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# SVP64 Branch Conditional behaviour

Links

* <https://bugs.libre-soc.org/show_bug.cgi?id=664>
* <http://lists.libre-soc.org/pipermail/libre-soc-dev/2021-August/003416.html>
* [[openpower/isa/branch]]

Scalar 3.0B Branch Conditional operations, `bc`, `bctar` etc. test a
Condition Register.  When doing so in a Vector Context, it is quite
reasonable and logical to test a *Vector* of CR Fields. In 3D Shader
binaries, which are inherently parallelised and predicated, testing all or
some results and branching based on multiple tests is extremely common,
and a fundamental part of Shader Compilers.  Therefore, `sv.bc` and
other Vector-aware Branch Conditional instructions are worth including.

The `BI` field of Branch Conditional operations is five bits, in scalar
v3.0B this would select one bit of the 32 bit CR.  In SVP64 there are
16 32 bit CRs, containing 128 4-bit CR Fields.  Therefore, the 2 LSBs of
`BI` select the bit from the CR Field (EQ LT GT SO), and the top 3 bits
are extended to either scalar or vector and to select CR Fields 0..127
as specified in SVP64 [[sv/svp64/appendix]]

When considering an "array" of branches, there are two useful modes:

* Branch takes place on the first CR test to succeed
  (a Great Big OR of all condition tests)
* Branch takes place only if **all** CR tests succeed:
  a Great Big AND of all condition tests
  (including those where the predicate is masked out
   and the corresponding CR Field is considered to be
   set to `SNZ`)

In SVP64 Horizontal-First Mode, the first failure in ALL mode (Great Big
AND) results in early exit: no more updates to CTR occur (if requested);
no branch occurs, and LR is not updated (if requested). Likewise for
non-ALL mode (Great Big Or) on first success early exit also occurs,
however this time with the Branch proceeding.  In both cases the testing
of the Vector of CRs should be done in linear sequential order (or in
REMAP re-sequenced order): such that tests that are sequentially beyond
the exit point are *not* carried out. (*Note: is standard practice in
Programming languages to exit early from conditional tests*)

In Vertical-First Mode, the `ALL` bit should not be used.  If set,
behaviour is `UNDEFINED`.  (*The reason is that Vertical-First hints may
permit multiple elements up to hint length to be executed in parallel,
however the number is entirely up to implementors.  Attempting to test
an arbitrary indeterminate number of Conditional tests is impossible
to define, and efforts to enforce such defined behaviour interfere with
Vertical-First mode parallel opportunistic behaviour.*)

In `svstep` mode, the whole CR Field, part of which is selected by `BI`
(top 3 bits), is updated based on incrementing srcstep and dststep, and
performing the same tests as [[sv/svstep]]. Following the step update,
which involved writing to the exact CR Field about to be tested, the
Branch Conditional instruction proceeds as normal (reading and testing
the CR bit just updated, if the relevant `BO` bit is set).  Note that
the SVSTATE fields are still updated, and the CR field still updated,
even if the `BO` bits do not require CR testing.

Predication in both INT and CR modes may be applied to `sv.bc` and other
SVP64 Branch Conditional operations, exactly as they may be applied to
other SVP64 operations.  When `sz` is zero, any masked-out Branch-element
operations are not executed, exactly like all other SVP64 operations.

However when `sz` is non-zero, this normally requests insertion of a zero
in place of the input data, when the relevant predicate mask bit is zero.
This would mean that a zero is inserted in place of `CR[BI+32]` for
testing against `BO`, which may not be desirable in all circumstances.
Therefore, an extra field is provided `SNZ`, which, if set, will insert
a **one** in place of a masked-out element instead of a zero.

