Instruction Set
---------------
-From GL_NV_vertex_program
+Core ISA
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+These opcodes are guaranteed to be available regardless of the driver being
+used.
.. opcode:: ARL - Address Register Load
dst.w = src0.x \times src1.x + src0.y \times src1.y + src2.x
-.. opcode:: FRAC - Fraction
+.. opcode:: FRC - Fraction
.. math::
.. opcode:: TEX - Texture Lookup
- TBD
+.. math::
+
+ coord = src0
+
+ bias = 0.0
+
+ dst = texture_sample(unit, coord, bias)
.. opcode:: TXD - Texture Lookup with Derivatives
- TBD
+.. math::
+
+ coord = src0
+
+ ddx = src1
+
+ ddy = src2
+
+ bias = 0.0
+
+ dst = texture_sample_deriv(unit, coord, bias, ddx, ddy)
.. opcode:: TXP - Projective Texture Lookup
- TBD
+.. math::
+
+ coord.x = src0.x / src.w
+
+ coord.y = src0.y / src.w
+
+ coord.z = src0.z / src.w
+
+ coord.w = src0.w
+
+ bias = 0.0
+
+ dst = texture_sample(unit, coord, bias)
.. opcode:: UP2H - Unpack Two 16-Bit Floats
Considered for removal.
-From GL_NV_vertex_program2
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-
.. opcode:: ARA - Address Register Add
TBD
pc = pop()
- Potential restrictions:
- * Only occurs at end of function.
.. opcode:: SSG - Set Sign
dst.z = 0
- dst.y = 1
+ dst.w = 1
.. opcode:: TXB - Texture Lookup With Bias
- TBD
+.. math::
+
+ coord.x = src.x
+
+ coord.y = src.y
+
+ coord.z = src.z
+
+ coord.w = 1.0
+
+ bias = src.z
+
+ dst = texture_sample(unit, coord, bias)
.. opcode:: NRM - 3-component Vector Normalise
dst = src0.x \times src1.x + src0.y \times src1.y
-.. opcode:: TXL - Texture Lookup With LOD
-
- TBD
-
-
-.. opcode:: BRK - Break
+.. opcode:: TXL - Texture Lookup With explicit LOD
- TBD
+.. math::
+ coord.x = src0.x
-.. opcode:: IF - If
+ coord.y = src0.y
- TBD
+ coord.z = src0.z
+ coord.w = 1.0
-.. opcode:: BGNFOR - Begin a For-Loop
+ lod = src0.w
- dst.x = floor(src.x)
- dst.y = floor(src.y)
- dst.z = floor(src.z)
+ dst = texture_sample(unit, coord, lod)
- if (dst.y <= 0)
- pc = [matching ENDFOR] + 1
- endif
-
- Note: The destination must be a loop register.
- The source must be a constant register.
-
-.. note::
- Considered for cleanup.
-
-.. note::
+.. opcode:: BRK - Break
- Considered for removal.
+ TBD
-.. opcode:: REP - Repeat
+.. opcode:: IF - If
TBD
TBD
-.. opcode:: ENDFOR - End a For-Loop
-
- dst.x = dst.x + dst.z
- dst.y = dst.y - 1.0
-
- if (dst.y > 0)
- pc = [matching BGNFOR instruction] + 1
- endif
-
- Note: The destination must be a loop register.
-
-.. note::
-
- Considered for cleanup.
-
-.. note::
-
- Considered for removal.
-
-.. opcode:: ENDREP - End Repeat
-
- TBD
-
-
.. opcode:: PUSHA - Push Address Register On Stack
push(src.x)
Considered for removal.
-From GL_NV_gpu_program4
+Compute ISA
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+These opcodes are primarily provided for special-use computational shaders.
Support for these opcodes indicated by a special pipe capability bit (TBD).
+XXX so let's discuss it, yeah?
+
.. opcode:: CEIL - Ceiling
.. math::
TBD
+.. note::
-From GL_NV_geometry_program4
+ Support for CONT is determined by a special capability bit,
+ ``TGSI_CONT_SUPPORTED``. See :ref:`Screen` for more information.
+
+
+Geometry ISA
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+These opcodes are only supported in geometry shaders; they have no meaning
+in any other type of shader.
