(proof-new) Updates to builtin proof checker (#4962)

(proof-new) Updates to builtin proof checker (#4962)

This includes support for some trusted rules (whose use is to come). It also modifies THEORY_REWRITE so that it is a "trusted" rule, that is, it is not re-checked. The reason for this is that TheoryRewriter is not deterministic. An example of non-determinism in TheoryRewriter are rules that introduce bound variables (e.g. quantifiers rewriter) since these bound variables are fresh each time it is invoked. Non-deterministic theory rewriters cannot be rechecked, which was leading to failures on proof-new at proof check time. The other way to fix this would be to cache TheoryRewriter responses, but then the checker would only be verifying that the caching was being done properly. This is not worthwhile.