\input texinfo
@setfilename ld.info
@c Copyright 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000,
-@c 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009
+@c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@syncodeindex ky cp
@c man begin INCLUDE
@include configdoc.texi
@c (configdoc.texi is generated by the Makefile)
-@include ldver.texi
+@include bfdver.texi
@c man end
@c @smallbook
@c Configure for the generation of man pages
@set UsesEnvVars
@set GENERIC
-@set ARC
@set ARM
-@set D10V
-@set D30V
-@set H8/300
-@set H8/500
+@set H8300
@set HPPA
-@set I370
-@set I80386
-@set I860
@set I960
-@set M32R
@set M68HC11
-@set M680X0
-@set MCORE
-@set MIPS
+@set M68K
@set MMIX
@set MSP430
-@set PDP11
-@set PJ
@set POWERPC
@set POWERPC64
-@set SH
-@set SPARC
-@set TIC54X
-@set V850
-@set VAX
+@set Renesas
+@set SPU
+@set TICOFF
@set WIN32
@set XTENSA
@end ifset
@end format
@end ifinfo
-@ifinfo
-This file documents the @sc{gnu} linker LD version @value{VERSION}.
-
-Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000,
-2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@copying
+This file documents the @sc{gnu} linker LD
+@ifset VERSION_PACKAGE
+@value{VERSION_PACKAGE}
+@end ifset
+version @value{VERSION}.
-@ignore
+Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000,
+2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
-under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
+under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
-
-Permission is granted to process this file through Tex and print the
-results, provided the printed document carries copying permission
-notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
-(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
-
-@end ignore
-@end ifinfo
+@end copying
@iftex
@finalout
@setchapternewpage odd
@titlepage
@title The GNU linker
@sp 1
-@subtitle @code{ld} version 2
+@subtitle @code{ld}
+@ifset VERSION_PACKAGE
+@subtitle @value{VERSION_PACKAGE}
+@end ifset
@subtitle Version @value{VERSION}
@author Steve Chamberlain
@author Ian Lance Taylor
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
@c man begin COPYRIGHT
-Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001,
-2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998,
+1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
-under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
+under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
@end titlepage
@end iftex
+@contents
@c FIXME: Talk about importance of *order* of args, cmds to linker!
@ifnottex
@node Top
@top LD
-This file documents the @sc{gnu} linker ld version @value{VERSION}.
+This file documents the @sc{gnu} linker ld
+@ifset VERSION_PACKAGE
+@value{VERSION_PACKAGE}
+@end ifset
+version @value{VERSION}.
This document is distributed under the terms of the GNU Free
-Documentation License. A copy of the license is included in the
-section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
+Documentation License version 1.3. A copy of the license is included
+in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
@menu
* Overview:: Overview
@ifset M68HC11
* M68HC11/68HC12:: ld and the Motorola 68HC11 and 68HC12 families
@end ifset
+@ifset M68K
+* M68K:: ld and Motorola 68K family
+@end ifset
@ifset POWERPC
* PowerPC ELF32:: ld and PowerPC 32-bit ELF Support
@end ifset
@ifset POWERPC64
* PowerPC64 ELF64:: ld and PowerPC64 64-bit ELF Support
@end ifset
+@ifset SPU
+* SPU ELF:: ld and SPU ELF Support
+@end ifset
@ifset TICOFF
* TI COFF:: ld and the TI COFF
@end ifset
linker script or the one specified by using @samp{-T}). This feature
permits the linker to link against a file which appears to be an object
or an archive, but actually merely defines some symbol values, or uses
-@code{INPUT} or @code{GROUP} to load other objects. Note that
-specifying a script in this way merely augments the main linker script;
-use the @samp{-T} option to replace the default linker script entirely.
-@xref{Scripts}.
+@code{INPUT} or @code{GROUP} to load other objects. Specifying a
+script in this way merely augments the main linker script, with the
+extra commands placed after the main script; use the @samp{-T} option
+to replace the default linker script entirely, but note the effect of
+the @code{INSERT} command. @xref{Scripts}.
For options whose names are a single letter,
option arguments must either follow the option letter without intervening
compiler driver) like this:
@smallexample
- gcc -Wl,--startgroup foo.o bar.o -Wl,--endgroup
+ gcc -Wl,--start-group foo.o bar.o -Wl,--end-group
@end smallexample
This is important, because otherwise the compiler driver program may
-silently drop the linker options, resulting in a bad link.
+silently drop the linker options, resulting in a bad link. Confusion
+may also arise when passing options that require values through a
+driver, as the use of a space between option and argument acts as
+a separator, and causes the driver to pass only the option to the linker
+and the argument to the compiler. In this case, it is simplest to use
+the joined forms of both single- and multiple-letter options, such as:
+
+@smallexample
+ gcc foo.o bar.o -Wl,-eENTRY -Wl,-Map=a.map
+@end smallexample
Here is a table of the generic command line switches accepted by the GNU
linker:
@table @gcctabopt
@include at-file.texi
-@kindex -a@var{keyword}
-@item -a@var{keyword}
+@kindex -a @var{keyword}
+@item -a @var{keyword}
This option is supported for HP/UX compatibility. The @var{keyword}
argument must be one of the strings @samp{archive}, @samp{shared}, or
@samp{default}. @samp{-aarchive} is functionally equivalent to
@samp{-Bstatic}, and the other two keywords are functionally equivalent
to @samp{-Bdynamic}. This option may be used any number of times.
+@kindex --audit @var{AUDITLIB}
+@item --audit @var{AUDITLIB}
+Adds @var{AUDITLIB} to the @code{DT_AUDIT} entry of the dynamic section.
+@var{AUDITLIB} is not checked for existence, nor will it use the DT_SONAME
+specified in the library. If specified multiple times @code{DT_AUDIT}
+will contain a colon separated list of audit interfaces to use. If the linker
+finds an object with an audit entry while searching for shared libraries,
+it will add a corresponding @code{DT_DEPAUDIT} entry in the output file.
+This option is only meaningful on ELF platforms supporting the rtld-audit
+interface.
+
@ifset I960
@cindex architectures
-@kindex -A@var{arch}
-@item -A@var{architecture}
+@kindex -A @var{arch}
+@item -A @var{architecture}
@kindex --architecture=@var{arch}
@itemx --architecture=@var{architecture}
In the current release of @command{ld}, this option is useful only for the
script command @code{FORCE_COMMON_ALLOCATION} has the same effect.
@xref{Miscellaneous Commands}.
+@kindex --depaudit @var{AUDITLIB}
+@kindex -P @var{AUDITLIB}
+@item --depaudit @var{AUDITLIB}
+@itemx -P @var{AUDITLIB}
+Adds @var{AUDITLIB} to the @code{DT_DEPAUDIT} entry of the dynamic section.
+@var{AUDITLIB} is not checked for existence, nor will it use the DT_SONAME
+specified in the library. If specified multiple times @code{DT_DEPAUDIT}
+will contain a colon separated list of audit interfaces to use. This
+option is only meaningful on ELF platforms supporting the rtld-audit interface.
+The -P option is provided for Solaris compatibility.
+
@cindex entry point, from command line
@kindex -e @var{entry}
@kindex --entry=@var{entry}
@kindex --exclude-libs
@item --exclude-libs @var{lib},@var{lib},...
Specifies a list of archive libraries from which symbols should not be automatically
-exported. The library names may be delimited by commas or colons. Specifying
+exported. The library names may be delimited by commas or colons. Specifying
@code{--exclude-libs ALL} excludes symbols in all archive libraries from
automatic export. This option is available only for the i386 PE targeted
port of the linker and for ELF targeted ports. For i386 PE, symbols
option. For ELF targeted ports, symbols affected by this option will
be treated as hidden.
+@kindex --exclude-modules-for-implib
+@item --exclude-modules-for-implib @var{module},@var{module},...
+Specifies a list of object files or archive members, from which symbols
+should not be automatically exported, but which should be copied wholesale
+into the import library being generated during the link. The module names
+may be delimited by commas or colons, and must match exactly the filenames
+used by @command{ld} to open the files; for archive members, this is simply
+the member name, but for object files the name listed must include and
+match precisely any path used to specify the input file on the linker's
+command-line. This option is available only for the i386 PE targeted port
+of the linker. Symbols explicitly listed in a .def file are still exported,
+regardless of this option.
+
@cindex dynamic symbol table
@kindex -E
@kindex --export-dynamic
+@kindex --no-export-dynamic
@item -E
@itemx --export-dynamic
-When creating a dynamically linked executable, add all symbols to the
-dynamic symbol table. The dynamic symbol table is the set of symbols
-which are visible from dynamic objects at run time.
+@itemx --no-export-dynamic
+When creating a dynamically linked executable, using the @option{-E}
+option or the @option{--export-dynamic} option causes the linker to add
+all symbols to the dynamic symbol table. The dynamic symbol table is the
+set of symbols which are visible from dynamic objects at run time.
-If you do not use this option, the dynamic symbol table will normally
-contain only those symbols which are referenced by some dynamic object
-mentioned in the link.
+If you do not use either of these options (or use the
+@option{--no-export-dynamic} option to restore the default behavior), the
+dynamic symbol table will normally contain only those symbols which are
+referenced by some dynamic object mentioned in the link.
If you use @code{dlopen} to load a dynamic object which needs to refer
back to the symbols defined by the program, rather than some other
be added to the dynamic symbol table if the output format supports it.
See the description of @samp{--dynamic-list}.
+Note that this option is specific to ELF targeted ports. PE targets
+support a similar function to export all symbols from a DLL or EXE; see
+the description of @samp{--export-all-symbols} below.
+
@ifclear SingleFormat
@cindex big-endian objects
@cindex endianness
Link little-endian objects. This affects the default output format.
@end ifclear
-@kindex -f
-@kindex --auxiliary
-@item -f
-@itemx --auxiliary @var{name}
+@kindex -f @var{name}
+@kindex --auxiliary=@var{name}
+@item -f @var{name}
+@itemx --auxiliary=@var{name}
When creating an ELF shared object, set the internal DT_AUXILIARY field
to the specified name. This tells the dynamic linker that the symbol
table of the shared object should be used as an auxiliary filter on the
This option may be specified more than once. The DT_AUXILIARY entries
will be created in the order in which they appear on the command line.
-@kindex -F
-@kindex --filter
+@kindex -F @var{name}
+@kindex --filter=@var{name}
@item -F @var{name}
-@itemx --filter @var{name}
+@itemx --filter=@var{name}
When creating an ELF shared object, set the internal DT_FILTER field to
the specified name. This tells the dynamic linker that the symbol table
of the shared object which is being created should be used as a filter
creating an ELF shared object.
@cindex finalization function
-@kindex -fini
-@item -fini @var{name}
+@kindex -fini=@var{name}
+@item -fini=@var{name}
When creating an ELF executable or shared object, call NAME when the
executable or shared object is unloaded, by setting DT_FINI to the
address of the function. By default, the linker uses @code{_fini} as
@item -g
Ignored. Provided for compatibility with other tools.
-@kindex -G
-@kindex --gpsize
+@kindex -G @var{value}
+@kindex --gpsize=@var{value}
@cindex object size
-@item -G@var{value}
+@item -G @var{value}
@itemx --gpsize=@var{value}
Set the maximum size of objects to be optimized using the GP register to
@var{size}. This is only meaningful for object file formats such as
sections. This is ignored for other object file formats.
@cindex runtime library name
-@kindex -h@var{name}
+@kindex -h @var{name}
@kindex -soname=@var{name}
-@item -h@var{name}
+@item -h @var{name}
@itemx -soname=@var{name}
When creating an ELF shared object, set the internal DT_SONAME field to
the specified name. When an executable is linked with a shared object
Perform an incremental link (same as option @samp{-r}).
@cindex initialization function
-@kindex -init
-@item -init @var{name}
+@kindex -init=@var{name}
+@item -init=@var{name}
When creating an ELF executable or shared object, call NAME when the
executable or shared object is loaded, by setting DT_INIT to the address
of the function. By default, the linker uses @code{_init} as the
function to call.
@cindex archive files, from cmd line
-@kindex -l@var{archive}
-@kindex --library=@var{archive}
-@item -l@var{archive}
-@itemx --library=@var{archive}
-Add archive file @var{archive} to the list of files to link. This
-option may be used any number of times. @command{ld} will search its
-path-list for occurrences of @code{lib@var{archive}.a} for every
-@var{archive} specified.