.. opcode:: EMIT - Emit
TBD
-From GLSL
+GLSL ISA
^^^^^^^^^^
+These opcodes are part of :term:`GLSL`'s opcode set. Support for these
+opcodes is determined by a special capability bit, ``GLSL``.
.. opcode:: BGNLOOP - Begin a Loop
ps_2_x
^^^^^^^^^^^^
+XXX wait what
.. opcode:: CALLNZ - Subroutine Call If Not Zero
.. _doubleopcodes:
-Double Opcodes
+Double ISA
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-.. opcode:: DADD - Add Double
+The double-precision opcodes reinterpret four-component vectors into
+two-component vectors with doubled precision in each component.
+
+Support for these opcodes is XXX undecided. :T
+
+.. opcode:: DADD - Add
.. math::
dst.zw = src0.zw + src1.zw
-.. opcode:: DDIV - Divide Double
+.. opcode:: DDIV - Divide
.. math::
dst.zw = src0.zw / src1.zw
-.. opcode:: DSEQ - Set Double on Equal
+.. opcode:: DSEQ - Set on Equal
.. math::
dst.zw = src0.zw == src1.zw ? 1.0F : 0.0F
-.. opcode:: DSLT - Set Double on Less than
+.. opcode:: DSLT - Set on Less than
.. math::
dst.zw = src0.zw < src1.zw ? 1.0F : 0.0F
-.. opcode:: DFRAC - Double Fraction
+.. opcode:: DFRAC - Fraction
.. math::
dst.zw = src.zw - \lfloor src.zw\rfloor
-.. opcode:: DFRACEXP - Convert Double Number to Fractional and Integral Components
+.. opcode:: DFRACEXP - Convert Number to Fractional and Integral Components
+
+Like the ``frexp()`` routine in many math libraries, this opcode stores the
+exponent of its source to ``dst0``, and the significand to ``dst1``, such that
+:math:`dst1 \times 2^{dst0} = src` .
.. math::
- dst0.xy = frexp(src.xy, dst1.xy)
+ dst0.xy = exp(src.xy)
+
+ dst1.xy = frac(src.xy)
+
+ dst0.zw = exp(src.zw)
- dst0.zw = frexp(src.zw, dst1.zw)
+ dst1.zw = frac(src.zw)
-.. opcode:: DLDEXP - Multiple Double Number by Integral Power of 2
+.. opcode:: DLDEXP - Multiply Number by Integral Power of 2
+
+This opcode is the inverse of :opcode:`DFRACEXP`.
.. math::
- dst.xy = ldexp(src0.xy, src1.xy)
+ dst.xy = src0.xy \times 2^{src1.xy}
- dst.zw = ldexp(src0.zw, src1.zw)
+ dst.zw = src0.zw \times 2^{src1.zw}
-.. opcode:: DMIN - Minimum Double
+.. opcode:: DMIN - Minimum
.. math::
dst.zw = min(src0.zw, src1.zw)
-.. opcode:: DMAX - Maximum Double
+.. opcode:: DMAX - Maximum
.. math::
dst.zw = max(src0.zw, src1.zw)
-.. opcode:: DMUL - Multiply Double
+.. opcode:: DMUL - Multiply
.. math::
dst.zw = src0.zw \times src1.zw
-.. opcode:: DMAD - Multiply And Add Doubles
+.. opcode:: DMAD - Multiply And Add
.. math::
dst.zw = src0.zw \times src1.zw + src2.zw
-.. opcode:: DRCP - Reciprocal Double
+.. opcode:: DRCP - Reciprocal
.. math::
dst.zw = \frac{1}{src.zw}
-.. opcode:: DSQRT - Square root double
+.. opcode:: DSQRT - Square Root
.. math::
dst.zw = \sqrt{src.zw}
+.. _resourceopcodes:
+
+Resource Access Opcodes
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Those opcodes follow very closely semantics of the respective Direct3D
+instructions. If in doubt double check Direct3D documentation.
+
+.. opcode:: LOAD - Simplified alternative to the "SAMPLE" instruction.
+ Using the provided integer address, LOAD fetches data
+ from the specified buffer/texture without any filtering.
+ The source data may come from any resource type other
+ than CUBE.
