\input texinfo
@setfilename ld.info
-@c Copyright 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000,
-@c 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012
-@c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c Copyright 1991-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@syncodeindex ky cp
@c man begin INCLUDE
@include configdoc.texi
@set I960
@set M68HC11
@set M68K
+@set MIPS
@set MMIX
@set MSP430
+@set NDS32
+@set NIOSII
@set POWERPC
@set POWERPC64
@set Renesas
@end ifset
version @value{VERSION}.
-Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000,
-2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright @copyright{} 1991-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
@c man begin COPYRIGHT
-Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998,
-1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free
-Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright @copyright{} 1991-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
@ifset ARM
* ARM:: ld and the ARM family
@end ifset
-@ifset HPPA
-* HPPA ELF32:: ld and HPPA 32-bit ELF
-@end ifset
@ifset M68HC11
* M68HC11/68HC12:: ld and the Motorola 68HC11 and 68HC12 families
@end ifset
+@ifset HPPA
+* HPPA ELF32:: ld and HPPA 32-bit ELF
+@end ifset
@ifset M68K
* M68K:: ld and Motorola 68K family
@end ifset
+@ifset MIPS
+* MIPS:: ld and MIPS family
+@end ifset
@ifset POWERPC
* PowerPC ELF32:: ld and PowerPC 32-bit ELF Support
@end ifset
specified in the library. If specified multiple times @code{DT_AUDIT}
will contain a colon separated list of audit interfaces to use. If the linker
finds an object with an audit entry while searching for shared libraries,
-it will add a corresponding @code{DT_DEPAUDIT} entry in the output file.
+it will add a corresponding @code{DT_DEPAUDIT} entry in the output file.
This option is only meaningful on ELF platforms supporting the rtld-audit
-interface.
+interface.
@ifset I960
@cindex architectures
specified in the library. If specified multiple times @code{DT_DEPAUDIT}
will contain a colon separated list of audit interfaces to use. This
option is only meaningful on ELF platforms supporting the rtld-audit interface.
-The -P option is provided for Solaris compatibility.
+The -P option is provided for Solaris compatibility.
@cindex entry point, from command line
@kindex -e @var{entry}
@itemx --gpsize=@var{value}
Set the maximum size of objects to be optimized using the GP register to
@var{size}. This is only meaningful for object file formats such as
-MIPS ECOFF which supports putting large and small objects into different
+MIPS ELF that support putting large and small objects into different
sections. This is ignored for other object file formats.
@cindex runtime library name
@item execstack
Marks the object as requiring executable stack.
+@item global
+This option is only meaningful when building a shared object. It makes
+the symbols defined by this shared object available for symbol resolution
+of subsequently loaded libraries.
+
@item initfirst
This option is only meaningful when building a shared object.
It marks the object so that its runtime initialization will occur
the linker will add a DT_NEEDED tag for each dynamic library mentioned
on the command line, regardless of whether the library is actually
needed or not. @option{--as-needed} causes a DT_NEEDED tag to only be
-emitted for a library that satisfies an undefined symbol reference
-from a regular object file or, if the library is not found in the
-DT_NEEDED lists of other libraries linked up to that point, an
-undefined symbol reference from another dynamic library.
-@option{--no-as-needed} restores the default behaviour.
+emitted for a library that @emph{at that point in the link} satisfies a
+non-weak undefined symbol reference from a regular object file or, if
+the library is not found in the DT_NEEDED lists of other libraries, a
+non-weak undefined symbol reference from another dynamic library.
+Object files or libraries appearing on the command line @emph{after}
+the library in question do not affect whether the library is seen as
+needed. This is similar to the rules for extraction of object files
+from archives. @option{--no-as-needed} restores the default behaviour.
@kindex --add-needed
@kindex --no-add-needed
@kindex --no-copy-dt-needed-entries
@item --copy-dt-needed-entries
@itemx --no-copy-dt-needed-entries
-This option affects the treatment of dynamic libraries referred to
+This option affects the treatment of dynamic libraries referred to
by DT_NEEDED tags @emph{inside} ELF dynamic libraries mentioned on the
command line. Normally the linker won't add a DT_NEEDED tag to the
output binary for each library mentioned in a DT_NEEDED tag in an
easily processed by a script if necessary. The symbols are printed out,
sorted by name. For each symbol, a list of file names is given. If the
symbol is defined, the first file listed is the location of the
-definition. The remaining files contain references to the symbol.
