2011-06-05 Jerry DeLisle <jvdelisle@gcc.gnu.org>
authorJerry DeLisle <jvdelisle@gcc.gnu.org>
Sun, 5 Jun 2011 17:42:55 +0000 (17:42 +0000)
committerJerry DeLisle <jvdelisle@gcc.gnu.org>
Sun, 5 Jun 2011 17:42:55 +0000 (17:42 +0000)
Merge trunk into branch, part one.

[[Split portion of a mixed commit.]]

From-SVN: r174658.2

33 files changed:
gcc/go/gofrontend/expressions.cc.merge-left.r167407 [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/expressions.cc.merge-right.r172891 [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/expressions.cc.working [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/go.cc.merge-left.r167407 [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/go.cc.merge-right.r172891 [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/go.cc.working [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo-tree.cc.merge-left.r167407 [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo-tree.cc.merge-right.r172891 [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo-tree.cc.working [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo.cc.merge-left.r167407 [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo.cc.merge-right.r172891 [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo.cc.working [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo.h.merge-left.r167407 [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo.h.merge-right.r172891 [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo.h.working [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/parse.cc.merge-left.r167407 [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/parse.cc.merge-right.r172891 [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/parse.cc.working [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/parse.h.merge-left.r167407 [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/parse.h.merge-right.r172891 [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/parse.h.working [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/statements.cc.merge-left.r167407 [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/statements.cc.merge-right.r172891 [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/statements.cc.working [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/statements.h.merge-left.r167407 [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/statements.h.merge-right.r172891 [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/statements.h.working [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/types.cc.merge-left.r167407 [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/types.cc.merge-right.r172891 [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/types.cc.working [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/unsafe.cc.merge-left.r167407 [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/unsafe.cc.merge-right.r172891 [new file with mode: 0644]
gcc/go/gofrontend/unsafe.cc.working [new file with mode: 0644]

diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/expressions.cc.merge-left.r167407 b/gcc/go/gofrontend/expressions.cc.merge-left.r167407
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..f35b363
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,12264 @@
+// expressions.cc -- Go frontend expression handling.
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "go-system.h"
+
+#include <gmp.h>
+
+#ifndef ENABLE_BUILD_WITH_CXX
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif
+
+#include "toplev.h"
+#include "intl.h"
+#include "tree.h"
+#include "gimple.h"
+#include "tree-iterator.h"
+#include "convert.h"
+#include "real.h"
+#include "realmpfr.h"
+#include "tm.h"
+#include "tm_p.h"
+
+#ifndef ENABLE_BUILD_WITH_CXX
+}
+#endif
+
+#include "go-c.h"
+#include "gogo.h"
+#include "types.h"
+#include "export.h"
+#include "import.h"
+#include "statements.h"
+#include "lex.h"
+#include "expressions.h"
+
+// Class Expression.
+
+Expression::Expression(Expression_classification classification,
+                      source_location location)
+  : classification_(classification), location_(location)
+{
+}
+
+Expression::~Expression()
+{
+}
+
+// If this expression has a constant integer value, return it.
+
+bool
+Expression::integer_constant_value(bool iota_is_constant, mpz_t val,
+                                  Type** ptype) const
+{
+  *ptype = NULL;
+  return this->do_integer_constant_value(iota_is_constant, val, ptype);
+}
+
+// If this expression has a constant floating point value, return it.
+
+bool
+Expression::float_constant_value(mpfr_t val, Type** ptype) const
+{
+  *ptype = NULL;
+  if (this->do_float_constant_value(val, ptype))
+    return true;
+  mpz_t ival;
+  mpz_init(ival);
+  Type* t;
+  bool ret;
+  if (!this->do_integer_constant_value(false, ival, &t))
+    ret = false;
+  else
+    {
+      mpfr_set_z(val, ival, GMP_RNDN);
+      ret = true;
+    }
+  mpz_clear(ival);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// If this expression has a constant complex value, return it.
+
+bool
+Expression::complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag,
+                                  Type** ptype) const
+{
+  *ptype = NULL;
+  if (this->do_complex_constant_value(real, imag, ptype))
+    return true;
+  Type *t;
+  if (this->float_constant_value(real, &t))
+    {
+      mpfr_set_ui(imag, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+      return true;
+    }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Traverse the expressions.
+
+int
+Expression::traverse(Expression** pexpr, Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  Expression* expr = *pexpr;
+  if ((traverse->traverse_mask() & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0)
+    {
+      int t = traverse->expression(pexpr);
+      if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+      else if (t == TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS)
+       return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    }
+  return expr->do_traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Traverse subexpressions of this expression.
+
+int
+Expression::traverse_subexpressions(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  return this->do_traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Default implementation for do_traverse for child classes.
+
+int
+Expression::do_traverse(Traverse*)
+{
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// This virtual function is called by the parser if the value of this
+// expression is being discarded.  By default, we warn.  Expressions
+// with side effects override.
+
+void
+Expression::do_discarding_value()
+{
+  this->warn_about_unused_value();
+}
+
+// This virtual function is called to export expressions.  This will
+// only be used by expressions which may be constant.
+
+void
+Expression::do_export(Export*) const
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Warn that the value of the expression is not used.
+
+void
+Expression::warn_about_unused_value()
+{
+  warning_at(this->location(), OPT_Wunused_value, "value computed is not used");
+}
+
+// Note that this expression is an error.  This is called by children
+// when they discover an error.
+
+void
+Expression::set_is_error()
+{
+  this->classification_ = EXPRESSION_ERROR;
+}
+
+// For children to call to report an error conveniently.
+
+void
+Expression::report_error(const char* msg)
+{
+  error_at(this->location_, "%s", msg);
+  this->set_is_error();
+}
+
+// Set types of variables and constants.  This is implemented by the
+// child class.
+
+void
+Expression::determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  this->do_determine_type(context);
+}
+
+// Set types when there is no context.
+
+void
+Expression::determine_type_no_context()
+{
+  Type_context context;
+  this->do_determine_type(&context);
+}
+
+// Return a tree handling any conversions which must be done during
+// assignment.
+
+tree
+Expression::convert_for_assignment(Translate_context* context, Type* lhs_type,
+                                  Type* rhs_type, tree rhs_tree,
+                                  source_location location)
+{
+  if (lhs_type == rhs_type)
+    return rhs_tree;
+
+  if (lhs_type->is_error_type() || rhs_type->is_error_type())
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  if (lhs_type->is_undefined() || rhs_type->is_undefined())
+    {
+      // Make sure we report the error.
+      lhs_type->base();
+      rhs_type->base();
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  if (rhs_tree == error_mark_node || TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree) == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+
+  tree lhs_type_tree = lhs_type->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (lhs_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  if (lhs_type->interface_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (rhs_type->interface_type() == NULL)
+       return Expression::convert_type_to_interface(context, lhs_type,
+                                                    rhs_type, rhs_tree,
+                                                    location);
+      else
+       return Expression::convert_interface_to_interface(context, lhs_type,
+                                                         rhs_type, rhs_tree,
+                                                         false, location);
+    }
+  else if (rhs_type->interface_type() != NULL)
+    return Expression::convert_interface_to_type(context, lhs_type, rhs_type,
+                                                rhs_tree, location);
+  else if (lhs_type->is_open_array_type()
+          && rhs_type->is_nil_type())
+    {
+      // Assigning nil to an open array.
+      gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(lhs_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+      VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 3);
+
+      constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+      tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(lhs_type_tree);
+      gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),
+                       "__values") == 0);
+      elt->index = field;
+      elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), null_pointer_node);
+
+      elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+      field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+      gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),
+                       "__count") == 0);
+      elt->index = field;
+      elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), integer_zero_node);
+
+      elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+      field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+      gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),
+                       "__capacity") == 0);
+      elt->index = field;
+      elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), integer_zero_node);
+
+      tree val = build_constructor(lhs_type_tree, init);
+      TREE_CONSTANT(val) = 1;
+
+      return val;
+    }
+  else if (rhs_type->is_nil_type())
+    {
+      // The left hand side should be a pointer type at the tree
+      // level.
+      gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(lhs_type_tree));
+      return fold_convert(lhs_type_tree, null_pointer_node);
+    }
+  else if (lhs_type_tree == TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree))
+    {
+      // No conversion is needed.
+      return rhs_tree;
+    }
+  else if (POINTER_TYPE_P(lhs_type_tree)
+          || INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(lhs_type_tree)
+          || SCALAR_FLOAT_TYPE_P(lhs_type_tree)
+          || COMPLEX_FLOAT_TYPE_P(lhs_type_tree))
+    return fold_convert_loc(location, lhs_type_tree, rhs_tree);
+  else if (TREE_CODE(lhs_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE
+          && TREE_CODE(TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree)) == RECORD_TYPE)
+    {
+      // This conversion must be permitted by Go, or we wouldn't have
+      // gotten here.
+      gcc_assert(int_size_in_bytes(lhs_type_tree)
+                == int_size_in_bytes(TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree)));
+      return fold_build1_loc(location, VIEW_CONVERT_EXPR, lhs_type_tree,
+                            rhs_tree);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      gcc_assert(useless_type_conversion_p(lhs_type_tree, TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree)));
+      return rhs_tree;
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a conversion from a non-interface type to an
+// interface type.
+
+tree
+Expression::convert_type_to_interface(Translate_context* context,
+                                     Type* lhs_type, Type* rhs_type,
+                                     tree rhs_tree, source_location location)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  Interface_type* lhs_interface_type = lhs_type->interface_type();
+  bool lhs_is_empty = lhs_interface_type->is_empty();
+
+  // Since RHS_TYPE is a static type, we can create the interface
+  // method table at compile time.
+
+  // When setting an interface to nil, we just set both fields to
+  // NULL.
+  if (rhs_type->is_nil_type())
+    return lhs_type->get_init_tree(gogo, false);
+
+  // This should have been checked already.
+  gcc_assert(lhs_interface_type->implements_interface(rhs_type, NULL));
+
+  tree lhs_type_tree = lhs_type->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (lhs_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  // An interface is a tuple.  If LHS_TYPE is an empty interface type,
+  // then the first field is the type descriptor for RHS_TYPE.
+  // Otherwise it is the interface method table for RHS_TYPE.
+  tree first_field_value;
+  if (lhs_is_empty)
+    first_field_value = rhs_type->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo);
+  else
+    {
+      // Build the interface method table for this interface and this
+      // object type: a list of function pointers for each interface
+      // method.
+      Named_type* rhs_named_type = rhs_type->named_type();
+      bool is_pointer = false;
+      if (rhs_named_type == NULL)
+       {
+         rhs_named_type = rhs_type->deref()->named_type();
+         is_pointer = true;
+       }
+      tree method_table;
+      if (rhs_named_type == NULL)
+       method_table = null_pointer_node;
+      else
+       method_table =
+         rhs_named_type->interface_method_table(gogo, lhs_interface_type,
+                                                is_pointer);
+      first_field_value = fold_convert_loc(location, const_ptr_type_node,
+                                          method_table);
+    }
+
+  // Start building a constructor for the value we will return.
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(lhs_type_tree);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),
+                   (lhs_is_empty ? "__type_descriptor" : "__methods")) == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(field), first_field_value);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__object") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+
+  if (rhs_type->points_to() != NULL)
+    {
+      //  We are assigning a pointer to the interface; the interface
+      // holds the pointer itself.
+      elt->value = rhs_tree;
+      return build_constructor(lhs_type_tree, init);
+    }
+
+  // We are assigning a non-pointer value to the interface; the
+  // interface gets a copy of the value in the heap.
+
+  tree object_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree));
+
+  tree space = gogo->allocate_memory(rhs_type, object_size, location);
+  space = fold_convert_loc(location, build_pointer_type(TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree)),
+                          space);
+  space = save_expr(space);
+
+  tree ref = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(location, space);
+  TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(ref) = 1;
+  tree set = fold_build2_loc(location, MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                            ref, rhs_tree);
+
+  elt->value = fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(field), space);
+
+  return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, lhs_type_tree, set,
+               build_constructor(lhs_type_tree, init));
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the type descriptor of RHS_TREE, which has
+// interface type RHS_TYPE.  If RHS_TREE is nil the result will be
+// NULL.
+
+tree
+Expression::get_interface_type_descriptor(Translate_context*,
+                                         Type* rhs_type, tree rhs_tree,
+                                         source_location location)
+{
+  tree rhs_type_tree = TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree);
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(rhs_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+  tree rhs_field = TYPE_FIELDS(rhs_type_tree);
+  tree v = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(rhs_field), rhs_tree, rhs_field,
+                 NULL_TREE);
+  if (rhs_type->interface_type()->is_empty())
+    {
+      gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(rhs_field)),
+                       "__type_descriptor") == 0);
+      return v;
+    }
+
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(rhs_field)), "__methods")
+            == 0);
+  gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(v)));
+  v = save_expr(v);
+  tree v1 = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(location, v);
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(TREE_TYPE(v1)) == RECORD_TYPE);
+  tree f = TYPE_FIELDS(TREE_TYPE(v1));
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(f)), "__type_descriptor")
+            == 0);
+  v1 = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(f), v1, f, NULL_TREE);
+
+  tree eq = fold_build2_loc(location, EQ_EXPR, boolean_type_node, v,
+                           fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(v),
+                                            null_pointer_node));
+  tree n = fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(v1), null_pointer_node);
+  return fold_build3_loc(location, COND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(v1),
+                        eq, n, v1);
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the conversion of an interface type to an
+// interface type.
+
+tree
+Expression::convert_interface_to_interface(Translate_context* context,
+                                          Type *lhs_type, Type *rhs_type,
+                                          tree rhs_tree, bool for_type_guard,
+                                          source_location location)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  Interface_type* lhs_interface_type = lhs_type->interface_type();
+  bool lhs_is_empty = lhs_interface_type->is_empty();
+
+  tree lhs_type_tree = lhs_type->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (lhs_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  // In the general case this requires runtime examination of the type
+  // method table to match it up with the interface methods.
+
+  // FIXME: If all of the methods in the right hand side interface
+  // also appear in the left hand side interface, then we don't need
+  // to do a runtime check, although we still need to build a new
+  // method table.
+
+  // Get the type descriptor for the right hand side.  This will be
+  // NULL for a nil interface.
+
+  if (!DECL_P(rhs_tree))
+    rhs_tree = save_expr(rhs_tree);
+
+  tree rhs_type_descriptor =
+    Expression::get_interface_type_descriptor(context, rhs_type, rhs_tree,
+                                             location);
+
+  // The result is going to be a two element constructor.
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(lhs_type_tree);
+  elt->index = field;
+
+  if (for_type_guard)
+    {
+      // A type assertion fails when converting a nil interface.
+      tree lhs_type_descriptor = lhs_type->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo);
+      static tree assert_interface_decl;
+      tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&assert_interface_decl,
+                                    location,
+                                    "__go_assert_interface",
+                                    2,
+                                    ptr_type_node,
+                                    TREE_TYPE(lhs_type_descriptor),
+                                    lhs_type_descriptor,
+                                    TREE_TYPE(rhs_type_descriptor),
+                                    rhs_type_descriptor);
+      // This will panic if the interface conversion fails.
+      TREE_NOTHROW(assert_interface_decl) = 0;
+      elt->value = fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(field), call);
+    }
+  else if (lhs_is_empty)
+    {
+      // A convertion to an empty interface always succeeds, and the
+      // first field is just the type descriptor of the object.
+      gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),
+                       "__type_descriptor") == 0);
+      gcc_assert(TREE_TYPE(field) == TREE_TYPE(rhs_type_descriptor));
+      elt->value = rhs_type_descriptor;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // A conversion to a non-empty interface may fail, but unlike a
+      // type assertion converting nil will always succeed.
+      gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__methods")
+                == 0);
+      tree lhs_type_descriptor = lhs_type->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo);
+      static tree convert_interface_decl;
+      tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&convert_interface_decl,
+                                    location,
+                                    "__go_convert_interface",
+                                    2,
+                                    ptr_type_node,
+                                    TREE_TYPE(lhs_type_descriptor),
+                                    lhs_type_descriptor,
+                                    TREE_TYPE(rhs_type_descriptor),
+                                    rhs_type_descriptor);
+      // This will panic if the interface conversion fails.
+      TREE_NOTHROW(convert_interface_decl) = 0;
+      elt->value = fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(field), call);
+    }
+
+  // The second field is simply the object pointer.
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__object") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+
+  tree rhs_type_tree = TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree);
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(rhs_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+  tree rhs_field = DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(rhs_type_tree));
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(rhs_field)), "__object") == 0);
+  elt->value = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(rhs_field), rhs_tree, rhs_field,
+                     NULL_TREE);
+
+  return build_constructor(lhs_type_tree, init);
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the conversion of an interface type to a
+// non-interface type.
+
+tree
+Expression::convert_interface_to_type(Translate_context* context,
+                                     Type *lhs_type, Type* rhs_type,
+                                     tree rhs_tree, source_location location)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree rhs_type_tree = TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree);
+
+  tree lhs_type_tree = lhs_type->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (lhs_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  // Call a function to check that the type is valid.  The function
+  // will panic with an appropriate runtime type error if the type is
+  // not valid.
+
+  tree lhs_type_descriptor = lhs_type->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo);
+
+  if (!DECL_P(rhs_tree))
+    rhs_tree = save_expr(rhs_tree);
+
+  tree rhs_type_descriptor =
+    Expression::get_interface_type_descriptor(context, rhs_type, rhs_tree,
+                                             location);
+
+  tree rhs_inter_descriptor = rhs_type->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo);
+
+  static tree check_interface_type_decl;
+  tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&check_interface_type_decl,
+                                location,
+                                "__go_check_interface_type",
+                                3,
+                                void_type_node,
+                                TREE_TYPE(lhs_type_descriptor),
+                                lhs_type_descriptor,
+                                TREE_TYPE(rhs_type_descriptor),
+                                rhs_type_descriptor,
+                                TREE_TYPE(rhs_inter_descriptor),
+                                rhs_inter_descriptor);
+  // This call will panic if the conversion is invalid.
+  TREE_NOTHROW(check_interface_type_decl) = 0;
+
+  // If the call succeeds, pull out the value.
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(rhs_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+  tree rhs_field = DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(rhs_type_tree));
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(rhs_field)), "__object") == 0);
+  tree val = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(rhs_field), rhs_tree, rhs_field,
+                   NULL_TREE);
+
+  // If the value is a pointer, then it is the value we want.
+  // Otherwise it points to the value.
+  if (lhs_type->points_to() == NULL)
+    {
+      val = fold_convert_loc(location, build_pointer_type(lhs_type_tree), val);
+      val = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(location, val);
+    }
+
+  return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, lhs_type_tree, call,
+               fold_convert_loc(location, lhs_type_tree, val));
+}
+
+// Convert an expression to a tree.  This is implemented by the child
+// class.  Not that it is not in general safe to call this multiple
+// times for a single expression, but that we don't catch such errors.
+
+tree
+Expression::get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  // The child may have marked this expression as having an error.
+  if (this->classification_ == EXPRESSION_ERROR)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  return this->do_get_tree(context);
+}
+
+// Return a tree for VAL in TYPE.
+
+tree
+Expression::integer_constant_tree(mpz_t val, tree type)
+{
+  if (type == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == INTEGER_TYPE)
+    return double_int_to_tree(type,
+                             mpz_get_double_int(type, val, true));
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == REAL_TYPE)
+    {
+      mpfr_t fval;
+      mpfr_init_set_z(fval, val, GMP_RNDN);
+      tree ret = Expression::float_constant_tree(fval, type);
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == COMPLEX_TYPE)
+    {
+      mpfr_t fval;
+      mpfr_init_set_z(fval, val, GMP_RNDN);
+      tree real = Expression::float_constant_tree(fval, TREE_TYPE(type));
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+      tree imag = build_real_from_int_cst(TREE_TYPE(type),
+                                         integer_zero_node);
+      return build_complex(type, real, imag);
+    }
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Return a tree for VAL in TYPE.
+
+tree
+Expression::float_constant_tree(mpfr_t val, tree type)
+{
+  if (type == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == INTEGER_TYPE)
+    {
+      mpz_t ival;
+      mpz_init(ival);
+      mpfr_get_z(ival, val, GMP_RNDN);
+      tree ret = Expression::integer_constant_tree(ival, type);
+      mpz_clear(ival);
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == REAL_TYPE)
+    {
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r1;
+      real_from_mpfr(&r1, val, type, GMP_RNDN);
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r2;
+      real_convert(&r2, TYPE_MODE(type), &r1);
+      return build_real(type, r2);
+    }
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == COMPLEX_TYPE)
+    {
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r1;
+      real_from_mpfr(&r1, val, TREE_TYPE(type), GMP_RNDN);
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r2;
+      real_convert(&r2, TYPE_MODE(TREE_TYPE(type)), &r1);
+      tree imag = build_real_from_int_cst(TREE_TYPE(type),
+                                         integer_zero_node);
+      return build_complex(type, build_real(TREE_TYPE(type), r2), imag);
+    }
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Return a tree for REAL/IMAG in TYPE.
+
+tree
+Expression::complex_constant_tree(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag, tree type)
+{
+  if (TREE_CODE(type) == COMPLEX_TYPE)
+    {
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r1;
+      real_from_mpfr(&r1, real, TREE_TYPE(type), GMP_RNDN);
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r2;
+      real_convert(&r2, TYPE_MODE(TREE_TYPE(type)), &r1);
+
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r3;
+      real_from_mpfr(&r3, imag, TREE_TYPE(type), GMP_RNDN);
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r4;
+      real_convert(&r4, TYPE_MODE(TREE_TYPE(type)), &r3);
+
+      return build_complex(type, build_real(TREE_TYPE(type), r2),
+                          build_real(TREE_TYPE(type), r4));
+    }
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Return a tree which evaluates to true if VAL, of arbitrary integer
+// type, is negative or is more than the maximum value of BOUND_TYPE.
+// If SOFAR is not NULL, it is or'red into the result.  The return
+// value may be NULL if SOFAR is NULL.
+
+tree
+Expression::check_bounds(tree val, tree bound_type, tree sofar,
+                        source_location loc)
+{
+  tree val_type = TREE_TYPE(val);
+  tree ret = NULL_TREE;
+
+  if (!TYPE_UNSIGNED(val_type))
+    {
+      ret = fold_build2_loc(loc, LT_EXPR, boolean_type_node, val,
+                           build_int_cst(val_type, 0));
+      if (ret == boolean_false_node)
+       ret = NULL_TREE;
+    }
+
+  if ((TYPE_UNSIGNED(val_type) && !TYPE_UNSIGNED(bound_type))
+      || TYPE_SIZE(val_type) > TYPE_SIZE(bound_type))
+    {
+      tree max = TYPE_MAX_VALUE(bound_type);
+      tree big = fold_build2_loc(loc, GT_EXPR, boolean_type_node, val,
+                                fold_convert_loc(loc, val_type, max));
+      if (big == boolean_false_node)
+       ;
+      else if (ret == NULL_TREE)
+       ret = big;
+      else
+       ret = fold_build2_loc(loc, TRUTH_OR_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                             ret, big);
+    }
+
+  if (ret == NULL_TREE)
+    return sofar;
+  else if (sofar == NULL_TREE)
+    return ret;
+  else
+    return fold_build2_loc(loc, TRUTH_OR_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                          sofar, ret);
+}
+
+// Error expressions.  This are used to avoid cascading errors.
+
+class Error_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Error_expression(source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_ERROR, location)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  bool
+  do_integer_constant_value(bool, mpz_t val, Type**) const
+  {
+    mpz_set_ui(val, 0);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool
+  do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val, Type**) const
+  {
+    mpfr_set_ui(val, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool
+  do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag, Type**) const
+  {
+    mpfr_set_ui(real, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+    mpfr_set_ui(imag, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  void
+  do_discarding_value()
+  { }
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return Type::make_error_type(); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return this; }
+
+  bool
+  do_is_addressable() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { return error_mark_node; }
+};
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_error(source_location location)
+{
+  return new Error_expression(location);
+}
+
+// An expression which is really a type.  This is used during parsing.
+// It is an error if these survive after lowering.
+
+class
+Type_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Type_expression(Type* type, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_TYPE, location),
+      type_(type)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse); }
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { }
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*)
+  { this->report_error(_("invalid use of type")); }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return this; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // The type which we are representing as an expression.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_type(Type* type, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Type_expression(type, location);
+}
+
+// Class Var_expression.
+
+// Lower a variable expression.  Here we just make sure that the
+// initialization expression of the variable has been lowered.  This
+// ensures that we will be able to determine the type of the variable
+// if necessary.
+
+Expression*
+Var_expression::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function, int)
+{
+  if (this->variable_->is_variable())
+    {
+      Variable* var = this->variable_->var_value();
+      // This is either a local variable or a global variable.  A
+      // reference to a variable which is local to an enclosing
+      // function will be a reference to a field in a closure.
+      if (var->is_global())
+       function = NULL;
+      var->lower_init_expression(gogo, function);
+    }
+  return this;
+}
+
+// Return the name of the variable.
+
+const std::string&
+Var_expression::name() const
+{
+  return this->variable_->name();
+}
+
+// Return the type of a reference to a variable.
+
+Type*
+Var_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->variable_->is_variable())
+    return this->variable_->var_value()->type();
+  else if (this->variable_->is_result_variable())
+    return this->variable_->result_var_value()->type();
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Something takes the address of this variable.  This means that we
+// may want to move the variable onto the heap.
+
+void
+Var_expression::do_address_taken(bool escapes)
+{
+  if (!escapes)
+    ;
+  else if (this->variable_->is_variable())
+    this->variable_->var_value()->set_address_taken();
+  else if (this->variable_->is_result_variable())
+    this->variable_->result_var_value()->set_address_taken();
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Get the tree for a reference to a variable.
+
+tree
+Var_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  return this->variable_->get_tree(context->gogo(), context->function());
+}
+
+// Make a reference to a variable in an expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_var_reference(Named_object* var, source_location location)
+{
+  if (var->is_sink())
+    return Expression::make_sink(location);
+
+  // FIXME: Creating a new object for each reference to a variable is
+  // wasteful.
+  return new Var_expression(var, location);
+}
+
+// Class Temporary_reference_expression.
+
+// The type.
+
+Type*
+Temporary_reference_expression::do_type()
+{
+  return this->statement_->type();
+}
+
+// Called if something takes the address of this temporary variable.
+// We never have to move temporary variables to the heap, but we do
+// need to know that they must live in the stack rather than in a
+// register.
+
+void
+Temporary_reference_expression::do_address_taken(bool)
+{
+  this->statement_->set_is_address_taken();
+}
+
+// Get a tree referring to the variable.
+
+tree
+Temporary_reference_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+{
+  return this->statement_->get_decl();
+}
+
+// Make a reference to a temporary variable.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_temporary_reference(Temporary_statement* statement,
+                                    source_location location)
+{
+  return new Temporary_reference_expression(statement, location);
+}
+
+// A sink expression--a use of the blank identifier _.
+
+class Sink_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Sink_expression(source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_SINK, location),
+      type_(NULL), var_(NULL_TREE)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  void
+  do_discarding_value()
+  { }
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return new Sink_expression(this->location()); }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The type of this sink variable.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The temporary variable we generate.
+  tree var_;
+};
+
+// Return the type of a sink expression.
+
+Type*
+Sink_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    return Type::make_sink_type();
+  return this->type_;
+}
+
+// Determine the type of a sink expression.
+
+void
+Sink_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  if (context->type != NULL)
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+}
+
+// Return a temporary variable for a sink expression.  This will
+// presumably be a write-only variable which the middle-end will drop.
+
+tree
+Sink_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->var_ == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_sink_type());
+      this->var_ = create_tmp_var(this->type_->get_tree(context->gogo()),
+                                 "blank");
+    }
+  return this->var_;
+}
+
+// Make a sink expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_sink(source_location location)
+{
+  return new Sink_expression(location);
+}
+
+// Class Func_expression.
+
+// FIXME: Can a function expression appear in a constant expression?
+// The value is unchanging.  Initializing a constant to the address of
+// a function seems like it could work, though there might be little
+// point to it.
+
+// Return the name of the function.
+
+const std::string&
+Func_expression::name() const
+{
+  return this->function_->name();
+}
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Func_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  return (this->closure_ == NULL
+         ? TRAVERSE_CONTINUE
+         : Expression::traverse(&this->closure_, traverse));
+}
+
+// Return the type of a function expression.
+
+Type*
+Func_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->function_->is_function())
+    return this->function_->func_value()->type();
+  else if (this->function_->is_function_declaration())
+    return this->function_->func_declaration_value()->type();
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Get the tree for a function expression without evaluating the
+// closure.
+
+tree
+Func_expression::get_tree_without_closure(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  Function_type* fntype;
+  if (this->function_->is_function())
+    fntype = this->function_->func_value()->type();
+  else if (this->function_->is_function_declaration())
+    fntype = this->function_->func_declaration_value()->type();
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+
+  // Builtin functions are handled specially by Call_expression.  We
+  // can't take their address.
+  if (fntype->is_builtin())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "invalid use of special builtin function %qs",
+              this->function_->name().c_str());
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  Named_object* no = this->function_;
+  tree id = this->function_->get_id(gogo);
+  tree fndecl;
+  if (no->is_function())
+    fndecl = no->func_value()->get_or_make_decl(gogo, no, id);
+  else if (no->is_function_declaration())
+    fndecl = no->func_declaration_value()->get_or_make_decl(gogo, no, id);
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+
+  return build_fold_addr_expr_loc(this->location(), fndecl);
+}
+
+// Get the tree for a function expression.  This is used when we take
+// the address of a function rather than simply calling it.  If the
+// function has a closure, we must use a trampoline.
+
+tree
+Func_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+
+  tree fnaddr = this->get_tree_without_closure(gogo);
+  if (fnaddr == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(fnaddr) == ADDR_EXPR
+            && TREE_CODE(TREE_OPERAND(fnaddr, 0)) == FUNCTION_DECL);
+  TREE_ADDRESSABLE(TREE_OPERAND(fnaddr, 0)) = 1;
+
+  // For a normal non-nested function call, that is all we have to do.
+  if (!this->function_->is_function()
+      || this->function_->func_value()->enclosing() == NULL)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(this->closure_ == NULL);
+      return fnaddr;
+    }
+
+  // For a nested function call, we have to always allocate a
+  // trampoline.  If we don't always allocate, then closures will not
+  // be reliably distinct.
+  Expression* closure = this->closure_;
+  tree closure_tree;
+  if (closure == NULL)
+    closure_tree = null_pointer_node;
+  else
+    {
+      // Get the value of the closure.  This will be a pointer to
+      // space allocated on the heap.
+      closure_tree = closure->get_tree(context);
+      if (closure_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(closure_tree)));
+    }
+
+  // Now we need to build some code on the heap.  This code will load
+  // the static chain pointer with the closure and then jump to the
+  // body of the function.  The normal gcc approach is to build the
+  // code on the stack.  Unfortunately we can not do that, as Go
+  // permits us to return the function pointer.
+
+  return gogo->make_trampoline(fnaddr, closure_tree, this->location());
+}
+
+// Make a reference to a function in an expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_func_reference(Named_object* function, Expression* closure,
+                               source_location location)
+{
+  return new Func_expression(function, closure, location);
+}
+
+// Class Unknown_expression.
+
+// Return the name of an unknown expression.
+
+const std::string&
+Unknown_expression::name() const
+{
+  return this->named_object_->name();
+}
+
+// Lower a reference to an unknown name.
+
+Expression*
+Unknown_expression::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  Named_object* no = this->named_object_;
+  Named_object* real = no->unknown_value()->real_named_object();
+  if (real == NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->is_composite_literal_key_)
+       return this;
+      error_at(location, "reference to undefined name %qs",
+              this->named_object_->message_name().c_str());
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    }
+  switch (real->classification())
+    {
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+      return Expression::make_const_reference(real, location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE:
+      return Expression::make_type(real->type_value(), location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION:
+      if (this->is_composite_literal_key_)
+       return this;
+      error_at(location, "reference to undefined type %qs",
+              real->message_name().c_str());
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+      return Expression::make_var_reference(real, location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION:
+      return Expression::make_func_reference(real, NULL, location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE:
+      if (this->is_composite_literal_key_)
+       return this;
+      error_at(location, "unexpected reference to package");
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Make a reference to an unknown name.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_unknown_reference(Named_object* no, source_location location)
+{
+  gcc_assert(no->resolve()->is_unknown());
+  return new Unknown_expression(no, location);
+}
+
+// A boolean expression.
+
+class Boolean_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Boolean_expression(bool val, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_BOOLEAN, location),
+      val_(val), type_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  static Expression*
+  do_import(Import*);
+
+ protected:
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return this; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { return this->val_ ? boolean_true_node : boolean_false_node; }
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export* exp) const
+  { exp->write_c_string(this->val_ ? "true" : "false"); }
+
+ private:
+  // The constant.
+  bool val_;
+  // The type as determined by context.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+// Get the type.
+
+Type*
+Boolean_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    this->type_ = Type::make_boolean_type();
+  return this->type_;
+}
+
+// Set the type from the context.
+
+void
+Boolean_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
+    ;
+  else if (context->type != NULL && context->type->is_boolean_type())
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+  else if (!context->may_be_abstract)
+    this->type_ = Type::lookup_bool_type();
+}
+
+// Import a boolean constant.
+
+Expression*
+Boolean_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  if (imp->peek_char() == 't')
+    {
+      imp->require_c_string("true");
+      return Expression::make_boolean(true, imp->location());
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      imp->require_c_string("false");
+      return Expression::make_boolean(false, imp->location());
+    }
+}
+
+// Make a boolean expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_boolean(bool val, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Boolean_expression(val, location);
+}
+
+// Class String_expression.
+
+// Get the type.
+
+Type*
+String_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    this->type_ = Type::make_string_type();
+  return this->type_;
+}
+
+// Set the type from the context.
+
+void
+String_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
+    ;
+  else if (context->type != NULL && context->type->is_string_type())
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+  else if (!context->may_be_abstract)
+    this->type_ = Type::lookup_string_type();
+}
+
+// Build a string constant.
+
+tree
+String_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  return context->gogo()->go_string_constant_tree(this->val_);
+}
+
+// Export a string expression.
+
+void
+String_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  std::string s;
+  s.reserve(this->val_.length() * 4 + 2);
+  s += '"';
+  for (std::string::const_iterator p = this->val_.begin();
+       p != this->val_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (*p == '\\' || *p == '"')
+       {
+         s += '\\';
+         s += *p;
+       }
+      else if (*p >= 0x20 && *p < 0x7f)
+       s += *p;
+      else if (*p == '\n')
+       s += "\\n";
+      else if (*p == '\t')
+       s += "\\t";
+      else
+       {
+         s += "\\x";
+         unsigned char c = *p;
+         unsigned int dig = c >> 4;
+         s += dig < 10 ? '0' + dig : 'A' + dig - 10;
+         dig = c & 0xf;
+         s += dig < 10 ? '0' + dig : 'A' + dig - 10;
+       }
+    }
+  s += '"';
+  exp->write_string(s);
+}
+
+// Import a string expression.
+
+Expression*
+String_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("\"");
+  std::string val;
+  while (true)
+    {
+      int c = imp->get_char();
+      if (c == '"' || c == -1)
+       break;
+      if (c != '\\')
+       val += static_cast<char>(c);
+      else
+       {
+         c = imp->get_char();
+         if (c == '\\' || c == '"')
+           val += static_cast<char>(c);
+         else if (c == 'n')
+           val += '\n';
+         else if (c == 't')
+           val += '\t';
+         else if (c == 'x')
+           {
+             c = imp->get_char();
+             unsigned int vh = c >= '0' && c <= '9' ? c - '0' : c - 'A' + 10;
+             c = imp->get_char();
+             unsigned int vl = c >= '0' && c <= '9' ? c - '0' : c - 'A' + 10;
+             char v = (vh << 4) | vl;
+             val += v;
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             error_at(imp->location(), "bad string constant");
+             return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  return Expression::make_string(val, imp->location());
+}
+
+// Make a string expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_string(const std::string& val, source_location location)
+{
+  return new String_expression(val, location);
+}
+
+// Make an integer expression.
+
+class Integer_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Integer_expression(const mpz_t* val, Type* type, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_INTEGER, location),
+      type_(type)
+  { mpz_init_set(this->val_, *val); }
+
+  static Expression*
+  do_import(Import*);
+
+  // Return whether VAL fits in the type.
+  static bool
+  check_constant(mpz_t val, Type*, source_location);
+
+  // Write VAL to export data.
+  static void
+  export_integer(Export* exp, const mpz_t val);
+
+ protected:
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  bool
+  do_integer_constant_value(bool, mpz_t val, Type** ptype) const;
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context* context);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return Expression::make_integer(&this->val_, this->type_,
+                                   this->location()); }
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+ private:
+  // The integer value.
+  mpz_t val_;
+  // The type so far.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+// Return an integer constant value.
+
+bool
+Integer_expression::do_integer_constant_value(bool, mpz_t val,
+                                             Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    *ptype = this->type_;
+  mpz_set(val, this->val_);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Return the current type.  If we haven't set the type yet, we return
+// an abstract integer type.