+@kindex -l @var{namespec}
+@kindex --library=@var{namespec}
+@item -l @var{namespec}
+@itemx --library=@var{namespec}
+Add the archive or object file specified by @var{namespec} to the
+list of files to link. This option may be used any number of times.
+If @var{namespec} is of the form @file{:@var{filename}}, @command{ld}
+will search the library path for a file called @var{filename}, otherwise it
+will search the library path for a file called @file{lib@var{namespec}.a}.
On systems which support shared libraries, @command{ld} may also search for
-libraries with extensions other than @code{.a}. Specifically, on ELF
-and SunOS systems, @command{ld} will search a directory for a library with
-an extension of @code{.so} before searching for one with an extension of
-@code{.a}. By convention, a @code{.so} extension indicates a shared
-library.
+files other than @file{lib@var{namespec}.a}. Specifically, on ELF
+and SunOS systems, @command{ld} will search a directory for a library
+called @file{lib@var{namespec}.so} before searching for one called
+@file{lib@var{namespec}.a}. (By convention, a @code{.so} extension
+indicates a shared library.) Note that this behavior does not apply
+to @file{:@var{filename}}, which always specifies a file called
+@var{filename}.
The linker will search an archive only once, at the location where it is
specified on the command line. If the archive defines a symbol which
@end ifset
@cindex search directory, from cmd line
-@kindex -L@var{dir}
+@kindex -L @var{dir}
@kindex --library-path=@var{dir}
-@item -L@var{searchdir}
+@item -L @var{searchdir}
@itemx --library-path=@var{searchdir}
Add path @var{searchdir} to the list of paths that @command{ld} will search
for archive libraries and @command{ld} control scripts. You may use this
in which they are specified on the command line. Directories specified
on the command line are searched before the default directories. All
@option{-L} options apply to all @option{-l} options, regardless of the
-order in which the options appear.
+order in which the options appear. @option{-L} options do not affect
+how @command{ld} searches for a linker script unless @option{-T}
+option is specified.
If @var{searchdir} begins with @code{=}, then the @code{=} will be replaced
by the @dfn{sysroot prefix}, a path specified when the linker is configured.
@cindex emulation
@kindex -m @var{emulation}
-@item -m@var{emulation}
+@item -m @var{emulation}
Emulate the @var{emulation} linker. You can list the available
emulations with the @samp{--verbose} or @samp{-V} options.
@kindex --nmagic
@item -n
@itemx --nmagic
-Turn off page alignment of sections, and mark the output as
-@code{NMAGIC} if possible.
+Turn off page alignment of sections, and disable linking against shared
+libraries. If the output format supports Unix style magic numbers,
+mark the output as @code{NMAGIC}.
@kindex -N
@kindex --omagic
@item -O @var{level}
If @var{level} is a numeric values greater than zero @command{ld} optimizes
the output. This might take significantly longer and therefore probably
-should only be enabled for the final binary.
+should only be enabled for the final binary. At the moment this
+option only affects ELF shared library generation. Future releases of
+the linker may make more use of this option. Also currently there is
+no difference in the linker's behaviour for different non-zero values
+of this option. Again this may change with future releases.
@kindex -q
@kindex --emit-relocs
specified by any preceding @samp{-L} options. Multiple @samp{-T}
options accumulate.
+@kindex -dT @var{script}
+@kindex --default-script=@var{script}
+@cindex script files
+@item -dT @var{scriptfile}
+@itemx --default-script=@var{scriptfile}
+Use @var{scriptfile} as the default linker script. @xref{Scripts}.
+
+This option is similar to the @option{--script} option except that
+processing of the script is delayed until after the rest of the
+command line has been processed. This allows options placed after the
+@option{--default-script} option on the command line to affect the
+behaviour of the linker script, which can be important when the linker
+command line cannot be directly controlled by the user. (eg because
+the command line is being constructed by another tool, such as
+@samp{gcc}).
+
@kindex -u @var{symbol}
@kindex --undefined=@var{symbol}
@cindex undefined symbol
@kindex -X
@kindex --discard-locals
@cindex local symbols, deleting
-@cindex L, deleting symbols beginning
@item -X
@itemx --discard-locals
-Delete all temporary local symbols. For most targets, this is all local
-symbols whose names begin with @samp{L}.
+Delete all temporary local symbols. (These symbols start with
+system-specific local label prefixes, typically @samp{.L} for ELF systems
+or @samp{L} for traditional a.out systems.)
@kindex -y @var{symbol}
@kindex --trace-symbol=@var{symbol}
@item --as-needed
@itemx --no-as-needed
This option affects ELF DT_NEEDED tags for dynamic libraries mentioned
-on the command line after the @option{--as-needed} option. Normally,
+on the command line after the @option{--as-needed} option. Normally
the linker will add a DT_NEEDED tag for each dynamic library mentioned
on the command line, regardless of whether the library is actually
-needed. @option{--as-needed} causes DT_NEEDED tags to only be emitted
-for libraries that satisfy some symbol reference from regular objects
-which is undefined at the point that the library was linked.
+needed or not. @option{--as-needed} causes a DT_NEEDED tag to only be
+emitted for a library that satisfies an undefined symbol reference
+from a regular object file or, if the library is not found in the
+DT_NEEDED lists of other libraries linked up to that point, an
+undefined symbol reference from another dynamic library.
@option{--no-as-needed} restores the default behaviour.
@kindex --add-needed
@kindex --no-add-needed
@item --add-needed
@itemx --no-add-needed
-This option affects the treatment of dynamic libraries from ELF
-DT_NEEDED tags in dynamic libraries mentioned on the command line after
-the @option{--no-add-needed} option. Normally, the linker will add
-a DT_NEEDED tag for each dynamic library from DT_NEEDED tags.
-@option{--no-add-needed} causes DT_NEEDED tags will never be emitted
-for those libraries from DT_NEEDED tags. @option{--add-needed} restores
-the default behaviour.
+These two options have been deprecated because of the similarity of
+their names to the @option{--as-needed} and @option{--no-as-needed}
+options. They have been replaced by @option{--copy-dt-needed-entries}
+and @option{--no-copy-dt-needed-entries}.
@kindex -assert @var{keyword}
@item -assert @var{keyword}
within the shared library. This option is only meaningful on ELF
platforms which support shared libraries.
+@kindex -Bsymbolic-functions
+@item -Bsymbolic-functions
+When creating a shared library, bind references to global function
+symbols to the definition within the shared library, if any.
+This option is only meaningful on ELF platforms which support shared
+libraries.
+
@kindex --dynamic-list=@var{dynamic-list-file}
@item --dynamic-list=@var{dynamic-list-file}
Specify the name of a dynamic list file to the linker. This is
The format of the dynamic list is the same as the version node without
scope and node name. See @ref{VERSION} for more information.
+@kindex --dynamic-list-data
+@item --dynamic-list-data
+Include all global data symbols to the dynamic list.
+
+@kindex --dynamic-list-cpp-new
+@item --dynamic-list-cpp-new
+Provide the builtin dynamic list for C++ operator new and delete. It
+is mainly useful for building shared libstdc++.
+
+@kindex --dynamic-list-cpp-typeinfo
+@item --dynamic-list-cpp-typeinfo
+Provide the builtin dynamic list for C++ runtime type identification.
+
@kindex --check-sections
@kindex --no-check-sections
@item --check-sections
suitable error messages. The linker does know about, and does make
allowances for sections in overlays. The default behaviour can be
restored by using the command line switch @option{--check-sections}.
+Section overlap is not usually checked for relocatable links. You can
+force checking in that case by using the @option{--check-sections}
+option.
+
+@kindex --copy-dt-needed-entries
+@kindex --no-copy-dt-needed-entries
+@item --copy-dt-needed-entries
+@itemx --no-copy-dt-needed-entries
+This option affects the treatment of dynamic libraries referred to
+by DT_NEEDED tags @emph{inside} ELF dynamic libraries mentioned on the
+command line. Normally the linker will add a DT_NEEDED tag to the
+output binary for each library mentioned in a DT_NEEDED tag in an
+input dynamic library. With @option{--no-copy-dt-needed-entries}
+specified on the command line however any dynamic libraries that
+follow it will have their DT_NEEDED entries ignored. The default
+behaviour can be restored with @option{--copy-dt-needed-entries}.
+
+This option also has an effect on the resolution of symbols in dynamic
+libraries. With the default setting dynamic libraries mentioned on
+the command line will be recursively searched, following their
+DT_NEEDED tags to other libraries, in order to resolve symbols
+required by the output binary. With
+@option{--no-copy-dt-needed-entries} specified however the searching
+of dynamic libraries that follow it will stop with the dynamic
+library itself. No DT_NEEDED links will be traversed to resolve
+symbols.
@cindex cross reference table
@kindex --cref
paths for runtime symbol resolution.
@cindex symbols, from command line
-@kindex --defsym @var{symbol}=@var{exp}
-@item --defsym @var{symbol}=@var{expression}
+@kindex --defsym=@var{symbol}=@var{exp}
+@item --defsym=@var{symbol}=@var{expression}
Create a global symbol in the output file, containing the absolute
address given by @var{expression}. You may use this option as many
times as necessary to define multiple symbols in the command line. A
@cindex dynamic linker, from command line
@kindex -I@var{file}
-@kindex --dynamic-linker @var{file}
-@item --dynamic-linker @var{file}
+@kindex --dynamic-linker=@var{file}
+@item -I@var{file}
+@itemx --dynamic-linker=@var{file}
Set the name of the dynamic linker. This is only meaningful when
generating dynamically linked ELF executables. The default dynamic
linker is normally correct; don't use this unless you know what you are
doing.
-
@kindex --fatal-warnings
+@kindex --no-fatal-warnings
@item --fatal-warnings
-Treat all warnings as errors.
+@itemx --no-fatal-warnings
+Treat all warnings as errors. The default behaviour can be restored
+with the option @option{--no-fatal-warnings}.
@kindex --force-exe-suffix
@item --force-exe-suffix
@item --gc-sections
@itemx --no-gc-sections
Enable garbage collection of unused input sections. It is ignored on
-targets that do not support this option. This option is not compatible
-with @samp{-r}. The default behaviour (of not performing this garbage
-collection) can be restored by specifying @samp{--no-gc-sections} on
-the command line.
+targets that do not support this option. The default behaviour (of not
+performing this garbage collection) can be restored by specifying
+@samp{--no-gc-sections} on the command line.
+
+@samp{--gc-sections} decides which input sections are used by
+examining symbols and relocations. The section containing the entry
+symbol and all sections containing symbols undefined on the
+command-line will be kept, as will sections containing symbols
+referenced by dynamic objects. Note that when building shared
+libraries, the linker must assume that any visible symbol is
+referenced. Once this initial set of sections has been determined,
+the linker recursively marks as used any section referenced by their
+relocations. See @samp{--entry} and @samp{--undefined}.
+
+This option can be set when doing a partial link (enabled with option
+@samp{-r}). In this case the root of symbols kept must be explicitly
+specified either by an @samp{--entry} or @samp{--undefined} option or by
+a @code{ENTRY} command in the linker script.
@kindex --print-gc-sections
@kindex --no-print-gc-sections
@item --target-help
Print a summary of all target specific options on the standard output and exit.
-@kindex -Map
-@item -Map @var{mapfile}
+@kindex -Map=@var{mapfile}
+@item -Map=@var{mapfile}
Print a link map to the file @var{mapfile}. See the description of the
@option{-M} option, above.
@kindex --no-allow-shlib-undefined
@item --allow-shlib-undefined
@itemx --no-allow-shlib-undefined
-Allows (the default) or disallows undefined symbols in shared libraries.
+Allows or disallows undefined symbols in shared libraries.
This switch is similar to @option{--no-undefined} except that it
determines the behaviour when the undefined symbols are in a
shared library rather than a regular object file. It does not affect
how undefined symbols in regular object files are handled.
-The reason that @option{--allow-shlib-undefined} is the default is that
-the shared library being specified at link time may not be the same as
-the one that is available at load time, so the symbols might actually be
-resolvable at load time. Plus there are some systems, (eg BeOS) where
-undefined symbols in shared libraries is normal. (The kernel patches
-them at load time to select which function is most appropriate
-for the current architecture. This is used for example to dynamically
-select an appropriate memset function). Apparently it is also normal
-for HPPA shared libraries to have undefined symbols.
