Use -Wimplicit-fallthrough (#3464)

Use -Wimplicit-fallthrough (#3464)

This commit enables compiler warnings for implicit fallthroughs in
switch statements that are not explicitly marked as such. The commit
introduces a new macro `CVC4_FALLTHROUGH` that can be used to indicate
that a fallthrough is intentional. The commit fixes existing warnings
and a bug in the arithmetic rewriter for `abs` (the bug likely couldn't
be triggered easily because we rewrite `abs` to an `ite` while expanding
definitions).

To have the new macro also available in the parser, the commit changes
`src/base/check.h` to be visible to the parser (it includes
`cvc4_private_library.h` now instead of `cvc4_private.h`).