Update Go library to release r60.1.

[gcc.git] / libgo / go / reflect / type.go

// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

// Package reflect implements run-time reflection, allowing a program to
// manipulate objects with arbitrary types.  The typical use is to take a value
// with static type interface{} and extract its dynamic type information by
// calling TypeOf, which returns a Type.
//
// A call to ValueOf returns a Value representing the run-time data.
// Zero takes a Type and returns a Value representing a zero value
// for that type.
//
// See "The Laws of Reflection" for an introduction to reflection in Go:
// http://blog.golang.org/2011/09/laws-of-reflection.html
package reflect

import (
        "runtime"
        "strconv"
        "sync"
        "unsafe"
)

// Type is the representation of a Go type.
//
// Not all methods apply to all kinds of types.  Restrictions,
// if any, are noted in the documentation for each method.
// Use the Kind method to find out the kind of type before
// calling kind-specific methods.  Calling a method
// inappropriate to the kind of type causes a run-time panic.
type Type interface {
        // Methods applicable to all types.

        // Align returns the alignment in bytes of a value of
        // this type when allocated in memory.
        Align() int

        // FieldAlign returns the alignment in bytes of a value of
        // this type when used as a field in a struct.
        FieldAlign() int

        // Method returns the i'th method in the type's method set.
        // It panics if i is not in the range [0, NumMethod()).
        //
        // For a non-interface type T or *T, the returned Method's Type and Func
        // fields describe a function whose first argument is the receiver.
        //
        // For an interface type, the returned Method's Type field gives the
        // method signature, without a receiver, and the Func field is nil.
        Method(int) Method

        // MethodByName returns the method with that name in the type's
        // method set and a boolean indicating if the method was found.
        //
        // For a non-interface type T or *T, the returned Method's Type and Func
        // fields describe a function whose first argument is the receiver.
        //
        // For an interface type, the returned Method's Type field gives the
        // method signature, without a receiver, and the Func field is nil.
        MethodByName(string) (Method, bool)

        // NumMethod returns the number of methods in the type's method set.
        NumMethod() int

        // Name returns the type's name within its package.
        // It returns an empty string for unnamed types.
        Name() string

        // PkgPath returns the type's package path.
        // The package path is a full package import path like "container/vector".
        // PkgPath returns an empty string for unnamed types.
        PkgPath() string

        // Size returns the number of bytes needed to store
        // a value of the given type; it is analogous to unsafe.Sizeof.
        Size() uintptr

        // String returns a string representation of the type.
        // The string representation may use shortened package names
        // (e.g., vector instead of "container/vector") and is not
        // guaranteed to be unique among types.  To test for equality,
        // compare the Types directly.
        String() string

        // Kind returns the specific kind of this type.
        Kind() Kind

        // Implements returns true if the type implements the interface type u.
        Implements(u Type) bool

        // AssignableTo returns true if a value of the type is assignable to type u.
        AssignableTo(u Type) bool

        // Methods applicable only to some types, depending on Kind.
        // The methods allowed for each kind are:
        //
        //      Int*, Uint*, Float*, Complex*: Bits
        //      Array: Elem, Len
        //      Chan: ChanDir, Elem
        //      Func: In, NumIn, Out, NumOut, IsVariadic.
        //      Map: Key, Elem
        //      Ptr: Elem
        //      Slice: Elem
        //      Struct: Field, FieldByIndex, FieldByName, FieldByNameFunc, NumField

        // Bits returns the size of the type in bits.
        // It panics if the type's Kind is not one of the
        // sized or unsized Int, Uint, Float, or Complex kinds.
        Bits() int

        // ChanDir returns a channel type's direction.
        // It panics if the type's Kind is not Chan.
        ChanDir() ChanDir

        // IsVariadic returns true if a function type's final input parameter
        // is a "..." parameter.  If so, t.In(t.NumIn() - 1) returns the parameter's
        // implicit actual type []T.
        //
        // For concreteness, if t represents func(x int, y ... float64), then
        //
        //      t.NumIn() == 2
        //      t.In(0) is the reflect.Type for "int"
        //      t.In(1) is the reflect.Type for "[]float64"
        //      t.IsVariadic() == true
        //
        // IsVariadic panics if the type's Kind is not Func.
        IsVariadic() bool