+
+Type*
+Integer_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    this->type_ = Type::make_abstract_integer_type();
+  return this->type_;
+}
+
+// Set the type of the integer value.  Here we may switch from an
+// abstract type to a real type.
+
+void
+Integer_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
+    ;
+  else if (context->type != NULL
+          && (context->type->integer_type() != NULL
+              || context->type->float_type() != NULL
+              || context->type->complex_type() != NULL))
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+  else if (!context->may_be_abstract)
+    this->type_ = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+}
+
+// Return true if the integer VAL fits in the range of the type TYPE.
+// Otherwise give an error and return false.  TYPE may be NULL.
+
+bool
+Integer_expression::check_constant(mpz_t val, Type* type,
+                                  source_location location)
+{
+  if (type == NULL)
+    return true;
+  Integer_type* itype = type->integer_type();
+  if (itype == NULL || itype->is_abstract())
+    return true;
+
+  int bits = mpz_sizeinbase(val, 2);
+
+  if (itype->is_unsigned())
+    {
+      // For an unsigned type we can only accept a nonnegative number,
+      // and we must be able to represent at least BITS.
+      if (mpz_sgn(val) >= 0
+         && bits <= itype->bits())
+       return true;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // For a signed type we need an extra bit to indicate the sign.
+      // We have to handle the most negative integer specially.
+      if (bits + 1 <= itype->bits()
+         || (bits <= itype->bits()
+             && mpz_sgn(val) < 0
+             && (mpz_scan1(val, 0)
+                 == static_cast<unsigned long>(itype->bits() - 1))
+             && mpz_scan0(val, itype->bits()) == ULONG_MAX))
+       return true;
+    }
+
+  error_at(location, "integer constant overflow");
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Check the type of an integer constant.
+
+void
+Integer_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    return;
+  if (!Integer_expression::check_constant(this->val_, this->type_,
+                                         this->location()))
+    this->set_is_error();
+}
+
+// Get a tree for an integer constant.
+
+tree
+Integer_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree type;
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
+    type = this->type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  else if (this->type_ != NULL && this->type_->float_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      // We are converting to an abstract floating point type.
+      type = Type::lookup_float_type("float64")->get_tree(gogo);
+    }
+  else if (this->type_ != NULL && this->type_->complex_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      // We are converting to an abstract complex type.
+      type = Type::lookup_complex_type("complex128")->get_tree(gogo);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // If we still have an abstract type here, then this is being
+      // used in a constant expression which didn't get reduced for
+      // some reason.  Use a type which will fit the value.  We use <,
+      // not <=, because we need an extra bit for the sign bit.
+      int bits = mpz_sizeinbase(this->val_, 2);
+      if (bits < INT_TYPE_SIZE)
+       type = Type::lookup_integer_type("int")->get_tree(gogo);
+      else if (bits < 64)
+       type = Type::lookup_integer_type("int64")->get_tree(gogo);
+      else
+       type = long_long_integer_type_node;
+    }
+  return Expression::integer_constant_tree(this->val_, type);
+}
+
+// Write VAL to export data.
+
+void
+Integer_expression::export_integer(Export* exp, const mpz_t val)
+{
+  char* s = mpz_get_str(NULL, 10, val);
+  exp->write_c_string(s);
+  free(s);
+}
+
+// Export an integer in a constant expression.
+
+void
+Integer_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  Integer_expression::export_integer(exp, this->val_);
+  // A trailing space lets us reliably identify the end of the number.
+  exp->write_c_string(" ");
+}
+
+// Import an integer, floating point, or complex value.  This handles
+// all these types because they all start with digits.
+
+Expression*
+Integer_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  std::string num = imp->read_identifier();
+  imp->require_c_string(" ");
+  if (!num.empty() && num[num.length() - 1] == 'i')
+    {
+      mpfr_t real;
+      size_t plus_pos = num.find('+', 1);
+      size_t minus_pos = num.find('-', 1);
+      size_t pos;
+      if (plus_pos == std::string::npos)
+       pos = minus_pos;
+      else if (minus_pos == std::string::npos)
+       pos = plus_pos;
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(imp->location(), "bad number in import data: %qs",
+                  num.c_str());
+         return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
+       }
+      if (pos == std::string::npos)
+       mpfr_set_ui(real, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+      else
+       {
+         std::string real_str = num.substr(0, pos);
+         if (mpfr_init_set_str(real, real_str.c_str(), 10, GMP_RNDN) != 0)
+           {
+             error_at(imp->location(), "bad number in import data: %qs",
+                      real_str.c_str());
+             return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
+           }
+       }
+
+      std::string imag_str;
+      if (pos == std::string::npos)
+       imag_str = num;
+      else
+       imag_str = num.substr(pos);
+      imag_str = imag_str.substr(0, imag_str.size() - 1);
+      mpfr_t imag;
+      if (mpfr_init_set_str(imag, imag_str.c_str(), 10, GMP_RNDN) != 0)
+       {
+         error_at(imp->location(), "bad number in import data: %qs",
+                  imag_str.c_str());
+         return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
+       }
+      Expression* ret = Expression::make_complex(&real, &imag, NULL,
+                                                imp->location());
+      mpfr_clear(real);
+      mpfr_clear(imag);
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else if (num.find('.') == std::string::npos
+          && num.find('E') == std::string::npos)
+    {
+      mpz_t val;
+      if (mpz_init_set_str(val, num.c_str(), 10) != 0)
+       {
+         error_at(imp->location(), "bad number in import data: %qs",
+                  num.c_str());
+         return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
+       }
+      Expression* ret = Expression::make_integer(&val, NULL, imp->location());
+      mpz_clear(val);
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      mpfr_t val;
+      if (mpfr_init_set_str(val, num.c_str(), 10, GMP_RNDN) != 0)
+       {
+         error_at(imp->location(), "bad number in import data: %qs",
+                  num.c_str());
+         return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
+       }
+      Expression* ret = Expression::make_float(&val, NULL, imp->location());
+      mpfr_clear(val);
+      return ret;
+    }
+}
+
+// Build a new integer value.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_integer(const mpz_t* val, Type* type,
+                        source_location location)
+{
+  return new Integer_expression(val, type, location);
+}
+
+// Floats.
+
+class Float_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Float_expression(const mpfr_t* val, Type* type, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_FLOAT, location),
+      type_(type)
+  {
+    mpfr_init_set(this->val_, *val, GMP_RNDN);
+  }
+
+  // Constrain VAL to fit into TYPE.
+  static void
+  constrain_float(mpfr_t val, Type* type);
+
+  // Return whether VAL fits in the type.
+  static bool
+  check_constant(mpfr_t val, Type*, source_location);
+
+  // Write VAL to export data.
+  static void
+  export_float(Export* exp, const mpfr_t val);
+
+ protected:
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  bool
+  do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val, Type**) const;
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return Expression::make_float(&this->val_, this->type_,
+                                 this->location()); }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+ private:
+  // The floating point value.
+  mpfr_t val_;
+  // The type so far.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+// Constrain VAL to fit into TYPE.
+
+void
+Float_expression::constrain_float(mpfr_t val, Type* type)
+{
+  Float_type* ftype = type->float_type();
+  if (ftype != NULL && !ftype->is_abstract())
+    {
+      tree type_tree = ftype->type_tree();
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE rvt;
+      real_from_mpfr(&rvt, val, type_tree, GMP_RNDN);
+      real_convert(&rvt, TYPE_MODE(type_tree), &rvt);
+      mpfr_from_real(val, &rvt, GMP_RNDN);
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a floating point constant value.
+
+bool
+Float_expression::do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val, Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    *ptype = this->type_;
+  mpfr_set(val, this->val_, GMP_RNDN);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Return the current type.  If we haven't set the type yet, we return
+// an abstract float type.
+
+Type*
+Float_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    this->type_ = Type::make_abstract_float_type();
+  return this->type_;
+}
+
+// Set the type of the float value.  Here we may switch from an
+// abstract type to a real type.
+
+void
+Float_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
+    ;
+  else if (context->type != NULL
+          && (context->type->integer_type() != NULL
+              || context->type->float_type() != NULL
+              || context->type->complex_type() != NULL))
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+  else if (!context->may_be_abstract)
+    this->type_ = Type::lookup_float_type("float");
+}
+
+// Return true if the floating point value VAL fits in the range of
+// the type TYPE.  Otherwise give an error and return false.  TYPE may
+// be NULL.
+
+bool
+Float_expression::check_constant(mpfr_t val, Type* type,
+                                source_location location)
+{
+  if (type == NULL)
+    return true;
+  Float_type* ftype = type->float_type();
+  if (ftype == NULL || ftype->is_abstract())
+    return true;
+
+  // A NaN or Infinity always fits in the range of the type.
+  if (mpfr_nan_p(val) || mpfr_inf_p(val) || mpfr_zero_p(val))
+    return true;
+
+  mp_exp_t exp = mpfr_get_exp(val);
+  mp_exp_t max_exp;
+  switch (ftype->bits())
+    {
+    case 32:
+      max_exp = 128;
+      break;
+    case 64:
+      max_exp = 1024;
+      break;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+  if (exp > max_exp)
+    {
+      error_at(location, "floating point constant overflow");
+      return false;
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Check the type of a float value.
+
+void
+Float_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  if (!Float_expression::check_constant(this->val_, this->type_,
+                                       this->location()))
+    this->set_is_error();
+
+  Integer_type* integer_type = this->type_->integer_type();
+  if (integer_type != NULL)
+    {
+      if (!mpfr_integer_p(this->val_))
+       this->report_error(_("floating point constant truncated to integer"));
+      else
+       {
+         gcc_assert(!integer_type->is_abstract());
+         mpz_t ival;
+         mpz_init(ival);
+         mpfr_get_z(ival, this->val_, GMP_RNDN);
+         Integer_expression::check_constant(ival, integer_type,
+                                            this->location());
+         mpz_clear(ival);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a float constant.
+
+tree
+Float_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree type;
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
+    type = this->type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  else if (this->type_ != NULL && this->type_->integer_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      // We have an abstract integer type.  We just hope for the best.
+      type = Type::lookup_integer_type("int")->get_tree(gogo);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // If we still have an abstract type here, then this is being
+      // used in a constant expression which didn't get reduced.  We
+      // just use float64 and hope for the best.
+      type = Type::lookup_float_type("float64")->get_tree(gogo);
+    }
+  return Expression::float_constant_tree(this->val_, type);
+}
+
+// Write a floating point number to export data.
+
+void
+Float_expression::export_float(Export *exp, const mpfr_t val)
+{
+  mp_exp_t exponent;
+  char* s = mpfr_get_str(NULL, &exponent, 10, 0, val, GMP_RNDN);
+  if (*s == '-')
+    exp->write_c_string("-");
+  exp->write_c_string("0.");
+  exp->write_c_string(*s == '-' ? s + 1 : s);
+  mpfr_free_str(s);
+  char buf[30];
+  snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "E%ld", exponent);
+  exp->write_c_string(buf);
+}
+
+// Export a floating point number in a constant expression.
+
+void
+Float_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  Float_expression::export_float(exp, this->val_);
+  // A trailing space lets us reliably identify the end of the number.
+  exp->write_c_string(" ");
+}
+
+// Make a float expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_float(const mpfr_t* val, Type* type, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Float_expression(val, type, location);
+}
+
+// Complex numbers.
+
+class Complex_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Complex_expression(const mpfr_t* real, const mpfr_t* imag, Type* type,
+                    source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_COMPLEX, location),
+      type_(type)
+  {
+    mpfr_init_set(this->real_, *real, GMP_RNDN);
+    mpfr_init_set(this->imag_, *imag, GMP_RNDN);
+  }
+
+  // Constrain REAL/IMAG to fit into TYPE.
+  static void
+  constrain_complex(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag, Type* type);
+
+  // Return whether REAL/IMAG fits in the type.
+  static bool
+  check_constant(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag, Type*, source_location);
+
+  // Write REAL/IMAG to export data.
+  static void
+  export_complex(Export* exp, const mpfr_t real, const mpfr_t val);
+
+ protected:
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  bool
+  do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag, Type**) const;
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return Expression::make_complex(&this->real_, &this->imag_, this->type_,
+                                   this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+ private:
+  // The real part.
+  mpfr_t real_;
+  // The imaginary part;
+  mpfr_t imag_;
+  // The type if known.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+// Constrain REAL/IMAG to fit into TYPE.
+
+void
+Complex_expression::constrain_complex(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag, Type* type)
+{
+  Complex_type* ctype = type->complex_type();
+  if (ctype != NULL && !ctype->is_abstract())
+    {
+      tree type_tree = ctype->type_tree();
+
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE rvt;
+      real_from_mpfr(&rvt, real, TREE_TYPE(type_tree), GMP_RNDN);
+      real_convert(&rvt, TYPE_MODE(TREE_TYPE(type_tree)), &rvt);
+      mpfr_from_real(real, &rvt, GMP_RNDN);
+
+      real_from_mpfr(&rvt, imag, TREE_TYPE(type_tree), GMP_RNDN);
+      real_convert(&rvt, TYPE_MODE(TREE_TYPE(type_tree)), &rvt);
+      mpfr_from_real(imag, &rvt, GMP_RNDN);
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a complex constant value.
+
+bool
+Complex_expression::do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag,
+                                             Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    *ptype = this->type_;
+  mpfr_set(real, this->real_, GMP_RNDN);
+  mpfr_set(imag, this->imag_, GMP_RNDN);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Return the current type.  If we haven't set the type yet, we return
+// an abstract complex type.
+
+Type*
+Complex_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    this->type_ = Type::make_abstract_complex_type();
+  return this->type_;
+}
+
+// Set the type of the complex value.  Here we may switch from an
+// abstract type to a real type.
+
+void
+Complex_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
+    ;
+  else if (context->type != NULL
+          && context->type->complex_type() != NULL)
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+  else if (!context->may_be_abstract)
+    this->type_ = Type::lookup_complex_type("complex");
+}
+
+// Return true if the complex value REAL/IMAG fits in the range of the
+// type TYPE.  Otherwise give an error and return false.  TYPE may be
+// NULL.
+
+bool
+Complex_expression::check_constant(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag, Type* type,
+                                  source_location location)
+{
+  if (type == NULL)
+    return true;
+  Complex_type* ctype = type->complex_type();
+  if (ctype == NULL || ctype->is_abstract())
+    return true;
+
+  mp_exp_t max_exp;
+  switch (ctype->bits())
+    {
+    case 64:
+      max_exp = 128;
+      break;
+    case 128:
+      max_exp = 1024;
+      break;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  // A NaN or Infinity always fits in the range of the type.
+  if (!mpfr_nan_p(real) && !mpfr_inf_p(real) && !mpfr_zero_p(real))
+    {
+      if (mpfr_get_exp(real) > max_exp)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "complex real part constant overflow");
+         return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (!mpfr_nan_p(imag) && !mpfr_inf_p(imag) && !mpfr_zero_p(imag))
+    {
+      if (mpfr_get_exp(imag) > max_exp)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "complex imaginary part constant overflow");
+         return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Check the type of a complex value.
+
+void
+Complex_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  if (!Complex_expression::check_constant(this->real_, this->imag_,
+                                         this->type_, this->location()))
+    this->set_is_error();
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a complex constant.
+
+tree
+Complex_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree type;
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
+    type = this->type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  else
+    {
+      // If we still have an abstract type here, this this is being
+      // used in a constant expression which didn't get reduced.  We
+      // just use complex128 and hope for the best.
+      type = Type::lookup_complex_type("complex128")->get_tree(gogo);
+    }
+  return Expression::complex_constant_tree(this->real_, this->imag_, type);
+}
+
+// Write REAL/IMAG to export data.
+
+void
+Complex_expression::export_complex(Export* exp, const mpfr_t real,
+                                  const mpfr_t imag)
+{
+  if (!mpfr_zero_p(real))
+    {
+      Float_expression::export_float(exp, real);
+      if (mpfr_sgn(imag) > 0)
+       exp->write_c_string("+");
+    }
+  Float_expression::export_float(exp, imag);
+  exp->write_c_string("i");
+}
+
+// Export a complex number in a constant expression.
+
+void
+Complex_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  Complex_expression::export_complex(exp, this->real_, this->imag_);
+  // A trailing space lets us reliably identify the end of the number.
+  exp->write_c_string(" ");
+}
+
+// Make a complex expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_complex(const mpfr_t* real, const mpfr_t* imag, Type* type,
+                        source_location location)
+{
+  return new Complex_expression(real, imag, type, location);
+}
+
+// A reference to a const in an expression.
+
+class Const_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Const_expression(Named_object* constant, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_CONST_REFERENCE, location),
+      constant_(constant), type_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  const std::string&
+  name() const
+  { return this->constant_->name(); }
+
+ protected:
+  Expression*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int);
+
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  bool
+  do_integer_constant_value(bool, mpz_t val, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_string_constant_value(std::string* val) const
+  { return this->constant_->const_value()->expr()->string_constant_value(val); }
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  // The type of a const is set by the declaration, not the use.
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return this; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context);
+
+  // When exporting a reference to a const as part of a const
+  // expression, we export the value.  We ignore the fact that it has
+  // a name.
+  void
+  do_export(Export* exp) const
+  { this->constant_->const_value()->expr()->export_expression(exp); }
+
+ private:
+  // The constant.
+  Named_object* constant_;
+  // The type of this reference.  This is used if the constant has an
+  // abstract type.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+// Lower a constant expression.  This is where we convert the
+// predeclared constant iota into an integer value.
+
+Expression*
+Const_expression::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object*, int iota_value)
+{
+  if (this->constant_->const_value()->expr()->classification()
+      == EXPRESSION_IOTA)
+    {
+      if (iota_value == -1)
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(),
+                  "iota is only defined in const declarations");
+         iota_value = 0;
+       }
+      mpz_t val;
+      mpz_init_set_ui(val, static_cast<unsigned long>(iota_value));
+      Expression* ret = Expression::make_integer(&val, NULL,
+                                                this->location());
+      mpz_clear(val);
+      return ret;
+    }
+
+  // Make sure that the constant itself has been lowered.
+  gogo->lower_constant(this->constant_);
+
+  return this;
+}
+
+// Return an integer constant value.
+
+bool
+Const_expression::do_integer_constant_value(bool iota_is_constant, mpz_t val,
+                                           Type** ptype) const
+{
+  Type* ctype;
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    ctype = this->type_;
+  else
+    ctype = this->constant_->const_value()->type();
+  if (ctype != NULL && ctype->integer_type() == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  Expression* e = this->constant_->const_value()->expr();
+  Type* t;
+  bool r = e->integer_constant_value(iota_is_constant, val, &t);
+
+  if (r
+      && ctype != NULL
+      && !Integer_expression::check_constant(val, ctype, this->location()))
+    return false;
+
+  *ptype = ctype != NULL ? ctype : t;
+  return r;
+}
+
+// Return a floating point constant value.
+
+bool
+Const_expression::do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val, Type** ptype) const
+{
+  Type* ctype;
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    ctype = this->type_;
+  else
+    ctype = this->constant_->const_value()->type();
+  if (ctype != NULL && ctype->float_type() == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  Type* t;
+  bool r = this->constant_->const_value()->expr()->float_constant_value(val,
+                                                                       &t);
+  if (r && ctype != NULL)
+    {
+      if (!Float_expression::check_constant(val, ctype, this->location()))
+       return false;
+      Float_expression::constrain_float(val, ctype);
+    }
+  *ptype = ctype != NULL ? ctype : t;
+  return r;
+}
+
+// Return a complex constant value.
+
+bool
+Const_expression::do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag,
+                                           Type **ptype) const
+{
+  Type* ctype;
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    ctype = this->type_;
+  else
+    ctype = this->constant_->const_value()->type();
+  if (ctype != NULL && ctype->complex_type() == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  Type *t;
+  bool r = this->constant_->const_value()->expr()->complex_constant_value(real,
+                                                                         imag,
+                                                                         &t);
+  if (r && ctype != NULL)
+    {
+      if (!Complex_expression::check_constant(real, imag, ctype,
+                                             this->location()))
+       return false;
+      Complex_expression::constrain_complex(real, imag, ctype);
+    }
+  *ptype = ctype != NULL ? ctype : t;
+  return r;
+}
+
+// Return the type of the const reference.
+
+Type*
+Const_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    return this->type_;
+  Named_constant* nc = this->constant_->const_value();
+  Type* ret = nc->type();
+  if (ret != NULL)
+    return ret;
+  // During parsing, a named constant may have a NULL type, but we
+  // must not return a NULL type here.
+  return nc->expr()->type();
+}
+
+// Set the type of the const reference.
+
+void
+Const_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  Type* ctype = this->constant_->const_value()->type();
+  Type* cetype = (ctype != NULL
+                 ? ctype
+                 : this->constant_->const_value()->expr()->type());
+  if (ctype != NULL && !ctype->is_abstract())
+    ;
+  else if (context->type != NULL
+          && (context->type->integer_type() != NULL
+              || context->type->float_type() != NULL
+              || context->type->complex_type() != NULL)
+          && (cetype->integer_type() != NULL
+              || cetype->float_type() != NULL
+              || cetype->complex_type() != NULL))
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+  else if (context->type != NULL
+          && context->type->is_string_type()
+          && cetype->is_string_type())
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+  else if (context->type != NULL
+          && context->type->is_boolean_type()
+          && cetype->is_boolean_type())
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+  else if (!context->may_be_abstract)
+    {
+      if (cetype->is_abstract())
+       cetype = cetype->make_non_abstract_type();
+      this->type_ = cetype;
+    }
+}
+
+// Check types of a const reference.
+
+void
+Const_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL || this->type_->is_abstract())
+    return;
+
+  // Check for integer overflow.
+  if (this->type_->integer_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      mpz_t ival;
+      mpz_init(ival);
+      Type* dummy;
+      if (!this->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &dummy))
+       {
+         mpfr_t fval;
+         mpfr_init(fval);
+         Expression* cexpr = this->constant_->const_value()->expr();
+         if (cexpr->float_constant_value(fval, &dummy))
+           {
+             if (!mpfr_integer_p(fval))
+               this->report_error(_("floating point constant "
+                                    "truncated to integer"));
+             else
+               {
+                 mpfr_get_z(ival, fval, GMP_RNDN);
+                 Integer_expression::check_constant(ival, this->type_,
+                                                    this->location());
+               }
+           }
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+       }
+      mpz_clear(ival);
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the const reference.
+
+tree
+Const_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree type_tree;
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    type_tree = NULL_TREE;
+  else
+    {
+      type_tree = this->type_->get_tree(gogo);
+      if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  // If the type has been set for this expression, but the underlying
+  // object is an abstract int or float, we try to get the abstract
+  // value.  Otherwise we may lose something in the conversion.
+  if (this->type_ != NULL
+      && this->constant_->const_value()->type()->is_abstract())
+    {
+      Expression* expr = this->constant_->const_value()->expr();
+      mpz_t ival;
+      mpz_init(ival);
+      Type* t;
+      if (expr->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &t))
+       {
+         tree ret = Expression::integer_constant_tree(ival, type_tree);
+         mpz_clear(ival);
+         return ret;
+       }
+      mpz_clear(ival);
+
+      mpfr_t fval;
+      mpfr_init(fval);
+      if (expr->float_constant_value(fval, &t))
+       {
+         tree ret = Expression::float_constant_tree(fval, type_tree);
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         return ret;
+       }
+
+      mpfr_t imag;
+      mpfr_init(imag);
+      if (expr->complex_constant_value(fval, imag, &t))
+       {
+         tree ret = Expression::complex_constant_tree(fval, imag, type_tree);
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         mpfr_clear(imag);
+         return ret;
+       }
+      mpfr_clear(imag);
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+    }
+
+  tree const_tree = this->constant_->get_tree(gogo, context->function());
+  if (this->type_ == NULL
+      || const_tree == error_mark_node
+      || TREE_TYPE(const_tree) == error_mark_node)
+    return const_tree;
+
+  tree ret;
+  if (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(type_tree) == TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(TREE_TYPE(const_tree)))
+    ret = fold_convert(type_tree, const_tree);
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type_tree) == INTEGER_TYPE)
+    ret = fold(convert_to_integer(type_tree, const_tree));
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type_tree) == REAL_TYPE)
+    ret = fold(convert_to_real(type_tree, const_tree));
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type_tree) == COMPLEX_TYPE)
+    ret = fold(convert_to_complex(type_tree, const_tree));
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Make a reference to a constant in an expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_const_reference(Named_object* constant,
+                                source_location location)
+{
+  return new Const_expression(constant, location);
+}
+
+// The nil value.
+
+class Nil_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Nil_expression(source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_NIL, location)
+  { }
+
+  static Expression*
+  do_import(Import*);
+
+ protected:
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return Type::make_nil_type(); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return this; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { return null_pointer_node; }
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export* exp) const
+  { exp->write_c_string("nil"); }
+};
+
+// Import a nil expression.
+
+Expression*
+Nil_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("nil");
+  return Expression::make_nil(imp->location());
+}
+
+// Make a nil expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_nil(source_location location)
+{
+  return new Nil_expression(location);
+}
+
+// The value of the predeclared constant iota.  This is little more
+// than a marker.  This will be lowered to an integer in
+// Const_expression::do_lower, which is where we know the value that
+// it should have.
+
+class Iota_expression : public Parser_expression
+{
+ public:
+  Iota_expression(source_location location)
+    : Parser_expression(EXPRESSION_IOTA, location)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  Expression*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  // There should only ever be one of these.
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+};
+
+// Make an iota expression.  This is only called for one case: the
+// value of the predeclared constant iota.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_iota()
+{
+  static Iota_expression iota_expression(UNKNOWN_LOCATION);
+  return &iota_expression;
+}
+
+// A type conversion expression.
+
+class Type_conversion_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Type_conversion_expression(Type* type, Expression* expr,
+                            source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_CONVERSION, location),
+      type_(type), expr_(expr), may_convert_function_types_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Return the type to which we are converting.
+  Type*
+  type() const
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  // Return the expression which we are converting.
+  Expression*
+  expr() const
+  { return this->expr_; }
+
+  // Permit converting from one function type to another.  This is
+  // used internally for method expressions.
+  void
+  set_may_convert_function_types()
+  {
+    this->may_convert_function_types_ = true;
+  }
+
+  // Import a type conversion expression.
+  static Expression*
+  do_import(Import*);
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int);
+
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const
+  { return this->expr_->is_constant(); }
+
+  bool
+  do_integer_constant_value(bool, mpz_t, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t, mpfr_t, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_string_constant_value(std::string*) const;
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  {
+    Type_context subcontext(this->type_, false);
+    this->expr_->determine_type(&subcontext);
+  }
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Type_conversion_expression(this->type_, this->expr_->copy(),
+                                         this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context);
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+ private:
+  // The type to convert to.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The expression to convert.
+  Expression* expr_;
+  // True if this is permitted to convert function types.  This is
+  // used internally for method expressions.
+  bool may_convert_function_types_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Type_conversion_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Convert to a constant at lowering time.
+
+Expression*
+Type_conversion_expression::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int)
+{
+  Type* type = this->type_;
+  Expression* val = this->expr_;
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  if (type->integer_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      mpz_t ival;
+      mpz_init(ival);
+      Type* dummy;
+      if (val->integer_constant_value(false, ival, &dummy))
+       {
+         if (!Integer_expression::check_constant(ival, type, location))
+           mpz_set_ui(ival, 0);
+         Expression* ret = Expression::make_integer(&ival, type, location);
+         mpz_clear(ival);
+         return ret;
+       }
+
+      mpfr_t fval;
+      mpfr_init(fval);
+      if (val->float_constant_value(fval, &dummy))
+       {
+         if (!mpfr_integer_p(fval))
+           {
+             error_at(location,
+                      "floating point constant truncated to integer");
+             return Expression::make_error(location);
+           }
+         mpfr_get_z(ival, fval, GMP_RNDN);
+         if (!Integer_expression::check_constant(ival, type, location))
+           mpz_set_ui(ival, 0);
+         Expression* ret = Expression::make_integer(&ival, type, location);
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         mpz_clear(ival);
+         return ret;
+       }
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+      mpz_clear(ival);
+    }
+
+  if (type->float_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      mpfr_t fval;
+      mpfr_init(fval);
+      Type* dummy;
+      if (val->float_constant_value(fval, &dummy))
+       {
+         if (!Float_expression::check_constant(fval, type, location))
+           mpfr_set_ui(fval, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+         Float_expression::constrain_float(fval, type);
+         Expression *ret = Expression::make_float(&fval, type, location);
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         return ret;
+       }
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+    }
+
+  if (type->complex_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      mpfr_t real;
+      mpfr_t imag;
+      mpfr_init(real);
+      mpfr_init(imag);
+      Type* dummy;
+      if (val->complex_constant_value(real, imag, &dummy))
+       {
+         if (!Complex_expression::check_constant(real, imag, type, location))
+           {
+             mpfr_set_ui(real, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+             mpfr_set_ui(imag, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+           }
+         Complex_expression::constrain_complex(real, imag, type);
+         Expression* ret = Expression::make_complex(&real, &imag, type,
+                                                    location);
+         mpfr_clear(real);
+         mpfr_clear(imag);
+         return ret;
+       }
+      mpfr_clear(real);
+      mpfr_clear(imag);
+    }
+
+  if (type->is_open_array_type() && type->named_type() == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* element_type = type->array_type()->element_type()->forwarded();
+      bool is_byte = element_type == Type::lookup_integer_type("uint8");
+      bool is_int = element_type == Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+      if (is_byte || is_int)
+       {
+         std::string s;
+         if (val->string_constant_value(&s))
+           {
+             Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+             if (is_byte)
+               {
+                 for (std::string::const_iterator p = s.begin();
+                      p != s.end();
+                      p++)
+                   {
+                     mpz_t val;
+                     mpz_init_set_ui(val, static_cast<unsigned char>(*p));
+                     Expression* v = Expression::make_integer(&val,
+                                                              element_type,
+                                                              location);
+                     vals->push_back(v);
+                     mpz_clear(val);
+                   }
+               }
+             else
+               {
+                 const char *p = s.data();
+                 const char *pend = s.data() + s.length();
+                 while (p < pend)
+                   {
+                     unsigned int c;
+                     int adv = Lex::fetch_char(p, &c);
+                     if (adv == 0)
+                       {
+                         warning_at(this->location(), 0,
+                                    "invalid UTF-8 encoding");
+                         adv = 1;
+                       }
+                     p += adv;
+                     mpz_t val;
+                     mpz_init_set_ui(val, c);
+                     Expression* v = Expression::make_integer(&val,
+                                                              element_type,
+                                                              location);
+                     vals->push_back(v);
+                     mpz_clear(val);
+                   }
+               }
+
+             return Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(type, vals,
+                                                             location);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  return this;
+}
+
+// Return the constant integer value if there is one.
+
+bool
+Type_conversion_expression::do_integer_constant_value(bool iota_is_constant,
+                                                     mpz_t val,
+                                                     Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->type_->integer_type() == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  mpz_t ival;
+  mpz_init(ival);
+  Type* dummy;
+  if (this->expr_->integer_constant_value(iota_is_constant, ival, &dummy))
+    {
+      if (!Integer_expression::check_constant(ival, this->type_,
+                                             this->location()))
+       {
+         mpz_clear(ival);
+         return false;
+       }
+      mpz_set(val, ival);
+      mpz_clear(ival);
+      *ptype = this->type_;
+      return true;
+    }
+  mpz_clear(ival);
+
+  mpfr_t fval;
+  mpfr_init(fval);
+  if (this->expr_->float_constant_value(fval, &dummy))
+    {
+      mpfr_get_z(val, fval, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+      if (!Integer_expression::check_constant(val, this->type_,
+                                             this->location()))
+       return false;
+      *ptype = this->type_;
+      return true;
+    }
+  mpfr_clear(fval);
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return the constant floating point value if there is one.
+
+bool
+Type_conversion_expression::do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val,
+                                                   Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->type_->float_type() == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  mpfr_t fval;
+  mpfr_init(fval);
+  Type* dummy;
+  if (this->expr_->float_constant_value(fval, &dummy))
+    {
+      if (!Float_expression::check_constant(fval, this->type_,
+                                           this->location()))
+       {
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         return false;
+       }
+      mpfr_set(val, fval, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+      Float_expression::constrain_float(val, this->type_);
+      *ptype = this->type_;
+      return true;
+    }
+  mpfr_clear(fval);
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return the constant complex value if there is one.
+
+bool
+Type_conversion_expression::do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real,
+                                                     mpfr_t imag,
+                                                     Type **ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->type_->complex_type() == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  mpfr_t rval;
+  mpfr_t ival;
+  mpfr_init(rval);
+  mpfr_init(ival);
+  Type* dummy;
+  if (this->expr_->complex_constant_value(rval, ival, &dummy))
+    {
+      if (!Complex_expression::check_constant(rval, ival, this->type_,
+                                             this->location()))
+       {
+         mpfr_clear(rval);
+         mpfr_clear(ival);
+         return false;
+       }
+      mpfr_set(real, rval, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_set(imag, ival, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_clear(rval);
+      mpfr_clear(ival);
+      Complex_expression::constrain_complex(real, imag, this->type_);
+      *ptype = this->type_;
+      return true;
+    }
+  mpfr_clear(rval);
+  mpfr_clear(ival);
+
+  return false;  
+}
+
+// Return the constant string value if there is one.
+
+bool
+Type_conversion_expression::do_string_constant_value(std::string* val) const
+{
+  if (this->type_->is_string_type()
+      && this->expr_->type()->integer_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      mpz_t ival;
+      mpz_init(ival);
+      Type* dummy;
+      if (this->expr_->integer_constant_value(false, ival, &dummy))
+       {
+         unsigned long ulval = mpz_get_ui(ival);
+         if (mpz_cmp_ui(ival, ulval) == 0)
+           {
+             Lex::append_char(ulval, true, val, this->location());
+             mpz_clear(ival);
+             return true;
+           }
+       }
+      mpz_clear(ival);
+    }
+
+  // FIXME: Could handle conversion from const []int here.
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Check that types are convertible.
+
+void
+Type_conversion_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Type* type = this->type_;
+  Type* expr_type = this->expr_->type();
+  std::string reason;
+
+  if (this->may_convert_function_types_
+      && type->function_type() != NULL
+      && expr_type->function_type() != NULL)
+    return;
+
+  if (Type::are_convertible(type, expr_type, &reason))
+    return;
+
+  error_at(this->location(), "%s", reason.c_str());
+  this->set_is_error();
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a type conversion.
+
+tree
+Type_conversion_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree type_tree = this->type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  tree expr_tree = this->expr_->get_tree(context);
+
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node
+      || expr_tree == error_mark_node
+      || TREE_TYPE(expr_tree) == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  if (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(type_tree) == TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(TREE_TYPE(expr_tree)))
+    return fold_convert(type_tree, expr_tree);
+
+  Type* type = this->type_;
+  Type* expr_type = this->expr_->type();
+  tree ret;
+  if (type->interface_type() != NULL || expr_type->interface_type() != NULL)
+    ret = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, type, expr_type,
+                                            expr_tree, this->location());
+  else if (type->integer_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (expr_type->integer_type() != NULL
+         || expr_type->float_type() != NULL
+         || expr_type->is_unsafe_pointer_type())
+       ret = fold(convert_to_integer(type_tree, expr_tree));
+      else
+       gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+  else if (type->float_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (expr_type->integer_type() != NULL
+         || expr_type->float_type() != NULL)
+       ret = fold(convert_to_real(type_tree, expr_tree));
+      else
+       gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+  else if (type->complex_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (expr_type->complex_type() != NULL)
+       ret = fold(convert_to_complex(type_tree, expr_tree));
+      else
+       gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+  else if (type->is_string_type()
+          && expr_type->integer_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      expr_tree = fold_convert(integer_type_node, expr_tree);
+      if (host_integerp(expr_tree, 0))
+       {
+         HOST_WIDE_INT intval = tree_low_cst(expr_tree, 0);
+         std::string s;
+         Lex::append_char(intval, true, &s, this->location());
+         Expression* se = Expression::make_string(s, this->location());
+         return se->get_tree(context);
+       }
+
+      static tree int_to_string_fndecl;
+      ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&int_to_string_fndecl,
+                              this->location(),
+                              "__go_int_to_string",
+                              1,
+                              type_tree,
+                              integer_type_node,
+                              fold_convert(integer_type_node, expr_tree));
+    }
+  else if (type->is_string_type()
+          && (expr_type->array_type() != NULL
+              || (expr_type->points_to() != NULL
+                  && expr_type->points_to()->array_type() != NULL)))
+    {
+      Type* t = expr_type;
+      if (t->points_to() != NULL)
+       {
+         t = t->points_to();
+         expr_tree = build_fold_indirect_ref(expr_tree);
+       }
+      if (!DECL_P(expr_tree))
+       expr_tree = save_expr(expr_tree);
+      Array_type* a = t->array_type();
+      Type* e = a->element_type()->forwarded();
+      gcc_assert(e->integer_type() != NULL);
+      tree valptr = fold_convert(const_ptr_type_node,
+                                a->value_pointer_tree(gogo, expr_tree));
+      tree len = a->length_tree(gogo, expr_tree);
+      len = fold_convert_loc(this->location(), size_type_node, len);
+      if (e->integer_type()->is_unsigned()
+         && e->integer_type()->bits() == 8)
+       {
+         static tree byte_array_to_string_fndecl;
+         ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&byte_array_to_string_fndecl,
+                                  this->location(),
+                                  "__go_byte_array_to_string",
+                                  2,
+                                  type_tree,
+                                  const_ptr_type_node,
+                                  valptr,
+                                  size_type_node,
+                                  len);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         gcc_assert(e == Type::lookup_integer_type("int"));
+         static tree int_array_to_string_fndecl;
+         ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&int_array_to_string_fndecl,
+                                  this->location(),
+                                  "__go_int_array_to_string",
+                                  2,
+                                  type_tree,
+                                  const_ptr_type_node,
+                                  valptr,
+                                  size_type_node,
+                                  len);
+       }
+    }
+  else if (type->is_open_array_type() && expr_type->is_string_type())
+    {
+      Type* e = type->array_type()->element_type()->forwarded();
+      gcc_assert(e->integer_type() != NULL);
+      if (e->integer_type()->is_unsigned()
+         && e->integer_type()->bits() == 8)
+       {
+         static tree string_to_byte_array_fndecl;
+         ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&string_to_byte_array_fndecl,
+                                  this->location(),
+                                  "__go_string_to_byte_array",
+                                  1,
+                                  type_tree,
+                                  TREE_TYPE(expr_tree),
+                                  expr_tree);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         gcc_assert(e == Type::lookup_integer_type("int"));
+         static tree string_to_int_array_fndecl;
+         ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&string_to_int_array_fndecl,
+                                  this->location(),
+                                  "__go_string_to_int_array",
+                                  1,
+                                  type_tree,
+                                  TREE_TYPE(expr_tree),
+                                  expr_tree);
+       }
+    }
+  else if ((type->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
+           && expr_type->points_to() != NULL)
+          || (expr_type->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
+              && type->points_to() != NULL))
+    ret = fold_convert(type_tree, expr_tree);
+  else if (type->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
+          && expr_type->integer_type() != NULL)
+    ret = convert_to_pointer(type_tree, expr_tree);
+  else if (this->may_convert_function_types_
+          && type->function_type() != NULL
+          && expr_type->function_type() != NULL)
+    ret = fold_convert_loc(this->location(), type_tree, expr_tree);
+  else
+    ret = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, type, expr_type,
+                                            expr_tree, this->location());
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Output a type conversion in a constant expression.