+ LOAD dst, address, resource
+ e.g.
+ LOAD TEMP[0], TEMP[1], RES[0]
+ The 'address' is specified as unsigned integers. If the
+ 'address' is out of range [0...(# texels - 1)] the
+ result of the fetch is always 0 in all components.
+ As such the instruction doesn't honor address wrap
+ modes, in cases where that behavior is desirable
+ 'sample' instruction should be used.
+ address.w always provides an unsigned integer mipmap
+ level. If the value is out of the range then the
+ instruction always returns 0 in all components.
+ address.yz are ignored for buffers and 1d textures.
+ address.z is ignored for 1d texture arrays and 2d
+ textures.
+ For 1D texture arrays address.y provides the array
+ index (also as unsigned integer). If the value is
+ out of the range of available array indices
+ [0... (array size - 1)] then the opcode always returns
+ 0 in all components.
+ For 2D texture arrays address.z provides the array
+ index, otherwise it exhibits the same behavior as in
+ the case for 1D texture arrays.
+ The exeact semantics of the source address are presented
+ in the table below:
+ resource type X Y Z W
+ ------------- ------------------------
+ PIPE_BUFFER x ignored
+ PIPE_TEXTURE_1D x mpl
+ PIPE_TEXTURE_2D x y mpl
+ PIPE_TEXTURE_3D x y z mpl
+ PIPE_TEXTURE_RECT x y mpl
+ PIPE_TEXTURE_CUBE not allowed as source
+ PIPE_TEXTURE_1D_ARRAY x idx mpl
+ PIPE_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY x y idx mpl
+
+ Where 'mpl' is a mipmap level and 'idx' is the
+ array index.
+
+
+.. opcode:: LOAD_MS - Just like LOAD but allows fetch data from
+ multi-sampled surfaces.
+
+.. opcode:: SAMPLE - Using provided address, sample data from the
+ specified texture using the filtering mode identified
+ by the gven sampler. The source data may come from
+ any resource type other than buffers.
+ SAMPLE dst, address, resource, sampler
+ e.g.
+ SAMPLE TEMP[0], TEMP[1], RES[0], SAMP[0]
+
+.. opcode:: SAMPLE_B - Just like the SAMPLE instruction with the
+ exception that an additiona bias is applied to the
+ level of detail computed as part of the instruction
+ execution.
+ SAMPLE_B dst, address, resource, sampler, lod_bias
+ e.g.
+ SAMPLE_B TEMP[0], TEMP[1], RES[0], SAMP[0], TEMP[2].x
+
+.. opcode:: SAMPLE_C - Similar to the SAMPLE instruction but it
+ performs a comparison filter. The operands to SAMPLE_C
+ are identical to SAMPLE, except that tere is an additional
+ float32 operand, reference value, which must be a register
+ with single-component, or a scalar literal.
+ SAMPLE_C makes the hardware use the current samplers
+ compare_func (in pipe_sampler_state) to compare
+ reference value against the red component value for the
+ surce resource at each texel that the currently configured
+ texture filter covers based on the provided coordinates.
+ SAMPLE_C dst, address, resource.r, sampler, ref_value
+ e.g.
+ SAMPLE_C TEMP[0], TEMP[1], RES[0].r, SAMP[0], TEMP[2].x
+
+.. opcode:: SAMPLE_C_LZ - Same as SAMPLE_C, but LOD is 0 and derivatives
+ are ignored. The LZ stands for level-zero.
+ SAMPLE_C_LZ dst, address, resource.r, sampler, ref_value
+ e.g.
+ SAMPLE_C_LZ TEMP[0], TEMP[1], RES[0].r, SAMP[0], TEMP[2].x
+
+
+.. opcode:: SAMPLE_D - SAMPLE_D is identical to the SAMPLE opcode except
+ that the derivatives for the source address in the x
+ direction and the y direction are provided by extra
+ parameters.
+ SAMPLE_D dst, address, resource, sampler, der_x, der_y
+ e.g.
+ SAMPLE_D TEMP[0], TEMP[1], RES[0], SAMP[0], TEMP[2], TEMP[3]
+
+.. opcode:: SAMPLE_L - SAMPLE_L is identical to the SAMPLE opcode except
+ that the LOD is provided directly as a scalar value,
+ representing no anisotropy. Source addresses A channel
+ is used as the LOD.
