unsigned int do_multi_toc:1;
unsigned int multi_toc_needed:1;
unsigned int second_toc_pass:1;
+ unsigned int do_toc_opt:1;
/* Set on error. */
unsigned int stub_error:1;
/* Recursion protection when determining above flag. */
#define call_check_in_progress sec_flg4
+#define call_check_done sec_flg5
/* Get the ppc64 ELF linker hash table from a link_info structure. */
else if (ELF_ST_TYPE (isym->st_info) == STT_FUNC)
;
else if (*sec != NULL
- && strcmp (bfd_get_section_name (ibfd, *sec), ".opd") == 0)
+ && strcmp ((*sec)->name, ".opd") == 0)
isym->st_info = ELF_ST_INFO (ELF_ST_BIND (isym->st_info), STT_FUNC);
return TRUE;
sreloc = NULL;
opd_sym_map = NULL;
- if (strcmp (bfd_get_section_name (abfd, sec), ".opd") == 0)
+ if (strcmp (sec->name, ".opd") == 0)
{
/* Garbage collection needs some extra help with .opd sections.
We don't want to necessarily keep everything referenced by
{
bfd *ibfd;
struct adjust_toc_info toc_inf;
+ struct ppc_link_hash_table *htab = ppc_hash_table (info);
+ htab->do_toc_opt = 1;
toc_inf.global_toc_syms = TRUE;
for (ibfd = info->input_bfds; ibfd != NULL; ibfd = ibfd->link_next)
{
return TRUE;
}
+/* Return true iff input section I references the TOC using
+ instructions limited to +/-32k offsets. */
+
+bfd_boolean
+ppc64_elf_has_small_toc_reloc (asection *i)
+{
+ return (is_ppc64_elf (i->owner)
+ && ppc64_elf_tdata (i->owner)->has_small_toc_reloc);
+}
+
/* Allocate space for one GOT entry. */
static void
/* Strip this section if we don't need it; see the
comment below. */
}
- else if (CONST_STRNEQ (bfd_get_section_name (dynobj, s), ".rela"))
+ else if (CONST_STRNEQ (s->name, ".rela"))
{
if (s->size != 0)
{
{
struct ppc_link_hash_table *htab = ppc_hash_table (info);
- if (htab == NULL)
- return;
-
/* After the second pass, toc_curr tracks the TOC offset used
for code sections below in ppc64_elf_next_input_section. */
htab->toc_curr = TOC_BASE_OFF;
static int
toc_adjusting_stub_needed (struct bfd_link_info *info, asection *isec)
{
- Elf_Internal_Rela *relstart, *rel;
- Elf_Internal_Sym *local_syms;
int ret;
- struct ppc_link_hash_table *htab;
+
+ /* Mark this section as checked. */
+ isec->call_check_done = 1;
/* We know none of our code bearing sections will need toc stubs. */
if ((isec->flags & SEC_LINKER_CREATED) != 0)
if (isec->output_section == NULL)
return 0;
- if (isec->reloc_count == 0)
- return 0;
-
- relstart = _bfd_elf_link_read_relocs (isec->owner, isec, NULL, NULL,
- info->keep_memory);
- if (relstart == NULL)
- return -1;
-
- /* Look for branches to outside of this section. */
- local_syms = NULL;
ret = 0;
- htab = ppc_hash_table (info);
- if (htab == NULL)
- return -1;
-
- for (rel = relstart; rel < relstart + isec->reloc_count; ++rel)
+ if (isec->reloc_count != 0)
{
- enum elf_ppc64_reloc_type r_type;
- unsigned long r_symndx;
- struct elf_link_hash_entry *h;
- struct ppc_link_hash_entry *eh;
- Elf_Internal_Sym *sym;
- asection *sym_sec;
- struct _opd_sec_data *opd;
- bfd_vma sym_value;
- bfd_vma dest;
-
- r_type = ELF64_R_TYPE (rel->r_info);
- if (r_type != R_PPC64_REL24
- && r_type != R_PPC64_REL14
- && r_type != R_PPC64_REL14_BRTAKEN
