set-update-range}), then they will
28980 be listed in this attribute.
28983 @subsubheading Example
28990 -var-update --all-values var1
28991 ^done,changelist=[@{name="var1",value="3",in_scope="true",
28992 type_changed="false"@}]
28996 @subheading The @code{-var-set-frozen} Command
28997 @findex -var-set-frozen
28998 @anchor{-var-set-frozen}
29000 @subsubheading Synopsis
29003 -var-set-frozen @var{name} @var{flag}
29006 Set the frozenness flag on the variable object @var{name}. The
29007 @var{flag} parameter should be either @samp{1} to make the variable
29008 frozen or @samp{0} to make it unfrozen. If a variable object is
29009 frozen, then neither itself, nor any of its children, are
29010 implicitly updated by @code{-var-update} of
29011 a parent variable or by @code{-var-update *}. Only
29012 @code{-var-update} of the variable itself will update its value and
29013 values of its children. After a variable object is unfrozen, it is
29014 implicitly updated by all subsequent @code{-var-update} operations.
29015 Unfreezing a variable does not update it, only subsequent
29016 @code{-var-update} does.
29018 @subsubheading Example
29022 -var-set-frozen V 1
29027 @subheading The @code{-var-set-update-range} command
29028 @findex -var-set-update-range
29029 @anchor{-var-set-update-range}
29031 @subsubheading Synopsis
29034 -var-set-update-range @var{name} @var{from} @var{to}
29037 Set the range of children to be returned by future invocations of
29038 @code{-var-update}.
29040 @var{from} and @var{to} indicate the range of children to report. If
29041 @var{from} or @var{to} is less than zero, the range is reset and all
29042 children will be reported. Otherwise, children starting at @var{from}
29043 (zero-based) and up to and excluding @var{to} will be reported.
29045 @subsubheading Example
29049 -var-set-update-range V 1 2
29053 @subheading The @code{-var-set-visualizer} command
29054 @findex -var-set-visualizer
29055 @anchor{-var-set-visualizer}
29057 @subsubheading Synopsis
29060 -var-set-visualizer @var{name} @var{visualizer}
29063 Set a visualizer for the variable object @var{name}.
29065 @var{visualizer} is the visualizer to use. The special value
29066 @samp{None} means to disable any visualizer in use.
29068 If not @samp{None}, @var{visualizer} must be a Python expression.
29069 This expression must evaluate to a callable object which accepts a
29070 single argument. @value{GDBN} will call this object with the value of
29071 the varobj @var{name} as an argument (this is done so that the same
29072 Python pretty-printing code can be used for both the CLI and MI).
29073 When called, this object must return an object which conforms to the
29074 pretty-printing interface (@pxref{Pretty Printing API}).
29076 The pre-defined function @code{gdb.default_visualizer} may be used to
29077 select a visualizer by following the built-in process
29078 (@pxref{Selecting Pretty-Printers}). This is done automatically when
29079 a varobj is created, and so ordinarily is not needed.
29081 This feature is only available if Python support is enabled. The MI
29082 command @code{-list-features} (@pxref{GDB/MI Miscellaneous Commands})
29083 can be used to check this.
29085 @subsubheading Example
29087 Resetting the visualizer:
29091 -var-set-visualizer V None
29095 Reselecting the default (type-based) visualizer:
29099 -var-set-visualizer V gdb.default_visualizer
29103 Suppose @code{SomeClass} is a visualizer class. A lambda expression
29104 can be used to instantiate this class for a varobj:
29108 -var-set-visualizer V "lambda val: SomeClass()"
29112 @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
29113 @node GDB/MI Data Manipulation
29114 @section @sc{gdb/mi} Data Manipulation
29116 @cindex data manipulation, in @sc{gdb/mi}
29117 @cindex @sc{gdb/mi}, data manipulation
29118 This section describes the @sc{gdb/mi} commands that manipulate data:
29119 examine memory and registers, evaluate expressions, etc.
29121 @c REMOVED FROM THE INTERFACE.
29122 @c @subheading -data-assign
29123 @c Change the value of a program variable. Plenty of side effects.
29124 @c @subsubheading GDB Command
29126 @c @subsubheading Example
29129 @subheading The @code{-data-disassemble} Command
29130 @findex -data-disassemble
29132 @subsubheading Synopsis
29136 [ -s @var{start-addr} -e @var{end-addr} ]
29137 | [ -f @var{filename} -l @var{linenum} [ -n @var{lines} ] ]
29145 @item @var{start-addr}
29146 is the beginning address (or @code{$pc})
29147 @item @var{end-addr}
29149 @item @var{filename}
29150 is the name of the file to disassemble
29151 @item @var{linenum}
29152 is the line number to disassemble around
29154 is the number of disassembly lines to be produced. If it is -1,
29155 the whole function will be disassembled, in case no @var{end-addr} is
29156 specified. If @var{end-addr} is specified as a non-zero value, and
29157 @var{lines} is lower than the number of disassembly lines between
29158 @var{start-addr} and @var{end-addr}, only @var{lines} lines are
29159 displayed; if @var{lines} is higher than the number of lines between
29160 @var{start-addr} and @var{end-addr}, only the lines up to @var{end-addr}
29163 is either 0 (meaning only disassembly), 1 (meaning mixed source and
29164 disassembly), 2 (meaning disassembly with raw opcodes), or 3 (meaning
29165 mixed source and disassembly with raw opcodes).
29168 @subsubheading Result
29170 The output for each instruction is composed of four fields:
29179 Note that whatever included in the instruction field, is not manipulated
29180 directly by @sc{gdb/mi}, i.e., it is not possible to adjust its format.
29182 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
29184 There's no direct mapping from this command to the CLI.
29186 @subsubheading Example
29188 Disassemble from the current value of @code{$pc} to @code{$pc + 20}:
29192 -data-disassemble -s $pc -e "$pc + 20" -- 0
29195 @{address="0x000107c0",func-name="main",offset="4",
29196 inst="mov 2, %o0"@},
29197 @{address="0x000107c4",func-name="main",offset="8",
29198 inst="sethi %hi(0x11800), %o2"@},
29199 @{address="0x000107c8",func-name="main",offset="12",
29200 inst="or %o2, 0x140, %o1\t! 0x11940 <_lib_version+8>"@},
29201 @{address="0x000107cc",func-name="main",offset="16",
29202 inst="sethi %hi(0x11800), %o2"@},
29203 @{address="0x000107d0",func-name="main",offset="20",
29204 inst="or %o2, 0x168, %o4\t! 0x11968 <_lib_version+48>"@}]
29208 Disassemble the whole @code{main} function. Line 32 is part of
29212 -data-disassemble -f basics.c -l 32 -- 0
29214 @{address="0x000107bc",func-name="main",offset="0",
29215 inst="save %sp, -112, %sp"@},
29216 @{address="0x000107c0",func-name="main",offset="4",
29217 inst="mov 2, %o0"@},
29218 @{address="0x000107c4",func-name="main",offset="8",
29219 inst="sethi %hi(0x11800), %o2"@},
29221 @{address="0x0001081c",func-name="main",offset="96",inst="ret "@},
29222 @{address="0x00010820",func-name="main",offset="100",inst="restore "@}]
29226 Disassemble 3 instructions from the start of @code{main}:
29230 -data-disassemble -f basics.c -l 32 -n 3 -- 0
29232 @{address="0x000107bc",func-name="main",offset="0",
29233 inst="save %sp, -112, %sp"@},
29234 @{address="0x000107c0",func-name="main",offset="4",
29235 inst="mov 2, %o0"@},
29236 @{address="0x000107c4",func-name="main",offset="8",
29237 inst="sethi %hi(0x11800), %o2"@}]
29241 Disassemble 3 instructions from the start of @code{main} in mixed mode:
29245 -data-disassemble -f basics.c -l 32 -n 3 -- 1
29247 src_and_asm_line=@{line="31",
29248 file="/kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/devo/gdb/ \
29249 testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line_asm_insn=[
29250 @{address="0x000107bc",func-name="main",offset="0",
29251 inst="save %sp, -112, %sp"@}]@},
29252 src_and_asm_line=@{line="32",
29253 file="/kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/devo/gdb/ \
29254 testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line_asm_insn=[
29255 @{address="0x000107c0",func-name="main",offset="4",
29256 inst="mov 2, %o0"@},
29257 @{address="0x000107c4",func-name="main",offset="8",
29258 inst="sethi %hi(0x11800), %o2"@}]@}]
29263 @subheading The @code{-data-evaluate-expression} Command
29264 @findex -data-evaluate-expression
29266 @subsubheading Synopsis
29269 -data-evaluate-expression @var{expr}
29272 Evaluate @var{expr} as an expression. The expression could contain an
29273 inferior function call. The function call will execute synchronously.
29274 If the expression contains spaces, it must be enclosed in double quotes.
29276 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
29278 The corresponding @value{GDBN} commands are @samp{print}, @samp{output}, and
29279 @samp{call}. In @code{gdbtk} only, there's a corresponding
29280 @samp{gdb_eval} command.
29282 @subsubheading Example
29284 In the following example, the numbers that precede the commands are the
29285 @dfn{tokens} described in @ref{GDB/MI Command Syntax, ,@sc{gdb/mi}
29286 Command Syntax}. Notice how @sc{gdb/mi} returns the same tokens in its
29290 211-data-evaluate-expression A
29293 311-data-evaluate-expression &A
29294 311^done,value="0xefffeb7c"
29296 411-data-evaluate-expression A+3
29299 511-data-evaluate-expression "A + 3"
29305 @subheading The @code{-data-list-changed-registers} Command
29306 @findex -data-list-changed-registers
29308 @subsubheading Synopsis
29311 -data-list-changed-registers
29314 Display a list of the registers that have changed.
29316 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
29318 @value{GDBN} doesn't have a direct analog for this command; @code{gdbtk}
29319 has the corresponding command @samp{gdb_changed_register_list}.
29321 @subsubheading Example
29323 On a PPC MBX board:
29331 *stopped,reason="breakpoint-hit",disp="keep",bkptno="1",frame=@{
29332 func="main",args=[],file="try.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/try.c",
29335 -data-list-changed-registers
29336 ^done,changed-registers=["0","1","2","4","5","6","7","8","9",
29337 "10","11","13","14","15","16","17","18","19","20","21","22","23",
29338 "24","25","26","27","28","30","31","64","65","66","67","69"]
29343 @subheading The @code{-data-list-register-names} Command
29344 @findex -data-list-register-names
29346 @subsubheading Synopsis
29349 -data-list-register-names [ ( @var{regno} )+ ]
29352 Show a list of register names for the current target. If no arguments
29353 are given, it shows a list of the names of all the registers. If
29354 integer numbers are given as arguments, it will print a list of the
29355 names of the registers corresponding to the arguments. To ensure
29356 consistency between a register name and its number, the output list may
29357 include empty register names.
29359 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
29361 @value{GDBN} does not have a command which corresponds to
29362 @samp{-data-list-register-names}. In @code{gdbtk} there is a
29363 corresponding command @samp{gdb_regnames}.
29365 @subsubheading Example
29367 For the PPC MBX board:
29370 -data-list-register-names
29371 ^done,register-names=["r0","r1","r2","r3","r4","r5","r6","r7",
29372 "r8","r9","r10","r11","r12","r13","r14","r15","r16","r17","r18",
29373 "r19","r20","r21","r22","r23","r24","r25","r26","r27","r28","r29",
29374 "r30","r31","f0","f1","f2","f3","f4","f5","f6","f7","f8","f9",
29375 "f10","f11","f12","f13","f14","f15","f16","f17","f18","f19","f20",
29376 "f21","f22","f23","f24","f25","f26","f27","f28","f29","f30","f31",
29377 "", "pc","ps","cr","lr","ctr","xer"]
29379 -data-list-register-names 1 2 3
29380 ^done,register-names=["r1","r2","r3"]
29384 @subheading The @code{-data-list-register-values} Command
29385 @findex -data-list-register-values
29387 @subsubheading Synopsis
29390 -data-list-register-values @var{fmt} [ ( @var{regno} )*]
29393 Display the registers' contents. @var{fmt} is the format according to
29394 which the registers' contents are to be returned, followed by an optional
29395 list of numbers specifying the registers to display. A missing list of
29396 numbers indicates that the contents of all the registers must be returned.
29398 Allowed formats for @var{fmt} are:
29415 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
29417 The corresponding @value{GDBN} commands are @samp{info reg}, @samp{info
29418 all-reg}, and (in @code{gdbtk}) @samp{gdb_fetch_registers}.
29420 @subsubheading Example
29422 For a PPC MBX board (note: line breaks are for readability only, they
29423 don't appear in the actual output):
29427 -data-list-register-values r 64 65
29428 ^done,register-values=[@{number="64",value="0xfe00a300"@},
29429 @{number="65",value="0x00029002"@}]
29431 -data-list-register-values x
29432 ^done,register-values=[@{number="0",value="0xfe0043c8"@},
29433 @{number="1",value="0x3fff88"@},@{number="2",value="0xfffffffe"@},
29434 @{number="3",value="0x0"@},@{number="4",value="0xa"@},
29435 @{number="5",value="0x3fff68"@},@{number="6",value="0x3fff58"@},
29436 @{number="7",value="0xfe011e98"@},@{number="8",value="0x2"@},
29437 @{number="9",value="0xfa202820"@},@{number="10",value="0xfa202808"@},
29438 @{number="11",value="0x1"@},@{number="12",value="0x0"@},
29439 @{number="13",value="0x4544"@},@{number="14",value="0xffdfffff"@},
29440 @{number="15",value="0xffffffff"@},@{number="16",value="0xfffffeff"@},
29441 @{number="17",value="0xefffffed"@},@{number="18",value="0xfffffffe"@},
29442 @{number="19",value="0xffffffff"@},@{number="20",value="0xffffffff"@},
29443 @{number="21",value="0xffffffff"@},@{number="22",value="0xfffffff7"@},
29444 @{number="23",value="0xffffffff"@},@{number="24",value="0xffffffff"@},
29445 @{number="25",value="0xffffffff"@},@{number="26",value="0xfffffffb"@},
29446 @{number="27",value="0xffffffff"@},@{number="28",value="0xf7bfffff"@},
29447 @{number="29",value="0x0"@},@{number="30",value="0xfe010000"@},
29448 @{number="31",value="0x0"@},@{number="32",value="0x0"@},
29449 @{number="33",value="0x0"@},@{number="34",value="0x0"@},
29450 @{number="35",value="0x0"@},@{number="36",value="0x0"@},
29451 @{number="37",value="0x0"@},@{number="38",value="0x0"@},
29452 @{number="39",value="0x0"@},@{number="40",value="0x0"@},
29453 @{number="41",value="0x0"@},@{number="42",value="0x0"@},
29454 @{number="43",value="0x0"@},@{number="44",value="0x0"@},
29455 @{number="45",value="0x0"@},@{number="46",value="0x0"@},
29456 @{number="47",value="0x0"@},@{number="48",value="0x0"@},
29457 @{number="49",value="0x0"@},@{number="50",value="0x0"@},
29458 @{number="51",value="0x0"@},@{number="52",value="0x0"@},
29459 @{number="53",value="0x0"@},@{number="54",value="0x0"@},
29460 @{number="55",value="0x0"@},@{number="56",value="0x0"@},
29461 @{number="57",value="0x0"@},@{number="58",value="0x0"@},
29462 @{number="59",value="0x0"@},@{number="60",value="0x0"@},
29463 @{number="61",value="0x0"@},@{number="62",value="0x0"@},
29464 @{number="63",value="0x0"@},@{number="64",value="0xfe00a300"@},
29465 @{number="65",value="0x29002"@},@{number="66",value="0x202f04b5"@},
29466 @{number="67",value="0xfe0043b0"@},@{number="68",value="0xfe00b3e4"@},
29467 @{number="69",value="0x20002b03"@}]
29472 @subheading The @code{-data-read-memory} Command
29473 @findex -data-read-memory
29475 This command is deprecated, use @code{-data-read-memory-bytes} instead.
29477 @subsubheading Synopsis
29480 -data-read-memory [ -o @var{byte-offset} ]
29481 @var{address} @var{word-format} @var{word-size}
29482 @var{nr-rows} @var{nr-cols} [ @var{aschar} ]
29489 @item @var{address}
29490 An expression specifying the address of the first memory word to be
29491 read. Complex expressions containing embedded white space should be
29492 quoted using the C convention.
29494 @item @var{word-format}
29495 The format to be used to print the memory words. The notation is the
29496 same as for @value{GDBN}'s @code{print} command (@pxref{Output Formats,
29499 @item @var{word-size}
29500 The size of each memory word in bytes.
29502 @item @var{nr-rows}
29503 The number of rows in the output table.
29505 @item @var{nr-cols}
29506 The number of columns in the output table.
29509 If present, indicates that each row should include an @sc{ascii} dump. The
29510 value of @var{aschar} is used as a padding character when a byte is not a
29511 member of the printable @sc{ascii} character set (printable @sc{ascii}
29512 characters are those whose code is between 32 and 126, inclusively).
29514 @item @var{byte-offset}
29515 An offset to add to the @var{address} before fetching memory.
29518 This command displays memory contents as a table of @var{nr-rows} by
29519 @var{nr-cols} words, each word being @var{word-size} bytes. In total,
29520 @code{@var{nr-rows} * @var{nr-cols} * @var{word-size}} bytes are read
29521 (returned as @samp{total-bytes}). Should less than the requested number
29522 of bytes be returned by the target, the missing words are identified
29523 using @samp{N/A}. The number of bytes read from the target is returned
29524 in @samp{nr-bytes} and the starting address used to read memory in
29527 The address of the next/previous row or page is available in
29528 @samp{next-row} and @samp{prev-row}, @samp{next-page} and
29531 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
29533 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{x}. @code{gdbtk} has
29534 @samp{gdb_get_mem} memory read command.
29536 @subsubheading Example
29538 Read six bytes of memory starting at @code{bytes+6} but then offset by
29539 @code{-6} bytes. Format as three rows of two columns. One byte per
29540 word. Display each word in hex.
29544 9-data-read-memory -o -6 -- bytes+6 x 1 3 2
29545 9^done,addr="0x00001390",nr-bytes="6",total-bytes="6",
29546 next-row="0x00001396",prev-row="0x0000138e",next-page="0x00001396",
29547 prev-page="0x0000138a",memory=[
29548 @{addr="0x00001390",data=["0x00","0x01"]@},
29549 @{addr="0x00001392",data=["0x02","0x03"]@},
29550 @{addr="0x00001394",data=["0x04","0x05"]@}]
29554 Read two bytes of memory starting at address @code{shorts + 64} and
29555 display as a single word formatted in decimal.
29559 5-data-read-memory shorts+64 d 2 1 1
29560 5^done,addr="0x00001510",nr-bytes="2",total-bytes="2",
29561 next-row="0x00001512",prev-row="0x0000150e",
29562 next-page="0x00001512",prev-page="0x0000150e",memory=[
29563 @{addr="0x00001510",data=["128"]@}]
29567 Read thirty two bytes of memory starting at @code{bytes+16} and format
29568 as eight rows of four columns. Include a string encoding with @samp{x}
29569 used as the non-printable character.
29573 4-data-read-memory bytes+16 x 1 8 4 x
29574 4^done,addr="0x000013a0",nr-bytes="32",total-bytes="32",
29575 next-row="0x000013c0",prev-row="0x0000139c",
29576 next-page="0x000013c0",prev-page="0x00001380",memory=[
29577 @{addr="0x000013a0",data=["0x10","0x11","0x12","0x13"],ascii="xxxx"@},
29578 @{addr="0x000013a4",data=["0x14","0x15","0x16","0x17"],ascii="xxxx"@},
29579 @{addr="0x000013a8",data=["0x18","0x19","0x1a","0x1b"],ascii="xxxx"@},
29580 @{addr="0x000013ac",data=["0x1c","0x1d","0x1e","0x1f"],ascii="xxxx"@},
29581 @{addr="0x000013b0",data=["0x20","0x21","0x22","0x23"],ascii=" !\"#"@},
29582 @{addr="0x000013b4",data=["0x24","0x25","0x26","0x27"],ascii="$%&'"@},
29583 @{addr="0x000013b8",data=["0x28","0x29","0x2a","0x2b"],ascii="()*+"@},
29584 @{addr="0x000013bc",data=["0x2c","0x2d","0x2e","0x2f"],ascii=",-./"@}]
29588 @subheading The @code{-data-read-memory-bytes} Command
29589 @findex -data-read-memory-bytes
29591 @subsubheading Synopsis
29594 -data-read-memory-bytes [ -o @var{byte-offset} ]
29595 @var{address} @var{count}
29602 @item @var{address}
29603 An expression specifying the address of the first memory word to be
29604 read. Complex expressions containing embedded white space should be
29605 quoted using the C convention.
29608 The number of bytes to read. This should be an integer literal.
29610 @item @var{byte-offset}
29611 The offsets in bytes relative to @var{address} at which to start
29612 reading. This should be an integer literal. This option is provided
29613 so that a frontend is not required to first evaluate address and then
29614 perform address arithmetics itself.
29618 This command attempts to read all accessible memory regions in the
29619 specified range. First, all regions marked as unreadable in the memory
29620 map (if one is defined) will be skipped. @xref{Memory Region
29621 Attributes}. Second, @value{GDBN} will attempt to read the remaining
29622 regions. For each one, if reading full region results in an errors,
29623 @value{GDBN} will try to read a subset of the region.
29625 In general, every single byte in the region may be readable or not,
29626 and the only way to read every readable byte is to try a read at
29627 every address, which is not practical. Therefore, @value{GDBN} will
29628 attempt to read all accessible bytes at either beginning or the end
29629 of the region, using a binary division scheme. This heuristic works
29630 well for reading accross a memory map boundary. Note that if a region
29631 has a readable range that is neither at the beginning or the end,
29632 @value{GDBN} will not read it.
29634 The result record (@pxref{GDB/MI Result Records}) that is output of
29635 the command includes a field named @samp{memory} whose content is a
29636 list of tuples. Each tuple represent a successfully read memory block
29637 and has the following fields:
29641 The start address of the memory block, as hexadecimal literal.
29644 The end address of the memory block, as hexadecimal literal.
29647 The offset of the memory block, as hexadecimal literal, relative to
29648 the start address passed to @code{-data-read-memory-bytes}.
29651 The contents of the memory block, in hex.
29657 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
29659 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{x}.
29661 @subsubheading Example
29665 -data-read-memory-bytes &a 10
29666 ^done,memory=[@{begin="0xbffff154",offset="0x00000000",
29668 contents="01000000020000000300"@}]
29673 @subheading The @code{-data-write-memory-bytes} Command
29674 @findex -data-write-memory-bytes
29676 @subsubheading Synopsis
29679 -data-write-memory-bytes @var{address} @var{contents}
29686 @item @var{address}
29687 An expression specifying the address of the first memory word to be
29688 read. Complex expressions containing embedded white space should be
29689 quoted using the C convention.
29691 @item @var{contents}
29692 The hex-encoded bytes to write.
29696 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
29698 There's no corresponding @value{GDBN} command.
29700 @subsubheading Example
29704 -data-write-memory-bytes &a "aabbccdd"
29710 @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
29711 @node GDB/MI Tracepoint Commands
29712 @section @sc{gdb/mi} Tracepoint Commands
29714 The commands defined in this section implement MI support for
29715 tracepoints. For detailed introduction, see @ref{Tracepoints}.
29717 @subheading The @code{-trace-find} Command
29718 @findex -trace-find
29720 @subsubheading Synopsis
29723 -trace-find @var{mode} [@var{parameters}@dots{}]
29726 Find a trace frame using criteria defined by @var{mode} and
29727 @var{parameters}. The following table lists permissible
29728 modes and their parameters. For details of operation, see @ref{tfind}.
29733 No parameters are required. Stops examining trace frames.
29736 An integer is required as parameter. Selects tracepoint frame with
29739 @item tracepoint-number
29740 An integer is required as parameter. Finds next
29741 trace frame that corresponds to tracepoint with the specified number.
29744 An address is required as parameter. Finds
29745 next trace frame that corresponds to any tracepoint at the specified
29748 @item pc-inside-range
29749 Two addresses are required as parameters. Finds next trace
29750 frame that corresponds to a tracepoint at an address inside the
29751 specified range. Both bounds are considered to be inside the range.
29753 @item pc-outside-range
29754 Two addresses are required as parameters. Finds
29755 next trace frame that corresponds to a tracepoint at an address outside
29756 the specified range. Both bounds are considered to be inside the range.
29759 Line specification is required as parameter. @xref{Specify Location}.
29760 Finds next trace frame that corresponds to a tracepoint at
29761 the specified location.
29765 If @samp{none} was passed as @var{mode}, the response does not
29766 have fields. Otherwise, the response may have the following fields:
29770 This field has either @samp{0} or @samp{1} as the value, depending
29771 on whether a matching tracepoint was found.
29774 The index of the found traceframe. This field is present iff
29775 the @samp{found} field has value of @samp{1}.
29778 The index of the found tracepoint. This field is present iff
29779 the @samp{found} field has value of @samp{1}.
29782 The information about the frame corresponding to the found trace
29783 frame. This field is present only if a trace frame was found.
29784 @xref{GDB/MI Frame Information}, for description of this field.
29788 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
29790 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{tfind}.
29792 @subheading -trace-define-variable
29793 @findex -trace-define-variable
29795 @subsubheading Synopsis
29798 -trace-define-variable @var{name} [ @var{value} ]
29801 Create trace variable @var{name} if it does not exist. If
29802 @var{value} is specified, sets the initial value of the specified
29803 trace variable to that value. Note that the @var{name} should start
29804 with the @samp{$} character.
29806 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
29808 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{tvariable}.
29810 @subheading -trace-list-variables
29811 @findex -trace-list-variables
29813 @subsubheading Synopsis
29816 -trace-list-variables
29819 Return a table of all defined trace variables. Each element of the
29820 table has the following fields:
29824 The name of the trace variable. This field is always present.
29827 The initial value. This is a 64-bit signed integer. This
29828 field is always present.
29831 The value the trace variable has at the moment. This is a 64-bit
29832 signed integer. This field is absent iff current value is
29833 not defined, for example if the trace was never run, or is
29838 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
29840 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{tvariables}.
29842 @subsubheading Example
29846 -trace-list-variables
29847 ^done,trace-variables=@{nr_rows="1",nr_cols="3",
29848 hdr=[@{width="15",alignment="-1",col_name="name",colhdr="Name"@},
29849 @{width="11",alignment="-1",col_name="initial",colhdr="Initial"@},
29850 @{width="11",alignment="-1",col_name="current",colhdr="Current"@}],
29851 body=[variable=@{name="$trace_timestamp",initial="0"@}
29852 variable=@{name="$foo",initial="10",current="15"@}]@}
29856 @subheading -trace-save
29857 @findex -trace-save
29859 @subsubheading Synopsis
29862 -trace-save [-r ] @var{filename}
29865 Saves the collected trace data to @var{filename}. Without the
29866 @samp{-r} option, the data is downloaded from the target and saved
29867 in a local file. With the @samp{-r} option the target is asked
29868 to perform the save.
29870 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
29872 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{tsave}.
29875 @subheading -trace-start
29876 @findex -trace-start
29878 @subsubheading Synopsis
29884 Starts a tracing experiments. The result of this command does not
29887 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
29889 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{tstart}.
29891 @subheading -trace-status
29892 @findex -trace-status
29894 @subsubheading Synopsis
29900 Obtains the status of a tracing experiment. The result may include
29901 the following fields:
29906 May have a value of either @samp{0}, when no tracing operations are
29907 supported, @samp{1}, when all tracing operations are supported, or
29908 @samp{file} when examining trace file. In the latter case, examining
29909 of trace frame is possible but new tracing experiement cannot be
29910 started. This field is always present.
29913 May have a value of either @samp{0} or @samp{1} depending on whether
29914 tracing experiement is in progress on target. This field is present
29915 if @samp{supported} field is not @samp{0}.
29918 Report the reason why the tracing was stopped last time. This field
29919 may be absent iff tracing was never stopped on target yet. The
29920 value of @samp{request} means the tracing was stopped as result of
29921 the @code{-trace-stop} command. The value of @samp{overflow} means
29922 the tracing buffer is full. The value of @samp{disconnection} means
29923 tracing was automatically stopped when @value{GDBN} has disconnected.
29924 The value of @samp{passcount} means tracing was stopped when a
29925 tracepoint was passed a maximal number of times for that tracepoint.
29926 This field is present if @samp{supported} field is not @samp{0}.
29928 @item stopping-tracepoint
29929 The number of tracepoint whose passcount as exceeded. This field is
29930 present iff the @samp{stop-reason} field has the value of
29934 @itemx frames-created
29935 The @samp{frames} field is a count of the total number of trace frames
29936 in the trace buffer, while @samp{frames-created} is the total created
29937 during the run, including ones that were discarded, such as when a
29938 circular trace buffer filled up. Both fields are optional.
29942 These fields tell the current size of the tracing buffer and the
29943 remaining space. These fields are optional.
29946 The value of the circular trace buffer flag. @code{1} means that the
29947 trace buffer is circular and old trace frames will be discarded if
29948 necessary to make room, @code{0} means that the trace buffer is linear
29952 The value of the disconnected tracing flag. @code{1} means that
29953 tracing will continue after @value{GDBN} disconnects, @code{0} means
29954 that the trace run will stop.
29958 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
29960 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{tstatus}.
29962 @subheading -trace-stop
29963 @findex -trace-stop
29965 @subsubheading Synopsis
29971 Stops a tracing experiment. The result of this command has the same
29972 fields as @code{-trace-status}, except that the @samp{supported} and
29973 @samp{running} fields are not output.
29975 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
29977 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{tstop}.
29980 @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
29981 @node GDB/MI Symbol Query
29982 @section @sc{gdb/mi} Symbol Query Commands
29986 @subheading The @code{-symbol-info-address} Command
29987 @findex -symbol-info-address
29989 @subsubheading Synopsis
29992 -symbol-info-address @var{symbol}
29995 Describe where @var{symbol} is stored.
29997 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
29999 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{info address}.
30001 @subsubheading Example
30005 @subheading The @code{-symbol-info-file} Command
30006 @findex -symbol-info-file
30008 @subsubheading Synopsis
30014 Show the file for the symbol.
30016 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30018 There's no equivalent @value{GDBN} command. @code{gdbtk} has
30019 @samp{gdb_find_file}.
30021 @subsubheading Example
30025 @subheading The @code{-symbol-info-function} Command
30026 @findex -symbol-info-function
30028 @subsubheading Synopsis
30031 -symbol-info-function
30034 Show which function the symbol lives in.
30036 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30038 @samp{gdb_get_function} in @code{gdbtk}.
30040 @subsubheading Example
30044 @subheading The @code{-symbol-info-line} Command
30045 @findex -symbol-info-line
30047 @subsubheading Synopsis
30053 Show the core addresses of the code for a source line.
30055 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30057 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{info line}.
30058 @code{gdbtk} has the @samp{gdb_get_line} and @samp{gdb_get_file} commands.
30060 @subsubheading Example
30064 @subheading The @code{-symbol-info-symbol} Command
30065 @findex -symbol-info-symbol
30067 @subsubheading Synopsis
30070 -symbol-info-symbol @var{addr}
30073 Describe what symbol is at location @var{addr}.
30075 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30077 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{info symbol}.
30079 @subsubheading Example
30083 @subheading The @code{-symbol-list-functions} Command
30084 @findex -symbol-list-functions
30086 @subsubheading Synopsis
30089 -symbol-list-functions
30092 List the functions in the executable.
30094 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30096 @samp{info functions} in @value{GDBN}, @samp{gdb_listfunc} and
30097 @samp{gdb_search} in @code{gdbtk}.
30099 @subsubheading Example
30104 @subheading The @code{-symbol-list-lines} Command
30105 @findex -symbol-list-lines
30107 @subsubheading Synopsis
30110 -symbol-list-lines @var{filename}
30113 Print the list of lines that contain code and their associated program
30114 addresses for the given source filename. The entries are sorted in
30115 ascending PC order.
30117 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30119 There is no corresponding @value{GDBN} command.
30121 @subsubheading Example
30124 -symbol-list-lines basics.c
30125 ^done,lines=[@{pc="0x08048554",line="7"@},@{pc="0x0804855a",line="8"@}]
30131 @subheading The @code{-symbol-list-types} Command
30132 @findex -symbol-list-types
30134 @subsubheading Synopsis
30140 List all the type names.
30142 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30144 The corresponding commands are @samp{info types} in @value{GDBN},
30145 @samp{gdb_search} in @code{gdbtk}.
30147 @subsubheading Example
30151 @subheading The @code{-symbol-list-variables} Command
30152 @findex -symbol-list-variables
30154 @subsubheading Synopsis
30157 -symbol-list-variables
30160 List all the global and static variable names.
30162 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30164 @samp{info variables} in @value{GDBN}, @samp{gdb_search} in @code{gdbtk}.
30166 @subsubheading Example
30170 @subheading The @code{-symbol-locate} Command
30171 @findex -symbol-locate
30173 @subsubheading Synopsis
30179 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30181 @samp{gdb_loc} in @code{gdbtk}.
30183 @subsubheading Example
30187 @subheading The @code{-symbol-type} Command
30188 @findex -symbol-type
30190 @subsubheading Synopsis
30193 -symbol-type @var{variable}
30196 Show type of @var{variable}.
30198 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30200 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{ptype}, @code{gdbtk} has
30201 @samp{gdb_obj_variable}.
30203 @subsubheading Example
30208 @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
30209 @node GDB/MI File Commands
30210 @section @sc{gdb/mi} File Commands
30212 This section describes the GDB/MI commands to specify executable file names
30213 and to read in and obtain symbol table information.
30215 @subheading The @code{-file-exec-and-symbols} Command
30216 @findex -file-exec-and-symbols
30218 @subsubheading Synopsis
30221 -file-exec-and-symbols @var{file}
30224 Specify the executable file to be debugged. This file is the one from
30225 which the symbol table is also read. If no file is specified, the
30226 command clears the executable and symbol information. If breakpoints
30227 are set when using this command with no arguments, @value{GDBN} will produce
30228 error messages. Otherwise, no output is produced, except a completion
30231 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30233 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{file}.
30235 @subsubheading Example
30239 -file-exec-and-symbols /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/TRUNK/mbx/hello.mbx
30245 @subheading The @code{-file-exec-file} Command
30246 @findex -file-exec-file
30248 @subsubheading Synopsis
30251 -file-exec-file @var{file}
30254 Specify the executable file to be debugged. Unlike
30255 @samp{-file-exec-and-symbols}, the symbol table is @emph{not} read
30256 from this file. If used without argument, @value{GDBN} clears the information
30257 about the executable file. No output is produced, except a completion
30260 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30262 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{exec-file}.
30264 @subsubheading Example
30268 -file-exec-file /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/TRUNK/mbx/hello.mbx
30275 @subheading The @code{-file-list-exec-sections} Command
30276 @findex -file-list-exec-sections
30278 @subsubheading Synopsis
30281 -file-list-exec-sections
30284 List the sections of the current executable file.
30286 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30288 The @value{GDBN} command @samp{info file} shows, among the rest, the same
30289 information as this command. @code{gdbtk} has a corresponding command
30290 @samp{gdb_load_info}.
30292 @subsubheading Example
30297 @subheading The @code{-file-list-exec-source-file} Command
30298 @findex -file-list-exec-source-file
30300 @subsubheading Synopsis
30303 -file-list-exec-source-file
30306 List the line number, the current source file, and the absolute path
30307 to the current source file for the current executable. The macro
30308 information field has a value of @samp{1} or @samp{0} depending on
30309 whether or not the file includes preprocessor macro information.
