libstdc++: Avoid calling undefined __gthread_self weak symbol [PR 95989]

libstdc++: Avoid calling undefined __gthread_self weak symbol [PR 95989]

Since glibc 2.27 the pthread_self symbol has been defined in libc rather
than libpthread. Because we only call pthread_self through a weak alias
it's possible for statically linked executables to end up without a
definition of pthread_self. This crashes when trying to call an
undefined weak symbol.

We can use the __GLIBC_PREREQ version check to detect the version of
glibc where pthread_self is no longer in libpthread, and call it
directly rather than through the weak reference.

It would be better to check for pthread_self in libc during configure
instead of hardcoding the __GLIBC_PREREQ check. That would be
complicated by the fact that prior to glibc 2.27 libc.a didn't have the
pthread_self symbol, but libc.so.6 did.  The configure checks would need
to try to link both statically and dynamically, and the result would
depend on whether the static libc.a happens to be installed during
configure (which could vary between different systems using the same
version of glibc). Doing it properly is left for a future date, as that
will be needed anyway after glibc moves all pthread symbols from
libpthread to libc. When that happens we should revisit the whole
approach of using weak symbols for pthread symbols.

For the purposes of std::this_thread::get_id() we call
pthread_self() directly when using glibc 2.27 or later. Otherwise, if
__gthread_active_p() is true then we know the libpthread symbol is
available so we call that. Otherwise, we are single-threaded and just
use ((__gthread_t)1) as the thread ID.

An undesirable consequence of this change is that code compiled prior to
the change might inline the old definition of this_thread::get_id()
which always returns (__gthread_t)1 in a program that isn't linked to
libpthread. Code compiled after the change will use pthread_self() and
so get a real TID. That could result in the main thread having different
thread::id values in different translation units. This seems acceptable,
as there are not expected to be many uses of thread::id in programs
that aren't linked to libpthread.

An earlier version of this patch also changed __gthread_self() to use
__GLIBC_PREREQ(2, 27) and only use the weak symbol for older glibc. Tha
might still make sense to do, but isn't needed by libstdc++ now.

libstdc++-v3/ChangeLog:

	PR libstdc++/95989
	* config/os/gnu-linux/os_defines.h (_GLIBCXX_NATIVE_THREAD_ID):
	Define new macro to get reliable thread ID.
	* include/bits/std_thread.h: (this_thread::get_id): Use new
	macro if it's defined.
	* testsuite/30_threads/jthread/95989.cc: New test.
	* testsuite/30_threads/this_thread/95989.cc: New test.