(*Note: Both options are provided because it is useful to deliberately
cause the Branch-Conditional Vector testing to fail at a specific point,
controlled by the Predicate mask. This is particularly useful in `VLSET`
mode, which will truncate SVSTATE.VL at the point of the first failed
test.*)

SVP64 RM `MODE` for Branch Conditional:

| 0-1 |  2  |  3   4  |  description              |
| --- | --- |---------|-------------------------- |
| 00  | SNZ |  ALL sz | normal mode                      |
| 01  | VLI |  ALL sz | VLSET mode                      |
| 10  | SNZ |  ALL sz | svstep mode                      |
| 11  | VLI |  ALL sz | svstep VLSET mode, in Horizontal-First        |
| 11  | VLI |  SNZ sz | svstep VLSET mode, in Vertical-First    |

Fields:

* **sz**  if predication is enabled will put 4 copies of `SNZ` in place of
  the src CR Field when the predicate bit is zero.  otherwise the element
  is ignored or skipped, depending on context.
* **ALL** when set, all branch conditional tests must pass in order for
  the branch to succeed.
* **VLI** In VLSET mode, VL is set equal (truncated) to the first
  branch which succeeds.  If VLI (Vector Length Inclusive) is clear,
  VL is truncated to *exclude* the current element, otherwise it is
  included. SVSTATE.MVL is not changed.

svstep mode will run an increment of SVSTATE srcstep and dststep
(which is still useful in Horizontal First Mode).  Unlike `svstep.`
however which updates only CR0 with the testing of REMAP loop progress,
the CR Field is taken from the branch `BI` field, and updated prior to
proceeding to each element branch conditional testing.

Note that, interestingly, due to the useful side-effects of `VLSET` mode
and `svstep` mode it is actually useful to use Branch Conditional even
to perform no actual branch operation, i.e to point to the instruction
after the branch.

In particular, svstep mode is still useful for Horizontal-First Mode
particularly in combination with REMAP. All "loop end" conditions
will be tested on a per-element basis and placed into a Vector of CRs
starting from the point specified by the Branch `BI` field.  This Vector
of CR Fields may then be subsequently used as a Predicate Mask, and,
furthermore, if VLSET mode was requested, VL will have been set to the
length of one of the loop endpoints, again as specified by the bit from
the Branch `BI` field.

Also, the unconditional bit `BO[0]` is still relevant when Predication
is applied to the Branch because in `ALL` mode all nonmasked bits have
to be tested. Even when svstep mode or VLSET mode are not used, CTR
may still be decremented by the total number of nonmasked elements.
In short, Vectorised Branch becomes an extremely powerful tool.

Available options to combine:

* `BO[0]` to make an unconditional branch would seem irrelevant if
  it were not for predication and for side-effects.
* `BO[1]` to select whether the CR bit being tested is zero or nonzero
* `R30` and `~R30` and other predicate mask options including CR and
  inverted CR bit testing
* `sz` and `SNZ` to insert either zeros or ones in place of masked-out
  predicate bits
* `ALL` or `ANY` behaviour corresponding to `AND` of all tests and
  `OR` of all tests, respectively.

In addition to the above, it is necessary to select whether, in `svstep`
mode, the Vector CR Field is to be overwritten or not: in some cases
it is useful to know but in others all that is needed is the branch itself.
In the case of `sv.bc` there is no additional bitspace so the ``AA`
field is re-interpreted instead to be `Rc`. For `sv.bclr`, there is free
bitspace and so bit 16 has been chosen as `Rc`.

**These interpretations are only available for sv.bc, they are NOT
available for Power ISA v3.0B** i.e. only when embedded in an SVP64
Prefix Context do these and all other parts of this specification
apply.  To repeat: **Standard Scalar v3.0B Branch is in
absolutely no way impacted or altered in any way shape or form by
the SVP64 variant of the same**

Pseudocode for Rc in sv.bc

```
# Use bit 30 as Rc, disable AA
Rc = AA
AA = 0
```

Pseudocode for Rc in sv.bclr

```
# use bit 16 of opcode as Rc
Rc = instr[16]
```