30311 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30313 The @value{GDBN} equivalent is @samp{info source}
30315 @subsubheading Example
30319 123-file-list-exec-source-file
30320 123^done,line="1",file="foo.c",fullname="/home/bar/foo.c,macro-info="1"
30325 @subheading The @code{-file-list-exec-source-files} Command
30326 @findex -file-list-exec-source-files
30328 @subsubheading Synopsis
30331 -file-list-exec-source-files
30334 List the source files for the current executable.
30336 It will always output the filename, but only when @value{GDBN} can find
30337 the absolute file name of a source file, will it output the fullname.
30339 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30341 The @value{GDBN} equivalent is @samp{info sources}.
30342 @code{gdbtk} has an analogous command @samp{gdb_listfiles}.
30344 @subsubheading Example
30347 -file-list-exec-source-files
30349 @{file=foo.c,fullname=/home/foo.c@},
30350 @{file=/home/bar.c,fullname=/home/bar.c@},
30351 @{file=gdb_could_not_find_fullpath.c@}]
30356 @subheading The @code{-file-list-shared-libraries} Command
30357 @findex -file-list-shared-libraries
30359 @subsubheading Synopsis
30362 -file-list-shared-libraries
30365 List the shared libraries in the program.
30367 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30369 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{info shared}.
30371 @subsubheading Example
30375 @subheading The @code{-file-list-symbol-files} Command
30376 @findex -file-list-symbol-files
30378 @subsubheading Synopsis
30381 -file-list-symbol-files
30386 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30388 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{info file} (part of it).
30390 @subsubheading Example
30395 @subheading The @code{-file-symbol-file} Command
30396 @findex -file-symbol-file
30398 @subsubheading Synopsis
30401 -file-symbol-file @var{file}
30404 Read symbol table info from the specified @var{file} argument. When
30405 used without arguments, clears @value{GDBN}'s symbol table info. No output is
30406 produced, except for a completion notification.
30408 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30410 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{symbol-file}.
30412 @subsubheading Example
30416 -file-symbol-file /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/TRUNK/mbx/hello.mbx
30422 @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
30423 @node GDB/MI Memory Overlay Commands
30424 @section @sc{gdb/mi} Memory Overlay Commands
30426 The memory overlay commands are not implemented.
30428 @c @subheading -overlay-auto
30430 @c @subheading -overlay-list-mapping-state
30432 @c @subheading -overlay-list-overlays
30434 @c @subheading -overlay-map
30436 @c @subheading -overlay-off
30438 @c @subheading -overlay-on
30440 @c @subheading -overlay-unmap
30442 @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
30443 @node GDB/MI Signal Handling Commands
30444 @section @sc{gdb/mi} Signal Handling Commands
30446 Signal handling commands are not implemented.
30448 @c @subheading -signal-handle
30450 @c @subheading -signal-list-handle-actions
30452 @c @subheading -signal-list-signal-types
30456 @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
30457 @node GDB/MI Target Manipulation
30458 @section @sc{gdb/mi} Target Manipulation Commands
30461 @subheading The @code{-target-attach} Command
30462 @findex -target-attach
30464 @subsubheading Synopsis
30467 -target-attach @var{pid} | @var{gid} | @var{file}
30470 Attach to a process @var{pid} or a file @var{file} outside of
30471 @value{GDBN}, or a thread group @var{gid}. If attaching to a thread
30472 group, the id previously returned by
30473 @samp{-list-thread-groups --available} must be used.
30475 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30477 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{attach}.
30479 @subsubheading Example
30483 =thread-created,id="1"
30484 *stopped,thread-id="1",frame=@{addr="0xb7f7e410",func="bar",args=[]@}
30490 @subheading The @code{-target-compare-sections} Command
30491 @findex -target-compare-sections
30493 @subsubheading Synopsis
30496 -target-compare-sections [ @var{section} ]
30499 Compare data of section @var{section} on target to the exec file.
30500 Without the argument, all sections are compared.
30502 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30504 The @value{GDBN} equivalent is @samp{compare-sections}.
30506 @subsubheading Example
30511 @subheading The @code{-target-detach} Command
30512 @findex -target-detach
30514 @subsubheading Synopsis
30517 -target-detach [ @var{pid} | @var{gid} ]
30520 Detach from the remote target which normally resumes its execution.
30521 If either @var{pid} or @var{gid} is specified, detaches from either
30522 the specified process, or specified thread group. There's no output.
30524 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30526 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{detach}.
30528 @subsubheading Example
30538 @subheading The @code{-target-disconnect} Command
30539 @findex -target-disconnect
30541 @subsubheading Synopsis
30547 Disconnect from the remote target. There's no output and the target is
30548 generally not resumed.
30550 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30552 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{disconnect}.
30554 @subsubheading Example
30564 @subheading The @code{-target-download} Command
30565 @findex -target-download
30567 @subsubheading Synopsis
30573 Loads the executable onto the remote target.
30574 It prints out an update message every half second, which includes the fields:
30578 The name of the section.
30580 The size of what has been sent so far for that section.
30582 The size of the section.
30584 The total size of what was sent so far (the current and the previous sections).
30586 The size of the overall executable to download.
30590 Each message is sent as status record (@pxref{GDB/MI Output Syntax, ,
30591 @sc{gdb/mi} Output Syntax}).
30593 In addition, it prints the name and size of the sections, as they are
30594 downloaded. These messages include the following fields:
30598 The name of the section.
30600 The size of the section.
30602 The size of the overall executable to download.
30606 At the end, a summary is printed.
30608 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30610 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{load}.
30612 @subsubheading Example
30614 Note: each status message appears on a single line. Here the messages
30615 have been broken down so that they can fit onto a page.
30620 +download,@{section=".text",section-size="6668",total-size="9880"@}
30621 +download,@{section=".text",section-sent="512",section-size="6668",
30622 total-sent="512",total-size="9880"@}
30623 +download,@{section=".text",section-sent="1024",section-size="6668",
30624 total-sent="1024",total-size="9880"@}
30625 +download,@{section=".text",section-sent="1536",section-size="6668",
30626 total-sent="1536",total-size="9880"@}
30627 +download,@{section=".text",section-sent="2048",section-size="6668",
30628 total-sent="2048",total-size="9880"@}
30629 +download,@{section=".text",section-sent="2560",section-size="6668",
30630 total-sent="2560",total-size="9880"@}
30631 +download,@{section=".text",section-sent="3072",section-size="6668",
30632 total-sent="3072",total-size="9880"@}
30633 +download,@{section=".text",section-sent="3584",section-size="6668",
30634 total-sent="3584",total-size="9880"@}
30635 +download,@{section=".text",section-sent="4096",section-size="6668",
30636 total-sent="4096",total-size="9880"@}
30637 +download,@{section=".text",section-sent="4608",section-size="6668",
30638 total-sent="4608",total-size="9880"@}
30639 +download,@{section=".text",section-sent="5120",section-size="6668",
30640 total-sent="5120",total-size="9880"@}
30641 +download,@{section=".text",section-sent="5632",section-size="6668",
30642 total-sent="5632",total-size="9880"@}
30643 +download,@{section=".text",section-sent="6144",section-size="6668",
30644 total-sent="6144",total-size="9880"@}
30645 +download,@{section=".text",section-sent="6656",section-size="6668",
30646 total-sent="6656",total-size="9880"@}
30647 +download,@{section=".init",section-size="28",total-size="9880"@}
30648 +download,@{section=".fini",section-size="28",total-size="9880"@}
30649 +download,@{section=".data",section-size="3156",total-size="9880"@}
30650 +download,@{section=".data",section-sent="512",section-size="3156",
30651 total-sent="7236",total-size="9880"@}
30652 +download,@{section=".data",section-sent="1024",section-size="3156",
30653 total-sent="7748",total-size="9880"@}
30654 +download,@{section=".data",section-sent="1536",section-size="3156",
30655 total-sent="8260",total-size="9880"@}
30656 +download,@{section=".data",section-sent="2048",section-size="3156",
30657 total-sent="8772",total-size="9880"@}
30658 +download,@{section=".data",section-sent="2560",section-size="3156",
30659 total-sent="9284",total-size="9880"@}
30660 +download,@{section=".data",section-sent="3072",section-size="3156",
30661 total-sent="9796",total-size="9880"@}
30662 ^done,address="0x10004",load-size="9880",transfer-rate="6586",
30669 @subheading The @code{-target-exec-status} Command
30670 @findex -target-exec-status
30672 @subsubheading Synopsis
30675 -target-exec-status
30678 Provide information on the state of the target (whether it is running or
30679 not, for instance).
30681 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30683 There's no equivalent @value{GDBN} command.
30685 @subsubheading Example
30689 @subheading The @code{-target-list-available-targets} Command
30690 @findex -target-list-available-targets
30692 @subsubheading Synopsis
30695 -target-list-available-targets
30698 List the possible targets to connect to.
30700 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30702 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{help target}.
30704 @subsubheading Example
30708 @subheading The @code{-target-list-current-targets} Command
30709 @findex -target-list-current-targets
30711 @subsubheading Synopsis
30714 -target-list-current-targets
30717 Describe the current target.
30719 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30721 The corresponding information is printed by @samp{info file} (among
30724 @subsubheading Example
30728 @subheading The @code{-target-list-parameters} Command
30729 @findex -target-list-parameters
30731 @subsubheading Synopsis
30734 -target-list-parameters
30740 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30744 @subsubheading Example
30748 @subheading The @code{-target-select} Command
30749 @findex -target-select
30751 @subsubheading Synopsis
30754 -target-select @var{type} @var{parameters @dots{}}
30757 Connect @value{GDBN} to the remote target. This command takes two args:
30761 The type of target, for instance @samp{remote}, etc.
30762 @item @var{parameters}
30763 Device names, host names and the like. @xref{Target Commands, ,
30764 Commands for Managing Targets}, for more details.
30767 The output is a connection notification, followed by the address at
30768 which the target program is, in the following form:
30771 ^connected,addr="@var{address}",func="@var{function name}",
30772 args=[@var{arg list}]
30775 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30777 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{target}.
30779 @subsubheading Example
30783 -target-select remote /dev/ttya
30784 ^connected,addr="0xfe00a300",func="??",args=[]
30788 @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
30789 @node GDB/MI File Transfer Commands
30790 @section @sc{gdb/mi} File Transfer Commands
30793 @subheading The @code{-target-file-put} Command
30794 @findex -target-file-put
30796 @subsubheading Synopsis
30799 -target-file-put @var{hostfile} @var{targetfile}
30802 Copy file @var{hostfile} from the host system (the machine running
30803 @value{GDBN}) to @var{targetfile} on the target system.
30805 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30807 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{remote put}.
30809 @subsubheading Example
30813 -target-file-put localfile remotefile
30819 @subheading The @code{-target-file-get} Command
30820 @findex -target-file-get
30822 @subsubheading Synopsis
30825 -target-file-get @var{targetfile} @var{hostfile}
30828 Copy file @var{targetfile} from the target system to @var{hostfile}
30829 on the host system.
30831 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30833 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{remote get}.
30835 @subsubheading Example
30839 -target-file-get remotefile localfile
30845 @subheading The @code{-target-file-delete} Command
30846 @findex -target-file-delete
30848 @subsubheading Synopsis
30851 -target-file-delete @var{targetfile}
30854 Delete @var{targetfile} from the target system.
30856 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30858 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{remote delete}.
30860 @subsubheading Example
30864 -target-file-delete remotefile
30870 @c %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SECTION %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
30871 @node GDB/MI Miscellaneous Commands
30872 @section Miscellaneous @sc{gdb/mi} Commands
30874 @c @subheading -gdb-complete
30876 @subheading The @code{-gdb-exit} Command
30879 @subsubheading Synopsis
30885 Exit @value{GDBN} immediately.
30887 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30889 Approximately corresponds to @samp{quit}.
30891 @subsubheading Example
30901 @subheading The @code{-exec-abort} Command
30902 @findex -exec-abort
30904 @subsubheading Synopsis
30910 Kill the inferior running program.
30912 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30914 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{kill}.
30916 @subsubheading Example
30921 @subheading The @code{-gdb-set} Command
30924 @subsubheading Synopsis
30930 Set an internal @value{GDBN} variable.
30931 @c IS THIS A DOLLAR VARIABLE? OR SOMETHING LIKE ANNOTATE ?????
30933 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30935 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{set}.
30937 @subsubheading Example
30947 @subheading The @code{-gdb-show} Command
30950 @subsubheading Synopsis
30956 Show the current value of a @value{GDBN} variable.
30958 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30960 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{show}.
30962 @subsubheading Example
30971 @c @subheading -gdb-source
30974 @subheading The @code{-gdb-version} Command
30975 @findex -gdb-version
30977 @subsubheading Synopsis
30983 Show version information for @value{GDBN}. Used mostly in testing.
30985 @subsubheading @value{GDBN} Command
30987 The @value{GDBN} equivalent is @samp{show version}. @value{GDBN} by
30988 default shows this information when you start an interactive session.
30990 @subsubheading Example
30992 @c This example modifies the actual output from GDB to avoid overfull
30998 ~Copyright 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
30999 ~GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and
31000 ~you are welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under
31001 ~ certain conditions.
31002 ~Type "show copying" to see the conditions.
31003 ~There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for
31005 ~This GDB was configured as
31006 "--host=sparc-sun-solaris2.5.1 --target=ppc-eabi".
31011 @subheading The @code{-list-features} Command
31012 @findex -list-features
31014 Returns a list of particular features of the MI protocol that
31015 this version of gdb implements. A feature can be a command,
31016 or a new field in an output of some command, or even an
31017 important bugfix. While a frontend can sometimes detect presence
31018 of a feature at runtime, it is easier to perform detection at debugger
31021 The command returns a list of strings, with each string naming an
31022 available feature. Each returned string is just a name, it does not
31023 have any internal structure. The list of possible feature names
31029 (gdb) -list-features
31030 ^done,result=["feature1","feature2"]
31033 The current list of features is:
31036 @item frozen-varobjs
31037 Indicates support for the @code{-var-set-frozen} command, as well
31038 as possible presense of the @code{frozen} field in the output
31039 of @code{-varobj-create}.
31040 @item pending-breakpoints
31041 Indicates support for the @option{-f} option to the @code{-break-insert}
31044 Indicates Python scripting support, Python-based
31045 pretty-printing commands, and possible presence of the
31046 @samp{display_hint} field in the output of @code{-var-list-children}
31048 Indicates support for the @code{-thread-info} command.
31049 @item data-read-memory-bytes
31050 Indicates support for the @code{-data-read-memory-bytes} and the
31051 @code{-data-write-memory-bytes} commands.
31052 @item breakpoint-notifications
31053 Indicates that changes to breakpoints and breakpoints created via the
31054 CLI will be announced via async records.
31055 @item ada-task-info
31056 Indicates support for the @code{-ada-task-info} command.
31059 @subheading The @code{-list-target-features} Command
31060 @findex -list-target-features
31062 Returns a list of particular features that are supported by the
31063 target. Those features affect the permitted MI commands, but
31064 unlike the features reported by the @code{-list-features} command, the
31065 features depend on which target GDB is using at the moment. Whenever
31066 a target can change, due to commands such as @code{-target-select},
31067 @code{-target-attach} or @code{-exec-run}, the list of target features
31068 may change, and the frontend should obtain it again.
31072 (gdb) -list-features
31073 ^done,result=["async"]
31076 The current list of features is:
31080 Indicates that the target is capable of asynchronous command
31081 execution, which means that @value{GDBN} will accept further commands
31082 while the target is running.
31085 Indicates that the target is capable of reverse execution.
31086 @xref{Reverse Execution}, for more information.
31090 @subheading The @code{-list-thread-groups} Command
31091 @findex -list-thread-groups
31093 @subheading Synopsis
31096 -list-thread-groups [ --available ] [ --recurse 1 ] [ @var{group} ... ]
31099 Lists thread groups (@pxref{Thread groups}). When a single thread
31100 group is passed as the argument, lists the children of that group.
31101 When several thread group are passed, lists information about those
31102 thread groups. Without any parameters, lists information about all
31103 top-level thread groups.
31105 Normally, thread groups that are being debugged are reported.
31106 With the @samp{--available} option, @value{GDBN} reports thread groups
31107 available on the target.
31109 The output of this command may have either a @samp{threads} result or
31110 a @samp{groups} result. The @samp{thread} result has a list of tuples
31111 as value, with each tuple describing a thread (@pxref{GDB/MI Thread
31112 Information}). The @samp{groups} result has a list of tuples as value,
31113 each tuple describing a thread group. If top-level groups are
31114 requested (that is, no parameter is passed), or when several groups
31115 are passed, the output always has a @samp{groups} result. The format
31116 of the @samp{group} result is described below.
31118 To reduce the number of roundtrips it's possible to list thread groups
31119 together with their children, by passing the @samp{--recurse} option
31120 and the recursion depth. Presently, only recursion depth of 1 is
31121 permitted. If this option is present, then every reported thread group
31122 will also include its children, either as @samp{group} or
31123 @samp{threads} field.
31125 In general, any combination of option and parameters is permitted, with
31126 the following caveats:
31130 When a single thread group is passed, the output will typically
31131 be the @samp{threads} result. Because threads may not contain
31132 anything, the @samp{recurse} option will be ignored.
31135 When the @samp{--available} option is passed, limited information may
31136 be available. In particular, the list of threads of a process might
31137 be inaccessible. Further, specifying specific thread groups might
31138 not give any performance advantage over listing all thread groups.
31139 The frontend should assume that @samp{-list-thread-groups --available}
31140 is always an expensive operation and cache the results.
31144 The @samp{groups} result is a list of tuples, where each tuple may
31145 have the following fields:
31149 Identifier of the thread group. This field is always present.
31150 The identifier is an opaque string; frontends should not try to
31151 convert it to an integer, even though it might look like one.
31154 The type of the thread group. At present, only @samp{process} is a
31158 The target-specific process identifier. This field is only present
31159 for thread groups of type @samp{process} and only if the process exists.
31162 The number of children this thread group has. This field may be
31163 absent for an available thread group.
31166 This field has a list of tuples as value, each tuple describing a
31167 thread. It may be present if the @samp{--recurse} option is
31168 specified, and it's actually possible to obtain the threads.
31171 This field is a list of integers, each identifying a core that one
31172 thread of the group is running on. This field may be absent if
31173 such information is not available.
31176 The name of the executable file that corresponds to this thread group.
31177 The field is only present for thread groups of type @samp{process},
31178 and only if there is a corresponding executable file.
31182 @subheading Example
31186 -list-thread-groups
31187 ^done,groups=[@{id="17",type="process",pid="yyy",num_children="2"@}]
31188 -list-thread-groups 17
31189 ^done,threads=[@{id="2",target-id="Thread 0xb7e14b90 (LWP 21257)",
31190 frame=@{level="0",addr="0xffffe410",func="__kernel_vsyscall",args=[]@},state="running"@},
31191 @{id="1",target-id="Thread 0xb7e156b0 (LWP 21254)",
31192 frame=@{level="0",addr="0x0804891f",func="foo",args=[@{name="i",value="10"@}],
31193 file="/tmp/a.c",fullname="/tmp/a.c",line="158"@},state="running"@}]]
31194 -list-thread-groups --available
31195 ^done,groups=[@{id="17",type="process",pid="yyy",num_children="2",cores=[1,2]@}]
31196 -list-thread-groups --available --recurse 1
31197 ^done,groups=[@{id="17", types="process",pid="yyy",num_children="2",cores=[1,2],
31198 threads=[@{id="1",target-id="Thread 0xb7e14b90",cores=[1]@},
31199 @{id="2",target-id="Thread 0xb7e14b90",cores=[2]@}]@},..]
31200 -list-thread-groups --available --recurse 1 17 18
31201 ^done,groups=[@{id="17", types="process",pid="yyy",num_children="2",cores=[1,2],
31202 threads=[@{id="1",target-id="Thread 0xb7e14b90",cores=[1]@},
31203 @{id="2",target-id="Thread 0xb7e14b90",cores=[2]@}]@},...]
31207 @subheading The @code{-add-inferior} Command
31208 @findex -add-inferior
31210 @subheading Synopsis
31216 Creates a new inferior (@pxref{Inferiors and Programs}). The created
31217 inferior is not associated with any executable. Such association may
31218 be established with the @samp{-file-exec-and-symbols} command
31219 (@pxref{GDB/MI File Commands}). The command response has a single
31220 field, @samp{thread-group}, whose value is the identifier of the
31221 thread group corresponding to the new inferior.
31223 @subheading Example
31228 ^done,thread-group="i3"
31231 @subheading The @code{-interpreter-exec} Command
31232 @findex -interpreter-exec
31234 @subheading Synopsis
31237 -interpreter-exec @var{interpreter} @var{command}
31239 @anchor{-interpreter-exec}
31241 Execute the specified @var{command} in the given @var{interpreter}.
31243 @subheading @value{GDBN} Command
31245 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{interpreter-exec}.
31247 @subheading Example
31251 -interpreter-exec console "break main"
31252 &"During symbol reading, couldn't parse type; debugger out of date?.\n"
31253 &"During symbol reading, bad structure-type format.\n"
31254 ~"Breakpoint 1 at 0x8074fc6: file ../../src/gdb/main.c, line 743.\n"
31259 @subheading The @code{-inferior-tty-set} Command
31260 @findex -inferior-tty-set
31262 @subheading Synopsis
31265 -inferior-tty-set /dev/pts/1
31268 Set terminal for future runs of the program being debugged.
31270 @subheading @value{GDBN} Command
31272 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{set inferior-tty} /dev/pts/1.
31274 @subheading Example
31278 -inferior-tty-set /dev/pts/1
31283 @subheading The @code{-inferior-tty-show} Command
31284 @findex -inferior-tty-show
31286 @subheading Synopsis
31292 Show terminal for future runs of program being debugged.
31294 @subheading @value{GDBN} Command
31296 The corresponding @value{GDBN} command is @samp{show inferior-tty}.
31298 @subheading Example
31302 -inferior-tty-set /dev/pts/1
31306 ^done,inferior_tty_terminal="/dev/pts/1"
31310 @subheading The @code{-enable-timings} Command
31311 @findex -enable-timings
31313 @subheading Synopsis
31316 -enable-timings [yes | no]
31319 Toggle the printing of the wallclock, user and system times for an MI
31320 command as a field in its output. This command is to help frontend
31321 developers optimize the performance of their code. No argument is
31322 equivalent to @samp{yes}.
31324 @subheading @value{GDBN} Command
31328 @subheading Example
31336 ^done,bkpt=@{number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y",
31337 addr="0x080484ed",func="main",file="myprog.c",
31338 fullname="/home/nickrob/myprog.c",line="73",times="0"@},
31339 time=@{wallclock="0.05185",user="0.00800",system="0.00000"@}
31347 *stopped,reason="breakpoint-hit",disp="keep",bkptno="1",thread-id="0",
31348 frame=@{addr="0x080484ed",func="main",args=[@{name="argc",value="1"@},
31349 @{name="argv",value="0xbfb60364"@}],file="myprog.c",
31350 fullname="/home/nickrob/myprog.c",line="73"@}
31355 @chapter @value{GDBN} Annotations
31357 This chapter describes annotations in @value{GDBN}. Annotations were
31358 designed to interface @value{GDBN} to graphical user interfaces or other
31359 similar programs which want to interact with @value{GDBN} at a
31360 relatively high level.
31362 The annotation mechanism has largely been superseded by @sc{gdb/mi}
31366 This is Edition @value{EDITION}, @value{DATE}.
31370 * Annotations Overview:: What annotations are; the general syntax.
31371 * Server Prefix:: Issuing a command without affecting user state.
31372 * Prompting:: Annotations marking @value{GDBN}'s need for input.
31373 * Errors:: Annotations for error messages.
31374 * Invalidation:: Some annotations describe things now invalid.
31375 * Annotations for Running::
31376 Whether the program is running, how it stopped, etc.
31377 * Source Annotations:: Annotations describing source code.
31380 @node Annotations Overview
31381 @section What is an Annotation?
31382 @cindex annotations
31384 Annotations start with a newline character, two @samp{control-z}
31385 characters, and the name of the annotation. If there is no additional
31386 information associated with this annotation, the name of the annotation
31387 is followed immediately by a newline. If there is additional
31388 information, the name of the annotation is followed by a space, the
31389 additional information, and a newline. The additional information
31390 cannot contain newline characters.
31392 Any output not beginning with a newline and two @samp{control-z}
31393 characters denotes literal output from @value{GDBN}. Currently there is
31394 no need for @value{GDBN} to output a newline followed by two
31395 @samp{control-z} characters, but if there was such a need, the
31396 annotations could be extended with an @samp{escape} annotation which
31397 means those three characters as output.
31399 The annotation @var{level}, which is specified using the
31400 @option{--annotate} command line option (@pxref{Mode Options}), controls
31401 how much information @value{GDBN} prints together with its prompt,
31402 values of expressions, source lines, and other types of output. Level 0
31403 is for no annotations, level 1 is for use when @value{GDBN} is run as a
31404 subprocess of @sc{gnu} Emacs, level 3 is the maximum annotation suitable
31405 for programs that control @value{GDBN}, and level 2 annotations have
31406 been made obsolete (@pxref{Limitations, , Limitations of the Annotation
31407 Interface, annotate, GDB's Obsolete Annotations}).
31410 @kindex set annotate
31411 @item set annotate @var{level}
31412 The @value{GDBN} command @code{set annotate} sets the level of
31413 annotations to the specified @var{level}.
31415 @item show annotate
31416 @kindex show annotate
31417 Show the current annotation level.
31420 This chapter describes level 3 annotations.
31422 A simple example of starting up @value{GDBN} with annotations is:
31425 $ @kbd{gdb --annotate=3}
31427 Copyright 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
31428 GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License,
31429 and you are welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it
31430 under certain conditions.
31431 Type "show copying" to see the conditions.
31432 There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty"
31434 This GDB was configured as "i386-pc-linux-gnu"
31445 Here @samp{quit} is input to @value{GDBN}; the rest is output from
31446 @value{GDBN}. The three lines beginning @samp{^Z^Z} (where @samp{^Z}
31447 denotes a @samp{control-z} character) are annotations; the rest is
31448 output from @value{GDBN}.
31450 @node Server Prefix
31451 @section The Server Prefix
31452 @cindex server prefix
31454 If you prefix a command with @samp{server } then it will not affect
31455 the command history, nor will it affect @value{GDBN}'s notion of which
31456 command to repeat if @key{RET} is pressed on a line by itself. This
31457 means that commands can be run behind a user's back by a front-end in
31458 a transparent manner.
31460 The @code{server } prefix does not affect the recording of values into
31461 the value history; to print a value without recording it into the
31462 value history, use the @code{output} command instead of the
31463 @code{print} command.
31465 Using this prefix also disables confirmation requests
31466 (@pxref{confirmation requests}).
31469 @section Annotation for @value{GDBN} Input
31471 @cindex annotations for prompts
31472 When @value{GDBN} prompts for input, it annotates this fact so it is possible
31473 to know when to send output, when the output from a given command is
31476 Different kinds of input each have a different @dfn{input type}. Each
31477 input type has three annotations: a @code{pre-} annotation, which
31478 denotes the beginning of any prompt which is being output, a plain
31479 annotation, which denotes the end of the prompt, and then a @code{post-}
31480 annotation which denotes the end of any echo which may (or may not) be
31481 associated with the input. For example, the @code{prompt} input type
31482 features the following annotations:
31490 The input types are
31493 @findex pre-prompt annotation
31494 @findex prompt annotation
31495 @findex post-prompt annotation
31497 When @value{GDBN} is prompting for a command (the main @value{GDBN} prompt).
31499 @findex pre-commands annotation
31500 @findex commands annotation
31501 @findex post-commands annotation
31503 When @value{GDBN} prompts for a set of commands, like in the @code{commands}
31504 command. The annotations are repeated for each command which is input.
31506 @findex pre-overload-choice annotation
31507 @findex overload-choice annotation
31508 @findex post-overload-choice annotation
31509 @item overload-choice
31510 When @value{GDBN} wants the user to select between various overloaded functions.
31512 @findex pre-query annotation
31513 @findex query annotation
31514 @findex post-query annotation
31516 When @value{GDBN} wants the user to confirm a potentially dangerous operation.
31518 @findex pre-prompt-for-continue annotation
31519 @findex prompt-for-continue annotation
31520 @findex post-prompt-for-continue annotation
31521 @item prompt-for-continue
31522 When @value{GDBN} is asking the user to press return to continue. Note: Don't
31523 expect this to work well; instead use @code{set height 0} to disable
31524 prompting. This is because the counting of lines is buggy in the
31525 presence of annotations.
31530 @cindex annotations for errors, warnings and interrupts
31532 @findex quit annotation
31537 This annotation occurs right before @value{GDBN} responds to an interrupt.
31539 @findex error annotation
31544 This annotation occurs right before @value{GDBN} responds to an error.
31546 Quit and error annotations indicate that any annotations which @value{GDBN} was
31547 in the middle of may end abruptly. For example, if a
31548 @code{value-history-begin} annotation is followed by a @code{error}, one
31549 cannot expect to receive the matching @code{value-history-end}. One
31550 cannot expect not to receive it either, however; an error annotation
31551 does not necessarily mean that @value{GDBN} is immediately returning all the way
31554 @findex error-begin annotation
31555 A quit or error annotation may be preceded by
31561 Any output between that and the quit or error annotation is the error
31564 Warning messages are not yet annotated.
31565 @c If we want to change that, need to fix warning(), type_error(),
31566 @c range_error(), and possibly other places.
31569 @section Invalidation Notices
31571 @cindex annotations for invalidation messages
31572 The following annotations say that certain pieces of state may have
31576 @findex frames-invalid annotation
31577 @item ^Z^Zframes-invalid
31579 The frames (for example, output from the @code{backtrace} command) may
31582 @findex breakpoints-invalid annotation
31583 @item ^Z^Zbreakpoints-invalid
31585 The breakpoints may have changed. For example, the user just added or
31586 deleted a breakpoint.
31589 @node Annotations for Running
31590 @section Running the Program
31591 @cindex annotations for running programs
31593 @findex starting annotation
31594 @findex stopping annotation
31595 When the program starts executing due to a @value{GDBN} command such as
31596 @code{step} or @code{continue},
31602 is output. When the program stops,
31608 is output. Before the @code{stopped} annotation, a variety of
31609 annotations describe how the program stopped.
31612 @findex exited annotation
31613 @item ^Z^Zexited @var{exit-status}
31614 The program exited, and @var{exit-status} is the exit status (zero for
31615 successful exit, otherwise nonzero).
31617 @findex signalled annotation
31618 @findex signal-name annotation
31619 @findex signal-name-end annotation
31620 @findex signal-string annotation
31621 @findex signal-string-end annotation
31622 @item ^Z^Zsignalled
31623 The program exited with a signal. After the @code{^Z^Zsignalled}, the
31624 annotation continues:
31630 ^Z^Zsignal-name-end
31634 ^Z^Zsignal-string-end
31639 where @var{name} is the name of the signal, such as @code{SIGILL} or
31640 @code{SIGSEGV}, and @var{string} is the explanation of the signal, such
31641 as @code{Illegal Instruction} or @code{Segmentation fault}.
31642 @var{intro-text}, @var{middle-text}, and @var{end-text} are for the
31643 user's benefit and have no particular format.
31645 @findex signal annotation
31647 The syntax of this annotation is just like @code{signalled}, but @value{GDBN} is
31648 just saying that the program received the signal, not that it was
31649 terminated with it.
31651 @findex breakpoint annotation
31652 @item ^Z^Zbreakpoint @var{number}
31653 The program hit breakpoint number @var{number}.
31655 @findex watchpoint annotation
31656 @item ^Z^Zwatchpoint @var{number}
31657 The program hit watchpoint number @var{number}.
31660 @node Source Annotations
31661 @section Displaying Source
31662 @cindex annotations for source display
31664 @findex source annotation
31665 The following annotation is used instead of displaying source code:
31668 ^Z^Zsource @var{filename}:@var{line}:@var{character}:@var{middle}:@var{addr}
31671 where @var{filename} is an absolute file name indicating which source
31672 file, @var{line} is the line number within that file (where 1 is the
31673 first line in the file), @var{character} is the character position
31674 within the file (where 0 is the first character in the file) (for most
31675 debug formats this will necessarily point to the beginning of a line),
31676 @var{middle} is @samp{middle} if @var{addr} is in the middle of the
31677 line, or @samp{beg} if @var{addr} is at the beginning of the line, and
31678 @var{addr} is the address in the target program associated with the
31679 source which is being displayed. @var{addr} is in the form @samp{0x}
31680 followed by one or more lowercase hex digits (note that this does not
31681 depend on the language).
31683 @node JIT Interface
31684 @chapter JIT Compilation Interface
31685 @cindex just-in-time compilation
31686 @cindex JIT compilation interface
31688 This chapter documents @value{GDBN}'s @dfn{just-in-time} (JIT) compilation
31689 interface. A JIT compiler is a program or library that generates native
31690 executable code at runtime and executes it, usually in order to achieve good
31691 performance while maintaining platform independence.
31693 Programs that use JIT compilation are normally difficult to debug because
31694 portions of their code are generated at runtime, instead of being loaded from
31695 object files, which is where @value{GDBN} normally finds the program's symbols
31696 and debug information. In order to debug programs that use JIT compilation,
31697 @value{GDBN} has an interface that allows the program to register in-memory
31698 symbol files with @value{GDBN} at runtime.
31700 If you are using @value{GDBN} to debug a program that uses this interface, then
31701 it should work transparently so long as you have not stripped the binary. If
31702 you are developing a JIT compiler, then the interface is documented in the rest
31703 of this chapter. At this time, the only known client of this interface is the
31706 Broadly speaking, the JIT interface mirrors the dynamic loader interface. The
31707 JIT compiler communicates with @value{GDBN} by writing data into a global
31708 variable and calling a fuction at a well-known symbol. When @value{GDBN}
31709 attaches, it reads a linked list of symbol files from the global variable to
31710 find existing code, and puts a breakpoint in the function so that it can find
31711 out about additional code.
31714 * Declarations:: Relevant C struct declarations
31715 * Registering Code:: Steps to register code
31716 * Unregistering Code:: Steps to unregister code
31720 @section JIT Declarations
31722 These are the relevant struct declarations that a C program should include to
31723 implement the interface:
31733 struct jit_code_entry
31735 struct jit_code_entry *next_entry;
31736 struct jit_code_entry *prev_entry;
31737 const char *symfile_addr;
31738 uint64_t symfile_size;
31741 struct jit_descriptor
31744 /* This type should be jit_actions_t, but we use uint32_t
31745 to be explicit about the bitwidth. */
31746 uint32_t action_flag;
31747 struct jit_code_entry *relevant_entry;
31748 struct jit_code_entry *first_entry;
31751 /* GDB puts a breakpoint in this function. */
31752 void __attribute__((noinline)) __jit_debug_register_code() @{ @};
31754 /* Make sure to specify the version statically, because the
31755 debugger may check the version before we can set it. */
31756 struct jit_descriptor __jit_debug_descriptor = @{ 1, 0, 0, 0 @};
31759 If the JIT is multi-threaded, then it is important that the JIT synchronize any
31760 modifications to this global data properly, which can easily be done by putting
31761 a global mutex around modifications to these structures.
31763 @node Registering Code
31764 @section Registering Code
31766 To register code with @value{GDBN}, the JIT should follow this protocol:
31770 Generate an object file in memory with symbols and other desired debug
31771 information. The file must include the virtual addresses of the sections.