+The default behaviour is to report errors for any undefined symbols
+referenced in shared libraries if the linker is being used to create
+an executable, but to allow them if the linker is being used to create
+a shared library.
+
+The reasons for allowing undefined symbol references in shared
+libraries specified at link time are that:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+A shared library specified at link time may not be the same as the one
+that is available at load time, so the symbol might actually be
+resolvable at load time.
+@item
+There are some operating systems, eg BeOS and HPPA, where undefined
+symbols in shared libraries are normal.
+
+The BeOS kernel for example patches shared libraries at load time to
+select whichever function is most appropriate for the current
+architecture. This is used, for example, to dynamically select an
+appropriate memset function.
+@end itemize
@kindex --no-undefined-version
@item --no-undefined-version
have taken some special action that ensures that the linker errors are
inappropriate.
+@kindex --no-warn-search-mismatch
+@item --no-warn-search-mismatch
+Normally @command{ld} will give a warning if it finds an incompatible
+library during a library search. This option silences the warning.
+
@kindex --no-whole-archive
@item --no-whole-archive
Turn off the effect of the @option{--whole-archive} option for subsequent
(including linker scripts specified on the command line) are ignored.
@ifclear SingleFormat
-@kindex --oformat
-@item --oformat @var{output-format}
+@kindex --oformat=@var{output-format}
+@item --oformat=@var{output-format}
@command{ld} may be configured to support more than one kind of object
file. If your @command{ld} is configured this way, you can use the
@samp{--oformat} option to specify the binary format for the output
@kindex --relax
@cindex synthesizing linker
@cindex relaxing addressing modes
+@cindex --no-relax
@item --relax
+@itemx --no-relax
An option with machine dependent effects.
@ifset GENERIC
This option is only supported on a few targets.
@xref{PowerPC ELF32,,@command{ld} and PowerPC 32-bit ELF Support}.
@end ifset
-On some platforms, the @samp{--relax} option performs global
-optimizations that become possible when the linker resolves addressing
-in the program, such as relaxing address modes and synthesizing new
-instructions in the output object file.
+On some platforms the @samp{--relax} option performs target specific,
+global optimizations that become possible when the linker resolves
+addressing in the program, such as relaxing address modes,
+synthesizing new instructions, selecting shorter version of current
+instructions, and combinig constant values.
On some platforms these link time global optimizations may make symbolic
debugging of the resulting executable impossible.
@ifset GENERIC
-This is known to be
-the case for the Matsushita MN10200 and MN10300 family of processors.
+This is known to be the case for the Matsushita MN10200 and MN10300
+family of processors.
@end ifset
@ifset GENERIC
but ignored.
@end ifset
+On platforms where @samp{--relax} is accepted the option
+@samp{--no-relax} can be used to disable the feature.
+
@cindex retaining specified symbols
@cindex stripping all but some symbols
@cindex symbols, retaining selectively
-@item --retain-symbols-file @var{filename}
+@kindex --retain-symbols-file=@var{filename}
+@item --retain-symbols-file=@var{filename}
Retain @emph{only} the symbols listed in the file @var{filename},
discarding all others. @var{filename} is simply a flat file, with one
symbol name per line. This option is especially useful in environments
line. It overrides @samp{-s} and @samp{-S}.
@ifset GENERIC
-@item -rpath @var{dir}
+@item -rpath=@var{dir}
@cindex runtime library search path
-@kindex -rpath
+@kindex -rpath=@var{dir}
Add a directory to the runtime library search path. This is used when
linking an ELF executable with shared objects. All @option{-rpath}
arguments are concatenated and passed to the runtime linker, which uses
@ifset GENERIC
@cindex link-time runtime library search path
-@kindex -rpath-link
-@item -rpath-link @var{DIR}
+@kindex -rpath-link=@var{dir}
+@item -rpath-link=@var{dir}
When using ELF or SunOS, one shared library may require another. This
happens when an @code{ld -shared} link includes a shared library as one
of the input files.
by native linkers and cross linkers which have been configured with
the @option{--with-sysroot} option.
@item
-On an ELF system, if the @option{-rpath} and @code{rpath-link} options
-were not used, search the contents of the environment variable
-@code{LD_RUN_PATH}. It is for the native linker only.
+On an ELF system, for native linkers, if the @option{-rpath} and
+@option{-rpath-link} options were not used, search the contents of the
+environment variable @code{LD_RUN_PATH}.
@item
On SunOS, if the @option{-rpath} option was not used, search any
directories specified using @option{-L} options.
@item
-For a native linker, the contents of the environment variable
-@code{LD_LIBRARY_PATH}.
+For a native linker, the search the contents of the environment
+variable @code{LD_LIBRARY_PATH}.
@item
For a native ELF linker, the directories in @code{DT_RUNPATH} or
@code{DT_RPATH} of a shared library are searched for shared
shared library if the @option{-e} option is not used and there are
undefined symbols in the link.
-@item --sort-common
@kindex --sort-common
-This option tells @command{ld} to sort the common symbols by size when it
-places them in the appropriate output sections. First come all the one
-byte symbols, then all the two byte, then all the four byte, and then
-everything else. This is to prevent gaps between symbols due to
-alignment constraints.
-
-@kindex --sort-section name
-@item --sort-section name
+@item --sort-common
+@itemx --sort-common=ascending
+@itemx --sort-common=descending
+This option tells @command{ld} to sort the common symbols by alignment in
+ascending or descending order when it places them in the appropriate output
+sections. The symbol alignments considered are sixteen-byte or larger,
+eight-byte, four-byte, two-byte, and one-byte. This is to prevent gaps
+between symbols due to alignment constraints. If no sorting order is
+specified, then descending order is assumed.
+
+@kindex --sort-section=name
+@item --sort-section=name
This option will apply @code{SORT_BY_NAME} to all wildcard section
patterns in the linker script.
-@kindex --sort-section alignment
-@item --sort-section alignment
+@kindex --sort-section=alignment
+@item --sort-section=alignment
This option will apply @code{SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT} to all wildcard section
patterns in the linker script.
@kindex --split-by-file
-@item --split-by-file [@var{size}]
+@item --split-by-file[=@var{size}]
Similar to @option{--split-by-reloc} but creates a new output section for
each input file when @var{size} is reached. @var{size} defaults to a
size of 1 if not given.
@kindex --split-by-reloc
-@item --split-by-reloc [@var{count}]
+@item --split-by-reloc[=@var{count}]
Tries to creates extra sections in the output file so that no single
output section in the file contains more than @var{count} relocations.
This is useful when generating huge relocatable files for downloading into
Compute and display statistics about the operation of the linker, such
as execution time and memory usage.
-@kindex --sysroot
+@kindex --sysroot=@var{directory}
@item --sysroot=@var{directory}
Use @var{directory} as the location of the sysroot, overriding the
configure-time default. This option is only supported by linkers
trouble). The @samp{--traditional-format} switch tells @command{ld} to not
combine duplicate entries.
-@kindex --section-start @var{sectionname}=@var{org}
-@item --section-start @var{sectionname}=@var{org}
+@kindex --section-start=@var{sectionname}=@var{org}
+@item --section-start=@var{sectionname}=@var{org}
Locate a section in the output file at the absolute
address given by @var{org}. You may use this option as many
times as necessary to locate multiple sections in the command
should be no white space between @var{sectionname}, the equals
sign (``@key{=}''), and @var{org}.
-@kindex -Tbss @var{org}
-@kindex -Tdata @var{org}
-@kindex -Ttext @var{org}
+@kindex -Tbss=@var{org}
+@kindex -Tdata=@var{org}
+@kindex -Ttext=@var{org}
@cindex segment origins, cmd line
-@item -Tbss @var{org}
-@itemx -Tdata @var{org}
-@itemx -Ttext @var{org}
-Same as --section-start, with @code{.bss}, @code{.data} or
+@item -Tbss=@var{org}
+@itemx -Tdata=@var{org}
+@itemx -Ttext=@var{org}
+Same as @option{--section-start}, with @code{.bss}, @code{.data} or
@code{.text} as the @var{sectionname}.
+@kindex -Ttext-segment=@var{org}
+@item -Ttext-segment=@var{org}
+@cindex text segment origin, cmd line
+When creating an ELF executable or shared object, it will set the address
+of the first byte of the text segment.
+
@kindex --unresolved-symbols
@item --unresolved-symbols=@var{method}
Determine how to handle unresolved symbols. There are four possible
@kindex --version-script=@var{version-scriptfile}
@cindex version script, symbol versions
-@itemx --version-script=@var{version-scriptfile}
+@item --version-script=@var{version-scriptfile}
Specify the name of a version script to the linker. This is typically
used when creating shared libraries to specify additional information
about the version hierarchy for the library being created. This option
-is only meaningful on ELF platforms which support shared libraries.
-@xref{VERSION}.
+is only fully supported on ELF platforms which support shared libraries;
+see @ref{VERSION}. It is partially supported on PE platforms, which can
+use version scripts to filter symbol visibility in auto-export mode: any
+symbols marked @samp{local} in the version script will not be exported.
+@xref{WIN32}.
@kindex --warn-common
@cindex warnings, on combining symbols
@item --warn-shared-textrel
Warn if the linker adds a DT_TEXTREL to a shared object.
+@kindex --warn-alternate-em
+@item --warn-alternate-em
+Warn if an object has alternate ELF machine code.
+
@kindex --warn-unresolved-symbols
@item --warn-unresolved-symbols
If the linker is going to report an unresolved symbol (see the option
list of archives, because gcc will add its own list of archives to
your link and you may not want this flag to affect those as well.
-@kindex --wrap
-@item --wrap @var{symbol}
+@kindex --wrap=@var{symbol}
+@item --wrap=@var{symbol}
Use a wrapper function for @var{symbol}. Any undefined reference to
@var{symbol} will be resolved to @code{__wrap_@var{symbol}}. Any
undefined reference to @code{__real_@var{symbol}} will be resolved to
The @option{--reduce-memory-overheads} switch may be also be used to
enable other tradeoffs in future versions of the linker.
+@kindex --build-id
+@kindex --build-id=@var{style}
+@item --build-id
+@itemx --build-id=@var{style}
+Request creation of @code{.note.gnu.build-id} ELF note section.
+The contents of the note are unique bits identifying this linked
+file. @var{style} can be @code{uuid} to use 128 random bits,
+@code{sha1} to use a 160-bit @sc{SHA1} hash on the normative
+parts of the output contents, @code{md5} to use a 128-bit
+@sc{MD5} hash on the normative parts of the output contents, or
+@code{0x@var{hexstring}} to use a chosen bit string specified as
+an even number of hexadecimal digits (@code{-} and @code{:}
+characters between digit pairs are ignored). If @var{style} is
+omitted, @code{sha1} is used.
+
+The @code{md5} and @code{sha1} styles produces an identifier
+that is always the same in an identical output file, but will be
+unique among all nonidentical output files. It is not intended
+to be compared as a checksum for the file's contents. A linked
+file may be changed later by other tools, but the build ID bit
+string identifying the original linked file does not change.
+
+Passing @code{none} for @var{style} disables the setting from any
+@code{--build-id} options earlier on the command line.
@end table
@c man end
file.
[This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]
+@kindex --enable-long-section-names
+@kindex --disable-long-section-names
+@item --enable-long-section-names
+@itemx --disable-long-section-names
+The PE variants of the Coff object format add an extension that permits
+the use of section names longer than eight characters, the normal limit
+for Coff. By default, these names are only allowed in object files, as
+fully-linked executable images do not carry the Coff string table required
+to support the longer names. As a GNU extension, it is possible to
+allow their use in executable images as well, or to (probably pointlessly!)
+disallow it in object files, by using these two options. Executable images
+generated with these long section names are slightly non-standard, carrying
+as they do a string table, and may generate confusing output when examined
+with non-GNU PE-aware tools, such as file viewers and dumpers. However,
+GDB relies on the use of PE long section names to find Dwarf-2 debug
+information sections in an executable image at runtime, and so if neither
+option is specified on the command-line, @command{ld} will enable long
+section names, overriding the default and technically correct behaviour,
+when it finds the presence of debug information while linking an executable
+image and not stripping symbols.
+[This option is valid for all PE targeted ports of the linker]
+
@kindex --enable-stdcall-fixup
@kindex --disable-stdcall-fixup
@item --enable-stdcall-fixup
mismatches are considered to be errors.
