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  11     "><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library"><link rel="up" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B.  Porting and Maintenance"><link rel="prev" href="abi.html" title="ABI Policy and Guidelines"><link rel="next" href="backwards.html" title="Backwards Compatibility"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">API Evolution and Deprecation History</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="abi.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix B.
  12   Porting and Maintenance
  13
  14 </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="backwards.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="section" title="API Evolution and Deprecation History"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="appendix.porting.api"></a>API Evolution and Deprecation History</h2></div></div></div><p>
  15 A list of user-visible changes, in chronological order
  16 </p><div class="section" title="3.0"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="api.rel_300"></a><code class="constant">3.0</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
  17 Extensions moved to <code class="filename">include/ext</code>.
  18   </p><p>
  19 Include files from the SGI/HP sources that pre-date the ISO standard
  20 are added. These files are placed into
  21 the <code class="filename">include/backward</code> directory and a deprecated warning
  22 is added that notifies on inclusion (<code class="literal">-Wno-deprecated</code>
  23 deactivates the warning.)
  24 </p><p>Deprecated include <code class="filename">backward/strstream</code> added.</p><p>Removal of include <code class="filename">builtinbuf.h</code>, <code class="filename">indstream.h</code>, <code class="filename">parsestream.h</code>, <code class="filename">PlotFile.h</code>, <code class="filename">SFile.h</code>, <code class="filename">stdiostream.h</code>, and <code class="filename">stream.h</code>.
  25 </p></div><div class="section" title="3.1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="api.rel_310"></a><code class="constant">3.1</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
  26   </p><p>
  27 Extensions from SGI/HP moved from <code class="code">namespace std</code>
  28 to <code class="code">namespace __gnu_cxx</code>. As part of this, the following
  29 new includes are
  30 added: <code class="filename">ext/algorithm</code>, <code class="filename">ext/functional</code>, <code class="filename">ext/iterator</code>, <code class="filename">ext/memory</code>, and <code class="filename">ext/numeric</code>.
  31 </p><p>
  32 Extensions to <code class="code">basic_filebuf</code> introduced: <code class="code">__gnu_cxx::enc_filebuf</code>, and <code class="code">__gnu_cxx::stdio_filebuf</code>.
  33 </p><p>
  34 Extensions to tree data structures added in <code class="filename">ext/rb_tree</code>.
  35 </p><p>
  36 Removal of <code class="filename">ext/tree</code>, moved to <code class="filename">backward/tree.h</code>.
  37 </p></div><div class="section" title="3.2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="api.rel_320"></a><code class="constant">3.2</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
  38   </p><p>Symbol versioning introduced for shared library.</p><p>Removal of include <code class="filename">backward/strstream.h</code>.</p><p>Allocator changes. Change <code class="code">__malloc_alloc</code> to <code class="code">malloc_allocator</code> and <code class="code">__new_alloc</code> to <code class="code">new_allocator</code>. </p><p> For GCC releases from 2.95 through the 3.1 series, defining
  39    <code class="literal">__USE_MALLOC</code> on the gcc command line would change the
  40    default allocation strategy to instead use <code class="code"> malloc</code> and
  41    <code class="function">free</code>. For the 3.2 and 3.3 release series the same
  42    functionality was spelled <code class="literal">_GLIBCXX_FORCE_NEW</code>. From
  43    GCC 3.4 onwards the functionality is enabled by setting
  44    <code class="literal">GLIBCXX_FORCE_NEW</code> in the environment, see
  45    <a class="link" href="mt_allocator.html" title="Chapter 20. The mt_allocator">the mt allocator chapter</a>
  46    for details.
  47    </p><p>Error handling in iostreams cleaned up, made consistent. </p></div><div class="section" title="3.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="api.rel_330"></a><code class="constant">3.3</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
  48   </p></div><div class="section" title="3.4"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="api.rel_340"></a><code class="constant">3.4</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
  49   </p><p>
  50 Large file support.
  51 </p><p> Extensions for generic characters and <code class="code">char_traits</code> added in <code class="filename">ext/pod_char_traits.h</code>.
  52 </p><p>
  53 Support for <code class="code">wchar_t</code> specializations of <code class="code">basic_filebuf</code> enhanced to support <code class="code">UTF-8</code> and <code class="code">Unicode</code>, depending on host. More hosts support basic <code class="code">wchar_t</code> functionality.
  54 </p><p>
  55 Support for <code class="code">char_traits</code> beyond builtin types.
  56 </p><p>
  57 Conformant <code class="code">allocator</code> class and usage in containers. As
  58 part of this, the following extensions are
  59 added: <code class="filename">ext/bitmap_allocator.h</code>, <code class="filename">ext/debug_allocator.h</code>, <code class="filename">ext/mt_allocator.h</code>, <code class="filename">ext/malloc_allocator.h</code>,<code class="filename">ext/new_allocator.h</code>, <code class="filename">ext/pool_allocator.h</code>.