+definition. If the symbol is defined as a common value then any files
+where this happens appear next. Finally any files that reference the
+symbol are listed.
@cindex common allocation
@kindex --no-define-common
relocations. See @samp{--entry} and @samp{--undefined}.
This option can be set when doing a partial link (enabled with option
-@samp{-r}). In this case the root of symbols kept must be explicitly
+@samp{-r}). In this case the root of symbols kept must be explicitly
specified either by an @samp{--entry} or @samp{--undefined} option or by
a @code{ENTRY} command in the linker script.
@ifset M68HC11
@xref{M68HC11/68HC12,,@command{ld} and the 68HC11 and 68HC12}.
@end ifset
+@ifset NIOSII
+@xref{Nios II,,@command{ld} and the Altera Nios II}.
+@end ifset
@ifset POWERPC
@xref{PowerPC ELF32,,@command{ld} and PowerPC 32-bit ELF Support}.
@end ifset
global optimizations that become possible when the linker resolves
addressing in the program, such as relaxing address modes,
synthesizing new instructions, selecting shorter version of current
-instructions, and combinig constant values.
+instructions, and combining constant values.
On some platforms these link time global optimizations may make symbolic
debugging of the resulting executable impossible.
On SunOS, if the @option{-rpath} option was not used, search any
directories specified using @option{-L} options.
@item
-For a native linker, the search the contents of the environment
+For a native linker, search the contents of the environment
variable @code{LD_LIBRARY_PATH}.
@item
For a native ELF linker, the directories in @code{DT_RUNPATH} or
@kindex -Ttext-segment=@var{org}
@item -Ttext-segment=@var{org}
@cindex text segment origin, cmd line
-When creating an ELF executable or shared object, it will set the address
-of the first byte of the text segment.
+When creating an ELF executable, it will set the address of the first
+byte of the text segment.
+
+@kindex -Trodata-segment=@var{org}
+@item -Trodata-segment=@var{org}
+@cindex rodata segment origin, cmd line
+When creating an ELF executable or shared object for a target where
+the read-only data is in its own segment separate from the executable
+text, it will set the address of the first byte of the read-only data segment.
+
+@kindex -Tldata-segment=@var{org}
+@item -Tldata-segment=@var{org}
+@cindex ldata segment origin, cmd line
+When creating an ELF executable or shared object for x86-64 medium memory
+model, it will set the address of the first byte of the ldata segment.
@kindex --unresolved-symbols
@item --unresolved-symbols=@var{method}
@cindex combining symbols, warnings on
@item --warn-common
Warn when a common symbol is combined with another common symbol or with
-a symbol definition. Unix linkers allow this somewhat sloppy practise,
+a symbol definition. Unix linkers allow this somewhat sloppy practice,
but linkers on some other operating systems do not. This option allows
you to find potential problems from combining global symbols.
-Unfortunately, some C libraries use this practise, so you may get some
+Unfortunately, some C libraries use this practice, so you may get some
warnings about symbols in the libraries as well as in your programs.
There are three kinds of global symbols, illustrated here by C examples:
@itemx --disable-new-dtags
This linker can create the new dynamic tags in ELF. But the older ELF
systems may not understand them. If you specify
-@option{--enable-new-dtags}, the dynamic tags will be created as needed.
+@option{--enable-new-dtags}, the new dynamic tags will be created as needed
+and older dynamic tags will be omitted.
If you specify @option{--disable-new-dtags}, no new dynamic tags will be
created. By default, the new dynamic tags are not created. Note that
those options are only available for ELF systems.
disallow it in object files, by using these two options. Executable images
generated with these long section names are slightly non-standard, carrying
as they do a string table, and may generate confusing output when examined
-with non-GNU PE-aware tools, such as file viewers and dumpers. However,
-GDB relies on the use of PE long section names to find Dwarf-2 debug
+with non-GNU PE-aware tools, such as file viewers and dumpers. However,
+GDB relies on the use of PE long section names to find Dwarf-2 debug
information sections in an executable image at runtime, and so if neither
option is specified on the command-line, @command{ld} will enable long
section names, overriding the default and technically correct behaviour,
@item --heap @var{reserve}
@itemx --heap @var{reserve},@var{commit}
Specify the number of bytes of memory to reserve (and optionally commit)
-to be used as heap for this program. The default is 1Mb reserved, 4K
+to be used as heap for this program. The default is 1MB reserved, 4K
committed.
