systemc: Fortify how exceptions are caught and passed around.

systemc: Fortify how exceptions are caught and passed around.

This change tightens up exception catching and makes gem5's systemc
code react to exceptions more in line with the Accellera
implementation. This prevents exceptions from being caught by the
pybind11 integration which makes it very difficult to see where an
exception came from, and makes the output differ by including a
(mostly useless) backtrace.

Change-Id: I7130d53a98fadd137073d1718f780f32f57c658c
Reviewed-on: https://gem5-review.googlesource.com/c/12601
Reviewed-by: Gabe Black <gabeblack@google.com>
Maintainer: Gabe Black <gabeblack@google.com>