  60 </p><p>
  61 This is a change from all previous versions, and may require
  62 source-level changes due to allocator-related changes to structures
  63 names and template parameters, filenames, and file locations. Some,
  64 like <code class="code">__simple_alloc, __allocator, __alloc, </code> and <code class="code">
  65 _Alloc_traits</code> have been removed.
  66 </p><p>Default behavior of <code class="code">std::allocator</code> has changed.</p><p>
  67    Previous versions prior to 3.4 cache allocations in a memory
  68    pool, instead of passing through to call the global allocation
  69    operators (i.e., <code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::pool_allocator</code>).  More
  70    recent versions default to the
  71    simpler <code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::new_allocator</code>.
  72 </p><p> Previously, all allocators were written to the SGI
  73    style, and all STL containers expected this interface. This
  74    interface had a traits class called <code class="code">_Alloc_traits</code> that
  75    attempted to provide more information for compile-time allocation
  76    selection and optimization. This traits class had another allocator
  77    wrapper, <code class="code">__simple_alloc&lt;T,A&gt;</code>, which was a
  78    wrapper around another allocator, A, which itself is an allocator
  79    for instances of T. But wait, there's more:
  80    <code class="code">__allocator&lt;T,A&gt;</code> is another adapter.  Many of
  81    the provided allocator classes were SGI style: such classes can be
  82    changed to a conforming interface with this wrapper:
  83    <code class="code">__allocator&lt;T, __alloc&gt;</code> is thus the same as
  84    <code class="code">allocator&lt;T&gt;</code>.
  85    </p><p> The class <code class="classname">allocator</code> used the typedef
  86    <span class="type">__alloc</span> to select an underlying allocator that
  87    satisfied memory allocation requests. The selection of this
  88    underlying allocator was not user-configurable.
  89    </p><div class="table"><a name="id684984"></a><p class="title"><b>Table B.6. Extension Allocators</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Extension Allocators" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" class="c1"><col align="left" class="c2"><col align="left" class="c3"><col align="left" class="c4"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Allocator (3.4)</th><th align="left">Header (3.4)</th><th align="left">Allocator (3.[0-3])</th><th align="left">Header (3.[0-3])</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::new_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/new_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__new_alloc</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::malloc_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/malloc_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__malloc_alloc_template&lt;int&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::debug_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/debug_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::debug_alloc&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::__pool_alloc&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/pool_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__default_alloc_template&lt;bool,int&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::__mt_alloc&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/mt_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::bitmap_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/bitmap_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break"><p> Releases after gcc-3.4 have continued to add to the collection
  90    of available allocators. All of these new allocators are
  91    standard-style. The following table includes details, along with
  92    the first released version of GCC that included the extension allocator.
  93    </p><div class="table"><a name="id685214"></a><p class="title"><b>Table B.7. Extension Allocators Continued</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Extension Allocators Continued" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" class="c1"><col align="left" class="c2"><col align="left" class="c3"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Allocator</th><th align="left">Include</th><th align="left">Version</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::array_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/array_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left">4.0.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::throw_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/throw_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left">4.2.0</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break"><p>
  94 Debug mode first appears.
  95 </p><p>
  96 Precompiled header support <acronym class="acronym">PCH</acronym> support.
  97 </p><p>
  98 Macro guard for changed, from <code class="literal">_GLIBCPP_</code> to <code class="literal">_GLIBCXX_</code>.
  99 </p><p>
 100 Extension <code class="filename">ext/stdio_sync_filebuf.h</code> added.
 101 </p><p>
 102 Extension <code class="filename">ext/demangle.h</code> added.
 103 </p></div><div class="section" title="4.0"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="api.rel_400"></a><code class="constant">4.0</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
 104   </p><p>
 105 TR1 features first appear.
 106 </p><p>
 107 Extension allocator <code class="filename">ext/array_allocator.h</code> added.
 108 </p><p>
 109 Extension <code class="code">codecvt</code> specializations moved to <code class="filename">ext/codecvt_specializations.h</code>.
 110 </p><p>
 111 Removal of <code class="filename">ext/demangle.h</code>.
 112 </p></div><div class="section" title="4.1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="api.rel_410"></a><code class="constant">4.1</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
 113   </p><p>
 114 Removal of <code class="filename">cassert</code> from all standard headers: now has to be explicitly included for <code class="code">std::assert</code> calls.
 115 </p><p> Extensions for policy-based data structures first added. New includes,
 116 types, namespace <code class="code">pb_assoc</code>.
