Strings arith checks preprocessing pass: step 2 (#5750)

Strings arith checks preprocessing pass: step 2 (#5750)

We are adding a preprocessing pass that simplifies arithmetic constraints related to strings.
For example, len(s) >= 0 would be replaced by true.
This will make use of CVC4::theory::strings::ArithEntail::check.

This PR is the second step. It includes the implementation of the main function, as well as unit tests for it.

A subsequent PR will add a user-level option that will turn on this preprocessing pass, as well as regression tests.