        // Elem returns a type's element type.
        // It panics if the type's Kind is not Array, Chan, Map, Ptr, or Slice.
        Elem() Type

        // Field returns a struct type's i'th field.
        // It panics if the type's Kind is not Struct.
        // It panics if i is not in the range [0, NumField()).
        Field(i int) StructField

        // FieldByIndex returns the nested field corresponding
        // to the index sequence.  It is equivalent to calling Field
        // successively for each index i.
        // It panics if the type's Kind is not Struct.
        FieldByIndex(index []int) StructField

        // FieldByName returns the struct field with the given name
        // and a boolean indicating if the field was found.
        FieldByName(name string) (StructField, bool)

        // FieldByNameFunc returns the first struct field with a name
        // that satisfies the match function and a boolean indicating if
        // the field was found.
        FieldByNameFunc(match func(string) bool) (StructField, bool)

        // In returns the type of a function type's i'th input parameter.
        // It panics if the type's Kind is not Func.
        // It panics if i is not in the range [0, NumIn()).
        In(i int) Type

        // Key returns a map type's key type.
        // It panics if the type's Kind is not Map.
        Key() Type

        // Len returns an array type's length.
        // It panics if the type's Kind is not Array.
        Len() int

        // NumField returns a struct type's field count.
        // It panics if the type's Kind is not Struct.
        NumField() int

        // NumIn returns a function type's input parameter count.
        // It panics if the type's Kind is not Func.
        NumIn() int

        // NumOut returns a function type's output parameter count.
        // It panics if the type's Kind is not Func.
        NumOut() int

        // Out returns the type of a function type's i'th output parameter.
        // It panics if the type's Kind is not Func.
        // It panics if i is not in the range [0, NumOut()).
        Out(i int) Type

        runtimeType() *runtime.Type
        common() *commonType
        uncommon() *uncommonType
}

// A Kind represents the specific kind of type that a Type represents.
// The zero Kind is not a valid kind.
type Kind uint8

const (
        Invalid Kind = iota
        Bool
        Int
        Int8
        Int16
        Int32
        Int64
        Uint
        Uint8
        Uint16
        Uint32
        Uint64
        Uintptr
        Float32
        Float64
        Complex64
        Complex128
        Array
        Chan
        Func
        Interface
        Map
        Ptr
        Slice
        String
        Struct
        UnsafePointer
)

/*
 * Copy of data structures from ../runtime/type.go.
 * For comments, see the ones in that file.
 *
 * These data structures are known to the compiler and the runtime.
 *
 * Putting these types in runtime instead of reflect means that
 * reflect doesn't need to be autolinked into every binary, which
 * simplifies bootstrapping and package dependencies.
 * Unfortunately, it also means that reflect needs its own
 * copy in order to access the private fields.
 */

// commonType is the common implementation of most values.
// It is embedded in other, public struct types, but always
// with a unique tag like `reflect:"array"` or `reflect:"ptr"`
// so that code cannot convert from, say, *arrayType to *ptrType.

type commonType struct {
        kind       uint8
        align      int8
        fieldAlign uint8
        size       uintptr
        hash       uint32
        hashfn     func(unsafe.Pointer, uintptr)
        equalfn    func(unsafe.Pointer, unsafe.Pointer, uintptr)
        string     *string
        *uncommonType
        ptrToThis *runtime.Type
}

type method struct {
        name    *string
        pkgPath *string
        mtyp    *runtime.Type
        typ     *runtime.Type
        tfn     unsafe.Pointer
}

type uncommonType struct {
        name    *string
        pkgPath *string
        methods []method
}

// ChanDir represents a channel type's direction.
type ChanDir int

const (
        RecvDir ChanDir = 1 << iota
        SendDir
        BothDir = RecvDir | SendDir
)

// arrayType represents a fixed array type.
type arrayType struct {
        commonType `reflect:"array"`
        elem       *runtime.Type
        slice      *runtime.Type
        len        uintptr
}

// chanType represents a channel type.
type chanType struct {
        commonType `reflect:"chan"`
        elem       *runtime.Type
        dir        uintptr
}

