Make strings model construction robust to lengths that are not propagated equal ...

Make strings model construction robust to lengths that are not propagated equal (#2444)

This fixes #2429.

This was caused by arithmetic not notifying an equality between shared terms that it assigned to the same value.  See explanation in comment.

We should investigate a bit more why this is happening. I didnt think arithmetic was allowed to assign the same value to unpropagated shared length terms.  I've opened issue https://github.com/CVC4/CVC4/issues/2443 to track this.

Regardless, the strings model construction should be robust to handle this case, which this PR does.