 117 </p><p> Extensions for typelists added in <code class="filename">ext/typelist.h</code>.
 118 </p><p> Extension for policy-based <code class="code">basic_string</code> first added: <code class="code">__gnu_cxx::__versa_string</code> in <code class="filename">ext/vstring.h</code>.
 119 </p></div><div class="section" title="4.2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="api.rel_420"></a><code class="constant">4.2</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
 120   </p><p> Default visibility attributes applied to <code class="code">namespace std</code>. Support for <code class="code">-fvisibility</code>.
 121 </p><p>TR1 <code class="filename">random</code>, <code class="filename">complex</code>, and C compatibility headers added.</p><p> Extensions for concurrent programming consolidated
 122 into <code class="filename">ext/concurrence.h</code> and <code class="filename">ext/atomicity.h</code>,
 123 including change of namespace to <code class="code">__gnu_cxx</code> in some
 124 cases. Added types
 125 include <code class="code">_Lock_policy</code>, <code class="code">__concurrence_lock_error</code>, <code class="code">__concurrence_unlock_error</code>, <code class="code">__mutex</code>, <code class="code">__scoped_lock</code>.</p><p> Extensions for type traits consolidated
 126 into <code class="filename">ext/type_traits.h</code>. Additional traits are added
 127 (<code class="code">__conditional_type</code>, <code class="code">__enable_if</code>, others.)
 128 </p><p> Extensions for policy-based data structures revised. New includes,
 129 types, namespace moved to <code class="code">__pb_ds</code>.
 130 </p><p> Extensions for debug mode modified: now nested in <code class="code">namespace
 131 std::__debug</code> and extensions in <code class="code">namespace
 132 __gnu_cxx::__debug</code>.</p><p> Extensions added: <code class="filename">ext/typelist.h</code>
 133 and <code class="filename">ext/throw_allocator.h</code>.
 134 </p></div><div class="section" title="4.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="api.rel_430"></a><code class="constant">4.3</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
 135   </p><p>
 136 C++0X features first appear.
 137 </p><p>TR1 <code class="filename">regex</code> and <code class="filename">cmath</code>'s mathematical special function added.
 138 </p><p>
 139 Backward include edit.
 140 </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>Removed</p><p>
 141 <code class="filename">algobase.h</code> <code class="filename">algo.h</code> <code class="filename">alloc.h</code> <code class="filename">bvector.h</code> <code class="filename">complex.h</code>
 142 <code class="filename">defalloc.h</code> <code class="filename">deque.h</code> <code class="filename">fstream.h</code> <code class="filename">function.h</code> <code class="filename">hash_map.h</code> <code class="filename">hash_set.h</code>
 143 <code class="filename">hashtable.h</code> <code class="filename">heap.h</code> <code class="filename">iomanip.h</code> <code class="filename">iostream.h</code> <code class="filename">istream.h</code> <code class="filename">iterator.h</code>
 144 <code class="filename">list.h</code> <code class="filename">map.h</code> <code class="filename">multimap.h</code> <code class="filename">multiset.h</code> <code class="filename">new.h</code> <code class="filename">ostream.h</code> <code class="filename">pair.h</code> <code class="filename">queue.h</code> <code class="filename">rope.h</code> <code class="filename">set.h</code> <code class="filename">slist.h</code> <code class="filename">stack.h</code> <code class="filename">streambuf.h</code> <code class="filename">stream.h</code> <code class="filename">tempbuf.h</code>
 145 <code class="filename">tree.h</code> <code class="filename">vector.h</code>
 146   </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Added</p><p>
 147   <code class="filename">hash_map</code> and <code class="filename">hash_set</code>
 148   </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Added in C++11</p><p>
 149     <code class="filename">auto_ptr.h</code> and <code class="filename">binders.h</code>
 150   </p></li></ul></div><p>
 151 Header dependency streamlining.
 152 </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">algorithm</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">climits</code>, <code class="filename">cstring</code>, or <code class="filename">iosfwd</code> </p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">bitset</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">istream</code> or <code class="filename">ostream</code>, adds <code class="filename">iosfwd</code> </p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">functional</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">cstddef</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">iomanip</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">istream</code>, <code class="filename">istream</code>, or <code class="filename">functional</code>, adds <code class="filename">ioswd</code> </p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">numeric</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">iterator</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">string</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">algorithm</code> or <code class="filename">memory</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">valarray</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">numeric</code> or <code class="filename">cstdlib</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">tr1/hashtable</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">memory</code> or <code class="filename">functional</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">tr1/memory</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">algorithm</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">tr1/random</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">algorithm</code> or <code class="filename">fstream</code></p></li></ul></div><p>
 153 Debug mode for <code class="filename">unordered_map</code> and <code class="filename">unordered_set</code>.
 154 </p><p>
 155 Parallel mode first appears.
 156 </p><p>Variadic template implementations of items in <code class="filename">tuple</code> and
 157     <code class="filename">functional</code>.