- && r_type != R_PPC64_REL14_BRNTAKEN)
- continue;
-
- r_symndx = ELF64_R_SYM (rel->r_info);
- if (!get_sym_h (&h, &sym, &sym_sec, NULL, &local_syms, r_symndx,
- isec->owner))
- {
- ret = -1;
- break;
- }
-
- /* Calls to dynamic lib functions go through a plt call stub
- that uses r2. */
- eh = (struct ppc_link_hash_entry *) h;
- if (eh != NULL
- && (eh->elf.plt.plist != NULL
- || (eh->oh != NULL
- && ppc_follow_link (eh->oh)->elf.plt.plist != NULL)))
- {
- ret = 1;
- break;
- }
+ Elf_Internal_Rela *relstart, *rel;
+ Elf_Internal_Sym *local_syms;
+ struct ppc_link_hash_table *htab;
- if (sym_sec == NULL)
- /* Ignore other undefined symbols. */
- continue;
+ relstart = _bfd_elf_link_read_relocs (isec->owner, isec, NULL, NULL,
+ info->keep_memory);
+ if (relstart == NULL)
+ return -1;
- /* Assume branches to other sections not included in the link need
- stubs too, to cover -R and absolute syms. */
- if (sym_sec->output_section == NULL)
- {
- ret = 1;
- break;
- }
+ /* Look for branches to outside of this section. */
+ local_syms = NULL;
+ htab = ppc_hash_table (info);
+ if (htab == NULL)
+ return -1;
- if (h == NULL)
- sym_value = sym->st_value;
- else
+ for (rel = relstart; rel < relstart + isec->reloc_count; ++rel)
{
- if (h->root.type != bfd_link_hash_defined
- && h->root.type != bfd_link_hash_defweak)
- abort ();
- sym_value = h->root.u.def.value;
- }
- sym_value += rel->r_addend;
+ enum elf_ppc64_reloc_type r_type;
+ unsigned long r_symndx;
+ struct elf_link_hash_entry *h;
+ struct ppc_link_hash_entry *eh;
+ Elf_Internal_Sym *sym;
+ asection *sym_sec;
+ struct _opd_sec_data *opd;
+ bfd_vma sym_value;
+ bfd_vma dest;
+
+ r_type = ELF64_R_TYPE (rel->r_info);
+ if (r_type != R_PPC64_REL24
+ && r_type != R_PPC64_REL14
+ && r_type != R_PPC64_REL14_BRTAKEN
+ && r_type != R_PPC64_REL14_BRNTAKEN)
+ continue;
- /* If this branch reloc uses an opd sym, find the code section. */
- opd = get_opd_info (sym_sec);
- if (opd != NULL)
- {
- if (h == NULL && opd->adjust != NULL)
+ r_symndx = ELF64_R_SYM (rel->r_info);
+ if (!get_sym_h (&h, &sym, &sym_sec, NULL, &local_syms, r_symndx,
+ isec->owner))
{
- long adjust;
+ ret = -1;
+ break;
+ }
- adjust = opd->adjust[sym->st_value / 8];
- if (adjust == -1)
- /* Assume deleted functions won't ever be called. */
- continue;
- sym_value += adjust;
+ /* Calls to dynamic lib functions go through a plt call stub
+ that uses r2. */
+ eh = (struct ppc_link_hash_entry *) h;
+ if (eh != NULL
+ && (eh->elf.plt.plist != NULL
+ || (eh->oh != NULL
+ && ppc_follow_link (eh->oh)->elf.plt.plist != NULL)))
+ {
+ ret = 1;
+ break;
}
- dest = opd_entry_value (sym_sec, sym_value, &sym_sec, NULL);
- if (dest == (bfd_vma) -1)
+ if (sym_sec == NULL)
+ /* Ignore other undefined symbols. */
continue;
- }
- else
- dest = (sym_value
- + sym_sec->output_offset
- + sym_sec->output_section->vma);
- /* Ignore branch to self. */
- if (sym_sec == isec)
- continue;
+ /* Assume branches to other sections not included in the
+ link need stubs too, to cover -R and absolute syms. */
+ if (sym_sec->output_section == NULL)
+ {
+ ret = 1;
+ break;
+ }