[This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]
section of the BOOT.INI. Otherwise, this bit has no effect.
[This option is specific to PE targeted ports of the linker]
+@kindex --disable-large-address-aware
+@item --disable-large-address-aware
+Reverts the effect of a previous @samp{--large-address-aware} option.
+This is useful if @samp{--large-address-aware} is always set by the compiler
+driver (e.g. Cygwin gcc) and the executable does not support virtual
+addresses greater than 2 gigabytes.
+[This option is specific to PE targeted ports of the linker]
+
@kindex --major-image-version
@item --major-image-version @var{value}
Sets the major number of the ``image version''. Defaults to 1.
A third method of dealing with this difficulty is to abandon
'auto-import' for the offending symbol and mark it with
-@code{__declspec(dllimport)}. However, in practise that
+@code{__declspec(dllimport)}. However, in practice that
requires using compile-time #defines to indicate whether you are
building a DLL, building client code that will link to the DLL, or
merely building/linking to a static library. In making the choice
@kindex --disable-runtime-pseudo-reloc
@item --disable-runtime-pseudo-reloc
Do not create pseudo relocations for non-zero offset DATA imports from
-DLLs. This is the default.
+DLLs.
[This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]
@kindex --enable-extra-pe-debug
@item --stack @var{reserve}
@itemx --stack @var{reserve},@var{commit}
Specify the number of bytes of memory to reserve (and optionally commit)
-to be used as stack for this program. The default is 2Mb reserved, 4K
+to be used as stack for this program. The default is 2MB reserved, 4K
committed.
[This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker]
@kindex --wdmdriver
@item --wdmdriver
The driver uses the MS Windows Driver Model.
-
+
@kindex --tsaware
@item --tsaware
The image is Terminal Server aware.
+@kindex --insert-timestamp
+@item --insert-timestamp
+Insert a real timestamp into the image, rather than the default value
+of zero. This will result in a slightly different results with each
+invocation, which could be helpful for distributing unique images.
@end table
@c man end
@c man end
@end ifset
+@ifset MIPS
+@subsection Options specific to MIPS targets
+
+@c man begin OPTIONS
+
+The following options are supported to control microMIPS instruction
+generation when linking for MIPS targets.
+
+@table @gcctabopt
+
+@kindex --insn32
+@item --insn32
+@kindex --no-insn32
+@itemx --no-insn32
+These options control the choice of microMIPS instructions used in code
+generated by the linker, such as that in the PLT or lazy binding stubs,
+or in relaxation. If @samp{--insn32} is used, then the linker only uses
+32-bit instruction encodings. By default or if @samp{--no-insn32} is
+used, all instruction encodings are used, including 16-bit ones where
+possible.
+
+@end table
+
+@c man end
+@end ifset
+
@ifset UsesEnvVars
@node Environment
@section Environment Variables
Each section in an object file has a name and a size. Most sections
also have an associated block of data, known as the @dfn{section
-contents}. A section may be marked as @dfn{loadable}, which mean that
+contents}. A section may be marked as @dfn{loadable}, which means that
the contents should be loaded into memory when the output file is run.
A section with no contents may be @dfn{allocatable}, which means that an
area in memory should be set aside, but nothing in particular should be
@code{C}:
@multitable @columnfractions .25 .25 .25 .25
@item Section @tab Variant A @tab Variant B @tab Variant C
-@item .text @tab RAM @tab ROM @tab ROM
+@item .text @tab RAM @tab ROM @tab ROM
@item .rodata @tab RAM @tab ROM @tab ROM2
@item .data @tab RAM @tab RAM/ROM @tab RAM/ROM2
@item .bss @tab RAM @tab RAM @tab RAM
int foo = 1000;
@end smallexample
-creates a entry called @samp{foo} in the symbol table. This entry
+creates an entry called @samp{foo} in the symbol table. This entry
holds the address of an @samp{int} sized block of memory where the
number 1000 is initially stored.
int * a = & foo;
@end smallexample
-looks up the symbol @samp{foo} in the symbol table, gets it address
+looks up the symbol @samp{foo} in the symbol table, gets its address
and then copies this address into the block of memory associated with
the variable @samp{a}.