// funcType represents a function type.
type funcType struct {
        commonType `reflect:"func"`
        dotdotdot  bool
        in         []*runtime.Type
        out        []*runtime.Type
}

// imethod represents a method on an interface type
type imethod struct {
        name    *string
        pkgPath *string
        typ     *runtime.Type
}

// interfaceType represents an interface type.
type interfaceType struct {
        commonType `reflect:"interface"`
        methods    []imethod
}

// mapType represents a map type.
type mapType struct {
        commonType `reflect:"map"`
        key        *runtime.Type
        elem       *runtime.Type
}

// ptrType represents a pointer type.
type ptrType struct {
        commonType `reflect:"ptr"`
        elem       *runtime.Type
}

// sliceType represents a slice type.
type sliceType struct {
        commonType `reflect:"slice"`
        elem       *runtime.Type
}

// Struct field
type structField struct {
        name    *string
        pkgPath *string
        typ     *runtime.Type
        tag     *string
        offset  uintptr
}

// structType represents a struct type.
type structType struct {
        commonType `reflect:"struct"`
        fields     []structField
}

/*
 * The compiler knows the exact layout of all the data structures above.
 * The compiler does not know about the data structures and methods below.
 */

// Method represents a single method.
type Method struct {
        PkgPath string // empty for uppercase Name
        Name    string
        Type    Type
        Func    Value
        Index   int
}

// High bit says whether type has
// embedded pointers,to help garbage collector.
const kindMask = 0x7f

func (k Kind) String() string {
        if int(k) < len(kindNames) {
                return kindNames[k]
        }
        return "kind" + strconv.Itoa(int(k))
}

var kindNames = []string{
        Invalid:       "invalid",
        Bool:          "bool",
        Int:           "int",
        Int8:          "int8",
        Int16:         "int16",
        Int32:         "int32",
        Int64:         "int64",
        Uint:          "uint",
        Uint8:         "uint8",
        Uint16:        "uint16",
        Uint32:        "uint32",
        Uint64:        "uint64",
        Uintptr:       "uintptr",
        Float32:       "float32",
        Float64:       "float64",
        Complex64:     "complex64",
        Complex128:    "complex128",
        Array:         "array",
        Chan:          "chan",
        Func:          "func",
        Interface:     "interface",
        Map:           "map",
        Ptr:           "ptr",
        Slice:         "slice",
        String:        "string",
        Struct:        "struct",
        UnsafePointer: "unsafe.Pointer",
}

func (t *uncommonType) uncommon() *uncommonType {
        return t
}

func (t *uncommonType) PkgPath() string {
        if t == nil || t.pkgPath == nil {
                return ""
        }
        return *t.pkgPath
}

func (t *uncommonType) Name() string {
        if t == nil || t.name == nil {
                return ""
        }
        return *t.name
}

func (t *commonType) toType() Type {
        if t == nil {
                return nil
        }
        return canonicalize(t)
}

func (t *commonType) String() string { return *t.string }

func (t *commonType) Size() uintptr { return t.size }

func (t *commonType) Bits() int {
        if t == nil {
                panic("reflect: Bits of nil Type")
        }
        k := t.Kind()
        if k < Int || k > Complex128 {
                panic("reflect: Bits of non-arithmetic Type " + t.String())
        }
        return int(t.size) * 8
}

func (t *commonType) Align() int { return int(t.align) }

func (t *commonType) FieldAlign() int { return int(t.fieldAlign) }

func (t *commonType) Kind() Kind { return Kind(t.kind & kindMask) }

func (t *commonType) common() *commonType { return t }

func (t *uncommonType) Method(i int) (m Method) {
        if t == nil || i < 0 || i >= len(t.methods) {
                panic("reflect: Method index out of range")
        }
        p := &t.methods[i]
        if p.name != nil {
                m.Name = *p.name
        }
        flag := uint32(0)
        if p.pkgPath != nil {
                m.PkgPath = *p.pkgPath
                flag |= flagRO
        }
        m.Type = toType(p.typ)
        x := new(unsafe.Pointer)
        *x = p.tfn
        m.Func = valueFromIword(flag, m.Type, iword(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(x))))
        m.Index = i
        return
}

func (t *uncommonType) NumMethod() int {
        if t == nil {
                return 0
        }
        return len(t.methods)
}

func (t *uncommonType) MethodByName(name string) (m Method, ok bool) {
        if t == nil {
                return
        }
        var p *method
        for i := range t.methods {
                p = &t.methods[i]
                if p.name != nil && *p.name == name {
                        return t.Method(i), true
                }
        }
        return
}