- /* If the called function uses the toc, we need a stub. */
- if (sym_sec->has_toc_reloc
- || sym_sec->makes_toc_func_call)
- {
- ret = 1;
- break;
- }
+ if (h == NULL)
+ sym_value = sym->st_value;
+ else
+ {
+ if (h->root.type != bfd_link_hash_defined
+ && h->root.type != bfd_link_hash_defweak)
+ abort ();
+ sym_value = h->root.u.def.value;
+ }
+ sym_value += rel->r_addend;
- /* Assume any branch that needs a long branch stub might in fact
- need a plt_branch stub. A plt_branch stub uses r2. */
- else if (dest - (isec->output_offset
- + isec->output_section->vma
- + rel->r_offset) + (1 << 25) >= (2 << 25))
- {
- ret = 1;
- break;
- }
+ /* If this branch reloc uses an opd sym, find the code section. */
+ opd = get_opd_info (sym_sec);
+ if (opd != NULL)
+ {
+ if (h == NULL && opd->adjust != NULL)
+ {
+ long adjust;
- /* If calling back to a section in the process of being tested, we
- can't say for sure that no toc adjusting stubs are needed, so
- don't return zero. */
- else if (sym_sec->call_check_in_progress)
- ret = 2;
+ adjust = opd->adjust[sym->st_value / 8];
+ if (adjust == -1)
+ /* Assume deleted functions won't ever be called. */
+ continue;
+ sym_value += adjust;
+ }
- /* Branches to another section that itself doesn't have any TOC
- references are OK. Recursively call ourselves to check. */
- else if (sym_sec->id <= htab->top_id
- && htab->stub_group[sym_sec->id].toc_off == 0)
- {
- int recur;
+ dest = opd_entry_value (sym_sec, sym_value, &sym_sec, NULL);
+ if (dest == (bfd_vma) -1)
+ continue;
+ }
+ else
+ dest = (sym_value
+ + sym_sec->output_offset
+ + sym_sec->output_section->vma);
- /* Mark current section as indeterminate, so that other
- sections that call back to current won't be marked as
- known. */
- isec->call_check_in_progress = 1;
- recur = toc_adjusting_stub_needed (info, sym_sec);
- isec->call_check_in_progress = 0;
+ /* Ignore branch to self. */
+ if (sym_sec == isec)
+ continue;
- if (recur < 0)
+ /* If the called function uses the toc, we need a stub. */
+ if (sym_sec->has_toc_reloc
+ || sym_sec->makes_toc_func_call)
{
- /* An error. Exit. */
- ret = -1;
+ ret = 1;
break;
}
- else if (recur <= 1)
+
+ /* Assume any branch that needs a long branch stub might in fact
+ need a plt_branch stub. A plt_branch stub uses r2. */
+ else if (dest - (isec->output_offset
+ + isec->output_section->vma
+ + rel->r_offset) + (1 << 25) >= (2 << 25))
{
- /* Known result. Mark as checked and set section flag. */
- htab->stub_group[sym_sec->id].toc_off = 1;
+ ret = 1;
+ break;
+ }
+
+ /* If calling back to a section in the process of being
+ tested, we can't say for sure that no toc adjusting stubs
+ are needed, so don't return zero. */
+ else if (sym_sec->call_check_in_progress)
+ ret = 2;
+
+ /* Branches to another section that itself doesn't have any TOC
+ references are OK. Recursively call ourselves to check. */
+ else if (!sym_sec->call_check_done)
+ {
+ int recur;
+
+ /* Mark current section as indeterminate, so that other
+ sections that call back to current won't be marked as
+ known. */
+ isec->call_check_in_progress = 1;
+ recur = toc_adjusting_stub_needed (info, sym_sec);
