libstdc++: Use __libc_single_threaded to optimise atomics [PR 96817]

libstdc++: Use __libc_single_threaded to optimise atomics [PR 96817]

Glibc 2.32 adds a global variable that says whether the process is
single-threaded. We can use this to decide whether to elide atomic
operations, as a more precise and reliable indicator than
__gthread_active_p.

This means that guard variables for statics and reference counting in
shared_ptr can use less expensive, non-atomic ops even in processes that
are linked to libpthread, as long as no threads have been created yet.
It also means that we switch to using atomics if libpthread gets loaded
later via dlopen (this still isn't supported in general, for other
reasons).

We can't use __libc_single_threaded to replace __gthread_active_p
everywhere. If we replaced the uses of __gthread_active_p in std::mutex
then we would elide the pthread_mutex_lock in the code below, but not
the pthread_mutex_unlock:

  std::mutex m;
  m.lock();            // pthread_mutex_lock
  std::thread t([]{}); // __libc_single_threaded = false
  t.join();
  m.unlock();          // pthread_mutex_unlock

We need the lock and unlock to use the same "is threading enabled"
predicate, and similarly for init/destroy pairs for mutexes and
condition variables, so that we don't try to release resources that were
never acquired.

There are other places that could use __libc_single_threaded, such as
_Sp_locker in src/c++11/shared_ptr.cc and locale init functions, but
they can be changed later.

libstdc++-v3/ChangeLog:

	PR libstdc++/96817
	* include/ext/atomicity.h (__gnu_cxx::__is_single_threaded()):
	New function wrapping __libc_single_threaded if available.
	(__exchange_and_add_dispatch, __atomic_add_dispatch): Use it.
	* libsupc++/guard.cc (__cxa_guard_acquire, __cxa_guard_abort)
	(__cxa_guard_release): Likewise.
	* testsuite/18_support/96817.cc: New test.