31774 Create a code entry for the file, which gives the start and size of the symbol
31778 Add it to the linked list in the JIT descriptor.
31781 Point the relevant_entry field of the descriptor at the entry.
31784 Set @code{action_flag} to @code{JIT_REGISTER} and call
31785 @code{__jit_debug_register_code}.
31788 When @value{GDBN} is attached and the breakpoint fires, @value{GDBN} uses the
31789 @code{relevant_entry} pointer so it doesn't have to walk the list looking for
31790 new code. However, the linked list must still be maintained in order to allow
31791 @value{GDBN} to attach to a running process and still find the symbol files.
31793 @node Unregistering Code
31794 @section Unregistering Code
31796 If code is freed, then the JIT should use the following protocol:
31800 Remove the code entry corresponding to the code from the linked list.
31803 Point the @code{relevant_entry} field of the descriptor at the code entry.
31806 Set @code{action_flag} to @code{JIT_UNREGISTER} and call
31807 @code{__jit_debug_register_code}.
31810 If the JIT frees or recompiles code without unregistering it, then @value{GDBN}
31811 and the JIT will leak the memory used for the associated symbol files.
31814 @chapter Reporting Bugs in @value{GDBN}
31815 @cindex bugs in @value{GDBN}
31816 @cindex reporting bugs in @value{GDBN}
31818 Your bug reports play an essential role in making @value{GDBN} reliable.
31820 Reporting a bug may help you by bringing a solution to your problem, or it
31821 may not. But in any case the principal function of a bug report is to help
31822 the entire community by making the next version of @value{GDBN} work better. Bug
31823 reports are your contribution to the maintenance of @value{GDBN}.
31825 In order for a bug report to serve its purpose, you must include the
31826 information that enables us to fix the bug.
31829 * Bug Criteria:: Have you found a bug?
31830 * Bug Reporting:: How to report bugs
31834 @section Have You Found a Bug?
31835 @cindex bug criteria
31837 If you are not sure whether you have found a bug, here are some guidelines:
31840 @cindex fatal signal
31841 @cindex debugger crash
31842 @cindex crash of debugger
31844 If the debugger gets a fatal signal, for any input whatever, that is a
31845 @value{GDBN} bug. Reliable debuggers never crash.
31847 @cindex error on valid input
31849 If @value{GDBN} produces an error message for valid input, that is a
31850 bug. (Note that if you're cross debugging, the problem may also be
31851 somewhere in the connection to the target.)
31853 @cindex invalid input
31855 If @value{GDBN} does not produce an error message for invalid input,
31856 that is a bug. However, you should note that your idea of
31857 ``invalid input'' might be our idea of ``an extension'' or ``support
31858 for traditional practice''.
31861 If you are an experienced user of debugging tools, your suggestions
31862 for improvement of @value{GDBN} are welcome in any case.
31865 @node Bug Reporting
31866 @section How to Report Bugs
31867 @cindex bug reports
31868 @cindex @value{GDBN} bugs, reporting
31870 A number of companies and individuals offer support for @sc{gnu} products.
31871 If you obtained @value{GDBN} from a support organization, we recommend you
31872 contact that organization first.
31874 You can find contact information for many support companies and
31875 individuals in the file @file{etc/SERVICE} in the @sc{gnu} Emacs
31877 @c should add a web page ref...
31880 @ifset BUGURL_DEFAULT
31881 In any event, we also recommend that you submit bug reports for
31882 @value{GDBN}. The preferred method is to submit them directly using
31883 @uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/, @value{GDBN}'s Bugs web
31884 page}. Alternatively, the @email{bug-gdb@@gnu.org, e-mail gateway} can
31887 @strong{Do not send bug reports to @samp{info-gdb}, or to
31888 @samp{help-gdb}, or to any newsgroups.} Most users of @value{GDBN} do
31889 not want to receive bug reports. Those that do have arranged to receive
31892 The mailing list @samp{bug-gdb} has a newsgroup @samp{gnu.gdb.bug} which
31893 serves as a repeater. The mailing list and the newsgroup carry exactly
31894 the same messages. Often people think of posting bug reports to the
31895 newsgroup instead of mailing them. This appears to work, but it has one
31896 problem which can be crucial: a newsgroup posting often lacks a mail
31897 path back to the sender. Thus, if we need to ask for more information,
31898 we may be unable to reach you. For this reason, it is better to send
31899 bug reports to the mailing list.
31901 @ifclear BUGURL_DEFAULT
31902 In any event, we also recommend that you submit bug reports for
31903 @value{GDBN} to @value{BUGURL}.
31907 The fundamental principle of reporting bugs usefully is this:
31908 @strong{report all the facts}. If you are not sure whether to state a
31909 fact or leave it out, state it!
31911 Often people omit facts because they think they know what causes the
31912 problem and assume that some details do not matter. Thus, you might
31913 assume that the name of the variable you use in an example does not matter.
31914 Well, probably it does not, but one cannot be sure. Perhaps the bug is a
31915 stray memory reference which happens to fetch from the location where that
31916 name is stored in memory; perhaps, if the name were different, the contents
31917 of that location would fool the debugger into doing the right thing despite
31918 the bug. Play it safe and give a specific, complete example. That is the
31919 easiest thing for you to do, and the most helpful.
31921 Keep in mind that the purpose of a bug report is to enable us to fix the
31922 bug. It may be that the bug has been reported previously, but neither
31923 you nor we can know that unless your bug report is complete and
31926 Sometimes people give a few sketchy facts and ask, ``Does this ring a
31927 bell?'' Those bug reports are useless, and we urge everyone to
31928 @emph{refuse to respond to them} except to chide the sender to report
31931 To enable us to fix the bug, you should include all these things:
31935 The version of @value{GDBN}. @value{GDBN} announces it if you start
31936 with no arguments; you can also print it at any time using @code{show
31939 Without this, we will not know whether there is any point in looking for
31940 the bug in the current version of @value{GDBN}.
31943 The type of machine you are using, and the operating system name and
31947 What compiler (and its version) was used to compile @value{GDBN}---e.g.@:
31948 ``@value{GCC}--2.8.1''.
31951 What compiler (and its version) was used to compile the program you are
31952 debugging---e.g.@: ``@value{GCC}--2.8.1'', or ``HP92453-01 A.10.32.03 HP
31953 C Compiler''. For @value{NGCC}, you can say @kbd{@value{GCC} --version}
31954 to get this information; for other compilers, see the documentation for
31958 The command arguments you gave the compiler to compile your example and
31959 observe the bug. For example, did you use @samp{-O}? To guarantee
31960 you will not omit something important, list them all. A copy of the
31961 Makefile (or the output from make) is sufficient.
31963 If we were to try to guess the arguments, we would probably guess wrong
31964 and then we might not encounter the bug.
31967 A complete input script, and all necessary source files, that will
31971 A description of what behavior you observe that you believe is
31972 incorrect. For example, ``It gets a fatal signal.''
31974 Of course, if the bug is that @value{GDBN} gets a fatal signal, then we
31975 will certainly notice it. But if the bug is incorrect output, we might
31976 not notice unless it is glaringly wrong. You might as well not give us
31977 a chance to make a mistake.
31979 Even if the problem you experience is a fatal signal, you should still
31980 say so explicitly. Suppose something strange is going on, such as, your
31981 copy of @value{GDBN} is out of synch, or you have encountered a bug in
31982 the C library on your system. (This has happened!) Your copy might
31983 crash and ours would not. If you told us to expect a crash, then when
31984 ours fails to crash, we would know that the bug was not happening for
31985 us. If you had not told us to expect a crash, then we would not be able
31986 to draw any conclusion from our observations.
31989 @cindex recording a session script
31990 To collect all this information, you can use a session recording program
31991 such as @command{script}, which is available on many Unix systems.
31992 Just run your @value{GDBN} session inside @command{script} and then
31993 include the @file{typescript} file with your bug report.
31995 Another way to record a @value{GDBN} session is to run @value{GDBN}
31996 inside Emacs and then save the entire buffer to a file.
31999 If you wish to suggest changes to the @value{GDBN} source, send us context
32000 diffs. If you even discuss something in the @value{GDBN} source, refer to
32001 it by context, not by line number.
32003 The line numbers in our development sources will not match those in your
32004 sources. Your line numbers would convey no useful information to us.
32008 Here are some things that are not necessary:
32012 A description of the envelope of the bug.
32014 Often people who encounter a bug spend a lot of time investigating
32015 which changes to the input file will make the bug go away and which
32016 changes will not affect it.
32018 This is often time consuming and not very useful, because the way we
32019 will find the bug is by running a single example under the debugger
32020 with breakpoints, not by pure deduction from a series of examples.
32021 We recommend that you save your time for something else.
32023 Of course, if you can find a simpler example to report @emph{instead}
32024 of the original one, that is a convenience for us. Errors in the
32025 output will be easier to spot, running under the debugger will take
32026 less time, and so on.
32028 However, simplification is not vital; if you do not want to do this,
32029 report the bug anyway and send us the entire test case you used.
32032 A patch for the bug.
32034 A patch for the bug does help us if it is a good one. But do not omit
32035 the necessary information, such as the test case, on the assumption that
32036 a patch is all we need. We might see problems with your patch and decide
32037 to fix the problem another way, or we might not understand it at all.
32039 Sometimes with a program as complicated as @value{GDBN} it is very hard to
32040 construct an example that will make the program follow a certain path
32041 through the code. If you do not send us the example, we will not be able
32042 to construct one, so we will not be able to verify that the bug is fixed.
32044 And if we cannot understand what bug you are trying to fix, or why your
32045 patch should be an improvement, we will not install it. A test case will
32046 help us to understand.
32049 A guess about what the bug is or what it depends on.
32051 Such guesses are usually wrong. Even we cannot guess right about such
32052 things without first using the debugger to find the facts.
32055 @c The readline documentation is distributed with the readline code
32056 @c and consists of the two following files:
32059 @c Use -I with makeinfo to point to the appropriate directory,
32060 @c environment var TEXINPUTS with TeX.
32061 @ifclear SYSTEM_READLINE
32062 @include rluser.texi
32063 @include hsuser.texi
32067 @appendix In Memoriam
32069 The @value{GDBN} project mourns the loss of the following long-time
32074 Fred was a long-standing contributor to @value{GDBN} (1991-2006), and
32075 to Free Software in general. Outside of @value{GDBN}, he was known in
32076 the Amiga world for his series of Fish Disks, and the GeekGadget project.
32078 @item Michael Snyder
32079 Michael was one of the Global Maintainers of the @value{GDBN} project,
32080 with contributions recorded as early as 1996, until 2011. In addition
32081 to his day to day participation, he was a large driving force behind
32082 adding Reverse Debugging to @value{GDBN}.
32085 Beyond their technical contributions to the project, they were also
32086 enjoyable members of the Free Software Community. We will miss them.
32088 @node Formatting Documentation
32089 @appendix Formatting Documentation
32091 @cindex @value{GDBN} reference card
32092 @cindex reference card
32093 The @value{GDBN} 4 release includes an already-formatted reference card, ready
32094 for printing with PostScript or Ghostscript, in the @file{gdb}
32095 subdirectory of the main source directory@footnote{In
32096 @file{gdb-@value{GDBVN}/gdb/refcard.ps} of the version @value{GDBVN}
32097 release.}. If you can use PostScript or Ghostscript with your printer,
32098 you can print the reference card immediately with @file{refcard.ps}.
32100 The release also includes the source for the reference card. You
32101 can format it, using @TeX{}, by typing:
32107 The @value{GDBN} reference card is designed to print in @dfn{landscape}
32108 mode on US ``letter'' size paper;
32109 that is, on a sheet 11 inches wide by 8.5 inches
32110 high. You will need to specify this form of printing as an option to
32111 your @sc{dvi} output program.
32113 @cindex documentation
32115 All the documentation for @value{GDBN} comes as part of the machine-readable
32116 distribution. The documentation is written in Texinfo format, which is
32117 a documentation system that uses a single source file to produce both
32118 on-line information and a printed manual. You can use one of the Info
32119 formatting commands to create the on-line version of the documentation
32120 and @TeX{} (or @code{texi2roff}) to typeset the printed version.
32122 @value{GDBN} includes an already formatted copy of the on-line Info
32123 version of this manual in the @file{gdb} subdirectory. The main Info
32124 file is @file{gdb-@value{GDBVN}/gdb/gdb.info}, and it refers to
32125 subordinate files matching @samp{gdb.info*} in the same directory. If
32126 necessary, you can print out these files, or read them with any editor;
32127 but they are easier to read using the @code{info} subsystem in @sc{gnu}
32128 Emacs or the standalone @code{info} program, available as part of the
32129 @sc{gnu} Texinfo distribution.
32131 If you want to format these Info files yourself, you need one of the
32132 Info formatting programs, such as @code{texinfo-format-buffer} or
32135 If you have @code{makeinfo} installed, and are in the top level
32136 @value{GDBN} source directory (@file{gdb-@value{GDBVN}}, in the case of
32137 version @value{GDBVN}), you can make the Info file by typing:
32144 If you want to typeset and print copies of this manual, you need @TeX{},
32145 a program to print its @sc{dvi} output files, and @file{texinfo.tex}, the
32146 Texinfo definitions file.
32148 @TeX{} is a typesetting program; it does not print files directly, but
32149 produces output files called @sc{dvi} files. To print a typeset
32150 document, you need a program to print @sc{dvi} files. If your system
32151 has @TeX{} installed, chances are it has such a program. The precise
32152 command to use depends on your system; @kbd{lpr -d} is common; another
32153 (for PostScript devices) is @kbd{dvips}. The @sc{dvi} print command may
32154 require a file name without any extension or a @samp{.dvi} extension.
32156 @TeX{} also requires a macro definitions file called
32157 @file{texinfo.tex}. This file tells @TeX{} how to typeset a document
32158 written in Texinfo format. On its own, @TeX{} cannot either read or
32159 typeset a Texinfo file. @file{texinfo.tex} is distributed with GDB
32160 and is located in the @file{gdb-@var{version-number}/texinfo}
32163 If you have @TeX{} and a @sc{dvi} printer program installed, you can
32164 typeset and print this manual. First switch to the @file{gdb}
32165 subdirectory of the main source directory (for example, to
32166 @file{gdb-@value{GDBVN}/gdb}) and type:
32172 Then give @file{gdb.dvi} to your @sc{dvi} printing program.
32174 @node Installing GDB
32175 @appendix Installing @value{GDBN}
32176 @cindex installation
32179 * Requirements:: Requirements for building @value{GDBN}
32180 * Running Configure:: Invoking the @value{GDBN} @file{configure} script
32181 * Separate Objdir:: Compiling @value{GDBN} in another directory
32182 * Config Names:: Specifying names for hosts and targets
32183 * Configure Options:: Summary of options for configure
32184 * System-wide configuration:: Having a system-wide init file
32188 @section Requirements for Building @value{GDBN}
32189 @cindex building @value{GDBN}, requirements for
32191 Building @value{GDBN} requires various tools and packages to be available.
32192 Other packages will be used only if they are found.
32194 @heading Tools/Packages Necessary for Building @value{GDBN}
32196 @item ISO C90 compiler
32197 @value{GDBN} is written in ISO C90. It should be buildable with any
32198 working C90 compiler, e.g.@: GCC.
32202 @heading Tools/Packages Optional for Building @value{GDBN}
32206 @value{GDBN} can use the Expat XML parsing library. This library may be
32207 included with your operating system distribution; if it is not, you
32208 can get the latest version from @url{http://expat.sourceforge.net}.
32209 The @file{configure} script will search for this library in several
32210 standard locations; if it is installed in an unusual path, you can
32211 use the @option{--with-libexpat-prefix} option to specify its location.
32217 Remote protocol memory maps (@pxref{Memory Map Format})
32219 Target descriptions (@pxref{Target Descriptions})
32221 Remote shared library lists (@pxref{Library List Format})
32223 MS-Windows shared libraries (@pxref{Shared Libraries})
32225 Traceframe info (@pxref{Traceframe Info Format})
32229 @cindex compressed debug sections
32230 @value{GDBN} will use the @samp{zlib} library, if available, to read
32231 compressed debug sections. Some linkers, such as GNU gold, are capable
32232 of producing binaries with compressed debug sections. If @value{GDBN}
32233 is compiled with @samp{zlib}, it will be able to read the debug
32234 information in such binaries.
32236 The @samp{zlib} library is likely included with your operating system
32237 distribution; if it is not, you can get the latest version from
32238 @url{http://zlib.net}.
32241 @value{GDBN}'s features related to character sets (@pxref{Character
32242 Sets}) require a functioning @code{iconv} implementation. If you are
32243 on a GNU system, then this is provided by the GNU C Library. Some
32244 other systems also provide a working @code{iconv}.
32246 If @value{GDBN} is using the @code{iconv} program which is installed
32247 in a non-standard place, you will need to tell @value{GDBN} where to find it.
32248 This is done with @option{--with-iconv-bin} which specifies the
32249 directory that contains the @code{iconv} program.
32251 On systems without @code{iconv}, you can install GNU Libiconv. If you
32252 have previously installed Libiconv, you can use the
32253 @option{--with-libiconv-prefix} option to configure.
32255 @value{GDBN}'s top-level @file{configure} and @file{Makefile} will
32256 arrange to build Libiconv if a directory named @file{libiconv} appears
32257 in the top-most source directory. If Libiconv is built this way, and
32258 if the operating system does not provide a suitable @code{iconv}
32259 implementation, then the just-built library will automatically be used
32260 by @value{GDBN}. One easy way to set this up is to download GNU
32261 Libiconv, unpack it, and then rename the directory holding the
32262 Libiconv source code to @samp{libiconv}.
32265 @node Running Configure
32266 @section Invoking the @value{GDBN} @file{configure} Script
32267 @cindex configuring @value{GDBN}
32268 @value{GDBN} comes with a @file{configure} script that automates the process
32269 of preparing @value{GDBN} for installation; you can then use @code{make} to
32270 build the @code{gdb} program.
32272 @c irrelevant in info file; it's as current as the code it lives with.
32273 @footnote{If you have a more recent version of @value{GDBN} than @value{GDBVN},
32274 look at the @file{README} file in the sources; we may have improved the
32275 installation procedures since publishing this manual.}
32278 The @value{GDBN} distribution includes all the source code you need for
32279 @value{GDBN} in a single directory, whose name is usually composed by
32280 appending the version number to @samp{gdb}.
32282 For example, the @value{GDBN} version @value{GDBVN} distribution is in the
32283 @file{gdb-@value{GDBVN}} directory. That directory contains:
32286 @item gdb-@value{GDBVN}/configure @r{(and supporting files)}
32287 script for configuring @value{GDBN} and all its supporting libraries
32289 @item gdb-@value{GDBVN}/gdb
32290 the source specific to @value{GDBN} itself
32292 @item gdb-@value{GDBVN}/bfd
32293 source for the Binary File Descriptor library
32295 @item gdb-@value{GDBVN}/include
32296 @sc{gnu} include files
32298 @item gdb-@value{GDBVN}/libiberty
32299 source for the @samp{-liberty} free software library
32301 @item gdb-@value{GDBVN}/opcodes
32302 source for the library of opcode tables and disassemblers
32304 @item gdb-@value{GDBVN}/readline
32305 source for the @sc{gnu} command-line interface
32307 @item gdb-@value{GDBVN}/glob
32308 source for the @sc{gnu} filename pattern-matching subroutine
32310 @item gdb-@value{GDBVN}/mmalloc
32311 source for the @sc{gnu} memory-mapped malloc package
32314 The simplest way to configure and build @value{GDBN} is to run @file{configure}
32315 from the @file{gdb-@var{version-number}} source directory, which in
32316 this example is the @file{gdb-@value{GDBVN}} directory.
32318 First switch to the @file{gdb-@var{version-number}} source directory
32319 if you are not already in it; then run @file{configure}. Pass the
32320 identifier for the platform on which @value{GDBN} will run as an
32326 cd gdb-@value{GDBVN}
32327 ./configure @var{host}
32332 where @var{host} is an identifier such as @samp{sun4} or
32333 @samp{decstation}, that identifies the platform where @value{GDBN} will run.
32334 (You can often leave off @var{host}; @file{configure} tries to guess the
32335 correct value by examining your system.)
32337 Running @samp{configure @var{host}} and then running @code{make} builds the
32338 @file{bfd}, @file{readline}, @file{mmalloc}, and @file{libiberty}
32339 libraries, then @code{gdb} itself. The configured source files, and the
32340 binaries, are left in the corresponding source directories.
32343 @file{configure} is a Bourne-shell (@code{/bin/sh}) script; if your
32344 system does not recognize this automatically when you run a different
32345 shell, you may need to run @code{sh} on it explicitly:
32348 sh configure @var{host}
32351 If you run @file{configure} from a directory that contains source
32352 directories for multiple libraries or programs, such as the
32353 @file{gdb-@value{GDBVN}} source directory for version @value{GDBVN},
32355 creates configuration files for every directory level underneath (unless
32356 you tell it not to, with the @samp{--norecursion} option).
32358 You should run the @file{configure} script from the top directory in the
32359 source tree, the @file{gdb-@var{version-number}} directory. If you run
32360 @file{configure} from one of the subdirectories, you will configure only
32361 that subdirectory. That is usually not what you want. In particular,
32362 if you run the first @file{configure} from the @file{gdb} subdirectory
32363 of the @file{gdb-@var{version-number}} directory, you will omit the
32364 configuration of @file{bfd}, @file{readline}, and other sibling
32365 directories of the @file{gdb} subdirectory. This leads to build errors
32366 about missing include files such as @file{bfd/bfd.h}.
32368 You can install @code{@value{GDBP}} anywhere; it has no hardwired paths.
32369 However, you should make sure that the shell on your path (named by
32370 the @samp{SHELL} environment variable) is publicly readable. Remember
32371 that @value{GDBN} uses the shell to start your program---some systems refuse to
32372 let @value{GDBN} debug child processes whose programs are not readable.
32374 @node Separate Objdir
32375 @section Compiling @value{GDBN} in Another Directory
32377 If you want to run @value{GDBN} versions for several host or target machines,
32378 you need a different @code{gdb} compiled for each combination of
32379 host and target. @file{configure} is designed to make this easy by
32380 allowing you to generate each configuration in a separate subdirectory,
32381 rather than in the source directory. If your @code{make} program
32382 handles the @samp{VPATH} feature (@sc{gnu} @code{make} does), running
32383 @code{make} in each of these directories builds the @code{gdb}
32384 program specified there.
32386 To build @code{gdb} in a separate directory, run @file{configure}
32387 with the @samp{--srcdir} option to specify where to find the source.
32388 (You also need to specify a path to find @file{configure}
32389 itself from your working directory. If the path to @file{configure}
32390 would be the same as the argument to @samp{--srcdir}, you can leave out
32391 the @samp{--srcdir} option; it is assumed.)
32393 For example, with version @value{GDBVN}, you can build @value{GDBN} in a
32394 separate directory for a Sun 4 like this:
32398 cd gdb-@value{GDBVN}
32401 ../gdb-@value{GDBVN}/configure sun4
32406 When @file{configure} builds a configuration using a remote source
32407 directory, it creates a tree for the binaries with the same structure
32408 (and using the same names) as the tree under the source directory. In
32409 the example, you'd find the Sun 4 library @file{libiberty.a} in the
32410 directory @file{gdb-sun4/libiberty}, and @value{GDBN} itself in
32411 @file{gdb-sun4/gdb}.
32413 Make sure that your path to the @file{configure} script has just one
32414 instance of @file{gdb} in it. If your path to @file{configure} looks
32415 like @file{../gdb-@value{GDBVN}/gdb/configure}, you are configuring only
32416 one subdirectory of @value{GDBN}, not the whole package. This leads to
32417 build errors about missing include files such as @file{bfd/bfd.h}.
32419 One popular reason to build several @value{GDBN} configurations in separate
32420 directories is to configure @value{GDBN} for cross-compiling (where
32421 @value{GDBN} runs on one machine---the @dfn{host}---while debugging
32422 programs that run on another machine---the @dfn{target}).
32423 You specify a cross-debugging target by
32424 giving the @samp{--target=@var{target}} option to @file{configure}.
32426 When you run @code{make} to build a program or library, you must run
32427 it in a configured directory---whatever directory you were in when you
32428 called @file{configure} (or one of its subdirectories).
32430 The @code{Makefile} that @file{configure} generates in each source
32431 directory also runs recursively. If you type @code{make} in a source
32432 directory such as @file{gdb-@value{GDBVN}} (or in a separate configured
32433 directory configured with @samp{--srcdir=@var{dirname}/gdb-@value{GDBVN}}), you
32434 will build all the required libraries, and then build GDB.
32436 When you have multiple hosts or targets configured in separate
32437 directories, you can run @code{make} on them in parallel (for example,
32438 if they are NFS-mounted on each of the hosts); they will not interfere
32442 @section Specifying Names for Hosts and Targets
32444 The specifications used for hosts and targets in the @file{configure}
32445 script are based on a three-part naming scheme, but some short predefined
32446 aliases are also supported. The full naming scheme encodes three pieces
32447 of information in the following pattern:
32450 @var{architecture}-@var{vendor}-@var{os}
32453 For example, you can use the alias @code{sun4} as a @var{host} argument,
32454 or as the value for @var{target} in a @code{--target=@var{target}}
32455 option. The equivalent full name is @samp{sparc-sun-sunos4}.
32457 The @file{configure} script accompanying @value{GDBN} does not provide
32458 any query facility to list all supported host and target names or
32459 aliases. @file{configure} calls the Bourne shell script
32460 @code{config.sub} to map abbreviations to full names; you can read the
32461 script, if you wish, or you can use it to test your guesses on
32462 abbreviations---for example:
32465 % sh config.sub i386-linux
32467 % sh config.sub alpha-linux
32468 alpha-unknown-linux-gnu
32469 % sh config.sub hp9k700
32471 % sh config.sub sun4
32472 sparc-sun-sunos4.1.1
32473 % sh config.sub sun3
32474 m68k-sun-sunos4.1.1
32475 % sh config.sub i986v
32476 Invalid configuration `i986v': machine `i986v' not recognized
32480 @code{config.sub} is also distributed in the @value{GDBN} source
32481 directory (@file{gdb-@value{GDBVN}}, for version @value{GDBVN}).
32483 @node Configure Options
32484 @section @file{configure} Options
32486 Here is a summary of the @file{configure} options and arguments that
32487 are most often useful for building @value{GDBN}. @file{configure} also has
32488 several other options not listed here. @inforef{What Configure
32489 Does,,configure.info}, for a full explanation of @file{configure}.
32492 configure @r{[}--help@r{]}
32493 @r{[}--prefix=@var{dir}@r{]}
32494 @r{[}--exec-prefix=@var{dir}@r{]}
32495 @r{[}--srcdir=@var{dirname}@r{]}
32496 @r{[}--norecursion@r{]} @r{[}--rm@r{]}
32497 @r{[}--target=@var{target}@r{]}
32502 You may introduce options with a single @samp{-} rather than
32503 @samp{--} if you prefer; but you may abbreviate option names if you use
32508 Display a quick summary of how to invoke @file{configure}.
32510 @item --prefix=@var{dir}
32511 Configure the source to install programs and files under directory
32514 @item --exec-prefix=@var{dir}
32515 Configure the source to install programs under directory
32518 @c avoid splitting the warning from the explanation:
32520 @item --srcdir=@var{dirname}
32521 @strong{Warning: using this option requires @sc{gnu} @code{make}, or another
32522 @code{make} that implements the @code{VPATH} feature.}@*
32523 Use this option to make configurations in directories separate from the
32524 @value{GDBN} source directories. Among other things, you can use this to
32525 build (or maintain) several configurations simultaneously, in separate
32526 directories. @file{configure} writes configuration-specific files in
32527 the current directory, but arranges for them to use the source in the
32528 directory @var{dirname}. @file{configure} creates directories under
32529 the working directory in parallel to the source directories below
32532 @item --norecursion
32533 Configure only the directory level where @file{configure} is executed; do not
32534 propagate configuration to subdirectories.
32536 @item --target=@var{target}
32537 Configure @value{GDBN} for cross-debugging programs running on the specified
32538 @var{target}. Without this option, @value{GDBN} is configured to debug
32539 programs that run on the same machine (@var{host}) as @value{GDBN} itself.
32541 There is no convenient way to generate a list of all available targets.
32543 @item @var{host} @dots{}
32544 Configure @value{GDBN} to run on the specified @var{host}.
32546 There is no convenient way to generate a list of all available hosts.
32549 There are many other options available as well, but they are generally
32550 needed for special purposes only.
32552 @node System-wide configuration
32553 @section System-wide configuration and settings
32554 @cindex system-wide init file
32556 @value{GDBN} can be configured to have a system-wide init file;
32557 this file will be read and executed at startup (@pxref{Startup, , What
32558 @value{GDBN} does during startup}).
32560 Here is the corresponding configure option:
32563 @item --with-system-gdbinit=@var{file}
32564 Specify that the default location of the system-wide init file is
32568 If @value{GDBN} has been configured with the option @option{--prefix=$prefix},
32569 it may be subject to relocation. Two possible cases:
32573 If the default location of this init file contains @file{$prefix},
32574 it will be subject to relocation. Suppose that the configure options
32575 are @option{--prefix=$prefix --with-system-gdbinit=$prefix/etc/gdbinit};
32576 if @value{GDBN} is moved from @file{$prefix} to @file{$install}, the system
32577 init file is looked for as @file{$install/etc/gdbinit} instead of
32578 @file{$prefix/etc/gdbinit}.
32581 By contrast, if the default location does not contain the prefix,
32582 it will not be relocated. E.g.@: if @value{GDBN} has been configured with
32583 @option{--prefix=/usr/local --with-system-gdbinit=/usr/share/gdb/gdbinit},
32584 then @value{GDBN} will always look for @file{/usr/share/gdb/gdbinit},
32585 wherever @value{GDBN} is installed.
32588 @node Maintenance Commands
32589 @appendix Maintenance Commands
32590 @cindex maintenance commands
32591 @cindex internal commands
32593 In addition to commands intended for @value{GDBN} users, @value{GDBN}
32594 includes a number of commands intended for @value{GDBN} developers,
32595 that are not documented elsewhere in this manual. These commands are
32596 provided here for reference. (For commands that turn on debugging
32597 messages, see @ref{Debugging Output}.)
32600 @kindex maint agent
32601 @kindex maint agent-eval
32602 @item maint agent @var{expression}
32603 @itemx maint agent-eval @var{expression}
32604 Translate the given @var{expression} into remote agent bytecodes.
32605 This command is useful for debugging the Agent Expression mechanism
32606 (@pxref{Agent Expressions}). The @samp{agent} version produces an
32607 expression useful for data collection, such as by tracepoints, while
32608 @samp{maint agent-eval} produces an expression that evaluates directly
32609 to a result. For instance, a collection expression for @code{globa +
32610 globb} will include bytecodes to record four bytes of memory at each
32611 of the addresses of @code{globa} and @code{globb}, while discarding
32612 the result of the addition, while an evaluation expression will do the
32613 addition and return the sum.
32615 @kindex maint info breakpoints
32616 @item @anchor{maint info breakpoints}maint info breakpoints
32617 Using the same format as @samp{info breakpoints}, display both the
32618 breakpoints you've set explicitly, and those @value{GDBN} is using for
32619 internal purposes. Internal breakpoints are shown with negative
32620 breakpoint numbers. The type column identifies what kind of breakpoint
32625 Normal, explicitly set breakpoint.
32628 Normal, explicitly set watchpoint.
32631 Internal breakpoint, used to handle correctly stepping through
32632 @code{longjmp} calls.
32634 @item longjmp resume
32635 Internal breakpoint at the target of a @code{longjmp}.
32638 Temporary internal breakpoint used by the @value{GDBN} @code{until} command.
32641 Temporary internal breakpoint used by the @value{GDBN} @code{finish} command.
32644 Shared library events.
32648 @kindex set displaced-stepping
32649 @kindex show displaced-stepping
32650 @cindex displaced stepping support
32651 @cindex out-of-line single-stepping
32652 @item set displaced-stepping
32653 @itemx show displaced-stepping
32654 Control whether or not @value{GDBN} will do @dfn{displaced stepping}
32655 if the target supports it. Displaced stepping is a way to single-step
32656 over breakpoints without removing them from the inferior, by executing
32657 an out-of-line copy of the instruction that was originally at the
32658 breakpoint location. It is also known as out-of-line single-stepping.
32661 @item set displaced-stepping on
32662 If the target architecture supports it, @value{GDBN} will use
32663 displaced stepping to step over breakpoints.
32665 @item set displaced-stepping off
32666 @value{GDBN} will not use displaced stepping to step over breakpoints,
32667 even if such is supported by the target architecture.
32669 @cindex non-stop mode, and @samp{set displaced-stepping}
32670 @item set displaced-stepping auto
32671 This is the default mode. @value{GDBN} will use displaced stepping
32672 only if non-stop mode is active (@pxref{Non-Stop Mode}) and the target
32673 architecture supports displaced stepping.
32676 @kindex maint check-symtabs
32677 @item maint check-symtabs
32678 Check the consistency of psymtabs and symtabs.
32680 @kindex maint cplus first_component
32681 @item maint cplus first_component @var{name}
32682 Print the first C@t{++} class/namespace component of @var{name}.
32684 @kindex maint cplus namespace
32685 @item maint cplus namespace
32686 Print the list of possible C@t{++} namespaces.
32688 @kindex maint demangle
32689 @item maint demangle @var{name}
32690 Demangle a C@t{++} or Objective-C mangled @var{name}.
32692 @kindex maint deprecate
32693 @kindex maint undeprecate
32694 @cindex deprecated commands
32695 @item maint deprecate @var{command} @r{[}@var{replacement}@r{]}
32696 @itemx maint undeprecate @var{command}
32697 Deprecate or undeprecate the named @var{command}. Deprecated commands
32698 cause @value{GDBN} to issue a warning when you use them. The optional
32699 argument @var{replacement} says which newer command should be used in
32700 favor of the deprecated one; if it is given, @value{GDBN} will mention
32701 the replacement as part of the warning.
32703 @kindex maint dump-me
32704 @item maint dump-me
32705 @cindex @code{SIGQUIT} signal, dump core of @value{GDBN}
32706 Cause a fatal signal in the debugger and force it to dump its core.
32707 This is supported only on systems which support aborting a program
32708 with the @code{SIGQUIT} signal.
32710 @kindex maint internal-error
32711 @kindex maint internal-warning
32712 @item maint internal-error @r{[}@var{message-text}@r{]}
32713 @itemx maint internal-warning @r{[}@var{message-text}@r{]}
32714 Cause @value{GDBN} to call the internal function @code{internal_error}
32715 or @code{internal_warning} and hence behave as though an internal error
32716 or internal warning has been detected. In addition to reporting the
32717 internal problem, these functions give the user the opportunity to
32718 either quit @value{GDBN} or create a core file of the current
32719 @value{GDBN} session.
32721 These commands take an optional parameter @var{message-text} that is
32722 used as the text of the error or warning message.
32724 Here's an example of using @code{internal-error}:
32727 (@value{GDBP}) @kbd{maint internal-error testing, 1, 2}
32728 @dots{}/maint.c:121: internal-error: testing, 1, 2
32729 A problem internal to GDB has been detected. Further
32730 debugging may prove unreliable.