+ isec->call_check_in_progress = 0;
+
if (recur != 0)
{
- sym_sec->makes_toc_func_call = 1;
- ret = 1;
- break;
+ ret = recur;
+ if (recur != 2)
+ break;
}
}
- else
- {
- /* Unknown result. Continue checking. */
- ret = 2;
- }
}
+
+ if (local_syms != NULL
+ && (elf_symtab_hdr (isec->owner).contents
+ != (unsigned char *) local_syms))
+ free (local_syms);
+ if (elf_section_data (isec)->relocs != relstart)
+ free (relstart);
}
- if (local_syms != NULL
- && (elf_symtab_hdr (isec->owner).contents != (unsigned char *) local_syms))
- free (local_syms);
- if (elf_section_data (isec)->relocs != relstart)
- free (relstart);
+ if ((ret & 1) == 0
+ && isec->map_head.s != NULL
+ && (strcmp (isec->output_section->name, ".init") == 0
+ || strcmp (isec->output_section->name, ".fini") == 0))
+ {
+ if (isec->map_head.s->has_toc_reloc
+ || isec->map_head.s->makes_toc_func_call)
+ ret = 1;
+ else if (!isec->map_head.s->call_check_done)
+ {
+ int recur;
+ isec->call_check_in_progress = 1;
+ recur = toc_adjusting_stub_needed (info, isec->map_head.s);
+ isec->call_check_in_progress = 0;
+ if (recur != 0)
+ ret = recur;
+ }
+ }
+
+ if (ret == 1)
+ isec->makes_toc_func_call = 1;
return ret;
}
if (elf_gp (isec->owner) != 0)
htab->toc_curr = elf_gp (isec->owner);
}
- else if (htab->stub_group[isec->id].toc_off == 0)
- {
- int ret = toc_adjusting_stub_needed (info, isec);
- if (ret < 0)
- return FALSE;
- else
- isec->makes_toc_func_call = ret & 1;
- }
+ else if (!isec->call_check_done
+ && toc_adjusting_stub_needed (info, isec) < 0)
+ return FALSE;
}
/* Functions that don't use the TOC can belong in any TOC group.
Use the last TOC base. This happens to make _init and _fini
- pasting work. */
+ pasting work, because the fragments generally don't use the TOC. */
htab->stub_group[isec->id].toc_off = htab->toc_curr;
return TRUE;
}
+/* Check that all .init and .fini sections use the same toc, if they
+ have toc relocs. */
+
+static bfd_boolean
+check_pasted_section (struct bfd_link_info *info, const char *name)
+{
+ asection *o = bfd_get_section_by_name (info->output_bfd, name);
+
+ if (o != NULL)
+ {
+ struct ppc_link_hash_table *htab = ppc_hash_table (info);
+ bfd_vma toc_off = 0;
+ asection *i;
+
+ for (i = o->map_head.s; i != NULL; i = i->map_head.s)
+ if (i->has_toc_reloc)
+ {
+ if (toc_off == 0)
+ toc_off = htab->stub_group[i->id].toc_off;
+ else if (toc_off != htab->stub_group[i->id].toc_off)
+ return FALSE;
+ }
+ /* Make sure the whole pasted function uses the same toc offset. */
+ if (toc_off != 0)
+ for (i = o->map_head.s; i != NULL; i = i->map_head.s)
+ htab->stub_group[i->id].toc_off = toc_off;
+ }
+ return TRUE;
+}
+
+bfd_boolean
+ppc64_elf_check_init_fini (struct bfd_link_info *info)
+{
+ return (check_pasted_section (info, ".init")
+ & check_pasted_section (info, ".fini"));
+}
+
/* See whether we can group stub sections together. Grouping stub
sections may result in fewer stubs. More importantly, we need to
put all .init* and .fini* stubs at the beginning of the .init or
return _bfd_elf_default_action_discarded (sec);
}
+/* REL points to a low-part reloc on a bigtoc instruction sequence.