+ SAMPLE_L dst, address, resource, sampler
+ e.g.
+ SAMPLE_L TEMP[0], TEMP[1], RES[0], SAMP[0]
+
+
+.. opcode:: GATHER4 - Gathers the four texels to be used in a bi-linear
+ filtering operation and packs them into a single register.
+ Only woth with 2D, 2D array, cubemaps, and cubemaps arrays.
+ For 2D textures, only the addressing modes of the sampler and
+ the top level of any mip pyramid are used. Set W to zero.
+ It behaves like the SAMPLE instruction, but a filtered
+ sample is not generated. The four samples that contribute
+ to filtering are places into xyzw in cunter-clockwise order,
+ starting with the (u,v) texture coordinate delta at the
+ following locations (-, +), (+, +), (+, -), (-, -), where
+ the magnitude of the deltas are half a texel.
+
+
+.. opcode:: RESINFO - query the dimensions of a given input buffer.
+ dst receives width, height, depth or array size and
+ number of mipmap levels. The dst can have a writemask
+ which will specify what info is the caller interested
+ in.
+ RESINFO dst, src_mip_level, resource
+ e.g.
+ RESINFO TEMP[0], TEMP[1].x, RES[0]
+ src_mip_level is an unsigned integer scalar. If it's
+ out of range then returns 0 for width, height and
+ depth/array size but the total number of mipmap is
+ still returned correctly for the given resource.
+ The returned width, height and depth values are for
+ the mipmap level selected by the src_mip_level and
+ are in the number of texels.
+ For 1d texture array width is in dst.x, array size
+ is in dst.y and dst.zw are always 0.
+
+.. opcode:: SAMPLE_POS - query the position of a given sample.
+ dst receives float4 (x, y, 0, 0) indicated where the
+ sample is located. If the resource is not a multi-sample
+ resource and not a render target, the result is 0.
+
+.. opcode:: SAMPLE_INFO - dst receives number of samples in x.
+ If the resource is not a multi-sample resource and
+ not a render target, the result is 0.
+
+
Explanation of symbols used
------------------------------
---------------
+Declaration
+^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+
+Declares a register that is will be referenced as an operand in Instruction
+tokens.
+
+File field contains register file that is being declared and is one
+of TGSI_FILE.
+
+UsageMask field specifies which of the register components can be accessed
+and is one of TGSI_WRITEMASK.
+
+Interpolate field is only valid for fragment shader INPUT register files.
+It specifes the way input is being interpolated by the rasteriser and is one
+of TGSI_INTERPOLATE.
+
+If Dimension flag is set to 1, a Declaration Dimension token follows.
+
+If Semantic flag is set to 1, a Declaration Semantic token follows.
+
+CylindricalWrap bitfield is only valid for fragment shader INPUT register
+files. It specifies which register components should be subject to cylindrical
+wrapping when interpolating by the rasteriser. If TGSI_CYLINDRICAL_WRAP_X
+is set to 1, the X component should be interpolated according to cylindrical
+wrapping rules.
+
+If file is TGSI_FILE_RESOURCE, a Declaration Resource token follows.
+
+
Declaration Semantic
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+ Vertex and fragment shader input and output registers may be labeled
+ with semantic information consisting of a name and index.
Follows Declaration token if Semantic bit is set.
TGSI_SEMANTIC_POSITION
""""""""""""""""""""""
-Position, sometimes known as HPOS or WPOS for historical reasons, is the
-location of the vertex in space, in ``(x, y, z, w)`` format. ``x``, ``y``, and ``z``
-are the Cartesian coordinates, and ``w`` is the homogenous coordinate and used
-for the perspective divide, if enabled.
+For vertex shaders, TGSI_SEMANTIC_POSITION indicates the vertex shader
+output register which contains the homogeneous vertex position in the clip
+space coordinate system. After clipping, the X, Y and Z components of the
+vertex will be divided by the W value to get normalized device coordinates.
-As a vertex shader output, position should be scaled to the viewport. When
-used in fragment shaders, position will be in window coordinates. The convention
-used depends on the FS_COORD_ORIGIN and FS_COORD_PIXEL_CENTER properties.