@group
@var{section} [@var{address}] [(@var{type})] :
[AT(@var{lma})]
- [ALIGN(@var{section_align})]
+ [ALIGN(@var{section_align}) | ALIGN_WITH_INPUT]
[SUBALIGN(@var{subsection_align})]
[@var{constraint}]
@{
@cindex SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT
@code{SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT} is very similar to @code{SORT_BY_NAME}. The
difference is @code{SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT} will sort sections into
-ascending order by alignment before placing them in the output file.
+descending order by alignment before placing them in the output file.
+Larger alignments are placed before smaller alignments in order to
+reduce the amount of padding necessary.
@cindex SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY
@code{SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY} is very similar to @code{SORT_BY_NAME}. The
@enumerate
@item
@code{SORT_BY_NAME} (@code{SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT} (wildcard section pattern)).
-It will sort the input sections by name first, then by alignment if 2
+It will sort the input sections by name first, then by alignment if two
sections have the same name.
@item
@code{SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT} (@code{SORT_BY_NAME} (wildcard section pattern)).
-It will sort the input sections by alignment first, then by name if 2
+It will sort the input sections by alignment first, then by name if two
sections have the same alignment.
@item
@code{SORT_BY_NAME} (@code{SORT_BY_NAME} (wildcard section pattern)) is
@cindex discarding sections
@cindex sections, discarding
@cindex removing sections
-The linker will not create output sections with no contents. This is
-for convenience when referring to input sections that may or may not
-be present in any of the input files. For example:
+The linker will not normally create output sections with no contents.
+This is for convenience when referring to input sections that may or
+may not be present in any of the input files. For example:
@smallexample
.foo : @{ *(.foo) @}
@end smallexample
will only create a @samp{.foo} section in the output file if there is a
@samp{.foo} section in at least one input file, and if the input
sections are not all empty. Other link script directives that allocate
-space in an output section will also create the output section.
+space in an output section will also create the output section. So
+too will assignments to dot even if the assignment does not create
+space, except for @samp{. = 0}, @samp{. = . + 0}, @samp{. = sym},
+@samp{. = . + sym} and @samp{. = ALIGN (. != 0, expr, 1)} when
+@samp{sym} is an absolute symbol of value 0 defined in the script.
+This allows you to force output of an empty section with @samp{. = .}.
The linker will ignore address assignments (@pxref{Output Section Address})
on discarded output sections, except when the linker script defines
@kindex ALIGN(@var{section_align})
@cindex forcing output section alignment
@cindex output section alignment
-You can increase an output section's alignment by using ALIGN.
+You can increase an output section's alignment by using ALIGN. As an
+alternative you can enforce that the difference between the VMA and LMA remains
+intact throughout this output section with the ALIGN_WITH_INPUT attribute.
@node Forced Input Alignment
@subsubsection Forced Input Alignment
Everything is optional except @code{OVERLAY} (a keyword), and each
section must have a name (@var{secname1} and @var{secname2} above). The
section definitions within the @code{OVERLAY} construct are identical to
-those within the general @code{SECTIONS} contruct (@pxref{SECTIONS}),
+those within the general @code{SECTIONS} construct (@pxref{SECTIONS}),
except that no addresses and no memory regions may be defined for
sections within an @code{OVERLAY}.
and defaults to the start address; the start address is also optional,
and defaults to the current value of the location counter).
-If the @code{NOCROSSREFS} keyword is used, and there any references
-among the sections, the linker will report an error. Since the sections
-all run at the same address, it normally does not make sense for one
-section to refer directly to another. @xref{Miscellaneous Commands,
-NOCROSSREFS}.
+If the @code{NOCROSSREFS} keyword is used, and there are any
+references among the sections, the linker will report an error. Since
+the sections all run at the same address, it normally does not make
+sense for one section to refer directly to another.