32731 Quit this debugging session? (y or n) @kbd{n}
32732 Create a core file? (y or n) @kbd{n}
32736 @cindex @value{GDBN} internal error
32737 @cindex internal errors, control of @value{GDBN} behavior
32739 @kindex maint set internal-error
32740 @kindex maint show internal-error
32741 @kindex maint set internal-warning
32742 @kindex maint show internal-warning
32743 @item maint set internal-error @var{action} [ask|yes|no]
32744 @itemx maint show internal-error @var{action}
32745 @itemx maint set internal-warning @var{action} [ask|yes|no]
32746 @itemx maint show internal-warning @var{action}
32747 When @value{GDBN} reports an internal problem (error or warning) it
32748 gives the user the opportunity to both quit @value{GDBN} and create a
32749 core file of the current @value{GDBN} session. These commands let you
32750 override the default behaviour for each particular @var{action},
32751 described in the table below.
32755 You can specify that @value{GDBN} should always (yes) or never (no)
32756 quit. The default is to ask the user what to do.
32759 You can specify that @value{GDBN} should always (yes) or never (no)
32760 create a core file. The default is to ask the user what to do.
32763 @kindex maint packet
32764 @item maint packet @var{text}
32765 If @value{GDBN} is talking to an inferior via the serial protocol,
32766 then this command sends the string @var{text} to the inferior, and
32767 displays the response packet. @value{GDBN} supplies the initial
32768 @samp{$} character, the terminating @samp{#} character, and the
32771 @kindex maint print architecture
32772 @item maint print architecture @r{[}@var{file}@r{]}
32773 Print the entire architecture configuration. The optional argument
32774 @var{file} names the file where the output goes.
32776 @kindex maint print c-tdesc
32777 @item maint print c-tdesc
32778 Print the current target description (@pxref{Target Descriptions}) as
32779 a C source file. The created source file can be used in @value{GDBN}
32780 when an XML parser is not available to parse the description.
32782 @kindex maint print dummy-frames
32783 @item maint print dummy-frames
32784 Prints the contents of @value{GDBN}'s internal dummy-frame stack.
32787 (@value{GDBP}) @kbd{b add}
32789 (@value{GDBP}) @kbd{print add(2,3)}
32790 Breakpoint 2, add (a=2, b=3) at @dots{}
32792 The program being debugged stopped while in a function called from GDB.
32794 (@value{GDBP}) @kbd{maint print dummy-frames}
32795 0x1a57c80: pc=0x01014068 fp=0x0200bddc sp=0x0200bdd6
32796 top=0x0200bdd4 id=@{stack=0x200bddc,code=0x101405c@}
32797 call_lo=0x01014000 call_hi=0x01014001
32801 Takes an optional file parameter.
32803 @kindex maint print registers
32804 @kindex maint print raw-registers
32805 @kindex maint print cooked-registers
32806 @kindex maint print register-groups
32807 @kindex maint print remote-registers
32808 @item maint print registers @r{[}@var{file}@r{]}
32809 @itemx maint print raw-registers @r{[}@var{file}@r{]}
32810 @itemx maint print cooked-registers @r{[}@var{file}@r{]}
32811 @itemx maint print register-groups @r{[}@var{file}@r{]}
32812 @itemx maint print remote-registers @r{[}@var{file}@r{]}
32813 Print @value{GDBN}'s internal register data structures.
32815 The command @code{maint print raw-registers} includes the contents of
32816 the raw register cache; the command @code{maint print
32817 cooked-registers} includes the (cooked) value of all registers,
32818 including registers which aren't available on the target nor visible
32819 to user; the command @code{maint print register-groups} includes the
32820 groups that each register is a member of; and the command @code{maint
32821 print remote-registers} includes the remote target's register numbers
32822 and offsets in the `G' packets. @xref{Registers,, Registers, gdbint,
32823 @value{GDBN} Internals}.
32825 These commands take an optional parameter, a file name to which to
32826 write the information.
32828 @kindex maint print reggroups
32829 @item maint print reggroups @r{[}@var{file}@r{]}
32830 Print @value{GDBN}'s internal register group data structures. The
32831 optional argument @var{file} tells to what file to write the
32834 The register groups info looks like this:
32837 (@value{GDBP}) @kbd{maint print reggroups}
32850 This command forces @value{GDBN} to flush its internal register cache.
32852 @kindex maint print objfiles
32853 @cindex info for known object files
32854 @item maint print objfiles
32855 Print a dump of all known object files. For each object file, this
32856 command prints its name, address in memory, and all of its psymtabs
32859 @kindex maint print section-scripts
32860 @cindex info for known .debug_gdb_scripts-loaded scripts
32861 @item maint print section-scripts [@var{regexp}]
32862 Print a dump of scripts specified in the @code{.debug_gdb_section} section.
32863 If @var{regexp} is specified, only print scripts loaded by object files
32864 matching @var{regexp}.
32865 For each script, this command prints its name as specified in the objfile,
32866 and the full path if known.
32867 @xref{.debug_gdb_scripts section}.
32869 @kindex maint print statistics
32870 @cindex bcache statistics
32871 @item maint print statistics
32872 This command prints, for each object file in the program, various data
32873 about that object file followed by the byte cache (@dfn{bcache})
32874 statistics for the object file. The objfile data includes the number
32875 of minimal, partial, full, and stabs symbols, the number of types
32876 defined by the objfile, the number of as yet unexpanded psym tables,
32877 the number of line tables and string tables, and the amount of memory
32878 used by the various tables. The bcache statistics include the counts,
32879 sizes, and counts of duplicates of all and unique objects, max,
32880 average, and median entry size, total memory used and its overhead and
32881 savings, and various measures of the hash table size and chain
32884 @kindex maint print target-stack
32885 @cindex target stack description
32886 @item maint print target-stack
32887 A @dfn{target} is an interface between the debugger and a particular
32888 kind of file or process. Targets can be stacked in @dfn{strata},
32889 so that more than one target can potentially respond to a request.
32890 In particular, memory accesses will walk down the stack of targets
32891 until they find a target that is interested in handling that particular
32894 This command prints a short description of each layer that was pushed on
32895 the @dfn{target stack}, starting from the top layer down to the bottom one.
32897 @kindex maint print type
32898 @cindex type chain of a data type
32899 @item maint print type @var{expr}
32900 Print the type chain for a type specified by @var{expr}. The argument
32901 can be either a type name or a symbol. If it is a symbol, the type of
32902 that symbol is described. The type chain produced by this command is
32903 a recursive definition of the data type as stored in @value{GDBN}'s
32904 data structures, including its flags and contained types.
32906 @kindex maint set dwarf2 always-disassemble
32907 @kindex maint show dwarf2 always-disassemble
32908 @item maint set dwarf2 always-disassemble
32909 @item maint show dwarf2 always-disassemble
32910 Control the behavior of @code{info address} when using DWARF debugging
32913 The default is @code{off}, which means that @value{GDBN} should try to
32914 describe a variable's location in an easily readable format. When
32915 @code{on}, @value{GDBN} will instead display the DWARF location
32916 expression in an assembly-like format. Note that some locations are
32917 too complex for @value{GDBN} to describe simply; in this case you will
32918 always see the disassembly form.
32920 Here is an example of the resulting disassembly:
32923 (gdb) info addr argc
32924 Symbol "argc" is a complex DWARF expression:
32928 For more information on these expressions, see
32929 @uref{http://www.dwarfstd.org/, the DWARF standard}.
32931 @kindex maint set dwarf2 max-cache-age
32932 @kindex maint show dwarf2 max-cache-age
32933 @item maint set dwarf2 max-cache-age
32934 @itemx maint show dwarf2 max-cache-age
32935 Control the DWARF 2 compilation unit cache.
32937 @cindex DWARF 2 compilation units cache
32938 In object files with inter-compilation-unit references, such as those
32939 produced by the GCC option @samp{-feliminate-dwarf2-dups}, the DWARF 2
32940 reader needs to frequently refer to previously read compilation units.
32941 This setting controls how long a compilation unit will remain in the
32942 cache if it is not referenced. A higher limit means that cached
32943 compilation units will be stored in memory longer, and more total
32944 memory will be used. Setting it to zero disables caching, which will
32945 slow down @value{GDBN} startup, but reduce memory consumption.
32947 @kindex maint set profile
32948 @kindex maint show profile
32949 @cindex profiling GDB
32950 @item maint set profile
32951 @itemx maint show profile
32952 Control profiling of @value{GDBN}.
32954 Profiling will be disabled until you use the @samp{maint set profile}
32955 command to enable it. When you enable profiling, the system will begin
32956 collecting timing and execution count data; when you disable profiling or
32957 exit @value{GDBN}, the results will be written to a log file. Remember that
32958 if you use profiling, @value{GDBN} will overwrite the profiling log file
32959 (often called @file{gmon.out}). If you have a record of important profiling
32960 data in a @file{gmon.out} file, be sure to move it to a safe location.
32962 Configuring with @samp{--enable-profiling} arranges for @value{GDBN} to be
32963 compiled with the @samp{-pg} compiler option.
32965 @kindex maint set show-debug-regs
32966 @kindex maint show show-debug-regs
32967 @cindex hardware debug registers
32968 @item maint set show-debug-regs
32969 @itemx maint show show-debug-regs
32970 Control whether to show variables that mirror the hardware debug
32971 registers. Use @code{ON} to enable, @code{OFF} to disable. If
32972 enabled, the debug registers values are shown when @value{GDBN} inserts or
32973 removes a hardware breakpoint or watchpoint, and when the inferior
32974 triggers a hardware-assisted breakpoint or watchpoint.
32976 @kindex maint set show-all-tib
32977 @kindex maint show show-all-tib
32978 @item maint set show-all-tib
32979 @itemx maint show show-all-tib
32980 Control whether to show all non zero areas within a 1k block starting
32981 at thread local base, when using the @samp{info w32 thread-information-block}
32984 @kindex maint space
32985 @cindex memory used by commands
32987 Control whether to display memory usage for each command. If set to a
32988 nonzero value, @value{GDBN} will display how much memory each command
32989 took, following the command's own output. This can also be requested
32990 by invoking @value{GDBN} with the @option{--statistics} command-line
32991 switch (@pxref{Mode Options}).
32994 @cindex time of command execution
32996 Control whether to display the execution time of @value{GDBN} for each command.
32997 If set to a nonzero value, @value{GDBN} will display how much time it
32998 took to execute each command, following the command's own output.
32999 Both CPU time and wallclock time are printed.
33000 Printing both is useful when trying to determine whether the cost is
33001 CPU or, e.g., disk/network, latency.
33002 Note that the CPU time printed is for @value{GDBN} only, it does not include
33003 the execution time of the inferior because there's no mechanism currently
33004 to compute how much time was spent by @value{GDBN} and how much time was
33005 spent by the program been debugged.
33006 This can also be requested by invoking @value{GDBN} with the
33007 @option{--statistics} command-line switch (@pxref{Mode Options}).
33009 @kindex maint translate-address
33010 @item maint translate-address @r{[}@var{section}@r{]} @var{addr}
33011 Find the symbol stored at the location specified by the address
33012 @var{addr} and an optional section name @var{section}. If found,
33013 @value{GDBN} prints the name of the closest symbol and an offset from
33014 the symbol's location to the specified address. This is similar to
33015 the @code{info address} command (@pxref{Symbols}), except that this
33016 command also allows to find symbols in other sections.
33018 If section was not specified, the section in which the symbol was found
33019 is also printed. For dynamically linked executables, the name of
33020 executable or shared library containing the symbol is printed as well.
33024 The following command is useful for non-interactive invocations of
33025 @value{GDBN}, such as in the test suite.
33028 @item set watchdog @var{nsec}
33029 @kindex set watchdog
33030 @cindex watchdog timer
33031 @cindex timeout for commands
33032 Set the maximum number of seconds @value{GDBN} will wait for the
33033 target operation to finish. If this time expires, @value{GDBN}
33034 reports and error and the command is aborted.
33036 @item show watchdog
33037 Show the current setting of the target wait timeout.
33040 @node Remote Protocol
33041 @appendix @value{GDBN} Remote Serial Protocol
33046 * Stop Reply Packets::
33047 * General Query Packets::
33048 * Architecture-Specific Protocol Details::
33049 * Tracepoint Packets::
33050 * Host I/O Packets::
33052 * Notification Packets::
33053 * Remote Non-Stop::
33054 * Packet Acknowledgment::
33056 * File-I/O Remote Protocol Extension::
33057 * Library List Format::
33058 * Memory Map Format::
33059 * Thread List Format::
33060 * Traceframe Info Format::
33066 There may be occasions when you need to know something about the
33067 protocol---for example, if there is only one serial port to your target
33068 machine, you might want your program to do something special if it
33069 recognizes a packet meant for @value{GDBN}.
33071 In the examples below, @samp{->} and @samp{<-} are used to indicate
33072 transmitted and received data, respectively.
33074 @cindex protocol, @value{GDBN} remote serial
33075 @cindex serial protocol, @value{GDBN} remote
33076 @cindex remote serial protocol
33077 All @value{GDBN} commands and responses (other than acknowledgments
33078 and notifications, see @ref{Notification Packets}) are sent as a
33079 @var{packet}. A @var{packet} is introduced with the character
33080 @samp{$}, the actual @var{packet-data}, and the terminating character
33081 @samp{#} followed by a two-digit @var{checksum}:
33084 @code{$}@var{packet-data}@code{#}@var{checksum}
33088 @cindex checksum, for @value{GDBN} remote
33090 The two-digit @var{checksum} is computed as the modulo 256 sum of all
33091 characters between the leading @samp{$} and the trailing @samp{#} (an
33092 eight bit unsigned checksum).
33094 Implementors should note that prior to @value{GDBN} 5.0 the protocol
33095 specification also included an optional two-digit @var{sequence-id}:
33098 @code{$}@var{sequence-id}@code{:}@var{packet-data}@code{#}@var{checksum}
33101 @cindex sequence-id, for @value{GDBN} remote
33103 That @var{sequence-id} was appended to the acknowledgment. @value{GDBN}
33104 has never output @var{sequence-id}s. Stubs that handle packets added
33105 since @value{GDBN} 5.0 must not accept @var{sequence-id}.
33107 When either the host or the target machine receives a packet, the first
33108 response expected is an acknowledgment: either @samp{+} (to indicate
33109 the package was received correctly) or @samp{-} (to request
33113 -> @code{$}@var{packet-data}@code{#}@var{checksum}
33118 The @samp{+}/@samp{-} acknowledgments can be disabled
33119 once a connection is established.
33120 @xref{Packet Acknowledgment}, for details.
33122 The host (@value{GDBN}) sends @var{command}s, and the target (the
33123 debugging stub incorporated in your program) sends a @var{response}. In
33124 the case of step and continue @var{command}s, the response is only sent
33125 when the operation has completed, and the target has again stopped all
33126 threads in all attached processes. This is the default all-stop mode
33127 behavior, but the remote protocol also supports @value{GDBN}'s non-stop
33128 execution mode; see @ref{Remote Non-Stop}, for details.
33130 @var{packet-data} consists of a sequence of characters with the
33131 exception of @samp{#} and @samp{$} (see @samp{X} packet for additional
33134 @cindex remote protocol, field separator
33135 Fields within the packet should be separated using @samp{,} @samp{;} or
33136 @samp{:}. Except where otherwise noted all numbers are represented in
33137 @sc{hex} with leading zeros suppressed.
33139 Implementors should note that prior to @value{GDBN} 5.0, the character
33140 @samp{:} could not appear as the third character in a packet (as it
33141 would potentially conflict with the @var{sequence-id}).
33143 @cindex remote protocol, binary data
33144 @anchor{Binary Data}
33145 Binary data in most packets is encoded either as two hexadecimal
33146 digits per byte of binary data. This allowed the traditional remote
33147 protocol to work over connections which were only seven-bit clean.
33148 Some packets designed more recently assume an eight-bit clean
33149 connection, and use a more efficient encoding to send and receive
33152 The binary data representation uses @code{7d} (@sc{ascii} @samp{@}})
33153 as an escape character. Any escaped byte is transmitted as the escape
33154 character followed by the original character XORed with @code{0x20}.
33155 For example, the byte @code{0x7d} would be transmitted as the two
33156 bytes @code{0x7d 0x5d}. The bytes @code{0x23} (@sc{ascii} @samp{#}),
33157 @code{0x24} (@sc{ascii} @samp{$}), and @code{0x7d} (@sc{ascii}
33158 @samp{@}}) must always be escaped. Responses sent by the stub
33159 must also escape @code{0x2a} (@sc{ascii} @samp{*}), so that it
33160 is not interpreted as the start of a run-length encoded sequence
33163 Response @var{data} can be run-length encoded to save space.
33164 Run-length encoding replaces runs of identical characters with one
33165 instance of the repeated character, followed by a @samp{*} and a
33166 repeat count. The repeat count is itself sent encoded, to avoid
33167 binary characters in @var{data}: a value of @var{n} is sent as
33168 @code{@var{n}+29}. For a repeat count greater or equal to 3, this
33169 produces a printable @sc{ascii} character, e.g.@: a space (@sc{ascii}
33170 code 32) for a repeat count of 3. (This is because run-length
33171 encoding starts to win for counts 3 or more.) Thus, for example,
33172 @samp{0* } is a run-length encoding of ``0000'': the space character
33173 after @samp{*} means repeat the leading @code{0} @w{@code{32 - 29 =
33176 The printable characters @samp{#} and @samp{$} or with a numeric value
33177 greater than 126 must not be used. Runs of six repeats (@samp{#}) or
33178 seven repeats (@samp{$}) can be expanded using a repeat count of only
33179 five (@samp{"}). For example, @samp{00000000} can be encoded as
33182 The error response returned for some packets includes a two character
33183 error number. That number is not well defined.
33185 @cindex empty response, for unsupported packets
33186 For any @var{command} not supported by the stub, an empty response
33187 (@samp{$#00}) should be returned. That way it is possible to extend the
33188 protocol. A newer @value{GDBN} can tell if a packet is supported based
33191 At a minimum, a stub is required to support the @samp{g} and @samp{G}
33192 commands for register access, and the @samp{m} and @samp{M} commands
33193 for memory access. Stubs that only control single-threaded targets
33194 can implement run control with the @samp{c} (continue), and @samp{s}
33195 (step) commands. Stubs that support multi-threading targets should
33196 support the @samp{vCont} command. All other commands are optional.
33201 The following table provides a complete list of all currently defined
33202 @var{command}s and their corresponding response @var{data}.
33203 @xref{File-I/O Remote Protocol Extension}, for details about the File
33204 I/O extension of the remote protocol.
33206 Each packet's description has a template showing the packet's overall
33207 syntax, followed by an explanation of the packet's meaning. We
33208 include spaces in some of the templates for clarity; these are not
33209 part of the packet's syntax. No @value{GDBN} packet uses spaces to
33210 separate its components. For example, a template like @samp{foo
33211 @var{bar} @var{baz}} describes a packet beginning with the three ASCII
33212 bytes @samp{foo}, followed by a @var{bar}, followed directly by a
33213 @var{baz}. @value{GDBN} does not transmit a space character between the
33214 @samp{foo} and the @var{bar}, or between the @var{bar} and the
33217 @cindex @var{thread-id}, in remote protocol
33218 @anchor{thread-id syntax}
33219 Several packets and replies include a @var{thread-id} field to identify
33220 a thread. Normally these are positive numbers with a target-specific
33221 interpretation, formatted as big-endian hex strings. A @var{thread-id}
33222 can also be a literal @samp{-1} to indicate all threads, or @samp{0} to
33225 In addition, the remote protocol supports a multiprocess feature in
33226 which the @var{thread-id} syntax is extended to optionally include both
33227 process and thread ID fields, as @samp{p@var{pid}.@var{tid}}.
33228 The @var{pid} (process) and @var{tid} (thread) components each have the
33229 format described above: a positive number with target-specific
33230 interpretation formatted as a big-endian hex string, literal @samp{-1}
33231 to indicate all processes or threads (respectively), or @samp{0} to
33232 indicate an arbitrary process or thread. Specifying just a process, as
33233 @samp{p@var{pid}}, is equivalent to @samp{p@var{pid}.-1}. It is an
33234 error to specify all processes but a specific thread, such as
33235 @samp{p-1.@var{tid}}. Note that the @samp{p} prefix is @emph{not} used
33236 for those packets and replies explicitly documented to include a process
33237 ID, rather than a @var{thread-id}.
33239 The multiprocess @var{thread-id} syntax extensions are only used if both
33240 @value{GDBN} and the stub report support for the @samp{multiprocess}
33241 feature using @samp{qSupported}. @xref{multiprocess extensions}, for
33244 Note that all packet forms beginning with an upper- or lower-case
33245 letter, other than those described here, are reserved for future use.
33247 Here are the packet descriptions.
33252 @cindex @samp{!} packet
33253 @anchor{extended mode}
33254 Enable extended mode. In extended mode, the remote server is made
33255 persistent. The @samp{R} packet is used to restart the program being
33261 The remote target both supports and has enabled extended mode.
33265 @cindex @samp{?} packet
33266 Indicate the reason the target halted. The reply is the same as for
33267 step and continue. This packet has a special interpretation when the
33268 target is in non-stop mode; see @ref{Remote Non-Stop}.
33271 @xref{Stop Reply Packets}, for the reply specifications.
33273 @item A @var{arglen},@var{argnum},@var{arg},@dots{}
33274 @cindex @samp{A} packet
33275 Initialized @code{argv[]} array passed into program. @var{arglen}
33276 specifies the number of bytes in the hex encoded byte stream
33277 @var{arg}. See @code{gdbserver} for more details.
33282 The arguments were set.
33288 @cindex @samp{b} packet
33289 (Don't use this packet; its behavior is not well-defined.)
33290 Change the serial line speed to @var{baud}.
33292 JTC: @emph{When does the transport layer state change? When it's
33293 received, or after the ACK is transmitted. In either case, there are
33294 problems if the command or the acknowledgment packet is dropped.}
33296 Stan: @emph{If people really wanted to add something like this, and get
33297 it working for the first time, they ought to modify ser-unix.c to send
33298 some kind of out-of-band message to a specially-setup stub and have the
33299 switch happen "in between" packets, so that from remote protocol's point
33300 of view, nothing actually happened.}
33302 @item B @var{addr},@var{mode}
33303 @cindex @samp{B} packet
33304 Set (@var{mode} is @samp{S}) or clear (@var{mode} is @samp{C}) a
33305 breakpoint at @var{addr}.
33307 Don't use this packet. Use the @samp{Z} and @samp{z} packets instead
33308 (@pxref{insert breakpoint or watchpoint packet}).
33310 @cindex @samp{bc} packet
33313 Backward continue. Execute the target system in reverse. No parameter.
33314 @xref{Reverse Execution}, for more information.
33317 @xref{Stop Reply Packets}, for the reply specifications.
33319 @cindex @samp{bs} packet
33322 Backward single step. Execute one instruction in reverse. No parameter.
33323 @xref{Reverse Execution}, for more information.
33326 @xref{Stop Reply Packets}, for the reply specifications.
33328 @item c @r{[}@var{addr}@r{]}
33329 @cindex @samp{c} packet
33330 Continue. @var{addr} is address to resume. If @var{addr} is omitted,
33331 resume at current address.
33333 This packet is deprecated for multi-threading support. @xref{vCont
33337 @xref{Stop Reply Packets}, for the reply specifications.
33339 @item C @var{sig}@r{[};@var{addr}@r{]}
33340 @cindex @samp{C} packet
33341 Continue with signal @var{sig} (hex signal number). If
33342 @samp{;@var{addr}} is omitted, resume at same address.
33344 This packet is deprecated for multi-threading support. @xref{vCont
33348 @xref{Stop Reply Packets}, for the reply specifications.
33351 @cindex @samp{d} packet
33354 Don't use this packet; instead, define a general set packet
33355 (@pxref{General Query Packets}).
33359 @cindex @samp{D} packet
33360 The first form of the packet is used to detach @value{GDBN} from the
33361 remote system. It is sent to the remote target
33362 before @value{GDBN} disconnects via the @code{detach} command.
33364 The second form, including a process ID, is used when multiprocess
33365 protocol extensions are enabled (@pxref{multiprocess extensions}), to
33366 detach only a specific process. The @var{pid} is specified as a
33367 big-endian hex string.
33377 @item F @var{RC},@var{EE},@var{CF};@var{XX}
33378 @cindex @samp{F} packet
33379 A reply from @value{GDBN} to an @samp{F} packet sent by the target.
33380 This is part of the File-I/O protocol extension. @xref{File-I/O
33381 Remote Protocol Extension}, for the specification.
33384 @anchor{read registers packet}
33385 @cindex @samp{g} packet
33386 Read general registers.
33390 @item @var{XX@dots{}}
33391 Each byte of register data is described by two hex digits. The bytes
33392 with the register are transmitted in target byte order. The size of
33393 each register and their position within the @samp{g} packet are
33394 determined by the @value{GDBN} internal gdbarch functions
33395 @code{DEPRECATED_REGISTER_RAW_SIZE} and @code{gdbarch_register_name}. The
33396 specification of several standard @samp{g} packets is specified below.
33398 When reading registers from a trace frame (@pxref{Analyze Collected
33399 Data,,Using the Collected Data}), the stub may also return a string of
33400 literal @samp{x}'s in place of the register data digits, to indicate
33401 that the corresponding register has not been collected, thus its value
33402 is unavailable. For example, for an architecture with 4 registers of
33403 4 bytes each, the following reply indicates to @value{GDBN} that
33404 registers 0 and 2 have not been collected, while registers 1 and 3
33405 have been collected, and both have zero value:
33409 <- @code{xxxxxxxx00000000xxxxxxxx00000000}
33416 @item G @var{XX@dots{}}
33417 @cindex @samp{G} packet
33418 Write general registers. @xref{read registers packet}, for a
33419 description of the @var{XX@dots{}} data.
33429 @item H @var{op} @var{thread-id}
33430 @cindex @samp{H} packet
33431 Set thread for subsequent operations (@samp{m}, @samp{M}, @samp{g},
33432 @samp{G}, et.al.). @var{op} depends on the operation to be performed:
33433 it should be @samp{c} for step and continue operations (note that this
33434 is deprecated, supporting the @samp{vCont} command is a better
33435 option), @samp{g} for other operations. The thread designator
33436 @var{thread-id} has the format and interpretation described in
33437 @ref{thread-id syntax}.
33448 @c 'H': How restrictive (or permissive) is the thread model. If a
33449 @c thread is selected and stopped, are other threads allowed
33450 @c to continue to execute? As I mentioned above, I think the
33451 @c semantics of each command when a thread is selected must be
33452 @c described. For example:
33454 @c 'g': If the stub supports threads and a specific thread is
33455 @c selected, returns the register block from that thread;
33456 @c otherwise returns current registers.
33458 @c 'G' If the stub supports threads and a specific thread is
33459 @c selected, sets the registers of the register block of
33460 @c that thread; otherwise sets current registers.
33462 @item i @r{[}@var{addr}@r{[},@var{nnn}@r{]]}
33463 @anchor{cycle step packet}
33464 @cindex @samp{i} packet
33465 Step the remote target by a single clock cycle. If @samp{,@var{nnn}} is
33466 present, cycle step @var{nnn} cycles. If @var{addr} is present, cycle
33467 step starting at that address.
33470 @cindex @samp{I} packet
33471 Signal, then cycle step. @xref{step with signal packet}. @xref{cycle
33475 @cindex @samp{k} packet
33478 FIXME: @emph{There is no description of how to operate when a specific
33479 thread context has been selected (i.e.@: does 'k' kill only that
33482 @item m @var{addr},@var{length}
33483 @cindex @samp{m} packet
33484 Read @var{length} bytes of memory starting at address @var{addr}.
33485 Note that @var{addr} may not be aligned to any particular boundary.
33487 The stub need not use any particular size or alignment when gathering
33488 data from memory for the response; even if @var{addr} is word-aligned
33489 and @var{length} is a multiple of the word size, the stub is free to
33490 use byte accesses, or not. For this reason, this packet may not be
33491 suitable for accessing memory-mapped I/O devices.
33492 @cindex alignment of remote memory accesses
33493 @cindex size of remote memory accesses
33494 @cindex memory, alignment and size of remote accesses
33498 @item @var{XX@dots{}}
33499 Memory contents; each byte is transmitted as a two-digit hexadecimal
33500 number. The reply may contain fewer bytes than requested if the
33501 server was able to read only part of the region of memory.
33506 @item M @var{addr},@var{length}:@var{XX@dots{}}
33507 @cindex @samp{M} packet
33508 Write @var{length} bytes of memory starting at address @var{addr}.
33509 @var{XX@dots{}} is the data; each byte is transmitted as a two-digit
33510 hexadecimal number.
33517 for an error (this includes the case where only part of the data was
33522 @cindex @samp{p} packet
33523 Read the value of register @var{n}; @var{n} is in hex.
33524 @xref{read registers packet}, for a description of how the returned
33525 register value is encoded.
33529 @item @var{XX@dots{}}
33530 the register's value
33534 Indicating an unrecognized @var{query}.
33537 @item P @var{n@dots{}}=@var{r@dots{}}
33538 @anchor{write register packet}
33539 @cindex @samp{P} packet
33540 Write register @var{n@dots{}} with value @var{r@dots{}}. The register
33541 number @var{n} is in hexadecimal, and @var{r@dots{}} contains two hex
33542 digits for each byte in the register (target byte order).
33552 @item q @var{name} @var{params}@dots{}
33553 @itemx Q @var{name} @var{params}@dots{}
33554 @cindex @samp{q} packet
33555 @cindex @samp{Q} packet
33556 General query (@samp{q}) and set (@samp{Q}). These packets are
33557 described fully in @ref{General Query Packets}.
33560 @cindex @samp{r} packet
33561 Reset the entire system.
33563 Don't use this packet; use the @samp{R} packet instead.
33566 @cindex @samp{R} packet
33567 Restart the program being debugged. @var{XX}, while needed, is ignored.
33568 This packet is only available in extended mode (@pxref{extended mode}).
33570 The @samp{R} packet has no reply.
33572 @item s @r{[}@var{addr}@r{]}
33573 @cindex @samp{s} packet
33574 Single step. @var{addr} is the address at which to resume. If
33575 @var{addr} is omitted, resume at same address.
33577 This packet is deprecated for multi-threading support. @xref{vCont
33581 @xref{Stop Reply Packets}, for the reply specifications.
33583 @item S @var{sig}@r{[};@var{addr}@r{]}
33584 @anchor{step with signal packet}
33585 @cindex @samp{S} packet
33586 Step with signal. This is analogous to the @samp{C} packet, but
33587 requests a single-step, rather than a normal resumption of execution.
33589 This packet is deprecated for multi-threading support. @xref{vCont
33593 @xref{Stop Reply Packets}, for the reply specifications.
33595 @item t @var{addr}:@var{PP},@var{MM}
33596 @cindex @samp{t} packet
33597 Search backwards starting at address @var{addr} for a match with pattern
33598 @var{PP} and mask @var{MM}. @var{PP} and @var{MM} are 4 bytes.
33599 @var{addr} must be at least 3 digits.
33601 @item T @var{thread-id}
33602 @cindex @samp{T} packet
33603 Find out if the thread @var{thread-id} is alive. @xref{thread-id syntax}.
33608 thread is still alive
33614 Packets starting with @samp{v} are identified by a multi-letter name,
33615 up to the first @samp{;} or @samp{?} (or the end of the packet).
33617 @item vAttach;@var{pid}
33618 @cindex @samp{vAttach} packet
33619 Attach to a new process with the specified process ID @var{pid}.
33620 The process ID is a
33621 hexadecimal integer identifying the process. In all-stop mode, all
33622 threads in the attached process are stopped; in non-stop mode, it may be
33623 attached without being stopped if that is supported by the target.
33625 @c In non-stop mode, on a successful vAttach, the stub should set the
33626 @c current thread to a thread of the newly-attached process. After
33627 @c attaching, GDB queries for the attached process's thread ID with qC.
33628 @c Also note that, from a user perspective, whether or not the
33629 @c target is stopped on attach in non-stop mode depends on whether you
33630 @c use the foreground or background version of the attach command, not
33631 @c on what vAttach does; GDB does the right thing with respect to either
33632 @c stopping or restarting threads.
33634 This packet is only available in extended mode (@pxref{extended mode}).
33640 @item @r{Any stop packet}
33641 for success in all-stop mode (@pxref{Stop Reply Packets})
33643 for success in non-stop mode (@pxref{Remote Non-Stop})
33646 @item vCont@r{[};@var{action}@r{[}:@var{thread-id}@r{]]}@dots{}
33647 @cindex @samp{vCont} packet
33648 @anchor{vCont packet}
33649 Resume the inferior, specifying different actions for each thread.
33650 If an action is specified with no @var{thread-id}, then it is applied to any
33651 threads that don't have a specific action specified; if no default action is
33652 specified then other threads should remain stopped in all-stop mode and
33653 in their current state in non-stop mode.
33654 Specifying multiple
33655 default actions is an error; specifying no actions is also an error.
33656 Thread IDs are specified using the syntax described in @ref{thread-id syntax}.
33658 Currently supported actions are:
33664 Continue with signal @var{sig}. The signal @var{sig} should be two hex digits.
33668 Step with signal @var{sig}. The signal @var{sig} should be two hex digits.
33673 The optional argument @var{addr} normally associated with the
33674 @samp{c}, @samp{C}, @samp{s}, and @samp{S} packets is
33675 not supported in @samp{vCont}.
33677 The @samp{t} action is only relevant in non-stop mode
33678 (@pxref{Remote Non-Stop}) and may be ignored by the stub otherwise.
33679 A stop reply should be generated for any affected thread not already stopped.
33680 When a thread is stopped by means of a @samp{t} action,
33681 the corresponding stop reply should indicate that the thread has stopped with
33682 signal @samp{0}, regardless of whether the target uses some other signal
33683 as an implementation detail.
33686 @xref{Stop Reply Packets}, for the reply specifications.
33689 @cindex @samp{vCont?} packet
33690 Request a list of actions supported by the @samp{vCont} packet.
33694 @item vCont@r{[};@var{action}@dots{}@r{]}
33695 The @samp{vCont} packet is supported. Each @var{action} is a supported
33696 command in the @samp{vCont} packet.
33698 The @samp{vCont} packet is not supported.
33701 @item vFile:@var{operation}:@var{parameter}@dots{}
33702 @cindex @samp{vFile} packet
33703 Perform a file operation on the target system. For details,
33704 see @ref{Host I/O Packets}.
33706 @item vFlashErase:@var{addr},@var{length}
33707 @cindex @samp{vFlashErase} packet
33708 Direct the stub to erase @var{length} bytes of flash starting at
33709 @var{addr}. The region may enclose any number of flash blocks, but
33710 its start and end must fall on block boundaries, as indicated by the
33711 flash block size appearing in the memory map (@pxref{Memory Map
33712 Format}). @value{GDBN} groups flash memory programming operations
33713 together, and sends a @samp{vFlashDone} request after each group; the
33714 stub is allowed to delay erase operation until the @samp{vFlashDone}
33715 packet is received.
33717 The stub must support @samp{vCont} if it reports support for
33718 multiprocess extensions (@pxref{multiprocess extensions}). Note that in
33719 this case @samp{vCont} actions can be specified to apply to all threads
33720 in a process by using the @samp{p@var{pid}.-1} form of the
33731 @item vFlashWrite:@var{addr}:@var{XX@dots{}}
33732 @cindex @samp{vFlashWrite} packet
33733 Direct the stub to write data to flash address @var{addr}. The data
33734 is passed in binary form using the same encoding as for the @samp{X}
33735 packet (@pxref{Binary Data}). The memory ranges specified by
33736 @samp{vFlashWrite} packets preceding a @samp{vFlashDone} packet must
33737 not overlap, and must appear in order of increasing addresses
33738 (although @samp{vFlashErase} packets for higher addresses may already
33739 have been received; the ordering is guaranteed only between
33740 @samp{vFlashWrite} packets). If a packet writes to an address that was
33741 neither erased by a preceding @samp{vFlashErase} packet nor by some other
33742 target-specific method, the results are unpredictable.