+For fragment shaders, TGSI_SEMANTIC_POSITION is used to indicate that
+fragment shader input contains the fragment's window position. The X
+component starts at zero and always increases from left to right.
+The Y component starts at zero and always increases but Y=0 may either
+indicate the top of the window or the bottom depending on the fragment
+coordinate origin convention (see TGSI_PROPERTY_FS_COORD_ORIGIN).
+The Z coordinate ranges from 0 to 1 to represent depth from the front
+to the back of the Z buffer. The W component contains the reciprocol
+of the interpolated vertex position W component.
-XXX additionally, is there a way to configure the perspective divide? it's
-accelerated on most chipsets AFAIK...
+Fragment shaders may also declare an output register with
+TGSI_SEMANTIC_POSITION. Only the Z component is writable. This allows
+the fragment shader to change the fragment's Z position.
-Position, if not specified, usually defaults to ``(0, 0, 0, 1)``, and can
-be partially specified as ``(x, y, 0, 1)`` or ``(x, y, z, 1)``.
-XXX usually? can we solidify that?
TGSI_SEMANTIC_COLOR
"""""""""""""""""""
-Colors are used to, well, color the primitives. Colors are always in
-``(r, g, b, a)`` format.
+For vertex shader outputs or fragment shader inputs/outputs, this
+label indicates that the resister contains an R,G,B,A color.
+
+Several shader inputs/outputs may contain colors so the semantic index
+is used to distinguish them. For example, color[0] may be the diffuse
+color while color[1] may be the specular color.
+
+This label is needed so that the flat/smooth shading can be applied
+to the right interpolants during rasterization.
+
-If alpha is not specified, it defaults to 1.
TGSI_SEMANTIC_BCOLOR
""""""""""""""""""""
Back-facing colors are only used for back-facing polygons, and are only valid
in vertex shader outputs. After rasterization, all polygons are front-facing
-and COLOR and BCOLOR end up occupying the same slots in the fragment, so
-all BCOLORs effectively become regular COLORs in the fragment shader.
+and COLOR and BCOLOR end up occupying the same slots in the fragment shader,
+so all BCOLORs effectively become regular COLORs in the fragment shader.
+
TGSI_SEMANTIC_FOG
"""""""""""""""""
-The fog coordinate historically has been used to replace the depth coordinate
-for generation of fog in dedicated fog blocks. Gallium, however, does not use
-dedicated fog acceleration, placing it entirely in the fragment shader
-instead.
+Vertex shader inputs and outputs and fragment shader inputs may be
+labeled with TGSI_SEMANTIC_FOG to indicate that the register contains
+a fog coordinate in the form (F, 0, 0, 1). Typically, the fragment
+shader will use the fog coordinate to compute a fog blend factor which
+is used to blend the normal fragment color with a constant fog color.
+
+Only the first component matters when writing from the vertex shader;
+the driver will ensure that the coordinate is in this format when used
+as a fragment shader input.
-The fog coordinate should be written in ``(f, 0, 0, 1)`` format. Only the first
-component matters when writing from the vertex shader; the driver will ensure
-that the coordinate is in this format when used as a fragment shader input.
TGSI_SEMANTIC_PSIZE
"""""""""""""""""""
-PSIZE, or point size, is used to specify point sizes per-vertex. It should
-be in ``(p, n, x, f)`` format, where ``p`` is the point size, ``n`` is the minimum
-size, ``x`` is the maximum size, and ``f`` is the fade threshold.
-
-XXX this is arb_vp. is this what we actually do? should double-check...
+Vertex shader input and output registers may be labeled with
+TGIS_SEMANTIC_PSIZE to indicate that the register contains a point size
+in the form (S, 0, 0, 1). The point size controls the width or diameter
+of points for rasterization. This label cannot be used in fragment
+shaders.
When using this semantic, be sure to set the appropriate state in the
:ref:`rasterizer` first.
+
TGSI_SEMANTIC_GENERIC
"""""""""""""""""""""
-Generic semantics are nearly always used for texture coordinate attributes,
-in ``(s, t, r, q)`` format. ``t`` and ``r`` may be unused for certain kinds
-of lookups, and ``q`` is the level-of-detail bias for biased sampling.