// TODO(rsc): 6g supplies these, but they are not
// as efficient as they could be: they have commonType
// as the receiver instead of *commonType.
func (t *commonType) NumMethod() int {
        if t.Kind() == Interface {
                tt := (*interfaceType)(unsafe.Pointer(t))
                return tt.NumMethod()
        }
        return t.uncommonType.NumMethod()
}

func (t *commonType) Method(i int) (m Method) {
        if t.Kind() == Interface {
                tt := (*interfaceType)(unsafe.Pointer(t))
                return tt.Method(i)
        }
        return t.uncommonType.Method(i)
}

func (t *commonType) MethodByName(name string) (m Method, ok bool) {
        if t.Kind() == Interface {
                tt := (*interfaceType)(unsafe.Pointer(t))
                return tt.MethodByName(name)
        }
        return t.uncommonType.MethodByName(name)
}

func (t *commonType) PkgPath() string {
        return t.uncommonType.PkgPath()
}

func (t *commonType) Name() string {
        return t.uncommonType.Name()
}

func (t *commonType) ChanDir() ChanDir {
        if t.Kind() != Chan {
                panic("reflect: ChanDir of non-chan type")
        }
        tt := (*chanType)(unsafe.Pointer(t))
        return ChanDir(tt.dir)
}

func (t *commonType) IsVariadic() bool {
        if t.Kind() != Func {
                panic("reflect: IsVariadic of non-func type")
        }
        tt := (*funcType)(unsafe.Pointer(t))
        return tt.dotdotdot
}

func (t *commonType) Elem() Type {
        switch t.Kind() {
        case Array:
                tt := (*arrayType)(unsafe.Pointer(t))
                return toType(tt.elem)
        case Chan:
                tt := (*chanType)(unsafe.Pointer(t))
                return toType(tt.elem)
        case Map:
                tt := (*mapType)(unsafe.Pointer(t))
                return toType(tt.elem)
        case Ptr:
                tt := (*ptrType)(unsafe.Pointer(t))
                return toType(tt.elem)
        case Slice:
                tt := (*sliceType)(unsafe.Pointer(t))
                return toType(tt.elem)
        }
        panic("reflect; Elem of invalid type")
}

func (t *commonType) Field(i int) StructField {
        if t.Kind() != Struct {
                panic("reflect: Field of non-struct type")
        }
        tt := (*structType)(unsafe.Pointer(t))
        return tt.Field(i)
}

func (t *commonType) FieldByIndex(index []int) StructField {
        if t.Kind() != Struct {
                panic("reflect: FieldByIndex of non-struct type")
        }
        tt := (*structType)(unsafe.Pointer(t))
        return tt.FieldByIndex(index)
}

func (t *commonType) FieldByName(name string) (StructField, bool) {
        if t.Kind() != Struct {
                panic("reflect: FieldByName of non-struct type")
        }
        tt := (*structType)(unsafe.Pointer(t))
        return tt.FieldByName(name)
}

func (t *commonType) FieldByNameFunc(match func(string) bool) (StructField, bool) {
        if t.Kind() != Struct {
                panic("reflect: FieldByNameFunc of non-struct type")
        }
        tt := (*structType)(unsafe.Pointer(t))
        return tt.FieldByNameFunc(match)
}

func (t *commonType) In(i int) Type {
        if t.Kind() != Func {
                panic("reflect: In of non-func type")
        }
        tt := (*funcType)(unsafe.Pointer(t))
        return toType(tt.in[i])
}

func (t *commonType) Key() Type {
        if t.Kind() != Map {
                panic("reflect: Key of non-map type")
        }
        tt := (*mapType)(unsafe.Pointer(t))
        return toType(tt.key)
}