 158 </p><p>Default <code class="code">what</code> implementations give more elaborate
 159     exception strings for <code class="code">bad_cast</code>,
 160     <code class="code">bad_typeid</code>, <code class="code">bad_exception</code>, and
 161     <code class="code">bad_alloc</code>.
 162 </p><p>
 163 PCH binary files no longer installed. Instead, the source files are installed.
 164 </p><p>
 165 Namespace pb_ds moved to __gnu_pb_ds.
 166 </p></div><div class="section" title="4.4"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="api.rel_440"></a><code class="constant">4.4</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
 167   </p><p>
 168 C++0X features.
 169 </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
 170     Added.
 171   </p><p>
 172     <code class="filename">atomic</code>,
 173     <code class="filename">chrono</code>,
 174     <code class="filename">condition_variable</code>,
 175     <code class="filename">forward_list</code>,
 176     <code class="filename">initializer_list</code>,
 177     <code class="filename">mutex</code>,
 178     <code class="filename">ratio</code>,
 179     <code class="filename">thread</code>
 180   </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
 181     Updated and improved.
 182   </p><p>
 183     <code class="filename">algorithm</code>,
 184     <code class="filename">system_error</code>,
 185     <code class="filename">type_traits</code>
 186   </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
 187     Use of the GNU extension namespace association converted to inline namespaces.
 188   </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
 189     Preliminary support for <code class="classname">initializer_list</code>
 190     and defaulted and deleted constructors in container classes.
 191   </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
 192     <code class="classname">unique_ptr</code>.
 193   </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
 194     Support for new character types <span class="type">char16_t</span>
 195     and <span class="type">char32_t</span> added
 196     to <code class="classname">char_traits</code>, <code class="classname">basic_string</code>, <code class="classname">numeric_limits</code>,
 197     and assorted compile-time type traits.
 198   </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
 199     Support for string conversions <code class="function">to_string</code>
 200     and <code class="function">to_wstring</code>.
 201   </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
 202     Member functions taking string arguments were added to iostreams
 203     including <code class="classname">basic_filebuf</code>, <code class="classname">basic_ofstream</code>,
 204     and <code class="classname">basic_ifstream</code>.
 205   </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
 206     Exception propagation support,
 207     including <code class="classname">exception_ptr</code>, <code class="function">current_exception</code>, <code class="function">copy_exception</code>,
 208     and <code class="function">rethrow_exception</code>.
 209   </p></li></ul></div><p>
 210 Uglification of <code class="literal">try</code> to <code class="literal">__try</code>
 211 and <code class="literal">catch</code> to <code class="literal">__catch</code>.
 212   </p><p>
 213 Audit of internal mutex usage, conversion to functions returning static
 214 local mutex.
 215   </p><p> Extensions
 216 added: <code class="filename">ext/pointer.h</code>
 217 and <code class="filename">ext/extptr_allocator.h</code>. Support
 218 for non-standard pointer types has been added
 219 to <code class="classname">vector</code>
 220 and <code class="classname">forward_list</code>.
 221 </p></div><div class="section" title="4.5"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="api.rel_450"></a><code class="constant">4.5</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
 222   </p><p>
 223 C++0X features.
 224 </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
 225     Added.
 226   </p><p>
 227     <code class="filename">functional</code>,
 228     <code class="filename">future</code>,
 229     <code class="filename">random</code>
 230   </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
 231     Updated and improved.
 232   </p><p>
 233     <code class="filename">atomic</code>,
 234     <code class="filename">system_error</code>,
 235     <code class="filename">type_traits</code>
 236   </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
 237     Add support for explicit operators and standard layout types.
 238   </p></li></ul></div><p>
 239 Profile mode first appears.
 240 </p><p>
 241 Support for decimal floating-point arithmetic, including <code class="classname">decimal32</code>, <code class="classname">decimal64</code>, and <code class="classname">decimal128</code>.
 242 </p><p>
 243 Python pretty-printers are added for use with appropriately-advanced versions of <span class="command"><strong>gdb</strong></span>.
 244 </p><p>
 245 Audit for application of function attributes notrow, const, pure, and noreturn.
 246 </p><p>
 247 The default behavior for comparing typeinfo names changed, so
 248 in <code class="filename">typeinfo</code>, <code class="literal">__GXX_MERGED_TYPEINFO_NAMES</code>
 249 now defaults to zero.
 250 </p><p> Extensions modified: <code class="filename">ext/throw_allocator.h</code>.
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