+
+void
+Type_conversion_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("convert(");
+  exp->write_type(this->type_);
+  exp->write_c_string(", ");
+  this->expr_->export_expression(exp);
+  exp->write_c_string(")");
+}
+
+// Import a type conversion or a struct construction.
+
+Expression*
+Type_conversion_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("convert(");
+  Type* type = imp->read_type();
+  imp->require_c_string(", ");
+  Expression* val = Expression::import_expression(imp);
+  imp->require_c_string(")");
+  return Expression::make_cast(type, val, imp->location());
+}
+
+// Make a type cast expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_cast(Type* type, Expression* val, source_location location)
+{
+  if (type->is_error_type() || val->is_error_expression())
+    return Expression::make_error(location);
+  return new Type_conversion_expression(type, val, location);
+}
+
+// Unary expressions.
+
+class Unary_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Unary_expression(Operator op, Expression* expr, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_UNARY, location),
+      op_(op), escapes_(true), expr_(expr)
+  { }
+
+  // Return the operator.
+  Operator
+  op() const
+  { return this->op_; }
+
+  // Return the operand.
+  Expression*
+  operand() const
+  { return this->expr_; }
+
+  // Record that an address expression does not escape.
+  void
+  set_does_not_escape()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->op_ == OPERATOR_AND);
+    this->escapes_ = false;
+  }
+
+  // Apply unary opcode OP to UVAL, setting VAL.  Return true if this
+  // could be done, false if not.
+  static bool
+  eval_integer(Operator op, Type* utype, mpz_t uval, mpz_t val,
+              source_location);
+
+  // Apply unary opcode OP to UVAL, setting VAL.  Return true if this
+  // could be done, false if not.
+  static bool
+  eval_float(Operator op, mpfr_t uval, mpfr_t val);
+
+  // Apply unary opcode OP to UREAL/UIMAG, setting REAL/IMAG.  Return
+  // true if this could be done, false if not.
+  static bool
+  eval_complex(Operator op, mpfr_t ureal, mpfr_t uimag, mpfr_t real,
+              mpfr_t imag);
+
+  static Expression*
+  do_import(Import*);
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse); }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int);
+
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const;
+
+  bool
+  do_integer_constant_value(bool, mpz_t, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t, mpfr_t, Type**) const;
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return Expression::make_unary(this->op_, this->expr_->copy(),
+                                 this->location());
+  }
+
+  bool
+  do_is_addressable() const
+  { return this->op_ == OPERATOR_MULT; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+ private:
+  // The unary operator to apply.
+  Operator op_;
+  // Normally true.  False if this is an address expression which does
+  // not escape the current function.
+  bool escapes_;
+  // The operand.
+  Expression* expr_;
+};
+
+// If we are taking the address of a composite literal, and the
+// contents are not constant, then we want to make a heap composite
+// instead.
+
+Expression*
+Unary_expression::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+  Operator op = this->op_;
+  Expression* expr = this->expr_;
+
+  if (op == OPERATOR_MULT && expr->is_type_expression())
+    return Expression::make_type(Type::make_pointer_type(expr->type()), loc);
+
+  // *&x simplifies to x.  *(*T)(unsafe.Pointer)(&x) does not require
+  // moving x to the heap.  FIXME: Is it worth doing a real escape
+  // analysis here?  This case is found in math/unsafe.go and is
+  // therefore worth special casing.
+  if (op == OPERATOR_MULT)
+    {
+      Expression* e = expr;
+      while (e->classification() == EXPRESSION_CONVERSION)
+       {
+         Type_conversion_expression* te
+           = static_cast<Type_conversion_expression*>(e);
+         e = te->expr();
+       }
+
+      if (e->classification() == EXPRESSION_UNARY)
+       {
+         Unary_expression* ue = static_cast<Unary_expression*>(e);
+         if (ue->op_ == OPERATOR_AND)
+           {
+             if (e == expr)
+               {
+                 // *&x == x.
+                 return ue->expr_;
+               }
+             ue->set_does_not_escape();
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (op == OPERATOR_PLUS || op == OPERATOR_MINUS
+      || op == OPERATOR_NOT || op == OPERATOR_XOR)
+    {
+      Expression* ret = NULL;
+
+      mpz_t eval;
+      mpz_init(eval);
+      Type* etype;
+      if (expr->integer_constant_value(false, eval, &etype))
+       {
+         mpz_t val;
+         mpz_init(val);
+         if (Unary_expression::eval_integer(op, etype, eval, val, loc))
+           ret = Expression::make_integer(&val, etype, loc);
+         mpz_clear(val);
+       }
+      mpz_clear(eval);
+      if (ret != NULL)
+       return ret;
+
+      if (op == OPERATOR_PLUS || op == OPERATOR_MINUS)
+       {
+         mpfr_t fval;
+         mpfr_init(fval);
+         Type* ftype;
+         if (expr->float_constant_value(fval, &ftype))
+           {
+             mpfr_t val;
+             mpfr_init(val);
+             if (Unary_expression::eval_float(op, fval, val))
+               ret = Expression::make_float(&val, ftype, loc);
+             mpfr_clear(val);
+           }
+         if (ret != NULL)
+           {
+             mpfr_clear(fval);
+             return ret;
+           }
+
+         mpfr_t ival;
+         mpfr_init(ival);
+         if (expr->complex_constant_value(fval, ival, &ftype))
+           {
+             mpfr_t real;
+             mpfr_t imag;
+             mpfr_init(real);
+             mpfr_init(imag);
+             if (Unary_expression::eval_complex(op, fval, ival, real, imag))
+               ret = Expression::make_complex(&real, &imag, ftype, loc);
+             mpfr_clear(real);
+             mpfr_clear(imag);
+           }
+         mpfr_clear(ival);
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         if (ret != NULL)
+           return ret;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return this;
+}
+
+// Return whether a unary expression is a constant.
+
+bool
+Unary_expression::do_is_constant() const
+{
+  if (this->op_ == OPERATOR_MULT)
+    {
+      // Indirecting through a pointer is only constant if the object
+      // to which the expression points is constant, but we currently
+      // have no way to determine that.
+      return false;
+    }
+  else if (this->op_ == OPERATOR_AND)
+    {
+      // Taking the address of a variable is constant if it is a
+      // global variable, not constant otherwise.  In other cases
+      // taking the address is probably not a constant.
+      Var_expression* ve = this->expr_->var_expression();
+      if (ve != NULL)
+       {
+         Named_object* no = ve->named_object();
+         return no->is_variable() && no->var_value()->is_global();
+       }
+      return false;
+    }
+  else
+    return this->expr_->is_constant();
+}
+
+// Apply unary opcode OP to UVAL, setting VAL.  UTYPE is the type of
+// UVAL, if known; it may be NULL.  Return true if this could be done,
+// false if not.
+
+bool
+Unary_expression::eval_integer(Operator op, Type* utype, mpz_t uval, mpz_t val,
+                              source_location location)
+{
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      mpz_set(val, uval);
+      return true;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      mpz_neg(val, uval);
+      return Integer_expression::check_constant(val, utype, location);
+    case OPERATOR_NOT:
+      mpz_set_ui(val, mpz_cmp_si(uval, 0) == 0 ? 1 : 0);
+      return true;
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      if (utype == NULL
+         || utype->integer_type() == NULL
+         || utype->integer_type()->is_abstract())
+       mpz_com(val, uval);
+      else
+       {
+         // The number of HOST_WIDE_INTs that it takes to represent
+         // UVAL.
+         size_t count = ((mpz_sizeinbase(uval, 2)
+                          + HOST_BITS_PER_WIDE_INT
+                          - 1)
+                         / HOST_BITS_PER_WIDE_INT);
+
+         unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT* phwi = new unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT[count];
+         memset(phwi, 0, count * sizeof(HOST_WIDE_INT));
+
+         size_t ecount;
+         mpz_export(phwi, &ecount, -1, sizeof(HOST_WIDE_INT), 0, 0, uval);
+         gcc_assert(ecount <= count);
+
+         // Trim down to the number of words required by the type.
+         size_t obits = utype->integer_type()->bits();
+         if (!utype->integer_type()->is_unsigned())
+           ++obits;
+         size_t ocount = ((obits + HOST_BITS_PER_WIDE_INT - 1)
+                          / HOST_BITS_PER_WIDE_INT);
+         gcc_assert(ocount <= ocount);
+
+         for (size_t i = 0; i < ocount; ++i)
+           phwi[i] = ~phwi[i];
+
+         size_t clearbits = ocount * HOST_BITS_PER_WIDE_INT - obits;
+         if (clearbits != 0)
+           phwi[ocount - 1] &= (((unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT) (HOST_WIDE_INT) -1)
+                                >> clearbits);
+
+         mpz_import(val, ocount, -1, sizeof(HOST_WIDE_INT), 0, 0, phwi);
+
+         delete[] phwi;
+       }
+      return Integer_expression::check_constant(val, utype, location);
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      return false;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Apply unary opcode OP to UVAL, setting VAL.  Return true if this
+// could be done, false if not.
+
+bool
+Unary_expression::eval_float(Operator op, mpfr_t uval, mpfr_t val)
+{
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      mpfr_set(val, uval, GMP_RNDN);
+      return true;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      mpfr_neg(val, uval, GMP_RNDN);
+      return true;
+    case OPERATOR_NOT:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      return false;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Apply unary opcode OP to RVAL/IVAL, setting REAL/IMAG.  Return true
+// if this could be done, false if not.
+
+bool
+Unary_expression::eval_complex(Operator op, mpfr_t rval, mpfr_t ival,
+                              mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag)
+{
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      mpfr_set(real, rval, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_set(imag, ival, GMP_RNDN);
+      return true;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      mpfr_neg(real, rval, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_neg(imag, ival, GMP_RNDN);
+      return true;
+    case OPERATOR_NOT:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      return false;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return the integral constant value of a unary expression, if it has one.
+
+bool
+Unary_expression::do_integer_constant_value(bool iota_is_constant, mpz_t val,
+                                           Type** ptype) const
+{
+  mpz_t uval;
+  mpz_init(uval);
+  bool ret;
+  if (!this->expr_->integer_constant_value(iota_is_constant, uval, ptype))
+    ret = false;
+  else
+    ret = Unary_expression::eval_integer(this->op_, *ptype, uval, val,
+                                        this->location());
+  mpz_clear(uval);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return the floating point constant value of a unary expression, if
+// it has one.
+
+bool
+Unary_expression::do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val, Type** ptype) const
+{
+  mpfr_t uval;
+  mpfr_init(uval);
+  bool ret;
+  if (!this->expr_->float_constant_value(uval, ptype))
+    ret = false;
+  else
+    ret = Unary_expression::eval_float(this->op_, uval, val);
+  mpfr_clear(uval);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return the complex constant value of a unary expression, if it has
+// one.
+
+bool
+Unary_expression::do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag,
+                                           Type** ptype) const
+{
+  mpfr_t rval;
+  mpfr_t ival;
+  mpfr_init(rval);
+  mpfr_init(ival);
+  bool ret;
+  if (!this->expr_->complex_constant_value(rval, ival, ptype))
+    ret = false;
+  else
+    ret = Unary_expression::eval_complex(this->op_, rval, ival, real, imag);
+  mpfr_clear(rval);
+  mpfr_clear(ival);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return the type of a unary expression.
+
+Type*
+Unary_expression::do_type()
+{
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+    case OPERATOR_NOT:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      return this->expr_->type();
+
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+      return Type::make_pointer_type(this->expr_->type());
+
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      {
+       Type* subtype = this->expr_->type();
+       Type* points_to = subtype->points_to();
+       if (points_to == NULL)
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       return points_to;
+      }
+
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Determine abstract types for a unary expression.
+
+void
+Unary_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+    case OPERATOR_NOT:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      this->expr_->determine_type(context);
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+      // Taking the address of something.
+      {
+       Type* subtype = (context->type == NULL
+                        ? NULL
+                        : context->type->points_to());
+       Type_context subcontext(subtype, false);
+       this->expr_->determine_type(&subcontext);
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      // Indirecting through a pointer.
+      {
+       Type* subtype = (context->type == NULL
+                        ? NULL
+                        : Type::make_pointer_type(context->type));
+       Type_context subcontext(subtype, false);
+       this->expr_->determine_type(&subcontext);
+      }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Check types for a unary expression.
+
+void
+Unary_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      {
+       Type* type = this->expr_->type();
+       if (type->integer_type() == NULL
+           && type->float_type() == NULL
+           && type->complex_type() == NULL
+           && !type->is_error_type())
+         this->report_error(_("expected numeric type"));
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_NOT:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      {
+       Type* type = this->expr_->type();
+       if (type->integer_type() == NULL
+           && !type->is_boolean_type()
+           && !type->is_error_type())
+         this->report_error(_("expected integer or boolean type"));
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+      if (!this->expr_->is_addressable())
+       this->report_error(_("invalid operand for unary %<&%>"));
+      else
+       this->expr_->address_taken(this->escapes_);
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      // Indirecting through a pointer.
+      {
+       Type* type = this->expr_->type();
+       if (type->points_to() == NULL
+           && !type->is_error_type())
+         this->report_error(_("expected pointer"));
+      }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a unary expression.
+
+tree
+Unary_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree expr = this->expr_->get_tree(context);
+  if (expr == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      return expr;
+
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      {
+       tree type = TREE_TYPE(expr);
+       tree compute_type = excess_precision_type(type);
+       if (compute_type != NULL_TREE)
+         expr = ::convert(compute_type, expr);
+       tree ret = fold_build1_loc(loc, NEGATE_EXPR,
+                                  (compute_type != NULL_TREE
+                                   ? compute_type
+                                   : type),
+                                  expr);
+       if (compute_type != NULL_TREE)
+         ret = ::convert(type, ret);
+       return ret;
+      }
+
+    case OPERATOR_NOT:
+      if (TREE_CODE(TREE_TYPE(expr)) == BOOLEAN_TYPE)
+       return fold_build1_loc(loc, TRUTH_NOT_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(expr), expr);
+      else
+       return fold_build2_loc(loc, NE_EXPR, boolean_type_node, expr,
+                              build_int_cst(TREE_TYPE(expr), 0));
+
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      return fold_build1_loc(loc, BIT_NOT_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(expr), expr);
+
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+      // We should not see a non-constant constructor here; cases
+      // where we would see one should have been moved onto the heap
+      // at parse time.  Taking the address of a nonconstant
+      // constructor will not do what the programmer expects.
+      gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(expr) != CONSTRUCTOR || TREE_CONSTANT(expr));
+      gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(expr) != ADDR_EXPR);
+
+      // Build a decl for a constant constructor.
+      if (TREE_CODE(expr) == CONSTRUCTOR && TREE_CONSTANT(expr))
+       {
+         tree decl = build_decl(this->location(), VAR_DECL,
+                                create_tmp_var_name("C"), TREE_TYPE(expr));
+         DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 0;
+         TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 0;
+         TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+         TREE_CONSTANT(decl) = 1;
+         TREE_STATIC(decl) = 1;
+         TREE_ADDRESSABLE(decl) = 1;
+         DECL_ARTIFICIAL(decl) = 1;
+         DECL_INITIAL(decl) = expr;
+         rest_of_decl_compilation(decl, 1, 0);
+         expr = decl;
+       }
+
+      return build_fold_addr_expr_loc(loc, expr);
+
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      {
+       gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(expr)));
+
+       // If we are dereferencing the pointer to a large struct, we
+       // need to check for nil.  We don't bother to check for small
+       // structs because we expect the system to crash on a nil
+       // pointer dereference.
+       HOST_WIDE_INT s = int_size_in_bytes(TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(expr)));
+       if (s == -1 || s >= 4096)
+         {
+           if (!DECL_P(expr))
+             expr = save_expr(expr);
+           tree compare = fold_build2_loc(loc, EQ_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                                          expr,
+                                          fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(expr),
+                                                       null_pointer_node));
+           tree crash = Gogo::runtime_error(RUNTIME_ERROR_NIL_DEREFERENCE,
+                                            loc);
+           expr = fold_build2_loc(loc, COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(expr),
+                                  build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                         compare, crash, NULL_TREE),
+                                  expr);
+         }
+
+       // If the type of EXPR is a recursive pointer type, then we
+       // need to insert a cast before indirecting.
+       if (TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(expr)) == ptr_type_node)
+         {
+           Type* pt = this->expr_->type()->points_to();
+           tree ind = pt->get_tree(context->gogo());
+           expr = fold_convert_loc(loc, build_pointer_type(ind), expr);
+         }
+
+       return build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(loc, expr);
+      }
+
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Export a unary expression.
+
+void
+Unary_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      exp->write_c_string("+ ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      exp->write_c_string("- ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_NOT:
+      exp->write_c_string("! ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      exp->write_c_string("^ ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+  this->expr_->export_expression(exp);
+}
+
+// Import a unary expression.
+
+Expression*
+Unary_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  Operator op;
+  switch (imp->get_char())
+    {
+    case '+':
+      op = OPERATOR_PLUS;
+      break;
+    case '-':
+      op = OPERATOR_MINUS;
+      break;
+    case '!':
+      op = OPERATOR_NOT;
+      break;
+    case '^':
+      op = OPERATOR_XOR;
+      break;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+  imp->require_c_string(" ");
+  Expression* expr = Expression::import_expression(imp);
+  return Expression::make_unary(op, expr, imp->location());
+}
+
+// Make a unary expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_unary(Operator op, Expression* expr, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Unary_expression(op, expr, location);
+}
+
+// If this is an indirection through a pointer, return the expression
+// being pointed through.  Otherwise return this.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::deref()
+{
+  if (this->classification_ == EXPRESSION_UNARY)
+    {
+      Unary_expression* ue = static_cast<Unary_expression*>(this);
+      if (ue->op() == OPERATOR_MULT)
+       return ue->operand();
+    }
+  return this;
+}
+
+// Class Binary_expression.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Binary_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  int t = Expression::traverse(&this->left_, traverse);
+  if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return Expression::traverse(&this->right_, traverse);
+}
+
+// Compare integer constants according to OP.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::compare_integer(Operator op, mpz_t left_val,
+                                  mpz_t right_val)
+{
+  int i = mpz_cmp(left_val, right_val);
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+      return i == 0;
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+      return i != 0;
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+      return i < 0;
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+      return i <= 0;
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+      return i > 0;
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      return i >= 0;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Compare floating point constants according to OP.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::compare_float(Operator op, Type* type, mpfr_t left_val,
+                                mpfr_t right_val)
+{
+  int i;
+  if (type == NULL)
+    i = mpfr_cmp(left_val, right_val);
+  else
+    {
+      mpfr_t lv;
+      mpfr_init_set(lv, left_val, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_t rv;
+      mpfr_init_set(rv, right_val, GMP_RNDN);
+      Float_expression::constrain_float(lv, type);
+      Float_expression::constrain_float(rv, type);
+      i = mpfr_cmp(lv, rv);
+      mpfr_clear(lv);
+      mpfr_clear(rv);
+    }
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+      return i == 0;
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+      return i != 0;
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+      return i < 0;
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+      return i <= 0;
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+      return i > 0;
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      return i >= 0;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Compare complex constants according to OP.  Complex numbers may
+// only be compared for equality.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::compare_complex(Operator op, Type* type,
+                                  mpfr_t left_real, mpfr_t left_imag,
+                                  mpfr_t right_real, mpfr_t right_imag)
+{
+  bool is_equal;
+  if (type == NULL)
+    is_equal = (mpfr_cmp(left_real, right_real) == 0
+               && mpfr_cmp(left_imag, right_imag) == 0);
+  else
+    {
+      mpfr_t lr;
+      mpfr_t li;
+      mpfr_init_set(lr, left_real, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_init_set(li, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_t rr;
+      mpfr_t ri;
+      mpfr_init_set(rr, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_init_set(ri, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+      Complex_expression::constrain_complex(lr, li, type);
+      Complex_expression::constrain_complex(rr, ri, type);
+      is_equal = mpfr_cmp(lr, rr) == 0 && mpfr_cmp(li, ri) == 0;
+      mpfr_clear(lr);
+      mpfr_clear(li);
+      mpfr_clear(rr);
+      mpfr_clear(ri);
+    }
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+      return is_equal;
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+      return !is_equal;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Apply binary opcode OP to LEFT_VAL and RIGHT_VAL, setting VAL.
+// LEFT_TYPE is the type of LEFT_VAL, RIGHT_TYPE is the type of
+// RIGHT_VAL; LEFT_TYPE and/or RIGHT_TYPE may be NULL.  Return true if
+// this could be done, false if not.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::eval_integer(Operator op, Type* left_type, mpz_t left_val,
+                               Type* right_type, mpz_t right_val,
+                               source_location location, mpz_t val)
+{
+  bool is_shift_op = false;
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_OROR:
+    case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      // These return boolean values.  We should probably handle them
+      // anyhow in case a type conversion is used on the result.
+      return false;
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      mpz_add(val, left_val, right_val);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      mpz_sub(val, left_val, right_val);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_OR:
+      mpz_ior(val, left_val, right_val);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      mpz_xor(val, left_val, right_val);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      mpz_mul(val, left_val, right_val);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_DIV:
+      if (mpz_sgn(right_val) != 0)
+       mpz_tdiv_q(val, left_val, right_val);
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(location, "division by zero");
+         mpz_set_ui(val, 0);
+         return true;
+       }
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MOD:
+      if (mpz_sgn(right_val) != 0)
+       mpz_tdiv_r(val, left_val, right_val);
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(location, "division by zero");
+         mpz_set_ui(val, 0);
+         return true;
+       }
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
+      {
+       unsigned long shift = mpz_get_ui(right_val);
+       if (mpz_cmp_ui(right_val, shift) != 0)
+         {
+           error_at(location, "shift count overflow");
+           mpz_set_ui(val, 0);
+           return true;
+         }
+       mpz_mul_2exp(val, left_val, shift);
+       is_shift_op = true;
+       break;
+      }
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
+      {
+       unsigned long shift = mpz_get_ui(right_val);
+       if (mpz_cmp_ui(right_val, shift) != 0)
+         {
+           error_at(location, "shift count overflow");
+           mpz_set_ui(val, 0);
+           return true;
+         }
+       if (mpz_cmp_ui(left_val, 0) >= 0)
+         mpz_tdiv_q_2exp(val, left_val, shift);
+       else
+         mpz_fdiv_q_2exp(val, left_val, shift);
+       is_shift_op = true;
+       break;
+      }
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+      mpz_and(val, left_val, right_val);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
+      {
+       mpz_t tval;
+       mpz_init(tval);
+       mpz_com(tval, right_val);
+       mpz_and(val, left_val, tval);
+       mpz_clear(tval);
+      }
+      break;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  Type* type = left_type;
+  if (!is_shift_op)
+    {
+      if (type == NULL)
+       type = right_type;
+      else if (type != right_type && right_type != NULL)
+       {
+         if (type->is_abstract())
+           type = right_type;
+         else if (!right_type->is_abstract())
+           {
+             // This look like a type error which should be diagnosed
+             // elsewhere.  Don't do anything here, to avoid an
+             // unhelpful chain of error messages.
+             return true;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (type != NULL && !type->is_abstract())
+    {
+      // We have to check the operands too, as we have implicitly
+      // coerced them to TYPE.
+      if ((type != left_type
+          && !Integer_expression::check_constant(left_val, type, location))
+         || (!is_shift_op
+             && type != right_type
+             && !Integer_expression::check_constant(right_val, type,
+                                                    location))
+         || !Integer_expression::check_constant(val, type, location))
+       mpz_set_ui(val, 0);
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Apply binary opcode OP to LEFT_VAL and RIGHT_VAL, setting VAL.
+// Return true if this could be done, false if not.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::eval_float(Operator op, Type* left_type, mpfr_t left_val,
+                             Type* right_type, mpfr_t right_val,
+                             mpfr_t val, source_location location)
+{
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_OROR:
+    case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      // These return boolean values.  We should probably handle them
+      // anyhow in case a type conversion is used on the result.
+      return false;
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      mpfr_add(val, left_val, right_val, GMP_RNDN);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      mpfr_sub(val, left_val, right_val, GMP_RNDN);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_OR:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
+      return false;
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      mpfr_mul(val, left_val, right_val, GMP_RNDN);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_DIV:
+      if (mpfr_zero_p(right_val))
+       error_at(location, "division by zero");
+      mpfr_div(val, left_val, right_val, GMP_RNDN);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MOD:
+      return false;
+    case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
+    case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
+      return false;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  Type* type = left_type;
+  if (type == NULL)
+    type = right_type;
+  else if (type != right_type && right_type != NULL)
+    {
+      if (type->is_abstract())
+       type = right_type;
+      else if (!right_type->is_abstract())
+       {
+         // This looks like a type error which should be diagnosed
+         // elsewhere.  Don't do anything here, to avoid an unhelpful
+         // chain of error messages.
+         return true;
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (type != NULL && !type->is_abstract())
+    {
+      if ((type != left_type
+          && !Float_expression::check_constant(left_val, type, location))
+         || (type != right_type
+             && !Float_expression::check_constant(right_val, type,
+                                                  location))
+         || !Float_expression::check_constant(val, type, location))
+       mpfr_set_ui(val, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Apply binary opcode OP to LEFT_REAL/LEFT_IMAG and
+// RIGHT_REAL/RIGHT_IMAG, setting REAL/IMAG.  Return true if this
+// could be done, false if not.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::eval_complex(Operator op, Type* left_type,
+                               mpfr_t left_real, mpfr_t left_imag,
+                               Type *right_type,
+                               mpfr_t right_real, mpfr_t right_imag,
+                               mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag,
+                               source_location location)
+{
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_OROR:
+    case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      // These return boolean values and must be handled differently.
+      return false;
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      mpfr_add(real, left_real, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_add(imag, left_imag, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      mpfr_sub(real, left_real, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_sub(imag, left_imag, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_OR:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
+      return false;
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      {
+       // You might think that multiplying two complex numbers would
+       // be simple, and you would be right, until you start to think
+       // about getting the right answer for infinity.  If one
+       // operand here is infinity and the other is anything other
+       // than zero or NaN, then we are going to wind up subtracting
+       // two infinity values.  That will give us a NaN, but the
+       // correct answer is infinity.
+
+       mpfr_t lrrr;
+       mpfr_init(lrrr);
+       mpfr_mul(lrrr, left_real, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       mpfr_t lrri;
+       mpfr_init(lrri);
+       mpfr_mul(lrri, left_real, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       mpfr_t lirr;
+       mpfr_init(lirr);
+       mpfr_mul(lirr, left_imag, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       mpfr_t liri;
+       mpfr_init(liri);
+       mpfr_mul(liri, left_imag, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       mpfr_sub(real, lrrr, liri, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_add(imag, lrri, lirr, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       // If we get NaN on both sides, check whether it should really
+       // be infinity.  The rule is that if either side of the
+       // complex number is infinity, then the whole value is
+       // infinity, even if the other side is NaN.  So the only case
+       // we have to fix is the one in which both sides are NaN.
+       if (mpfr_nan_p(real) && mpfr_nan_p(imag)
+           && (!mpfr_nan_p(left_real) || !mpfr_nan_p(left_imag))
+           && (!mpfr_nan_p(right_real) || !mpfr_nan_p(right_imag)))
+         {
+           bool is_infinity = false;
+
+           mpfr_t lr;
+           mpfr_t li;
+           mpfr_init_set(lr, left_real, GMP_RNDN);
+           mpfr_init_set(li, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+
+           mpfr_t rr;
+           mpfr_t ri;
+           mpfr_init_set(rr, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+           mpfr_init_set(ri, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+
+           // If the left side is infinity, then the result is
+           // infinity.
+           if (mpfr_inf_p(lr) || mpfr_inf_p(li))
+             {
+               mpfr_set_ui(lr, mpfr_inf_p(lr) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_copysign(lr, lr, left_real, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_set_ui(li, mpfr_inf_p(li) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_copysign(li, li, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+               if (mpfr_nan_p(rr))
+                 {
+                   mpfr_set_ui(rr, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+                   mpfr_copysign(rr, rr, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+                 }
+               if (mpfr_nan_p(ri))
+                 {
+                   mpfr_set_ui(ri, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+                   mpfr_copysign(ri, ri, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+                 }
+               is_infinity = true;
+             }
+
+           // If the right side is infinity, then the result is
+           // infinity.
+           if (mpfr_inf_p(rr) || mpfr_inf_p(ri))
+             {
+               mpfr_set_ui(rr, mpfr_inf_p(rr) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_copysign(rr, rr, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_set_ui(ri, mpfr_inf_p(ri) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_copysign(ri, ri, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+               if (mpfr_nan_p(lr))
+                 {
+                   mpfr_set_ui(lr, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+                   mpfr_copysign(lr, lr, left_real, GMP_RNDN);
+                 }
+               if (mpfr_nan_p(li))
+                 {
+                   mpfr_set_ui(li, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+                   mpfr_copysign(li, li, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+                 }
+               is_infinity = true;
+             }
+
+           // If we got an overflow in the intermediate computations,
+           // then the result is infinity.
+           if (!is_infinity
+               && (mpfr_inf_p(lrrr) || mpfr_inf_p(lrri)
+                   || mpfr_inf_p(lirr) || mpfr_inf_p(liri)))
+             {
+               if (mpfr_nan_p(lr))
+                 {
+                   mpfr_set_ui(lr, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+                   mpfr_copysign(lr, lr, left_real, GMP_RNDN);
+                 }
+               if (mpfr_nan_p(li))
+                 {
+                   mpfr_set_ui(li, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+                   mpfr_copysign(li, li, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+                 }
+               if (mpfr_nan_p(rr))
+                 {
+                   mpfr_set_ui(rr, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+                   mpfr_copysign(rr, rr, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+                 }
+               if (mpfr_nan_p(ri))
+                 {
+                   mpfr_set_ui(ri, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+                   mpfr_copysign(ri, ri, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+                 }
+               is_infinity = true;
+             }
+
+           if (is_infinity)
+             {
+               mpfr_mul(lrrr, lr, rr, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_mul(lrri, lr, ri, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_mul(lirr, li, rr, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_mul(liri, li, ri, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_sub(real, lrrr, liri, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_add(imag, lrri, lirr, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_set_inf(real, mpfr_sgn(real));
+               mpfr_set_inf(imag, mpfr_sgn(imag));
+             }
+
+           mpfr_clear(lr);
+           mpfr_clear(li);
+           mpfr_clear(rr);
+           mpfr_clear(ri);
+         }
+
+       mpfr_clear(lrrr);
+       mpfr_clear(lrri);
+       mpfr_clear(lirr);
+       mpfr_clear(liri);                                 
+      }
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_DIV:
+      {
+       // For complex division we want to avoid having an
+       // intermediate overflow turn the whole result in a NaN.  We
+       // scale the values to try to avoid this.
+
+       if (mpfr_zero_p(right_real) && mpfr_zero_p(right_imag))
+         error_at(location, "division by zero");
+
+       mpfr_t rra;
+       mpfr_t ria;
+       mpfr_init(rra);
+       mpfr_init(ria);
+       mpfr_abs(rra, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_abs(ria, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_t t;
+       mpfr_init(t);
+       mpfr_max(t, rra, ria, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       mpfr_t rr;
+       mpfr_t ri;
+       mpfr_init_set(rr, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_init_set(ri, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+       long ilogbw = 0;
+       if (!mpfr_inf_p(t) && !mpfr_nan_p(t) && !mpfr_zero_p(t))
+         {
+           ilogbw = mpfr_get_exp(t);
+           mpfr_mul_2si(rr, rr, - ilogbw, GMP_RNDN);
+           mpfr_mul_2si(ri, ri, - ilogbw, GMP_RNDN);
+         }
+
+       mpfr_t denom;
+       mpfr_init(denom);
+       mpfr_mul(denom, rr, rr, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_mul(t, ri, ri, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_add(denom, denom, t, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       mpfr_mul(real, left_real, rr, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_mul(t, left_imag, ri, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_add(real, real, t, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_div(real, real, denom, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_mul_2si(real, real, - ilogbw, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       mpfr_mul(imag, left_imag, rr, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_mul(t, left_real, ri, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_sub(imag, imag, t, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_div(imag, imag, denom, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_mul_2si(imag, imag, - ilogbw, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       // If we wind up with NaN on both sides, check whether we
+       // should really have infinity.  The rule is that if either
+       // side of the complex number is infinity, then the whole
+       // value is infinity, even if the other side is NaN.  So the
+       // only case we have to fix is the one in which both sides are
+       // NaN.
+       if (mpfr_nan_p(real) && mpfr_nan_p(imag)
+           && (!mpfr_nan_p(left_real) || !mpfr_nan_p(left_imag))
+           && (!mpfr_nan_p(right_real) || !mpfr_nan_p(right_imag)))
+         {
+           if (mpfr_zero_p(denom))
+             {
+               mpfr_set_inf(real, mpfr_sgn(rr));
+               mpfr_mul(real, real, left_real, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_set_inf(imag, mpfr_sgn(rr));
+               mpfr_mul(imag, imag, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+             }
+           else if ((mpfr_inf_p(left_real) || mpfr_inf_p(left_imag))
+                    && mpfr_number_p(rr) && mpfr_number_p(ri))
+             {
+               mpfr_set_ui(t, mpfr_inf_p(left_real) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_copysign(t, t, left_real, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_t t2;
+               mpfr_init_set_ui(t2, mpfr_inf_p(left_imag) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_copysign(t2, t2, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_t t3;
+               mpfr_init(t3);
+               mpfr_mul(t3, t, rr, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_t t4;
+               mpfr_init(t4);
+               mpfr_mul(t4, t2, ri, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_add(t3, t3, t4, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_set_inf(real, mpfr_sgn(t3));
+
+               mpfr_mul(t3, t2, rr, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_mul(t4, t, ri, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_sub(t3, t3, t4, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_set_inf(imag, mpfr_sgn(t3));
+
+               mpfr_clear(t2);
+               mpfr_clear(t3);
+               mpfr_clear(t4);
+             }
+           else if ((mpfr_inf_p(right_real) || mpfr_inf_p(right_imag))
+                    && mpfr_number_p(left_real) && mpfr_number_p(left_imag))
+             {
+               mpfr_set_ui(t, mpfr_inf_p(rr) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_copysign(t, t, rr, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_t t2;
+               mpfr_init_set_ui(t2, mpfr_inf_p(ri) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_copysign(t2, t2, ri, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_t t3;
+               mpfr_init(t3);
+               mpfr_mul(t3, left_real, t, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_t t4;
+               mpfr_init(t4);
+               mpfr_mul(t4, left_imag, t2, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_add(t3, t3, t4, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_set_ui(real, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_mul(real, real, t3, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_mul(t3, left_imag, t, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_mul(t4, left_real, t2, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_sub(t3, t3, t4, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_set_ui(imag, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_mul(imag, imag, t3, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_clear(t2);
+               mpfr_clear(t3);
+               mpfr_clear(t4);
+             }
+         }
+
+       mpfr_clear(denom);
+       mpfr_clear(rr);
+       mpfr_clear(ri);
+       mpfr_clear(t);
+       mpfr_clear(rra);
+       mpfr_clear(ria);
+      }
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MOD:
+      return false;
+    case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
+    case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
+      return false;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  Type* type = left_type;
+  if (type == NULL)
+    type = right_type;
+  else if (type != right_type && right_type != NULL)
+    {
+      if (type->is_abstract())
+       type = right_type;
+      else if (!right_type->is_abstract())
+       {
+         // This looks like a type error which should be diagnosed
+         // elsewhere.  Don't do anything here, to avoid an unhelpful
+         // chain of error messages.