func (t *commonType) Len() int {
        if t.Kind() != Array {
                panic("reflect: Len of non-array type")
        }
        tt := (*arrayType)(unsafe.Pointer(t))
        return int(tt.len)
}

func (t *commonType) NumField() int {
        if t.Kind() != Struct {
                panic("reflect: NumField of non-struct type")
        }
        tt := (*structType)(unsafe.Pointer(t))
        return len(tt.fields)
}

func (t *commonType) NumIn() int {
        if t.Kind() != Func {
                panic("reflect; NumIn of non-func type")
        }
        tt := (*funcType)(unsafe.Pointer(t))
        return len(tt.in)
}

func (t *commonType) NumOut() int {
        if t.Kind() != Func {
                panic("reflect; NumOut of non-func type")
        }
        tt := (*funcType)(unsafe.Pointer(t))
        return len(tt.out)
}

func (t *commonType) Out(i int) Type {
        if t.Kind() != Func {
                panic("reflect: Out of non-func type")
        }
        tt := (*funcType)(unsafe.Pointer(t))
        return toType(tt.out[i])
}

func (d ChanDir) String() string {
        switch d {
        case SendDir:
                return "chan<-"
        case RecvDir:
                return "<-chan"
        case BothDir:
                return "chan"
        }
        return "ChanDir" + strconv.Itoa(int(d))
}

// Method returns the i'th method in the type's method set.
func (t *interfaceType) Method(i int) (m Method) {
        if i < 0 || i >= len(t.methods) {
                return
        }
        p := &t.methods[i]
        m.Name = *p.name
        if p.pkgPath != nil {
                m.PkgPath = *p.pkgPath
        }
        m.Type = toType(p.typ)
        m.Index = i
        return
}

// NumMethod returns the number of interface methods in the type's method set.
func (t *interfaceType) NumMethod() int { return len(t.methods) }

// MethodByName method with the given name in the type's method set.
func (t *interfaceType) MethodByName(name string) (m Method, ok bool) {
        if t == nil {
                return
        }
        var p *imethod
        for i := range t.methods {
                p = &t.methods[i]
                if *p.name == name {
                        return t.Method(i), true
                }
        }
        return
}

type StructField struct {
        PkgPath   string // empty for uppercase Name
        Name      string
        Type      Type
        Tag       StructTag
        Offset    uintptr
        Index     []int
        Anonymous bool
}

// A StructTag is the tag string in a struct field.
//
// By convention, tag strings are a concatenation of
// optionally space-separated key:"value" pairs.
// Each key is a non-empty string consisting of non-control
// characters other than space (U+0020 ' '), quote (U+0022 '"'),
// and colon (U+003A ':').  Each value is quoted using U+0022 '"'
// characters and Go string literal syntax.
type StructTag string

// Get returns the value associated with key in the tag string.
// If there is no such key in the tag, Get returns the empty string.
// If the tag does not have the conventional format, the value
// returned by Get is unspecified, 
func (tag StructTag) Get(key string) string {
        for tag != "" {
                // skip leading space
                i := 0
                for i < len(tag) && tag[i] == ' ' {
                        i++
                }
                tag = tag[i:]
                if tag == "" {
                        break
                }

                // scan to colon.
                // a space or a quote is a syntax error
                i = 0
                for i < len(tag) && tag[i] != ' ' && tag[i] != ':' && tag[i] != '"' {
                        i++
                }
                if i+1 >= len(tag) || tag[i] != ':' || tag[i+1] != '"' {
                        break
                }
                name := string(tag[:i])
                tag = tag[i+1:]

                // scan quoted string to find value
                i = 1
                for i < len(tag) && tag[i] != '"' {
                        if tag[i] == '\\' {
                                i++
                        }
                        i++
                }
                if i >= len(tag) {
                        break
                }
                qvalue := string(tag[:i+1])
                tag = tag[i+1:]

                if key == name {
                        value, _ := strconv.Unquote(qvalue)
                        return value
                }
        }
        return ""
}