[This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]
+@kindex --leading-underscore
+@kindex --no-leading-underscore
+@item --leading-underscore
+@itemx --no-leading-underscore
+For most targets default symbol-prefix is an underscore and is defined
+in target's description. By this option it is possible to
+disable/enable the default underscore symbol-prefix.
+
@cindex DLLs, creating
@kindex --export-all-symbols
@item --export-all-symbols
exported. The symbol names may be delimited by commas or colons.
[This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]
+@kindex --exclude-all-symbols
+@item --exclude-all-symbols
+Specifies no symbols should be automatically exported.
+[This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]
+
@kindex --file-alignment
@item --file-alignment
Specify the file alignment. Sections in the file will always begin at
@kindex --heap
@item --heap @var{reserve}
@itemx --heap @var{reserve},@var{commit}
-Specify the amount of memory to reserve (and optionally commit) to be
-used as heap for this program. The default is 1Mb reserved, 4K
+Specify the number of bytes of memory to reserve (and optionally commit)
+to be used as heap for this program. The default is 1Mb reserved, 4K
committed.
[This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]
to be made writable. This does not conform to the PE-COFF format
specification published by Microsoft.
+Note - use of the 'auto-import' extension will also cause read only
+data which would normally be placed into the .rdata section to be
+placed into the .data section instead. This is in order to work
+around a problem with consts that is described here:
+http://www.cygwin.com/ml/cygwin/2004-09/msg01101.html
+
Using 'auto-import' generally will 'just work' -- but sometimes you may
see this message:
This message occurs when some (sub)expression accesses an address
ultimately given by the sum of two constants (Win32 import tables only
-allow one). Instances where this may occur include accesses to member
-fields of struct variables imported from a DLL, as well as using a
-constant index into an array variable imported from a DLL. Any
+allow one). Instances where this may occur include accesses to member
+fields of struct variables imported from a DLL, as well as using a
+constant index into an array variable imported from a DLL. Any
multiword variable (arrays, structs, long long, etc) may trigger
this error condition. However, regardless of the exact data type
of the offending exported variable, ld will always detect it, issue
of adjusting references in your client code for runtime environment, so
this method works only when runtime environment supports this feature.
-A second solution is to force one of the 'constants' to be a variable --
-that is, unknown and un-optimizable at compile time. For arrays,
-there are two possibilities: a) make the indexee (the array's address)
+A second solution is to force one of the 'constants' to be a variable --
+that is, unknown and un-optimizable at compile time. For arrays,
+there are two possibilities: a) make the indexee (the array's address)
a variable, or b) make the 'constant' index a variable. Thus:
@example
extern type extern_array[];
-extern_array[1] -->
+extern_array[1] -->
@{ volatile type *t=extern_array; t[1] @}
@end example
@example
extern type extern_array[];
-extern_array[1] -->
+extern_array[1] -->
@{ volatile int t=1; extern_array[t] @}
@end example
-For structs (and most other multiword data types) the only option
+For structs (and most other multiword data types) the only option
is to make the struct itself (or the long long, or the ...) variable:
@example
extern struct s extern_struct;
-extern_struct.field -->
+extern_struct.field -->
@{ volatile struct s *t=&extern_struct; t->field @}
@end example
@end example
A third method of dealing with this difficulty is to abandon
-'auto-import' for the offending symbol and mark it with
+'auto-import' for the offending symbol and mark it with
@code{__declspec(dllimport)}. However, in practise that
requires using compile-time #defines to indicate whether you are
-building a DLL, building client code that will link to the DLL, or
-merely building/linking to a static library. In making the choice
-between the various methods of resolving the 'direct address with
+building a DLL, building client code that will link to the DLL, or
+merely building/linking to a static library. In making the choice
+between the various methods of resolving the 'direct address with
constant offset' problem, you should consider typical real-world usage:
Original:
@}
@end example
-A fourth way to avoid this problem is to re-code your
+A fourth way to avoid this problem is to re-code your
library to use a functional interface rather than a data interface
for the offending variables (e.g. set_foo() and get_foo() accessor
functions).
@kindex --disable-auto-import
@item --disable-auto-import
-Do not attempt to do sophisticated linking of @code{_symbol} to
+Do not attempt to do sophisticated linking of @code{_symbol} to
@code{__imp__symbol} for DATA imports from DLLs.
[This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]
If your code contains expressions described in --enable-auto-import section,
that is, DATA imports from DLL with non-zero offset, this switch will create
a vector of 'runtime pseudo relocations' which can be used by runtime
-environment to adjust references to such data in your client code.
+environment to adjust references to such data in your client code.
[This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]
@kindex --disable-runtime-pseudo-reloc
@kindex --stack
@item --stack @var{reserve}
@itemx --stack @var{reserve},@var{commit}
-Specify the amount of memory to reserve (and optionally commit) to be
-used as stack for this program. The default is 2Mb reserved, 4K
+Specify the number of bytes of memory to reserve (and optionally commit)
+to be used as stack for this program. The default is 2Mb reserved, 4K
committed.
[This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]
@var{which}.
[This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]
+The following options set flags in the @code{DllCharacteristics} field
+of the PE file header:
+[These options are specific to PE targeted ports of the linker]
+
+@kindex --dynamicbase
+@item --dynamicbase
+The image base address may be relocated using address space layout
+randomization (ASLR). This feature was introduced with MS Windows
+Vista for i386 PE targets.
+
+@kindex --forceinteg
+@item --forceinteg
+Code integrity checks are enforced.
+
+@kindex --nxcompat
+@item --nxcompat
+The image is compatible with the Data Execution Prevention.
+This feature was introduced with MS Windows XP SP2 for i386 PE targets.
+
+@kindex --no-isolation
+@item --no-isolation
+Although the image understands isolation, do not isolate the image.
+
+@kindex --no-seh
+@item --no-seh
+The image does not use SEH. No SE handler may be called from
+this image.
+
+@kindex --no-bind
+@item --no-bind
+Do not bind this image.
+
+@kindex --wdmdriver
+@item --wdmdriver
+The driver uses the MS Windows Driver Model.
+
+@kindex --tsaware
+@item --tsaware
+The image is Terminal Server aware.
+
@end table
@c man end
@c man end
@end ifset
+@ifset M68K
+@subsection Options specific to Motorola 68K target
+
+@c man begin OPTIONS
+
+The following options are supported to control handling of GOT generation
+when linking for 68K targets.
+
+@table @gcctabopt
+
+@kindex --got
+@item --got=@var{type}
+This option tells the linker which GOT generation scheme to use.
+@var{type} should be one of @samp{single}, @samp{negative},
+@samp{multigot} or @samp{target}. For more information refer to the
+Info entry for @file{ld}.
+
+@end table
+
+@c man end
+@end ifset
+
@ifset UsesEnvVars
@node Environment
@section Environment Variables
* Format Commands:: Commands dealing with object file formats
@end ifclear
+* REGION_ALIAS:: Assign alias names to memory regions
* Miscellaneous Commands:: Other linker script commands
@end menu
@item
the @code{ENTRY(@var{symbol})} command in a linker script;
@item
-the value of the symbol @code{start}, if defined;
+the value of a target specific symbol, if it is defined; For many
+targets this is @code{start}, but PE and BeOS based systems for example
+check a list of possible entry symbols, matching the first one found.
@item
the address of the first byte of the @samp{.text} section, if present;
@item
with the @option{-L} option. You can nest calls to @code{INCLUDE} up to
10 levels deep.
+You can place @code{INCLUDE} directives at the top level, in @code{MEMORY} or
+@code{SECTIONS} commands, or in output section descriptions.
+
@item INPUT(@var{file}, @var{file}, @dots{})
@itemx INPUT(@var{file} @var{file} @dots{})
@kindex INPUT(@var{files})
@end table
@end ifclear
+@node REGION_ALIAS
+@subsection Assign alias names to memory regions
+@kindex REGION_ALIAS(@var{alias}, @var{region})
+@cindex region alias
+@cindex region names
+
+Alias names can be added to existing memory regions created with the
+@ref{MEMORY} command. Each name corresponds to at most one memory region.
+
+@smallexample
+REGION_ALIAS(@var{alias}, @var{region})
+@end smallexample
+
+The @code{REGION_ALIAS} function creates an alias name @var{alias} for the
+memory region @var{region}. This allows a flexible mapping of output sections
+to memory regions. An example follows.
+
+Suppose we have an application for embedded systems which come with various
+memory storage devices. All have a general purpose, volatile memory @code{RAM}
+that allows code execution or data storage. Some may have a read-only,
+non-volatile memory @code{ROM} that allows code execution and read-only data
+access. The last variant is a read-only, non-volatile memory @code{ROM2} with
+read-only data access and no code execution capability. We have four output
+sections:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+@code{.text} program code;
+@item
+@code{.rodata} read-only data;
+@item
+@code{.data} read-write initialized data;
+@item
+@code{.bss} read-write zero initialized data.
+@end itemize
+
+The goal is to provide a linker command file that contains a system independent
+part defining the output sections and a system dependent part mapping the
+output sections to the memory regions available on the system. Our embedded
+systems come with three different memory setups @code{A}, @code{B} and
+@code{C}:
+@multitable @columnfractions .25 .25 .25 .25
+@item Section @tab Variant A @tab Variant B @tab Variant C
+@item .text @tab RAM @tab ROM @tab ROM
+@item .rodata @tab RAM @tab ROM @tab ROM2
+@item .data @tab RAM @tab RAM/ROM @tab RAM/ROM2
+@item .bss @tab RAM @tab RAM @tab RAM
+@end multitable
+The notation @code{RAM/ROM} or @code{RAM/ROM2} means that this section is
+loaded into region @code{ROM} or @code{ROM2} respectively. Please note that
+the load address of the @code{.data} section starts in all three variants at
+the end of the @code{.rodata} section.
+
+The base linker script that deals with the output sections follows. It
+includes the system dependent @code{linkcmds.memory} file that describes the
+memory layout:
+@smallexample
+INCLUDE linkcmds.memory
+
+SECTIONS
+ @{
+ .text :
+ @{
+ *(.text)
+ @} > REGION_TEXT
+ .rodata :
+ @{
+ *(.rodata)
+ rodata_end = .;
+ @} > REGION_RODATA
+ .data : AT (rodata_end)
+ @{
+ data_start = .;
+ *(.data)
+ @} > REGION_DATA
+ data_size = SIZEOF(.data);
+ data_load_start = LOADADDR(.data);
+ .bss :
+ @{
+ *(.bss)
+ @} > REGION_BSS
+ @}
+@end smallexample
+
+Now we need three different @code{linkcmds.memory} files to define memory
+regions and alias names. The content of @code{linkcmds.memory} for the three
+variants @code{A}, @code{B} and @code{C}:
+@table @code
+@item A
+Here everything goes into the @code{RAM}.
+@smallexample
+MEMORY
+ @{
+ RAM : ORIGIN = 0, LENGTH = 4M
+ @}
+
+REGION_ALIAS("REGION_TEXT", RAM);
+REGION_ALIAS("REGION_RODATA", RAM);
+REGION_ALIAS("REGION_DATA", RAM);
+REGION_ALIAS("REGION_BSS", RAM);
+@end smallexample
+@item B
+Program code and read-only data go into the @code{ROM}. Read-write data goes
+into the @code{RAM}. An image of the initialized data is loaded into the
+@code{ROM} and will be copied during system start into the @code{RAM}.
+@smallexample
+MEMORY
+ @{
+ ROM : ORIGIN = 0, LENGTH = 3M
+ RAM : ORIGIN = 0x10000000, LENGTH = 1M
+ @}
+
+REGION_ALIAS("REGION_TEXT", ROM);
+REGION_ALIAS("REGION_RODATA", ROM);
+REGION_ALIAS("REGION_DATA", RAM);
+REGION_ALIAS("REGION_BSS", RAM);
+@end smallexample
+@item C
+Program code goes into the @code{ROM}. Read-only data goes into the
+@code{ROM2}. Read-write data goes into the @code{RAM}. An image of the
+initialized data is loaded into the @code{ROM2} and will be copied during
+system start into the @code{RAM}.