+ Find the matching high-part reloc instruction and verify that it
+ is addis REG,r2,x. If so, return a pointer to the high-part reloc. */
+
+static const Elf_Internal_Rela *
+ha_reloc_match (const Elf_Internal_Rela *relocs,
+ const Elf_Internal_Rela *rel,
+ unsigned int reg,
+ const bfd *input_bfd,
+ const bfd_byte *contents)
+{
+ enum elf_ppc64_reloc_type r_type, r_type_ha;
+ bfd_vma r_info_ha, r_addend;
+
+ r_type = ELF64_R_TYPE (rel->r_info);
+ switch (r_type)
+ {
+ case R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16_LO:
+ case R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16_LO:
+ case R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_LO_DS:
+ case R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_LO_DS:
+ case R_PPC64_GOT16_LO:
+ case R_PPC64_TOC16_LO:
+ r_type_ha = r_type + 2;
+ break;
+ case R_PPC64_GOT16_LO_DS:
+ r_type_ha = R_PPC64_GOT16_HA;
+ break;
+ case R_PPC64_TOC16_LO_DS:
+ r_type_ha = R_PPC64_TOC16_HA;
+ break;
+ default:
+ abort ();
+ }
+ r_info_ha = ELF64_R_INFO (ELF64_R_SYM (rel->r_info), r_type_ha);
+ r_addend = rel->r_addend;
+
+ while (--rel >= relocs)
+ if (rel->r_info == r_info_ha
+ && rel->r_addend == r_addend)
+ {
+ const bfd_byte *p = contents + (rel->r_offset & ~3);
+ unsigned int insn = bfd_get_32 (input_bfd, p);
+ if ((insn & ((0x3f << 26) | (0x1f << 16)))
+ == ((15u << 26) | (2 << 16)) /* addis rt,r2,x */
+ && (insn & (0x1f << 21)) == (reg << 21))
+ return rel;
+ break;
+ }
+ return NULL;
+}
+
/* The RELOCATE_SECTION function is called by the ELF backend linker
to handle the relocations for a section.
bfd_vma relocation;
bfd_boolean unresolved_reloc;
bfd_boolean warned;
- unsigned long insn, mask;
+ unsigned int insn;
+ bfd_vma mask;
struct ppc_stub_hash_entry *stub_entry;
bfd_vma max_br_offset;
bfd_vma from;
}
break;
+ case R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_HI:
+ case R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_HA:
+ if (tls_mask != 0
+ && (tls_mask & TLS_TPREL) == 0)
+ {
+ rel->r_offset -= d_offset;
+ bfd_put_32 (output_bfd, NOP, contents + rel->r_offset);
+ r_type = R_PPC64_NONE;
+ rel->r_info = ELF64_R_INFO (r_symndx, r_type);
+ }
+ break;
+
case R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_DS:
case R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_LO_DS:
if (tls_mask != 0
+ R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_DS);
else
{
- bfd_put_32 (output_bfd, NOP, contents + rel->r_offset);
rel->r_offset -= d_offset;
+ bfd_put_32 (output_bfd, NOP, contents + rel->r_offset);
r_type = R_PPC64_NONE;
}
rel->r_info = ELF64_R_INFO (r_symndx, r_type);
linkage stubs needs to be followed by a nop, as the nop
will be replaced with an instruction to restore the TOC
base pointer. */
- stub_entry = NULL;
fdh = h;
if (h != NULL
&& h->oh != NULL
&& h->oh->is_func_descriptor)
fdh = ppc_follow_link (h->oh);
- if (((fdh != NULL
- && fdh->elf.plt.plist != NULL)
- || (sec != NULL
- && sec->output_section != NULL
- && sec->id <= htab->top_id
- && (htab->stub_group[sec->id].toc_off
- != htab->stub_group[input_section->id].toc_off))
- || (h == NULL
- && ELF_ST_TYPE (sym->st_info) == STT_GNU_IFUNC))
- && (stub_entry = ppc_get_stub_entry (input_section, sec, fdh,
- rel, htab)) != NULL
+ stub_entry = ppc_get_stub_entry (input_section, sec, fdh, rel, htab);
+ if (stub_entry != NULL
&& (stub_entry->stub_type == ppc_stub_plt_call
|| stub_entry->stub_type == ppc_stub_plt_branch_r2off
|| stub_entry->stub_type == ppc_stub_long_branch_r2off))
unresolved_reloc = FALSE;
}
- if (stub_entry == NULL
+ if ((stub_entry == NULL
+ || stub_entry->stub_type == ppc_stub_long_branch
+ || stub_entry->stub_type == ppc_stub_plt_branch)
&& get_opd_info (sec) != NULL)
{