// Field returns the i'th struct field.
func (t *structType) Field(i int) (f StructField) {
        if i < 0 || i >= len(t.fields) {
                return
        }
        p := t.fields[i]
        f.Type = toType(p.typ)
        if p.name != nil {
                f.Name = *p.name
        } else {
                t := f.Type
                if t.Kind() == Ptr {
                        t = t.Elem()
                }
                f.Name = t.Name()
                f.Anonymous = true
        }
        if p.pkgPath != nil {
                f.PkgPath = *p.pkgPath
        }
        if p.tag != nil {
                f.Tag = StructTag(*p.tag)
        }
        f.Offset = p.offset
        f.Index = []int{i}
        return
}

// TODO(gri): Should there be an error/bool indicator if the index
//            is wrong for FieldByIndex?

// FieldByIndex returns the nested field corresponding to index.
func (t *structType) FieldByIndex(index []int) (f StructField) {
        f.Type = Type(t.toType())
        for i, x := range index {
                if i > 0 {
                        ft := f.Type
                        if ft.Kind() == Ptr && ft.Elem().Kind() == Struct {
                                ft = ft.Elem()
                        }
                        f.Type = ft
                }
                f = f.Type.Field(x)
        }
        return
}

const inf = 1 << 30 // infinity - no struct has that many nesting levels

func (t *structType) fieldByNameFunc(match func(string) bool, mark map[*structType]bool, depth int) (ff StructField, fd int) {
        fd = inf // field depth

        if mark[t] {
                // Struct already seen.
                return
        }
        mark[t] = true

        var fi int // field index
        n := 0     // number of matching fields at depth fd
L:
        for i := range t.fields {
                f := t.Field(i)
                d := inf
                switch {
                case match(f.Name):
                        // Matching top-level field.
                        d = depth
                case f.Anonymous:
                        ft := f.Type
                        if ft.Kind() == Ptr {
                                ft = ft.Elem()
                        }
                        switch {
                        case match(ft.Name()):
                                // Matching anonymous top-level field.
                                d = depth
                        case fd > depth:
                                // No top-level field yet; look inside nested structs.
                                if ft.Kind() == Struct {
                                        st := (*structType)(unsafe.Pointer(ft.(*commonType)))
                                        f, d = st.fieldByNameFunc(match, mark, depth+1)
                                }
                        }
                }

                switch {
                case d < fd:
                        // Found field at shallower depth.
                        ff, fi, fd = f, i, d
                        n = 1
                case d == fd:
                        // More than one matching field at the same depth (or d, fd == inf).
                        // Same as no field found at this depth.
                        n++
                        if d == depth {
                                // Impossible to find a field at lower depth.
                                break L
                        }
                }
        }

        if n == 1 {
                // Found matching field.
                if len(ff.Index) <= depth {
                        ff.Index = make([]int, depth+1)
                }
                ff.Index[depth] = fi
        } else {
                // None or more than one matching field found.
                fd = inf
        }

        mark[t] = false, false
        return
}

// FieldByName returns the struct field with the given name
// and a boolean to indicate if the field was found.
func (t *structType) FieldByName(name string) (f StructField, present bool) {
        return t.FieldByNameFunc(func(s string) bool { return s == name })
}

// FieldByNameFunc returns the struct field with a name that satisfies the
// match function and a boolean to indicate if the field was found.
func (t *structType) FieldByNameFunc(match func(string) bool) (f StructField, present bool) {
        if ff, fd := t.fieldByNameFunc(match, make(map[*structType]bool), 0); fd < inf {
                ff.Index = ff.Index[0 : fd+1]
                f, present = ff, true
        }
        return
}

// Convert runtime type to reflect type.
func toCommonType(p *runtime.Type) *commonType {
        if p == nil {
                return nil
        }
        x := unsafe.Pointer(p)
        if uintptr(x)&reflectFlags != 0 {
                panic("reflect: invalid interface value")
        }
        return (*commonType)(x)
}