+         return true;
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (type != NULL && !type->is_abstract())
+    {
+      if ((type != left_type
+          && !Complex_expression::check_constant(left_real, left_imag,
+                                                 type, location))
+         || (type != right_type
+             && !Complex_expression::check_constant(right_real, right_imag,
+                                                    type, location))
+         || !Complex_expression::check_constant(real, imag, type,
+                                                location))
+       {
+         mpfr_set_ui(real, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+         mpfr_set_ui(imag, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+       }
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Lower a binary expression.  We have to evaluate constant
+// expressions now, in order to implement Go's unlimited precision
+// constants.
+
+Expression*
+Binary_expression::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  Operator op = this->op_;
+  Expression* left = this->left_;
+  Expression* right = this->right_;
+
+  const bool is_comparison = (op == OPERATOR_EQEQ
+                             || op == OPERATOR_NOTEQ
+                             || op == OPERATOR_LT
+                             || op == OPERATOR_LE
+                             || op == OPERATOR_GT
+                             || op == OPERATOR_GE);
+
+  // Integer constant expressions.
+  {
+    mpz_t left_val;
+    mpz_init(left_val);
+    Type* left_type;
+    mpz_t right_val;
+    mpz_init(right_val);
+    Type* right_type;
+    if (left->integer_constant_value(false, left_val, &left_type)
+       && right->integer_constant_value(false, right_val, &right_type))
+      {
+       Expression* ret = NULL;
+       if (left_type != right_type
+           && left_type != NULL
+           && right_type != NULL
+           && left_type->base() != right_type->base()
+           && op != OPERATOR_LSHIFT
+           && op != OPERATOR_RSHIFT)
+         {
+           // May be a type error--let it be diagnosed later.
+         }
+       else if (is_comparison)
+         {
+           bool b = Binary_expression::compare_integer(op, left_val,
+                                                       right_val);
+           ret = Expression::make_cast(Type::lookup_bool_type(),
+                                       Expression::make_boolean(b, location),
+                                       location);
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           mpz_t val;
+           mpz_init(val);
+
+           if (Binary_expression::eval_integer(op, left_type, left_val,
+                                               right_type, right_val,
+                                               location, val))
+             {
+               gcc_assert(op != OPERATOR_OROR && op != OPERATOR_ANDAND);
+               Type* type;
+               if (op == OPERATOR_LSHIFT || op == OPERATOR_RSHIFT)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (left_type == NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (right_type == NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!left_type->is_abstract()
+                        && left_type->named_type() != NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!right_type->is_abstract()
+                        && right_type->named_type() != NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (!left_type->is_abstract())
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!right_type->is_abstract())
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (left_type->float_type() != NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (right_type->float_type() != NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (left_type->complex_type() != NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (right_type->complex_type() != NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else
+                 type = left_type;
+               ret = Expression::make_integer(&val, type, location);
+             }
+
+           mpz_clear(val);
+         }
+
+       if (ret != NULL)
+         {
+           mpz_clear(right_val);
+           mpz_clear(left_val);
+           return ret;
+         }
+      }
+    mpz_clear(right_val);
+    mpz_clear(left_val);
+  }
+
+  // Floating point constant expressions.
+  {
+    mpfr_t left_val;
+    mpfr_init(left_val);
+    Type* left_type;
+    mpfr_t right_val;
+    mpfr_init(right_val);
+    Type* right_type;
+    if (left->float_constant_value(left_val, &left_type)
+       && right->float_constant_value(right_val, &right_type))
+      {
+       Expression* ret = NULL;
+       if (left_type != right_type
+           && left_type != NULL
+           && right_type != NULL
+           && left_type->base() != right_type->base()
+           && op != OPERATOR_LSHIFT
+           && op != OPERATOR_RSHIFT)
+         {
+           // May be a type error--let it be diagnosed later.
+         }
+       else if (is_comparison)
+         {
+           bool b = Binary_expression::compare_float(op,
+                                                     (left_type != NULL
+                                                      ? left_type
+                                                      : right_type),
+                                                     left_val, right_val);
+           ret = Expression::make_boolean(b, location);
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           mpfr_t val;
+           mpfr_init(val);
+
+           if (Binary_expression::eval_float(op, left_type, left_val,
+                                             right_type, right_val, val,
+                                             location))
+             {
+               gcc_assert(op != OPERATOR_OROR && op != OPERATOR_ANDAND
+                          && op != OPERATOR_LSHIFT && op != OPERATOR_RSHIFT);
+               Type* type;
+               if (left_type == NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (right_type == NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!left_type->is_abstract()
+                        && left_type->named_type() != NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!right_type->is_abstract()
+                        && right_type->named_type() != NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (!left_type->is_abstract())
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!right_type->is_abstract())
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (left_type->float_type() != NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (right_type->float_type() != NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else
+                 type = left_type;
+               ret = Expression::make_float(&val, type, location);
+             }
+
+           mpfr_clear(val);
+         }
+
+       if (ret != NULL)
+         {
+           mpfr_clear(right_val);
+           mpfr_clear(left_val);
+           return ret;
+         }
+      }
+    mpfr_clear(right_val);
+    mpfr_clear(left_val);
+  }
+
+  // Complex constant expressions.
+  {
+    mpfr_t left_real;
+    mpfr_t left_imag;
+    mpfr_init(left_real);
+    mpfr_init(left_imag);
+    Type* left_type;
+
+    mpfr_t right_real;
+    mpfr_t right_imag;
+    mpfr_init(right_real);
+    mpfr_init(right_imag);
+    Type* right_type;
+
+    if (left->complex_constant_value(left_real, left_imag, &left_type)
+       && right->complex_constant_value(right_real, right_imag, &right_type))
+      {
+       Expression* ret = NULL;
+       if (left_type != right_type
+           && left_type != NULL
+           && right_type != NULL
+           && left_type->base() != right_type->base())
+         {
+           // May be a type error--let it be diagnosed later.
+         }
+       else if (is_comparison)
+         {
+           bool b = Binary_expression::compare_complex(op,
+                                                       (left_type != NULL
+                                                        ? left_type
+                                                        : right_type),
+                                                       left_real,
+                                                       left_imag,
+                                                       right_real,
+                                                       right_imag);
+           ret = Expression::make_boolean(b, location);
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           mpfr_t real;
+           mpfr_t imag;
+           mpfr_init(real);
+           mpfr_init(imag);
+
+           if (Binary_expression::eval_complex(op, left_type,
+                                               left_real, left_imag,
+                                               right_type,
+                                               right_real, right_imag,
+                                               real, imag,
+                                               location))
+             {
+               gcc_assert(op != OPERATOR_OROR && op != OPERATOR_ANDAND
+                          && op != OPERATOR_LSHIFT && op != OPERATOR_RSHIFT);
+               Type* type;
+               if (left_type == NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (right_type == NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!left_type->is_abstract()
+                        && left_type->named_type() != NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!right_type->is_abstract()
+                        && right_type->named_type() != NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (!left_type->is_abstract())
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!right_type->is_abstract())
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (left_type->complex_type() != NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (right_type->complex_type() != NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else
+                 type = left_type;
+               ret = Expression::make_complex(&real, &imag, type,
+                                              location);
+             }
+           mpfr_clear(real);
+           mpfr_clear(imag);
+         }
+
+       if (ret != NULL)
+         {
+           mpfr_clear(left_real);
+           mpfr_clear(left_imag);
+           mpfr_clear(right_real);
+           mpfr_clear(right_imag);
+           return ret;
+         }
+      }
+
+    mpfr_clear(left_real);
+    mpfr_clear(left_imag);
+    mpfr_clear(right_real);
+    mpfr_clear(right_imag);
+  }
+
+  // String constant expressions.
+  if (op == OPERATOR_PLUS
+      && left->type()->is_string_type()
+      && right->type()->is_string_type())
+    {
+      std::string left_string;
+      std::string right_string;
+      if (left->string_constant_value(&left_string)
+         && right->string_constant_value(&right_string))
+       return Expression::make_string(left_string + right_string, location);
+    }
+
+  return this;
+}
+
+// Return the integer constant value, if it has one.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::do_integer_constant_value(bool iota_is_constant, mpz_t val,
+                                            Type** ptype) const
+{
+  mpz_t left_val;
+  mpz_init(left_val);
+  Type* left_type;
+  if (!this->left_->integer_constant_value(iota_is_constant, left_val,
+                                          &left_type))
+    {
+      mpz_clear(left_val);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  mpz_t right_val;
+  mpz_init(right_val);
+  Type* right_type;
+  if (!this->right_->integer_constant_value(iota_is_constant, right_val,
+                                           &right_type))
+    {
+      mpz_clear(right_val);
+      mpz_clear(left_val);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  bool ret;
+  if (left_type != right_type
+      && left_type != NULL
+      && right_type != NULL
+      && left_type->base() != right_type->base()
+      && this->op_ != OPERATOR_RSHIFT
+      && this->op_ != OPERATOR_LSHIFT)
+    ret = false;
+  else
+    ret = Binary_expression::eval_integer(this->op_, left_type, left_val,
+                                         right_type, right_val,
+                                         this->location(), val);
+
+  mpz_clear(right_val);
+  mpz_clear(left_val);
+
+  if (ret)
+    *ptype = left_type;
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return the floating point constant value, if it has one.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val, Type** ptype) const
+{
+  mpfr_t left_val;
+  mpfr_init(left_val);
+  Type* left_type;
+  if (!this->left_->float_constant_value(left_val, &left_type))
+    {
+      mpfr_clear(left_val);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  mpfr_t right_val;
+  mpfr_init(right_val);
+  Type* right_type;
+  if (!this->right_->float_constant_value(right_val, &right_type))
+    {
+      mpfr_clear(right_val);
+      mpfr_clear(left_val);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  bool ret;
+  if (left_type != right_type
+      && left_type != NULL
+      && right_type != NULL
+      && left_type->base() != right_type->base())
+    ret = false;
+  else
+    ret = Binary_expression::eval_float(this->op_, left_type, left_val,
+                                       right_type, right_val,
+                                       val, this->location());
+
+  mpfr_clear(left_val);
+  mpfr_clear(right_val);
+
+  if (ret)
+    *ptype = left_type;
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return the complex constant value, if it has one.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag,
+                                            Type** ptype) const
+{
+  mpfr_t left_real;
+  mpfr_t left_imag;
+  mpfr_init(left_real);
+  mpfr_init(left_imag);
+  Type* left_type;
+  if (!this->left_->complex_constant_value(left_real, left_imag, &left_type))
+    {
+      mpfr_clear(left_real);
+      mpfr_clear(left_imag);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  mpfr_t right_real;
+  mpfr_t right_imag;
+  mpfr_init(right_real);
+  mpfr_init(right_imag);
+  Type* right_type;
+  if (!this->right_->complex_constant_value(right_real, right_imag,
+                                           &right_type))
+    {
+      mpfr_clear(left_real);
+      mpfr_clear(left_imag);
+      mpfr_clear(right_real);
+      mpfr_clear(right_imag);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  bool ret;
+  if (left_type != right_type
+      && left_type != NULL
+      && right_type != NULL
+      && left_type->base() != right_type->base())
+    ret = false;
+  else
+    ret = Binary_expression::eval_complex(this->op_, left_type,
+                                         left_real, left_imag,
+                                         right_type,
+                                         right_real, right_imag,
+                                         real, imag,
+                                         this->location());
+  mpfr_clear(left_real);
+  mpfr_clear(left_imag);
+  mpfr_clear(right_real);
+  mpfr_clear(right_imag);
+
+  if (ret)
+    *ptype = left_type;
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Note that the value is being discarded.
+
+void
+Binary_expression::do_discarding_value()
+{
+  if (this->op_ == OPERATOR_OROR || this->op_ == OPERATOR_ANDAND)
+    this->right_->discarding_value();
+  else
+    this->warn_about_unused_value();
+}
+
+// Get type.
+
+Type*
+Binary_expression::do_type()
+{
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_OROR:
+    case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      return Type::lookup_bool_type();
+
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+    case OPERATOR_OR:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+    case OPERATOR_DIV:
+    case OPERATOR_MOD:
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
+      {
+       Type* left_type = this->left_->type();
+       Type* right_type = this->right_->type();
+       if (!left_type->is_abstract() && left_type->named_type() != NULL)
+         return left_type;
+       else if (!right_type->is_abstract() && right_type->named_type() != NULL)
+         return right_type;
+       else if (!left_type->is_abstract())
+         return left_type;
+       else if (!right_type->is_abstract())
+         return right_type;
+       else if (left_type->complex_type() != NULL)
+         return left_type;
+       else if (right_type->complex_type() != NULL)
+         return right_type;
+       else if (left_type->float_type() != NULL)
+         return left_type;
+       else if (right_type->float_type() != NULL)
+         return right_type;
+       else
+         return left_type;
+      }
+
+    case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
+    case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
+      return this->left_->type();
+
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Set type for a binary expression.
+
+void
+Binary_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  Type* tleft = this->left_->type();
+  Type* tright = this->right_->type();
+
+  // Both sides should have the same type, except for the shift
+  // operations.  For a comparison, we should ignore the incoming
+  // type.
+
+  bool is_shift_op = (this->op_ == OPERATOR_LSHIFT
+                     || this->op_ == OPERATOR_RSHIFT);
+
+  bool is_comparison = (this->op_ == OPERATOR_EQEQ
+                       || this->op_ == OPERATOR_NOTEQ
+                       || this->op_ == OPERATOR_LT
+                       || this->op_ == OPERATOR_LE
+                       || this->op_ == OPERATOR_GT
+                       || this->op_ == OPERATOR_GE);
+
+  Type_context subcontext(*context);
+
+  if (is_comparison)
+    {
+      // In a comparison, the context does not determine the types of
+      // the operands.
+      subcontext.type = NULL;
+    }
+
+  // Set the context for the left hand operand.
+  if (is_shift_op)
+    {
+      // The right hand operand plays no role in determining the type
+      // of the left hand operand.  A shift of an abstract integer in
+      // a string context gets special treatment, which may be a
+      // language bug.
+      if (subcontext.type != NULL
+         && subcontext.type->is_string_type()
+         && tleft->is_abstract())
+       error_at(this->location(), "shift of non-integer operand");
+    }
+  else if (!tleft->is_abstract())
+    subcontext.type = tleft;
+  else if (!tright->is_abstract())
+    subcontext.type = tright;
+  else if (subcontext.type == NULL)
+    {
+      if ((tleft->integer_type() != NULL && tright->integer_type() != NULL)
+         || (tleft->float_type() != NULL && tright->float_type() != NULL)
+         || (tleft->complex_type() != NULL && tright->complex_type() != NULL))
+       {
+         // Both sides have an abstract integer, abstract float, or
+         // abstract complex type.  Just let CONTEXT determine
+         // whether they may remain abstract or not.
+       }
+      else if (tleft->complex_type() != NULL)
+       subcontext.type = tleft;
+      else if (tright->complex_type() != NULL)
+       subcontext.type = tright;
+      else if (tleft->float_type() != NULL)
+       subcontext.type = tleft;
+      else if (tright->float_type() != NULL)
+       subcontext.type = tright;
+      else
+       subcontext.type = tleft;
+    }
+
+  this->left_->determine_type(&subcontext);
+
+  // The context for the right hand operand is the same as for the
+  // left hand operand, except for a shift operator.
+  if (is_shift_op)
+    {
+      subcontext.type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uint");
+      subcontext.may_be_abstract = false;
+    }
+
+  this->right_->determine_type(&subcontext);
+}
+
+// Report an error if the binary operator OP does not support TYPE.
+// Return whether the operation is OK.  This should not be used for
+// shift.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::check_operator_type(Operator op, Type* type,
+                                      source_location location)
+{
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_OROR:
+    case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
+      if (!type->is_boolean_type())
+       {
+         error_at(location, "expected boolean type");
+         return false;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+      if (type->integer_type() == NULL
+         && type->float_type() == NULL
+         && type->complex_type() == NULL
+         && !type->is_string_type()
+         && type->points_to() == NULL
+         && !type->is_nil_type()
+         && !type->is_boolean_type()
+         && type->interface_type() == NULL
+         && (type->array_type() == NULL
+             || type->array_type()->length() != NULL)
+         && type->map_type() == NULL
+         && type->channel_type() == NULL
+         && type->function_type() == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(location,
+                  ("expected integer, floating, complex, string, pointer, "
+                   "boolean, interface, slice, map, channel, "
+                   "or function type"));
+         return false;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      if (type->integer_type() == NULL
+         && type->float_type() == NULL
+         && !type->is_string_type())
+       {
+         error_at(location, "expected integer, floating, or string type");
+         return false;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+    case OPERATOR_PLUSEQ:
+      if (type->integer_type() == NULL
+         && type->float_type() == NULL
+         && type->complex_type() == NULL
+         && !type->is_string_type())
+       {
+         error_at(location,
+                  "expected integer, floating, complex, or string type");
+         return false;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+    case OPERATOR_MINUSEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+    case OPERATOR_MULTEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_DIV:
+    case OPERATOR_DIVEQ:
+      if (type->integer_type() == NULL
+         && type->float_type() == NULL
+         && type->complex_type() == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "expected integer, floating, or complex type");
+         return false;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_MOD:
+    case OPERATOR_MODEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_OR:
+    case OPERATOR_OREQ:
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+    case OPERATOR_ANDEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+    case OPERATOR_XOREQ:
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAREQ:
+      if (type->integer_type() == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "expected integer type");
+         return false;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+Binary_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Type* left_type = this->left_->type();
+  Type* right_type = this->right_->type();
+  if (left_type->is_error_type() || right_type->is_error_type())
+    return;
+
+  if (this->op_ == OPERATOR_EQEQ
+      || this->op_ == OPERATOR_NOTEQ
+      || this->op_ == OPERATOR_LT
+      || this->op_ == OPERATOR_LE
+      || this->op_ == OPERATOR_GT
+      || this->op_ == OPERATOR_GE)
+    {
+      if (!Type::are_assignable(left_type, right_type, NULL)
+         && !Type::are_assignable(right_type, left_type, NULL))
+       {
+         this->report_error(_("incompatible types in binary expression"));
+         return;
+       }
+      if (!Binary_expression::check_operator_type(this->op_, left_type,
+                                                 this->location())
+         || !Binary_expression::check_operator_type(this->op_, right_type,
+                                                    this->location()))
+       {
+         this->set_is_error();
+         return;
+       }
+    }
+  else if (this->op_ != OPERATOR_LSHIFT && this->op_ != OPERATOR_RSHIFT)
+    {
+      if (!Type::are_compatible_for_binop(left_type, right_type))
+       {
+         this->report_error(_("incompatible types in binary expression"));
+         return;
+       }
+      if (!Binary_expression::check_operator_type(this->op_, left_type,
+                                                 this->location()))
+       {
+         this->set_is_error();
+         return;
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (left_type->integer_type() == NULL)
+       this->report_error(_("shift of non-integer operand"));
+
+      if (!right_type->is_abstract()
+         && (right_type->integer_type() == NULL
+             || !right_type->integer_type()->is_unsigned()))
+       this->report_error(_("shift count not unsigned integer"));
+      else
+       {
+         mpz_t val;
+         mpz_init(val);
+         Type* type;
+         if (this->right_->integer_constant_value(true, val, &type))
+           {
+             if (mpz_sgn(val) < 0)
+               this->report_error(_("negative shift count"));
+           }
+         mpz_clear(val);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a binary expression.
+
+tree
+Binary_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree left = this->left_->get_tree(context);
+  tree right = this->right_->get_tree(context);
+
+  if (left == error_mark_node || right == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  enum tree_code code;
+  bool use_left_type = true;
+  bool is_shift_op = false;
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      return Expression::comparison_tree(context, this->op_,
+                                        this->left_->type(), left,
+                                        this->right_->type(), right,
+                                        this->location());
+
+    case OPERATOR_OROR:
+      code = TRUTH_ORIF_EXPR;
+      use_left_type = false;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
+      code = TRUTH_ANDIF_EXPR;
+      use_left_type = false;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      code = PLUS_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      code = MINUS_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_OR:
+      code = BIT_IOR_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      code = BIT_XOR_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      code = MULT_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_DIV:
+      {
+       Type *t = this->left_->type();
+       if (t->float_type() != NULL || t->complex_type() != NULL)
+         code = RDIV_EXPR;
+       else
+         code = TRUNC_DIV_EXPR;
+      }
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MOD:
+      code = TRUNC_MOD_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
+      code = LSHIFT_EXPR;
+      is_shift_op = true;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
+      code = RSHIFT_EXPR;
+      is_shift_op = true;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+      code = BIT_AND_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
+      right = fold_build1(BIT_NOT_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(right), right);
+      code = BIT_AND_EXPR;
+      break;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  tree type = use_left_type ? TREE_TYPE(left) : TREE_TYPE(right);
+
+  if (this->left_->type()->is_string_type())
+    {
+      gcc_assert(this->op_ == OPERATOR_PLUS);
+      tree string_type = Type::make_string_type()->get_tree(context->gogo());
+      static tree string_plus_decl;
+      return Gogo::call_builtin(&string_plus_decl,
+                               this->location(),
+                               "__go_string_plus",
+                               2,
+                               string_type,
+                               string_type,
+                               left,
+                               string_type,
+                               right);
+    }
+
+  tree compute_type = excess_precision_type(type);
+  if (compute_type != NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      left = ::convert(compute_type, left);
+      right = ::convert(compute_type, right);
+    }
+
+  tree eval_saved = NULL_TREE;
+  if (is_shift_op)
+    {
+      if (!DECL_P(left))
+       left = save_expr(left);
+      if (!DECL_P(right))
+       right = save_expr(right);
+      // Make sure the values are evaluated.
+      eval_saved = fold_build2_loc(this->location(), COMPOUND_EXPR,
+                                  void_type_node, left, right);
+    }
+
+  tree ret = fold_build2_loc(this->location(),
+                            code,
+                            compute_type != NULL_TREE ? compute_type : type,
+                            left, right);
+
+  if (compute_type != NULL_TREE)
+    ret = ::convert(type, ret);
+
+  // In Go, a shift larger than the size of the type is well-defined.
+  // This is not true in GENERIC, so we need to insert a conditional.
+  if (is_shift_op)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(left)));
+      gcc_assert(this->left_->type()->integer_type() != NULL);
+      int bits = TYPE_PRECISION(TREE_TYPE(left));
+
+      tree compare = fold_build2(LT_EXPR, boolean_type_node, right,
+                                build_int_cst_type(TREE_TYPE(right), bits));
+
+      tree overflow_result = fold_convert_loc(this->location(),
+                                             TREE_TYPE(left),
+                                             integer_zero_node);
+      if (this->op_ == OPERATOR_RSHIFT
+         && !this->left_->type()->integer_type()->is_unsigned())
+       {
+         tree neg = fold_build2_loc(this->location(), LT_EXPR,
+                                    boolean_type_node, left,
+                                    fold_convert_loc(this->location(),
+                                                     TREE_TYPE(left),
+                                                     integer_zero_node));
+         tree neg_one = fold_build2_loc(this->location(),
+                                        MINUS_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(left),
+                                        fold_convert_loc(this->location(),
+                                                         TREE_TYPE(left),
+                                                         integer_zero_node),
+                                        fold_convert_loc(this->location(),
+                                                         TREE_TYPE(left),
+                                                         integer_one_node));
+         overflow_result = fold_build3_loc(this->location(), COND_EXPR,
+                                           TREE_TYPE(left), neg, neg_one,
+                                           overflow_result);
+       }
+
+      ret = fold_build3_loc(this->location(), COND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(left),
+                           compare, ret, overflow_result);
+
+      ret = fold_build2_loc(this->location(), COMPOUND_EXPR,
+                           TREE_TYPE(ret), eval_saved, ret);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Export a binary expression.
+
+void
+Binary_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("(");
+  this->left_->export_expression(exp);
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_OROR:
+      exp->write_c_string(" || ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
+      exp->write_c_string(" && ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+      exp->write_c_string(" == ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+      exp->write_c_string(" != ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+      exp->write_c_string(" < ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+      exp->write_c_string(" <= ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+      exp->write_c_string(" > ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      exp->write_c_string(" >= ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      exp->write_c_string(" + ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      exp->write_c_string(" - ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_OR:
+      exp->write_c_string(" | ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      exp->write_c_string(" ^ ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      exp->write_c_string(" * ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_DIV:
+      exp->write_c_string(" / ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MOD:
+      exp->write_c_string(" % ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
+      exp->write_c_string(" << ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
+      exp->write_c_string(" >> ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+      exp->write_c_string(" & ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
+      exp->write_c_string(" &^ ");
+      break;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+  this->right_->export_expression(exp);
+  exp->write_c_string(")");
+}
+
+// Import a binary expression.
+
+Expression*
+Binary_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("(");
+
+  Expression* left = Expression::import_expression(imp);
+
+  Operator op;
+  if (imp->match_c_string(" || "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_OROR;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" && "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_ANDAND;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" == "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_EQEQ;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" != "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_NOTEQ;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" < "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_LT;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" <= "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_LE;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" > "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_GT;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" >= "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_GE;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" + "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_PLUS;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" - "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_MINUS;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" | "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_OR;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" ^ "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_XOR;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" * "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_MULT;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" / "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_DIV;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" % "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_MOD;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" << "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_LSHIFT;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" >> "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_RSHIFT;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" & "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_AND;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" &^ "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_BITCLEAR;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(imp->location(), "unrecognized binary operator");
+      return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
+    }
+
+  Expression* right = Expression::import_expression(imp);
+
+  imp->require_c_string(")");
+
+  return Expression::make_binary(op, left, right, imp->location());
+}
+
+// Make a binary expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_binary(Operator op, Expression* left, Expression* right,
+                       source_location location)
+{
+  return new Binary_expression(op, left, right, location);
+}
+
+// Implement a comparison.
+
+tree
+Expression::comparison_tree(Translate_context* context, Operator op,
+                           Type* left_type, tree left_tree,
+                           Type* right_type, tree right_tree,
+                           source_location location)
+{
+  enum tree_code code;
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+      code = EQ_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+      code = NE_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+      code = LT_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+      code = LE_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+      code = GT_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      code = GE_EXPR;
+      break;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  if (left_type->is_string_type())
+    {
+      gcc_assert(right_type->is_string_type());
+      tree string_type = Type::make_string_type()->get_tree(context->gogo());
+      static tree string_compare_decl;
+      left_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&string_compare_decl,
+                                    location,
+                                    "__go_strcmp",
+                                    2,
+                                    integer_type_node,
+                                    string_type,
+                                    left_tree,
+                                    string_type,
+                                    right_tree);
+      right_tree = build_int_cst_type(integer_type_node, 0);
+    }
+
+  if ((left_type->interface_type() != NULL
+       && right_type->interface_type() == NULL
+       && !right_type->is_nil_type())
+      || (left_type->interface_type() == NULL
+         && !left_type->is_nil_type()
+         && right_type->interface_type() != NULL))
+    {
+      // Comparing an interface value to a non-interface value.
+      if (left_type->interface_type() == NULL)
+       {
+         std::swap(left_type, right_type);
+         std::swap(left_tree, right_tree);
+       }
+
+      // The right operand is not an interface.  We need to take its
+      // address if it is not a pointer.
+      tree make_tmp;
+      tree arg;
+      if (right_type->points_to() != NULL)
+       {
+         make_tmp = NULL_TREE;
+         arg = right_tree;
+       }
+      else if (TREE_ADDRESSABLE(TREE_TYPE(right_tree)) || DECL_P(right_tree))
+       {
+         make_tmp = NULL_TREE;
+         arg = build_fold_addr_expr_loc(location, right_tree);
+         if (DECL_P(right_tree))
+           TREE_ADDRESSABLE(right_tree) = 1;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         tree tmp = create_tmp_var(TREE_TYPE(right_tree),
+                                   get_name(right_tree));
+         DECL_IGNORED_P(tmp) = 0;
+         DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = right_tree;
+         TREE_ADDRESSABLE(tmp) = 1;
+         make_tmp = build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, tmp);
+         SET_EXPR_LOCATION(make_tmp, location);
+         arg = build_fold_addr_expr_loc(location, tmp);
+       }
+      arg = fold_convert_loc(location, ptr_type_node, arg);
+
+      tree descriptor = right_type->type_descriptor_pointer(context->gogo());
+
+      if (left_type->interface_type()->is_empty())
+       {
+         static tree empty_interface_value_compare_decl;
+         left_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&empty_interface_value_compare_decl,
+                                        location,
+                                        "__go_empty_interface_value_compare",
+                                        3,
+                                        integer_type_node,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(left_tree),
+                                        left_tree,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(descriptor),
+                                        descriptor,
+                                        ptr_type_node,
+                                        arg);
+         // This can panic if the type is not comparable.
+         TREE_NOTHROW(empty_interface_value_compare_decl) = 0;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         static tree interface_value_compare_decl;
+         left_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&interface_value_compare_decl,
+                                        location,
+                                        "__go_interface_value_compare",
+                                        3,
+                                        integer_type_node,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(left_tree),
+                                        left_tree,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(descriptor),
+                                        descriptor,
+                                        ptr_type_node,
+                                        arg);
+         // This can panic if the type is not comparable.
+         TREE_NOTHROW(interface_value_compare_decl) = 0;
+       }
+      right_tree = build_int_cst_type(integer_type_node, 0);
+
+      if (make_tmp != NULL_TREE)
+       left_tree = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(left_tree), make_tmp,
+                          left_tree);
+    }
+  else if (left_type->interface_type() != NULL
+          && right_type->interface_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (left_type->interface_type()->is_empty())
+       {
+         gcc_assert(right_type->interface_type()->is_empty());
+         static tree empty_interface_compare_decl;
+         left_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&empty_interface_compare_decl,
+                                        location,
+                                        "__go_empty_interface_compare",
+                                        2,
+                                        integer_type_node,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(left_tree),
+                                        left_tree,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(right_tree),
+                                        right_tree);
+         // This can panic if the type is uncomparable.
+         TREE_NOTHROW(empty_interface_compare_decl) = 0;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         gcc_assert(!right_type->interface_type()->is_empty());
+         static tree interface_compare_decl;
+         left_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&interface_compare_decl,
+                                        location,
+                                        "__go_interface_compare",
+                                        2,
+                                        integer_type_node,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(left_tree),
+                                        left_tree,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(right_tree),
+                                        right_tree);
+         // This can panic if the type is uncomparable.
+         TREE_NOTHROW(interface_compare_decl) = 0;
+       }
+      right_tree = build_int_cst_type(integer_type_node, 0);
+    }
+
+  if (left_type->is_nil_type()
+      && (op == OPERATOR_EQEQ || op == OPERATOR_NOTEQ))
+    {
+      std::swap(left_type, right_type);
+      std::swap(left_tree, right_tree);
+    }
+
+  if (right_type->is_nil_type())
+    {
+      if (left_type->array_type() != NULL
+         && left_type->array_type()->length() == NULL)
+       {
+         Array_type* at = left_type->array_type();
+         left_tree = at->value_pointer_tree(context->gogo(), left_tree);
+         right_tree = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(left_tree), null_pointer_node);
+       }
+      else if (left_type->interface_type() != NULL)
+       {
+         // An interface is nil if the first field is nil.
+         tree left_type_tree = TREE_TYPE(left_tree);
+         gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(left_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+         tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(left_type_tree);
+         left_tree = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), left_tree,
+                            field, NULL_TREE);
+         right_tree = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(left_tree), null_pointer_node);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(left_tree)));
+         right_tree = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(left_tree), null_pointer_node);
+       }
+    }
+
+  tree ret = fold_build2(code, boolean_type_node, left_tree, right_tree);
+  if (CAN_HAVE_LOCATION_P(ret))
+    SET_EXPR_LOCATION(ret, location);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Class Bound_method_expression.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Bound_method_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return Expression::traverse(&this->method_, traverse);
+}
+
+// Return the type of a bound method expression.  The type of this
+// object is really the type of the method with no receiver.  We
+// should be able to get away with just returning the type of the
+// method.
+
+Type*
+Bound_method_expression::do_type()
+{
+  return this->method_->type();
+}
+
+// Determine the types of a method expression.
+
+void
+Bound_method_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  this->method_->determine_type_no_context();
+  Type* mtype = this->method_->type();
+  Function_type* fntype = mtype == NULL ? NULL : mtype->function_type();
+  if (fntype == NULL || !fntype->is_method())
+    this->expr_->determine_type_no_context();
+  else
+    {
+      Type_context subcontext(fntype->receiver()->type(), false);
+      this->expr_->determine_type(&subcontext);
+    }
+}
+
+// Check the types of a method expression.
+
+void
+Bound_method_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Type* type = this->method_->type()->deref();
+  if (type == NULL
+      || type->function_type() == NULL
+      || !type->function_type()->is_method())
+    this->report_error(_("object is not a method"));
+  else
+    {
+      Type* rtype = type->function_type()->receiver()->type()->deref();
+      Type* etype = (this->expr_type_ != NULL
+                    ? this->expr_type_
+                    : this->expr_->type());
+      etype = etype->deref();
+      if (!Type::are_identical(rtype, etype, NULL))
+       this->report_error(_("method type does not match object type"));
+    }
+}
+
+// Get the tree for a method expression.  There is no standard tree
+// representation for this.  The only places it may currently be used
+// are in a Call_expression or a Go_statement, which will take it
+// apart directly.  So this has nothing to do at present.
+
+tree
+Bound_method_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Make a method expression.
+
+Bound_method_expression*
+Expression::make_bound_method(Expression* expr, Expression* method,
+                             source_location location)
+{
+  return new Bound_method_expression(expr, method, location);
+}
+
+// Class Builtin_call_expression.  This is used for a call to a
+// builtin function.
+
+class Builtin_call_expression : public Call_expression
+{
+ public:
+  Builtin_call_expression(Gogo* gogo, Expression* fn, Expression_list* args,
+                         bool is_varargs, source_location location);
+
+ protected:
+  // This overrides Call_expression::do_lower.
+  Expression*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int);
+
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const;
+
+  bool
+  do_integer_constant_value(bool, mpz_t, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t, mpfr_t, Type**) const;
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Builtin_call_expression(this->gogo_, this->fn()->copy(),
+                                      this->args()->copy(),
+                                      this->is_varargs(),
+                                      this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+  virtual bool
+  do_is_recover_call() const;
+
+  virtual void
+  do_set_recover_arg(Expression*);
+
+ private:
+  // The builtin functions.
+  enum Builtin_function_code
+    {
+      BUILTIN_INVALID,
+
+      // Predeclared builtin functions.
+      BUILTIN_APPEND,
+      BUILTIN_CAP,
+      BUILTIN_CLOSE,
+      BUILTIN_CLOSED,
+      BUILTIN_CMPLX,
+      BUILTIN_COPY,
+      BUILTIN_IMAG,
+      BUILTIN_LEN,
+      BUILTIN_MAKE,
+      BUILTIN_NEW,
+      BUILTIN_PANIC,
+      BUILTIN_PRINT,
+      BUILTIN_PRINTLN,
+      BUILTIN_REAL,
+      BUILTIN_RECOVER,
+
+      // Builtin functions from the unsafe package.
+      BUILTIN_ALIGNOF,
+      BUILTIN_OFFSETOF,
+      BUILTIN_SIZEOF
+    };
+
+  Expression*
+  one_arg() const;
+
+  bool
+  check_one_arg();
+
+  static Type*
+  real_imag_type(Type*);
+
+  static Type*
+  cmplx_type(Type*);
+
+  // A pointer back to the general IR structure.  This avoids a global
+  // variable, or passing it around everywhere.
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+  // The builtin function being called.
+  Builtin_function_code code_;
+};
+
+Builtin_call_expression::Builtin_call_expression(Gogo* gogo,
+                                                Expression* fn,
+                                                Expression_list* args,
+                                                bool is_varargs,
+                                                source_location location)
+  : Call_expression(fn, args, is_varargs, location),
+    gogo_(gogo), code_(BUILTIN_INVALID)
+{
+  Func_expression* fnexp = this->fn()->func_expression();
+  gcc_assert(fnexp != NULL);
+  const std::string& name(fnexp->named_object()->name());
+  if (name == "append")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_APPEND;
+  else if (name == "cap")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_CAP;
+  else if (name == "close")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_CLOSE;
+  else if (name == "closed")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_CLOSED;
+  else if (name == "cmplx")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_CMPLX;
+  else if (name == "copy")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_COPY;
+  else if (name == "imag")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_IMAG;
+  else if (name == "len")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_LEN;
+  else if (name == "make")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_MAKE;
+  else if (name == "new")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_NEW;
+  else if (name == "panic")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_PANIC;
+  else if (name == "print")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_PRINT;
+  else if (name == "println")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_PRINTLN;
+  else if (name == "real")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_REAL;
+  else if (name == "recover")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_RECOVER;
+  else if (name == "Alignof")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_ALIGNOF;
+  else if (name == "Offsetof")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_OFFSETOF;
+  else if (name == "Sizeof")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_SIZEOF;
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Return whether this is a call to recover.  This is a virtual
+// function called from the parent class.