+@smallexample
+MEMORY
+ @{
+ ROM : ORIGIN = 0, LENGTH = 2M
+ ROM2 : ORIGIN = 0x10000000, LENGTH = 1M
+ RAM : ORIGIN = 0x20000000, LENGTH = 1M
+ @}
+
+REGION_ALIAS("REGION_TEXT", ROM);
+REGION_ALIAS("REGION_RODATA", ROM2);
+REGION_ALIAS("REGION_DATA", RAM);
+REGION_ALIAS("REGION_BSS", RAM);
+@end smallexample
+@end table
+
+It is possible to write a common system initialization routine to copy the
+@code{.data} section from @code{ROM} or @code{ROM2} into the @code{RAM} if
+necessary:
+@smallexample
+#include <string.h>
+
+extern char data_start [];
+extern char data_size [];
+extern char data_load_start [];
+
+void copy_data(void)
+@{
+ if (data_start != data_load_start)
+ @{
+ memcpy(data_start, data_load_start, (size_t) data_size);
+ @}
+@}
+@end smallexample
+
@node Miscellaneous Commands
@subsection Other Linker Script Commands
There are a few other linker scripts commands.
command-line option: to make @code{ld} omit the assignment of addresses
to common symbols even for a non-relocatable output file.
+@item INSERT [ AFTER | BEFORE ] @var{output_section}
+@kindex INSERT
+@cindex insert user script into default script
+This command is typically used in a script specified by @samp{-T} to
+augment the default @code{SECTIONS} with, for example, overlays. It
+inserts all prior linker script statements after (or before)
+@var{output_section}, and also causes @samp{-T} to not override the
+default linker script. The exact insertion point is as for orphan
+sections. @xref{Location Counter}. The insertion happens after the
+linker has mapped input sections to output sections. Prior to the
+insertion, since @samp{-T} scripts are parsed before the default
+linker script, statements in the @samp{-T} script occur before the
+default linker script statements in the internal linker representation
+of the script. In particular, input section assignments will be made
+to @samp{-T} output sections before those in the default script. Here
+is an example of how a @samp{-T} script using @code{INSERT} might look:
+
+@smallexample
+SECTIONS
+@{
+ OVERLAY :
+ @{
+ .ov1 @{ ov1*(.text) @}
+ .ov2 @{ ov2*(.text) @}
+ @}
+@}
+INSERT AFTER .text;
+@end smallexample
+
@item NOCROSSREFS(@var{section} @var{section} @dots{})
@kindex NOCROSSREFS(@var{sections})
@cindex cross references
@smallexample
@group
extern char start_of_ROM, end_of_ROM, start_of_FLASH;
-
+
memcpy (& start_of_FLASH, & start_of_ROM, & end_of_ROM - & start_of_ROM);
@end group
@end smallexample
@smallexample
@group
@var{section} [@var{address}] [(@var{type})] :
- [AT(@var{lma})] [ALIGN(@var{section_align})] [SUBALIGN(@var{subsection_align})]
+ [AT(@var{lma})]
+ [ALIGN(@var{section_align})]
+ [SUBALIGN(@var{subsection_align})]
+ [@var{constraint}]
@{
@var{output-section-command}
@var{output-section-command}
aligned upward to the specified value.
Specifying @var{address} for a section will change the value of the
-location counter.
+location counter, provided that the section is non-empty. (Empty
+sections are ignored).
@node Input Section
@subsection Input Section Description
match all files except the ones specified in the EXCLUDE_FILE list. For
example:
@smallexample
-(*(EXCLUDE_FILE (*crtend.o *otherfile.o) .ctors))
+*(EXCLUDE_FILE (*crtend.o *otherfile.o) .ctors)
@end smallexample
will cause all .ctors sections from all files except @file{crtend.o} and
@file{otherfile.o} to be included.
data.o(.data)
@end smallexample
+You can also specify files within archives by writing a pattern
+matching the archive, a colon, then the pattern matching the file,
+with no whitespace around the colon.
+
+@table @samp
+@item archive:file
+matches file within archive
+@item archive:
+matches the whole archive
+@item :file
+matches file but not one in an archive
+@end table
+
+Either one or both of @samp{archive} and @samp{file} can contain shell
+wildcards. On DOS based file systems, the linker will assume that a
+single letter followed by a colon is a drive specifier, so
+@samp{c:myfile.o} is a simple file specification, not @samp{myfile.o}
+within an archive called @samp{c}. @samp{archive:file} filespecs may
+also be used within an @code{EXCLUDE_FILE} list, but may not appear in
+other linker script contexts. For instance, you cannot extract a file
+from an archive by using @samp{archive:file} in an @code{INPUT}
+command.
+
If you use a file name without a list of sections, then all sections in
the input file will be included in the output section. This is not
commonly done, but it may by useful on occasion. For example:
data.o
@end smallexample
-When you use a file name which does not contain any wild card
+When you use a file name which is not an @samp{archive:file} specifier
+and does not contain any wild card
characters, the linker will first see if you also specified the file
name on the linker command line or in an @code{INPUT} command. If you
did not, the linker will attempt to open the file as an input file, as
It will sort the input sections by alignment first, then by name if 2
sections have the same alignment.
@item
-@code{SORT_BY_NAME} (@code{SORT_BY_NAME} (wildcard section pattern)) is
+@code{SORT_BY_NAME} (@code{SORT_BY_NAME} (wildcard section pattern)) is
treated the same as @code{SORT_BY_NAME} (wildcard section pattern).
@item
@code{SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT} (@code{SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT} (wildcard section pattern))
@cindex discarding sections
@cindex sections, discarding
@cindex removing sections
-The linker will not create output section which do not have any
-contents. This is for convenience when referring to input sections that
-may or may not be present in any of the input files. For example:
+The linker will not create output sections with no contents. This is
+for convenience when referring to input sections that may or may not
+be present in any of the input files. For example:
@smallexample
-.foo @{ *(.foo) @}
+.foo : @{ *(.foo) @}
@end smallexample
@noindent
will only create a @samp{.foo} section in the output file if there is a
-@samp{.foo} section in at least one input file.
+@samp{.foo} section in at least one input file, and if the input
+sections are not all empty. Other link script directives that allocate
+space in an output section will also create the output section.
-If you use anything other than an input section description as an output
-section command, such as a symbol assignment, then the output section
-will always be created, even if there are no matching input sections.
+The linker will ignore address assignments (@pxref{Output Section Address})
+on discarded output sections, except when the linker script defines
+symbols in the output section. In that case the linker will obey
+the address assignments, possibly advancing dot even though the
+section is discarded.
@cindex /DISCARD/
The special output section name @samp{/DISCARD/} may be used to discard
@cindex output section attributes
We showed above that the full description of an output section looked
like this:
+
@smallexample
@group
@var{section} [@var{address}] [(@var{type})] :
- [AT(@var{lma})] [ALIGN(@var{section_align})] [SUBALIGN(@var{subsection_align})]
+ [AT(@var{lma})]
+ [ALIGN(@var{section_align})]
+ [SUBALIGN(@var{subsection_align})]
+ [@var{constraint}]
@{
@var{output-section-command}
@var{output-section-command}
@} [>@var{region}] [AT>@var{lma_region}] [:@var{phdr} :@var{phdr} @dots{}] [=@var{fillexp}]
@end group
@end smallexample
+
We've already described @var{section}, @var{address}, and
@var{output-section-command}. In this section we will describe the
remaining section attributes.
* Output Section LMA:: Output section LMA
* Forced Output Alignment:: Forced Output Alignment
* Forced Input Alignment:: Forced Input Alignment
+* Output Section Constraint:: Output section constraint
* Output Section Region:: Output section region
* Output Section Phdr:: Output section phdr
* Output Section Fill:: Output section fill
SUBALIGN. The value specified overrides any alignment given by input
sections, whether larger or smaller.
+@node Output Section Constraint
+@subsubsection Output Section Constraint
+@kindex ONLY_IF_RO
+@kindex ONLY_IF_RW
+@cindex constraints on output sections
+You can specify that an output section should only be created if all
+of its input sections are read-only or all of its input sections are
+read-write by using the keyword @code{ONLY_IF_RO} and
+@code{ONLY_IF_RW} respectively.
+
@node Output Section Region
@subsubsection Output Section Region
@kindex >@var{region}
NOCROSSREFS}.
For each section within the @code{OVERLAY}, the linker automatically
-defines two symbols. The symbol @code{__load_start_@var{secname}} is
+provides two symbols. The symbol @code{__load_start_@var{secname}} is
defined as the starting load address of the section. The symbol
@code{__load_stop_@var{secname}} is defined as the final load address of
the section. Any characters within @var{secname} which are not legal
This will define both @samp{.text0} and @samp{.text1} to start at
address 0x1000. @samp{.text0} will be loaded at address 0x4000, and
@samp{.text1} will be loaded immediately after @samp{.text0}. The
-following symbols will be defined: @code{__load_start_text0},
+following symbols will be defined if referenced: @code{__load_start_text0},
@code{__load_stop_text0}, @code{__load_start_text1},
@code{__load_stop_text1}.
@smallexample
@group
.text0 0x1000 : AT (0x4000) @{ o1/*.o(.text) @}
- __load_start_text0 = LOADADDR (.text0);
- __load_stop_text0 = LOADADDR (.text0) + SIZEOF (.text0);
+ PROVIDE (__load_start_text0 = LOADADDR (.text0));
+ PROVIDE (__load_stop_text0 = LOADADDR (.text0) + SIZEOF (.text0));
.text1 0x1000 : AT (0x4000 + SIZEOF (.text0)) @{ o2/*.o(.text) @}
- __load_start_text1 = LOADADDR (.text1);
- __load_stop_text1 = LOADADDR (.text1) + SIZEOF (.text1);
+ PROVIDE (__load_start_text1 = LOADADDR (.text1));
+ PROVIDE (__load_stop_text1 = LOADADDR (.text1) + SIZEOF (.text1));
. = 0x1000 + MAX (SIZEOF (.text0), SIZEOF (.text1));
@end group
@end smallexample
region. The region name has no meaning outside of the linker script.
Region names are stored in a separate name space, and will not conflict
with symbol names, file names, or section names. Each memory region
-must have a distinct name.
+must have a distinct name within the @code{MEMORY} command. However you can
+add later alias names to existing memory regions with the @ref{REGION_ALIAS}
+command.
@cindex memory region attributes
The @var{attr} string is an optional list of attributes that specify
region, the linker will issue an error message.
It is possible to access the origin and length of a memory in an
-expression via the @code{ORIGIN(@var{memory})} and
+expression via the @code{ORIGIN(@var{memory})} and
@code{LENGTH(@var{memory})} functions:
@smallexample
@group
- _fstack = ORIGIN(ram) + LENGTH(ram) - 4;
+ _fstack = ORIGIN(ram) + LENGTH(ram) - 4;
@end group
@end smallexample
of the linker script. It is not put into the output file. Program
header names are stored in a separate name space, and will not conflict
with symbol names, file names, or section names. Each program header
-must have a distinct name.
+must have a distinct name. The headers are processed in order and it
+is usual for them to map to sections in ascending load address order.
Certain program header types describe segments of memory which the
system loader will load from the file. In the linker script, you
@kindex FILEHDR
@kindex PHDRS
-You may use the @code{FILEHDR} and @code{PHDRS} keywords appear after
+You may use the @code{FILEHDR} and @code{PHDRS} keywords after
the program header type to further describe the contents of the segment.
The @code{FILEHDR} keyword means that the segment should include the ELF
file header. The @code{PHDRS} keyword means that the segment should
-include the ELF program headers themselves.
+include the ELF program headers themselves. If applied to a loadable
+segment (@code{PT_LOAD}), all prior loadable segments must have one of
+these keywords.
The @var{type} may be one of the following. The numbers indicate the
value of the keyword.
VERS_2.0 @{
bar1; bar2;
- extern "C++" @{
+ extern "C++" @{
ns::*;
- "int f(int, double)";
- @}
+ "f(int, double)";
+ @};
@} VERS_1.2;
@end smallexample
specifically bound to a version node, it will effectively bind it to an
unspecified base version of the library. You can bind all otherwise
unspecified symbols to a given version node by using @samp{global: *;}
-somewhere in the version script.
+somewhere in the version script. Note that it's slightly crazy to use
+wildcards in a global spec except on the last version node. Global
+wildcards elsewhere run the risk of accidentally adding symbols to the
+set exported for an old version. That's wrong since older versions
+ought to have a fixed set of symbols.