33750 for vFlashWrite addressing non-flash memory
33756 @cindex @samp{vFlashDone} packet
33757 Indicate to the stub that flash programming operation is finished.
33758 The stub is permitted to delay or batch the effects of a group of
33759 @samp{vFlashErase} and @samp{vFlashWrite} packets until a
33760 @samp{vFlashDone} packet is received. The contents of the affected
33761 regions of flash memory are unpredictable until the @samp{vFlashDone}
33762 request is completed.
33764 @item vKill;@var{pid}
33765 @cindex @samp{vKill} packet
33766 Kill the process with the specified process ID. @var{pid} is a
33767 hexadecimal integer identifying the process. This packet is used in
33768 preference to @samp{k} when multiprocess protocol extensions are
33769 supported; see @ref{multiprocess extensions}.
33779 @item vRun;@var{filename}@r{[};@var{argument}@r{]}@dots{}
33780 @cindex @samp{vRun} packet
33781 Run the program @var{filename}, passing it each @var{argument} on its
33782 command line. The file and arguments are hex-encoded strings. If
33783 @var{filename} is an empty string, the stub may use a default program
33784 (e.g.@: the last program run). The program is created in the stopped
33787 @c FIXME: What about non-stop mode?
33789 This packet is only available in extended mode (@pxref{extended mode}).
33795 @item @r{Any stop packet}
33796 for success (@pxref{Stop Reply Packets})
33800 @anchor{vStopped packet}
33801 @cindex @samp{vStopped} packet
33803 In non-stop mode (@pxref{Remote Non-Stop}), acknowledge a previous stop
33804 reply and prompt for the stub to report another one.
33808 @item @r{Any stop packet}
33809 if there is another unreported stop event (@pxref{Stop Reply Packets})
33811 if there are no unreported stop events
33814 @item X @var{addr},@var{length}:@var{XX@dots{}}
33816 @cindex @samp{X} packet
33817 Write data to memory, where the data is transmitted in binary.
33818 @var{addr} is address, @var{length} is number of bytes,
33819 @samp{@var{XX}@dots{}} is binary data (@pxref{Binary Data}).
33829 @item z @var{type},@var{addr},@var{kind}
33830 @itemx Z @var{type},@var{addr},@var{kind}
33831 @anchor{insert breakpoint or watchpoint packet}
33832 @cindex @samp{z} packet
33833 @cindex @samp{Z} packets
33834 Insert (@samp{Z}) or remove (@samp{z}) a @var{type} breakpoint or
33835 watchpoint starting at address @var{address} of kind @var{kind}.
33837 Each breakpoint and watchpoint packet @var{type} is documented
33840 @emph{Implementation notes: A remote target shall return an empty string
33841 for an unrecognized breakpoint or watchpoint packet @var{type}. A
33842 remote target shall support either both or neither of a given
33843 @samp{Z@var{type}@dots{}} and @samp{z@var{type}@dots{}} packet pair. To
33844 avoid potential problems with duplicate packets, the operations should
33845 be implemented in an idempotent way.}
33847 @item z0,@var{addr},@var{kind}
33848 @itemx Z0,@var{addr},@var{kind}
33849 @cindex @samp{z0} packet
33850 @cindex @samp{Z0} packet
33851 Insert (@samp{Z0}) or remove (@samp{z0}) a memory breakpoint at address
33852 @var{addr} of type @var{kind}.
33854 A memory breakpoint is implemented by replacing the instruction at
33855 @var{addr} with a software breakpoint or trap instruction. The
33856 @var{kind} is target-specific and typically indicates the size of
33857 the breakpoint in bytes that should be inserted. E.g., the @sc{arm}
33858 and @sc{mips} can insert either a 2 or 4 byte breakpoint. Some
33859 architectures have additional meanings for @var{kind};
33860 see @ref{Architecture-Specific Protocol Details}.
33862 @emph{Implementation note: It is possible for a target to copy or move
33863 code that contains memory breakpoints (e.g., when implementing
33864 overlays). The behavior of this packet, in the presence of such a
33865 target, is not defined.}
33877 @item z1,@var{addr},@var{kind}
33878 @itemx Z1,@var{addr},@var{kind}
33879 @cindex @samp{z1} packet
33880 @cindex @samp{Z1} packet
33881 Insert (@samp{Z1}) or remove (@samp{z1}) a hardware breakpoint at
33882 address @var{addr}.
33884 A hardware breakpoint is implemented using a mechanism that is not
33885 dependant on being able to modify the target's memory. @var{kind}
33886 has the same meaning as in @samp{Z0} packets.
33888 @emph{Implementation note: A hardware breakpoint is not affected by code
33901 @item z2,@var{addr},@var{kind}
33902 @itemx Z2,@var{addr},@var{kind}
33903 @cindex @samp{z2} packet
33904 @cindex @samp{Z2} packet
33905 Insert (@samp{Z2}) or remove (@samp{z2}) a write watchpoint at @var{addr}.
33906 @var{kind} is interpreted as the number of bytes to watch.
33918 @item z3,@var{addr},@var{kind}
33919 @itemx Z3,@var{addr},@var{kind}
33920 @cindex @samp{z3} packet
33921 @cindex @samp{Z3} packet
33922 Insert (@samp{Z3}) or remove (@samp{z3}) a read watchpoint at @var{addr}.
33923 @var{kind} is interpreted as the number of bytes to watch.
33935 @item z4,@var{addr},@var{kind}
33936 @itemx Z4,@var{addr},@var{kind}
33937 @cindex @samp{z4} packet
33938 @cindex @samp{Z4} packet
33939 Insert (@samp{Z4}) or remove (@samp{z4}) an access watchpoint at @var{addr}.
33940 @var{kind} is interpreted as the number of bytes to watch.
33954 @node Stop Reply Packets
33955 @section Stop Reply Packets
33956 @cindex stop reply packets
33958 The @samp{C}, @samp{c}, @samp{S}, @samp{s}, @samp{vCont},
33959 @samp{vAttach}, @samp{vRun}, @samp{vStopped}, and @samp{?} packets can
33960 receive any of the below as a reply. Except for @samp{?}
33961 and @samp{vStopped}, that reply is only returned
33962 when the target halts. In the below the exact meaning of @dfn{signal
33963 number} is defined by the header @file{include/gdb/signals.h} in the
33964 @value{GDBN} source code.
33966 As in the description of request packets, we include spaces in the
33967 reply templates for clarity; these are not part of the reply packet's
33968 syntax. No @value{GDBN} stop reply packet uses spaces to separate its
33974 The program received signal number @var{AA} (a two-digit hexadecimal
33975 number). This is equivalent to a @samp{T} response with no
33976 @var{n}:@var{r} pairs.
33978 @item T @var{AA} @var{n1}:@var{r1};@var{n2}:@var{r2};@dots{}
33979 @cindex @samp{T} packet reply
33980 The program received signal number @var{AA} (a two-digit hexadecimal
33981 number). This is equivalent to an @samp{S} response, except that the
33982 @samp{@var{n}:@var{r}} pairs can carry values of important registers
33983 and other information directly in the stop reply packet, reducing
33984 round-trip latency. Single-step and breakpoint traps are reported
33985 this way. Each @samp{@var{n}:@var{r}} pair is interpreted as follows:
33989 If @var{n} is a hexadecimal number, it is a register number, and the
33990 corresponding @var{r} gives that register's value. @var{r} is a
33991 series of bytes in target byte order, with each byte given by a
33992 two-digit hex number.
33995 If @var{n} is @samp{thread}, then @var{r} is the @var{thread-id} of
33996 the stopped thread, as specified in @ref{thread-id syntax}.
33999 If @var{n} is @samp{core}, then @var{r} is the hexadecimal number of
34000 the core on which the stop event was detected.
34003 If @var{n} is a recognized @dfn{stop reason}, it describes a more
34004 specific event that stopped the target. The currently defined stop
34005 reasons are listed below. @var{aa} should be @samp{05}, the trap
34006 signal. At most one stop reason should be present.
34009 Otherwise, @value{GDBN} should ignore this @samp{@var{n}:@var{r}} pair
34010 and go on to the next; this allows us to extend the protocol in the
34014 The currently defined stop reasons are:
34020 The packet indicates a watchpoint hit, and @var{r} is the data address, in
34023 @cindex shared library events, remote reply
34025 The packet indicates that the loaded libraries have changed.
34026 @value{GDBN} should use @samp{qXfer:libraries:read} to fetch a new
34027 list of loaded libraries. @var{r} is ignored.
34029 @cindex replay log events, remote reply
34031 The packet indicates that the target cannot continue replaying
34032 logged execution events, because it has reached the end (or the
34033 beginning when executing backward) of the log. The value of @var{r}
34034 will be either @samp{begin} or @samp{end}. @xref{Reverse Execution},
34035 for more information.
34039 @itemx W @var{AA} ; process:@var{pid}
34040 The process exited, and @var{AA} is the exit status. This is only
34041 applicable to certain targets.
34043 The second form of the response, including the process ID of the exited
34044 process, can be used only when @value{GDBN} has reported support for
34045 multiprocess protocol extensions; see @ref{multiprocess extensions}.
34046 The @var{pid} is formatted as a big-endian hex string.
34049 @itemx X @var{AA} ; process:@var{pid}
34050 The process terminated with signal @var{AA}.
34052 The second form of the response, including the process ID of the
34053 terminated process, can be used only when @value{GDBN} has reported
34054 support for multiprocess protocol extensions; see @ref{multiprocess
34055 extensions}. The @var{pid} is formatted as a big-endian hex string.
34057 @item O @var{XX}@dots{}
34058 @samp{@var{XX}@dots{}} is hex encoding of @sc{ascii} data, to be
34059 written as the program's console output. This can happen at any time
34060 while the program is running and the debugger should continue to wait
34061 for @samp{W}, @samp{T}, etc. This reply is not permitted in non-stop mode.
34063 @item F @var{call-id},@var{parameter}@dots{}
34064 @var{call-id} is the identifier which says which host system call should
34065 be called. This is just the name of the function. Translation into the
34066 correct system call is only applicable as it's defined in @value{GDBN}.
34067 @xref{File-I/O Remote Protocol Extension}, for a list of implemented
34070 @samp{@var{parameter}@dots{}} is a list of parameters as defined for
34071 this very system call.
34073 The target replies with this packet when it expects @value{GDBN} to
34074 call a host system call on behalf of the target. @value{GDBN} replies
34075 with an appropriate @samp{F} packet and keeps up waiting for the next
34076 reply packet from the target. The latest @samp{C}, @samp{c}, @samp{S}
34077 or @samp{s} action is expected to be continued. @xref{File-I/O Remote
34078 Protocol Extension}, for more details.
34082 @node General Query Packets
34083 @section General Query Packets
34084 @cindex remote query requests
34086 Packets starting with @samp{q} are @dfn{general query packets};
34087 packets starting with @samp{Q} are @dfn{general set packets}. General
34088 query and set packets are a semi-unified form for retrieving and
34089 sending information to and from the stub.
34091 The initial letter of a query or set packet is followed by a name
34092 indicating what sort of thing the packet applies to. For example,
34093 @value{GDBN} may use a @samp{qSymbol} packet to exchange symbol
34094 definitions with the stub. These packet names follow some
34099 The name must not contain commas, colons or semicolons.
34101 Most @value{GDBN} query and set packets have a leading upper case
34104 The names of custom vendor packets should use a company prefix, in
34105 lower case, followed by a period. For example, packets designed at
34106 the Acme Corporation might begin with @samp{qacme.foo} (for querying
34107 foos) or @samp{Qacme.bar} (for setting bars).
34110 The name of a query or set packet should be separated from any
34111 parameters by a @samp{:}; the parameters themselves should be
34112 separated by @samp{,} or @samp{;}. Stubs must be careful to match the
34113 full packet name, and check for a separator or the end of the packet,
34114 in case two packet names share a common prefix. New packets should not begin
34115 with @samp{qC}, @samp{qP}, or @samp{qL}@footnote{The @samp{qP} and @samp{qL}
34116 packets predate these conventions, and have arguments without any terminator
34117 for the packet name; we suspect they are in widespread use in places that
34118 are difficult to upgrade. The @samp{qC} packet has no arguments, but some
34119 existing stubs (e.g.@: RedBoot) are known to not check for the end of the
34122 Like the descriptions of the other packets, each description here
34123 has a template showing the packet's overall syntax, followed by an
34124 explanation of the packet's meaning. We include spaces in some of the
34125 templates for clarity; these are not part of the packet's syntax. No
34126 @value{GDBN} packet uses spaces to separate its components.
34128 Here are the currently defined query and set packets:
34132 @item QAllow:@var{op}:@var{val}@dots{}
34133 @cindex @samp{QAllow} packet
34134 Specify which operations @value{GDBN} expects to request of the
34135 target, as a semicolon-separated list of operation name and value
34136 pairs. Possible values for @var{op} include @samp{WriteReg},
34137 @samp{WriteMem}, @samp{InsertBreak}, @samp{InsertTrace},
34138 @samp{InsertFastTrace}, and @samp{Stop}. @var{val} is either 0,
34139 indicating that @value{GDBN} will not request the operation, or 1,
34140 indicating that it may. (The target can then use this to set up its
34141 own internals optimally, for instance if the debugger never expects to
34142 insert breakpoints, it may not need to install its own trap handler.)
34145 @cindex current thread, remote request
34146 @cindex @samp{qC} packet
34147 Return the current thread ID.
34151 @item QC @var{thread-id}
34152 Where @var{thread-id} is a thread ID as documented in
34153 @ref{thread-id syntax}.
34154 @item @r{(anything else)}
34155 Any other reply implies the old thread ID.
34158 @item qCRC:@var{addr},@var{length}
34159 @cindex CRC of memory block, remote request
34160 @cindex @samp{qCRC} packet
34161 Compute the CRC checksum of a block of memory using CRC-32 defined in
34162 IEEE 802.3. The CRC is computed byte at a time, taking the most
34163 significant bit of each byte first. The initial pattern code
34164 @code{0xffffffff} is used to ensure leading zeros affect the CRC.
34166 @emph{Note:} This is the same CRC used in validating separate debug
34167 files (@pxref{Separate Debug Files, , Debugging Information in Separate
34168 Files}). However the algorithm is slightly different. When validating
34169 separate debug files, the CRC is computed taking the @emph{least}
34170 significant bit of each byte first, and the final result is inverted to
34171 detect trailing zeros.
34176 An error (such as memory fault)
34177 @item C @var{crc32}
34178 The specified memory region's checksum is @var{crc32}.
34181 @item QDisableRandomization:@var{value}
34182 @cindex disable address space randomization, remote request
34183 @cindex @samp{QDisableRandomization} packet
34184 Some target operating systems will randomize the virtual address space
34185 of the inferior process as a security feature, but provide a feature
34186 to disable such randomization, e.g.@: to allow for a more deterministic
34187 debugging experience. On such systems, this packet with a @var{value}
34188 of 1 directs the target to disable address space randomization for
34189 processes subsequently started via @samp{vRun} packets, while a packet
34190 with a @var{value} of 0 tells the target to enable address space
34193 This packet is only available in extended mode (@pxref{extended mode}).
34198 The request succeeded.
34201 An error occurred. @var{nn} are hex digits.
34204 An empty reply indicates that @samp{QDisableRandomization} is not supported
34208 This packet is not probed by default; the remote stub must request it,
34209 by supplying an appropriate @samp{qSupported} response (@pxref{qSupported}).
34210 This should only be done on targets that actually support disabling
34211 address space randomization.
34214 @itemx qsThreadInfo
34215 @cindex list active threads, remote request
34216 @cindex @samp{qfThreadInfo} packet
34217 @cindex @samp{qsThreadInfo} packet
34218 Obtain a list of all active thread IDs from the target (OS). Since there
34219 may be too many active threads to fit into one reply packet, this query
34220 works iteratively: it may require more than one query/reply sequence to
34221 obtain the entire list of threads. The first query of the sequence will
34222 be the @samp{qfThreadInfo} query; subsequent queries in the
34223 sequence will be the @samp{qsThreadInfo} query.
34225 NOTE: This packet replaces the @samp{qL} query (see below).
34229 @item m @var{thread-id}
34231 @item m @var{thread-id},@var{thread-id}@dots{}
34232 a comma-separated list of thread IDs
34234 (lower case letter @samp{L}) denotes end of list.
34237 In response to each query, the target will reply with a list of one or
34238 more thread IDs, separated by commas.
34239 @value{GDBN} will respond to each reply with a request for more thread
34240 ids (using the @samp{qs} form of the query), until the target responds
34241 with @samp{l} (lower-case ell, for @dfn{last}).
34242 Refer to @ref{thread-id syntax}, for the format of the @var{thread-id}
34245 @item qGetTLSAddr:@var{thread-id},@var{offset},@var{lm}
34246 @cindex get thread-local storage address, remote request
34247 @cindex @samp{qGetTLSAddr} packet
34248 Fetch the address associated with thread local storage specified
34249 by @var{thread-id}, @var{offset}, and @var{lm}.
34251 @var{thread-id} is the thread ID associated with the
34252 thread for which to fetch the TLS address. @xref{thread-id syntax}.
34254 @var{offset} is the (big endian, hex encoded) offset associated with the
34255 thread local variable. (This offset is obtained from the debug
34256 information associated with the variable.)
34258 @var{lm} is the (big endian, hex encoded) OS/ABI-specific encoding of the
34259 load module associated with the thread local storage. For example,
34260 a @sc{gnu}/Linux system will pass the link map address of the shared
34261 object associated with the thread local storage under consideration.
34262 Other operating environments may choose to represent the load module
34263 differently, so the precise meaning of this parameter will vary.
34267 @item @var{XX}@dots{}
34268 Hex encoded (big endian) bytes representing the address of the thread
34269 local storage requested.
34272 An error occurred. @var{nn} are hex digits.
34275 An empty reply indicates that @samp{qGetTLSAddr} is not supported by the stub.
34278 @item qGetTIBAddr:@var{thread-id}
34279 @cindex get thread information block address
34280 @cindex @samp{qGetTIBAddr} packet
34281 Fetch address of the Windows OS specific Thread Information Block.
34283 @var{thread-id} is the thread ID associated with the thread.
34287 @item @var{XX}@dots{}
34288 Hex encoded (big endian) bytes representing the linear address of the
34289 thread information block.
34292 An error occured. This means that either the thread was not found, or the
34293 address could not be retrieved.
34296 An empty reply indicates that @samp{qGetTIBAddr} is not supported by the stub.
34299 @item qL @var{startflag} @var{threadcount} @var{nextthread}
34300 Obtain thread information from RTOS. Where: @var{startflag} (one hex
34301 digit) is one to indicate the first query and zero to indicate a
34302 subsequent query; @var{threadcount} (two hex digits) is the maximum
34303 number of threads the response packet can contain; and @var{nextthread}
34304 (eight hex digits), for subsequent queries (@var{startflag} is zero), is
34305 returned in the response as @var{argthread}.
34307 Don't use this packet; use the @samp{qfThreadInfo} query instead (see above).
34311 @item qM @var{count} @var{done} @var{argthread} @var{thread}@dots{}
34312 Where: @var{count} (two hex digits) is the number of threads being
34313 returned; @var{done} (one hex digit) is zero to indicate more threads
34314 and one indicates no further threads; @var{argthreadid} (eight hex
34315 digits) is @var{nextthread} from the request packet; @var{thread}@dots{}
34316 is a sequence of thread IDs from the target. @var{threadid} (eight hex
34317 digits). See @code{remote.c:parse_threadlist_response()}.
34321 @cindex section offsets, remote request
34322 @cindex @samp{qOffsets} packet
34323 Get section offsets that the target used when relocating the downloaded
34328 @item Text=@var{xxx};Data=@var{yyy}@r{[};Bss=@var{zzz}@r{]}
34329 Relocate the @code{Text} section by @var{xxx} from its original address.
34330 Relocate the @code{Data} section by @var{yyy} from its original address.
34331 If the object file format provides segment information (e.g.@: @sc{elf}
34332 @samp{PT_LOAD} program headers), @value{GDBN} will relocate entire
34333 segments by the supplied offsets.
34335 @emph{Note: while a @code{Bss} offset may be included in the response,
34336 @value{GDBN} ignores this and instead applies the @code{Data} offset
34337 to the @code{Bss} section.}
34339 @item TextSeg=@var{xxx}@r{[};DataSeg=@var{yyy}@r{]}
34340 Relocate the first segment of the object file, which conventionally
34341 contains program code, to a starting address of @var{xxx}. If
34342 @samp{DataSeg} is specified, relocate the second segment, which
34343 conventionally contains modifiable data, to a starting address of
34344 @var{yyy}. @value{GDBN} will report an error if the object file
34345 does not contain segment information, or does not contain at least
34346 as many segments as mentioned in the reply. Extra segments are
34347 kept at fixed offsets relative to the last relocated segment.
34350 @item qP @var{mode} @var{thread-id}
34351 @cindex thread information, remote request
34352 @cindex @samp{qP} packet
34353 Returns information on @var{thread-id}. Where: @var{mode} is a hex
34354 encoded 32 bit mode; @var{thread-id} is a thread ID
34355 (@pxref{thread-id syntax}).
34357 Don't use this packet; use the @samp{qThreadExtraInfo} query instead
34360 Reply: see @code{remote.c:remote_unpack_thread_info_response()}.
34364 @cindex non-stop mode, remote request
34365 @cindex @samp{QNonStop} packet
34367 Enter non-stop (@samp{QNonStop:1}) or all-stop (@samp{QNonStop:0}) mode.
34368 @xref{Remote Non-Stop}, for more information.
34373 The request succeeded.
34376 An error occurred. @var{nn} are hex digits.
34379 An empty reply indicates that @samp{QNonStop} is not supported by
34383 This packet is not probed by default; the remote stub must request it,
34384 by supplying an appropriate @samp{qSupported} response (@pxref{qSupported}).
34385 Use of this packet is controlled by the @code{set non-stop} command;
34386 @pxref{Non-Stop Mode}.
34388 @item QPassSignals: @var{signal} @r{[};@var{signal}@r{]}@dots{}
34389 @cindex pass signals to inferior, remote request
34390 @cindex @samp{QPassSignals} packet
34391 @anchor{QPassSignals}
34392 Each listed @var{signal} should be passed directly to the inferior process.
34393 Signals are numbered identically to continue packets and stop replies
34394 (@pxref{Stop Reply Packets}). Each @var{signal} list item should be
34395 strictly greater than the previous item. These signals do not need to stop
34396 the inferior, or be reported to @value{GDBN}. All other signals should be
34397 reported to @value{GDBN}. Multiple @samp{QPassSignals} packets do not
34398 combine; any earlier @samp{QPassSignals} list is completely replaced by the
34399 new list. This packet improves performance when using @samp{handle
34400 @var{signal} nostop noprint pass}.
34405 The request succeeded.
34408 An error occurred. @var{nn} are hex digits.
34411 An empty reply indicates that @samp{QPassSignals} is not supported by
34415 Use of this packet is controlled by the @code{set remote pass-signals}
34416 command (@pxref{Remote Configuration, set remote pass-signals}).
34417 This packet is not probed by default; the remote stub must request it,
34418 by supplying an appropriate @samp{qSupported} response (@pxref{qSupported}).
34420 @item qRcmd,@var{command}
34421 @cindex execute remote command, remote request
34422 @cindex @samp{qRcmd} packet
34423 @var{command} (hex encoded) is passed to the local interpreter for
34424 execution. Invalid commands should be reported using the output
34425 string. Before the final result packet, the target may also respond
34426 with a number of intermediate @samp{O@var{output}} console output
34427 packets. @emph{Implementors should note that providing access to a
34428 stubs's interpreter may have security implications}.
34433 A command response with no output.
34435 A command response with the hex encoded output string @var{OUTPUT}.
34437 Indicate a badly formed request.
34439 An empty reply indicates that @samp{qRcmd} is not recognized.
34442 (Note that the @code{qRcmd} packet's name is separated from the
34443 command by a @samp{,}, not a @samp{:}, contrary to the naming
34444 conventions above. Please don't use this packet as a model for new
34447 @item qSearch:memory:@var{address};@var{length};@var{search-pattern}
34448 @cindex searching memory, in remote debugging
34449 @cindex @samp{qSearch:memory} packet
34450 @anchor{qSearch memory}
34451 Search @var{length} bytes at @var{address} for @var{search-pattern}.
34452 @var{address} and @var{length} are encoded in hex.
34453 @var{search-pattern} is a sequence of bytes, hex encoded.
34458 The pattern was not found.
34460 The pattern was found at @var{address}.
34462 A badly formed request or an error was encountered while searching memory.
34464 An empty reply indicates that @samp{qSearch:memory} is not recognized.
34467 @item QStartNoAckMode
34468 @cindex @samp{QStartNoAckMode} packet
34469 @anchor{QStartNoAckMode}
34470 Request that the remote stub disable the normal @samp{+}/@samp{-}
34471 protocol acknowledgments (@pxref{Packet Acknowledgment}).
34476 The stub has switched to no-acknowledgment mode.
34477 @value{GDBN} acknowledges this reponse,
34478 but neither the stub nor @value{GDBN} shall send or expect further
34479 @samp{+}/@samp{-} acknowledgments in the current connection.
34481 An empty reply indicates that the stub does not support no-acknowledgment mode.
34484 @item qSupported @r{[}:@var{gdbfeature} @r{[};@var{gdbfeature}@r{]}@dots{} @r{]}
34485 @cindex supported packets, remote query
34486 @cindex features of the remote protocol
34487 @cindex @samp{qSupported} packet
34488 @anchor{qSupported}
34489 Tell the remote stub about features supported by @value{GDBN}, and
34490 query the stub for features it supports. This packet allows
34491 @value{GDBN} and the remote stub to take advantage of each others'
34492 features. @samp{qSupported} also consolidates multiple feature probes
34493 at startup, to improve @value{GDBN} performance---a single larger
34494 packet performs better than multiple smaller probe packets on
34495 high-latency links. Some features may enable behavior which must not
34496 be on by default, e.g.@: because it would confuse older clients or
34497 stubs. Other features may describe packets which could be
34498 automatically probed for, but are not. These features must be
34499 reported before @value{GDBN} will use them. This ``default
34500 unsupported'' behavior is not appropriate for all packets, but it
34501 helps to keep the initial connection time under control with new
34502 versions of @value{GDBN} which support increasing numbers of packets.
34506 @item @var{stubfeature} @r{[};@var{stubfeature}@r{]}@dots{}
34507 The stub supports or does not support each returned @var{stubfeature},
34508 depending on the form of each @var{stubfeature} (see below for the
34511 An empty reply indicates that @samp{qSupported} is not recognized,
34512 or that no features needed to be reported to @value{GDBN}.
34515 The allowed forms for each feature (either a @var{gdbfeature} in the
34516 @samp{qSupported} packet, or a @var{stubfeature} in the response)
34520 @item @var{name}=@var{value}
34521 The remote protocol feature @var{name} is supported, and associated
34522 with the specified @var{value}. The format of @var{value} depends
34523 on the feature, but it must not include a semicolon.
34525 The remote protocol feature @var{name} is supported, and does not
34526 need an associated value.
34528 The remote protocol feature @var{name} is not supported.
34530 The remote protocol feature @var{name} may be supported, and
34531 @value{GDBN} should auto-detect support in some other way when it is
34532 needed. This form will not be used for @var{gdbfeature} notifications,
34533 but may be used for @var{stubfeature} responses.
34536 Whenever the stub receives a @samp{qSupported} request, the
34537 supplied set of @value{GDBN} features should override any previous
34538 request. This allows @value{GDBN} to put the stub in a known
34539 state, even if the stub had previously been communicating with
34540 a different version of @value{GDBN}.
34542 The following values of @var{gdbfeature} (for the packet sent by @value{GDBN})
34547 This feature indicates whether @value{GDBN} supports multiprocess
34548 extensions to the remote protocol. @value{GDBN} does not use such
34549 extensions unless the stub also reports that it supports them by
34550 including @samp{multiprocess+} in its @samp{qSupported} reply.
34551 @xref{multiprocess extensions}, for details.
34554 This feature indicates that @value{GDBN} supports the XML target
34555 description. If the stub sees @samp{xmlRegisters=} with target
34556 specific strings separated by a comma, it will report register
34560 This feature indicates whether @value{GDBN} supports the
34561 @samp{qRelocInsn} packet (@pxref{Tracepoint Packets,,Relocate
34562 instruction reply packet}).
34565 Stubs should ignore any unknown values for
34566 @var{gdbfeature}. Any @value{GDBN} which sends a @samp{qSupported}
34567 packet supports receiving packets of unlimited length (earlier
34568 versions of @value{GDBN} may reject overly long responses). Additional values
34569 for @var{gdbfeature} may be defined in the future to let the stub take
34570 advantage of new features in @value{GDBN}, e.g.@: incompatible
34571 improvements in the remote protocol---the @samp{multiprocess} feature is
34572 an example of such a feature. The stub's reply should be independent
34573 of the @var{gdbfeature} entries sent by @value{GDBN}; first @value{GDBN}
34574 describes all the features it supports, and then the stub replies with
34575 all the features it supports.
34577 Similarly, @value{GDBN} will silently ignore unrecognized stub feature
34578 responses, as long as each response uses one of the standard forms.
34580 Some features are flags. A stub which supports a flag feature
34581 should respond with a @samp{+} form response. Other features
34582 require values, and the stub should respond with an @samp{=}
34585 Each feature has a default value, which @value{GDBN} will use if
34586 @samp{qSupported} is not available or if the feature is not mentioned
34587 in the @samp{qSupported} response. The default values are fixed; a
34588 stub is free to omit any feature responses that match the defaults.
34590 Not all features can be probed, but for those which can, the probing
34591 mechanism is useful: in some cases, a stub's internal
34592 architecture may not allow the protocol layer to know some information
34593 about the underlying target in advance. This is especially common in
34594 stubs which may be configured for multiple targets.
34596 These are the currently defined stub features and their properties:
34598 @multitable @columnfractions 0.35 0.2 0.12 0.2
34599 @c NOTE: The first row should be @headitem, but we do not yet require
34600 @c a new enough version of Texinfo (4.7) to use @headitem.
34602 @tab Value Required
34606 @item @samp{PacketSize}
34611 @item @samp{qXfer:auxv:read}
34616 @item @samp{qXfer:features:read}
34621 @item @samp{qXfer:libraries:read}
34626 @item @samp{qXfer:memory-map:read}
34631 @item @samp{qXfer:sdata:read}
34636 @item @samp{qXfer:spu:read}
34641 @item @samp{qXfer:spu:write}
34646 @item @samp{qXfer:siginfo:read}
34651 @item @samp{qXfer:siginfo:write}
34656 @item @samp{qXfer:threads:read}
34661 @item @samp{qXfer:traceframe-info:read}
34666 @item @samp{qXfer:fdpic:read}
34671 @item @samp{QNonStop}
34676 @item @samp{QPassSignals}
34681 @item @samp{QStartNoAckMode}
34686 @item @samp{multiprocess}
34691 @item @samp{ConditionalTracepoints}
34696 @item @samp{ReverseContinue}
34701 @item @samp{ReverseStep}
34706 @item @samp{TracepointSource}
34711 @item @samp{QAllow}
34716 @item @samp{QDisableRandomization}
34721 @item @samp{EnableDisableTracepoints}
34726 @item @samp{tracenz}
34733 These are the currently defined stub features, in more detail:
34736 @cindex packet size, remote protocol
34737 @item PacketSize=@var{bytes}
34738 The remote stub can accept packets up to at least @var{bytes} in
34739 length. @value{GDBN} will send packets up to this size for bulk
34740 transfers, and will never send larger packets. This is a limit on the
34741 data characters in the packet, including the frame and checksum.
34742 There is no trailing NUL byte in a remote protocol packet; if the stub
34743 stores packets in a NUL-terminated format, it should allow an extra
34744 byte in its buffer for the NUL. If this stub feature is not supported,
34745 @value{GDBN} guesses based on the size of the @samp{g} packet response.
34747 @item qXfer:auxv:read
34748 The remote stub understands the @samp{qXfer:auxv:read} packet
34749 (@pxref{qXfer auxiliary vector read}).
34751 @item qXfer:features:read
34752 The remote stub understands the @samp{qXfer:features:read} packet
34753 (@pxref{qXfer target description read}).
34755 @item qXfer:libraries:read
34756 The remote stub understands the @samp{qXfer:libraries:read} packet
34757 (@pxref{qXfer library list read}).
34759 @item qXfer:memory-map:read
34760 The remote stub understands the @samp{qXfer:memory-map:read} packet
34761 (@pxref{qXfer memory map read}).
34763 @item qXfer:sdata:read
34764 The remote stub understands the @samp{qXfer:sdata:read} packet
34765 (@pxref{qXfer sdata read}).
34767 @item qXfer:spu:read
34768 The remote stub understands the @samp{qXfer:spu:read} packet
34769 (@pxref{qXfer spu read}).
34771 @item qXfer:spu:write
34772 The remote stub understands the @samp{qXfer:spu:write} packet
34773 (@pxref{qXfer spu write}).
34775 @item qXfer:siginfo:read
34776 The remote stub understands the @samp{qXfer:siginfo:read} packet
34777 (@pxref{qXfer siginfo read}).
34779 @item qXfer:siginfo:write
34780 The remote stub understands the @samp{qXfer:siginfo:write} packet
34781 (@pxref{qXfer siginfo write}).
34783 @item qXfer:threads:read
34784 The remote stub understands the @samp{qXfer:threads:read} packet
34785 (@pxref{qXfer threads read}).
34787 @item qXfer:traceframe-info:read
34788 The remote stub understands the @samp{qXfer:traceframe-info:read}
34789 packet (@pxref{qXfer traceframe info read}).
34791 @item qXfer:fdpic:read
34792 The remote stub understands the @samp{qXfer:fdpic:read}
34793 packet (@pxref{qXfer fdpic loadmap read}).
34796 The remote stub understands the @samp{QNonStop} packet
34797 (@pxref{QNonStop}).
34800 The remote stub understands the @samp{QPassSignals} packet
34801 (@pxref{QPassSignals}).
34803 @item QStartNoAckMode
34804 The remote stub understands the @samp{QStartNoAckMode} packet and
34805 prefers to operate in no-acknowledgment mode. @xref{Packet Acknowledgment}.
34808 @anchor{multiprocess extensions}
34809 @cindex multiprocess extensions, in remote protocol
34810 The remote stub understands the multiprocess extensions to the remote
34811 protocol syntax. The multiprocess extensions affect the syntax of
34812 thread IDs in both packets and replies (@pxref{thread-id syntax}), and
34813 add process IDs to the @samp{D} packet and @samp{W} and @samp{X}
34814 replies. Note that reporting this feature indicates support for the
34815 syntactic extensions only, not that the stub necessarily supports
34816 debugging of more than one process at a time. The stub must not use
34817 multiprocess extensions in packet replies unless @value{GDBN} has also
34818 indicated it supports them in its @samp{qSupported} request.
34820 @item qXfer:osdata:read
34821 The remote stub understands the @samp{qXfer:osdata:read} packet
34822 ((@pxref{qXfer osdata read}).
34824 @item ConditionalTracepoints
34825 The remote stub accepts and implements conditional expressions defined
34826 for tracepoints (@pxref{Tracepoint Conditions}).