+
+bool
+Builtin_call_expression::do_is_recover_call() const
+{
+  if (this->classification() == EXPRESSION_ERROR)
+    return false;
+  return this->code_ == BUILTIN_RECOVER;
+}
+
+// Set the argument for a call to recover.
+
+void
+Builtin_call_expression::do_set_recover_arg(Expression* arg)
+{
+  const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+  gcc_assert(args == NULL || args->empty());
+  Expression_list* new_args = new Expression_list();
+  new_args->push_back(arg);
+  this->set_args(new_args);
+}
+
+// A traversal class which looks for a call expression.
+
+class Find_call_expression : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Find_call_expression()
+    : Traverse(traverse_expressions),
+      found_(false)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+  bool
+  found()
+  { return this->found_; }
+
+ private:
+  bool found_;
+};
+
+int
+Find_call_expression::expression(Expression** pexpr)
+{
+  if ((*pexpr)->call_expression() != NULL)
+    {
+      this->found_ = true;
+      return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lower a builtin call expression.  This turns new and make into
+// specific expressions.  We also convert to a constant if we can.
+
+Expression*
+Builtin_call_expression::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function, int)
+{
+  if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_NEW)
+    {
+      const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+      if (args == NULL || args->size() < 1)
+       this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
+      else if (args->size() > 1)
+       this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
+      else
+       {
+         Expression* arg = args->front();
+         if (!arg->is_type_expression())
+           {
+             error_at(arg->location(), "expected type");
+             this->set_is_error();
+           }
+         else
+           return Expression::make_allocation(arg->type(), this->location());
+       }
+    }
+  else if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_MAKE)
+    {
+      const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+      if (args == NULL || args->size() < 1)
+       this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
+      else
+       {
+         Expression* arg = args->front();
+         if (!arg->is_type_expression())
+           {
+             error_at(arg->location(), "expected type");
+             this->set_is_error();
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             Expression_list* newargs;
+             if (args->size() == 1)
+               newargs = NULL;
+             else
+               {
+                 newargs = new Expression_list();
+                 Expression_list::const_iterator p = args->begin();
+                 ++p;
+                 for (; p != args->end(); ++p)
+                   newargs->push_back(*p);
+               }
+             return Expression::make_make(arg->type(), newargs,
+                                          this->location());
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  else if (this->is_constant())
+    {
+      // We can only lower len and cap if there are no function calls
+      // in the arguments.  Otherwise we have to make the call.
+      if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_LEN || this->code_ == BUILTIN_CAP)
+       {
+         Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+         if (!arg->is_constant())
+           {
+             Find_call_expression find_call;
+             Expression::traverse(&arg, &find_call);
+             if (find_call.found())
+               return this;
+           }
+       }
+
+      mpz_t ival;
+      mpz_init(ival);
+      Type* type;
+      if (this->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &type))
+       {
+         Expression* ret = Expression::make_integer(&ival, type,
+                                                    this->location());
+         mpz_clear(ival);
+         return ret;
+       }
+      mpz_clear(ival);
+
+      mpfr_t rval;
+      mpfr_init(rval);
+      if (this->float_constant_value(rval, &type))
+       {
+         Expression* ret = Expression::make_float(&rval, type,
+                                                  this->location());
+         mpfr_clear(rval);
+         return ret;
+       }
+
+      mpfr_t imag;
+      mpfr_init(imag);
+      if (this->complex_constant_value(rval, imag, &type))
+       {
+         Expression* ret = Expression::make_complex(&rval, &imag, type,
+                                                    this->location());
+         mpfr_clear(rval);
+         mpfr_clear(imag);
+         return ret;
+       }
+      mpfr_clear(rval);
+      mpfr_clear(imag);
+    }
+  else if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_RECOVER)
+    {
+      if (function != NULL)
+       function->func_value()->set_calls_recover();
+      else
+       {
+         // Calling recover outside of a function always returns the
+         // nil empty interface.
+         Type* eface = Type::make_interface_type(NULL, this->location());
+         return Expression::make_cast(eface,
+                                      Expression::make_nil(this->location()),
+                                      this->location());
+       }
+    }
+  else if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_APPEND)
+    {
+      // Lower the varargs.
+      const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+      if (args == NULL || args->empty())
+       return this;
+      Type* slice_type = args->front()->type();
+      if (!slice_type->is_open_array_type())
+       {
+         error_at(args->front()->location(), "argument 1 must be a slice");
+         this->set_is_error();
+         return this;
+       }
+      return this->lower_varargs(gogo, function, slice_type, 2);
+    }
+
+  return this;
+}
+
+// Return the type of the real or imag functions, given the type of
+// the argument.  We need to map complex to float, complex64 to
+// float32, and complex128 to float64, so it has to be done by name.
+// This returns NULL if it can't figure out the type.
+
+Type*
+Builtin_call_expression::real_imag_type(Type* arg_type)
+{
+  if (arg_type == NULL || arg_type->is_abstract())
+    return NULL;
+  Named_type* nt = arg_type->named_type();
+  if (nt == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+  while (nt->real_type()->named_type() != NULL)
+    nt = nt->real_type()->named_type();
+  if (nt->name() == "complex")
+    return Type::lookup_float_type("float");
+  else if (nt->name() == "complex64")
+    return Type::lookup_float_type("float32");
+  else if (nt->name() == "complex128")
+    return Type::lookup_float_type("float64");
+  else
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+// Return the type of the cmplx function, given the type of one of the
+// argments.  Like real_imag_type, we have to map by name.
+
+Type*
+Builtin_call_expression::cmplx_type(Type* arg_type)
+{
+  if (arg_type == NULL || arg_type->is_abstract())
+    return NULL;
+  Named_type* nt = arg_type->named_type();
+  if (nt == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+  while (nt->real_type()->named_type() != NULL)
+    nt = nt->real_type()->named_type();
+  if (nt->name() == "float")
+    return Type::lookup_complex_type("complex");
+  else if (nt->name() == "float32")
+    return Type::lookup_complex_type("complex64");
+  else if (nt->name() == "float64")
+    return Type::lookup_complex_type("complex128");
+  else
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+// Return a single argument, or NULL if there isn't one.
+
+Expression*
+Builtin_call_expression::one_arg() const
+{
+  const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+  if (args->size() != 1)
+    return NULL;
+  return args->front();
+}
+
+// Return whether this is constant: len of a string, or len or cap of
+// a fixed array, or unsafe.Sizeof, unsafe.Offsetof, unsafe.Alignof.
+
+bool
+Builtin_call_expression::do_is_constant() const
+{
+  switch (this->code_)
+    {
+    case BUILTIN_LEN:
+    case BUILTIN_CAP:
+      {
+       Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+       if (arg == NULL)
+         return false;
+       Type* arg_type = arg->type();
+
+       if (arg_type->points_to() != NULL
+           && arg_type->points_to()->array_type() != NULL
+           && !arg_type->points_to()->is_open_array_type())
+         arg_type = arg_type->points_to();
+
+       if (arg_type->array_type() != NULL
+           && arg_type->array_type()->length() != NULL)
+         return arg_type->array_type()->length()->is_constant();
+
+       if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_LEN && arg_type->is_string_type())
+         return arg->is_constant();
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_SIZEOF:
+    case BUILTIN_ALIGNOF:
+      return this->one_arg() != NULL;
+
+    case BUILTIN_OFFSETOF:
+      {
+       Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+       if (arg == NULL)
+         return false;
+       return arg->field_reference_expression() != NULL;
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_CMPLX:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       if (args != NULL && args->size() == 2)
+         return args->front()->is_constant() && args->back()->is_constant();
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_REAL:
+    case BUILTIN_IMAG:
+      {
+       Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+       return arg != NULL && arg->is_constant();
+      }
+
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return an integer constant value if possible.
+
+bool
+Builtin_call_expression::do_integer_constant_value(bool iota_is_constant,
+                                                  mpz_t val,
+                                                  Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_LEN
+      || this->code_ == BUILTIN_CAP)
+    {
+      Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+      if (arg == NULL)
+       return false;
+      Type* arg_type = arg->type();
+
+      if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_LEN && arg_type->is_string_type())
+       {
+         std::string sval;
+         if (arg->string_constant_value(&sval))
+           {
+             mpz_set_ui(val, sval.length());
+             *ptype = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+             return true;
+           }
+       }
+
+      if (arg_type->points_to() != NULL
+         && arg_type->points_to()->array_type() != NULL
+         && !arg_type->points_to()->is_open_array_type())
+       arg_type = arg_type->points_to();
+
+      if (arg_type->array_type() != NULL
+         && arg_type->array_type()->length() != NULL)
+       {
+         Expression* e = arg_type->array_type()->length();
+         if (e->integer_constant_value(iota_is_constant, val, ptype))
+           {
+             *ptype = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+             return true;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  else if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_SIZEOF
+          || this->code_ == BUILTIN_ALIGNOF)
+    {
+      Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+      if (arg == NULL)
+       return false;
+      Type* arg_type = arg->type();
+      if (arg_type->is_error_type())
+       return false;
+      if (arg_type->is_abstract())
+       return false;
+      tree arg_type_tree = arg_type->get_tree(this->gogo_);
+      unsigned long val_long;
+      if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_SIZEOF)
+       {
+         tree type_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(arg_type_tree);
+         gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(type_size) == INTEGER_CST);
+         if (TREE_INT_CST_HIGH(type_size) != 0)
+           return false;
+         unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT val_wide = TREE_INT_CST_LOW(type_size);
+         val_long = static_cast<unsigned long>(val_wide);
+         if (val_long != val_wide)
+           return false;
+       }
+      else if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_ALIGNOF)
+       {
+         val_long = TYPE_ALIGN(arg_type_tree);
+         if (arg->field_reference_expression() != NULL)
+           {
+             // Calling unsafe.Alignof(s.f) returns the alignment of
+             // the type of f when it is used as a field in a struct.
+#ifdef BIGGEST_FIELD_ALIGNMENT
+             if (val_long > BIGGEST_FIELD_ALIGNMENT)
+               val_long = BIGGEST_FIELD_ALIGNMENT;
+#endif
+#ifdef ADJUST_FIELD_ALIGN
+             // A separate declaration avoids a warning promoted to
+             // an error if ADJUST_FIELD_ALIGN ignores FIELD.
+             tree field;
+             field = build_decl(UNKNOWN_LOCATION, FIELD_DECL, NULL,
+                                     arg_type_tree);
+             val_long = ADJUST_FIELD_ALIGN(field, val_long);
+#endif
+           }
+         val_long /= BITS_PER_UNIT;
+       }
+      else
+       gcc_unreachable();
+      mpz_set_ui(val, val_long);
+      *ptype = NULL;
+      return true;
+    }
+  else if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_OFFSETOF)
+    {
+      Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+      if (arg == NULL)
+       return false;
+      Field_reference_expression* farg = arg->field_reference_expression();
+      if (farg == NULL)
+       return false;
+      Expression* struct_expr = farg->expr();
+      Type* st = struct_expr->type();
+      if (st->struct_type() == NULL)
+       return false;
+      tree struct_tree = st->get_tree(this->gogo_);
+      gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(struct_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+      tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(struct_tree);
+      for (unsigned int index = farg->field_index(); index > 0; --index)
+       {
+         field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+         gcc_assert(field != NULL_TREE);
+       }
+      HOST_WIDE_INT offset_wide = int_byte_position (field);
+      if (offset_wide < 0)
+       return false;
+      unsigned long offset_long = static_cast<unsigned long>(offset_wide);
+      if (offset_long != static_cast<unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT>(offset_wide))
+       return false;
+      mpz_set_ui(val, offset_long);
+      return true;
+    }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return a floating point constant value if possible.
+
+bool
+Builtin_call_expression::do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val,
+                                                Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_REAL || this->code_ == BUILTIN_IMAG)
+    {
+      Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+      if (arg == NULL)
+       return false;
+
+      mpfr_t real;
+      mpfr_t imag;
+      mpfr_init(real);
+      mpfr_init(imag);
+
+      bool ret = false;
+      Type* type;
+      if (arg->complex_constant_value(real, imag, &type))
+       {
+         if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_REAL)
+           mpfr_set(val, real, GMP_RNDN);
+         else
+           mpfr_set(val, imag, GMP_RNDN);
+         *ptype = Builtin_call_expression::real_imag_type(type);
+         ret = true;
+       }
+
+      mpfr_clear(real);
+      mpfr_clear(imag);
+      return ret;
+    }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return a complex constant value if possible.
+
+bool
+Builtin_call_expression::do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag,
+                                                  Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_CMPLX)
+    {
+      const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+      if (args == NULL || args->size() != 2)
+       return false;
+
+      mpfr_t r;
+      mpfr_init(r);
+      Type* rtype;
+      if (!args->front()->float_constant_value(r, &rtype))
+       {
+         mpfr_clear(r);
+         return false;
+       }
+
+      mpfr_t i;
+      mpfr_init(i);
+
+      bool ret = false;
+      Type* itype;
+      if (args->back()->float_constant_value(i, &itype)
+         && Type::are_identical(rtype, itype, NULL))
+       {
+         mpfr_set(real, r, GMP_RNDN);
+         mpfr_set(imag, i, GMP_RNDN);
+         *ptype = Builtin_call_expression::cmplx_type(rtype);
+         ret = true;
+       }
+
+      mpfr_clear(r);
+      mpfr_clear(i);
+
+      return ret;
+    }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return the type.
+
+Type*
+Builtin_call_expression::do_type()
+{
+  switch (this->code_)
+    {
+    case BUILTIN_INVALID:
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+
+    case BUILTIN_NEW:
+    case BUILTIN_MAKE:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       if (args == NULL || args->empty())
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       return Type::make_pointer_type(args->front()->type());
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_CAP:
+    case BUILTIN_COPY:
+    case BUILTIN_LEN:
+    case BUILTIN_ALIGNOF:
+    case BUILTIN_OFFSETOF:
+    case BUILTIN_SIZEOF:
+      return Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+
+    case BUILTIN_CLOSE:
+    case BUILTIN_PANIC:
+    case BUILTIN_PRINT:
+    case BUILTIN_PRINTLN:
+      return Type::make_void_type();
+
+    case BUILTIN_CLOSED:
+      return Type::lookup_bool_type();
+
+    case BUILTIN_RECOVER:
+      return Type::make_interface_type(NULL, BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+
+    case BUILTIN_APPEND:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       if (args == NULL || args->empty())
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       return args->front()->type();
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_REAL:
+    case BUILTIN_IMAG:
+      {
+       Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+       if (arg == NULL)
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       Type* t = arg->type();
+       if (t->is_abstract())
+         t = t->make_non_abstract_type();
+       t = Builtin_call_expression::real_imag_type(t);
+       if (t == NULL)
+         t = Type::make_error_type();
+       return t;
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_CMPLX:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       if (args == NULL || args->size() != 2)
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       Type* t = args->front()->type();
+       if (t->is_abstract())
+         {
+           t = args->back()->type();
+           if (t->is_abstract())
+             t = t->make_non_abstract_type();
+         }
+       t = Builtin_call_expression::cmplx_type(t);
+       if (t == NULL)
+         t = Type::make_error_type();
+       return t;
+      }
+    }
+}
+
+// Determine the type.
+
+void
+Builtin_call_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  this->fn()->determine_type_no_context();
+
+  const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+
+  bool is_print;
+  Type* arg_type = NULL;
+  switch (this->code_)
+    {
+    case BUILTIN_PRINT:
+    case BUILTIN_PRINTLN:
+      // Do not force a large integer constant to "int".
+      is_print = true;
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_REAL:
+    case BUILTIN_IMAG:
+      arg_type = Builtin_call_expression::cmplx_type(context->type);
+      is_print = false;
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_CMPLX:
+      {
+       // For the cmplx function the type of one operand can
+       // determine the type of the other, as in a binary expression.
+       arg_type = Builtin_call_expression::real_imag_type(context->type);
+       if (args != NULL && args->size() == 2)
+         {
+           Type* t1 = args->front()->type();
+           Type* t2 = args->front()->type();
+           if (!t1->is_abstract())
+             arg_type = t1;
+           else if (!t2->is_abstract())
+             arg_type = t2;
+         }
+       is_print = false;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      is_print = false;
+      break;
+    }
+
+  if (args != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pa = args->begin();
+          pa != args->end();
+          ++pa)
+       {
+         Type_context subcontext;
+         subcontext.type = arg_type;
+
+         if (is_print)
+           {
+             // We want to print large constants, we so can't just
+             // use the appropriate nonabstract type.  Use uint64 for
+             // an integer if we know it is nonnegative, otherwise
+             // use int64 for a integer, otherwise use float64 for a
+             // float or complex128 for a complex.
+             Type* want_type = NULL;
+             Type* atype = (*pa)->type();
+             if (atype->is_abstract())
+               {
+                 if (atype->integer_type() != NULL)
+                   {
+                     mpz_t val;
+                     mpz_init(val);
+                     Type* dummy;
+                     if (this->integer_constant_value(true, val, &dummy)
+                         && mpz_sgn(val) >= 0)
+                       want_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uint64");
+                     else
+                       want_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("int64");
+                     mpz_clear(val);
+                   }
+                 else if (atype->float_type() != NULL)
+                   want_type = Type::lookup_float_type("float64");
+                 else if (atype->complex_type() != NULL)
+                   want_type = Type::lookup_complex_type("complex128");
+                 else if (atype->is_abstract_string_type())
+                   want_type = Type::lookup_string_type();
+                 else if (atype->is_abstract_boolean_type())
+                   want_type = Type::lookup_bool_type();
+                 else
+                   gcc_unreachable();
+                 subcontext.type = want_type;
+               }
+           }
+
+         (*pa)->determine_type(&subcontext);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// If there is exactly one argument, return true.  Otherwise give an
+// error message and return false.
+
+bool
+Builtin_call_expression::check_one_arg()
+{
+  const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+  if (args == NULL || args->size() < 1)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
+      return false;
+    }
+  else if (args->size() > 1)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
+      return false;
+    }
+  if (args->front()->is_error_expression()
+      || args->front()->type()->is_error_type())
+    {
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return false;
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Check argument types for a builtin function.
+
+void
+Builtin_call_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  switch (this->code_)
+    {
+    case BUILTIN_INVALID:
+    case BUILTIN_NEW:
+    case BUILTIN_MAKE:
+      return;
+
+    case BUILTIN_LEN:
+    case BUILTIN_CAP:
+      {
+       // The single argument may be either a string or an array or a
+       // map or a channel, or a pointer to a closed array.
+       if (this->check_one_arg())
+         {
+           Type* arg_type = this->one_arg()->type();
+           if (arg_type->points_to() != NULL
+               && arg_type->points_to()->array_type() != NULL
+               && !arg_type->points_to()->is_open_array_type())
+             arg_type = arg_type->points_to();
+           if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_CAP)
+             {
+               if (!arg_type->is_error_type()
+                   && arg_type->array_type() == NULL
+                   && arg_type->channel_type() == NULL)
+                 this->report_error(_("argument must be array or slice "
+                                      "or channel"));
+             }
+           else
+             {
+               if (!arg_type->is_error_type()
+                   && !arg_type->is_string_type()
+                   && arg_type->array_type() == NULL
+                   && arg_type->map_type() == NULL
+                   && arg_type->channel_type() == NULL)
+                 this->report_error(_("argument must be string or "
+                                      "array or slice or map or channel"));
+             }
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_PRINT:
+    case BUILTIN_PRINTLN:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       if (args == NULL)
+         {
+           if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_PRINT)
+             warning_at(this->location(), 0,
+                        "no arguments for builtin function %<%s%>",
+                        (this->code_ == BUILTIN_PRINT
+                         ? "print"
+                         : "println"));
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = args->begin();
+                p != args->end();
+                ++p)
+             {
+               Type* type = (*p)->type();
+               if (type->is_error_type()
+                   || type->is_string_type()
+                   || type->integer_type() != NULL
+                   || type->float_type() != NULL
+                   || type->complex_type() != NULL
+                   || type->is_boolean_type()
+                   || type->points_to() != NULL
+                   || type->interface_type() != NULL
+                   || type->channel_type() != NULL
+                   || type->map_type() != NULL
+                   || type->function_type() != NULL
+                   || type->is_open_array_type())
+                 ;
+               else
+                 this->report_error(_("unsupported argument type to "
+                                      "builtin function"));
+             }
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_CLOSE:
+    case BUILTIN_CLOSED:
+      if (this->check_one_arg())
+       {
+         if (this->one_arg()->type()->channel_type() == NULL)
+           this->report_error(_("argument must be channel"));
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_PANIC:
+    case BUILTIN_SIZEOF:
+    case BUILTIN_ALIGNOF:
+      this->check_one_arg();
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_RECOVER:
+      if (this->args() != NULL && !this->args()->empty())
+       this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_OFFSETOF:
+      if (this->check_one_arg())
+       {
+         Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+         if (arg->field_reference_expression() == NULL)
+           this->report_error(_("argument must be a field reference"));
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_COPY:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       if (args == NULL || args->size() < 2)
+         {
+           this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
+           break;
+         }
+       else if (args->size() > 2)
+         {
+           this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
+           break;
+         }
+       Type* arg1_type = args->front()->type();
+       Type* arg2_type = args->back()->type();
+       if (arg1_type->is_error_type() || arg2_type->is_error_type())
+         break;
+
+       Type* e1;
+       if (arg1_type->is_open_array_type())
+         e1 = arg1_type->array_type()->element_type();
+       else
+         {
+           this->report_error(_("left argument must be a slice"));
+           break;
+         }
+
+       Type* e2;
+       if (arg2_type->is_open_array_type())
+         e2 = arg2_type->array_type()->element_type();
+       else if (arg2_type->is_string_type())
+         e2 = Type::lookup_integer_type("uint8");
+       else
+         {
+           this->report_error(_("right argument must be a slice or a string"));
+           break;
+         }
+
+       if (!Type::are_identical(e1, e2, NULL))
+         this->report_error(_("element types must be the same"));
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_APPEND:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       if (args == NULL || args->empty())
+         {
+           this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
+           break;
+         }
+       /* Lowering varargs should have left us with 2 arguments.  */
+       gcc_assert(args->size() == 2);
+       std::string reason;
+       if (!Type::are_assignable(args->front()->type(), args->back()->type(),
+                                 &reason))
+         {
+           if (reason.empty())
+             this->report_error(_("arguments 1 and 2 have different types"));
+           else
+             {
+               error_at(this->location(),
+                        "arguments 1 and 2 have different types (%s)",
+                        reason.c_str());
+               this->set_is_error();
+             }
+         }
+       break;
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_REAL:
+    case BUILTIN_IMAG:
+      if (this->check_one_arg())
+       {
+         if (this->one_arg()->type()->complex_type() == NULL)
+           this->report_error(_("argument must have complex type"));
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_CMPLX:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       if (args == NULL || args->size() < 2)
+         this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
+       else if (args->size() > 2)
+         this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
+       else if (args->front()->is_error_expression()
+                || args->front()->type()->is_error_type()
+                || args->back()->is_error_expression()
+                || args->back()->type()->is_error_type())
+         this->set_is_error();
+       else if (!Type::are_identical(args->front()->type(),
+                                     args->back()->type(), NULL))
+         this->report_error(_("cmplx arguments must have identical types"));
+       else if (args->front()->type()->float_type() == NULL)
+         this->report_error(_("cmplx arguments must have "
+                              "floating-point type"));
+      }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return the tree for a builtin function.
+
+tree
+Builtin_call_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  switch (this->code_)
+    {
+    case BUILTIN_INVALID:
+    case BUILTIN_NEW:
+    case BUILTIN_MAKE:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+
+    case BUILTIN_LEN:
+    case BUILTIN_CAP:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       gcc_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 1);
+       Expression* arg = *args->begin();
+       Type* arg_type = arg->type();
+       tree arg_tree = arg->get_tree(context);
+       if (arg_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+
+       if (arg_type->points_to() != NULL)
+         {
+           arg_type = arg_type->points_to();
+           gcc_assert(arg_type->array_type() != NULL
+                      && !arg_type->is_open_array_type());
+           gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(arg_tree)));
+           arg_tree = build_fold_indirect_ref(arg_tree);
+         }
+
+       tree val_tree;
+       if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_LEN)
+         {
+           if (arg_type->is_string_type())
+             val_tree = String_type::length_tree(gogo, arg_tree);
+           else if (arg_type->array_type() != NULL)
+             val_tree = arg_type->array_type()->length_tree(gogo, arg_tree);
+           else if (arg_type->map_type() != NULL)
+             {
+               static tree map_len_fndecl;
+               val_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&map_len_fndecl,
+                                             location,
+                                             "__go_map_len",
+                                             1,
+                                             sizetype,
+                                             arg_type->get_tree(gogo),
+                                             arg_tree);
+             }
+           else if (arg_type->channel_type() != NULL)
+             {
+               static tree chan_len_fndecl;
+               val_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&chan_len_fndecl,
+                                             location,
+                                             "__go_chan_len",
+                                             1,
+                                             sizetype,
+                                             arg_type->get_tree(gogo),
+                                             arg_tree);
+             }
+           else
+             gcc_unreachable();
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           if (arg_type->array_type() != NULL)
+             val_tree = arg_type->array_type()->capacity_tree(gogo, arg_tree);
+           else if (arg_type->channel_type() != NULL)
+             {
+               static tree chan_cap_fndecl;
+               val_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&chan_cap_fndecl,
+                                             location,
+                                             "__go_chan_cap",
+                                             1,
+                                             sizetype,
+                                             arg_type->get_tree(gogo),
+                                             arg_tree);
+             }
+           else
+             gcc_unreachable();
+         }
+
+       tree type_tree = Type::lookup_integer_type("int")->get_tree(gogo);
+       if (type_tree == TREE_TYPE(val_tree))
+         return val_tree;
+       else
+         return fold(convert_to_integer(type_tree, val_tree));
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_PRINT:
+    case BUILTIN_PRINTLN:
+      {
+       const bool is_ln = this->code_ == BUILTIN_PRINTLN;
+       tree stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
+
+       const Expression_list* call_args = this->args();
+       if (call_args != NULL)
+         {
+           for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = call_args->begin();
+                p != call_args->end();
+                ++p)
+             {
+               if (is_ln && p != call_args->begin())
+                 {
+                   static tree print_space_fndecl;
+                   tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&print_space_fndecl,
+                                                  location,
+                                                  "__go_print_space",
+                                                  0,
+                                                  void_type_node);
+                   append_to_statement_list(call, &stmt_list);
+                 }
+
+               Type* type = (*p)->type();
+
+               tree arg = (*p)->get_tree(context);
+               if (arg == error_mark_node)
+                 return error_mark_node;
+
+               tree* pfndecl;
+               const char* fnname;
+               if (type->is_string_type())
+                 {
+                   static tree print_string_fndecl;
+                   pfndecl = &print_string_fndecl;
+                   fnname = "__go_print_string";
+                 }
+               else if (type->integer_type() != NULL
+                        && type->integer_type()->is_unsigned())
+                 {
+                   static tree print_uint64_fndecl;
+                   pfndecl = &print_uint64_fndecl;
+                   fnname = "__go_print_uint64";
+                   Type* itype = Type::lookup_integer_type("uint64");
+                   arg = fold_convert_loc(location, itype->get_tree(gogo),
+                                          arg);
+                 }
+               else if (type->integer_type() != NULL)
+                 {
+                   static tree print_int64_fndecl;
+                   pfndecl = &print_int64_fndecl;
+                   fnname = "__go_print_int64";
+                   Type* itype = Type::lookup_integer_type("int64");
+                   arg = fold_convert_loc(location, itype->get_tree(gogo),
+                                          arg);
+                 }
+               else if (type->float_type() != NULL)
+                 {
+                   static tree print_double_fndecl;
+                   pfndecl = &print_double_fndecl;
+                   fnname = "__go_print_double";
+                   arg = fold_convert_loc(location, double_type_node, arg);
+                 }
+               else if (type->complex_type() != NULL)
+                 {
+                   static tree print_complex_fndecl;
+                   pfndecl = &print_complex_fndecl;
+                   fnname = "__go_print_complex";
+                   arg = fold_convert_loc(location, complex_double_type_node,
+                                          arg);
+                 }
+               else if (type->is_boolean_type())
+                 {
+                   static tree print_bool_fndecl;
+                   pfndecl = &print_bool_fndecl;
+                   fnname = "__go_print_bool";
+                 }
+               else if (type->points_to() != NULL
+                        || type->channel_type() != NULL
+                        || type->map_type() != NULL
+                        || type->function_type() != NULL)
+                 {
+                   static tree print_pointer_fndecl;
+                   pfndecl = &print_pointer_fndecl;
+                   fnname = "__go_print_pointer";
+                   arg = fold_convert_loc(location, ptr_type_node, arg);
+                 }
+               else if (type->interface_type() != NULL)
+                 {
+                   if (type->interface_type()->is_empty())
+                     {
+                       static tree print_empty_interface_fndecl;
+                       pfndecl = &print_empty_interface_fndecl;
+                       fnname = "__go_print_empty_interface";
+                     }
+                   else
+                     {
+                       static tree print_interface_fndecl;
+                       pfndecl = &print_interface_fndecl;
+                       fnname = "__go_print_interface";
+                     }
+                 }
+               else if (type->is_open_array_type())
+                 {
+                   static tree print_slice_fndecl;
+                   pfndecl = &print_slice_fndecl;
+                   fnname = "__go_print_slice";
+                 }
+               else
+                 gcc_unreachable();
+
+               tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(pfndecl,
+                                              location,
+                                              fnname,
+                                              1,
+                                              void_type_node,
+                                              TREE_TYPE(arg),
+                                              arg);
+               append_to_statement_list(call, &stmt_list);
+             }
+         }
+
+       if (is_ln)
+         {
+           static tree print_nl_fndecl;
+           tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&print_nl_fndecl,
+                                          location,
+                                          "__go_print_nl",
+                                          0,
+                                          void_type_node);
+           append_to_statement_list(call, &stmt_list);
+         }
+
+       return stmt_list;
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_PANIC:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       gcc_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 1);
+       Expression* arg = args->front();
+       tree arg_tree = arg->get_tree(context);
+       if (arg_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+       Type *empty = Type::make_interface_type(NULL, BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+       arg_tree = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, empty,
+                                                     arg->type(),
+                                                     arg_tree, location);
+       static tree panic_fndecl;
+       tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&panic_fndecl,
+                                      location,
+                                      "__go_panic",
+                                      1,
+                                      void_type_node,
+                                      TREE_TYPE(arg_tree),
+                                      arg_tree);
+       // This function will throw an exception.
+       TREE_NOTHROW(panic_fndecl) = 0;
+       // This function will not return.
+       TREE_THIS_VOLATILE(panic_fndecl) = 1;
+       return call;
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_RECOVER:
+      {
+       // The argument is set when building recover thunks.  It's a
+       // boolean value which is true if we can recover a value now.
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       gcc_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 1);
+       Expression* arg = args->front();
+       tree arg_tree = arg->get_tree(context);
+       if (arg_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+
+       Type *empty = Type::make_interface_type(NULL, BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+       tree empty_tree = empty->get_tree(context->gogo());
+
+       Type* nil_type = Type::make_nil_type();
+       Expression* nil = Expression::make_nil(location);
+       tree nil_tree = nil->get_tree(context);
+       tree empty_nil_tree = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context,
+                                                                empty,
+                                                                nil_type,
+                                                                nil_tree,
+                                                                location);
+
+       // We need to handle a deferred call to recover specially,
+       // because it changes whether it can recover a panic or not.
+       // See test7 in test/recover1.go.
+       tree call;
+       if (this->is_deferred())
+         {
+           static tree deferred_recover_fndecl;
+           call = Gogo::call_builtin(&deferred_recover_fndecl,
+                                     location,
+                                     "__go_deferred_recover",
+                                     0,
+                                     empty_tree);
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           static tree recover_fndecl;
+           call = Gogo::call_builtin(&recover_fndecl,
+                                     location,
+                                     "__go_recover",
+                                     0,
+                                     empty_tree);
+         }
+       return fold_build3_loc(location, COND_EXPR, empty_tree, arg_tree,
+                              call, empty_nil_tree);
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_CLOSE:
+    case BUILTIN_CLOSED:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       gcc_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 1);
+       Expression* arg = args->front();
+       tree arg_tree = arg->get_tree(context);
+       if (arg_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+       if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_CLOSE)
+         {
+           static tree close_fndecl;
+           return Gogo::call_builtin(&close_fndecl,
+                                     location,
+                                     "__go_builtin_close",
+                                     1,
+                                     void_type_node,
+                                     TREE_TYPE(arg_tree),
+                                     arg_tree);
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           static tree closed_fndecl;
+           return Gogo::call_builtin(&closed_fndecl,
+                                     location,
+                                     "__go_builtin_closed",
+                                     1,
+                                     boolean_type_node,
+                                     TREE_TYPE(arg_tree),
+                                     arg_tree);
+         }
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_SIZEOF:
+    case BUILTIN_OFFSETOF:
+    case BUILTIN_ALIGNOF:
+      {
+       mpz_t val;
+       mpz_init(val);
+       Type* dummy;
+       bool b = this->integer_constant_value(true, val, &dummy);
+       gcc_assert(b);
+       tree type = Type::lookup_integer_type("int")->get_tree(gogo);
+       tree ret = Expression::integer_constant_tree(val, type);
+       mpz_clear(val);
+       return ret;
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_COPY:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       gcc_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 2);
+       Expression* arg1 = args->front();
+       Expression* arg2 = args->back();
+
+       tree arg1_tree = arg1->get_tree(context);
+       tree arg2_tree = arg2->get_tree(context);
+       if (arg1_tree == error_mark_node || arg2_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+
+       Type* arg1_type = arg1->type();
+       Array_type* at = arg1_type->array_type();
+       arg1_tree = save_expr(arg1_tree);
+       tree arg1_val = at->value_pointer_tree(gogo, arg1_tree);
+       tree arg1_len = at->length_tree(gogo, arg1_tree);
+
+       Type* arg2_type = arg2->type();
+       tree arg2_val;
+       tree arg2_len;
+       if (arg2_type->is_open_array_type())
+         {
+           at = arg2_type->array_type();
+           arg2_tree = save_expr(arg2_tree);
+           arg2_val = at->value_pointer_tree(gogo, arg2_tree);
+           arg2_len = at->length_tree(gogo, arg2_tree);
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           arg2_tree = save_expr(arg2_tree);
+           arg2_val = String_type::bytes_tree(gogo, arg2_tree);
+           arg2_len = String_type::length_tree(gogo, arg2_tree);
+         }
+
+       arg1_len = save_expr(arg1_len);
+       arg2_len = save_expr(arg2_len);
+       tree len = fold_build3_loc(location, COND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(arg1_len),
+                                  fold_build2_loc(location, LT_EXPR,
+                                                  boolean_type_node,
+                                                  arg1_len, arg2_len),
+                                  arg1_len, arg2_len);
+       len = save_expr(len);
+
+       Type* element_type = at->element_type();
+       tree element_type_tree = element_type->get_tree(gogo);
+       tree element_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(element_type_tree);
+       tree bytecount = fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(element_size),
+                                         len);
+       bytecount = fold_build2_loc(location, MULT_EXPR,
+                                   TREE_TYPE(element_size),
+                                   bytecount, element_size);
+       bytecount = fold_convert_loc(location, size_type_node, bytecount);
+
+       tree call = build_call_expr_loc(location,
+                                       built_in_decls[BUILT_IN_MEMMOVE],
+                                       3, arg1_val, arg2_val, bytecount);
+
+       return fold_build2_loc(location, COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(len),
+                              call, len);
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_APPEND:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       gcc_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 2);
+       Expression* arg1 = args->front();
+       Expression* arg2 = args->back();
+
+       tree arg1_tree = arg1->get_tree(context);
+       tree arg2_tree = arg2->get_tree(context);
+       if (arg1_tree == error_mark_node || arg2_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+
+       tree descriptor_tree = arg1->type()->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo);
+
+       // We rebuild the decl each time since the slice types may
+       // change.
+       tree append_fndecl = NULL_TREE;
+       return Gogo::call_builtin(&append_fndecl,
+                                 location,
+                                 "__go_append",
+                                 3,
+                                 TREE_TYPE(arg1_tree),
+                                 TREE_TYPE(descriptor_tree),
+                                 descriptor_tree,
+                                 TREE_TYPE(arg1_tree),
+                                 arg1_tree,
+                                 TREE_TYPE(arg2_tree),
+                                 arg2_tree);
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_REAL:
+    case BUILTIN_IMAG:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       gcc_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 1);
+       Expression* arg = args->front();
+       tree arg_tree = arg->get_tree(context);
+       if (arg_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+       gcc_assert(COMPLEX_FLOAT_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(arg_tree)));
+       if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_REAL)
+         return fold_build1_loc(location, REALPART_EXPR,
+                                TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(arg_tree)),
+                                arg_tree);
+       else
+         return fold_build1_loc(location, IMAGPART_EXPR,
+                                TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(arg_tree)),
+                                arg_tree);
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_CMPLX:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       gcc_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 2);
+       tree r = args->front()->get_tree(context);
+       tree i = args->back()->get_tree(context);
+       if (r == error_mark_node || i == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+       gcc_assert(TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(TREE_TYPE(r))
+                  == TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(TREE_TYPE(i)));
+       gcc_assert(SCALAR_FLOAT_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(r)));
+       return fold_build2_loc(location, COMPLEX_EXPR,
+                              build_complex_type(TREE_TYPE(r)),
+                              r, i);
+      }
+
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// We have to support exporting a builtin call expression, because
+// code can set a constant to the result of a builtin expression.