// Canonicalize a Type.
var canonicalType = make(map[string]Type)

var canonicalTypeLock sync.RWMutex

func canonicalize(t Type) Type {
        if t == nil {
                return nil
        }
        u := t.uncommon()
        var s string
        if u == nil || u.PkgPath() == "" {
                s = t.String()
        } else {
                s = u.PkgPath() + "." + u.Name()
        }
        canonicalTypeLock.RLock()
        if r, ok := canonicalType[s]; ok {
                canonicalTypeLock.RUnlock()
                return r
        }
        canonicalTypeLock.RUnlock()
        canonicalTypeLock.Lock()
        if r, ok := canonicalType[s]; ok {
                canonicalTypeLock.Unlock()
                return r
        }
        canonicalType[s] = t
        canonicalTypeLock.Unlock()
        return t
}

func toType(p *runtime.Type) Type {
        if p == nil {
                return nil
        }
        return toCommonType(p).toType()
}

// TypeOf returns the reflection Type of the value in the interface{}.
func TypeOf(i interface{}) Type {
        eface := *(*emptyInterface)(unsafe.Pointer(&i))
        return toType(eface.typ)
}

// ptrMap is the cache for PtrTo.
var ptrMap struct {
        sync.RWMutex
        m map[*commonType]*ptrType
}

func (t *commonType) runtimeType() *runtime.Type {
        return (*runtime.Type)(unsafe.Pointer(t))
}

// PtrTo returns the pointer type with element t.
// For example, if t represents type Foo, PtrTo(t) represents *Foo.
func PtrTo(t Type) Type {
        // If t records its pointer-to type, use it.
        ct := t.(*commonType)
        if p := ct.ptrToThis; p != nil {
                return toType(p)
        }

        // Otherwise, synthesize one.
        // This only happens for pointers with no methods.
        // We keep the mapping in a map on the side, because
        // this operation is rare and a separate map lets us keep
        // the type structures in read-only memory.
        ptrMap.RLock()
        if m := ptrMap.m; m != nil {
                if p := m[ct]; p != nil {
                        ptrMap.RUnlock()
                        return p.commonType.toType()
                }
        }
        ptrMap.RUnlock()
        ptrMap.Lock()
        if ptrMap.m == nil {
                ptrMap.m = make(map[*commonType]*ptrType)
        }
        p := ptrMap.m[ct]
        if p != nil {
                // some other goroutine won the race and created it
                ptrMap.Unlock()
                return p
        }

        rt := (*runtime.Type)(unsafe.Pointer(ct))

        rp := new(runtime.PtrType)
        
        // initialize p using *byte's ptrType as a prototype.
        // have to do assignment as ptrType, not runtime.PtrType,
        // in order to write to unexported fields.
        p = (*ptrType)(unsafe.Pointer(rp))
        bp := (*ptrType)(unsafe.Pointer(unsafe.Typeof((*byte)(nil)).(*runtime.PtrType)))
        *p = *bp

        s := "*" + *ct.string
        p.string = &s

        // For the type structures linked into the binary, the
        // compiler provides a good hash of the string.
        // Create a good hash for the new string by using
        // the FNV-1 hash's mixing function to combine the
        // old hash and the new "*".
        p.hash = ct.hash*16777619 ^ '*'

        p.uncommonType = nil
        p.ptrToThis = nil
        p.elem = (*runtime.Type)(unsafe.Pointer(ct))

        ptrMap.m[ct] = p
        ptrMap.Unlock()
        return p.commonType.toType()
}

func (t *commonType) Implements(u Type) bool {
        if u == nil {
                panic("reflect: nil type passed to Type.Implements")
        }
        if u.Kind() != Interface {
                panic("reflect: non-interface type passed to Type.Implements")
        }
        return implements(u.(*commonType), t)
}

func (t *commonType) AssignableTo(u Type) bool {
        if u == nil {
                panic("reflect: nil type passed to Type.AssignableTo")
        }
        uu := u.(*commonType)
        return directlyAssignable(uu, t) || implements(uu, t)
}

// implements returns true if the type V implements the interface type T.
func implements(T, V *commonType) bool {
        if T.Kind() != Interface {
                return false
        }
        t := (*interfaceType)(unsafe.Pointer(T))
        if len(t.methods) == 0 {
                return true
        }