The names of the version nodes have no specific meaning other than what
they might suggest to the person reading them. The @samp{2.0} version
could just as well have appeared in between @samp{1.1} and @samp{1.2}.
However, this would be a confusing way to write a version script.
-Node name can be omited, provided it is the only version node
+Node name can be omitted, provided it is the only version node
in the version script. Such version script doesn't assign any versions to
symbols, only selects which symbols will be globally visible out and which
won't.
VERSION extern "lang" @{ version-script-commands @}
@end smallexample
-The supported @samp{lang}s are @samp{C}, @samp{C++}, and @samp{Java}.
+The supported @samp{lang}s are @samp{C}, @samp{C++}, and @samp{Java}.
The linker will iterate over the list of symbols at the link time and
demangle them according to @samp{lang} before matching them to the
-patterns specified in @samp{version-script-commands}.
+patterns specified in @samp{version-script-commands}. The default
+@samp{lang} is @samp{C}.
Demangled names may contains spaces and other special characters. As
described above, you can use a glob pattern to match demangled names,
@menu
* Constants:: Constants
+* Symbolic Constants:: Symbolic constants
* Symbols:: Symbol Names
* Orphan Sections:: Orphan Sections
* Location Counter:: The Location Counter
As in C, the linker considers an integer beginning with @samp{0} to be
octal, and an integer beginning with @samp{0x} or @samp{0X} to be
-hexadecimal. The linker considers other integers to be decimal.
+hexadecimal. Alternatively the linker accepts suffixes of @samp{h} or
+@samp{H} for hexadeciaml, @samp{o} or @samp{O} for octal, @samp{b} or
+@samp{B} for binary and @samp{d} or @samp{D} for decimal. Any integer
+value without a prefix or a suffix is considered to be decimal.
@cindex scaled integers
@cindex K and M integer suffixes
${\rm 1024}$ or ${\rm 1024}^2$
@end tex
@c END TEXI2ROFF-KILL
-respectively. For example, the following all refer to the same quantity:
+respectively. For example, the following
+all refer to the same quantity:
+
@smallexample
_fourk_1 = 4K;
_fourk_2 = 4096;
_fourk_3 = 0x1000;
+_fourk_4 = 10000o;
+@end smallexample
+
+Note - the @code{K} and @code{M} suffixes cannot be used in
+conjunction with the base suffixes mentioned above.
+
+@node Symbolic Constants
+@subsection Symbolic Constants
+@cindex symbolic constants
+@kindex CONSTANT
+It is possible to refer to target specific constants via the use of
+the @code{CONSTANT(@var{name})} operator, where @var{name} is one of:
+
+@table @code
+@item MAXPAGESIZE
+@kindex MAXPAGESIZE
+The target's maximum page size.
+
+@item COMMONPAGESIZE
+@kindex COMMONPAGESIZE
+The target's default page size.
+@end table
+
+So for example:
+
+@smallexample
+ .text ALIGN (CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE)) : @{ *(.text) @}
@end smallexample
+will create a text section aligned to the largest page boundary
+supported by the target.
+
@node Symbols
@subsection Symbol Names
@cindex symbol names
For ELF targets, the attribute of the section includes section type as
well as section flag.
+If an orphaned section's name is representable as a C identifier then
+the linker will automatically @pxref{PROVIDE} two symbols:
+__start_SECNAME and __end_SECNAME, where SECNAME is the name of the
+section. These indicate the start address and end address of the
+orphaned section respectively. Note: most section names are not
+representable as C identifiers because they contain a @samp{.}
+character.
+
@node Location Counter
@subsection The Location Counter
@kindex .
The builtin function @code{NEXT} is closely related to @code{ALIGN}.
+@item ALIGNOF(@var{section})
+@kindex ALIGNOF(@var{section})
+@cindex section alignment
+Return the alignment in bytes of the named @var{section}, if that section has
+been allocated. If the section has not been allocated when this is
+evaluated, the linker will report an error. In the following example,
+the alignment of the @code{.output} section is stored as the first
+value in that section.
+@smallexample
+@group
+SECTIONS@{ @dots{}
+ .output @{
+ LONG (ALIGNOF (.output))
+ @dots{}
+ @}
+@dots{} @}
+@end group
+@end smallexample
+
@item BLOCK(@var{exp})
@kindex BLOCK(@var{exp})
This is a synonym for @code{ALIGN}, for compatibility with older linker
@ifset HPPA
* HPPA ELF32:: @command{ld} and HPPA 32-bit ELF
@end ifset
+@ifset M68K
+* M68K:: @command{ld} and the Motorola 68K family
+@end ifset
@ifset MMIX
* MMIX:: @command{ld} and MMIX
@end ifset
@ifset POWERPC64
* PowerPC64 ELF64:: @command{ld} and PowerPC64 64-bit ELF Support
@end ifset
+@ifset SPU
+* SPU ELF:: @command{ld} and SPU ELF Support
+@end ifset
@ifset TICOFF
* TI COFF:: @command{ld} and TI COFF
@end ifset
top page of memory).
@item bit manipulation instructions
-@command{ld} finds all bit manipulation instructions like @code{band, bclr,
+@command{ld} finds all bit manipulation instructions like @code{band, bclr,
biand, bild, bior, bist, bixor, bld, bnot, bor, bset, bst, btst, bxor}
-which use 32 bit and 16 bit absolute address form, but refer to the top
+which use 32 bit and 16 bit absolute address form, but refer to the top
page of memory, and changes them to use the 8 bit address form.
(That is: the linker turns @samp{bset #xx:3,@code{@@}@var{aa}:32} into
-@samp{bset #xx:3,@code{@@}@var{aa}:8} whenever the address @var{aa} is in
+@samp{bset #xx:3,@code{@@}@var{aa}:8} whenever the address @var{aa} is in
the top page of memory).
@item system control instructions
-@command{ld} finds all @code{ldc.w, stc.w} instructions which use the
-32 bit absolute address form, but refer to the top page of memory, and
+@command{ld} finds all @code{ldc.w, stc.w} instructions which use the
+32 bit absolute address form, but refer to the top page of memory, and
changes them to use 16 bit address form.
(That is: the linker turns @samp{ldc.w @code{@@}@var{aa}:32,ccr} into
-@samp{ldc.w @code{@@}@var{aa}:16,ccr} whenever the address @var{aa} is in
+@samp{ldc.w @code{@@}@var{aa}:16,ccr} whenever the address @var{aa} is in
the top page of memory).
@end table
target subroutine is a leaf routine (that is, the target subroutine does
not itself call any subroutines).
+@cindex Cortex-A8 erratum workaround
+@kindex --fix-cortex-a8
+@kindex --no-fix-cortex-a8
+The @samp{--fix-cortex-a8} switch enables a link-time workaround for an erratum in certain Cortex-A8 processors. The workaround is enabled by default if you are targeting the ARM v7-A architecture profile. It can be enabled otherwise by specifying @samp{--fix-cortex-a8}, or disabled unconditionally by specifying @samp{--no-fix-cortex-a8}.
+
+The erratum only affects Thumb-2 code. Please contact ARM for further details.
+
+@kindex --merge-exidx-entries
+@kindex --no-merge-exidx-entries
+The @samp{--no-merge-exidx-entries} switch disables the merging of adjacent exidx entries in debuginfo.
+
@ifclear GENERIC
@lowersections
@end ifclear
@cindex trampoline generation on M68HC12
For 68HC11 and 68HC12, @command{ld} can generate trampoline code to
call a far function using a normal @code{jsr} instruction. The linker
-will also change the relocation to some far function to use the
+will also change the relocation to some far function to use the
trampoline address instead of the function address. This is typically the
case when a pointer to a function is taken. The pointer will in fact
point to the function trampoline.
branched to using a BX instruction, and the program will start
executing in Thumb mode straight away.
+@cindex PE import table prefixing
+@kindex --use-nul-prefixed-import-tables
+The @samp{--use-nul-prefixed-import-tables} switch is specifying, that
+the import tables idata4 and idata5 have to be generated with a zero
+elememt prefix for import libraries. This is the old style to generate
+import tables. By default this option is turned off.
+
@cindex BE8
@kindex --be8
The @samp{--be8} switch instructs @command{ld} to generate BE8 format
In the former case, the switch should not be used, and @samp{R_ARM_V4BX}
relocations are ignored.
+@cindex FIX_V4BX_INTERWORKING
+@kindex --fix-v4bx-interworking
+Replace @code{BX rM} instructions identified by @samp{R_ARM_V4BX}
+relocations with a branch to the following veneer:
+
+@smallexample
+TST rM, #1
+MOVEQ PC, rM
+BX Rn
+@end smallexample
+
+This allows generation of libraries/applications that work on ARMv4 cores
+and are still interworking safe. Note that the above veneer clobbers the
+condition flags, so may cause incorrect progrm behavior in rare cases.
+
@cindex USE_BLX
@kindex --use-blx
The @samp{--use-blx} switch enables the linker to use ARM/Thumb
This option is enabled implicitly for SymbianOS, so there is no need to
specify it if you are using that target.
+@cindex VFP11_DENORM_FIX
+@kindex --vfp11-denorm-fix
+The @samp{--vfp11-denorm-fix} switch enables a link-time workaround for a
+bug in certain VFP11 coprocessor hardware, which sometimes allows
+instructions with denorm operands (which must be handled by support code)
+to have those operands overwritten by subsequent instructions before
+the support code can read the intended values.
+
+The bug may be avoided in scalar mode if you allow at least one
+intervening instruction between a VFP11 instruction which uses a register
+and another instruction which writes to the same register, or at least two
+intervening instructions if vector mode is in use. The bug only affects
+full-compliance floating-point mode: you do not need this workaround if
+you are using "runfast" mode. Please contact ARM for further details.
+
+If you know you are using buggy VFP11 hardware, you can
+enable this workaround by specifying the linker option
+@samp{--vfp-denorm-fix=scalar} if you are using the VFP11 scalar
+mode only, or @samp{--vfp-denorm-fix=vector} if you are using
+vector mode (the latter also works for scalar code). The default is
+@samp{--vfp-denorm-fix=none}.
+
+If the workaround is enabled, instructions are scanned for
+potentially-troublesome sequences, and a veneer is created for each
+such sequence which may trigger the erratum. The veneer consists of the
+first instruction of the sequence and a branch back to the subsequent
+instruction. The original instruction is then replaced with a branch to
+the veneer. The extra cycles required to call and return from the veneer
+are sufficient to avoid the erratum in both the scalar and vector cases.
+
+@cindex NO_ENUM_SIZE_WARNING
+@kindex --no-enum-size-warning
+The @option{--no-enum-size-warning} switch prevents the linker from
+warning when linking object files that specify incompatible EABI
+enumeration size attributes. For example, with this switch enabled,
+linking of an object file using 32-bit enumeration values with another
+using enumeration values fitted into the smallest possible space will
+not be diagnosed.
+
+@cindex NO_WCHAR_SIZE_WARNING
+@kindex --no-wchar-size-warning
+The @option{--no-wchar-size-warning} switch prevents the linker from
+warning when linking object files that specify incompatible EABI
+@code{wchar_t} size attributes. For example, with this switch enabled,
+linking of an object file using 32-bit @code{wchar_t} values with another
+using 16-bit @code{wchar_t} values will not be diagnosed.
+
+@cindex PIC_VENEER
+@kindex --pic-veneer
+The @samp{--pic-veneer} switch makes the linker use PIC sequences for
+ARM/Thumb interworking veneers, even if the rest of the binary
+is not PIC. This avoids problems on uClinux targets where
+@samp{--emit-relocs} is used to generate relocatable binaries.
+
+@cindex STUB_GROUP_SIZE
+@kindex --stub-group-size=@var{N}
+The linker will automatically generate and insert small sequences of
+code into a linked ARM ELF executable whenever an attempt is made to
+perform a function call to a symbol that is too far away. The
+placement of these sequences of instructions - called stubs - is
+controlled by the command line option @option{--stub-group-size=N}.
+The placement is important because a poor choice can create a need for
+duplicate stubs, increasing the code sizw. The linker will try to
+group stubs together in order to reduce interruptions to the flow of
+code, but it needs guidance as to how big these groups should be and
+where they should be placed.