+
+void
+Builtin_call_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  bool ok = false;
+
+  mpz_t val;
+  mpz_init(val);
+  Type* dummy;
+  if (this->integer_constant_value(true, val, &dummy))
+    {
+      Integer_expression::export_integer(exp, val);
+      ok = true;
+    }
+  mpz_clear(val);
+
+  if (!ok)
+    {
+      mpfr_t fval;
+      mpfr_init(fval);
+      if (this->float_constant_value(fval, &dummy))
+       {
+         Float_expression::export_float(exp, fval);
+         ok = true;
+       }
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+    }
+
+  if (!ok)
+    {
+      mpfr_t real;
+      mpfr_t imag;
+      mpfr_init(real);
+      mpfr_init(imag);
+      if (this->complex_constant_value(real, imag, &dummy))
+       {
+         Complex_expression::export_complex(exp, real, imag);
+         ok = true;
+       }
+      mpfr_clear(real);
+      mpfr_clear(imag);
+    }
+
+  if (!ok)
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "value is not constant");
+      return;
+    }
+
+  // A trailing space lets us reliably identify the end of the number.
+  exp->write_c_string(" ");
+}
+
+// Class Call_expression.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Call_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->fn_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->args_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->args_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lower a call statement.
+
+Expression*
+Call_expression::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function, int)
+{
+  // A type case can look like a function call.
+  if (this->fn_->is_type_expression()
+      && this->args_ != NULL
+      && this->args_->size() == 1)
+    return Expression::make_cast(this->fn_->type(), this->args_->front(),
+                                this->location());
+
+  // Recognize a call to a builtin function.
+  Func_expression* fne = this->fn_->func_expression();
+  if (fne != NULL
+      && fne->named_object()->is_function_declaration()
+      && fne->named_object()->func_declaration_value()->type()->is_builtin())
+    return new Builtin_call_expression(gogo, this->fn_, this->args_,
+                                      this->is_varargs_, this->location());
+
+  // Handle an argument which is a call to a function which returns
+  // multiple results.
+  if (this->args_ != NULL
+      && this->args_->size() == 1
+      && this->args_->front()->call_expression() != NULL
+      && this->fn_->type()->function_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      Function_type* fntype = this->fn_->type()->function_type();
+      size_t rc = this->args_->front()->call_expression()->result_count();
+      if (rc > 1
+         && fntype->parameters() != NULL
+         && (fntype->parameters()->size() == rc
+             || (fntype->is_varargs()
+                 && fntype->parameters()->size() - 1 <= rc)))
+       {
+         Call_expression* call = this->args_->front()->call_expression();
+         Expression_list* args = new Expression_list;
+         for (size_t i = 0; i < rc; ++i)
+           args->push_back(Expression::make_call_result(call, i));
+         // We can't return a new call expression here, because this
+         // one may be referenced by Call_result expressions.  FIXME.
+         delete this->args_;
+         this->args_ = args;
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Handle a call to a varargs function by packaging up the extra
+  // parameters.
+  if (this->fn_->type()->function_type() != NULL
+      && this->fn_->type()->function_type()->is_varargs())
+    {
+      Function_type* fntype = this->fn_->type()->function_type();
+      const Typed_identifier_list* parameters = fntype->parameters();
+      gcc_assert(parameters != NULL && !parameters->empty());
+      Type* varargs_type = parameters->back().type();
+      return this->lower_varargs(gogo, function, varargs_type,
+                                parameters->size());
+    }
+
+  return this;
+}
+
+// Lower a call to a varargs function.  FUNCTION is the function in
+// which the call occurs--it's not the function we are calling.
+// VARARGS_TYPE is the type of the varargs parameter, a slice type.
+// PARAM_COUNT is the number of parameters of the function we are
+// calling; the last of these parameters will be the varargs
+// parameter.
+
+Expression*
+Call_expression::lower_varargs(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function,
+                              Type* varargs_type, size_t param_count)
+{
+  if (this->varargs_are_lowered_)
+    return this;
+
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  gcc_assert(param_count > 0);
+  gcc_assert(varargs_type->is_open_array_type());
+
+  size_t arg_count = this->args_ == NULL ? 0 : this->args_->size();
+  if (arg_count < param_count - 1)
+    {
+      // Not enough arguments; will be caught in check_types.
+      return this;
+    }
+
+  Expression_list* old_args = this->args_;
+  Expression_list* new_args = new Expression_list();
+  bool push_empty_arg = false;
+  if (old_args == NULL || old_args->empty())
+    {
+      gcc_assert(param_count == 1);
+      push_empty_arg = true;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Expression_list::const_iterator pa;
+      int i = 1;
+      for (pa = old_args->begin(); pa != old_args->end(); ++pa, ++i)
+       {
+         if (static_cast<size_t>(i) == param_count)
+           break;
+         new_args->push_back(*pa);
+       }
+
+      // We have reached the varargs parameter.
+
+      bool issued_error = false;
+      if (pa == old_args->end())
+       push_empty_arg = true;
+      else if (pa + 1 == old_args->end() && this->is_varargs_)
+       new_args->push_back(*pa);
+      else if (this->is_varargs_)
+       {
+         this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
+         return this;
+       }
+      else if (pa + 1 == old_args->end()
+              && this->is_compatible_varargs_argument(function, *pa,
+                                                      varargs_type,
+                                                      &issued_error))
+       new_args->push_back(*pa);
+      else
+       {
+         Type* element_type = varargs_type->array_type()->element_type();
+         Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list;
+         for (; pa != old_args->end(); ++pa, ++i)
+           {
+             // Check types here so that we get a better message.
+             Type* patype = (*pa)->type();
+             source_location paloc = (*pa)->location();
+             if (!this->check_argument_type(i, element_type, patype,
+                                            paloc, issued_error))
+               continue;
+             vals->push_back(*pa);
+           }
+         Expression* val =
+           Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(varargs_type, vals, loc);
+         new_args->push_back(val);
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (push_empty_arg)
+    new_args->push_back(Expression::make_nil(loc));
+
+  // We can't return a new call expression here, because this one may
+  // be referenced by Call_result expressions.  FIXME.
+  if (old_args != NULL)
+    delete old_args;
+  this->args_ = new_args;
+  this->varargs_are_lowered_ = true;
+
+  // Lower all the new subexpressions.
+  Expression* ret = this;
+  gogo->lower_expression(function, &ret);
+  gcc_assert(ret == this);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return true if ARG is a varargs argment which should be passed to
+// the varargs parameter of type PARAM_TYPE without wrapping.  ARG
+// will be the last argument passed in the call, and PARAM_TYPE will
+// be the type of the last parameter of the varargs function being
+// called.
+
+bool
+Call_expression::is_compatible_varargs_argument(Named_object* function,
+                                               Expression* arg,
+                                               Type* param_type,
+                                               bool* issued_error)
+{
+  *issued_error = false;
+
+  Type* var_type = NULL;
+
+  // The simple case is passing the varargs parameter of the caller.
+  Var_expression* ve = arg->var_expression();
+  if (ve != NULL && ve->named_object()->is_variable())
+    {
+      Variable* var = ve->named_object()->var_value();
+      if (var->is_varargs_parameter())
+       var_type = var->type();
+    }
+
+  // The complex case is passing the varargs parameter of some
+  // enclosing function.  This will look like passing down *c.f where
+  // c is the closure variable and f is a field in the closure.
+  if (function != NULL
+      && function->func_value()->needs_closure()
+      && arg->classification() == EXPRESSION_UNARY)
+    {
+      Unary_expression* ue = static_cast<Unary_expression*>(arg);
+      if (ue->op() == OPERATOR_MULT)
+       {
+         Field_reference_expression* fre =
+           ue->operand()->deref()->field_reference_expression();
+         if (fre != NULL)
+           {
+             Var_expression* ve = fre->expr()->deref()->var_expression();
+             if (ve != NULL)
+               {
+                 Named_object* no = ve->named_object();
+                 Function* f = function->func_value();
+                 if (no == f->closure_var())
+                   {
+                     // At this point we know that this indeed a
+                     // reference to some enclosing variable.  Now we
+                     // need to figure out whether that variable is a
+                     // varargs parameter.
+                     Named_object* enclosing =
+                       f->enclosing_var(fre->field_index());
+                     Variable* var = enclosing->var_value();
+                     if (var->is_varargs_parameter())
+                       var_type = var->type();
+                   }
+               }
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (var_type == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  // We only match if the parameter is the same, with an identical
+  // type.
+  Array_type* var_at = var_type->array_type();
+  gcc_assert(var_at != NULL);
+  Array_type* param_at = param_type->array_type();
+  if (param_at != NULL
+      && Type::are_identical(var_at->element_type(),
+                            param_at->element_type(), NULL))
+    return true;
+  error_at(arg->location(), "... mismatch: passing ...T as ...");
+  *issued_error = true;
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Get the function type.  Returns NULL if we don't know the type.  If
+// this returns NULL, and if_ERROR is true, issues an error.
+
+Function_type*
+Call_expression::get_function_type() const
+{
+  return this->fn_->type()->function_type();
+}
+
+// Return the number of values which this call will return.
+
+size_t
+Call_expression::result_count() const
+{
+  const Function_type* fntype = this->get_function_type();
+  if (fntype == NULL)
+    return 0;
+  if (fntype->results() == NULL)
+    return 0;
+  return fntype->results()->size();
+}
+
+// Return whether this is a call to the predeclared function recover.
+
+bool
+Call_expression::is_recover_call() const
+{
+  return this->do_is_recover_call();
+}
+
+// Set the argument to the recover function.
+
+void
+Call_expression::set_recover_arg(Expression* arg)
+{
+  this->do_set_recover_arg(arg);
+}
+
+// Virtual functions also implemented by Builtin_call_expression.
+
+bool
+Call_expression::do_is_recover_call() const
+{
+  return false;
+}
+
+void
+Call_expression::do_set_recover_arg(Expression*)
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Get the type.
+
+Type*
+Call_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    return this->type_;
+
+  Type* ret;
+  Function_type* fntype = this->get_function_type();
+  if (fntype == NULL)
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = fntype->results();
+  if (results == NULL)
+    ret = Type::make_void_type();
+  else if (results->size() == 1)
+    ret = results->begin()->type();
+  else
+    ret = Type::make_call_multiple_result_type(this);
+
+  this->type_ = ret;
+
+  return this->type_;
+}
+
+// Determine types for a call expression.  We can use the function
+// parameter types to set the types of the arguments.
+
+void
+Call_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  this->fn_->determine_type_no_context();
+  Function_type* fntype = this->get_function_type();
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parameters = NULL;
+  if (fntype != NULL)
+    parameters = fntype->parameters();
+  if (this->args_ != NULL)
+    {
+      Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pt;
+      if (parameters != NULL)
+       pt = parameters->begin();
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pa = this->args_->begin();
+          pa != this->args_->end();
+          ++pa)
+       {
+         if (parameters != NULL && pt != parameters->end())
+           {
+             Type_context subcontext(pt->type(), false);
+             (*pa)->determine_type(&subcontext);
+             ++pt;
+           }
+         else
+           (*pa)->determine_type_no_context();
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Check types for parameter I.
+
+bool
+Call_expression::check_argument_type(int i, const Type* parameter_type,
+                                    const Type* argument_type,
+                                    source_location argument_location,
+                                    bool issued_error)
+{
+  std::string reason;
+  if (!Type::are_assignable(parameter_type, argument_type, &reason))
+    {
+      if (!issued_error)
+       {
+         if (reason.empty())
+           error_at(argument_location, "argument %d has incompatible type", i);
+         else
+           error_at(argument_location,
+                    "argument %d has incompatible type (%s)",
+                    i, reason.c_str());
+       }
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return false;
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+Call_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Function_type* fntype = this->get_function_type();
+  if (fntype == NULL)
+    {
+      if (!this->fn_->type()->is_error_type())
+       this->report_error(_("expected function"));
+      return;
+    }
+
+  if (fntype->is_method())
+    {
+      // We don't support pointers to methods, so the function has to
+      // be a bound method expression.
+      Bound_method_expression* bme = this->fn_->bound_method_expression();
+      if (bme == NULL)
+       {
+         this->report_error(_("method call without object"));
+         return;
+       }
+      Type* first_arg_type = bme->first_argument()->type();
+      if (first_arg_type->points_to() == NULL)
+       {
+         // When passing a value, we need to check that we are
+         // permitted to copy it.
+         std::string reason;
+         if (!Type::are_assignable(fntype->receiver()->type(),
+                                   first_arg_type, &reason))
+           {
+             if (reason.empty())
+               this->report_error(_("incompatible type for receiver"));
+             else
+               {
+                 error_at(this->location(),
+                          "incompatible type for receiver (%s)",
+                          reason.c_str());
+                 this->set_is_error();
+               }
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Note that varargs was handled by the lower_varargs() method, so
+  // we don't have to worry about it here.
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parameters = fntype->parameters();
+  if (this->args_ == NULL)
+    {
+      if (parameters != NULL && !parameters->empty())
+       this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
+    }
+  else if (parameters == NULL)
+    this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
+  else
+    {
+      int i = 0;
+      Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pt = parameters->begin();
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pa = this->args_->begin();
+          pa != this->args_->end();
+          ++pa, ++pt, ++i)
+       {
+         if (pt == parameters->end())
+           {
+             this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
+             return;
+           }
+         this->check_argument_type(i + 1, pt->type(), (*pa)->type(),
+                                   (*pa)->location(), false);
+       }
+      if (pt != parameters->end())
+       this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
+    }
+}
+
+// Return whether we have to use a temporary variable to ensure that
+// we evaluate this call expression in order.  If the call returns no
+// results then it will inevitably be executed last.  If the call
+// returns more than one result then it will be used with Call_result
+// expressions.  So we only have to use a temporary variable if the
+// call returns exactly one result.
+
+bool
+Call_expression::do_must_eval_in_order() const
+{
+  return this->result_count() == 1;
+}
+
+// Get the function and the first argument to use when calling a bound
+// method.
+
+tree
+Call_expression::bound_method_function(Translate_context* context,
+                                      Bound_method_expression* bound_method,
+                                      tree* first_arg_ptr)
+{
+  Expression* first_argument = bound_method->first_argument();
+  tree first_arg = first_argument->get_tree(context);
+  if (first_arg == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  // We always pass a pointer to the first argument when calling a
+  // method.
+  if (first_argument->type()->points_to() == NULL)
+    {
+      tree pointer_to_arg_type = build_pointer_type(TREE_TYPE(first_arg));
+      if (TREE_ADDRESSABLE(TREE_TYPE(first_arg))
+         || DECL_P(first_arg)
+         || TREE_CODE(first_arg) == INDIRECT_REF
+         || TREE_CODE(first_arg) == COMPONENT_REF)
+       {
+         first_arg = build_fold_addr_expr(first_arg);
+         if (DECL_P(first_arg))
+           TREE_ADDRESSABLE(first_arg) = 1;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         tree tmp = create_tmp_var(TREE_TYPE(first_arg),
+                                   get_name(first_arg));
+         DECL_IGNORED_P(tmp) = 0;
+         DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = first_arg;
+         first_arg = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, pointer_to_arg_type,
+                            build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, tmp),
+                            build_fold_addr_expr(tmp));
+         TREE_ADDRESSABLE(tmp) = 1;
+       }
+      if (first_arg == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  Type* fatype = bound_method->first_argument_type();
+  if (fatype != NULL)
+    {
+      if (fatype->points_to() == NULL)
+       fatype = Type::make_pointer_type(fatype);
+      first_arg = fold_convert(fatype->get_tree(context->gogo()), first_arg);
+      if (first_arg == error_mark_node
+         || TREE_TYPE(first_arg) == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  *first_arg_ptr = first_arg;
+
+  return bound_method->method()->get_tree(context);
+}
+
+// Get the function and the first argument to use when calling an
+// interface method.
+
+tree
+Call_expression::interface_method_function(
+    Translate_context* context,
+    Interface_field_reference_expression* interface_method,
+    tree* first_arg_ptr)
+{
+  tree expr = interface_method->expr()->get_tree(context);
+  if (expr == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  expr = save_expr(expr);
+  tree first_arg = interface_method->get_underlying_object_tree(context, expr);
+  if (first_arg == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  *first_arg_ptr = first_arg;
+  return interface_method->get_function_tree(context, expr);
+}
+
+// Build the call expression.
+
+tree
+Call_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->tree_ != NULL_TREE)
+    return this->tree_;
+
+  Function_type* fntype = this->get_function_type();
+  if (fntype == NULL)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  if (this->fn_->is_error_expression())
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  Func_expression* func = this->fn_->func_expression();
+  Bound_method_expression* bound_method = this->fn_->bound_method_expression();
+  Interface_field_reference_expression* interface_method =
+    this->fn_->interface_field_reference_expression();
+  const bool has_closure = func != NULL && func->closure() != NULL;
+  const bool is_method = bound_method != NULL || interface_method != NULL;
+  gcc_assert(!fntype->is_method() || is_method);
+
+  int nargs;
+  tree* args;
+  if (this->args_ == NULL || this->args_->empty())
+    {
+      nargs = is_method ? 1 : 0;
+      args = nargs == 0 ? NULL : new tree[nargs];
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier_list* params = fntype->parameters();
+      gcc_assert(params != NULL);
+
+      nargs = this->args_->size();
+      int i = is_method ? 1 : 0;
+      nargs += i;
+      args = new tree[nargs];
+
+      Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pp = params->begin();
+      Expression_list::const_iterator pe;
+      for (pe = this->args_->begin();
+          pe != this->args_->end();
+          ++pe, ++pp, ++i)
+       {
+         tree arg_val = (*pe)->get_tree(context);
+         args[i] = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context,
+                                                      pp->type(),
+                                                      (*pe)->type(),
+                                                      arg_val,
+                                                      location);
+         if (args[i] == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+       }
+      gcc_assert(pp == params->end());
+      gcc_assert(i == nargs);
+    }
+
+  tree rettype = TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(fntype->get_tree(gogo)));
+  if (rettype == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree fn;
+  if (has_closure)
+    fn = func->get_tree_without_closure(gogo);
+  else if (!is_method)
+    fn = this->fn_->get_tree(context);
+  else if (bound_method != NULL)
+    fn = this->bound_method_function(context, bound_method, &args[0]);
+  else if (interface_method != NULL)
+    fn = this->interface_method_function(context, interface_method, &args[0]);
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+
+  if (fn == error_mark_node || TREE_TYPE(fn) == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  // This is to support builtin math functions when using 80387 math.
+  tree fndecl = fn;
+  if (TREE_CODE(fndecl) == ADDR_EXPR)
+    fndecl = TREE_OPERAND(fndecl, 0);
+  tree excess_type = NULL_TREE;
+  if (DECL_P(fndecl)
+      && DECL_IS_BUILTIN(fndecl)
+      && DECL_BUILT_IN_CLASS(fndecl) == BUILT_IN_NORMAL
+      && nargs > 0
+      && ((SCALAR_FLOAT_TYPE_P(rettype)
+          && SCALAR_FLOAT_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(args[0])))
+         || (COMPLEX_FLOAT_TYPE_P(rettype)
+             && COMPLEX_FLOAT_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(args[0])))))
+    {
+      excess_type = excess_precision_type(TREE_TYPE(args[0]));
+      if (excess_type != NULL_TREE)
+       {
+         tree excess_fndecl = mathfn_built_in(excess_type,
+                                              DECL_FUNCTION_CODE(fndecl));
+         if (excess_fndecl == NULL_TREE)
+           excess_type = NULL_TREE;
+         else
+           {
+             fn = build_fold_addr_expr_loc(location, excess_fndecl);
+             for (int i = 0; i < nargs; ++i)
+               args[i] = ::convert(excess_type, args[i]);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  tree ret = build_call_array(excess_type != NULL_TREE ? excess_type : rettype,
+                             fn, nargs, args);
+  delete[] args;
+
+  SET_EXPR_LOCATION(ret, location);
+
+  if (has_closure)
+    {
+      tree closure_tree = func->closure()->get_tree(context);
+      if (closure_tree != error_mark_node)
+       CALL_EXPR_STATIC_CHAIN(ret) = closure_tree;
+    }
+
+  // If this is a recursive function type which returns itself, as in
+  //   type F func() F
+  // we have used ptr_type_node for the return type.  Add a cast here
+  // to the correct type.
+  if (TREE_TYPE(ret) == ptr_type_node)
+    {
+      tree t = this->type()->get_tree(gogo);
+      ret = fold_convert_loc(location, t, ret);
+    }
+
+  if (excess_type != NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      // Calling convert here can undo our excess precision change.
+      // That may or may not be a bug in convert_to_real.
+      ret = build1(NOP_EXPR, rettype, ret);
+    }
+
+  // If there is more than one result, we will refer to the call
+  // multiple times.
+  if (fntype->results() != NULL && fntype->results()->size() > 1)
+    ret = save_expr(ret);
+
+  this->tree_ = ret;
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Make a call expression.
+
+Call_expression*
+Expression::make_call(Expression* fn, Expression_list* args, bool is_varargs,
+                     source_location location)
+{
+  return new Call_expression(fn, args, is_varargs, location);
+}
+
+// A single result from a call which returns multiple results.
+
+class Call_result_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Call_result_expression(Call_expression* call, unsigned int index)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_CALL_RESULT, call->location()),
+      call_(call), index_(index)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Call_result_expression(this->call_->call_expression(),
+                                     this->index_);
+  }
+
+  bool
+  do_must_eval_in_order() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The underlying call expression.
+  Expression* call_;
+  // Which result we want.
+  unsigned int index_;
+};
+
+// Traverse a call result.
+
+int
+Call_result_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (traverse->remember_expression(this->call_))
+    {
+      // We have already traversed the call expression.
+      return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    }
+  return Expression::traverse(&this->call_, traverse);
+}
+
+// Get the type.
+
+Type*
+Call_result_expression::do_type()
+{
+  // THIS->CALL_ can be replaced with a temporary reference due to
+  // Call_expression::do_must_eval_in_order when there is an error.
+  Call_expression* ce = this->call_->call_expression();
+  if (ce == NULL)
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+  Function_type* fntype = ce->get_function_type();
+  if (fntype == NULL)
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = fntype->results();
+  Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pr = results->begin();
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < this->index_; ++i)
+    {
+      if (pr == results->end())
+       return Type::make_error_type();
+      ++pr;
+    }
+  if (pr == results->end())
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+  return pr->type();
+}
+
+// Check the type.  This is where we give an error if we're trying to
+// extract too many values from a call.
+
+void
+Call_result_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  bool ok = true;
+  Call_expression* ce = this->call_->call_expression();
+  if (ce != NULL)
+    ok = this->index_ < ce->result_count();
+  else
+    {
+      // This can happen when the call returns a single value but we
+      // are asking for the second result.
+      if (this->call_->is_error_expression())
+       return;
+      ok = false;
+    }
+  if (!ok)
+    error_at(this->location(),
+            "number of results does not match number of values");
+}
+
+// Determine the type.  We have nothing to do here, but the 0 result
+// needs to pass down to the caller.
+
+void
+Call_result_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  if (this->index_ == 0)
+    this->call_->determine_type_no_context();
+}
+
+// Return the tree.
+
+tree
+Call_result_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree call_tree = this->call_->get_tree(context);
+  if (call_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(TREE_TYPE(call_tree)) == RECORD_TYPE);
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(TREE_TYPE(call_tree));
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < this->index_; ++i)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(field != NULL_TREE);
+      field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+    }
+  gcc_assert(field != NULL_TREE);
+  return build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), call_tree, field, NULL_TREE);
+}
+
+// Make a reference to a single result of a call which returns
+// multiple results.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_call_result(Call_expression* call, unsigned int index)
+{
+  return new Call_result_expression(call, index);
+}
+
+// Class Index_expression.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Index_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->left_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || Expression::traverse(&this->start_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || (this->end_ != NULL
+         && Expression::traverse(&this->end_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT))
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lower an index expression.  This converts the generic index
+// expression into an array index, a string index, or a map index.
+
+Expression*
+Index_expression::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  Expression* left = this->left_;
+  Expression* start = this->start_;
+  Expression* end = this->end_;
+
+  Type* type = left->type();
+  if (type->is_error_type())
+    return Expression::make_error(location);
+  else if (type->array_type() != NULL)
+    return Expression::make_array_index(left, start, end, location);
+  else if (type->points_to() != NULL
+          && type->points_to()->array_type() != NULL
+          && !type->points_to()->is_open_array_type())
+    {
+      Expression* deref = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, left,
+                                                location);
+      return Expression::make_array_index(deref, start, end, location);
+    }
+  else if (type->is_string_type())
+    return Expression::make_string_index(left, start, end, location);
+  else if (type->map_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (end != NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "invalid slice of map");
+         return Expression::make_error(location);
+       }
+      Map_index_expression* ret= Expression::make_map_index(left, start,
+                                                           location);
+      if (this->is_lvalue_)
+       ret->set_is_lvalue();
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(location,
+              "attempt to index object which is not array, string, or map");
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    }
+}
+
+// Make an index expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_index(Expression* left, Expression* start, Expression* end,
+                      source_location location)
+{
+  return new Index_expression(left, start, end, location);
+}
+
+// An array index.  This is used for both indexing and slicing.
+
+class Array_index_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Array_index_expression(Expression* array, Expression* start,
+                        Expression* end, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_ARRAY_INDEX, location),
+      array_(array), start_(start), end_(end), type_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return Expression::make_array_index(this->array_->copy(),
+                                       this->start_->copy(),
+                                       (this->end_ == NULL
+                                        ? NULL
+                                        : this->end_->copy()),
+                                       this->location());
+  }
+
+  bool
+  do_is_addressable() const;
+
+  void
+  do_address_taken(bool escapes)
+  { this->array_->address_taken(escapes); }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The array we are getting a value from.
+  Expression* array_;
+  // The start or only index.
+  Expression* start_;
+  // The end index of a slice.  This may be NULL for a simple array
+  // index, or it may be a nil expression for the length of the array.
+  Expression* end_;
+  // The type of the expression.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+// Array index traversal.
+
+int
+Array_index_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->array_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->start_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->end_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (Expression::traverse(&this->end_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Return the type of an array index.
+
+Type*
+Array_index_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    {
+     Array_type* type = this->array_->type()->array_type();
+      if (type == NULL)
+       this->type_ = Type::make_error_type();
+      else if (this->end_ == NULL)
+       this->type_ = type->element_type();
+      else if (type->is_open_array_type())
+       {
+         // A slice of a slice has the same type as the original
+         // slice.
+         this->type_ = this->array_->type()->deref();
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // A slice of an array is a slice.
+         this->type_ = Type::make_array_type(type->element_type(), NULL);
+       }
+    }
+  return this->type_;
+}
+
+// Set the type of an array index.
+
+void
+Array_index_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  this->array_->determine_type_no_context();
+  Type_context subcontext(NULL, true);
+  this->start_->determine_type(&subcontext);
+  if (this->end_ != NULL)
+    this->end_->determine_type(&subcontext);
+}
+
+// Check types of an array index.
+
+void
+Array_index_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->start_->type()->integer_type() == NULL)
+    this->report_error(_("index must be integer"));
+  if (this->end_ != NULL
+      && this->end_->type()->integer_type() == NULL
+      && !this->end_->is_nil_expression())
+    this->report_error(_("slice end must be integer"));
+
+  Array_type* array_type = this->array_->type()->array_type();
+  gcc_assert(array_type != NULL);
+
+  unsigned int int_bits =
+    Type::lookup_integer_type("int")->integer_type()->bits();
+
+  Type* dummy;
+  mpz_t lval;
+  mpz_init(lval);
+  bool lval_valid = (array_type->length() != NULL
+                    && array_type->length()->integer_constant_value(true,
+                                                                    lval,
+                                                                    &dummy));
+  mpz_t ival;
+  mpz_init(ival);
+  if (this->start_->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &dummy))
+    {
+      if (mpz_sgn(ival) < 0
+         || mpz_sizeinbase(ival, 2) >= int_bits
+         || (lval_valid
+             && (this->end_ == NULL
+                 ? mpz_cmp(ival, lval) >= 0
+                 : mpz_cmp(ival, lval) > 0)))
+       {
+         error_at(this->start_->location(), "array index out of bounds");
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+  if (this->end_ != NULL && !this->end_->is_nil_expression())
+    {
+      if (this->end_->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &dummy))
+       {
+         if (mpz_sgn(ival) < 0
+             || mpz_sizeinbase(ival, 2) >= int_bits
+             || (lval_valid && mpz_cmp(ival, lval) > 0))
+           {
+             error_at(this->end_->location(), "array index out of bounds");
+             this->set_is_error();
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  mpz_clear(ival);
+  mpz_clear(lval);
+
+  // A slice of an array requires an addressable array.  A slice of a
+  // slice is always possible.
+  if (this->end_ != NULL
+      && !array_type->is_open_array_type()
+      && !this->array_->is_addressable())
+    this->report_error(_("array is not addressable"));
+}
+
+// Return whether this expression is addressable.
+
+bool
+Array_index_expression::do_is_addressable() const
+{
+  // A slice expression is not addressable.
+  if (this->end_ != NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  // An index into a slice is addressable.
+  if (this->array_->type()->is_open_array_type())
+    return true;
+
+  // An index into an array is addressable if the array is
+  // addressable.
+  return this->array_->is_addressable();
+}
+
+// Get a tree for an array index.
+
+tree
+Array_index_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  Array_type* array_type = this->array_->type()->array_type();
+  gcc_assert(array_type != NULL);
+
+  tree type_tree = array_type->get_tree(gogo);
+
+  tree array_tree = this->array_->get_tree(context);
+  if (array_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  if (array_type->length() == NULL && !DECL_P(array_tree))
+    array_tree = save_expr(array_tree);
+  tree length_tree = array_type->length_tree(gogo, array_tree);
+  length_tree = save_expr(length_tree);
+  tree length_type = TREE_TYPE(length_tree);
+
+  tree bad_index = boolean_false_node;
+
+  tree start_tree = this->start_->get_tree(context);
+  if (start_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  if (!DECL_P(start_tree))
+    start_tree = save_expr(start_tree);
+  if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(start_tree)))
+    start_tree = convert_to_integer(length_type, start_tree);
+
+  bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(start_tree, length_type, bad_index,
+                                      loc);
+
+  start_tree = fold_convert_loc(loc, length_type, start_tree);
+  bad_index = fold_build2_loc(loc, TRUTH_OR_EXPR, boolean_type_node, bad_index,
+                             fold_build2_loc(loc,
+                                             (this->end_ == NULL
+                                              ? GE_EXPR
+                                              : GT_EXPR),
+                                             boolean_type_node, start_tree,
+                                             length_tree));
+
+  int code = (array_type->length() != NULL
+             ? (this->end_ == NULL
+                ? RUNTIME_ERROR_ARRAY_INDEX_OUT_OF_BOUNDS
+                : RUNTIME_ERROR_ARRAY_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS)
+             : (this->end_ == NULL
+                ? RUNTIME_ERROR_SLICE_INDEX_OUT_OF_BOUNDS
+                : RUNTIME_ERROR_SLICE_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS));
+  tree crash = Gogo::runtime_error(code, loc);
+
+  if (this->end_ == NULL)
+    {
+      // Simple array indexing.  This has to return an l-value, so
+      // wrap the index check into START_TREE.
+      start_tree = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(start_tree),
+                         build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                bad_index, crash, NULL_TREE),
+                         start_tree);
+      start_tree = fold_convert_loc(loc, sizetype, start_tree);
+
+      if (array_type->length() != NULL)
+       {
+         // Fixed array.
+         return build4(ARRAY_REF, TREE_TYPE(type_tree), array_tree,
+                       start_tree, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // Open array.
+         tree values = array_type->value_pointer_tree(gogo, array_tree);
+         tree element_type_tree = array_type->element_type()->get_tree(gogo);
+         tree element_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(element_type_tree);
+         tree offset = fold_build2_loc(loc, MULT_EXPR, sizetype,
+                                       start_tree, element_size);
+         tree ptr = fold_build2_loc(loc, POINTER_PLUS_EXPR,
+                                    TREE_TYPE(values), values, offset);
+         return build_fold_indirect_ref(ptr);
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Array slice.
+
+  tree capacity_tree = array_type->capacity_tree(gogo, array_tree);
+  capacity_tree = fold_convert_loc(loc, length_type, capacity_tree);
+
+  tree end_tree;
+  if (this->end_->is_nil_expression())
+    end_tree = length_tree;
+  else
+    {
+      end_tree = this->end_->get_tree(context);
+      if (end_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      if (!DECL_P(end_tree))
+       end_tree = save_expr(end_tree);
+      if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(end_tree)))
+       end_tree = convert_to_integer(length_type, end_tree);
+
+      bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(end_tree, length_type, bad_index,
+                                          loc);
+
+      end_tree = fold_convert_loc(loc, length_type, end_tree);
+
+      capacity_tree = save_expr(capacity_tree);
+      tree bad_end = fold_build2_loc(loc, TRUTH_OR_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                                    fold_build2_loc(loc, LT_EXPR,
+                                                    boolean_type_node,
+                                                    end_tree, start_tree),
+                                    fold_build2_loc(loc, GT_EXPR,
+                                                    boolean_type_node,
+                                                    end_tree, capacity_tree));
+      bad_index = fold_build2_loc(loc, TRUTH_OR_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                                 bad_index, bad_end);
+    }
+
+  tree element_type_tree = array_type->element_type()->get_tree(gogo);
+  tree element_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(element_type_tree);
+
+  tree offset = fold_build2_loc(loc, MULT_EXPR, sizetype,
+                               fold_convert_loc(loc, sizetype, start_tree),
+                               element_size);
+
+  tree value_pointer = array_type->value_pointer_tree(gogo, array_tree);
+
+  value_pointer = fold_build2_loc(loc, POINTER_PLUS_EXPR,
+                                 TREE_TYPE(value_pointer),
+                                 value_pointer, offset);
+
+  tree result_length_tree = fold_build2_loc(loc, MINUS_EXPR, length_type,
+                                           end_tree, start_tree);
+
+  tree result_capacity_tree = fold_build2_loc(loc, MINUS_EXPR, length_type,
+                                             capacity_tree, start_tree);
+
+  tree struct_tree = this->type()->get_tree(gogo);
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(struct_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 3);
+
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(struct_tree);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__values") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = value_pointer;
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__count") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert_loc(loc, TREE_TYPE(field), result_length_tree);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__capacity") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert_loc(loc, TREE_TYPE(field), result_capacity_tree);
+
+  tree constructor = build_constructor(struct_tree, init);
+
+  if (TREE_CONSTANT(value_pointer)
+      && TREE_CONSTANT(result_length_tree)
+      && TREE_CONSTANT(result_capacity_tree))
+    TREE_CONSTANT(constructor) = 1;
+
+  return fold_build2_loc(loc, COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(constructor),
+                        build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                               bad_index, crash, NULL_TREE),
+                        constructor);
+}
+
+// Make an array index expression.  END may be NULL.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_array_index(Expression* array, Expression* start,
+                            Expression* end, source_location location)
+{
+  // Taking a slice of a composite literal requires moving the literal
+  // onto the heap.
+  if (end != NULL && array->is_composite_literal())
+    {
+      array = Expression::make_heap_composite(array, location);
+      array = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, array, location);
+    }
+  return new Array_index_expression(array, start, end, location);
+}
+
+// A string index.  This is used for both indexing and slicing.
+
+class String_index_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  String_index_expression(Expression* string, Expression* start,
+                         Expression* end, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_STRING_INDEX, location),
+      string_(string), start_(start), end_(end)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return Expression::make_string_index(this->string_->copy(),
+                                        this->start_->copy(),
+                                        (this->end_ == NULL
+                                         ? NULL
+                                         : this->end_->copy()),
+                                        this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The string we are getting a value from.
+  Expression* string_;
+  // The start or only index.
+  Expression* start_;
+  // The end index of a slice.  This may be NULL for a single index,
+  // or it may be a nil expression for the length of the string.
+  Expression* end_;
+};
+
+// String index traversal.
+
+int
+String_index_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->string_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->start_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->end_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (Expression::traverse(&this->end_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Return the type of a string index.
+
+Type*
+String_index_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->end_ == NULL)
+    return Type::lookup_integer_type("uint8");
+  else
+    return Type::make_string_type();
+}
+
+// Determine the type of a string index.
+
+void
+String_index_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  this->string_->determine_type_no_context();
+  Type_context subcontext(NULL, true);
+  this->start_->determine_type(&subcontext);
+  if (this->end_ != NULL)
+    this->end_->determine_type(&subcontext);
+}
+
+// Check types of a string index.