        // The same algorithm applies in both cases, but the
        // method tables for an interface type and a concrete type
        // are different, so the code is duplicated.
        // In both cases the algorithm is a linear scan over the two
        // lists - T's methods and V's methods - simultaneously.
        // Since method tables are stored in a unique sorted order
        // (alphabetical, with no duplicate method names), the scan
        // through V's methods must hit a match for each of T's
        // methods along the way, or else V does not implement T.
        // This lets us run the scan in overall linear time instead of
        // the quadratic time  a naive search would require.
        // See also ../runtime/iface.c.
        if V.Kind() == Interface {
                v := (*interfaceType)(unsafe.Pointer(V))
                i := 0
                for j := 0; j < len(v.methods); j++ {
                        tm := &t.methods[i]
                        vm := &v.methods[j]
                        if *vm.name == *tm.name && (vm.pkgPath == tm.pkgPath || (vm.pkgPath != nil && tm.pkgPath != nil && *vm.pkgPath == *tm.pkgPath)) && toType(vm.typ).common() == toType(tm.typ).common() {
                                if i++; i >= len(t.methods) {
                                        return true
                                }
                        }
                }
                return false
        }

        v := V.uncommon()
        if v == nil {
                return false
        }
        i := 0
        for j := 0; j < len(v.methods); j++ {
                tm := &t.methods[i]
                vm := &v.methods[j]
                if *vm.name == *tm.name && (vm.pkgPath == tm.pkgPath || (vm.pkgPath != nil && tm.pkgPath != nil && *vm.pkgPath == *tm.pkgPath)) && toType(vm.mtyp).common() == toType(tm.typ).common() {
                        if i++; i >= len(t.methods) {
                                return true
                        }
                }
        }
        return false
}

// directlyAssignable returns true if a value x of type V can be directly
// assigned (using memmove) to a value of type T.
// http://golang.org/doc/go_spec.html#Assignability
// Ignoring the interface rules (implemented elsewhere)
// and the ideal constant rules (no ideal constants at run time).
func directlyAssignable(T, V *commonType) bool {
        // x's type V is identical to T?
        if T == V {
                return true
        }

        // Otherwise at least one of T and V must be unnamed
        // and they must have the same kind.
        if T.Name() != "" && V.Name() != "" || T.Kind() != V.Kind() {
                return false
        }

        // x's type T and V have identical underlying types.
        // Since at least one is unnamed, only the composite types
        // need to be considered.
        switch T.Kind() {
        case Array:
                return T.Elem() == V.Elem() && T.Len() == V.Len()

        case Chan:
                // Special case:
                // x is a bidirectional channel value, T is a channel type,
                // and x's type V and T have identical element types.
                if V.ChanDir() == BothDir && T.Elem() == V.Elem() {
                        return true
                }

                // Otherwise continue test for identical underlying type.
                return V.ChanDir() == T.ChanDir() && T.Elem() == V.Elem()

        case Func:
                t := (*funcType)(unsafe.Pointer(T))
                v := (*funcType)(unsafe.Pointer(V))
                if t.dotdotdot != v.dotdotdot || len(t.in) != len(v.in) || len(t.out) != len(v.out) {
                        return false
                }
                for i, typ := range t.in {
                        if typ != v.in[i] {
                                return false
                        }
                }
                for i, typ := range t.out {
                        if typ != v.out[i] {
                                return false
                        }
                }
                return true

        case Interface:
                t := (*interfaceType)(unsafe.Pointer(T))
                v := (*interfaceType)(unsafe.Pointer(V))
                if len(t.methods) == 0 && len(v.methods) == 0 {
                        return true
                }
                // Might have the same methods but still
                // need a run time conversion.
                return false

        case Map:
                return T.Key() == V.Key() && T.Elem() == V.Elem()

        case Ptr, Slice:
                return T.Elem() == V.Elem()

        case Struct:
                t := (*structType)(unsafe.Pointer(T))
                v := (*structType)(unsafe.Pointer(V))
                if len(t.fields) != len(v.fields) {
                        return false
                }
                for i := range t.fields {
                        tf := &t.fields[i]
                        vf := &v.fields[i]
                        if tf.name != vf.name || tf.pkgPath != vf.pkgPath ||
                                tf.typ != vf.typ || tf.tag != vf.tag || tf.offset != vf.offset {
                                return false
                        }
                }
                return true
        }

        return false
}