+@xref{Miscellaneous Commands, NOCROSSREFS}.
For each section within the @code{OVERLAY}, the linker automatically
provides two symbols. The symbol @code{__load_start_@var{secname}} is
with symbol names, file names, or section names. Each memory region
must have a distinct name within the @code{MEMORY} command. However you can
add later alias names to existing memory regions with the @ref{REGION_ALIAS}
-command.
+command.
@cindex memory region attributes
The @var{attr} string is an optional list of attributes that specify
As in C, the linker considers an integer beginning with @samp{0} to be
octal, and an integer beginning with @samp{0x} or @samp{0X} to be
hexadecimal. Alternatively the linker accepts suffixes of @samp{h} or
-@samp{H} for hexadeciaml, @samp{o} or @samp{O} for octal, @samp{b} or
+@samp{H} for hexadecimal, @samp{o} or @samp{O} for octal, @samp{b} or
@samp{B} for binary and @samp{d} or @samp{D} for decimal. Any integer
value without a prefix or a suffix is considered to be decimal.
So for example:
@smallexample
- .text ALIGN (CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE)) : @{ *(.text) @}
+ .text ALIGN (CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE)) : @{ *(.text) @}
@end smallexample
will create a text section aligned to the largest page boundary
The result of comparisons, @samp{&&} and @samp{||} is also a number.
@item
The result of other binary arithmetic and logical operations on two
-relative addresses in the same section or two absolute addresess
+relative addresses in the same section or two absolute addresses
(after above conversions) is also a number.
@item
The result of other operations on relative addresses or one
@item DATA_SEGMENT_RELRO_END(@var{offset}, @var{exp})
@kindex DATA_SEGMENT_RELRO_END(@var{offset}, @var{exp})
This defines the end of the @code{PT_GNU_RELRO} segment when
-@samp{-z relro} option is used. Second argument is returned.
+@samp{-z relro} option is used.
When @samp{-z relro} option is not present, @code{DATA_SEGMENT_RELRO_END}
does nothing, otherwise @code{DATA_SEGMENT_ALIGN} is padded so that
@var{exp} + @var{offset} is aligned to the most commonly used page
boundary for particular target. If present in the linker script,
it must always come in between @code{DATA_SEGMENT_ALIGN} and
-@code{DATA_SEGMENT_END}.
+@code{DATA_SEGMENT_END}. Evaluates to the second argument plus any
+padding needed at the end of the @code{PT_GNU_RELRO} segment due to
+section alignment.
@smallexample
. = DATA_SEGMENT_RELRO_END(24, .);
Return the absolute LMA of the named @var{section}. (@pxref{Output
Section LMA}).
+@item LOG2CEIL(@var{exp})
+@kindex LOG2CEIL(@var{exp})
+Return the binary logarithm of @var{exp} rounded towards infinity.
+@code{LOG2CEIL(0)} returns 0.
+
@kindex MAX
@item MAX(@var{exp1}, @var{exp2})
Returns the maximum of @var{exp1} and @var{exp2}.
@item SEGMENT_START(@var{segment}, @var{default})
@kindex SEGMENT_START(@var{segment}, @var{default})
Return the base address of the named @var{segment}. If an explicit
-value has been given for this segment (with a command-line @samp{-T}
-option) that value will be returned; otherwise the value will be
-@var{default}. At present, the @samp{-T} command-line option can only
-be used to set the base address for the ``text'', ``data'', and
+value has already been given for this segment (with a command-line
+@samp{-T} option) then that value will be returned otherwise the value
+will be @var{default}. At present, the @samp{-T} command-line option
+can only be used to set the base address for the ``text'', ``data'', and
``bss'' sections, but you can use @code{SEGMENT_START} with any segment
name.