+
+void
+String_index_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->start_->type()->integer_type() == NULL)
+    this->report_error(_("index must be integer"));
+  if (this->end_ != NULL
+      && this->end_->type()->integer_type() == NULL
+      && !this->end_->is_nil_expression())
+    this->report_error(_("slice end must be integer"));
+
+  std::string sval;
+  bool sval_valid = this->string_->string_constant_value(&sval);
+
+  mpz_t ival;
+  mpz_init(ival);
+  Type* dummy;
+  if (this->start_->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &dummy))
+    {
+      if (mpz_sgn(ival) < 0
+         || (sval_valid && mpz_cmp_ui(ival, sval.length()) >= 0))
+       {
+         error_at(this->start_->location(), "string index out of bounds");
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+  if (this->end_ != NULL && !this->end_->is_nil_expression())
+    {
+      if (this->end_->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &dummy))
+       {
+         if (mpz_sgn(ival) < 0
+             || (sval_valid && mpz_cmp_ui(ival, sval.length()) > 0))
+           {
+             error_at(this->end_->location(), "string index out of bounds");
+             this->set_is_error();
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  mpz_clear(ival);
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a string index.
+
+tree
+String_index_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  tree string_tree = this->string_->get_tree(context);
+  if (string_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  if (this->string_->type()->points_to() != NULL)
+    string_tree = build_fold_indirect_ref(string_tree);
+  if (!DECL_P(string_tree))
+    string_tree = save_expr(string_tree);
+  tree string_type = TREE_TYPE(string_tree);
+
+  tree length_tree = String_type::length_tree(context->gogo(), string_tree);
+  length_tree = save_expr(length_tree);
+  tree length_type = TREE_TYPE(length_tree);
+
+  tree bad_index = boolean_false_node;
+
+  tree start_tree = this->start_->get_tree(context);
+  if (start_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  if (!DECL_P(start_tree))
+    start_tree = save_expr(start_tree);
+  if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(start_tree)))
+    start_tree = convert_to_integer(length_type, start_tree);
+
+  bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(start_tree, length_type, bad_index,
+                                      loc);
+
+  start_tree = fold_convert_loc(loc, length_type, start_tree);
+
+  int code = (this->end_ == NULL
+             ? RUNTIME_ERROR_STRING_INDEX_OUT_OF_BOUNDS
+             : RUNTIME_ERROR_STRING_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS);
+  tree crash = Gogo::runtime_error(code, loc);
+
+  if (this->end_ == NULL)
+    {
+      bad_index = fold_build2_loc(loc, TRUTH_OR_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                                 bad_index,
+                                 fold_build2_loc(loc, GE_EXPR,
+                                                 boolean_type_node,
+                                                 start_tree, length_tree));
+
+      tree bytes_tree = String_type::bytes_tree(context->gogo(), string_tree);
+      tree ptr = fold_build2_loc(loc, POINTER_PLUS_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(bytes_tree),
+                                bytes_tree,
+                                fold_convert_loc(loc, sizetype, start_tree));
+      tree index = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(loc, ptr);
+
+      return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(index),
+                   build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                          bad_index, crash, NULL_TREE),
+                   index);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      tree end_tree;
+      if (this->end_->is_nil_expression())
+       end_tree = build_int_cst(length_type, -1);
+      else
+       {
+         end_tree = this->end_->get_tree(context);
+         if (end_tree == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         if (!DECL_P(end_tree))
+           end_tree = save_expr(end_tree);
+         if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(end_tree)))
+           end_tree = convert_to_integer(length_type, end_tree);
+
+         bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(end_tree, length_type,
+                                              bad_index, loc);
+
+         end_tree = fold_convert_loc(loc, length_type, end_tree);
+       }
+
+      static tree strslice_fndecl;
+      tree ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&strslice_fndecl,
+                                   loc,
+                                   "__go_string_slice",
+                                   3,
+                                   string_type,
+                                   string_type,
+                                   string_tree,
+                                   length_type,
+                                   start_tree,
+                                   length_type,
+                                   end_tree);
+      // This will panic if the bounds are out of range for the
+      // string.
+      TREE_NOTHROW(strslice_fndecl) = 0;
+
+      if (bad_index == boolean_false_node)
+       return ret;
+      else
+       return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(ret),
+                     build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                            bad_index, crash, NULL_TREE),
+                     ret);
+    }
+}
+
+// Make a string index expression.  END may be NULL.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_string_index(Expression* string, Expression* start,
+                             Expression* end, source_location location)
+{
+  return new String_index_expression(string, start, end, location);
+}
+
+// Class Map_index.
+
+// Get the type of the map.
+
+Map_type*
+Map_index_expression::get_map_type() const
+{
+  Map_type* mt = this->map_->type()->deref()->map_type();
+  gcc_assert(mt != NULL);
+  return mt;
+}
+
+// Map index traversal.
+
+int
+Map_index_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->map_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return Expression::traverse(&this->index_, traverse);
+}
+
+// Return the type of a map index.
+
+Type*
+Map_index_expression::do_type()
+{
+  Type* type = this->get_map_type()->val_type();
+  // If this map index is in a tuple assignment, we actually return a
+  // pointer to the value type.  Tuple_map_assignment_statement is
+  // responsible for handling this correctly.  We need to get the type
+  // right in case this gets assigned to a temporary variable.
+  if (this->is_in_tuple_assignment_)
+    type = Type::make_pointer_type(type);
+  return type;
+}
+
+// Fix the type of a map index.
+
+void
+Map_index_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  this->map_->determine_type_no_context();
+  Type_context subcontext(this->get_map_type()->key_type(), false);
+  this->index_->determine_type(&subcontext);
+}
+
+// Check types of a map index.
+
+void
+Map_index_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  std::string reason;
+  if (!Type::are_assignable(this->get_map_type()->key_type(),
+                           this->index_->type(), &reason))
+    {
+      if (reason.empty())
+       this->report_error(_("incompatible type for map index"));
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "incompatible type for map index (%s)",
+                  reason.c_str());
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a map index.
+
+tree
+Map_index_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Map_type* type = this->get_map_type();
+
+  tree valptr = this->get_value_pointer(context, this->is_lvalue_);
+  if (valptr == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  valptr = save_expr(valptr);
+
+  tree val_type_tree = TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(valptr));
+
+  if (this->is_lvalue_)
+    return build_fold_indirect_ref(valptr);
+  else if (this->is_in_tuple_assignment_)
+    {
+      // Tuple_map_assignment_statement is responsible for using this
+      // appropriately.
+      return valptr;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      return fold_build3(COND_EXPR, val_type_tree,
+                        fold_build2(EQ_EXPR, boolean_type_node, valptr,
+                                    fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(valptr),
+                                                 null_pointer_node)),
+                        type->val_type()->get_init_tree(context->gogo(),
+                                                        false),
+                        build_fold_indirect_ref(valptr));
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree for the map index.  This returns a tree which evaluates
+// to a pointer to a value.  The pointer will be NULL if the key is
+// not in the map.
+
+tree
+Map_index_expression::get_value_pointer(Translate_context* context,
+                                       bool insert)
+{
+  Map_type* type = this->get_map_type();
+
+  tree map_tree = this->map_->get_tree(context);
+  tree index_tree = this->index_->get_tree(context);
+  index_tree = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, type->key_type(),
+                                                 this->index_->type(),
+                                                 index_tree,
+                                                 this->location());
+  if (map_tree == error_mark_node || index_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  if (this->map_->type()->points_to() != NULL)
+    map_tree = build_fold_indirect_ref(map_tree);
+
+  // We need to pass in a pointer to the key, so stuff it into a
+  // variable.
+  tree tmp = create_tmp_var(TREE_TYPE(index_tree), get_name(index_tree));
+  DECL_IGNORED_P(tmp) = 0;
+  DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = index_tree;
+  tree make_tmp = build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, tmp);
+  tree tmpref = fold_convert(const_ptr_type_node, build_fold_addr_expr(tmp));
+  TREE_ADDRESSABLE(tmp) = 1;
+
+  static tree map_index_fndecl;
+  tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&map_index_fndecl,
+                                this->location(),
+                                "__go_map_index",
+                                3,
+                                const_ptr_type_node,
+                                TREE_TYPE(map_tree),
+                                map_tree,
+                                const_ptr_type_node,
+                                tmpref,
+                                boolean_type_node,
+                                (insert
+                                 ? boolean_true_node
+                                 : boolean_false_node));
+  // This can panic on a map of interface type if the interface holds
+  // an uncomparable or unhashable type.
+  TREE_NOTHROW(map_index_fndecl) = 0;
+
+  tree val_type_tree = type->val_type()->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  if (val_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  tree ptr_val_type_tree = build_pointer_type(val_type_tree);
+
+  return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, ptr_val_type_tree,
+               make_tmp,
+               fold_convert(ptr_val_type_tree, call));
+}
+
+// Make a map index expression.
+
+Map_index_expression*
+Expression::make_map_index(Expression* map, Expression* index,
+                          source_location location)
+{
+  return new Map_index_expression(map, index, location);
+}
+
+// Class Field_reference_expression.
+
+// Return the type of a field reference.
+
+Type*
+Field_reference_expression::do_type()
+{
+  Struct_type* struct_type = this->expr_->type()->struct_type();
+  gcc_assert(struct_type != NULL);
+  return struct_type->field(this->field_index_)->type();
+}
+
+// Check the types for a field reference.
+
+void
+Field_reference_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Struct_type* struct_type = this->expr_->type()->struct_type();
+  gcc_assert(struct_type != NULL);
+  gcc_assert(struct_type->field(this->field_index_) != NULL);
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a field reference.
+
+tree
+Field_reference_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree struct_tree = this->expr_->get_tree(context);
+  if (struct_tree == error_mark_node
+      || TREE_TYPE(struct_tree) == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(TREE_TYPE(struct_tree)) == RECORD_TYPE);
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(TREE_TYPE(struct_tree));
+  gcc_assert(field != NULL_TREE);
+  for (unsigned int i = this->field_index_; i > 0; --i)
+    {
+      field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+      gcc_assert(field != NULL_TREE);
+    }
+  return build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), struct_tree, field,
+               NULL_TREE);
+}
+
+// Make a reference to a qualified identifier in an expression.
+
+Field_reference_expression*
+Expression::make_field_reference(Expression* expr, unsigned int field_index,
+                                source_location location)
+{
+  return new Field_reference_expression(expr, field_index, location);
+}
+
+// Class Interface_field_reference_expression.
+
+// Return a tree for the pointer to the function to call.
+
+tree
+Interface_field_reference_expression::get_function_tree(Translate_context*,
+                                                       tree expr)
+{
+  if (this->expr_->type()->points_to() != NULL)
+    expr = build_fold_indirect_ref(expr);
+
+  tree expr_type = TREE_TYPE(expr);
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(expr_type) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(expr_type);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__methods") == 0);
+
+  tree table = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), expr, field, NULL_TREE);
+  gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(table)));
+
+  table = build_fold_indirect_ref(table);
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(TREE_TYPE(table)) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  std::string name = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(this->name_);
+  for (field = DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(TREE_TYPE(table)));
+       field != NULL_TREE;
+       field = DECL_CHAIN(field))
+    {
+      if (name == IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)))
+       break;
+    }
+  gcc_assert(field != NULL_TREE);
+
+  return build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), table, field, NULL_TREE);
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the first argument to pass to the interface
+// function.
+
+tree
+Interface_field_reference_expression::get_underlying_object_tree(
+    Translate_context*,
+    tree expr)
+{
+  if (this->expr_->type()->points_to() != NULL)
+    expr = build_fold_indirect_ref(expr);
+
+  tree expr_type = TREE_TYPE(expr);
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(expr_type) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  tree field = DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(expr_type));
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__object") == 0);
+
+  return build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), expr, field, NULL_TREE);
+}
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Interface_field_reference_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  return Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse);
+}
+
+// Return the type of an interface field reference.
+
+Type*
+Interface_field_reference_expression::do_type()
+{
+  Type* expr_type = this->expr_->type();
+
+  Type* points_to = expr_type->points_to();
+  if (points_to != NULL)
+    expr_type = points_to;
+
+  Interface_type* interface_type = expr_type->interface_type();
+  if (interface_type == NULL)
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+
+  const Typed_identifier* method = interface_type->find_method(this->name_);
+  if (method == NULL)
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+
+  return method->type();
+}
+
+// Determine types.
+
+void
+Interface_field_reference_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  this->expr_->determine_type_no_context();
+}
+
+// Check the types for an interface field reference.
+
+void
+Interface_field_reference_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Type* type = this->expr_->type();
+
+  Type* points_to = type->points_to();
+  if (points_to != NULL)
+    type = points_to;
+
+  Interface_type* interface_type = type->interface_type();
+  if (interface_type == NULL)
+    this->report_error(_("expected interface or pointer to interface"));
+  else
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier* method =
+       interface_type->find_method(this->name_);
+      if (method == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "method %qs not in interface",
+                  Gogo::message_name(this->name_).c_str());
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a reference to a field in an interface.  There is no
+// standard tree type representation for this: it's a function
+// attached to its first argument, like a Bound_method_expression.
+// The only places it may currently be used are in a Call_expression
+// or a Go_statement, which will take it apart directly.  So this has
+// nothing to do at present.
+
+tree
+Interface_field_reference_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Make a reference to a field in an interface.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_interface_field_reference(Expression* expr,
+                                          const std::string& field,
+                                          source_location location)
+{
+  return new Interface_field_reference_expression(expr, field, location);
+}
+
+// A general selector.  This is a Parser_expression for LEFT.NAME.  It
+// is lowered after we know the type of the left hand side.
+
+class Selector_expression : public Parser_expression
+{
+ public:
+  Selector_expression(Expression* left, const std::string& name,
+                     source_location location)
+    : Parser_expression(EXPRESSION_SELECTOR, location),
+      left_(left), name_(name)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return Expression::traverse(&this->left_, traverse); }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Selector_expression(this->left_->copy(), this->name_,
+                                  this->location());
+  }
+
+ private:
+  Expression*
+  lower_method_expression(Gogo*);
+
+  // The expression on the left hand side.
+  Expression* left_;
+  // The name on the right hand side.
+  std::string name_;
+};
+
+// Lower a selector expression once we know the real type of the left
+// hand side.
+
+Expression*
+Selector_expression::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object*, int)
+{
+  Expression* left = this->left_;
+  if (left->is_type_expression())
+    return this->lower_method_expression(gogo);
+  return Type::bind_field_or_method(gogo, left->type(), left, this->name_,
+                                   this->location());
+}
+
+// Lower a method expression T.M or (*T).M.  We turn this into a
+// function literal.
+
+Expression*
+Selector_expression::lower_method_expression(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  Type* type = this->left_->type();
+  const std::string& name(this->name_);
+
+  bool is_pointer;
+  if (type->points_to() == NULL)
+    is_pointer = false;
+  else
+    {
+      is_pointer = true;
+      type = type->points_to();
+    }
+  Named_type* nt = type->named_type();
+  if (nt == NULL)
+    {
+      error_at(location,
+              ("method expression requires named type or "
+               "pointer to named type"));
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    }
+
+  bool is_ambiguous;
+  Method* method = nt->method_function(name, &is_ambiguous);
+  if (method == NULL)
+    {
+      if (!is_ambiguous)
+       error_at(location, "type %<%s%> has no method %<%s%>",
+                nt->message_name().c_str(),
+                Gogo::message_name(name).c_str());
+      else
+       error_at(location, "method %<%s%> is ambiguous in type %<%s%>",
+                Gogo::message_name(name).c_str(),
+                nt->message_name().c_str());
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    }
+
+  if (!is_pointer && !method->is_value_method())
+    {
+      error_at(location, "method requires pointer (use %<(*%s).%s)%>",
+              nt->message_name().c_str(),
+              Gogo::message_name(name).c_str());
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    }
+
+  // Build a new function type in which the receiver becomes the first
+  // argument.
+  Function_type* method_type = method->type();
+  gcc_assert(method_type->is_method());
+
+  const char* const receiver_name = "$this";
+  Typed_identifier_list* parameters = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier(receiver_name, this->left_->type(),
+                                        location));
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* method_parameters = method_type->parameters();
+  if (method_parameters != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = method_parameters->begin();
+          p != method_parameters->end();
+          ++p)
+       parameters->push_back(*p);
+    }
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* method_results = method_type->results();
+  Typed_identifier_list* results;
+  if (method_results == NULL)
+    results = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = method_results->begin();
+          p != method_results->end();
+          ++p)
+       results->push_back(*p);
+    }
+  
+  Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, parameters, results,
+                                                  location);
+  if (method_type->is_varargs())
+    fntype->set_is_varargs();
+
+  // We generate methods which always takes a pointer to the receiver
+  // as their first argument.  If this is for a pointer type, we can
+  // simply reuse the existing function.  We use an internal hack to
+  // get the right type.
+
+  if (is_pointer)
+    {
+      Named_object* mno = (method->needs_stub_method()
+                          ? method->stub_object()
+                          : method->named_object());
+      Expression* f = Expression::make_func_reference(mno, NULL, location);
+      f = Expression::make_cast(fntype, f, location);
+      Type_conversion_expression* tce =
+       static_cast<Type_conversion_expression*>(f);
+      tce->set_may_convert_function_types();
+      return f;
+    }
+
+  Named_object* no = gogo->start_function(Gogo::thunk_name(), fntype, false,
+                                         location);
+
+  Named_object* vno = gogo->lookup(receiver_name, NULL);
+  gcc_assert(vno != NULL);
+  Expression* ve = Expression::make_var_reference(vno, location);
+  Expression* bm = Type::bind_field_or_method(gogo, nt, ve, name, location);
+  gcc_assert(bm != NULL && !bm->is_error_expression());
+
+  Expression_list* args;
+  if (method_parameters == NULL)
+    args = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      args = new Expression_list();
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = method_parameters->begin();
+          p != method_parameters->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         vno = gogo->lookup(p->name(), NULL);
+         gcc_assert(vno != NULL);
+         args->push_back(Expression::make_var_reference(vno, location));
+       }
+    }
+
+  Call_expression* call = Expression::make_call(bm, args,
+                                               method_type->is_varargs(),
+                                               location);
+
+  size_t count = call->result_count();
+  Statement* s;
+  if (count == 0)
+    s = Statement::make_statement(call);
+  else
+    {
+      Expression_list* retvals = new Expression_list();
+      if (count <= 1)
+       retvals->push_back(call);
+      else
+       {
+         for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i)
+           retvals->push_back(Expression::make_call_result(call, i));
+       }
+      s = Statement::make_return_statement(no->func_value()->type()->results(),
+                                          retvals, location);
+    }
+  gogo->add_statement(s);
+
+  gogo->finish_function(location);
+
+  return Expression::make_func_reference(no, NULL, location);
+}
+
+// Make a selector expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_selector(Expression* left, const std::string& name,
+                         source_location location)
+{
+  return new Selector_expression(left, name, location);
+}
+
+// Implement the builtin function new.
+
+class Allocation_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Allocation_expression(Type* type, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_ALLOCATION, location),
+      type_(type)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse); }
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return Type::make_pointer_type(this->type_); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { }
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return new Allocation_expression(this->type_, this->location()); }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The type we are allocating.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+// Check the type of an allocation expression.
+
+void
+Allocation_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->type_->function_type() != NULL)
+    this->report_error(_("invalid new of function type"));
+}
+
+// Return a tree for an allocation expression.
+
+tree
+Allocation_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree type_tree = this->type_->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  tree size_tree = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(type_tree);
+  tree space = context->gogo()->allocate_memory(this->type_, size_tree,
+                                               this->location());
+  return fold_convert(build_pointer_type(type_tree), space);
+}
+
+// Make an allocation expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_allocation(Type* type, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Allocation_expression(type, location);
+}
+
+// Implement the builtin function make.
+
+class Make_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Make_expression(Type* type, Expression_list* args, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_MAKE, location),
+      type_(type), args_(args)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Make_expression(this->type_, this->args_->copy(),
+                              this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The type we are making.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The arguments to pass to the make routine.
+  Expression_list* args_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Make_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->args_ != NULL
+      && this->args_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Set types of arguments.
+
+void
+Make_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  if (this->args_ != NULL)
+    {
+      Type_context context(Type::lookup_integer_type("int"), false);
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pe = this->args_->begin();
+          pe != this->args_->end();
+          ++pe)
+       (*pe)->determine_type(&context);
+    }
+}
+
+// Check types for a make expression.
+
+void
+Make_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->type_->channel_type() == NULL
+      && this->type_->map_type() == NULL
+      && (this->type_->array_type() == NULL
+         || this->type_->array_type()->length() != NULL))
+    this->report_error(_("invalid type for make function"));
+  else if (!this->type_->check_make_expression(this->args_, this->location()))
+    this->set_is_error();
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a make expression.
+
+tree
+Make_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  return this->type_->make_expression_tree(context, this->args_,
+                                          this->location());
+}
+
+// Make a make expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_make(Type* type, Expression_list* args,
+                     source_location location)
+{
+  return new Make_expression(type, args, location);
+}
+
+// Construct a struct.
+
+class Struct_construction_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Struct_construction_expression(Type* type, Expression_list* vals,
+                                source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_STRUCT_CONSTRUCTION, location),
+      type_(type), vals_(vals)
+  { }
+
+  // Return whether this is a constant initializer.
+  bool
+  is_constant_struct() const;
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Struct_construction_expression(this->type_, this->vals_->copy(),
+                                             this->location());
+  }
+
+  bool
+  do_is_addressable() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+ private:
+  // The type of the struct to construct.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The list of values, in order of the fields in the struct.  A NULL
+  // entry means that the field should be zero-initialized.
+  Expression_list* vals_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Struct_construction_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ != NULL
+      && this->vals_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Return whether this is a constant initializer.
+
+bool
+Struct_construction_expression::is_constant_struct() const
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return true;
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+       pv != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pv)
+    {
+      if (*pv != NULL
+         && !(*pv)->is_constant()
+         && (!(*pv)->is_composite_literal()
+             || (*pv)->is_nonconstant_composite_literal()))
+       return false;
+    }
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->type_->struct_type()->fields();
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf)
+    {
+      // There are no constant constructors for interfaces.
+      if (pf->type()->interface_type() != NULL)
+       return false;
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Final type determination.
+
+void
+Struct_construction_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return;
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->type_->struct_type()->fields();
+  Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf, ++pv)
+    {
+      if (pv == this->vals_->end())
+       return;
+      if (*pv != NULL)
+       {
+         Type_context subcontext(pf->type(), false);
+         (*pv)->determine_type(&subcontext);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+Struct_construction_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  Struct_type* st = this->type_->struct_type();
+  if (this->vals_->size() > st->field_count())
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("too many expressions for struct"));
+      return;
+    }
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = st->fields();
+  Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+  int i = 0;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf, ++pv, ++i)
+    {
+      if (pv == this->vals_->end())
+       {
+         this->report_error(_("too few expressions for struct"));
+         break;
+       }
+
+      if (*pv == NULL)
+       continue;
+
+      std::string reason;
+      if (!Type::are_assignable(pf->type(), (*pv)->type(), &reason))
+       {
+         if (reason.empty())
+           error_at((*pv)->location(),
+                    "incompatible type for field %d in struct construction",
+                    i + 1);
+         else
+           error_at((*pv)->location(),
+                    ("incompatible type for field %d in "
+                     "struct construction (%s)"),
+                    i + 1, reason.c_str());
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+  gcc_assert(pv == this->vals_->end());
+}
+
+// Return a tree for constructing a struct.
+
+tree
+Struct_construction_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return this->type_->get_init_tree(gogo, false);
+
+  tree type_tree = this->type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  bool is_constant = true;
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->type_->struct_type()->fields();
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* elts = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc,
+                                           fields->size());
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+  Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+  for (tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+       field != NULL_TREE;
+       field = DECL_CHAIN(field), ++pf)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(pf != fields->end());
+
+      tree val;
+      if (pv == this->vals_->end())
+       val = pf->type()->get_init_tree(gogo, false);
+      else if (*pv == NULL)
+       {
+         val = pf->type()->get_init_tree(gogo, false);
+         ++pv;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         val = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, pf->type(),
+                                                  (*pv)->type(),
+                                                  (*pv)->get_tree(context),
+                                                  this->location());
+         ++pv;
+       }
+
+      if (val == error_mark_node || TREE_TYPE(val) == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+
+      constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, elts, NULL);
+      elt->index = field;
+      elt->value = val;
+      if (!TREE_CONSTANT(val))
+       is_constant = false;
+    }
+  gcc_assert(pf == fields->end());
+
+  tree ret = build_constructor(type_tree, elts);
+  if (is_constant)
+    TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Export a struct construction.
+
+void
+Struct_construction_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("convert(");
+  exp->write_type(this->type_);
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+       pv != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pv)
+    {
+      exp->write_c_string(", ");
+      if (*pv != NULL)
+       (*pv)->export_expression(exp);
+    }
+  exp->write_c_string(")");
+}
+
+// Make a struct composite literal.  This used by the thunk code.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(Type* type, Expression_list* vals,
+                                         source_location location)
+{
+  gcc_assert(type->struct_type() != NULL);
+  return new Struct_construction_expression(type, vals, location);
+}
+
+// Construct an array.  This class is not used directly; instead we
+// use the child classes, Fixed_array_construction_expression and
+// Open_array_construction_expression.
+
+class Array_construction_expression : public Expression
+{
+ protected:
+  Array_construction_expression(Expression_classification classification,
+                               Type* type, Expression_list* vals,
+                               source_location location)
+    : Expression(classification, location),
+      type_(type), vals_(vals)
+  { }
+
+ public:
+  // Return whether this is a constant initializer.
+  bool
+  is_constant_array() const;
+
+  // Return the number of elements.
+  size_t
+  element_count() const
+  { return this->vals_ == NULL ? 0 : this->vals_->size(); }
+
+protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  bool
+  do_is_addressable() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+  // The list of values.
+  Expression_list*
+  vals()
+  { return this->vals_; }
+
+  // Get a constructor tree for the array values.
+  tree
+  get_constructor_tree(Translate_context* context, tree type_tree);
+
+ private:
+  // The type of the array to construct.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The list of values.
+  Expression_list* vals_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Array_construction_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ != NULL
+      && this->vals_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Return whether this is a constant initializer.
+
+bool
+Array_construction_expression::is_constant_array() const
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return true;
+
+  // There are no constant constructors for interfaces.
+  if (this->type_->array_type()->element_type()->interface_type() != NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+       pv != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pv)
+    {
+      if (*pv != NULL
+         && !(*pv)->is_constant()
+         && (!(*pv)->is_composite_literal()
+             || (*pv)->is_nonconstant_composite_literal()))
+       return false;
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Final type determination.
+
+void
+Array_construction_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return;
+  Type_context subcontext(this->type_->array_type()->element_type(), false);
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+       pv != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pv)
+    {
+      if (*pv != NULL)
+       (*pv)->determine_type(&subcontext);
+    }
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+Array_construction_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  Array_type* at = this->type_->array_type();
+  int i = 0;
+  Type* element_type = at->element_type();
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+       pv != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pv, ++i)
+    {
+      if (*pv != NULL
+         && !Type::are_assignable(element_type, (*pv)->type(), NULL))
+       {
+         error_at((*pv)->location(),
+                  "incompatible type for element %d in composite literal",
+                  i + 1);
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+
+  Expression* length = at->length();
+  if (length != NULL)
+    {
+      mpz_t val;
+      mpz_init(val);
+      Type* type;
+      if (at->length()->integer_constant_value(true, val, &type))
+       {
+         if (this->vals_->size() > mpz_get_ui(val))
+           this->report_error(_("too many elements in composite literal"));
+       }
+      mpz_clear(val);
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a constructor tree for the array values.
+
+tree
+Array_construction_expression::get_constructor_tree(Translate_context* context,
+                                                   tree type_tree)
+{
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* values = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc,
+                                             (this->vals_ == NULL
+                                              ? 0
+                                              : this->vals_->size()));
+  Type* element_type = this->type_->array_type()->element_type();
+  bool is_constant = true;
+  if (this->vals_ != NULL)
+    {
+      size_t i = 0;
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+          pv != this->vals_->end();
+          ++pv, ++i)
+       {
+         constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, values, NULL);
+         elt->index = size_int(i);
+         if (*pv == NULL)
+           elt->value = element_type->get_init_tree(context->gogo(), false);
+         else
+           {
+             tree value_tree = (*pv)->get_tree(context);
+             elt->value = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context,
+                                                             element_type,
+                                                             (*pv)->type(),
+                                                             value_tree,
+                                                             this->location());
+           }
+         if (elt->value == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         if (!TREE_CONSTANT(elt->value))
+           is_constant = false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  tree ret = build_constructor(type_tree, values);
+  if (is_constant)
+    TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Export an array construction.
+
+void
+Array_construction_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("convert(");
+  exp->write_type(this->type_);
+  if (this->vals_ != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+          pv != this->vals_->end();
+          ++pv)
+       {
+         exp->write_c_string(", ");
+         if (*pv != NULL)
+           (*pv)->export_expression(exp);
+       }
+    }
+  exp->write_c_string(")");
+}
+
+// Construct a fixed array.
+
+class Fixed_array_construction_expression :
+  public Array_construction_expression
+{
+ public:
+  Fixed_array_construction_expression(Type* type, Expression_list* vals,
+                                     source_location location)
+    : Array_construction_expression(EXPRESSION_FIXED_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTION,
+                                   type, vals, location)
+  {
+    gcc_assert(type->array_type() != NULL
+              && type->array_type()->length() != NULL);
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Fixed_array_construction_expression(this->type(),
+                                                  (this->vals() == NULL
+                                                   ? NULL
+                                                   : this->vals()->copy()),
+                                                  this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+};
+
+// Return a tree for constructing a fixed array.
+
+tree
+Fixed_array_construction_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  return this->get_constructor_tree(context,
+                                   this->type()->get_tree(context->gogo()));
+}
+
+// Construct an open array.
+
+class Open_array_construction_expression : public Array_construction_expression
+{
+ public:
+  Open_array_construction_expression(Type* type, Expression_list* vals,
+                                    source_location location)
+    : Array_construction_expression(EXPRESSION_OPEN_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTION,
+                                   type, vals, location)
+  {
+    gcc_assert(type->array_type() != NULL
+              && type->array_type()->length() == NULL);
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  // Note that taking the address of an open array literal is invalid.
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Open_array_construction_expression(this->type(),
+                                                 (this->vals() == NULL
+                                                  ? NULL
+                                                  : this->vals()->copy()),
+                                                 this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+};
+
+// Return a tree for constructing an open array.
+
+tree
+Open_array_construction_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Type* element_type = this->type()->array_type()->element_type();
+  tree element_type_tree = element_type->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  tree values;
+  tree length_tree;
+  if (this->vals() == NULL || this->vals()->empty())
+    {
+      // We need to create a unique value.
+      tree max = size_int(0);
+      tree constructor_type = build_array_type(element_type_tree,
+                                              build_index_type(max));
+      if (constructor_type == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* vec = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 1);
+      constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, vec, NULL);
+      elt->index = size_int(0);
+      elt->value = element_type->get_init_tree(context->gogo(), false);
+      values = build_constructor(constructor_type, vec);
+      if (TREE_CONSTANT(elt->value))
+       TREE_CONSTANT(values) = 1;
+      length_tree = size_int(0);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      tree max = size_int(this->vals()->size() - 1);
+      tree constructor_type = build_array_type(element_type_tree,
+                                              build_index_type(max));
+      if (constructor_type == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      values = this->get_constructor_tree(context, constructor_type);
+      length_tree = size_int(this->vals()->size());
+    }
+
+  if (values == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  bool is_constant_initializer = TREE_CONSTANT(values);
+  bool is_in_function = context->function() != NULL;
+
+  if (is_constant_initializer)
+    {
+      tree tmp = build_decl(this->location(), VAR_DECL,
+                           create_tmp_var_name("C"), TREE_TYPE(values));
+      DECL_EXTERNAL(tmp) = 0;
+      TREE_PUBLIC(tmp) = 0;
+      TREE_STATIC(tmp) = 1;
+      DECL_ARTIFICIAL(tmp) = 1;
+      if (is_in_function)
+       {
+         // If this is not a function, we will only initialize the
+         // value once, so we can use this directly rather than
+         // copying it.  In that case we can't make it read-only,
+         // because the program is permitted to change it.
+         TREE_READONLY(tmp) = 1;
+         TREE_CONSTANT(tmp) = 1;
+       }
+      DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = values;
+      rest_of_decl_compilation(tmp, 1, 0);
+      values = tmp;
+    }
+
+  tree space;
+  tree set;
+  if (!is_in_function && is_constant_initializer)
+    {
+      // Outside of a function, we know the initializer will only run
+      // once.
+      space = build_fold_addr_expr(values);
+      set = NULL_TREE;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      tree memsize = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(TREE_TYPE(values));
+      space = context->gogo()->allocate_memory(element_type, memsize,
+                                              this->location());
+      space = save_expr(space);
+
+      tree s = fold_convert(build_pointer_type(TREE_TYPE(values)), space);
+      tree ref = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(this->location(), s);
+      TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(ref) = 1;
+      set = build2(MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node, ref, values);
+    }
+
+  // Build a constructor for the open array.
+
+  tree type_tree = this->type()->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 3);
+
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__values") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), space);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__count") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), length_tree);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),"__capacity") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), length_tree);
+
+  tree constructor = build_constructor(type_tree, init);
+  if (!is_in_function && is_constant_initializer)
+    TREE_CONSTANT(constructor) = 1;
+
+  if (set == NULL_TREE)
+    return constructor;
+  else
+    return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, type_tree, set, constructor);
+}
+
+// Make a slice composite literal.  This is used by the type
+// descriptor code.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(Type* type, Expression_list* vals,
+                                        source_location location)
+{
+  gcc_assert(type->is_open_array_type());
+  return new Open_array_construction_expression(type, vals, location);
+}
+
+// Construct a map.
+
+class Map_construction_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Map_construction_expression(Type* type, Expression_list* vals,
+                             source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_MAP_CONSTRUCTION, location),
+      type_(type), vals_(vals)
+  { gcc_assert(vals == NULL || vals->size() % 2 == 0); }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Map_construction_expression(this->type_, this->vals_->copy(),
+                                          this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+ private:
+  // The type of the map to construct.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The list of values.
+  Expression_list* vals_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Map_construction_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ != NULL
+      && this->vals_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Final type determination.
+
+void
+Map_construction_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  Map_type* mt = this->type_->map_type();
+  Type_context key_context(mt->key_type(), false);
+  Type_context val_context(mt->val_type(), false);
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+       pv != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pv)
+    {
+      (*pv)->determine_type(&key_context);
+      ++pv;
+      (*pv)->determine_type(&val_context);
+    }
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+Map_construction_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  Map_type* mt = this->type_->map_type();
+  int i = 0;
+  Type* key_type = mt->key_type();
+  Type* val_type = mt->val_type();
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+       pv != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pv, ++i)
+    {
+      if (!Type::are_assignable(key_type, (*pv)->type(), NULL))
+       {
+         error_at((*pv)->location(),
+                  "incompatible type for element %d key in map construction",
+                  i + 1);
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+      ++pv;
+      if (!Type::are_assignable(val_type, (*pv)->type(), NULL))
+       {
+         error_at((*pv)->location(),
+                  ("incompatible type for element %d value "
+                   "in map construction"),
+                  i + 1);
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a tree for constructing a map.
+
+tree
+Map_construction_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  Map_type* mt = this->type_->map_type();
+
+  // Build a struct to hold the key and value.