Pseudocode for Horizontal-First Mode:

```
cond_ok = not SVRMmode.ALL
for srcstep in range(VL):
    # select predicate bit or zero/one
    if predicate[srcstep]:
        # get SVP64 extended CR field 0..127
        SVCRf = SVP64EXTRA(BI>>2)
        if svstep_mode then
            new_srcstep, CRbits = SVSTATE_NEXT(srcstep)
        else
            CRbits = CR{SVCRf}
        if Rc = 1 then # CR0 Vectorised
            CR{0+srcstep} = CRbits
        testbit = CRbits[BI & 0b11]
        # testbit = CR[BI+32+srcstep*4]
    else if not SVRMmode.sz:
        continue
    else
        testbit = SVRMmode.SNZ
    # actual element test here
    el_cond_ok <- BO[0] | ¬(testbit ^ BO[1])
    # merge in the test
    if SVRMmode.ALL:
        cond_ok &= el_cond_ok
    else
        cond_ok |= el_cond_ok
    # test for VL to be set (and exit)
    if ~el_cond_ok and VLSET
        if SVRMmode.VLI
            SVSTATE.VL = srcstep+1
        else
            SVSTATE.VL = srcstep
        break
    # early exit?
    if SVRMmode.ALL:
        if ~el_cond_ok:
            break
    else
        if el_cond_ok:
            break
    if svstep_mode then
        SVSTATE.srcstep = new_srcstep
```

Pseudocode for Vertical-First Mode:

```
# get SVP64 extended CR field 0..127
SVCRf = SVP64EXTRA(BI>>2)
if svstep_mode then
    new_srcstep, CRbits = SVSTATE_NEXT(srcstep)
else
    CRbits = CR{SVCRf}
# select predicate bit or zero/one
if predicate[srcstep]:
    if Rc = 1 then # CR0 vectorised
        CR{0+srcstep} = CRbits
    testbit = CRbits[BI & 0b11]
else if not SVRMmode.sz:
    SVSTATE.srcstep = new_srcstep
    exit # no branch testing
else
    testbit = SVRMmode.SNZ
# actual element test here
cond_ok <- BO[0] | ¬(testbit ^ BO[1])
# test for VL to be set (and exit)
if ~cond_ok and VLSET
    if SVRMmode.VLI
        SVSTATE.VL = new_srcstep+1
    else
        SVSTATE.VL = new_srcstep
if svstep_mode then
    SVSTATE.srcstep = new_srcstep
```

# Example Shader code

```
while(a > 2) {
    if(b < 5)
        f();
    else
        g();
    h();
}
```

which compiles to something like:

```
vec<i32> a, b;
// ...
pred loop_pred = a > 2;
while(loop_pred.any()) {
    pred if_pred = loop_pred & (b < 5);
    if(if_pred.any()) {
        f(if_pred);
    }
label1:
    pred else_pred = loop_pred & ~if_pred;
    if(else_pred.any()) {
        g(else_pred);
    }
    h(loop_pred);
}
```

which will end up as:

```
   sv.cmpi CR60.v a.v, 2      # vector compare a into CR60 vector
   sv.crweird r30, CR60.GT # transfer GT vector to r30
while_loop:
   sv.cmpi CR80.v, b.v, 5     # vector compare b into CR64 Vector
   sv.bc/m=r30/~ALL/sz CR80.v.LT skip_f # skip when none
   # only calculate loop_pred & pred_b because needed in f()
   sv.crand CR80.v.SO, CR60.v.GT, CR80.V.LT # if = loop & pred_b
   f(CR80.v.SO)
skip_f:
   # illustrate inversion of pred_b. invert r30, test ALL
   # rather than SOME, but masked-out zero test would FAIL,
   # therefore masked-out instead is tested against 1 not 0
   sv.bc/m=~r30/ALL/SNZ CR80.v.LT skip_g
   # else = loop & ~pred_b, need this because used in g()
   sv.crternari(A&~B) CR80.v.SO, CR60.v.GT, CR80.V.LT
   g(CR80.v.SO)
skip_g:
   # conditionally call h(r30) if any loop pred set
   sv.bclr/m=r30/~ALL/sz BO[1]=1 h()
   sv.bc/m=r30/~ALL/sz BO[1]=1 while_loop
```