Implement proofs for arith BRAB lemmas (#5784)

Implement proofs for arith BRAB lemmas (#5784)

All changes:

Add a Pf type alias for std::shared_ptr to
expr/proof_rule.h
Add an eager proof generator to TheoryArith for preprocessing
rewrites. Right now those are proven with INT_TRUST. Will eventually
fix.
Generate proved lemmas in TheoryArithPrivate::branchIntegerVariable.
Same for TheoryArithPrivate::roundRobinBranch
Add EagerProofGenerator::mkTrustedRewrite.
Add some proofsEnabled methods.