@ifset I960
* i960:: @command{ld} and the Intel 960 family
@end ifset
+@ifset M68HC11
+* M68HC11/68HC12:: @code{ld} and the Motorola 68HC11 and 68HC12 families
+@end ifset
@ifset ARM
* ARM:: @command{ld} and the ARM family
@end ifset
@ifset M68K
* M68K:: @command{ld} and the Motorola 68K family
@end ifset
+@ifset MIPS
+* MIPS:: @command{ld} and the MIPS family
+@end ifset
@ifset MMIX
* MMIX:: @command{ld} and MMIX
@end ifset
@ifset MSP430
* MSP430:: @command{ld} and MSP430
@end ifset
-@ifset M68HC11
-* M68HC11/68HC12:: @code{ld} and the Motorola 68HC11 and 68HC12 families
+@ifset NDS32
+* NDS32:: @command{ld} and NDS32
+@end ifset
+@ifset NIOSII
+* Nios II:: @command{ld} and the Altera Nios II
@end ifset
@ifset POWERPC
* PowerPC ELF32:: @command{ld} and PowerPC 32-bit ELF Support
@cindex synthesizing on H8/300
@item synthesizing instructions
-@c FIXME: specifically mov.b, or any mov instructions really?
+@c FIXME: specifically mov.b, or any mov instructions really? -> mov.b only, at least on H8, H8H, H8S
@command{ld} finds all @code{mov.b} instructions which use the
sixteen-bit absolute address form, but refer to the top
page of memory, and changes them to use the eight-bit address form.
@samp{mov.b @code{@@}@var{aa}:8} whenever the address @var{aa} is in the
top page of memory).
+@command{ld} finds all @code{mov} instructions which use the register
+indirect with 32-bit displacement addressing mode, but use a small
+displacement inside 16-bit displacement range, and changes them to use
+the 16-bit displacement form. (That is: the linker turns @samp{mov.b
+@code{@@}@var{d}:32,ERx} into @samp{mov.b @code{@@}@var{d}:16,ERx}
+whenever the displacement @var{d} is in the 16 bit signed integer
+range. Only implemented in ELF-format ld).
+
@item bit manipulation instructions
@command{ld} finds all bit manipulation instructions like @code{band, bclr,
biand, bild, bior, bist, bixor, bld, bnot, bor, bset, bst, btst, bxor}
@kindex --use-nul-prefixed-import-tables
The @samp{--use-nul-prefixed-import-tables} switch is specifying, that
the import tables idata4 and idata5 have to be generated with a zero
-elememt prefix for import libraries. This is the old style to generate
+element prefix for import libraries. This is the old style to generate
import tables. By default this option is turned off.
@cindex BE8
This allows generation of libraries/applications that work on ARMv4 cores
and are still interworking safe. Note that the above veneer clobbers the
-condition flags, so may cause incorrect progrm behavior in rare cases.
+condition flags, so may cause incorrect program behavior in rare cases.
@cindex USE_BLX
@kindex --use-blx
@cindex ARM1176 erratum workaround
@kindex --fix-arm1176
@kindex --no-fix-arm1176
-The @samp{--fix-arm1176} switch enables a link-time workaround for an erratum
-in certain ARM1176 processors. The workaround is enabled by default if you
-are targetting ARM v6 (excluding ARM v6T2) or earlier. It can be disabled
+The @samp{--fix-arm1176} switch enables a link-time workaround for an erratum
+in certain ARM1176 processors. The workaround is enabled by default if you
+are targeting ARM v6 (excluding ARM v6T2) or earlier. It can be disabled
unconditionally by specifying @samp{--no-fix-arm1176}.
-Further information is available in the ``ARM1176JZ-S and ARM1176JZF-S
-Programmer Advice Notice'' available on the ARM documentaion website at:
+Further information is available in the ``ARM1176JZ-S and ARM1176JZF-S
+Programmer Advice Notice'' available on the ARM documentation website at:
http://infocenter.arm.com/.
@cindex NO_ENUM_SIZE_WARNING
placement of these sequences of instructions - called stubs - is
controlled by the command line option @option{--stub-group-size=N}.
The placement is important because a poor choice can create a need for
-duplicate stubs, increasing the code sizw. The linker will try to
+duplicate stubs, increasing the code size. The linker will try to
group stubs together in order to reduce interruptions to the flow of
code, but it needs guidance as to how big these groups should be and
where they should be placed.
