Make uninterpreted sort owner non-static (#8144)

Make uninterpreted sort owner non-static (#8144)

This eliminates the static member `s_uninterpretedSortOwner` from Theory which seems to be the cause of several issues related to the array solver in incremental mode, and with check-unsat-cores. This is moved to a data member of Env.  This eliminates a static access to `theoryOfMode` from within theoryOf calls.

Note that static calls to `Theory::theoryOf` or `Theory::isLeafOf` now assume type-based theoryOf mode as a default argument. Thus, the preferred method for determining theoryOf types and terms is through `Env` now.

This fixes issues with the array solver in incremental mode.

The root issue is that spawning subsolvers (e.g. for check-unsat-core) can overwrite `s_uninterpretedSortOwner`. This means that a second call to `check-sat` (which does not reinitialize set_defaults) will use the *overwrtten* setting, which can be different from what was used for the first check-sat.  In particular, for #5720, the uninterpreted sort owner changes from ARRAYS to UF at the 2nd call, and the array theory solver fails to send an extensionality lemma.

This commit also simplifies `Theory::theoryOf` slightly.

Fixes https://github.com/cvc5/cvc5-wishues/issues/52.
Fixes https://github.com/cvc5/cvc5/issues/5720.
Fixes https://github.com/cvc5/cvc5/issues/6276 .
Fixes https://github.com/cvc5/cvc5/issues/5836.