+
+The value of @samp{N}, the parameter to the
+@option{--stub-group-size=} option controls where the stub groups are
+placed. If it is negative then all stubs are placed after the first
+branch that needs them. If it is positive then the stubs can be
+placed either before or after the branches that need them. If the
+value of @samp{N} is 1 (either +1 or -1) then the linker will choose
+exactly where to place groups of stubs, using its built in heuristics.
+A value of @samp{N} greater than 1 (or smaller than -1) tells the
+linker that a single group of stubs can service at most @samp{N} bytes
+from the input sections.
+
+The default, if @option{--stub-group-size=} is not specified, is
+@samp{N = +1}.
+
+Farcalls stubs insertion is fully supported for the ARM-EABI target
+only, because it relies on object files properties not present
+otherwise.
+
@ifclear GENERIC
@lowersections
@end ifclear
@end ifclear
@end ifset
+@ifset M68K
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@raisesections
+@end ifclear
+
+@node M68K
+@section @command{ld} and the Motorola 68K family
+
+@cindex Motorola 68K GOT generation
+@kindex --got=@var{type}
+The @samp{--got=@var{type}} option lets you choose the GOT generation scheme.
+The choices are @samp{single}, @samp{negative}, @samp{multigot} and
+@samp{target}. When @samp{target} is selected the linker chooses
+the default GOT generation scheme for the current target.
+@samp{single} tells the linker to generate a single GOT with
+entries only at non-negative offsets.
+@samp{negative} instructs the linker to generate a single GOT with
+entries at both negative and positive offsets. Not all environments
+support such GOTs.
+@samp{multigot} allows the linker to generate several GOTs in the
+output file. All GOT references from a single input object
+file access the same GOT, but references from different input object
+files might access different GOTs. Not all environments support such GOTs.
+
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@lowersections
+@end ifclear
+@end ifset
+
@ifset MMIX
@ifclear GENERIC
@raisesections
this section; it is always set to the program entry, which is at the
symbol @code{Main} for @code{mmo} files.
-Symbols with the prefix @code{__.MMIX.start.}, for example
-@code{__.MMIX.start..text} and @code{__.MMIX.start..data} are special;
-there must be only one each, even if they are local. The default linker
-script uses these to set the default start address of a section.
+Global symbols with the prefix @code{__.MMIX.start.}, for example
+@code{__.MMIX.start..text} and @code{__.MMIX.start..data} are special.
+The default linker script uses these to set the default start address
+of a section.
Initial and trailing multiples of zero-valued 32-bit words in a section,
are left out from an mmo file.
Defines an information memory section (if applicable). Any code in
this section will be uploaded to the MPU.
-@item @samp{.infomemnobits}
+@item @samp{.infomemnobits}
This is the same as the @samp{.infomem} section except that any code
in this section will not be uploaded to the MPU.
@item @samp{.noinit}
Denotes a portion of RAM located above @samp{.bss} section.
-The last two sections are used by gcc.
+The last two sections are used by gcc.
@end table
@ifclear GENERIC
@samp{--relax} enables the generation of trampolines that can access
the entire 32-bit address space. These trampolines are inserted at
section boundaries, so may not themselves be reachable if an input
-section exceeds 33M in size.
+section exceeds 33M in size. You may combine @samp{-r} and
+@samp{--relax} to add trampolines in a partial link. In that case
+both branches to undefined symbols and inter-section branches are also
+considered potentially out of range, and trampolines inserted.
@cindex PowerPC ELF32 options
@table @option
compiled with @samp{-msecure-plt}. @samp{--bss-plt} forces the old
BSS PLT (and GOT layout) which can give slightly better performance.
+@kindex --secure-plt
+@item --secure-plt
+@command{ld} will use the new PLT and GOT layout if it is linking new
+@samp{-fpic} or @samp{-fPIC} code, but does not do so automatically
+when linking non-PIC code. This option requests the new PLT and GOT
+layout. A warning will be given if some object file requires the old
+style BSS PLT.
+
@cindex PowerPC GOT
@kindex --sdata-got
@item --sdata-got
@item --no-opd-optimize
PowerPC64 @command{ld} normally removes @code{.opd} section entries
corresponding to deleted link-once functions, or functions removed by
-the action of @samp{--gc-sections} or linker scrip @code{/DISCARD/}.
+the action of @samp{--gc-sections} or linker script @code{/DISCARD/}.
Use this option to disable @code{.opd} optimization.
@cindex PowerPC64 OPD spacing
@end ifclear
@end ifset
+@ifset SPU
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@raisesections
+@end ifclear
+
+@node SPU ELF
+@section @command{ld} and SPU ELF Support
+
+@cindex SPU ELF options
+@table @option
+
+@cindex SPU plugins
+@kindex --plugin
+@item --plugin
+This option marks an executable as a PIC plugin module.
+
+@cindex SPU overlays
+@kindex --no-overlays
+@item --no-overlays
+Normally, @command{ld} recognizes calls to functions within overlay
+regions, and redirects such calls to an overlay manager via a stub.
+@command{ld} also provides a built-in overlay manager. This option
+turns off all this special overlay handling.
+
+@cindex SPU overlay stub symbols
+@kindex --emit-stub-syms
+@item --emit-stub-syms
+This option causes @command{ld} to label overlay stubs with a local
+symbol that encodes the stub type and destination.
+
+@cindex SPU extra overlay stubs
+@kindex --extra-overlay-stubs
+@item --extra-overlay-stubs
+This option causes @command{ld} to add overlay call stubs on all
+function calls out of overlay regions. Normally stubs are not added
+on calls to non-overlay regions.
+
+@cindex SPU local store size
+@kindex --local-store=lo:hi
+@item --local-store=lo:hi
+@command{ld} usually checks that a final executable for SPU fits in
+the address range 0 to 256k. This option may be used to change the
+range. Disable the check entirely with @option{--local-store=0:0}.
+
+@cindex SPU
+@kindex --stack-analysis
+@item --stack-analysis
+SPU local store space is limited. Over-allocation of stack space
+unnecessarily limits space available for code and data, while
+under-allocation results in runtime failures. If given this option,
+@command{ld} will provide an estimate of maximum stack usage.
+@command{ld} does this by examining symbols in code sections to
+determine the extents of functions, and looking at function prologues
+for stack adjusting instructions. A call-graph is created by looking
+for relocations on branch instructions. The graph is then searched
+for the maximum stack usage path. Note that this analysis does not
+find calls made via function pointers, and does not handle recursion
+and other cycles in the call graph. Stack usage may be
+under-estimated if your code makes such calls. Also, stack usage for
+dynamic allocation, e.g. alloca, will not be detected. If a link map
+is requested, detailed information about each function's stack usage
+and calls will be given.
+
+@cindex SPU
+@kindex --emit-stack-syms
+@item --emit-stack-syms
+This option, if given along with @option{--stack-analysis} will result
+in @command{ld} emitting stack sizing symbols for each function.
+These take the form @code{__stack_<function_name>} for global
+functions, and @code{__stack_<number>_<function_name>} for static
+functions. @code{<number>} is the section id in hex. The value of
+such symbols is the stack requirement for the corresponding function.
+The symbol size will be zero, type @code{STT_NOTYPE}, binding
+@code{STB_LOCAL}, and section @code{SHN_ABS}.
+@end table
+
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@lowersections
+@end ifclear
+@end ifset
+
@ifset TICOFF
@ifclear GENERIC
@raisesections
@node WIN32
@section @command{ld} and WIN32 (cygwin/mingw)
-This section describes some of the win32 specific @command{ld} issues.
+This section describes some of the win32 specific @command{ld} issues.
See @ref{Options,,Command Line Options} for detailed description of the
command line options mentioned here.
@table @emph
-@cindex import libraries
-@item import libraries
+@cindex import libraries
+@item import libraries
The standard Windows linker creates and uses so-called import
libraries, which contains information for linking to dll's. They are
regular static archives and are handled as any other static
support for creating such libraries provided with the
@samp{--out-implib} command line option.
-@item exporting DLL symbols
-@cindex exporting DLL symbols
+@item exporting DLL symbols
+@cindex exporting DLL symbols
The cygwin/mingw @command{ld} has several ways to export symbols for dll's.
@table @emph
@item --export-all-symbols [This is the default]
@item --exclude-symbols
@item --exclude-libs
+@item --exclude-modules-for-implib
+@item --version-script
@end itemize
-If, however, @samp{--export-all-symbols} is not given explicitly on the
+When auto-export is in operation, @command{ld} will export all the non-local
+(global and common) symbols it finds in a DLL, with the exception of a few
+symbols known to belong to the system's runtime and libraries. As it will
+often not be desirable to export all of a DLL's symbols, which may include
+private functions that are not part of any public interface, the command-line
+options listed above may be used to filter symbols out from the list for
+exporting. The @samp{--output-def} option can be used in order to see the
+final list of exported symbols with all exclusions taken into effect.
+
+If @samp{--export-all-symbols} is not given explicitly on the
command line, then the default auto-export behavior will be @emph{disabled}
if either of the following are true:
@item Any symbol in any object file was marked with the __declspec(dllexport) attribute.
@end itemize
-@item using a DEF file
-@cindex using a DEF file
+@item using a DEF file
+@cindex using a DEF file
Another way of exporting symbols is using a DEF file. A DEF file is
an ASCII file containing definitions of symbols which should be
exported when a dll is created. Usually it is named @samp{<dll
_bar = bar
another_foo = abc.dll.afoo
var1 DATA
-@end example
+doo = foo == foo2
+eoo DATA == var1
+@end example
-This example defines a DLL with a non-default base address and five
+This example defines a DLL with a non-default base address and seven
symbols in the export table. The third exported symbol @code{_bar} is an
alias for the second. The fourth symbol, @code{another_foo} is resolved
by "forwarding" to another module and treating it as an alias for
@code{afoo} exported from the DLL @samp{abc.dll}. The final symbol
-@code{var1} is declared to be a data object.
+@code{var1} is declared to be a data object. The @samp{doo} symbol in
+export library is an alias of @samp{foo}, which gets the string name
+in export table @samp{foo2}. The @samp{eoo} symbol is an data export
+symbol, which gets in export table the name @samp{var1}.
The optional @code{LIBRARY <name>} command indicates the @emph{internal}
name of the output DLL. If @samp{<name>} does not include a suffix,
When the .DEF file is used to build an application, rather than a
library, the @code{NAME <name>} command should be used instead of
@code{LIBRARY}. If @samp{<name>} does not include a suffix, the default
-executable suffix, @samp{.EXE} is appended.
+executable suffix, @samp{.EXE} is appended.
With either @code{LIBRARY <name>} or @code{NAME <name>} the optional
specification @code{BASE = <number>} may be used to specify a
-non-default base address for the image.
+non-default base address for the image.
If neither @code{LIBRARY <name>} nor @code{NAME <name>} is specified,
or they specify an empty string, the internal name is the same as the
EXPORTS
( ( ( <name1> [ = <name2> ] )
| ( <name1> = <module-name> . <external-name>))
- [ @@ <integer> ] [NONAME] [DATA] [CONSTANT] [PRIVATE] ) *
-@end example
+ [ @@ <integer> ] [NONAME] [DATA] [CONSTANT] [PRIVATE] [== <name3>] ) *
+@end example
Declares @samp{<name1>} as an exported symbol from the DLL, or declares
@samp{<name1>} as an exported alias for @samp{<name2>}; or declares
@samp{<name1>} as a "forward" alias for the symbol
@samp{<external-name>} in the DLL @samp{<module-name>}.
Optionally, the symbol may be exported by the specified ordinal
-@samp{<integer>} alias.
+@samp{<integer>} alias. The optional @samp{<name3>} is the to be used
+string in import/export table for the symbol.
The optional keywords that follow the declaration indicate:
symbol can still be imported using the @code{LoadLibrary/GetProcAddress}
API at runtime or by by using the GNU ld extension of linking directly to
the DLL without an import library.
-
+
See ld/deffilep.y in the binutils sources for the full specification of
other DEF file statements
the @samp{--export-all-symbols} option is also used.
Note that object files that wish to access these symbols must @emph{not}
-decorate them with dllexport. Instead, they should use dllimport,
+decorate them with dllexport. Instead, they should use dllimport,
instead:
@example
__declspec(dllimport) void a_function(int with_args)
@end example
-This complicates the structure of library header files, because
-when included by the library itself the header must declare the
+This complicates the structure of library header files, because
+when included by the library itself the header must declare the
variables and functions as dllexport, but when included by client
code the header must declare them as dllimport. There are a number
-of idioms that are typically used to do this; often client code can
+of idioms that are typically used to do this; often client code can
omit the __declspec() declaration completely. See
@samp{--enable-auto-import} and @samp{automatic data imports} for more
information.