@end ifclear
@end ifset
+@ifset MIPS
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@raisesections
+@end ifclear
+
+@node MIPS
+@section @command{ld} and the MIPS family
+
+@cindex MIPS microMIPS instruction choice selection
+@kindex --insn32
+@kindex --no-insn32
+The @samp{--insn32} and @samp{--no-insn32} options control the choice of
+microMIPS instructions used in code generated by the linker, such as that
+in the PLT or lazy binding stubs, or in relaxation. If @samp{--insn32} is
+used, then the linker only uses 32-bit instruction encodings. By default
+or if @samp{--no-insn32} is used, all instruction encodings are used,
+including 16-bit ones where possible.
+
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@lowersections
+@end ifclear
+@end ifset
+
@ifset MMIX
@ifclear GENERIC
@raisesections
@end ifclear
@end ifset
+@ifset NDS32
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@raisesections
+@end ifclear
+
+@node NDS32
+@section @code{ld} and NDS32
+@kindex relaxing on NDS32
+For NDS32, there are some options to select relaxation behavior. The linker
+relaxes objects according to these options.
+
+@table @code
+@item @samp{--m[no-]fp-as-gp}
+Disable/enable fp-as-gp relaxation.
+
+@item @samp{--mexport-symbols=FILE}
+Exporting symbols and their address into FILE as linker script.
+
+@item @samp{--m[no-]ex9}
+Disable/enable link-time EX9 relaxation.
+
+@item @samp{--mexport-ex9=FILE}
+Export the EX9 table after linking.
+
+@item @samp{--mimport-ex9=FILE}
+Import the Ex9 table for EX9 relaxation.
+
+@item @samp{--mupdate-ex9}
+Update the existing EX9 table.
+
+@item @samp{--mex9-limit=NUM}
+Maximum number of entries in the ex9 table.
+
+@item @samp{--mex9-loop-aware}
+Avoid generating the EX9 instruction inside the loop.
+
+@item @samp{--m[no-]ifc}
+Disable/enable the link-time IFC optimization.
+
+@item @samp{--mifc-loop-aware}
+Avoid generating the IFC instruction inside the loop.
+@end table
+
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@lowersections
+@end ifclear
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset NIOSII
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@raisesections
+@end ifclear
+
+@node Nios II
+@section @command{ld} and the Altera Nios II
+@cindex Nios II call relaxation
+@kindex --relax on Nios II
+
+Call and immediate jump instructions on Nios II processors are limited to
+transferring control to addresses in the same 256MB memory segment,
+which may result in @command{ld} giving
+@samp{relocation truncated to fit} errors with very large programs.
+The command-line option @option{--relax} enables the generation of
+trampolines that can access the entire 32-bit address space for calls
+outside the normal @code{call} and @code{jmpi} address range. These
+trampolines are inserted at section boundaries, so may not themselves
+be reachable if an input section and its associated call trampolines are
+larger than 256MB.
+
+The @option{--relax} option is enabled by default unless @option{-r}
+is also specified. You can disable trampoline generation by using the
+@option{--no-relax} linker option. You can also disable this optimization
+locally by using the @samp{set .noat} directive in assembly-language
+source files, as the linker-inserted trampolines use the @code{at}
+register as a temporary.
+
+Note that the linker @option{--relax} option is independent of assembler
+relaxation options, and that using the GNU assembler's @option{-relax-all}
+option interferes with the linker's more selective call instruction relaxation.
+
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@lowersections
+@end ifclear
+@end ifset
+
@ifset POWERPC
@ifclear GENERIC
@raisesections
symbols known to belong to the system's runtime and libraries. As it will
often not be desirable to export all of a DLL's symbols, which may include
private functions that are not part of any public interface, the command-line
-options listed above may be used to filter symbols out from the list for
+options listed above may be used to filter symbols out from the list for
exporting. The @samp{--output-def} option can be used in order to see the
final list of exported symbols with all exclusions taken into effect.
@printindex cp
@tex
-% I think something like @colophon should be in texinfo. In the
+% I think something like @@colophon should be in texinfo. In the
% meantime:
\long\def\colophon{\hbox to0pt{}\vfill
\centerline{The body of this manual is set in}
\centerline{{\sl\fontname\tensl\/}}
\centerline{are used for emphasis.}\vfill}
\page\colophon
-% Blame: doc@cygnus.com, 28mar91.
+% Blame: doc@@cygnus.com, 28mar91.
@end tex
@bye