34828 @item ReverseContinue
34829 The remote stub accepts and implements the reverse continue packet
34833 The remote stub accepts and implements the reverse step packet
34836 @item TracepointSource
34837 The remote stub understands the @samp{QTDPsrc} packet that supplies
34838 the source form of tracepoint definitions.
34841 The remote stub understands the @samp{QAllow} packet.
34843 @item QDisableRandomization
34844 The remote stub understands the @samp{QDisableRandomization} packet.
34846 @item StaticTracepoint
34847 @cindex static tracepoints, in remote protocol
34848 The remote stub supports static tracepoints.
34850 @item EnableDisableTracepoints
34851 The remote stub supports the @samp{QTEnable} (@pxref{QTEnable}) and
34852 @samp{QTDisable} (@pxref{QTDisable}) packets that allow tracepoints
34853 to be enabled and disabled while a trace experiment is running.
34856 @cindex string tracing, in remote protocol
34857 The remote stub supports the @samp{tracenz} bytecode for collecting strings.
34858 See @ref{Bytecode Descriptions} for details about the bytecode.
34863 @cindex symbol lookup, remote request
34864 @cindex @samp{qSymbol} packet
34865 Notify the target that @value{GDBN} is prepared to serve symbol lookup
34866 requests. Accept requests from the target for the values of symbols.
34871 The target does not need to look up any (more) symbols.
34872 @item qSymbol:@var{sym_name}
34873 The target requests the value of symbol @var{sym_name} (hex encoded).
34874 @value{GDBN} may provide the value by using the
34875 @samp{qSymbol:@var{sym_value}:@var{sym_name}} message, described
34879 @item qSymbol:@var{sym_value}:@var{sym_name}
34880 Set the value of @var{sym_name} to @var{sym_value}.
34882 @var{sym_name} (hex encoded) is the name of a symbol whose value the
34883 target has previously requested.
34885 @var{sym_value} (hex) is the value for symbol @var{sym_name}. If
34886 @value{GDBN} cannot supply a value for @var{sym_name}, then this field
34892 The target does not need to look up any (more) symbols.
34893 @item qSymbol:@var{sym_name}
34894 The target requests the value of a new symbol @var{sym_name} (hex
34895 encoded). @value{GDBN} will continue to supply the values of symbols
34896 (if available), until the target ceases to request them.
34901 @item QTDisconnected
34908 @xref{Tracepoint Packets}.
34910 @item qThreadExtraInfo,@var{thread-id}
34911 @cindex thread attributes info, remote request
34912 @cindex @samp{qThreadExtraInfo} packet
34913 Obtain a printable string description of a thread's attributes from
34914 the target OS. @var{thread-id} is a thread ID;
34915 see @ref{thread-id syntax}. This
34916 string may contain anything that the target OS thinks is interesting
34917 for @value{GDBN} to tell the user about the thread. The string is
34918 displayed in @value{GDBN}'s @code{info threads} display. Some
34919 examples of possible thread extra info strings are @samp{Runnable}, or
34920 @samp{Blocked on Mutex}.
34924 @item @var{XX}@dots{}
34925 Where @samp{@var{XX}@dots{}} is a hex encoding of @sc{ascii} data,
34926 comprising the printable string containing the extra information about
34927 the thread's attributes.
34930 (Note that the @code{qThreadExtraInfo} packet's name is separated from
34931 the command by a @samp{,}, not a @samp{:}, contrary to the naming
34932 conventions above. Please don't use this packet as a model for new
34949 @xref{Tracepoint Packets}.
34951 @item qXfer:@var{object}:read:@var{annex}:@var{offset},@var{length}
34952 @cindex read special object, remote request
34953 @cindex @samp{qXfer} packet
34954 @anchor{qXfer read}
34955 Read uninterpreted bytes from the target's special data area
34956 identified by the keyword @var{object}. Request @var{length} bytes
34957 starting at @var{offset} bytes into the data. The content and
34958 encoding of @var{annex} is specific to @var{object}; it can supply
34959 additional details about what data to access.
34961 Here are the specific requests of this form defined so far. All
34962 @samp{qXfer:@var{object}:read:@dots{}} requests use the same reply
34963 formats, listed below.
34966 @item qXfer:auxv:read::@var{offset},@var{length}
34967 @anchor{qXfer auxiliary vector read}
34968 Access the target's @dfn{auxiliary vector}. @xref{OS Information,
34969 auxiliary vector}. Note @var{annex} must be empty.
34971 This packet is not probed by default; the remote stub must request it,
34972 by supplying an appropriate @samp{qSupported} response (@pxref{qSupported}).
34974 @item qXfer:features:read:@var{annex}:@var{offset},@var{length}
34975 @anchor{qXfer target description read}
34976 Access the @dfn{target description}. @xref{Target Descriptions}. The
34977 annex specifies which XML document to access. The main description is
34978 always loaded from the @samp{target.xml} annex.
34980 This packet is not probed by default; the remote stub must request it,
34981 by supplying an appropriate @samp{qSupported} response (@pxref{qSupported}).
34983 @item qXfer:libraries:read:@var{annex}:@var{offset},@var{length}
34984 @anchor{qXfer library list read}
34985 Access the target's list of loaded libraries. @xref{Library List Format}.
34986 The annex part of the generic @samp{qXfer} packet must be empty
34987 (@pxref{qXfer read}).
34989 Targets which maintain a list of libraries in the program's memory do
34990 not need to implement this packet; it is designed for platforms where
34991 the operating system manages the list of loaded libraries.
34993 This packet is not probed by default; the remote stub must request it,
34994 by supplying an appropriate @samp{qSupported} response (@pxref{qSupported}).
34996 @item qXfer:memory-map:read::@var{offset},@var{length}
34997 @anchor{qXfer memory map read}
34998 Access the target's @dfn{memory-map}. @xref{Memory Map Format}. The
34999 annex part of the generic @samp{qXfer} packet must be empty
35000 (@pxref{qXfer read}).
35002 This packet is not probed by default; the remote stub must request it,
35003 by supplying an appropriate @samp{qSupported} response (@pxref{qSupported}).
35005 @item qXfer:sdata:read::@var{offset},@var{length}
35006 @anchor{qXfer sdata read}
35008 Read contents of the extra collected static tracepoint marker
35009 information. The annex part of the generic @samp{qXfer} packet must
35010 be empty (@pxref{qXfer read}). @xref{Tracepoint Actions,,Tracepoint
35013 This packet is not probed by default; the remote stub must request it,
35014 by supplying an appropriate @samp{qSupported} response
35015 (@pxref{qSupported}).
35017 @item qXfer:siginfo:read::@var{offset},@var{length}
35018 @anchor{qXfer siginfo read}
35019 Read contents of the extra signal information on the target
35020 system. The annex part of the generic @samp{qXfer} packet must be
35021 empty (@pxref{qXfer read}).
35023 This packet is not probed by default; the remote stub must request it,
35024 by supplying an appropriate @samp{qSupported} response
35025 (@pxref{qSupported}).
35027 @item qXfer:spu:read:@var{annex}:@var{offset},@var{length}
35028 @anchor{qXfer spu read}
35029 Read contents of an @code{spufs} file on the target system. The
35030 annex specifies which file to read; it must be of the form
35031 @file{@var{id}/@var{name}}, where @var{id} specifies an SPU context ID
35032 in the target process, and @var{name} identifes the @code{spufs} file
35033 in that context to be accessed.
35035 This packet is not probed by default; the remote stub must request it,
35036 by supplying an appropriate @samp{qSupported} response
35037 (@pxref{qSupported}).
35039 @item qXfer:threads:read::@var{offset},@var{length}
35040 @anchor{qXfer threads read}
35041 Access the list of threads on target. @xref{Thread List Format}. The
35042 annex part of the generic @samp{qXfer} packet must be empty
35043 (@pxref{qXfer read}).
35045 This packet is not probed by default; the remote stub must request it,
35046 by supplying an appropriate @samp{qSupported} response (@pxref{qSupported}).
35048 @item qXfer:traceframe-info:read::@var{offset},@var{length}
35049 @anchor{qXfer traceframe info read}
35051 Return a description of the current traceframe's contents.
35052 @xref{Traceframe Info Format}. The annex part of the generic
35053 @samp{qXfer} packet must be empty (@pxref{qXfer read}).
35055 This packet is not probed by default; the remote stub must request it,
35056 by supplying an appropriate @samp{qSupported} response (@pxref{qSupported}).
35058 @item qXfer:fdpic:read:@var{annex}:@var{offset},@var{length}
35059 @anchor{qXfer fdpic loadmap read}
35060 Read contents of @code{loadmap}s on the target system. The
35061 annex, either @samp{exec} or @samp{interp}, specifies which @code{loadmap},
35062 executable @code{loadmap} or interpreter @code{loadmap} to read.
35064 This packet is not probed by default; the remote stub must request it,
35065 by supplying an appropriate @samp{qSupported} response (@pxref{qSupported}).
35067 @item qXfer:osdata:read::@var{offset},@var{length}
35068 @anchor{qXfer osdata read}
35069 Access the target's @dfn{operating system information}.
35070 @xref{Operating System Information}.
35077 Data @var{data} (@pxref{Binary Data}) has been read from the
35078 target. There may be more data at a higher address (although
35079 it is permitted to return @samp{m} even for the last valid
35080 block of data, as long as at least one byte of data was read).
35081 @var{data} may have fewer bytes than the @var{length} in the
35085 Data @var{data} (@pxref{Binary Data}) has been read from the target.
35086 There is no more data to be read. @var{data} may have fewer bytes
35087 than the @var{length} in the request.
35090 The @var{offset} in the request is at the end of the data.
35091 There is no more data to be read.
35094 The request was malformed, or @var{annex} was invalid.
35097 The offset was invalid, or there was an error encountered reading the data.
35098 @var{nn} is a hex-encoded @code{errno} value.
35101 An empty reply indicates the @var{object} string was not recognized by
35102 the stub, or that the object does not support reading.
35105 @item qXfer:@var{object}:write:@var{annex}:@var{offset}:@var{data}@dots{}
35106 @cindex write data into object, remote request
35107 @anchor{qXfer write}
35108 Write uninterpreted bytes into the target's special data area
35109 identified by the keyword @var{object}, starting at @var{offset} bytes
35110 into the data. @var{data}@dots{} is the binary-encoded data
35111 (@pxref{Binary Data}) to be written. The content and encoding of @var{annex}
35112 is specific to @var{object}; it can supply additional details about what data
35115 Here are the specific requests of this form defined so far. All
35116 @samp{qXfer:@var{object}:write:@dots{}} requests use the same reply
35117 formats, listed below.
35120 @item qXfer:siginfo:write::@var{offset}:@var{data}@dots{}
35121 @anchor{qXfer siginfo write}
35122 Write @var{data} to the extra signal information on the target system.
35123 The annex part of the generic @samp{qXfer} packet must be
35124 empty (@pxref{qXfer write}).
35126 This packet is not probed by default; the remote stub must request it,
35127 by supplying an appropriate @samp{qSupported} response
35128 (@pxref{qSupported}).
35130 @item qXfer:spu:write:@var{annex}:@var{offset}:@var{data}@dots{}
35131 @anchor{qXfer spu write}
35132 Write @var{data} to an @code{spufs} file on the target system. The
35133 annex specifies which file to write; it must be of the form
35134 @file{@var{id}/@var{name}}, where @var{id} specifies an SPU context ID
35135 in the target process, and @var{name} identifes the @code{spufs} file
35136 in that context to be accessed.
35138 This packet is not probed by default; the remote stub must request it,
35139 by supplying an appropriate @samp{qSupported} response (@pxref{qSupported}).
35145 @var{nn} (hex encoded) is the number of bytes written.
35146 This may be fewer bytes than supplied in the request.
35149 The request was malformed, or @var{annex} was invalid.
35152 The offset was invalid, or there was an error encountered writing the data.
35153 @var{nn} is a hex-encoded @code{errno} value.
35156 An empty reply indicates the @var{object} string was not
35157 recognized by the stub, or that the object does not support writing.
35160 @item qXfer:@var{object}:@var{operation}:@dots{}
35161 Requests of this form may be added in the future. When a stub does
35162 not recognize the @var{object} keyword, or its support for
35163 @var{object} does not recognize the @var{operation} keyword, the stub
35164 must respond with an empty packet.
35166 @item qAttached:@var{pid}
35167 @cindex query attached, remote request
35168 @cindex @samp{qAttached} packet
35169 Return an indication of whether the remote server attached to an
35170 existing process or created a new process. When the multiprocess
35171 protocol extensions are supported (@pxref{multiprocess extensions}),
35172 @var{pid} is an integer in hexadecimal format identifying the target
35173 process. Otherwise, @value{GDBN} will omit the @var{pid} field and
35174 the query packet will be simplified as @samp{qAttached}.
35176 This query is used, for example, to know whether the remote process
35177 should be detached or killed when a @value{GDBN} session is ended with
35178 the @code{quit} command.
35183 The remote server attached to an existing process.
35185 The remote server created a new process.
35187 A badly formed request or an error was encountered.
35192 @node Architecture-Specific Protocol Details
35193 @section Architecture-Specific Protocol Details
35195 This section describes how the remote protocol is applied to specific
35196 target architectures. Also see @ref{Standard Target Features}, for
35197 details of XML target descriptions for each architecture.
35201 @subsubsection Breakpoint Kinds
35203 These breakpoint kinds are defined for the @samp{Z0} and @samp{Z1} packets.
35208 16-bit Thumb mode breakpoint.
35211 32-bit Thumb mode (Thumb-2) breakpoint.
35214 32-bit ARM mode breakpoint.
35220 @subsubsection Register Packet Format
35222 The following @code{g}/@code{G} packets have previously been defined.
35223 In the below, some thirty-two bit registers are transferred as
35224 sixty-four bits. Those registers should be zero/sign extended (which?)
35225 to fill the space allocated. Register bytes are transferred in target
35226 byte order. The two nibbles within a register byte are transferred
35227 most-significant - least-significant.
35233 All registers are transferred as thirty-two bit quantities in the order:
35234 32 general-purpose; sr; lo; hi; bad; cause; pc; 32 floating-point
35235 registers; fsr; fir; fp.
35239 All registers are transferred as sixty-four bit quantities (including
35240 thirty-two bit registers such as @code{sr}). The ordering is the same
35245 @node Tracepoint Packets
35246 @section Tracepoint Packets
35247 @cindex tracepoint packets
35248 @cindex packets, tracepoint
35250 Here we describe the packets @value{GDBN} uses to implement
35251 tracepoints (@pxref{Tracepoints}).
35255 @item QTDP:@var{n}:@var{addr}:@var{ena}:@var{step}:@var{pass}[:F@var{flen}][:X@var{len},@var{bytes}]@r{[}-@r{]}
35256 Create a new tracepoint, number @var{n}, at @var{addr}. If @var{ena}
35257 is @samp{E}, then the tracepoint is enabled; if it is @samp{D}, then
35258 the tracepoint is disabled. @var{step} is the tracepoint's step
35259 count, and @var{pass} is its pass count. If an @samp{F} is present,
35260 then the tracepoint is to be a fast tracepoint, and the @var{flen} is
35261 the number of bytes that the target should copy elsewhere to make room
35262 for the tracepoint. If an @samp{X} is present, it introduces a
35263 tracepoint condition, which consists of a hexadecimal length, followed
35264 by a comma and hex-encoded bytes, in a manner similar to action
35265 encodings as described below. If the trailing @samp{-} is present,
35266 further @samp{QTDP} packets will follow to specify this tracepoint's
35272 The packet was understood and carried out.
35274 @xref{Tracepoint Packets,,Relocate instruction reply packet}.
35276 The packet was not recognized.
35279 @item QTDP:-@var{n}:@var{addr}:@r{[}S@r{]}@var{action}@dots{}@r{[}-@r{]}
35280 Define actions to be taken when a tracepoint is hit. @var{n} and
35281 @var{addr} must be the same as in the initial @samp{QTDP} packet for
35282 this tracepoint. This packet may only be sent immediately after
35283 another @samp{QTDP} packet that ended with a @samp{-}. If the
35284 trailing @samp{-} is present, further @samp{QTDP} packets will follow,
35285 specifying more actions for this tracepoint.
35287 In the series of action packets for a given tracepoint, at most one
35288 can have an @samp{S} before its first @var{action}. If such a packet
35289 is sent, it and the following packets define ``while-stepping''
35290 actions. Any prior packets define ordinary actions --- that is, those
35291 taken when the tracepoint is first hit. If no action packet has an
35292 @samp{S}, then all the packets in the series specify ordinary
35293 tracepoint actions.
35295 The @samp{@var{action}@dots{}} portion of the packet is a series of
35296 actions, concatenated without separators. Each action has one of the
35302 Collect the registers whose bits are set in @var{mask}. @var{mask} is
35303 a hexadecimal number whose @var{i}'th bit is set if register number
35304 @var{i} should be collected. (The least significant bit is numbered
35305 zero.) Note that @var{mask} may be any number of digits long; it may
35306 not fit in a 32-bit word.
35308 @item M @var{basereg},@var{offset},@var{len}
35309 Collect @var{len} bytes of memory starting at the address in register
35310 number @var{basereg}, plus @var{offset}. If @var{basereg} is
35311 @samp{-1}, then the range has a fixed address: @var{offset} is the
35312 address of the lowest byte to collect. The @var{basereg},
35313 @var{offset}, and @var{len} parameters are all unsigned hexadecimal
35314 values (the @samp{-1} value for @var{basereg} is a special case).
35316 @item X @var{len},@var{expr}
35317 Evaluate @var{expr}, whose length is @var{len}, and collect memory as
35318 it directs. @var{expr} is an agent expression, as described in
35319 @ref{Agent Expressions}. Each byte of the expression is encoded as a
35320 two-digit hex number in the packet; @var{len} is the number of bytes
35321 in the expression (and thus one-half the number of hex digits in the
35326 Any number of actions may be packed together in a single @samp{QTDP}
35327 packet, as long as the packet does not exceed the maximum packet
35328 length (400 bytes, for many stubs). There may be only one @samp{R}
35329 action per tracepoint, and it must precede any @samp{M} or @samp{X}
35330 actions. Any registers referred to by @samp{M} and @samp{X} actions
35331 must be collected by a preceding @samp{R} action. (The
35332 ``while-stepping'' actions are treated as if they were attached to a
35333 separate tracepoint, as far as these restrictions are concerned.)
35338 The packet was understood and carried out.
35340 @xref{Tracepoint Packets,,Relocate instruction reply packet}.
35342 The packet was not recognized.
35345 @item QTDPsrc:@var{n}:@var{addr}:@var{type}:@var{start}:@var{slen}:@var{bytes}
35346 @cindex @samp{QTDPsrc} packet
35347 Specify a source string of tracepoint @var{n} at address @var{addr}.
35348 This is useful to get accurate reproduction of the tracepoints
35349 originally downloaded at the beginning of the trace run. @var{type}
35350 is the name of the tracepoint part, such as @samp{cond} for the
35351 tracepoint's conditional expression (see below for a list of types), while
35352 @var{bytes} is the string, encoded in hexadecimal.
35354 @var{start} is the offset of the @var{bytes} within the overall source
35355 string, while @var{slen} is the total length of the source string.
35356 This is intended for handling source strings that are longer than will
35357 fit in a single packet.
35358 @c Add detailed example when this info is moved into a dedicated
35359 @c tracepoint descriptions section.
35361 The available string types are @samp{at} for the location,
35362 @samp{cond} for the conditional, and @samp{cmd} for an action command.
35363 @value{GDBN} sends a separate packet for each command in the action
35364 list, in the same order in which the commands are stored in the list.
35366 The target does not need to do anything with source strings except
35367 report them back as part of the replies to the @samp{qTfP}/@samp{qTsP}
35370 Although this packet is optional, and @value{GDBN} will only send it
35371 if the target replies with @samp{TracepointSource} @xref{General
35372 Query Packets}, it makes both disconnected tracing and trace files
35373 much easier to use. Otherwise the user must be careful that the
35374 tracepoints in effect while looking at trace frames are identical to
35375 the ones in effect during the trace run; even a small discrepancy
35376 could cause @samp{tdump} not to work, or a particular trace frame not
35379 @item QTDV:@var{n}:@var{value}
35380 @cindex define trace state variable, remote request
35381 @cindex @samp{QTDV} packet
35382 Create a new trace state variable, number @var{n}, with an initial
35383 value of @var{value}, which is a 64-bit signed integer. Both @var{n}
35384 and @var{value} are encoded as hexadecimal values. @value{GDBN} has
35385 the option of not using this packet for initial values of zero; the
35386 target should simply create the trace state variables as they are
35387 mentioned in expressions.
35389 @item QTFrame:@var{n}
35390 Select the @var{n}'th tracepoint frame from the buffer, and use the
35391 register and memory contents recorded there to answer subsequent
35392 request packets from @value{GDBN}.
35394 A successful reply from the stub indicates that the stub has found the
35395 requested frame. The response is a series of parts, concatenated
35396 without separators, describing the frame we selected. Each part has
35397 one of the following forms:
35401 The selected frame is number @var{n} in the trace frame buffer;
35402 @var{f} is a hexadecimal number. If @var{f} is @samp{-1}, then there
35403 was no frame matching the criteria in the request packet.
35406 The selected trace frame records a hit of tracepoint number @var{t};
35407 @var{t} is a hexadecimal number.
35411 @item QTFrame:pc:@var{addr}
35412 Like @samp{QTFrame:@var{n}}, but select the first tracepoint frame after the
35413 currently selected frame whose PC is @var{addr};
35414 @var{addr} is a hexadecimal number.
35416 @item QTFrame:tdp:@var{t}
35417 Like @samp{QTFrame:@var{n}}, but select the first tracepoint frame after the
35418 currently selected frame that is a hit of tracepoint @var{t}; @var{t}
35419 is a hexadecimal number.
35421 @item QTFrame:range:@var{start}:@var{end}
35422 Like @samp{QTFrame:@var{n}}, but select the first tracepoint frame after the
35423 currently selected frame whose PC is between @var{start} (inclusive)
35424 and @var{end} (inclusive); @var{start} and @var{end} are hexadecimal
35427 @item QTFrame:outside:@var{start}:@var{end}
35428 Like @samp{QTFrame:range:@var{start}:@var{end}}, but select the first
35429 frame @emph{outside} the given range of addresses (exclusive).
35432 Begin the tracepoint experiment. Begin collecting data from
35433 tracepoint hits in the trace frame buffer. This packet supports the
35434 @samp{qRelocInsn} reply (@pxref{Tracepoint Packets,,Relocate
35435 instruction reply packet}).
35438 End the tracepoint experiment. Stop collecting trace frames.
35440 @item QTEnable:@var{n}:@var{addr}
35442 Enable tracepoint @var{n} at address @var{addr} in a started tracepoint
35443 experiment. If the tracepoint was previously disabled, then collection
35444 of data from it will resume.
35446 @item QTDisable:@var{n}:@var{addr}
35448 Disable tracepoint @var{n} at address @var{addr} in a started tracepoint
35449 experiment. No more data will be collected from the tracepoint unless
35450 @samp{QTEnable:@var{n}:@var{addr}} is subsequently issued.
35453 Clear the table of tracepoints, and empty the trace frame buffer.
35455 @item QTro:@var{start1},@var{end1}:@var{start2},@var{end2}:@dots{}
35456 Establish the given ranges of memory as ``transparent''. The stub
35457 will answer requests for these ranges from memory's current contents,
35458 if they were not collected as part of the tracepoint hit.
35460 @value{GDBN} uses this to mark read-only regions of memory, like those
35461 containing program code. Since these areas never change, they should
35462 still have the same contents they did when the tracepoint was hit, so
35463 there's no reason for the stub to refuse to provide their contents.
35465 @item QTDisconnected:@var{value}
35466 Set the choice to what to do with the tracing run when @value{GDBN}
35467 disconnects from the target. A @var{value} of 1 directs the target to
35468 continue the tracing run, while 0 tells the target to stop tracing if
35469 @value{GDBN} is no longer in the picture.
35472 Ask the stub if there is a trace experiment running right now.
35474 The reply has the form:
35478 @item T@var{running}@r{[};@var{field}@r{]}@dots{}
35479 @var{running} is a single digit @code{1} if the trace is presently
35480 running, or @code{0} if not. It is followed by semicolon-separated
35481 optional fields that an agent may use to report additional status.
35485 If the trace is not running, the agent may report any of several
35486 explanations as one of the optional fields:
35491 No trace has been run yet.
35494 The trace was stopped by a user-originated stop command.
35497 The trace stopped because the trace buffer filled up.
35499 @item tdisconnected:0
35500 The trace stopped because @value{GDBN} disconnected from the target.
35502 @item tpasscount:@var{tpnum}
35503 The trace stopped because tracepoint @var{tpnum} exceeded its pass count.
35505 @item terror:@var{text}:@var{tpnum}
35506 The trace stopped because tracepoint @var{tpnum} had an error. The
35507 string @var{text} is available to describe the nature of the error
35508 (for instance, a divide by zero in the condition expression).
35509 @var{text} is hex encoded.
35512 The trace stopped for some other reason.
35516 Additional optional fields supply statistical and other information.
35517 Although not required, they are extremely useful for users monitoring
35518 the progress of a trace run. If a trace has stopped, and these
35519 numbers are reported, they must reflect the state of the just-stopped
35524 @item tframes:@var{n}
35525 The number of trace frames in the buffer.
35527 @item tcreated:@var{n}
35528 The total number of trace frames created during the run. This may
35529 be larger than the trace frame count, if the buffer is circular.
35531 @item tsize:@var{n}
35532 The total size of the trace buffer, in bytes.
35534 @item tfree:@var{n}
35535 The number of bytes still unused in the buffer.
35537 @item circular:@var{n}
35538 The value of the circular trace buffer flag. @code{1} means that the
35539 trace buffer is circular and old trace frames will be discarded if
35540 necessary to make room, @code{0} means that the trace buffer is linear
35543 @item disconn:@var{n}
35544 The value of the disconnected tracing flag. @code{1} means that
35545 tracing will continue after @value{GDBN} disconnects, @code{0} means
35546 that the trace run will stop.
35550 @item qTV:@var{var}
35551 @cindex trace state variable value, remote request
35552 @cindex @samp{qTV} packet
35553 Ask the stub for the value of the trace state variable number @var{var}.
35558 The value of the variable is @var{value}. This will be the current
35559 value of the variable if the user is examining a running target, or a
35560 saved value if the variable was collected in the trace frame that the
35561 user is looking at. Note that multiple requests may result in
35562 different reply values, such as when requesting values while the
35563 program is running.
35566 The value of the variable is unknown. This would occur, for example,
35567 if the user is examining a trace frame in which the requested variable
35573 These packets request data about tracepoints that are being used by
35574 the target. @value{GDBN} sends @code{qTfP} to get the first piece
35575 of data, and multiple @code{qTsP} to get additional pieces. Replies
35576 to these packets generally take the form of the @code{QTDP} packets
35577 that define tracepoints. (FIXME add detailed syntax)
35581 These packets request data about trace state variables that are on the
35582 target. @value{GDBN} sends @code{qTfV} to get the first vari of data,
35583 and multiple @code{qTsV} to get additional variables. Replies to
35584 these packets follow the syntax of the @code{QTDV} packets that define
35585 trace state variables.
35589 These packets request data about static tracepoint markers that exist
35590 in the target program. @value{GDBN} sends @code{qTfSTM} to get the
35591 first piece of data, and multiple @code{qTsSTM} to get additional
35592 pieces. Replies to these packets take the following form:
35596 @item m @var{address}:@var{id}:@var{extra}
35598 @item m @var{address}:@var{id}:@var{extra},@var{address}:@var{id}:@var{extra}@dots{}
35599 a comma-separated list of markers
35601 (lower case letter @samp{L}) denotes end of list.
35603 An error occurred. @var{nn} are hex digits.
35605 An empty reply indicates that the request is not supported by the
35609 @var{address} is encoded in hex.
35610 @var{id} and @var{extra} are strings encoded in hex.
35612 In response to each query, the target will reply with a list of one or
35613 more markers, separated by commas. @value{GDBN} will respond to each
35614 reply with a request for more markers (using the @samp{qs} form of the
35615 query), until the target responds with @samp{l} (lower-case ell, for
35618 @item qTSTMat:@var{address}
35619 This packets requests data about static tracepoint markers in the
35620 target program at @var{address}. Replies to this packet follow the
35621 syntax of the @samp{qTfSTM} and @code{qTsSTM} packets that list static
35622 tracepoint markers.
35624 @item QTSave:@var{filename}
35625 This packet directs the target to save trace data to the file name
35626 @var{filename} in the target's filesystem. @var{filename} is encoded
35627 as a hex string; the interpretation of the file name (relative vs
35628 absolute, wild cards, etc) is up to the target.
35630 @item qTBuffer:@var{offset},@var{len}
35631 Return up to @var{len} bytes of the current contents of trace buffer,
35632 starting at @var{offset}. The trace buffer is treated as if it were
35633 a contiguous collection of traceframes, as per the trace file format.
35634 The reply consists as many hex-encoded bytes as the target can deliver
35635 in a packet; it is not an error to return fewer than were asked for.
35636 A reply consisting of just @code{l} indicates that no bytes are
35639 @item QTBuffer:circular:@var{value}
35640 This packet directs the target to use a circular trace buffer if
35641 @var{value} is 1, or a linear buffer if the value is 0.
35645 @subsection Relocate instruction reply packet
35646 When installing fast tracepoints in memory, the target may need to
35647 relocate the instruction currently at the tracepoint address to a
35648 different address in memory. For most instructions, a simple copy is
35649 enough, but, for example, call instructions that implicitly push the
35650 return address on the stack, and relative branches or other
35651 PC-relative instructions require offset adjustment, so that the effect
35652 of executing the instruction at a different address is the same as if
35653 it had executed in the original location.
35655 In response to several of the tracepoint packets, the target may also
35656 respond with a number of intermediate @samp{qRelocInsn} request
35657 packets before the final result packet, to have @value{GDBN} handle
35658 this relocation operation. If a packet supports this mechanism, its
35659 documentation will explicitly say so. See for example the above
35660 descriptions for the @samp{QTStart} and @samp{QTDP} packets. The
35661 format of the request is:
35664 @item qRelocInsn:@var{from};@var{to}
35666 This requests @value{GDBN} to copy instruction at address @var{from}
35667 to address @var{to}, possibly adjusted so that executing the
35668 instruction at @var{to} has the same effect as executing it at
35669 @var{from}. @value{GDBN} writes the adjusted instruction to target
35670 memory starting at @var{to}.
35675 @item qRelocInsn:@var{adjusted_size}
35676 Informs the stub the relocation is complete. @var{adjusted_size} is
35677 the length in bytes of resulting relocated instruction sequence.
35679 A badly formed request was detected, or an error was encountered while
35680 relocating the instruction.
35683 @node Host I/O Packets
35684 @section Host I/O Packets
35685 @cindex Host I/O, remote protocol
35686 @cindex file transfer, remote protocol
35688 The @dfn{Host I/O} packets allow @value{GDBN} to perform I/O
35689 operations on the far side of a remote link. For example, Host I/O is
35690 used to upload and download files to a remote target with its own
35691 filesystem. Host I/O uses the same constant values and data structure
35692 layout as the target-initiated File-I/O protocol. However, the
35693 Host I/O packets are structured differently. The target-initiated
35694 protocol relies on target memory to store parameters and buffers.
35695 Host I/O requests are initiated by @value{GDBN}, and the
35696 target's memory is not involved. @xref{File-I/O Remote Protocol
35697 Extension}, for more details on the target-initiated protocol.
35699 The Host I/O request packets all encode a single operation along with
35700 its arguments. They have this format:
35704 @item vFile:@var{operation}: @var{parameter}@dots{}
35705 @var{operation} is the name of the particular request; the target
35706 should compare the entire packet name up to the second colon when checking
35707 for a supported operation. The format of @var{parameter} depends on
35708 the operation. Numbers are always passed in hexadecimal. Negative
35709 numbers have an explicit minus sign (i.e.@: two's complement is not
35710 used). Strings (e.g.@: filenames) are encoded as a series of
35711 hexadecimal bytes. The last argument to a system call may be a
35712 buffer of escaped binary data (@pxref{Binary Data}).
35716 The valid responses to Host I/O packets are:
35720 @item F @var{result} [, @var{errno}] [; @var{attachment}]
35721 @var{result} is the integer value returned by this operation, usually
35722 non-negative for success and -1 for errors. If an error has occured,
35723 @var{errno} will be included in the result. @var{errno} will have a
35724 value defined by the File-I/O protocol (@pxref{Errno Values}). For
35725 operations which return data, @var{attachment} supplies the data as a
35726 binary buffer. Binary buffers in response packets are escaped in the
35727 normal way (@pxref{Binary Data}). See the individual packet
35728 documentation for the interpretation of @var{result} and
35732 An empty response indicates that this operation is not recognized.
35736 These are the supported Host I/O operations:
35739 @item vFile:open: @var{pathname}, @var{flags}, @var{mode}
35740 Open a file at @var{pathname} and return a file descriptor for it, or
35741 return -1 if an error occurs. @var{pathname} is a string,
35742 @var{flags} is an integer indicating a mask of open flags
35743 (@pxref{Open Flags}), and @var{mode} is an integer indicating a mask
35744 of mode bits to use if the file is created (@pxref{mode_t Values}).
35745 @xref{open}, for details of the open flags and mode values.
35747 @item vFile:close: @var{fd}
35748 Close the open file corresponding to @var{fd} and return 0, or
35749 -1 if an error occurs.
35751 @item vFile:pread: @var{fd}, @var{count}, @var{offset}
35752 Read data from the open file corresponding to @var{fd}. Up to
35753 @var{count} bytes will be read from the file, starting at @var{offset}
35754 relative to the start of the file. The target may read fewer bytes;
35755 common reasons include packet size limits and an end-of-file
35756 condition. The number of bytes read is returned. Zero should only be
35757 returned for a successful read at the end of the file, or if
35758 @var{count} was zero.
35760 The data read should be returned as a binary attachment on success.
35761 If zero bytes were read, the response should include an empty binary
35762 attachment (i.e.@: a trailing semicolon). The return value is the
35763 number of target bytes read; the binary attachment may be longer if
35764 some characters were escaped.
35766 @item vFile:pwrite: @var{fd}, @var{offset}, @var{data}
35767 Write @var{data} (a binary buffer) to the open file corresponding
35768 to @var{fd}. Start the write at @var{offset} from the start of the
35769 file. Unlike many @code{write} system calls, there is no
35770 separate @var{count} argument; the length of @var{data} in the
35771 packet is used. @samp{vFile:write} returns the number of bytes written,
35772 which may be shorter than the length of @var{data}, or -1 if an
35775 @item vFile:unlink: @var{pathname}
35776 Delete the file at @var{pathname} on the target. Return 0,
35777 or -1 if an error occurs. @var{pathname} is a string.
35782 @section Interrupts
35783 @cindex interrupts (remote protocol)
35785 When a program on the remote target is running, @value{GDBN} may
35786 attempt to interrupt it by sending a @samp{Ctrl-C}, @code{BREAK} or
35787 a @code{BREAK} followed by @code{g},
35788 control of which is specified via @value{GDBN}'s @samp{interrupt-sequence}.
35790 The precise meaning of @code{BREAK} is defined by the transport
35791 mechanism and may, in fact, be undefined. @value{GDBN} does not
35792 currently define a @code{BREAK} mechanism for any of the network
35793 interfaces except for TCP, in which case @value{GDBN} sends the
35794 @code{telnet} BREAK sequence.