-@end table
+@end table
@cindex automatic data imports
@item automatic data imports
The standard Windows dll format supports data imports from dlls only
by adding special decorations (dllimport/dllexport), which let the
compiler produce specific assembler instructions to deal with this
-issue. This increases the effort necessary to port existing Un*x
+issue. This increases the effort necessary to port existing Un*x
code to these platforms, especially for large
c++ libraries and applications. The auto-import feature, which was
-initially provided by Paul Sokolovsky, allows one to omit the
+initially provided by Paul Sokolovsky, allows one to omit the
decorations to achieve a behavior that conforms to that on POSIX/Un*x
-platforms. This feature is enabled with the @samp{--enable-auto-import}
+platforms. This feature is enabled with the @samp{--enable-auto-import}
command-line option, although it is enabled by default on cygwin/mingw.
The @samp{--enable-auto-import} option itself now serves mainly to
suppress any warnings that are ordinarily emitted when linked objects
trigger the feature's use.
-auto-import of variables does not always work flawlessly without
+auto-import of variables does not always work flawlessly without
additional assistance. Sometimes, you will see this message
-"variable '<var>' can't be auto-imported. Please read the
+"variable '<var>' can't be auto-imported. Please read the
documentation for ld's @code{--enable-auto-import} for details."
-The @samp{--enable-auto-import} documentation explains why this error
-occurs, and several methods that can be used to overcome this difficulty.
-One of these methods is the @emph{runtime pseudo-relocs} feature, described
+The @samp{--enable-auto-import} documentation explains why this error
+occurs, and several methods that can be used to overcome this difficulty.
+One of these methods is the @emph{runtime pseudo-relocs} feature, described
below.
@cindex runtime pseudo-relocation
-For complex variables imported from DLLs (such as structs or classes),
-object files typically contain a base address for the variable and an
-offset (@emph{addend}) within the variable--to specify a particular
-field or public member, for instance. Unfortunately, the runtime loader used
-in win32 environments is incapable of fixing these references at runtime
+For complex variables imported from DLLs (such as structs or classes),
+object files typically contain a base address for the variable and an
+offset (@emph{addend}) within the variable--to specify a particular
+field or public member, for instance. Unfortunately, the runtime loader used
+in win32 environments is incapable of fixing these references at runtime
without the additional information supplied by dllimport/dllexport decorations.
-The standard auto-import feature described above is unable to resolve these
+The standard auto-import feature described above is unable to resolve these
references.
-The @samp{--enable-runtime-pseudo-relocs} switch allows these references to
-be resolved without error, while leaving the task of adjusting the references
-themselves (with their non-zero addends) to specialized code provided by the
-runtime environment. Recent versions of the cygwin and mingw environments and
-compilers provide this runtime support; older versions do not. However, the
-support is only necessary on the developer's platform; the compiled result will
+The @samp{--enable-runtime-pseudo-relocs} switch allows these references to
+be resolved without error, while leaving the task of adjusting the references
+themselves (with their non-zero addends) to specialized code provided by the
+runtime environment. Recent versions of the cygwin and mingw environments and
+compilers provide this runtime support; older versions do not. However, the
+support is only necessary on the developer's platform; the compiled result will
run without error on an older system.
-@samp{--enable-runtime-pseudo-relocs} is not the default; it must be explicitly
-enabled as needed.
+@samp{--enable-runtime-pseudo-relocs} is not the default; it must be explicitly
+enabled as needed.
@cindex direct linking to a dll
@item direct linking to a dll
including data symbols, to a dll without the usage of any import
libraries. This is much faster and uses much less memory than does the
traditional import library method, especially when linking large
-libraries or applications. When @command{ld} creates an import lib, each
-function or variable exported from the dll is stored in its own bfd, even
-though a single bfd could contain many exports. The overhead involved in
+libraries or applications. When @command{ld} creates an import lib, each
+function or variable exported from the dll is stored in its own bfd, even
+though a single bfd could contain many exports. The overhead involved in
storing, loading, and processing so many bfd's is quite large, and explains the
-tremendous time, memory, and storage needed to link against particularly
+tremendous time, memory, and storage needed to link against particularly
large or complex libraries when using import libs.
-Linking directly to a dll uses no extra command-line switches other than
+Linking directly to a dll uses no extra command-line switches other than
@samp{-L} and @samp{-l}, because @command{ld} already searches for a number
-of names to match each library. All that is needed from the developer's
+of names to match each library. All that is needed from the developer's
perspective is an understanding of this search, in order to force ld to
select the dll instead of an import library.
before moving on to the next directory in the search path.
-(*) Actually, this is not @samp{cygxxx.dll} but in fact is @samp{<prefix>xxx.dll},
-where @samp{<prefix>} is set by the @command{ld} option
-@samp{--dll-search-prefix=<prefix>}. In the case of cygwin, the standard gcc spec
-file includes @samp{--dll-search-prefix=cyg}, so in effect we actually search for
+(*) Actually, this is not @samp{cygxxx.dll} but in fact is @samp{<prefix>xxx.dll},
+where @samp{<prefix>} is set by the @command{ld} option
+@samp{--dll-search-prefix=<prefix>}. In the case of cygwin, the standard gcc spec
+file includes @samp{--dll-search-prefix=cyg}, so in effect we actually search for
@samp{cygxxx.dll}.
-Other win32-based unix environments, such as mingw or pw32, may use other
-@samp{<prefix>}es, although at present only cygwin makes use of this feature. It
+Other win32-based unix environments, such as mingw or pw32, may use other
+@samp{<prefix>}es, although at present only cygwin makes use of this feature. It
was originally intended to help avoid name conflicts among dll's built for the
various win32/un*x environments, so that (for example) two versions of a zlib dll
could coexist on the same machine.
cygxxx.dll
lib/
libxxx.dll.a (in case of dll's)
- libxxx.a (in case of static archive)
+ libxxx.a (in case of static archive)
@end example
-Linking directly to a dll without using the import library can be
-done two ways:
+Linking directly to a dll without using the import library can be
+done two ways:
1. Use the dll directly by adding the @samp{bin} path to the link line
@example
gcc -Wl,-verbose -o a.exe -L../bin/ -lxxx
-@end example
+@end example
However, as the dll's often have version numbers appended to their names
(@samp{cygncurses-5.dll}) this will often fail, unless one specifies
@example
ln -s bin/cygxxx.dll lib/[cyg|lib|]xxx.dll[.a]
-@end example
+@end example
Then you can link without any make environment changes.
@example
gcc -Wl,-verbose -o a.exe -L../lib/ -lxxx
-@end example
+@end example
This technique also avoids the version number problems, because the following is
perfectly legal
bin/
cygxxx-5.dll
lib/
- libxxx.dll.a -> ../bin/cygxxx-5.dll
+ libxxx.dll.a -> ../bin/cygxxx-5.dll
@end example
Linking directly to a dll without using an import lib will work
stdcall-decorated assembly names.
So, import libs are not going away. But the ability to replace
-true import libs with a simple symbolic link to (or a copy of)
-a dll, in many cases, is a useful addition to the suite of tools
-binutils makes available to the win32 developer. Given the
+true import libs with a simple symbolic link to (or a copy of)
+a dll, in many cases, is a useful addition to the suite of tools
+binutils makes available to the win32 developer. Given the
massive improvements in memory requirements during linking, storage
requirements, and linking speed, we expect that many developers
will soon begin to use this feature whenever possible.
-@item symbol aliasing
+@item symbol aliasing
@table @emph
-@item adding additional names
-Sometimes, it is useful to export symbols with additional names.
+@item adding additional names
+Sometimes, it is useful to export symbols with additional names.
A symbol @samp{foo} will be exported as @samp{foo}, but it can also be
exported as @samp{_foo} by using special directives in the DEF file
when creating the dll. This will affect also the optional created
-import library. Consider the following DEF file:
+import library. Consider the following DEF file:
-@example
+@example
LIBRARY "xyz.dll" BASE=0x61000000
EXPORTS
-foo
+foo
_foo = foo
-@end example
+@end example
The line @samp{_foo = foo} maps the symbol @samp{foo} to @samp{_foo}.
Another method for creating a symbol alias is to create it in the
source code using the "weak" attribute:
-@example
-void foo () @{ /* Do something. */; @}
+@example
+void foo () @{ /* Do something. */; @}
void _foo () __attribute__ ((weak, alias ("foo")));
-@end example
+@end example
See the gcc manual for more information about attributes and weak
symbols.
@item renaming symbols
Sometimes it is useful to rename exports. For instance, the cygwin
-kernel does this regularly. A symbol @samp{_foo} can be exported as
+kernel does this regularly. A symbol @samp{_foo} can be exported as
@samp{foo} but not as @samp{_foo} by using special directives in the
DEF file. (This will also affect the import library, if it is
-created). In the following example:
+created). In the following example:
-@example
+@example
LIBRARY "xyz.dll" BASE=0x61000000
EXPORTS
_foo = foo
-@end example
+@end example
The line @samp{_foo = foo} maps the exported symbol @samp{foo} to
@samp{_foo}.
-@end table
+@end table
Note: using a DEF file disables the default auto-export behavior,
-unless the @samp{--export-all-symbols} command line option is used.
+unless the @samp{--export-all-symbols} command line option is used.
If, however, you are trying to rename symbols, then you should list
-@emph{all} desired exports in the DEF file, including the symbols
-that are not being renamed, and do @emph{not} use the
-@samp{--export-all-symbols} option. If you list only the
-renamed symbols in the DEF file, and use @samp{--export-all-symbols}
-to handle the other symbols, then the both the new names @emph{and}
-the original names for the renamed symbols will be exported.
-In effect, you'd be aliasing those symbols, not renaming them,
+@emph{all} desired exports in the DEF file, including the symbols
+that are not being renamed, and do @emph{not} use the
+@samp{--export-all-symbols} option. If you list only the
+renamed symbols in the DEF file, and use @samp{--export-all-symbols}
+to handle the other symbols, then the both the new names @emph{and}
+the original names for the renamed symbols will be exported.
+In effect, you'd be aliasing those symbols, not renaming them,
which is probably not what you wanted.
@cindex weak externals
As a GNU extension, weak symbols that do not specify an alternate symbol
are supported. If the symbol is undefined when linking, the symbol
uses a default value.
+
+@cindex aligned common symbols
+@item aligned common symbols
+As a GNU extension to the PE file format, it is possible to specify the
+desired alignment for a common symbol. This information is conveyed from
+the assembler or compiler to the linker by means of GNU-specific commands
+carried in the object file's @samp{.drectve} section, which are recognized
+by @command{ld} and respected when laying out the common symbols. Native
+tools will be able to process object files employing this GNU extension,
+but will fail to respect the alignment instructions, and may issue noisy
+warnings about unknown linker directives.
@end table
@ifclear GENERIC
@cindex Xtensa options
@table @option
-@kindex --no-relax
-@item --no-relax
-Since the Xtensa version of @code{ld} enables the @option{--relax} option
-by default, the @option{--no-relax} option is provided to disable
-relaxation.
-
@item --size-opt
When optimizing indirect calls to direct calls, optimize for code size
more than performance. With this option, the linker will not insert
individuals in the file @file{etc/SERVICE} in the @sc{gnu} Emacs
distribution.
+@ifset BUGURL
Otherwise, send bug reports for @command{ld} to
-@samp{bug-binutils@@gnu.org}.
+@value{BUGURL}.
+@end ifset
The fundamental principle of reporting bugs usefully is this:
@strong{report all the facts}. If you are not sure whether to state a
were different, the contents of that location would fool the linker
into doing the right thing despite the bug. Play it safe and give a
specific, complete example. That is the easiest thing for you to do,
-and the most helpful.
+and the most helpful.
Keep in mind that the purpose of a bug report is to enable us to fix
the bug if it is new to us. Therefore, always write your bug reports
@var{secname}, only the @emph{first} sets the start address.
@end table
+@node GNU Free Documentation License
+@appendix GNU Free Documentation License
@include fdl.texi
@node LD Index
% Blame: doc@cygnus.com, 28mar91.
@end tex
-
-@contents
@bye