+All vertex/fragment shader inputs/outputs not labeled with any other
+semantic label can be considered to be generic attributes. Typical
+uses of generic inputs/outputs are texcoords and user-defined values.
-These attributes are called "generic" because they may be used for anything
-else, including parameters, texture generation information, or anything that
-can be stored inside a four-component vector.
TGSI_SEMANTIC_NORMAL
""""""""""""""""""""
-Vertex normal; could be used to implement per-pixel lighting for legacy APIs
-that allow mixing fixed-function and programmable stages.
+Indicates that a vertex shader input is a normal vector. This is
+typically only used for legacy graphics APIs.
+
TGSI_SEMANTIC_FACE
""""""""""""""""""
-FACE is the facing bit, to store the facing information for the fragment
-shader. ``(f, 0, 0, 1)`` is the format. The first component will be positive
-when the fragment is front-facing, and negative when the component is
-back-facing.
+This label applies to fragment shader inputs only and indicates that
+the register contains front/back-face information of the form (F, 0,
+0, 1). The first component will be positive when the fragment belongs
+to a front-facing polygon, and negative when the fragment belongs to a
+back-facing polygon.
+
TGSI_SEMANTIC_EDGEFLAG
""""""""""""""""""""""
-XXX no clue
+For vertex shaders, this sematic label indicates that an input or
+output is a boolean edge flag. The register layout is [F, x, x, x]
+where F is 0.0 or 1.0 and x = don't care. Normally, the vertex shader
+simply copies the edge flag input to the edgeflag output.
+
+Edge flags are used to control which lines or points are actually
+drawn when the polygon mode converts triangles/quads/polygons into
+points or lines.
+
+TGSI_SEMANTIC_STENCIL
+""""""""""""""""""""""
+
+For fragment shaders, this semantic label indicates than an output
+is a writable stencil reference value. Only the Y component is writable.
+This allows the fragment shader to change the fragments stencilref value.
+
+
+Declaration Resource
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+ Follows Declaration token if file is TGSI_FILE_RESOURCE.
+
+ DCL RES[#], resource, type(s)
+
+ Declares a shader input resource and assigns it to a RES[#]
+ register.
+
+ resource can be one of BUFFER, 1D, 2D, 3D, CUBE, 1DArray and
+ 2DArray.
+
+ type must be 1 or 4 entries (if specifying on a per-component
+ level) out of UNORM, SNORM, SINT, UINT and FLOAT.
Properties
DirectX 9 uses INTEGER.
DirectX 10 uses HALF_INTEGER.
+FS_COLOR0_WRITES_ALL_CBUFS
+""""""""""""""""""""""""""
+Specifies that writes to the fragment shader color 0 are replicated to all
+bound cbufs. This facilitates OpenGL's fragColor output vs fragData[0] where
+fragData is directed to a single color buffer, but fragColor is broadcast.
Texture Sampling and Texture Formats
+--------------------+--------------+--------------------+--------------+
| Texture Components | Gallium | OpenGL | Direct3D 9 |
+====================+==============+====================+==============+
-| R | XXX TBD | (r, 0, 0, 1) | (r, 1, 1, 1) |
+| R | (r, 0, 0, 1) | (r, 0, 0, 1) | (r, 1, 1, 1) |
+--------------------+--------------+--------------------+--------------+
-| RG | XXX TBD | (r, g, 0, 1) | (r, g, 1, 1) |
+| RG | (r, g, 0, 1) | (r, g, 0, 1) | (r, g, 1, 1) |
+--------------------+--------------+--------------------+--------------+
| RGB | (r, g, b, 1) | (r, g, b, 1) | (r, g, b, 1) |
+--------------------+--------------+--------------------+--------------+
| Z | XXX TBD | (z, z, z, 1) | (0, z, 0, 1) |
| | | [#depth-tex-mode]_ | |
+--------------------+--------------+--------------------+--------------+
+| S | (s, s, s, s) | unknown | unknown |
++--------------------+--------------+--------------------+--------------+
.. [#envmap-bumpmap] http://www.opengl.org/registry/specs/ATI/envmap_bumpmap.txt
.. [#depth-tex-mode] the default is (z, z, z, 1) but may also be (0, 0, 0, z)