35796 @samp{Ctrl-C}, on the other hand, is defined and implemented for all
35797 transport mechanisms. It is represented by sending the single byte
35798 @code{0x03} without any of the usual packet overhead described in
35799 the Overview section (@pxref{Overview}). When a @code{0x03} byte is
35800 transmitted as part of a packet, it is considered to be packet data
35801 and does @emph{not} represent an interrupt. E.g., an @samp{X} packet
35802 (@pxref{X packet}), used for binary downloads, may include an unescaped
35803 @code{0x03} as part of its packet.
35805 @code{BREAK} followed by @code{g} is also known as Magic SysRq g.
35806 When Linux kernel receives this sequence from serial port,
35807 it stops execution and connects to gdb.
35809 Stubs are not required to recognize these interrupt mechanisms and the
35810 precise meaning associated with receipt of the interrupt is
35811 implementation defined. If the target supports debugging of multiple
35812 threads and/or processes, it should attempt to interrupt all
35813 currently-executing threads and processes.
35814 If the stub is successful at interrupting the
35815 running program, it should send one of the stop
35816 reply packets (@pxref{Stop Reply Packets}) to @value{GDBN} as a result
35817 of successfully stopping the program in all-stop mode, and a stop reply
35818 for each stopped thread in non-stop mode.
35819 Interrupts received while the
35820 program is stopped are discarded.
35822 @node Notification Packets
35823 @section Notification Packets
35824 @cindex notification packets
35825 @cindex packets, notification
35827 The @value{GDBN} remote serial protocol includes @dfn{notifications},
35828 packets that require no acknowledgment. Both the GDB and the stub
35829 may send notifications (although the only notifications defined at
35830 present are sent by the stub). Notifications carry information
35831 without incurring the round-trip latency of an acknowledgment, and so
35832 are useful for low-impact communications where occasional packet loss
35835 A notification packet has the form @samp{% @var{data} #
35836 @var{checksum}}, where @var{data} is the content of the notification,
35837 and @var{checksum} is a checksum of @var{data}, computed and formatted
35838 as for ordinary @value{GDBN} packets. A notification's @var{data}
35839 never contains @samp{$}, @samp{%} or @samp{#} characters. Upon
35840 receiving a notification, the recipient sends no @samp{+} or @samp{-}
35841 to acknowledge the notification's receipt or to report its corruption.
35843 Every notification's @var{data} begins with a name, which contains no
35844 colon characters, followed by a colon character.
35846 Recipients should silently ignore corrupted notifications and
35847 notifications they do not understand. Recipients should restart
35848 timeout periods on receipt of a well-formed notification, whether or
35849 not they understand it.
35851 Senders should only send the notifications described here when this
35852 protocol description specifies that they are permitted. In the
35853 future, we may extend the protocol to permit existing notifications in
35854 new contexts; this rule helps older senders avoid confusing newer
35857 (Older versions of @value{GDBN} ignore bytes received until they see
35858 the @samp{$} byte that begins an ordinary packet, so new stubs may
35859 transmit notifications without fear of confusing older clients. There
35860 are no notifications defined for @value{GDBN} to send at the moment, but we
35861 assume that most older stubs would ignore them, as well.)
35863 The following notification packets from the stub to @value{GDBN} are
35867 @item Stop: @var{reply}
35868 Report an asynchronous stop event in non-stop mode.
35869 The @var{reply} has the form of a stop reply, as
35870 described in @ref{Stop Reply Packets}. Refer to @ref{Remote Non-Stop},
35871 for information on how these notifications are acknowledged by
35875 @node Remote Non-Stop
35876 @section Remote Protocol Support for Non-Stop Mode
35878 @value{GDBN}'s remote protocol supports non-stop debugging of
35879 multi-threaded programs, as described in @ref{Non-Stop Mode}. If the stub
35880 supports non-stop mode, it should report that to @value{GDBN} by including
35881 @samp{QNonStop+} in its @samp{qSupported} response (@pxref{qSupported}).
35883 @value{GDBN} typically sends a @samp{QNonStop} packet only when
35884 establishing a new connection with the stub. Entering non-stop mode
35885 does not alter the state of any currently-running threads, but targets
35886 must stop all threads in any already-attached processes when entering
35887 all-stop mode. @value{GDBN} uses the @samp{?} packet as necessary to
35888 probe the target state after a mode change.
35890 In non-stop mode, when an attached process encounters an event that
35891 would otherwise be reported with a stop reply, it uses the
35892 asynchronous notification mechanism (@pxref{Notification Packets}) to
35893 inform @value{GDBN}. In contrast to all-stop mode, where all threads
35894 in all processes are stopped when a stop reply is sent, in non-stop
35895 mode only the thread reporting the stop event is stopped. That is,
35896 when reporting a @samp{S} or @samp{T} response to indicate completion
35897 of a step operation, hitting a breakpoint, or a fault, only the
35898 affected thread is stopped; any other still-running threads continue
35899 to run. When reporting a @samp{W} or @samp{X} response, all running
35900 threads belonging to other attached processes continue to run.
35902 Only one stop reply notification at a time may be pending; if
35903 additional stop events occur before @value{GDBN} has acknowledged the
35904 previous notification, they must be queued by the stub for later
35905 synchronous transmission in response to @samp{vStopped} packets from
35906 @value{GDBN}. Because the notification mechanism is unreliable,
35907 the stub is permitted to resend a stop reply notification
35908 if it believes @value{GDBN} may not have received it. @value{GDBN}
35909 ignores additional stop reply notifications received before it has
35910 finished processing a previous notification and the stub has completed
35911 sending any queued stop events.
35913 Otherwise, @value{GDBN} must be prepared to receive a stop reply
35914 notification at any time. Specifically, they may appear when
35915 @value{GDBN} is not otherwise reading input from the stub, or when
35916 @value{GDBN} is expecting to read a normal synchronous response or a
35917 @samp{+}/@samp{-} acknowledgment to a packet it has sent.
35918 Notification packets are distinct from any other communication from
35919 the stub so there is no ambiguity.
35921 After receiving a stop reply notification, @value{GDBN} shall
35922 acknowledge it by sending a @samp{vStopped} packet (@pxref{vStopped packet})
35923 as a regular, synchronous request to the stub. Such acknowledgment
35924 is not required to happen immediately, as @value{GDBN} is permitted to
35925 send other, unrelated packets to the stub first, which the stub should
35928 Upon receiving a @samp{vStopped} packet, if the stub has other queued
35929 stop events to report to @value{GDBN}, it shall respond by sending a
35930 normal stop reply response. @value{GDBN} shall then send another
35931 @samp{vStopped} packet to solicit further responses; again, it is
35932 permitted to send other, unrelated packets as well which the stub
35933 should process normally.
35935 If the stub receives a @samp{vStopped} packet and there are no
35936 additional stop events to report, the stub shall return an @samp{OK}
35937 response. At this point, if further stop events occur, the stub shall
35938 send a new stop reply notification, @value{GDBN} shall accept the
35939 notification, and the process shall be repeated.
35941 In non-stop mode, the target shall respond to the @samp{?} packet as
35942 follows. First, any incomplete stop reply notification/@samp{vStopped}
35943 sequence in progress is abandoned. The target must begin a new
35944 sequence reporting stop events for all stopped threads, whether or not
35945 it has previously reported those events to @value{GDBN}. The first
35946 stop reply is sent as a synchronous reply to the @samp{?} packet, and
35947 subsequent stop replies are sent as responses to @samp{vStopped} packets
35948 using the mechanism described above. The target must not send
35949 asynchronous stop reply notifications until the sequence is complete.
35950 If all threads are running when the target receives the @samp{?} packet,
35951 or if the target is not attached to any process, it shall respond
35954 @node Packet Acknowledgment
35955 @section Packet Acknowledgment
35957 @cindex acknowledgment, for @value{GDBN} remote
35958 @cindex packet acknowledgment, for @value{GDBN} remote
35959 By default, when either the host or the target machine receives a packet,
35960 the first response expected is an acknowledgment: either @samp{+} (to indicate
35961 the package was received correctly) or @samp{-} (to request retransmission).
35962 This mechanism allows the @value{GDBN} remote protocol to operate over
35963 unreliable transport mechanisms, such as a serial line.
35965 In cases where the transport mechanism is itself reliable (such as a pipe or
35966 TCP connection), the @samp{+}/@samp{-} acknowledgments are redundant.
35967 It may be desirable to disable them in that case to reduce communication
35968 overhead, or for other reasons. This can be accomplished by means of the
35969 @samp{QStartNoAckMode} packet; @pxref{QStartNoAckMode}.
35971 When in no-acknowledgment mode, neither the stub nor @value{GDBN} shall send or
35972 expect @samp{+}/@samp{-} protocol acknowledgments. The packet
35973 and response format still includes the normal checksum, as described in
35974 @ref{Overview}, but the checksum may be ignored by the receiver.
35976 If the stub supports @samp{QStartNoAckMode} and prefers to operate in
35977 no-acknowledgment mode, it should report that to @value{GDBN}
35978 by including @samp{QStartNoAckMode+} in its response to @samp{qSupported};
35979 @pxref{qSupported}.
35980 If @value{GDBN} also supports @samp{QStartNoAckMode} and it has not been
35981 disabled via the @code{set remote noack-packet off} command
35982 (@pxref{Remote Configuration}),
35983 @value{GDBN} may then send a @samp{QStartNoAckMode} packet to the stub.
35984 Only then may the stub actually turn off packet acknowledgments.
35985 @value{GDBN} sends a final @samp{+} acknowledgment of the stub's @samp{OK}
35986 response, which can be safely ignored by the stub.
35988 Note that @code{set remote noack-packet} command only affects negotiation
35989 between @value{GDBN} and the stub when subsequent connections are made;
35990 it does not affect the protocol acknowledgment state for any current
35992 Since @samp{+}/@samp{-} acknowledgments are enabled by default when a
35993 new connection is established,
35994 there is also no protocol request to re-enable the acknowledgments
35995 for the current connection, once disabled.
36000 Example sequence of a target being re-started. Notice how the restart
36001 does not get any direct output:
36006 @emph{target restarts}
36009 <- @code{T001:1234123412341234}
36013 Example sequence of a target being stepped by a single instruction:
36016 -> @code{G1445@dots{}}
36021 <- @code{T001:1234123412341234}
36025 <- @code{1455@dots{}}
36029 @node File-I/O Remote Protocol Extension
36030 @section File-I/O Remote Protocol Extension
36031 @cindex File-I/O remote protocol extension
36034 * File-I/O Overview::
36035 * Protocol Basics::
36036 * The F Request Packet::
36037 * The F Reply Packet::
36038 * The Ctrl-C Message::
36040 * List of Supported Calls::
36041 * Protocol-specific Representation of Datatypes::
36043 * File-I/O Examples::
36046 @node File-I/O Overview
36047 @subsection File-I/O Overview
36048 @cindex file-i/o overview
36050 The @dfn{File I/O remote protocol extension} (short: File-I/O) allows the
36051 target to use the host's file system and console I/O to perform various
36052 system calls. System calls on the target system are translated into a
36053 remote protocol packet to the host system, which then performs the needed
36054 actions and returns a response packet to the target system.
36055 This simulates file system operations even on targets that lack file systems.
36057 The protocol is defined to be independent of both the host and target systems.
36058 It uses its own internal representation of datatypes and values. Both
36059 @value{GDBN} and the target's @value{GDBN} stub are responsible for
36060 translating the system-dependent value representations into the internal
36061 protocol representations when data is transmitted.
36063 The communication is synchronous. A system call is possible only when
36064 @value{GDBN} is waiting for a response from the @samp{C}, @samp{c}, @samp{S}
36065 or @samp{s} packets. While @value{GDBN} handles the request for a system call,
36066 the target is stopped to allow deterministic access to the target's
36067 memory. Therefore File-I/O is not interruptible by target signals. On
36068 the other hand, it is possible to interrupt File-I/O by a user interrupt
36069 (@samp{Ctrl-C}) within @value{GDBN}.
36071 The target's request to perform a host system call does not finish
36072 the latest @samp{C}, @samp{c}, @samp{S} or @samp{s} action. That means,
36073 after finishing the system call, the target returns to continuing the
36074 previous activity (continue, step). No additional continue or step
36075 request from @value{GDBN} is required.
36078 (@value{GDBP}) continue
36079 <- target requests 'system call X'
36080 target is stopped, @value{GDBN} executes system call
36081 -> @value{GDBN} returns result
36082 ... target continues, @value{GDBN} returns to wait for the target
36083 <- target hits breakpoint and sends a Txx packet
36086 The protocol only supports I/O on the console and to regular files on
36087 the host file system. Character or block special devices, pipes,
36088 named pipes, sockets or any other communication method on the host
36089 system are not supported by this protocol.
36091 File I/O is not supported in non-stop mode.
36093 @node Protocol Basics
36094 @subsection Protocol Basics
36095 @cindex protocol basics, file-i/o
36097 The File-I/O protocol uses the @code{F} packet as the request as well
36098 as reply packet. Since a File-I/O system call can only occur when
36099 @value{GDBN} is waiting for a response from the continuing or stepping target,
36100 the File-I/O request is a reply that @value{GDBN} has to expect as a result
36101 of a previous @samp{C}, @samp{c}, @samp{S} or @samp{s} packet.
36102 This @code{F} packet contains all information needed to allow @value{GDBN}
36103 to call the appropriate host system call:
36107 A unique identifier for the requested system call.
36110 All parameters to the system call. Pointers are given as addresses
36111 in the target memory address space. Pointers to strings are given as
36112 pointer/length pair. Numerical values are given as they are.
36113 Numerical control flags are given in a protocol-specific representation.
36117 At this point, @value{GDBN} has to perform the following actions.
36121 If the parameters include pointer values to data needed as input to a
36122 system call, @value{GDBN} requests this data from the target with a
36123 standard @code{m} packet request. This additional communication has to be
36124 expected by the target implementation and is handled as any other @code{m}
36128 @value{GDBN} translates all value from protocol representation to host
36129 representation as needed. Datatypes are coerced into the host types.
36132 @value{GDBN} calls the system call.
36135 It then coerces datatypes back to protocol representation.
36138 If the system call is expected to return data in buffer space specified
36139 by pointer parameters to the call, the data is transmitted to the
36140 target using a @code{M} or @code{X} packet. This packet has to be expected
36141 by the target implementation and is handled as any other @code{M} or @code{X}
36146 Eventually @value{GDBN} replies with another @code{F} packet which contains all
36147 necessary information for the target to continue. This at least contains
36154 @code{errno}, if has been changed by the system call.
36161 After having done the needed type and value coercion, the target continues
36162 the latest continue or step action.
36164 @node The F Request Packet
36165 @subsection The @code{F} Request Packet
36166 @cindex file-i/o request packet
36167 @cindex @code{F} request packet
36169 The @code{F} request packet has the following format:
36172 @item F@var{call-id},@var{parameter@dots{}}
36174 @var{call-id} is the identifier to indicate the host system call to be called.
36175 This is just the name of the function.
36177 @var{parameter@dots{}} are the parameters to the system call.
36178 Parameters are hexadecimal integer values, either the actual values in case
36179 of scalar datatypes, pointers to target buffer space in case of compound
36180 datatypes and unspecified memory areas, or pointer/length pairs in case
36181 of string parameters. These are appended to the @var{call-id} as a
36182 comma-delimited list. All values are transmitted in ASCII
36183 string representation, pointer/length pairs separated by a slash.
36189 @node The F Reply Packet
36190 @subsection The @code{F} Reply Packet
36191 @cindex file-i/o reply packet
36192 @cindex @code{F} reply packet
36194 The @code{F} reply packet has the following format:
36198 @item F@var{retcode},@var{errno},@var{Ctrl-C flag};@var{call-specific attachment}
36200 @var{retcode} is the return code of the system call as hexadecimal value.
36202 @var{errno} is the @code{errno} set by the call, in protocol-specific
36204 This parameter can be omitted if the call was successful.
36206 @var{Ctrl-C flag} is only sent if the user requested a break. In this
36207 case, @var{errno} must be sent as well, even if the call was successful.
36208 The @var{Ctrl-C flag} itself consists of the character @samp{C}:
36215 or, if the call was interrupted before the host call has been performed:
36222 assuming 4 is the protocol-specific representation of @code{EINTR}.
36227 @node The Ctrl-C Message
36228 @subsection The @samp{Ctrl-C} Message
36229 @cindex ctrl-c message, in file-i/o protocol
36231 If the @samp{Ctrl-C} flag is set in the @value{GDBN}
36232 reply packet (@pxref{The F Reply Packet}),
36233 the target should behave as if it had
36234 gotten a break message. The meaning for the target is ``system call
36235 interrupted by @code{SIGINT}''. Consequentially, the target should actually stop
36236 (as with a break message) and return to @value{GDBN} with a @code{T02}
36239 It's important for the target to know in which
36240 state the system call was interrupted. There are two possible cases:
36244 The system call hasn't been performed on the host yet.
36247 The system call on the host has been finished.
36251 These two states can be distinguished by the target by the value of the
36252 returned @code{errno}. If it's the protocol representation of @code{EINTR}, the system
36253 call hasn't been performed. This is equivalent to the @code{EINTR} handling
36254 on POSIX systems. In any other case, the target may presume that the
36255 system call has been finished --- successfully or not --- and should behave
36256 as if the break message arrived right after the system call.
36258 @value{GDBN} must behave reliably. If the system call has not been called
36259 yet, @value{GDBN} may send the @code{F} reply immediately, setting @code{EINTR} as
36260 @code{errno} in the packet. If the system call on the host has been finished
36261 before the user requests a break, the full action must be finished by
36262 @value{GDBN}. This requires sending @code{M} or @code{X} packets as necessary.
36263 The @code{F} packet may only be sent when either nothing has happened
36264 or the full action has been completed.
36267 @subsection Console I/O
36268 @cindex console i/o as part of file-i/o
36270 By default and if not explicitly closed by the target system, the file
36271 descriptors 0, 1 and 2 are connected to the @value{GDBN} console. Output
36272 on the @value{GDBN} console is handled as any other file output operation
36273 (@code{write(1, @dots{})} or @code{write(2, @dots{})}). Console input is handled
36274 by @value{GDBN} so that after the target read request from file descriptor
36275 0 all following typing is buffered until either one of the following
36280 The user types @kbd{Ctrl-c}. The behaviour is as explained above, and the
36282 system call is treated as finished.
36285 The user presses @key{RET}. This is treated as end of input with a trailing
36289 The user types @kbd{Ctrl-d}. This is treated as end of input. No trailing
36290 character (neither newline nor @samp{Ctrl-D}) is appended to the input.
36294 If the user has typed more characters than fit in the buffer given to
36295 the @code{read} call, the trailing characters are buffered in @value{GDBN} until
36296 either another @code{read(0, @dots{})} is requested by the target, or debugging
36297 is stopped at the user's request.
36300 @node List of Supported Calls
36301 @subsection List of Supported Calls
36302 @cindex list of supported file-i/o calls
36319 @unnumberedsubsubsec open
36320 @cindex open, file-i/o system call
36325 int open(const char *pathname, int flags);
36326 int open(const char *pathname, int flags, mode_t mode);
36330 @samp{Fopen,@var{pathptr}/@var{len},@var{flags},@var{mode}}
36333 @var{flags} is the bitwise @code{OR} of the following values:
36337 If the file does not exist it will be created. The host
36338 rules apply as far as file ownership and time stamps
36342 When used with @code{O_CREAT}, if the file already exists it is
36343 an error and open() fails.
36346 If the file already exists and the open mode allows
36347 writing (@code{O_RDWR} or @code{O_WRONLY} is given) it will be
36348 truncated to zero length.
36351 The file is opened in append mode.
36354 The file is opened for reading only.
36357 The file is opened for writing only.
36360 The file is opened for reading and writing.
36364 Other bits are silently ignored.
36368 @var{mode} is the bitwise @code{OR} of the following values:
36372 User has read permission.
36375 User has write permission.
36378 Group has read permission.
36381 Group has write permission.
36384 Others have read permission.
36387 Others have write permission.
36391 Other bits are silently ignored.
36394 @item Return value:
36395 @code{open} returns the new file descriptor or -1 if an error
36402 @var{pathname} already exists and @code{O_CREAT} and @code{O_EXCL} were used.
36405 @var{pathname} refers to a directory.
36408 The requested access is not allowed.
36411 @var{pathname} was too long.
36414 A directory component in @var{pathname} does not exist.
36417 @var{pathname} refers to a device, pipe, named pipe or socket.
36420 @var{pathname} refers to a file on a read-only filesystem and
36421 write access was requested.
36424 @var{pathname} is an invalid pointer value.
36427 No space on device to create the file.
36430 The process already has the maximum number of files open.
36433 The limit on the total number of files open on the system
36437 The call was interrupted by the user.
36443 @unnumberedsubsubsec close
36444 @cindex close, file-i/o system call
36453 @samp{Fclose,@var{fd}}
36455 @item Return value:
36456 @code{close} returns zero on success, or -1 if an error occurred.
36462 @var{fd} isn't a valid open file descriptor.
36465 The call was interrupted by the user.
36471 @unnumberedsubsubsec read
36472 @cindex read, file-i/o system call
36477 int read(int fd, void *buf, unsigned int count);
36481 @samp{Fread,@var{fd},@var{bufptr},@var{count}}
36483 @item Return value:
36484 On success, the number of bytes read is returned.
36485 Zero indicates end of file. If count is zero, read
36486 returns zero as well. On error, -1 is returned.
36492 @var{fd} is not a valid file descriptor or is not open for
36496 @var{bufptr} is an invalid pointer value.
36499 The call was interrupted by the user.
36505 @unnumberedsubsubsec write
36506 @cindex write, file-i/o system call
36511 int write(int fd, const void *buf, unsigned int count);
36515 @samp{Fwrite,@var{fd},@var{bufptr},@var{count}}
36517 @item Return value:
36518 On success, the number of bytes written are returned.
36519 Zero indicates nothing was written. On error, -1
36526 @var{fd} is not a valid file descriptor or is not open for
36530 @var{bufptr} is an invalid pointer value.
36533 An attempt was made to write a file that exceeds the
36534 host-specific maximum file size allowed.
36537 No space on device to write the data.
36540 The call was interrupted by the user.
36546 @unnumberedsubsubsec lseek
36547 @cindex lseek, file-i/o system call
36552 long lseek (int fd, long offset, int flag);
36556 @samp{Flseek,@var{fd},@var{offset},@var{flag}}
36558 @var{flag} is one of:
36562 The offset is set to @var{offset} bytes.
36565 The offset is set to its current location plus @var{offset}
36569 The offset is set to the size of the file plus @var{offset}
36573 @item Return value:
36574 On success, the resulting unsigned offset in bytes from
36575 the beginning of the file is returned. Otherwise, a
36576 value of -1 is returned.
36582 @var{fd} is not a valid open file descriptor.
36585 @var{fd} is associated with the @value{GDBN} console.
36588 @var{flag} is not a proper value.
36591 The call was interrupted by the user.
36597 @unnumberedsubsubsec rename
36598 @cindex rename, file-i/o system call
36603 int rename(const char *oldpath, const char *newpath);
36607 @samp{Frename,@var{oldpathptr}/@var{len},@var{newpathptr}/@var{len}}
36609 @item Return value:
36610 On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned.
36616 @var{newpath} is an existing directory, but @var{oldpath} is not a
36620 @var{newpath} is a non-empty directory.
36623 @var{oldpath} or @var{newpath} is a directory that is in use by some
36627 An attempt was made to make a directory a subdirectory
36631 A component used as a directory in @var{oldpath} or new
36632 path is not a directory. Or @var{oldpath} is a directory
36633 and @var{newpath} exists but is not a directory.
36636 @var{oldpathptr} or @var{newpathptr} are invalid pointer values.
36639 No access to the file or the path of the file.
36643 @var{oldpath} or @var{newpath} was too long.
36646 A directory component in @var{oldpath} or @var{newpath} does not exist.
36649 The file is on a read-only filesystem.
36652 The device containing the file has no room for the new
36656 The call was interrupted by the user.
36662 @unnumberedsubsubsec unlink
36663 @cindex unlink, file-i/o system call
36668 int unlink(const char *pathname);
36672 @samp{Funlink,@var{pathnameptr}/@var{len}}
36674 @item Return value:
36675 On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned.
36681 No access to the file or the path of the file.
36684 The system does not allow unlinking of directories.
36687 The file @var{pathname} cannot be unlinked because it's
36688 being used by another process.
36691 @var{pathnameptr} is an invalid pointer value.
36694 @var{pathname} was too long.
36697 A directory component in @var{pathname} does not exist.
36700 A component of the path is not a directory.
36703 The file is on a read-only filesystem.
36706 The call was interrupted by the user.
36712 @unnumberedsubsubsec stat/fstat
36713 @cindex fstat, file-i/o system call
36714 @cindex stat, file-i/o system call
36719 int stat(const char *pathname, struct stat *buf);
36720 int fstat(int fd, struct stat *buf);
36724 @samp{Fstat,@var{pathnameptr}/@var{len},@var{bufptr}}@*
36725 @samp{Ffstat,@var{fd},@var{bufptr}}
36727 @item Return value:
36728 On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned.
36734 @var{fd} is not a valid open file.
36737 A directory component in @var{pathname} does not exist or the
36738 path is an empty string.
36741 A component of the path is not a directory.
36744 @var{pathnameptr} is an invalid pointer value.
36747 No access to the file or the path of the file.
36750 @var{pathname} was too long.
36753 The call was interrupted by the user.
36759 @unnumberedsubsubsec gettimeofday
36760 @cindex gettimeofday, file-i/o system call
36765 int gettimeofday(struct timeval *tv, void *tz);
36769 @samp{Fgettimeofday,@var{tvptr},@var{tzptr}}
36771 @item Return value:
36772 On success, 0 is returned, -1 otherwise.
36778 @var{tz} is a non-NULL pointer.
36781 @var{tvptr} and/or @var{tzptr} is an invalid pointer value.
36787 @unnumberedsubsubsec isatty
36788 @cindex isatty, file-i/o system call
36793 int isatty(int fd);
36797 @samp{Fisatty,@var{fd}}
36799 @item Return value:
36800 Returns 1 if @var{fd} refers to the @value{GDBN} console, 0 otherwise.
36806 The call was interrupted by the user.
36811 Note that the @code{isatty} call is treated as a special case: it returns
36812 1 to the target if the file descriptor is attached
36813 to the @value{GDBN} console, 0 otherwise. Implementing through system calls
36814 would require implementing @code{ioctl} and would be more complex than
36819 @unnumberedsubsubsec system
36820 @cindex system, file-i/o system call
36825 int system(const char *command);
36829 @samp{Fsystem,@var{commandptr}/@var{len}}
36831 @item Return value:
36832 If @var{len} is zero, the return value indicates whether a shell is
36833 available. A zero return value indicates a shell is not available.
36834 For non-zero @var{len}, the value returned is -1 on error and the
36835 return status of the command otherwise. Only the exit status of the
36836 command is returned, which is extracted from the host's @code{system}
36837 return value by calling @code{WEXITSTATUS(retval)}. In case
36838 @file{/bin/sh} could not be executed, 127 is returned.
36844 The call was interrupted by the user.
36849 @value{GDBN} takes over the full task of calling the necessary host calls
36850 to perform the @code{system} call. The return value of @code{system} on
36851 the host is simplified before it's returned
36852 to the target. Any termination signal information from the child process
36853 is discarded, and the return value consists
36854 entirely of the exit status of the called command.
36856 Due to security concerns, the @code{system} call is by default refused
36857 by @value{GDBN}. The user has to allow this call explicitly with the
36858 @code{set remote system-call-allowed 1} command.
36861 @item set remote system-call-allowed
36862 @kindex set remote system-call-allowed
36863 Control whether to allow the @code{system} calls in the File I/O
36864 protocol for the remote target. The default is zero (disabled).
36866 @item show remote system-call-allowed
36867 @kindex show remote system-call-allowed
36868 Show whether the @code{system} calls are allowed in the File I/O
36872 @node Protocol-specific Representation of Datatypes
36873 @subsection Protocol-specific Representation of Datatypes
36874 @cindex protocol-specific representation of datatypes, in file-i/o protocol
36877 * Integral Datatypes::
36879 * Memory Transfer::
36884 @node Integral Datatypes
36885 @unnumberedsubsubsec Integral Datatypes
36886 @cindex integral datatypes, in file-i/o protocol
36888 The integral datatypes used in the system calls are @code{int},
36889 @code{unsigned int}, @code{long}, @code{unsigned long},
36890 @code{mode_t}, and @code{time_t}.
36892 @code{int}, @code{unsigned int}, @code{mode_t} and @code{time_t} are
36893 implemented as 32 bit values in this protocol.
36895 @code{long} and @code{unsigned long} are implemented as 64 bit types.
36897 @xref{Limits}, for corresponding MIN and MAX values (similar to those
36898 in @file{limits.h}) to allow range checking on host and target.
36900 @code{time_t} datatypes are defined as seconds since the Epoch.
36902 All integral datatypes transferred as part of a memory read or write of a
36903 structured datatype e.g.@: a @code{struct stat} have to be given in big endian
36906 @node Pointer Values
36907 @unnumberedsubsubsec Pointer Values
36908 @cindex pointer values, in file-i/o protocol
36910 Pointers to target data are transmitted as they are. An exception
36911 is made for pointers to buffers for which the length isn't
36912 transmitted as part of the function call, namely strings. Strings
36913 are transmitted as a pointer/length pair, both as hex values, e.g.@:
36920 which is a pointer to data of length 18 bytes at position 0x1aaf.
36921 The length is defined as the full string length in bytes, including
36922 the trailing null byte. For example, the string @code{"hello world"}
36923 at address 0x123456 is transmitted as
36929 @node Memory Transfer
36930 @unnumberedsubsubsec Memory Transfer
36931 @cindex memory transfer, in file-i/o protocol
36933 Structured data which is transferred using a memory read or write (for
36934 example, a @code{struct stat}) is expected to be in a protocol-specific format
36935 with all scalar multibyte datatypes being big endian. Translation to
36936 this representation needs to be done both by the target before the @code{F}
36937 packet is sent, and by @value{GDBN} before
36938 it transfers memory to the target. Transferred pointers to structured
36939 data should point to the already-coerced data at any time.
36943 @unnumberedsubsubsec struct stat
36944 @cindex struct stat, in file-i/o protocol
36946 The buffer of type @code{struct stat} used by the target and @value{GDBN}
36947 is defined as follows:
36951 unsigned int st_dev; /* device */
36952 unsigned int st_ino; /* inode */
36953 mode_t st_mode; /* protection */
36954 unsigned int st_nlink; /* number of hard links */
36955 unsigned int st_uid; /* user ID of owner */
36956 unsigned int st_gid; /* group ID of owner */
36957 unsigned int st_rdev; /* device type (if inode device) */
36958 unsigned long st_size; /* total size, in bytes */
36959 unsigned long st_blksize; /* blocksize for filesystem I/O */
36960 unsigned long st_blocks; /* number of blocks allocated */
36961 time_t st_atime; /* time of last access */
36962 time_t st_mtime; /* time of last modification */
36963 time_t st_ctime; /* time of last change */
36967 The integral datatypes conform to the definitions given in the
36968 appropriate section (see @ref{Integral Datatypes}, for details) so this
36969 structure is of size 64 bytes.
36971 The values of several fields have a restricted meaning and/or
36977 A value of 0 represents a file, 1 the console.
36980 No valid meaning for the target. Transmitted unchanged.
36983 Valid mode bits are described in @ref{Constants}. Any other
36984 bits have currently no meaning for the target.
36989 No valid meaning for the target. Transmitted unchanged.
36994 These values have a host and file system dependent
36995 accuracy. Especially on Windows hosts, the file system may not
36996 support exact timing values.
36999 The target gets a @code{struct stat} of the above representation and is
37000 responsible for coercing it to the target representation before
37003 Note that due to size differences between the host, target, and protocol
37004 representations of @code{struct stat} members, these members could eventually
37005 get truncated on the target.
37007 @node struct timeval
37008 @unnumberedsubsubsec struct timeval
37009 @cindex struct timeval, in file-i/o protocol
37011 The buffer of type @code{struct timeval} used by the File-I/O protocol
37012 is defined as follows:
37016 time_t tv_sec; /* second */
37017 long tv_usec; /* microsecond */
37021 The integral datatypes conform to the definitions given in the
37022 appropriate section (see @ref{Integral Datatypes}, for details) so this
37023 structure is of size 8 bytes.
37026 @subsection Constants
37027 @cindex constants, in file-i/o protocol
37029 The following values are used for the constants inside of the
37030 protocol. @value{GDBN} and target are responsible for translating these
37031 values before and after the call as needed.
37042 @unnumberedsubsubsec Open Flags
37043 @cindex open flags, in file-i/o protocol
37045 All values are given in hexadecimal representation.
37057 @node mode_t Values
37058 @unnumberedsubsubsec mode_t Values
37059 @cindex mode_t values, in file-i/o protocol
37061 All values are given in octal representation.
37078 @unnumberedsubsubsec Errno Values
37079 @cindex errno values, in file-i/o protocol
37081 All values are given in decimal representation.
37106 @code{EUNKNOWN} is used as a fallback error value if a host system returns
37107 any error value not in the list of supported error numbers.
37110 @unnumberedsubsubsec Lseek Flags
37111 @cindex lseek flags, in file-i/o protocol
37120 @unnumberedsubsubsec Limits
37121 @cindex limits, in file-i/o protocol
37123 All values are given in decimal representation.
37126 INT_MIN -2147483648
37128 UINT_MAX 4294967295
37129 LONG_MIN -9223372036854775808
37130 LONG_MAX 9223372036854775807
37131 ULONG_MAX 18446744073709551615
37134 @node File-I/O Examples
37135 @subsection File-I/O Examples
37136 @cindex file-i/o examples
37138 Example sequence of a write call, file descriptor 3, buffer is at target
37139 address 0x1234, 6 bytes should be written:
37142 <- @code{Fwrite,3,1234,6}
37143 @emph{request memory read from target}
37146 @emph{return "6 bytes written"}
37150 Example sequence of a read call, file descriptor 3, buffer is at target
37151 address 0x1234, 6 bytes should be read:
37154 <- @code{Fread,3,1234,6}
37155 @emph{request memory write to target}
37156 -> @code{X1234,6:XXXXXX}
37157 @emph{return "6 bytes read"}
37161 Example sequence of a read call, call fails on the host due to invalid
37162 file descriptor (@code{EBADF}):
37165 <- @code{Fread,3,1234,6}
37169 Example sequence of a read call, user presses @kbd{Ctrl-c} before syscall on
37173 <- @code{Fread,3,1234,6}
37178 Example sequence of a read call, user presses @kbd{Ctrl-c} after syscall on
37182 <- @code{Fread,3,1234,6}
37183 -> @code{X1234,6:XXXXXX}
37187 @node Library List Format
37188 @section Library List Format
37189 @cindex library list format, remote protocol
37191 On some platforms, a dynamic loader (e.g.@: @file{ld.so}) runs in the
37192 same process as your application to manage libraries. In this case,
37193 @value{GDBN} can use the loader's symbol table and normal memory
37194 operations to maintain a list of shared libraries. On other
37195 platforms, the operating system manages loaded libraries.
37196 @value{GDBN} can not retrieve the list of currently loaded libraries
37197 through memory operations, so it uses the @samp{qXfer:libraries:read}
37198 packet (@pxref{qXfer library list read}) instead. The remote stub
37199 queries the target's operating system and reports which libraries
37202 The @samp{qXfer:libraries:read} packet returns an XML document which
37203 lists loaded libraries and their offsets. Each library has an
37204 associated name and one or more segment or section base addresses,
37205 which report where the library was loaded in memory.