/* The branch destination is the value of the opd entry. */
+ input_section->output_offset
+ input_section->output_section->vma);
- if (stub_entry == NULL
- && (relocation + addend - from + max_br_offset
- >= 2 * max_br_offset)
- && r_type != R_PPC64_ADDR14_BRTAKEN
- && r_type != R_PPC64_ADDR14_BRNTAKEN)
- stub_entry = ppc_get_stub_entry (input_section, sec, fdh, rel,
- htab);
+ if (stub_entry != NULL
+ && (stub_entry->stub_type == ppc_stub_long_branch
+ || stub_entry->stub_type == ppc_stub_plt_branch)
+ && (r_type == R_PPC64_ADDR14_BRTAKEN
+ || r_type == R_PPC64_ADDR14_BRNTAKEN
+ || (relocation + addend - from + max_br_offset
+ < 2 * max_br_offset)))
+ /* Don't use the stub if this branch is in range. */
+ stub_entry = NULL;
if (stub_entry != NULL)
{
continue;
}
+ /* Multi-instruction sequences that access the TOC can be
+ optimized, eg. addis ra,r2,0; addi rb,ra,x;
+ to nop; addi rb,r2,x; */
+ switch (r_type)
+ {
+ default:
+ break;
+
+ case R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16_HI:
+ case R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16_HI:
+ case R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_HI:
+ case R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_HI:
+ case R_PPC64_GOT16_HI:
+ case R_PPC64_TOC16_HI:
+ /* These relocs would only be useful if building up an
+ offset to later add to r2, perhaps in an indexed
+ addressing mode instruction. Don't try to optimize.
+ Unfortunately, the possibility of someone building up an
+ offset like this or even with the HA relocs, means that
+ we need to check the high insn when optimizing the low
+ insn. */
+ break;
+
+ case R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16_HA:
+ case R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16_HA:
+ case R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_HA:
+ case R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_HA:
+ case R_PPC64_GOT16_HA:
+ case R_PPC64_TOC16_HA:
+ /* For now we don't nop out the first instruction. */
+ break;
+
+ case R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16_LO:
+ case R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16_LO:
+ case R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_LO_DS:
+ case R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_LO_DS:
+ case R_PPC64_GOT16_LO:
+ case R_PPC64_GOT16_LO_DS:
+ case R_PPC64_TOC16_LO:
+ case R_PPC64_TOC16_LO_DS:
+ if (htab->do_toc_opt && relocation + addend + 0x8000 < 0x10000)
+ {
+ bfd_byte *p = contents + (rel->r_offset & ~3);
+ insn = bfd_get_32 (input_bfd, p);
+ if ((insn & (0x3f << 26)) == 14u << 26 /* addi */
+ || (insn & (0x3f << 26)) == 32u << 26 /* lwz */
+ || (insn & (0x3f << 26)) == 34u << 26 /* lbz */
+ || (insn & (0x3f << 26)) == 36u << 26 /* stw */
+ || (insn & (0x3f << 26)) == 38u << 26 /* stb */
+ || (insn & (0x3f << 26)) == 40u << 26 /* lhz */
+ || (insn & (0x3f << 26)) == 42u << 26 /* lha */
+ || (insn & (0x3f << 26)) == 44u << 26 /* sth */
+ || (insn & (0x3f << 26)) == 46u << 26 /* lmw */
+ || (insn & (0x3f << 26)) == 47u << 26 /* stmw */
+ || (insn & (0x3f << 26)) == 48u << 26 /* lfs */
+ || (insn & (0x3f << 26)) == 50u << 26 /* lfd */
+ || (insn & (0x3f << 26)) == 52u << 26 /* stfs */
+ || (insn & (0x3f << 26)) == 54u << 26 /* stfd */
+ || ((insn & (0x3f << 26)) == 58u << 26 /* lwa,ld,lmd */
+ && (insn & 3) != 1)
+ || ((insn & (0x3f << 26)) == 62u << 26 /* std, stmd */
+ && ((insn & 3) == 0 || (insn & 3) == 3)))
+ {
+ unsigned int reg = (insn >> 16) & 0x1f;
+ if (ha_reloc_match (relocs, rel, reg, input_bfd, contents))
+ {
+ insn &= ~(0x1f << 16);
+ insn |= 2 << 16;
+ bfd_put_32 (input_bfd, insn, p);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ break;
+ }
+
/* Do any further special processing. */
switch (r_type)
{