37207 For the common case of libraries that are fully linked binaries, the
37208 library should have a list of segments. If the target supports
37209 dynamic linking of a relocatable object file, its library XML element
37210 should instead include a list of allocated sections. The segment or
37211 section bases are start addresses, not relocation offsets; they do not
37212 depend on the library's link-time base addresses.
37214 @value{GDBN} must be linked with the Expat library to support XML
37215 library lists. @xref{Expat}.
37217 A simple memory map, with one loaded library relocated by a single
37218 offset, looks like this:
37222 <library name="/lib/libc.so.6">
37223 <segment address="0x10000000"/>
37228 Another simple memory map, with one loaded library with three
37229 allocated sections (.text, .data, .bss), looks like this:
37233 <library name="sharedlib.o">
37234 <section address="0x10000000"/>
37235 <section address="0x20000000"/>
37236 <section address="0x30000000"/>
37241 The format of a library list is described by this DTD:
37244 <!-- library-list: Root element with versioning -->
37245 <!ELEMENT library-list (library)*>
37246 <!ATTLIST library-list version CDATA #FIXED "1.0">
37247 <!ELEMENT library (segment*, section*)>
37248 <!ATTLIST library name CDATA #REQUIRED>
37249 <!ELEMENT segment EMPTY>
37250 <!ATTLIST segment address CDATA #REQUIRED>
37251 <!ELEMENT section EMPTY>
37252 <!ATTLIST section address CDATA #REQUIRED>
37255 In addition, segments and section descriptors cannot be mixed within a
37256 single library element, and you must supply at least one segment or
37257 section for each library.
37259 @node Memory Map Format
37260 @section Memory Map Format
37261 @cindex memory map format
37263 To be able to write into flash memory, @value{GDBN} needs to obtain a
37264 memory map from the target. This section describes the format of the
37267 The memory map is obtained using the @samp{qXfer:memory-map:read}
37268 (@pxref{qXfer memory map read}) packet and is an XML document that
37269 lists memory regions.
37271 @value{GDBN} must be linked with the Expat library to support XML
37272 memory maps. @xref{Expat}.
37274 The top-level structure of the document is shown below:
37277 <?xml version="1.0"?>
37278 <!DOCTYPE memory-map
37279 PUBLIC "+//IDN gnu.org//DTD GDB Memory Map V1.0//EN"
37280 "http://sourceware.org/gdb/gdb-memory-map.dtd">
37286 Each region can be either:
37291 A region of RAM starting at @var{addr} and extending for @var{length}
37295 <memory type="ram" start="@var{addr}" length="@var{length}"/>
37300 A region of read-only memory:
37303 <memory type="rom" start="@var{addr}" length="@var{length}"/>
37308 A region of flash memory, with erasure blocks @var{blocksize}
37312 <memory type="flash" start="@var{addr}" length="@var{length}">
37313 <property name="blocksize">@var{blocksize}</property>
37319 Regions must not overlap. @value{GDBN} assumes that areas of memory not covered
37320 by the memory map are RAM, and uses the ordinary @samp{M} and @samp{X}
37321 packets to write to addresses in such ranges.
37323 The formal DTD for memory map format is given below:
37326 <!-- ................................................... -->
37327 <!-- Memory Map XML DTD ................................ -->
37328 <!-- File: memory-map.dtd .............................. -->
37329 <!-- .................................... .............. -->
37330 <!-- memory-map.dtd -->
37331 <!-- memory-map: Root element with versioning -->
37332 <!ELEMENT memory-map (memory | property)>
37333 <!ATTLIST memory-map version CDATA #FIXED "1.0.0">
37334 <!ELEMENT memory (property)>
37335 <!-- memory: Specifies a memory region,
37336 and its type, or device. -->
37337 <!ATTLIST memory type CDATA #REQUIRED
37338 start CDATA #REQUIRED
37339 length CDATA #REQUIRED
37340 device CDATA #IMPLIED>
37341 <!-- property: Generic attribute tag -->
37342 <!ELEMENT property (#PCDATA | property)*>
37343 <!ATTLIST property name CDATA #REQUIRED>
37346 @node Thread List Format
37347 @section Thread List Format
37348 @cindex thread list format
37350 To efficiently update the list of threads and their attributes,
37351 @value{GDBN} issues the @samp{qXfer:threads:read} packet
37352 (@pxref{qXfer threads read}) and obtains the XML document with
37353 the following structure:
37356 <?xml version="1.0"?>
37358 <thread id="id" core="0">
37359 ... description ...
37364 Each @samp{thread} element must have the @samp{id} attribute that
37365 identifies the thread (@pxref{thread-id syntax}). The
37366 @samp{core} attribute, if present, specifies which processor core
37367 the thread was last executing on. The content of the of @samp{thread}
37368 element is interpreted as human-readable auxilliary information.
37370 @node Traceframe Info Format
37371 @section Traceframe Info Format
37372 @cindex traceframe info format
37374 To be able to know which objects in the inferior can be examined when
37375 inspecting a tracepoint hit, @value{GDBN} needs to obtain the list of
37376 memory ranges, registers and trace state variables that have been
37377 collected in a traceframe.
37379 This list is obtained using the @samp{qXfer:traceframe-info:read}
37380 (@pxref{qXfer traceframe info read}) packet and is an XML document.
37382 @value{GDBN} must be linked with the Expat library to support XML
37383 traceframe info discovery. @xref{Expat}.
37385 The top-level structure of the document is shown below:
37388 <?xml version="1.0"?>
37389 <!DOCTYPE traceframe-info
37390 PUBLIC "+//IDN gnu.org//DTD GDB Memory Map V1.0//EN"
37391 "http://sourceware.org/gdb/gdb-traceframe-info.dtd">
37397 Each traceframe block can be either:
37402 A region of collected memory starting at @var{addr} and extending for
37403 @var{length} bytes from there:
37406 <memory start="@var{addr}" length="@var{length}"/>
37411 The formal DTD for the traceframe info format is given below:
37414 <!ELEMENT traceframe-info (memory)* >
37415 <!ATTLIST traceframe-info version CDATA #FIXED "1.0">
37417 <!ELEMENT memory EMPTY>
37418 <!ATTLIST memory start CDATA #REQUIRED
37419 length CDATA #REQUIRED>
37422 @include agentexpr.texi
37424 @node Target Descriptions
37425 @appendix Target Descriptions
37426 @cindex target descriptions
37428 One of the challenges of using @value{GDBN} to debug embedded systems
37429 is that there are so many minor variants of each processor
37430 architecture in use. It is common practice for vendors to start with
37431 a standard processor core --- ARM, PowerPC, or MIPS, for example ---
37432 and then make changes to adapt it to a particular market niche. Some
37433 architectures have hundreds of variants, available from dozens of
37434 vendors. This leads to a number of problems:
37438 With so many different customized processors, it is difficult for
37439 the @value{GDBN} maintainers to keep up with the changes.
37441 Since individual variants may have short lifetimes or limited
37442 audiences, it may not be worthwhile to carry information about every
37443 variant in the @value{GDBN} source tree.
37445 When @value{GDBN} does support the architecture of the embedded system
37446 at hand, the task of finding the correct architecture name to give the
37447 @command{set architecture} command can be error-prone.
37450 To address these problems, the @value{GDBN} remote protocol allows a
37451 target system to not only identify itself to @value{GDBN}, but to
37452 actually describe its own features. This lets @value{GDBN} support
37453 processor variants it has never seen before --- to the extent that the
37454 descriptions are accurate, and that @value{GDBN} understands them.
37456 @value{GDBN} must be linked with the Expat library to support XML
37457 target descriptions. @xref{Expat}.
37460 * Retrieving Descriptions:: How descriptions are fetched from a target.
37461 * Target Description Format:: The contents of a target description.
37462 * Predefined Target Types:: Standard types available for target
37464 * Standard Target Features:: Features @value{GDBN} knows about.
37467 @node Retrieving Descriptions
37468 @section Retrieving Descriptions
37470 Target descriptions can be read from the target automatically, or
37471 specified by the user manually. The default behavior is to read the
37472 description from the target. @value{GDBN} retrieves it via the remote
37473 protocol using @samp{qXfer} requests (@pxref{General Query Packets,
37474 qXfer}). The @var{annex} in the @samp{qXfer} packet will be
37475 @samp{target.xml}. The contents of the @samp{target.xml} annex are an
37476 XML document, of the form described in @ref{Target Description
37479 Alternatively, you can specify a file to read for the target description.
37480 If a file is set, the target will not be queried. The commands to
37481 specify a file are:
37484 @cindex set tdesc filename
37485 @item set tdesc filename @var{path}
37486 Read the target description from @var{path}.
37488 @cindex unset tdesc filename
37489 @item unset tdesc filename
37490 Do not read the XML target description from a file. @value{GDBN}
37491 will use the description supplied by the current target.
37493 @cindex show tdesc filename
37494 @item show tdesc filename
37495 Show the filename to read for a target description, if any.
37499 @node Target Description Format
37500 @section Target Description Format
37501 @cindex target descriptions, XML format
37503 A target description annex is an @uref{http://www.w3.org/XML/, XML}
37504 document which complies with the Document Type Definition provided in
37505 the @value{GDBN} sources in @file{gdb/features/gdb-target.dtd}. This
37506 means you can use generally available tools like @command{xmllint} to
37507 check that your feature descriptions are well-formed and valid.
37508 However, to help people unfamiliar with XML write descriptions for
37509 their targets, we also describe the grammar here.
37511 Target descriptions can identify the architecture of the remote target
37512 and (for some architectures) provide information about custom register
37513 sets. They can also identify the OS ABI of the remote target.
37514 @value{GDBN} can use this information to autoconfigure for your
37515 target, or to warn you if you connect to an unsupported target.
37517 Here is a simple target description:
37520 <target version="1.0">
37521 <architecture>i386:x86-64</architecture>
37526 This minimal description only says that the target uses
37527 the x86-64 architecture.
37529 A target description has the following overall form, with [ ] marking
37530 optional elements and @dots{} marking repeatable elements. The elements
37531 are explained further below.
37534 <?xml version="1.0"?>
37535 <!DOCTYPE target SYSTEM "gdb-target.dtd">
37536 <target version="1.0">
37537 @r{[}@var{architecture}@r{]}
37538 @r{[}@var{osabi}@r{]}
37539 @r{[}@var{compatible}@r{]}
37540 @r{[}@var{feature}@dots{}@r{]}
37545 The description is generally insensitive to whitespace and line
37546 breaks, under the usual common-sense rules. The XML version
37547 declaration and document type declaration can generally be omitted
37548 (@value{GDBN} does not require them), but specifying them may be
37549 useful for XML validation tools. The @samp{version} attribute for
37550 @samp{<target>} may also be omitted, but we recommend
37551 including it; if future versions of @value{GDBN} use an incompatible
37552 revision of @file{gdb-target.dtd}, they will detect and report
37553 the version mismatch.
37555 @subsection Inclusion
37556 @cindex target descriptions, inclusion
37559 @cindex <xi:include>
37562 It can sometimes be valuable to split a target description up into
37563 several different annexes, either for organizational purposes, or to
37564 share files between different possible target descriptions. You can
37565 divide a description into multiple files by replacing any element of
37566 the target description with an inclusion directive of the form:
37569 <xi:include href="@var{document}"/>
37573 When @value{GDBN} encounters an element of this form, it will retrieve
37574 the named XML @var{document}, and replace the inclusion directive with
37575 the contents of that document. If the current description was read
37576 using @samp{qXfer}, then so will be the included document;
37577 @var{document} will be interpreted as the name of an annex. If the
37578 current description was read from a file, @value{GDBN} will look for
37579 @var{document} as a file in the same directory where it found the
37580 original description.
37582 @subsection Architecture
37583 @cindex <architecture>
37585 An @samp{<architecture>} element has this form:
37588 <architecture>@var{arch}</architecture>
37591 @var{arch} is one of the architectures from the set accepted by
37592 @code{set architecture} (@pxref{Targets, ,Specifying a Debugging Target}).
37595 @cindex @code{<osabi>}
37597 This optional field was introduced in @value{GDBN} version 7.0.
37598 Previous versions of @value{GDBN} ignore it.
37600 An @samp{<osabi>} element has this form:
37603 <osabi>@var{abi-name}</osabi>
37606 @var{abi-name} is an OS ABI name from the same selection accepted by
37607 @w{@code{set osabi}} (@pxref{ABI, ,Configuring the Current ABI}).
37609 @subsection Compatible Architecture
37610 @cindex @code{<compatible>}
37612 This optional field was introduced in @value{GDBN} version 7.0.
37613 Previous versions of @value{GDBN} ignore it.
37615 A @samp{<compatible>} element has this form:
37618 <compatible>@var{arch}</compatible>
37621 @var{arch} is one of the architectures from the set accepted by
37622 @code{set architecture} (@pxref{Targets, ,Specifying a Debugging Target}).
37624 A @samp{<compatible>} element is used to specify that the target
37625 is able to run binaries in some other than the main target architecture
37626 given by the @samp{<architecture>} element. For example, on the
37627 Cell Broadband Engine, the main architecture is @code{powerpc:common}
37628 or @code{powerpc:common64}, but the system is able to run binaries
37629 in the @code{spu} architecture as well. The way to describe this
37630 capability with @samp{<compatible>} is as follows:
37633 <architecture>powerpc:common</architecture>
37634 <compatible>spu</compatible>
37637 @subsection Features
37640 Each @samp{<feature>} describes some logical portion of the target
37641 system. Features are currently used to describe available CPU
37642 registers and the types of their contents. A @samp{<feature>} element
37646 <feature name="@var{name}">
37647 @r{[}@var{type}@dots{}@r{]}
37653 Each feature's name should be unique within the description. The name
37654 of a feature does not matter unless @value{GDBN} has some special
37655 knowledge of the contents of that feature; if it does, the feature
37656 should have its standard name. @xref{Standard Target Features}.
37660 Any register's value is a collection of bits which @value{GDBN} must
37661 interpret. The default interpretation is a two's complement integer,
37662 but other types can be requested by name in the register description.
37663 Some predefined types are provided by @value{GDBN} (@pxref{Predefined
37664 Target Types}), and the description can define additional composite types.
37666 Each type element must have an @samp{id} attribute, which gives
37667 a unique (within the containing @samp{<feature>}) name to the type.
37668 Types must be defined before they are used.
37671 Some targets offer vector registers, which can be treated as arrays
37672 of scalar elements. These types are written as @samp{<vector>} elements,
37673 specifying the array element type, @var{type}, and the number of elements,
37677 <vector id="@var{id}" type="@var{type}" count="@var{count}"/>
37681 If a register's value is usefully viewed in multiple ways, define it
37682 with a union type containing the useful representations. The
37683 @samp{<union>} element contains one or more @samp{<field>} elements,
37684 each of which has a @var{name} and a @var{type}:
37687 <union id="@var{id}">
37688 <field name="@var{name}" type="@var{type}"/>
37694 If a register's value is composed from several separate values, define
37695 it with a structure type. There are two forms of the @samp{<struct>}
37696 element; a @samp{<struct>} element must either contain only bitfields
37697 or contain no bitfields. If the structure contains only bitfields,
37698 its total size in bytes must be specified, each bitfield must have an
37699 explicit start and end, and bitfields are automatically assigned an
37700 integer type. The field's @var{start} should be less than or
37701 equal to its @var{end}, and zero represents the least significant bit.
37704 <struct id="@var{id}" size="@var{size}">
37705 <field name="@var{name}" start="@var{start}" end="@var{end}"/>
37710 If the structure contains no bitfields, then each field has an
37711 explicit type, and no implicit padding is added.
37714 <struct id="@var{id}">
37715 <field name="@var{name}" type="@var{type}"/>
37721 If a register's value is a series of single-bit flags, define it with
37722 a flags type. The @samp{<flags>} element has an explicit @var{size}
37723 and contains one or more @samp{<field>} elements. Each field has a
37724 @var{name}, a @var{start}, and an @var{end}. Only single-bit flags
37728 <flags id="@var{id}" size="@var{size}">
37729 <field name="@var{name}" start="@var{start}" end="@var{end}"/>
37734 @subsection Registers
37737 Each register is represented as an element with this form:
37740 <reg name="@var{name}"
37741 bitsize="@var{size}"
37742 @r{[}regnum="@var{num}"@r{]}
37743 @r{[}save-restore="@var{save-restore}"@r{]}
37744 @r{[}type="@var{type}"@r{]}
37745 @r{[}group="@var{group}"@r{]}/>
37749 The components are as follows:
37754 The register's name; it must be unique within the target description.
37757 The register's size, in bits.
37760 The register's number. If omitted, a register's number is one greater
37761 than that of the previous register (either in the current feature or in
37762 a preceding feature); the first register in the target description
37763 defaults to zero. This register number is used to read or write
37764 the register; e.g.@: it is used in the remote @code{p} and @code{P}
37765 packets, and registers appear in the @code{g} and @code{G} packets
37766 in order of increasing register number.
37769 Whether the register should be preserved across inferior function
37770 calls; this must be either @code{yes} or @code{no}. The default is
37771 @code{yes}, which is appropriate for most registers except for
37772 some system control registers; this is not related to the target's
37776 The type of the register. @var{type} may be a predefined type, a type
37777 defined in the current feature, or one of the special types @code{int}
37778 and @code{float}. @code{int} is an integer type of the correct size
37779 for @var{bitsize}, and @code{float} is a floating point type (in the
37780 architecture's normal floating point format) of the correct size for
37781 @var{bitsize}. The default is @code{int}.
37784 The register group to which this register belongs. @var{group} must
37785 be either @code{general}, @code{float}, or @code{vector}. If no
37786 @var{group} is specified, @value{GDBN} will not display the register
37787 in @code{info registers}.
37791 @node Predefined Target Types
37792 @section Predefined Target Types
37793 @cindex target descriptions, predefined types
37795 Type definitions in the self-description can build up composite types
37796 from basic building blocks, but can not define fundamental types. Instead,
37797 standard identifiers are provided by @value{GDBN} for the fundamental
37798 types. The currently supported types are:
37807 Signed integer types holding the specified number of bits.
37814 Unsigned integer types holding the specified number of bits.
37818 Pointers to unspecified code and data. The program counter and
37819 any dedicated return address register may be marked as code
37820 pointers; printing a code pointer converts it into a symbolic
37821 address. The stack pointer and any dedicated address registers
37822 may be marked as data pointers.
37825 Single precision IEEE floating point.
37828 Double precision IEEE floating point.
37831 The 12-byte extended precision format used by ARM FPA registers.
37834 The 10-byte extended precision format used by x87 registers.
37837 32bit @sc{eflags} register used by x86.
37840 32bit @sc{mxcsr} register used by x86.
37844 @node Standard Target Features
37845 @section Standard Target Features
37846 @cindex target descriptions, standard features
37848 A target description must contain either no registers or all the
37849 target's registers. If the description contains no registers, then
37850 @value{GDBN} will assume a default register layout, selected based on
37851 the architecture. If the description contains any registers, the
37852 default layout will not be used; the standard registers must be
37853 described in the target description, in such a way that @value{GDBN}
37854 can recognize them.
37856 This is accomplished by giving specific names to feature elements
37857 which contain standard registers. @value{GDBN} will look for features
37858 with those names and verify that they contain the expected registers;
37859 if any known feature is missing required registers, or if any required
37860 feature is missing, @value{GDBN} will reject the target
37861 description. You can add additional registers to any of the
37862 standard features --- @value{GDBN} will display them just as if
37863 they were added to an unrecognized feature.
37865 This section lists the known features and their expected contents.
37866 Sample XML documents for these features are included in the
37867 @value{GDBN} source tree, in the directory @file{gdb/features}.
37869 Names recognized by @value{GDBN} should include the name of the
37870 company or organization which selected the name, and the overall
37871 architecture to which the feature applies; so e.g.@: the feature
37872 containing ARM core registers is named @samp{org.gnu.gdb.arm.core}.
37874 The names of registers are not case sensitive for the purpose
37875 of recognizing standard features, but @value{GDBN} will only display
37876 registers using the capitalization used in the description.
37883 * PowerPC Features::
37889 @subsection ARM Features
37890 @cindex target descriptions, ARM features
37892 The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.arm.core} feature is required for non-M-profile
37894 It should contain registers @samp{r0} through @samp{r13}, @samp{sp},
37895 @samp{lr}, @samp{pc}, and @samp{cpsr}.
37897 For M-profile targets (e.g. Cortex-M3), the @samp{org.gnu.gdb.arm.core}
37898 feature is replaced by @samp{org.gnu.gdb.arm.m-profile}. It should contain
37899 registers @samp{r0} through @samp{r13}, @samp{sp}, @samp{lr}, @samp{pc},
37902 The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.arm.fpa} feature is optional. If present, it
37903 should contain registers @samp{f0} through @samp{f7} and @samp{fps}.
37905 The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.xscale.iwmmxt} feature is optional. If present,
37906 it should contain at least registers @samp{wR0} through @samp{wR15} and
37907 @samp{wCGR0} through @samp{wCGR3}. The @samp{wCID}, @samp{wCon},
37908 @samp{wCSSF}, and @samp{wCASF} registers are optional.
37910 The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.arm.vfp} feature is optional. If present, it
37911 should contain at least registers @samp{d0} through @samp{d15}. If
37912 they are present, @samp{d16} through @samp{d31} should also be included.
37913 @value{GDBN} will synthesize the single-precision registers from
37914 halves of the double-precision registers.
37916 The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.arm.neon} feature is optional. It does not
37917 need to contain registers; it instructs @value{GDBN} to display the
37918 VFP double-precision registers as vectors and to synthesize the
37919 quad-precision registers from pairs of double-precision registers.
37920 If this feature is present, @samp{org.gnu.gdb.arm.vfp} must also
37921 be present and include 32 double-precision registers.
37923 @node i386 Features
37924 @subsection i386 Features
37925 @cindex target descriptions, i386 features
37927 The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.i386.core} feature is required for i386/amd64
37928 targets. It should describe the following registers:
37932 @samp{eax} through @samp{edi} plus @samp{eip} for i386
37934 @samp{rax} through @samp{r15} plus @samp{rip} for amd64
37936 @samp{eflags}, @samp{cs}, @samp{ss}, @samp{ds}, @samp{es},
37937 @samp{fs}, @samp{gs}
37939 @samp{st0} through @samp{st7}
37941 @samp{fctrl}, @samp{fstat}, @samp{ftag}, @samp{fiseg}, @samp{fioff},
37942 @samp{foseg}, @samp{fooff} and @samp{fop}
37945 The register sets may be different, depending on the target.
37947 The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.i386.sse} feature is optional. It should
37948 describe registers:
37952 @samp{xmm0} through @samp{xmm7} for i386
37954 @samp{xmm0} through @samp{xmm15} for amd64
37959 The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.i386.avx} feature is optional and requires the
37960 @samp{org.gnu.gdb.i386.sse} feature. It should
37961 describe the upper 128 bits of @sc{ymm} registers:
37965 @samp{ymm0h} through @samp{ymm7h} for i386
37967 @samp{ymm0h} through @samp{ymm15h} for amd64
37970 The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.i386.linux} feature is optional. It should
37971 describe a single register, @samp{orig_eax}.
37973 @node MIPS Features
37974 @subsection MIPS Features
37975 @cindex target descriptions, MIPS features
37977 The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.mips.cpu} feature is required for MIPS targets.
37978 It should contain registers @samp{r0} through @samp{r31}, @samp{lo},
37979 @samp{hi}, and @samp{pc}. They may be 32-bit or 64-bit depending
37982 The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.mips.cp0} feature is also required. It should
37983 contain at least the @samp{status}, @samp{badvaddr}, and @samp{cause}
37984 registers. They may be 32-bit or 64-bit depending on the target.
37986 The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.mips.fpu} feature is currently required, though
37987 it may be optional in a future version of @value{GDBN}. It should
37988 contain registers @samp{f0} through @samp{f31}, @samp{fcsr}, and
37989 @samp{fir}. They may be 32-bit or 64-bit depending on the target.
37991 The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.mips.linux} feature is optional. It should
37992 contain a single register, @samp{restart}, which is used by the
37993 Linux kernel to control restartable syscalls.
37995 @node M68K Features
37996 @subsection M68K Features
37997 @cindex target descriptions, M68K features
38000 @item @samp{org.gnu.gdb.m68k.core}
38001 @itemx @samp{org.gnu.gdb.coldfire.core}
38002 @itemx @samp{org.gnu.gdb.fido.core}
38003 One of those features must be always present.
38004 The feature that is present determines which flavor of m68k is
38005 used. The feature that is present should contain registers
38006 @samp{d0} through @samp{d7}, @samp{a0} through @samp{a5}, @samp{fp},
38007 @samp{sp}, @samp{ps} and @samp{pc}.
38009 @item @samp{org.gnu.gdb.coldfire.fp}
38010 This feature is optional. If present, it should contain registers
38011 @samp{fp0} through @samp{fp7}, @samp{fpcontrol}, @samp{fpstatus} and
38015 @node PowerPC Features
38016 @subsection PowerPC Features
38017 @cindex target descriptions, PowerPC features
38019 The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.power.core} feature is required for PowerPC
38020 targets. It should contain registers @samp{r0} through @samp{r31},
38021 @samp{pc}, @samp{msr}, @samp{cr}, @samp{lr}, @samp{ctr}, and
38022 @samp{xer}. They may be 32-bit or 64-bit depending on the target.
38024 The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.power.fpu} feature is optional. It should
38025 contain registers @samp{f0} through @samp{f31} and @samp{fpscr}.
38027 The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.power.altivec} feature is optional. It should
38028 contain registers @samp{vr0} through @samp{vr31}, @samp{vscr},
38031 The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.power.vsx} feature is optional. It should
38032 contain registers @samp{vs0h} through @samp{vs31h}. @value{GDBN}
38033 will combine these registers with the floating point registers
38034 (@samp{f0} through @samp{f31}) and the altivec registers (@samp{vr0}
38035 through @samp{vr31}) to present the 128-bit wide registers @samp{vs0}
38036 through @samp{vs63}, the set of vector registers for POWER7.
38038 The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.power.spe} feature is optional. It should
38039 contain registers @samp{ev0h} through @samp{ev31h}, @samp{acc}, and
38040 @samp{spefscr}. SPE targets should provide 32-bit registers in
38041 @samp{org.gnu.gdb.power.core} and provide the upper halves in
38042 @samp{ev0h} through @samp{ev31h}. @value{GDBN} will combine
38043 these to present registers @samp{ev0} through @samp{ev31} to the
38046 @node TIC6x Features
38047 @subsection TMS320C6x Features
38048 @cindex target descriptions, TIC6x features
38049 @cindex target descriptions, TMS320C6x features
38050 The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.tic6x.core} feature is required for TMS320C6x
38051 targets. It should contain registers @samp{A0} through @samp{A15},
38052 registers @samp{B0} through @samp{B15}, @samp{CSR} and @samp{PC}.
38054 The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.tic6x.gp} feature is optional. It should
38055 contain registers @samp{A16} through @samp{A31} and @samp{B16}
38056 through @samp{B31}.
38058 The @samp{org.gnu.gdb.tic6x.c6xp} feature is optional. It should
38059 contain registers @samp{TSR}, @samp{ILC} and @samp{RILC}.
38061 @node Operating System Information
38062 @appendix Operating System Information
38063 @cindex operating system information
38069 Users of @value{GDBN} often wish to obtain information about the state of
38070 the operating system running on the target---for example the list of
38071 processes, or the list of open files. This section describes the
38072 mechanism that makes it possible. This mechanism is similar to the
38073 target features mechanism (@pxref{Target Descriptions}), but focuses
38074 on a different aspect of target.
38076 Operating system information is retrived from the target via the
38077 remote protocol, using @samp{qXfer} requests (@pxref{qXfer osdata
38078 read}). The object name in the request should be @samp{osdata}, and
38079 the @var{annex} identifies the data to be fetched.
38082 @appendixsection Process list
38083 @cindex operating system information, process list
38085 When requesting the process list, the @var{annex} field in the
38086 @samp{qXfer} request should be @samp{processes}. The returned data is
38087 an XML document. The formal syntax of this document is defined in
38088 @file{gdb/features/osdata.dtd}.
38090 An example document is:
38093 <?xml version="1.0"?>
38094 <!DOCTYPE target SYSTEM "osdata.dtd">
38095 <osdata type="processes">
38097 <column name="pid">1</column>
38098 <column name="user">root</column>
38099 <column name="command">/sbin/init</column>
38100 <column name="cores">1,2,3</column>
38105 Each item should include a column whose name is @samp{pid}. The value
38106 of that column should identify the process on the target. The
38107 @samp{user} and @samp{command} columns are optional, and will be
38108 displayed by @value{GDBN}. The @samp{cores} column, if present,
38109 should contain a comma-separated list of cores that this process
38110 is running on. Target may provide additional columns,
38111 which @value{GDBN} currently ignores.
38113 @node Trace File Format
38114 @appendix Trace File Format
38115 @cindex trace file format
38117 The trace file comes in three parts: a header, a textual description
38118 section, and a trace frame section with binary data.
38120 The header has the form @code{\x7fTRACE0\n}. The first byte is
38121 @code{0x7f} so as to indicate that the file contains binary data,
38122 while the @code{0} is a version number that may have different values
38125 The description section consists of multiple lines of @sc{ascii} text
38126 separated by newline characters (@code{0xa}). The lines may include a
38127 variety of optional descriptive or context-setting information, such
38128 as tracepoint definitions or register set size. @value{GDBN} will
38129 ignore any line that it does not recognize. An empty line marks the end
38132 @c FIXME add some specific types of data
38134 The trace frame section consists of a number of consecutive frames.
38135 Each frame begins with a two-byte tracepoint number, followed by a
38136 four-byte size giving the amount of data in the frame. The data in
38137 the frame consists of a number of blocks, each introduced by a
38138 character indicating its type (at least register, memory, and trace
38139 state variable). The data in this section is raw binary, not a
38140 hexadecimal or other encoding; its endianness matches the target's
38143 @c FIXME bi-arch may require endianness/arch info in description section
38146 @item R @var{bytes}
38147 Register block. The number and ordering of bytes matches that of a
38148 @code{g} packet in the remote protocol. Note that these are the
38149 actual bytes, in target order and @value{GDBN} register order, not a
38150 hexadecimal encoding.
38152 @item M @var{address} @var{length} @var{bytes}...
38153 Memory block. This is a contiguous block of memory, at the 8-byte
38154 address @var{address}, with a 2-byte length @var{length}, followed by
38155 @var{length} bytes.
38157 @item V @var{number} @var{value}
38158 Trace state variable block. This records the 8-byte signed value
38159 @var{value} of trace state variable numbered @var{number}.
38163 Future enhancements of the trace file format may include additional types
38166 @node Index Section Format
38167 @appendix @code{.gdb_index} section format
38168 @cindex .gdb_index section format
38169 @cindex index section format
38171 This section documents the index section that is created by @code{save
38172 gdb-index} (@pxref{Index Files}). The index section is
38173 DWARF-specific; some knowledge of DWARF is assumed in this
38176 The mapped index file format is designed to be directly
38177 @code{mmap}able on any architecture. In most cases, a datum is
38178 represented using a little-endian 32-bit integer value, called an
38179 @code{offset_type}. Big endian machines must byte-swap the values
38180 before using them. Exceptions to this rule are noted. The data is
38181 laid out such that alignment is always respected.
38183 A mapped index consists of several areas, laid out in order.
38187 The file header. This is a sequence of values, of @code{offset_type}
38188 unless otherwise noted:
38192 The version number, currently 5. Versions 1, 2 and 3 are obsolete.
38193 Version 4 differs by its hashing function.
38196 The offset, from the start of the file, of the CU list.
38199 The offset, from the start of the file, of the types CU list. Note
38200 that this area can be empty, in which case this offset will be equal
38201 to the next offset.
38204 The offset, from the start of the file, of the address area.
38207 The offset, from the start of the file, of the symbol table.
38210 The offset, from the start of the file, of the constant pool.
38214 The CU list. This is a sequence of pairs of 64-bit little-endian
38215 values, sorted by the CU offset. The first element in each pair is
38216 the offset of a CU in the @code{.debug_info} section. The second
38217 element in each pair is the length of that CU. References to a CU
38218 elsewhere in the map are done using a CU index, which is just the
38219 0-based index into this table. Note that if there are type CUs, then
38220 conceptually CUs and type CUs form a single list for the purposes of
38224 The types CU list. This is a sequence of triplets of 64-bit
38225 little-endian values. In a triplet, the first value is the CU offset,
38226 the second value is the type offset in the CU, and the third value is
38227 the type signature. The types CU list is not sorted.
38230 The address area. The address area consists of a sequence of address
38231 entries. Each address entry has three elements:
38235 The low address. This is a 64-bit little-endian value.
38238 The high address. This is a 64-bit little-endian value. Like
38239 @code{DW_AT_high_pc}, the value is one byte beyond the end.
38242 The CU index. This is an @code{offset_type} value.
38246 The symbol table. This is an open-addressed hash table. The size of
38247 the hash table is always a power of 2.
38249 Each slot in the hash table consists of a pair of @code{offset_type}
38250 values. The first value is the offset of the symbol's name in the
38251 constant pool. The second value is the offset of the CU vector in the
38254 If both values are 0, then this slot in the hash table is empty. This
38255 is ok because while 0 is a valid constant pool index, it cannot be a
38256 valid index for both a string and a CU vector.
38258 The hash value for a table entry is computed by applying an
38259 iterative hash function to the symbol's name. Starting with an
38260 initial value of @code{r = 0}, each (unsigned) character @samp{c} in
38261 the string is incorporated into the hash using the formula depending on the
38266 The formula is @code{r = r * 67 + c - 113}.
38269 The formula is @code{r = r * 67 + tolower (c) - 113}.
38272 The terminating @samp{\0} is not incorporated into the hash.
38274 The step size used in the hash table is computed via
38275 @code{((hash * 17) & (size - 1)) | 1}, where @samp{hash} is the hash
38276 value, and @samp{size} is the size of the hash table. The step size
38277 is used to find the next candidate slot when handling a hash
38280 The names of C@t{++} symbols in the hash table are canonicalized. We
38281 don't currently have a simple description of the canonicalization
38282 algorithm; if you intend to create new index sections, you must read
38286 The constant pool. This is simply a bunch of bytes. It is organized
38287 so that alignment is correct: CU vectors are stored first, followed by
38290 A CU vector in the constant pool is a sequence of @code{offset_type}
38291 values. The first value is the number of CU indices in the vector.
38292 Each subsequent value is the index of a CU in the CU list. This
38293 element in the hash table is used to indicate which CUs define the
38296 A string in the constant pool is zero-terminated.
38301 @node GNU Free Documentation License
38302 @appendix GNU Free Documentation License
38311 % I think something like @colophon should be in texinfo. In the
38313 \long\def\colophon{\hbox to0pt{}\vfill
38314 \centerline{The body of this manual is set in}
38315 \centerline{\fontname\tenrm,}
38316 \centerline{with headings in {\bf\fontname\tenbf}}
38317 \centerline{and examples in {\tt\fontname\tentt}.}
38318 \centerline{{\it\fontname\tenit\/},}
38319 \centerline{{\bf\fontname\tenbf}, and}
38320 \centerline{{\sl\fontname\tensl\/}}
38321 \centerline{are used for emphasis.}\vfill}
38323 % Blame: doc@cygnus.com, 1991.