+  tree struct_type = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  Type* key_type = mt->key_type();
+  tree id = get_identifier("__key");
+  tree key_field = build_decl(loc, FIELD_DECL, id, key_type->get_tree(gogo));
+  DECL_CONTEXT(key_field) = struct_type;
+  TYPE_FIELDS(struct_type) = key_field;
+
+  Type* val_type = mt->val_type();
+  id = get_identifier("__val");
+  tree val_field = build_decl(loc, FIELD_DECL, id, val_type->get_tree(gogo));
+  DECL_CONTEXT(val_field) = struct_type;
+  DECL_CHAIN(key_field) = val_field;
+
+  layout_type(struct_type);
+
+  bool is_constant = true;
+  size_t i = 0;
+  tree valaddr;
+  tree make_tmp;
+
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL || this->vals_->empty())
+    {
+      valaddr = null_pointer_node;
+      make_tmp = NULL_TREE;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* values = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc,
+                                                 this->vals_->size() / 2);
+
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+          pv != this->vals_->end();
+          ++pv, ++i)
+       {
+         bool one_is_constant = true;
+
+         VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* one = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+
+         constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, one, NULL);
+         elt->index = key_field;
+         tree val_tree = (*pv)->get_tree(context);
+         elt->value = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, key_type,
+                                                         (*pv)->type(),
+                                                         val_tree, loc);
+         if (elt->value == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         if (!TREE_CONSTANT(elt->value))
+           one_is_constant = false;
+
+         ++pv;
+
+         elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, one, NULL);
+         elt->index = val_field;
+         val_tree = (*pv)->get_tree(context);
+         elt->value = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, val_type,
+                                                         (*pv)->type(),
+                                                         val_tree, loc);
+         if (elt->value == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         if (!TREE_CONSTANT(elt->value))
+           one_is_constant = false;
+
+         elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, values, NULL);
+         elt->index = size_int(i);
+         elt->value = build_constructor(struct_type, one);
+         if (one_is_constant)
+           TREE_CONSTANT(elt->value) = 1;
+         else
+           is_constant = false;
+       }
+
+      tree index_type = build_index_type(size_int(i - 1));
+      tree array_type = build_array_type(struct_type, index_type);
+      tree init = build_constructor(array_type, values);
+      if (is_constant)
+       TREE_CONSTANT(init) = 1;
+      tree tmp;
+      if (current_function_decl != NULL)
+       {
+         tmp = create_tmp_var(array_type, get_name(array_type));
+         DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = init;
+         make_tmp = fold_build1_loc(loc, DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, tmp);
+         TREE_ADDRESSABLE(tmp) = 1;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         tmp = build_decl(loc, VAR_DECL, create_tmp_var_name("M"), array_type);
+         DECL_EXTERNAL(tmp) = 0;
+         TREE_PUBLIC(tmp) = 0;
+         TREE_STATIC(tmp) = 1;
+         DECL_ARTIFICIAL(tmp) = 1;
+         if (!TREE_CONSTANT(init))
+           make_tmp = fold_build2_loc(loc, INIT_EXPR, void_type_node, tmp,
+                                      init);
+         else
+           {
+             TREE_READONLY(tmp) = 1;
+             TREE_CONSTANT(tmp) = 1;
+             DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = init;
+             make_tmp = NULL_TREE;
+           }
+         rest_of_decl_compilation(tmp, 1, 0);
+       }
+
+      valaddr = build_fold_addr_expr(tmp);
+    }
+
+  tree descriptor = gogo->map_descriptor(mt);
+
+  tree type_tree = this->type_->get_tree(gogo);
+
+  static tree construct_map_fndecl;
+  tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&construct_map_fndecl,
+                                loc,
+                                "__go_construct_map",
+                                6,
+                                type_tree,
+                                TREE_TYPE(descriptor),
+                                descriptor,
+                                sizetype,
+                                size_int(i),
+                                sizetype,
+                                TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(struct_type),
+                                sizetype,
+                                byte_position(val_field),
+                                sizetype,
+                                TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(TREE_TYPE(val_field)),
+                                const_ptr_type_node,
+                                fold_convert(const_ptr_type_node, valaddr));
+
+  tree ret;
+  if (make_tmp == NULL)
+    ret = call;
+  else
+    ret = fold_build2_loc(loc, COMPOUND_EXPR, type_tree, make_tmp, call);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Export an array construction.
+
+void
+Map_construction_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("convert(");
+  exp->write_type(this->type_);
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+       pv != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pv)
+    {
+      exp->write_c_string(", ");
+      (*pv)->export_expression(exp);
+    }
+  exp->write_c_string(")");
+}
+
+// A general composite literal.  This is lowered to a type specific
+// version.
+
+class Composite_literal_expression : public Parser_expression
+{
+ public:
+  Composite_literal_expression(Type* type, int depth, bool has_keys,
+                              Expression_list* vals, source_location location)
+    : Parser_expression(EXPRESSION_COMPOSITE_LITERAL, location),
+      type_(type), depth_(depth), vals_(vals), has_keys_(has_keys)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Composite_literal_expression(this->type_, this->depth_,
+                                           this->has_keys_,
+                                           (this->vals_ == NULL
+                                            ? NULL
+                                            : this->vals_->copy()),
+                                           this->location());
+  }
+
+ private:
+  Expression*
+  lower_struct(Type*);
+
+  Expression*
+  lower_array(Type*);
+
+  Expression*
+  make_array(Type*, Expression_list*);
+
+  Expression*
+  lower_map(Type*);
+
+  // The type of the composite literal.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The depth within a list of composite literals within a composite
+  // literal, when the type is omitted.
+  int depth_;
+  // The values to put in the composite literal.
+  Expression_list* vals_;
+  // If this is true, then VALS_ is a list of pairs: a key and a
+  // value.  In an array initializer, a missing key will be NULL.
+  bool has_keys_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Composite_literal_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ != NULL
+      && this->vals_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse);
+}
+
+// Lower a generic composite literal into a specific version based on
+// the type.
+
+Expression*
+Composite_literal_expression::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int)
+{
+  Type* type = this->type_;
+
+  for (int depth = this->depth_; depth > 0; --depth)
+    {
+      if (type->array_type() != NULL)
+       type = type->array_type()->element_type();
+      else if (type->map_type() != NULL)
+       type = type->map_type()->val_type();
+      else
+       {
+         if (!type->is_error_type())
+           error_at(this->location(),
+                    ("may only omit types within composite literals "
+                     "of slice, array, or map type"));
+         return Expression::make_error(this->location());
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (type->is_error_type())
+    return Expression::make_error(this->location());
+  else if (type->struct_type() != NULL)
+    return this->lower_struct(type);
+  else if (type->array_type() != NULL)
+    return this->lower_array(type);
+  else if (type->map_type() != NULL)
+    return this->lower_map(type);
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(),
+              ("expected struct, slice, array, or map type "
+               "for composite literal"));
+      return Expression::make_error(this->location());
+    }
+}
+
+// Lower a struct composite literal.
+
+Expression*
+Composite_literal_expression::lower_struct(Type* type)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  Struct_type* st = type->struct_type();
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL || !this->has_keys_)
+    return new Struct_construction_expression(type, this->vals_, location);
+
+  size_t field_count = st->field_count();
+  std::vector<Expression*> vals(field_count);
+  Expression_list::const_iterator p = this->vals_->begin();
+  while (p != this->vals_->end())
+    {
+      Expression* name_expr = *p;
+
+      ++p;
+      gcc_assert(p != this->vals_->end());
+      Expression* val = *p;
+
+      ++p;
+
+      if (name_expr == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(val->location(), "mixture of field and value initializers");
+         return Expression::make_error(location);
+       }
+
+      bool bad_key = false;
+      std::string name;
+      switch (name_expr->classification())
+       {
+       case EXPRESSION_UNKNOWN_REFERENCE:
+         name = name_expr->unknown_expression()->name();
+         break;
+
+       case EXPRESSION_CONST_REFERENCE:
+         name = static_cast<Const_expression*>(name_expr)->name();
+         break;
+
+       case EXPRESSION_TYPE:
+         {
+           Type* t = name_expr->type();
+           Named_type* nt = t->named_type();
+           if (nt == NULL)
+             bad_key = true;
+           else
+             name = nt->name();
+         }
+         break;
+
+       case EXPRESSION_VAR_REFERENCE:
+         name = name_expr->var_expression()->name();
+         break;
+
+       case EXPRESSION_FUNC_REFERENCE:
+         name = name_expr->func_expression()->name();
+         break;
+
+       case EXPRESSION_UNARY:
+         // If there is a local variable around with the same name as
+         // the field, and this occurs in the closure, then the
+         // parser may turn the field reference into an indirection
+         // through the closure.  FIXME: This is a mess.
+         {
+           bad_key = true;
+           Unary_expression* ue = static_cast<Unary_expression*>(name_expr);
+           if (ue->op() == OPERATOR_MULT)
+             {
+               Field_reference_expression* fre =
+                 ue->operand()->field_reference_expression();
+               if (fre != NULL)
+                 {
+                   Struct_type* st =
+                     fre->expr()->type()->deref()->struct_type();
+                   if (st != NULL)
+                     {
+                       const Struct_field* sf = st->field(fre->field_index());
+                       name = sf->field_name();
+                       char buf[20];
+                       snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%u", fre->field_index());
+                       size_t buflen = strlen(buf);
+                       if (name.compare(name.length() - buflen, buflen, buf)
+                           == 0)
+                         {
+                           name = name.substr(0, name.length() - buflen);
+                           bad_key = false;
+                         }
+                     }
+                 }
+             }
+         }
+         break;
+
+       default:
+         bad_key = true;
+         break;
+       }
+      if (bad_key)
+       {
+         error_at(name_expr->location(), "expected struct field name");
+         return Expression::make_error(location);
+       }
+
+      unsigned int index;
+      const Struct_field* sf = st->find_local_field(name, &index);
+      if (sf == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(name_expr->location(), "unknown field %qs in %qs",
+                  Gogo::message_name(name).c_str(),
+                  (type->named_type() != NULL
+                   ? type->named_type()->message_name().c_str()
+                   : "unnamed struct"));
+         return Expression::make_error(location);
+       }
+      if (vals[index] != NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(name_expr->location(),
+                  "duplicate value for field %qs in %qs",
+                  Gogo::message_name(name).c_str(),
+                  (type->named_type() != NULL
+                   ? type->named_type()->message_name().c_str()
+                   : "unnamed struct"));
+         return Expression::make_error(location);
+       }
+
+      vals[index] = val;
+    }
+
+  Expression_list* list = new Expression_list;
+  list->reserve(field_count);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < field_count; ++i)
+    list->push_back(vals[i]);
+
+  return new Struct_construction_expression(type, list, location);
+}
+
+// Lower an array composite literal.
+
+Expression*
+Composite_literal_expression::lower_array(Type* type)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL || !this->has_keys_)
+    return this->make_array(type, this->vals_);
+
+  std::vector<Expression*> vals;
+  vals.reserve(this->vals_->size());
+  unsigned long index = 0;
+  Expression_list::const_iterator p = this->vals_->begin();
+  while (p != this->vals_->end())
+    {
+      Expression* index_expr = *p;
+
+      ++p;
+      gcc_assert(p != this->vals_->end());
+      Expression* val = *p;
+
+      ++p;
+
+      if (index_expr != NULL)
+       {
+         mpz_t ival;
+         mpz_init(ival);
+         Type* dummy;
+         if (!index_expr->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &dummy))
+           {
+             mpz_clear(ival);
+             error_at(index_expr->location(),
+                      "index expression is not integer constant");
+             return Expression::make_error(location);
+           }
+         if (mpz_sgn(ival) < 0)
+           {
+             mpz_clear(ival);
+             error_at(index_expr->location(), "index expression is negative");
+             return Expression::make_error(location);
+           }
+         index = mpz_get_ui(ival);
+         if (mpz_cmp_ui(ival, index) != 0)
+           {
+             mpz_clear(ival);
+             error_at(index_expr->location(), "index value overflow");
+             return Expression::make_error(location);
+           }
+         mpz_clear(ival);
+       }
+
+      if (index == vals.size())
+       vals.push_back(val);
+      else
+       {
+         if (index > vals.size())
+           {
+             vals.reserve(index + 32);
+             vals.resize(index + 1, static_cast<Expression*>(NULL));
+           }
+         if (vals[index] != NULL)
+           {
+             error_at((index_expr != NULL
+                       ? index_expr->location()
+                       : val->location()),
+                      "duplicate value for index %lu",
+                      index);
+             return Expression::make_error(location);
+           }
+         vals[index] = val;
+       }
+
+      ++index;
+    }
+
+  size_t size = vals.size();
+  Expression_list* list = new Expression_list;
+  list->reserve(size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
+    list->push_back(vals[i]);
+
+  return this->make_array(type, list);
+}
+
+// Actually build the array composite literal. This handles
+// [...]{...}.
+
+Expression*
+Composite_literal_expression::make_array(Type* type, Expression_list* vals)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  Array_type* at = type->array_type();
+  if (at->length() != NULL && at->length()->is_nil_expression())
+    {
+      size_t size = vals == NULL ? 0 : vals->size();
+      mpz_t vlen;
+      mpz_init_set_ui(vlen, size);
+      Expression* elen = Expression::make_integer(&vlen, NULL, location);
+      mpz_clear(vlen);
+      at = Type::make_array_type(at->element_type(), elen);
+      type = at;
+    }
+  if (at->length() != NULL)
+    return new Fixed_array_construction_expression(type, vals, location);
+  else
+    return new Open_array_construction_expression(type, vals, location);
+}
+
+// Lower a map composite literal.
+
+Expression*
+Composite_literal_expression::lower_map(Type* type)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  if (this->vals_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (!this->has_keys_)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "map composite literal must have keys");
+         return Expression::make_error(location);
+       }
+
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = this->vals_->begin();
+          p != this->vals_->end();
+          p += 2)
+       {
+         if (*p == NULL)
+           {
+             ++p;
+             error_at((*p)->location(),
+                      "map composite literal must have keys for every value");
+             return Expression::make_error(location);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  return new Map_construction_expression(type, this->vals_, location);
+}
+
+// Make a composite literal expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_composite_literal(Type* type, int depth, bool has_keys,
+                                  Expression_list* vals,
+                                  source_location location)
+{
+  return new Composite_literal_expression(type, depth, has_keys, vals,
+                                         location);
+}
+
+// Return whether this expression is a composite literal.
+
+bool
+Expression::is_composite_literal() const
+{
+  switch (this->classification_)
+    {
+    case EXPRESSION_COMPOSITE_LITERAL:
+    case EXPRESSION_STRUCT_CONSTRUCTION:
+    case EXPRESSION_FIXED_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTION:
+    case EXPRESSION_OPEN_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTION:
+    case EXPRESSION_MAP_CONSTRUCTION:
+      return true;
+    default:
+      return false;
+    }
+}
+
+// Return whether this expression is a composite literal which is not
+// constant.
+
+bool
+Expression::is_nonconstant_composite_literal() const
+{
+  switch (this->classification_)
+    {
+    case EXPRESSION_STRUCT_CONSTRUCTION:
+      {
+       const Struct_construction_expression *psce =
+         static_cast<const Struct_construction_expression*>(this);
+       return !psce->is_constant_struct();
+      }
+    case EXPRESSION_FIXED_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTION:
+      {
+       const Fixed_array_construction_expression *pace =
+         static_cast<const Fixed_array_construction_expression*>(this);
+       return !pace->is_constant_array();
+      }
+    case EXPRESSION_OPEN_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTION:
+      {
+       const Open_array_construction_expression *pace =
+         static_cast<const Open_array_construction_expression*>(this);
+       return !pace->is_constant_array();
+      }
+    case EXPRESSION_MAP_CONSTRUCTION:
+      return true;
+    default:
+      return false;
+    }
+}
+
+// Return true if this is a reference to a local variable.
+
+bool
+Expression::is_local_variable() const
+{
+  const Var_expression* ve = this->var_expression();
+  if (ve == NULL)
+    return false;
+  const Named_object* no = ve->named_object();
+  return (no->is_result_variable()
+         || (no->is_variable() && !no->var_value()->is_global()));
+}
+
+// Class Type_guard_expression.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Type_guard_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check types of a type guard expression.  The expression must have
+// an interface type, but the actual type conversion is checked at run
+// time.
+
+void
+Type_guard_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  // 6g permits using a type guard with unsafe.pointer; we are
+  // compatible.
+  Type* expr_type = this->expr_->type();
+  if (expr_type->is_unsafe_pointer_type())
+    {
+      if (this->type_->points_to() == NULL
+         && (this->type_->integer_type() == NULL
+             || (this->type_->forwarded()
+                 != Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr"))))
+       this->report_error(_("invalid unsafe.Pointer conversion"));
+    }
+  else if (this->type_->is_unsafe_pointer_type())
+    {
+      if (expr_type->points_to() == NULL
+         && (expr_type->integer_type() == NULL
+             || (expr_type->forwarded()
+                 != Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr"))))
+       this->report_error(_("invalid unsafe.Pointer conversion"));
+    }
+  else if (expr_type->interface_type() == NULL)
+    this->report_error(_("type assertion only valid for interface types"));
+  else if (this->type_->interface_type() == NULL)
+    {
+      std::string reason;
+      if (!expr_type->interface_type()->implements_interface(this->type_,
+                                                            &reason))
+       {
+         if (reason.empty())
+           this->report_error(_("impossible type assertion: "
+                                "type does not implement interface"));
+         else
+           {
+             error_at(this->location(),
+                      ("impossible type assertion: "
+                       "type does not implement interface (%s)"),
+                      reason.c_str());
+             this->set_is_error();
+           }
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a type guard expression.
+
+tree
+Type_guard_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree expr_tree = this->expr_->get_tree(context);
+  if (expr_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  Type* expr_type = this->expr_->type();
+  if ((this->type_->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
+       && (expr_type->points_to() != NULL
+          || expr_type->integer_type() != NULL))
+      || (expr_type->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
+         && this->type_->points_to() != NULL))
+    return convert_to_pointer(this->type_->get_tree(gogo), expr_tree);
+  else if (expr_type->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
+          && this->type_->integer_type() != NULL)
+    return convert_to_integer(this->type_->get_tree(gogo), expr_tree);
+  else if (this->type_->interface_type() != NULL)
+    return Expression::convert_interface_to_interface(context, this->type_,
+                                                     this->expr_->type(),
+                                                     expr_tree, true,
+                                                     this->location());
+  else
+    return Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, this->type_,
+                                             this->expr_->type(), expr_tree,
+                                             this->location());
+}
+
+// Make a type guard expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_type_guard(Expression* expr, Type* type,
+                           source_location location)
+{
+  return new Type_guard_expression(expr, type, location);
+}
+
+// Class Heap_composite_expression.
+
+// When you take the address of a composite literal, it is allocated
+// on the heap.  This class implements that.
+
+class Heap_composite_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Heap_composite_expression(Expression* expr, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_HEAP_COMPOSITE, location),
+      expr_(expr)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse); }
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return Type::make_pointer_type(this->expr_->type()); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { this->expr_->determine_type_no_context(); }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return Expression::make_heap_composite(this->expr_->copy(),
+                                          this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+  // We only export global objects, and the parser does not generate
+  // this in global scope.
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // The composite literal which is being put on the heap.
+  Expression* expr_;
+};
+
+// Return a tree which allocates a composite literal on the heap.
+
+tree
+Heap_composite_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree expr_tree = this->expr_->get_tree(context);
+  if (expr_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  tree expr_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(TREE_TYPE(expr_tree));
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(expr_size) == INTEGER_CST);
+  tree space = context->gogo()->allocate_memory(this->expr_->type(),
+                                               expr_size, this->location());
+  space = fold_convert(build_pointer_type(TREE_TYPE(expr_tree)), space);
+  space = save_expr(space);
+  tree ref = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(this->location(), space);
+  TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(ref) = 1;
+  tree ret = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(space),
+                   build2(MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node, ref, expr_tree),
+                   space);
+  SET_EXPR_LOCATION(ret, this->location());
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Allocate a composite literal on the heap.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_heap_composite(Expression* expr, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Heap_composite_expression(expr, location);
+}
+
+// Class Receive_expression.
+
+// Return the type of a receive expression.
+
+Type*
+Receive_expression::do_type()
+{
+  Channel_type* channel_type = this->channel_->type()->channel_type();
+  if (channel_type == NULL)
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+  return channel_type->element_type();
+}
+
+// Check types for a receive expression.
+
+void
+Receive_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Type* type = this->channel_->type();
+  if (type->is_error_type())
+    {
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return;
+    }
+  if (type->channel_type() == NULL)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("expected channel"));
+      return;
+    }
+  if (!type->channel_type()->may_receive())
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("invalid receive on send-only channel"));
+      return;
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a receive expression.
+
+tree
+Receive_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Channel_type* channel_type = this->channel_->type()->channel_type();
+  gcc_assert(channel_type != NULL);
+  Type* element_type = channel_type->element_type();
+  tree element_type_tree = element_type->get_tree(context->gogo());
+
+  tree channel = this->channel_->get_tree(context);
+  if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node || channel == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  return Gogo::receive_from_channel(element_type_tree, channel,
+                                   this->for_select_, this->location());
+}
+
+// Make a receive expression.
+
+Receive_expression*
+Expression::make_receive(Expression* channel, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Receive_expression(channel, location);
+}
+
+// Class Send_expression.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Send_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->channel_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return Expression::traverse(&this->val_, traverse);
+}
+
+// Get the type.
+
+Type*
+Send_expression::do_type()
+{
+  return Type::lookup_bool_type();
+}
+
+// Set types.
+
+void
+Send_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  this->channel_->determine_type_no_context();
+
+  Type* type = this->channel_->type();
+  Type_context subcontext;
+  if (type->channel_type() != NULL)
+    subcontext.type = type->channel_type()->element_type();
+  this->val_->determine_type(&subcontext);
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+Send_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Type* type = this->channel_->type();
+  if (type->is_error_type())
+    {
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return;
+    }
+  Channel_type* channel_type = type->channel_type();
+  if (channel_type == NULL)
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "left operand of %<<-%> must be channel");
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return;
+    }
+  Type* element_type = channel_type->element_type();
+  if (element_type != NULL
+      && !Type::are_assignable(element_type, this->val_->type(), NULL))
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("incompatible types in send"));
+      return;
+    }
+  if (!channel_type->may_send())
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("invalid send on receive-only channel"));
+      return;
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a send expression.
+
+tree
+Send_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree channel = this->channel_->get_tree(context);
+  tree val = this->val_->get_tree(context);
+  if (channel == error_mark_node || val == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  Channel_type* channel_type = this->channel_->type()->channel_type();
+  val = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context,
+                                          channel_type->element_type(),
+                                          this->val_->type(),
+                                          val,
+                                          this->location());
+  return Gogo::send_on_channel(channel, val, this->is_value_discarded_,
+                              this->for_select_, this->location());
+}
+
+// Make a send expression
+
+Send_expression*
+Expression::make_send(Expression* channel, Expression* val,
+                     source_location location)
+{
+  return new Send_expression(channel, val, location);
+}
+
+// An expression which evaluates to a pointer to the type descriptor
+// of a type.
+
+class Type_descriptor_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Type_descriptor_expression(Type* type, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR, location),
+      type_(type)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type(); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return this; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+  { return this->type_->type_descriptor_pointer(context->gogo()); }
+
+ private:
+  // The type for which this is the descriptor.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+// Make a type descriptor expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_type_descriptor(Type* type, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Type_descriptor_expression(type, location);
+}
+
+// An expression which evaluates to some characteristic of a type.
+// This is only used to initialize fields of a type descriptor.  Using
+// a new expression class is slightly inefficient but gives us a good
+// separation between the frontend and the middle-end with regard to
+// how types are laid out.
+
+class Type_info_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Type_info_expression(Type* type, Type_info type_info)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_TYPE_INFO, BUILTINS_LOCATION),
+      type_(type), type_info_(type_info)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return this; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context);
+
+ private:
+  // The type for which we are getting information.
+  Type* type_;
+  // What information we want.
+  Type_info type_info_;
+};
+
+// The type is chosen to match what the type descriptor struct
+// expects.
+
+Type*
+Type_info_expression::do_type()
+{
+  switch (this->type_info_)
+    {
+    case TYPE_INFO_SIZE:
+      return Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr");
+    case TYPE_INFO_ALIGNMENT:
+    case TYPE_INFO_FIELD_ALIGNMENT:
+      return Type::lookup_integer_type("uint8");
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return type information in GENERIC.
+
+tree
+Type_info_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree type_tree = this->type_->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree val_type_tree = this->type()->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  gcc_assert(val_type_tree != error_mark_node);
+
+  if (this->type_info_ == TYPE_INFO_SIZE)
+    return fold_convert_loc(BUILTINS_LOCATION, val_type_tree,
+                           TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(type_tree));
+  else
+    {
+      unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT val;
+      if (this->type_info_ == TYPE_INFO_ALIGNMENT)
+       val = TYPE_ALIGN_UNIT(type_tree);
+      else
+       {
+         gcc_assert(this->type_info_ == TYPE_INFO_FIELD_ALIGNMENT);
+         val = TYPE_ALIGN(type_tree);
+#ifdef BIGGEST_FIELD_ALIGMENT
+         if (val > BIGGEST_FIELD_ALIGNMENT)
+           val = BIGGEST_FIELD_ALIGNMENT;
+#endif
+#ifdef ADJUST_FIELD_ALIGN
+         {
+           tree f = build_decl(UNKNOWN_LOCATION, FIELD_DECL, NULL, type_tree);
+           val = ADJUST_FIELD_ALIGN(f, val);
+         }
+#endif
+         val /= BITS_PER_UNIT;
+       }
+
+      return build_int_cstu(val_type_tree, val);
+    }
+}
+
+// Make a type info expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_type_info(Type* type, Type_info type_info)
+{
+  return new Type_info_expression(type, type_info);
+}
+
+// An expression which evaluates to the offset of a field within a
+// struct.  This, like Type_info_expression, q.v., is only used to
+// initialize fields of a type descriptor.
+
+class Struct_field_offset_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Struct_field_offset_expression(Struct_type* type, const Struct_field* field)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_STRUCT_FIELD_OFFSET, BUILTINS_LOCATION),
+      type_(type), field_(field)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr"); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return this; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context);
+
+ private:
+  // The type of the struct.
+  Struct_type* type_;
+  // The field.
+  const Struct_field* field_;
+};
+
+// Return a struct field offset in GENERIC.
+
+tree
+Struct_field_offset_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree type_tree = this->type_->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree val_type_tree = this->type()->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  gcc_assert(val_type_tree != error_mark_node);
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->type_->fields();
+  tree struct_field_tree = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p;
+  for (p = fields->begin();
+       p != fields->end();
+       ++p, struct_field_tree = DECL_CHAIN(struct_field_tree))
+    {
+      gcc_assert(struct_field_tree != NULL_TREE);
+      if (&*p == this->field_)
+       break;
+    }
+  gcc_assert(&*p == this->field_);
+
+  return fold_convert_loc(BUILTINS_LOCATION, val_type_tree,
+                         byte_position(struct_field_tree));
+}
+
+// Make an expression for a struct field offset.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_struct_field_offset(Struct_type* type,
+                                    const Struct_field* field)
+{
+  return new Struct_field_offset_expression(type, field);
+}
+
+// An expression which evaluates to the address of an unnamed label.
+
+class Label_addr_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Label_addr_expression(Label* label, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_LABEL_ADDR, location),
+      label_(label)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return Type::make_pointer_type(Type::make_void_type()); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return new Label_addr_expression(this->label_, this->location()); }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { return this->label_->get_addr(this->location()); }
+
+ private:
+  // The label whose address we are taking.
+  Label* label_;
+};
+
+// Make an expression for the address of an unnamed label.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_label_addr(Label* label, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Label_addr_expression(label, location);
+}
+
+// Import an expression.  This comes at the end in order to see the
+// various class definitions.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::import_expression(Import* imp)
+{
+  int c = imp->peek_char();
+  if (imp->match_c_string("- ")
+      || imp->match_c_string("! ")
+      || imp->match_c_string("^ "))
+    return Unary_expression::do_import(imp);
+  else if (c == '(')
+    return Binary_expression::do_import(imp);
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("true")
+          || imp->match_c_string("false"))
+    return Boolean_expression::do_import(imp);
+  else if (c == '"')
+    return String_expression::do_import(imp);
+  else if (c == '-' || (c >= '0' && c <= '9'))
+    {
+      // This handles integers, floats and complex constants.
+      return Integer_expression::do_import(imp);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("nil"))
+    return Nil_expression::do_import(imp);
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("convert"))
+    return Type_conversion_expression::do_import(imp);
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(imp->location(), "import error: expected expression");
+      return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
+    }
+}
+
+// Class Expression_list.
+
+// Traverse the list.
+
+int
+Expression_list::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  for (Expression_list::iterator p = this->begin();
+       p != this->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (*p != NULL)
+       {
+         if (Expression::traverse(&*p, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+           return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+       }
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Copy the list.
+
+Expression_list*
+Expression_list::copy()
+{
+  Expression_list* ret = new Expression_list();
+  for (Expression_list::iterator p = this->begin();
+       p != this->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (*p == NULL)
+       ret->push_back(NULL);
+      else
+       ret->push_back((*p)->copy());
+    }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return whether an expression list has an error expression.
+
+bool
+Expression_list::contains_error() const
+{
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = this->begin();
+       p != this->end();
+       ++p)
+    if (*p != NULL && (*p)->is_error_expression())
+      return true;
+  return false;
+}
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/expressions.cc.merge-right.r172891 b/gcc/go/gofrontend/expressions.cc.merge-right.r172891
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..2c330ef
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,12843 @@
+// expressions.cc -- Go frontend expression handling.
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "go-system.h"
+
+#include <gmp.h>
+
+#ifndef ENABLE_BUILD_WITH_CXX
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif
+
+#include "toplev.h"
+#include "intl.h"
+#include "tree.h"
+#include "gimple.h"
+#include "tree-iterator.h"
+#include "convert.h"
+#include "real.h"
+#include "realmpfr.h"
+
+#ifndef ENABLE_BUILD_WITH_CXX
+}
+#endif
+
+#include "go-c.h"
+#include "gogo.h"
+#include "types.h"
+#include "export.h"
+#include "import.h"
+#include "statements.h"
+#include "lex.h"
+#include "backend.h"
+#include "expressions.h"
+
+// Class Expression.
+
+Expression::Expression(Expression_classification classification,
+                      source_location location)
+  : classification_(classification), location_(location)
+{
+}
+
+Expression::~Expression()
+{
+}
+
+// If this expression has a constant integer value, return it.
+
+bool
+Expression::integer_constant_value(bool iota_is_constant, mpz_t val,
+                                  Type** ptype) const
+{
+  *ptype = NULL;
+  return this->do_integer_constant_value(iota_is_constant, val, ptype);
+}
+
+// If this expression has a constant floating point value, return it.
+
+bool
+Expression::float_constant_value(mpfr_t val, Type** ptype) const
+{
+  *ptype = NULL;
+  if (this->do_float_constant_value(val, ptype))
+    return true;
+  mpz_t ival;
+  mpz_init(ival);
+  Type* t;
+  bool ret;
+  if (!this->do_integer_constant_value(false, ival, &t))
+    ret = false;
+  else
+    {
+      mpfr_set_z(val, ival, GMP_RNDN);
+      ret = true;
+    }
+  mpz_clear(ival);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// If this expression has a constant complex value, return it.
+
+bool
+Expression::complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag,
+                                  Type** ptype) const
+{
+  *ptype = NULL;
+  if (this->do_complex_constant_value(real, imag, ptype))
+    return true;
+  Type *t;
+  if (this->float_constant_value(real, &t))
+    {
+      mpfr_set_ui(imag, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+      return true;
+    }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Traverse the expressions.
+
+int
+Expression::traverse(Expression** pexpr, Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  Expression* expr = *pexpr;
+  if ((traverse->traverse_mask() & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0)
+    {
+      int t = traverse->expression(pexpr);
+      if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+      else if (t == TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS)
+       return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    }
+  return expr->do_traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Traverse subexpressions of this expression.
+
+int
+Expression::traverse_subexpressions(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  return this->do_traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Default implementation for do_traverse for child classes.
+
+int
+Expression::do_traverse(Traverse*)
+{
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// This virtual function is called by the parser if the value of this
+// expression is being discarded.  By default, we warn.  Expressions
+// with side effects override.
+
+void
+Expression::do_discarding_value()
+{
+  this->warn_about_unused_value();
+}
+
+// This virtual function is called to export expressions.  This will
+// only be used by expressions which may be constant.
+
+void
+Expression::do_export(Export*) const
+{
+  go_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Warn that the value of the expression is not used.
+
+void
+Expression::warn_about_unused_value()
+{
+  warning_at(this->location(), OPT_Wunused_value, "value computed is not used");
+}
+
+// Note that this expression is an error.  This is called by children
+// when they discover an error.
+
+void
+Expression::set_is_error()
+{
+  this->classification_ = EXPRESSION_ERROR;
+}
+
+// For children to call to report an error conveniently.
+
+void
+Expression::report_error(const char* msg)
+{
+  error_at(this->location_, "%s", msg);
+  this->set_is_error();
+}
+
+// Set types of variables and constants.  This is implemented by the
+// child class.
+
+void
+Expression::determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  this->do_determine_type(context);
+}
+
+// Set types when there is no context.
+
+void
+Expression::determine_type_no_context()
+{
+  Type_context context;
+  this->do_determine_type(&context);
+}
+
+// Return a tree handling any conversions which must be done during
+// assignment.
+
+tree
+Expression::convert_for_assignment(Translate_context* context, Type* lhs_type,
+                                  Type* rhs_type, tree rhs_tree,
+                                  source_location location)
+{
+  if (lhs_type == rhs_type)
+    return rhs_tree;
+
+  if (lhs_type->is_error() || rhs_type->is_error())
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  if (rhs_tree == error_mark_node || TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree) == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+
+  tree lhs_type_tree = lhs_type->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (lhs_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  if (lhs_type->interface_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (rhs_type->interface_type() == NULL)
+       return Expression::convert_type_to_interface(context, lhs_type,
+                                                    rhs_type, rhs_tree,
+                                                    location);
+      else
+       return Expression::convert_interface_to_interface(context, lhs_type,
+                                                         rhs_type, rhs_tree,
+                                                         false, location);
+    }
+  else if (rhs_type->interface_type() != NULL)
+    return Expression::convert_interface_to_type(context, lhs_type, rhs_type,
+                                                rhs_tree, location);
+  else if (lhs_type->is_open_array_type()
+          && rhs_type->is_nil_type())
+    {
+      // Assigning nil to an open array.
+      go_assert(TREE_CODE(lhs_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+      VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 3);
+
+      constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+      tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(lhs_type_tree);
+      go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),
+                       "__values") == 0);
+      elt->index = field;
+      elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), null_pointer_node);
+
+      elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+      field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+      go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),
+                       "__count") == 0);
+      elt->index = field;
+      elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), integer_zero_node);
+
+      elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+      field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+      go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),
+                       "__capacity") == 0);
+      elt->index = field;
+      elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), integer_zero_node);
+
+      tree val = build_constructor(lhs_type_tree, init);
+      TREE_CONSTANT(val) = 1;
+
+      return val;
+    }
+  else if (rhs_type->is_nil_type())
+    {
+      // The left hand side should be a pointer type at the tree
+      // level.
+      go_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(lhs_type_tree));
+      return fold_convert(lhs_type_tree, null_pointer_node);
+    }
+  else if (lhs_type_tree == TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree))
+    {
+      // No conversion is needed.
+      return rhs_tree;
+    }
+  else if (POINTER_TYPE_P(lhs_type_tree)
+          || INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(lhs_type_tree)
+          || SCALAR_FLOAT_TYPE_P(lhs_type_tree)
+          || COMPLEX_FLOAT_TYPE_P(lhs_type_tree))
+    return fold_convert_loc(location, lhs_type_tree, rhs_tree);
+  else if (TREE_CODE(lhs_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE
+          && TREE_CODE(TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree)) == RECORD_TYPE)
+    {
+      // This conversion must be permitted by Go, or we wouldn't have
+      // gotten here.
+      go_assert(int_size_in_bytes(lhs_type_tree)
+                == int_size_in_bytes(TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree)));
+      return fold_build1_loc(location, VIEW_CONVERT_EXPR, lhs_type_tree,
+                            rhs_tree);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      go_assert(useless_type_conversion_p(lhs_type_tree, TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree)));
+      return rhs_tree;
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a conversion from a non-interface type to an
+// interface type.
+
+tree
+Expression::convert_type_to_interface(Translate_context* context,
+                                     Type* lhs_type, Type* rhs_type,
+                                     tree rhs_tree, source_location location)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  Interface_type* lhs_interface_type = lhs_type->interface_type();
+  bool lhs_is_empty = lhs_interface_type->is_empty();
+
+  // Since RHS_TYPE is a static type, we can create the interface
+  // method table at compile time.
+
+  // When setting an interface to nil, we just set both fields to
+  // NULL.
+  if (rhs_type->is_nil_type())
+    return lhs_type->get_init_tree(gogo, false);
+
+  // This should have been checked already.
+  go_assert(lhs_interface_type->implements_interface(rhs_type, NULL));
+
+  tree lhs_type_tree = lhs_type->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (lhs_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  // An interface is a tuple.  If LHS_TYPE is an empty interface type,
+  // then the first field is the type descriptor for RHS_TYPE.
+  // Otherwise it is the interface method table for RHS_TYPE.
+  tree first_field_value;
+  if (lhs_is_empty)
+    first_field_value = rhs_type->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo);
+  else
+    {
+      // Build the interface method table for this interface and this
+      // object type: a list of function pointers for each interface
+      // method.
+      Named_type* rhs_named_type = rhs_type->named_type();
+      bool is_pointer = false;
+      if (rhs_named_type == NULL)
+       {
+         rhs_named_type = rhs_type->deref()->named_type();
+         is_pointer = true;
+       }
+      tree method_table;
+      if (rhs_named_type == NULL)
+       method_table = null_pointer_node;
+      else
+       method_table =
+         rhs_named_type->interface_method_table(gogo, lhs_interface_type,
+                                                is_pointer);
+      first_field_value = fold_convert_loc(location, const_ptr_type_node,
+                                          method_table);
+    }
+  if (first_field_value == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  // Start building a constructor for the value we will return.
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(lhs_type_tree);
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),
+                   (lhs_is_empty ? "__type_descriptor" : "__methods")) == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(field), first_field_value);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__object") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+
+  if (rhs_type->points_to() != NULL)
+    {
+      //  We are assigning a pointer to the interface; the interface
+      // holds the pointer itself.
+      elt->value = rhs_tree;
+      return build_constructor(lhs_type_tree, init);
+    }
+
+  // We are assigning a non-pointer value to the interface; the
+  // interface gets a copy of the value in the heap.
+
+  tree object_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree));
+
+  tree space = gogo->allocate_memory(rhs_type, object_size, location);
+  space = fold_convert_loc(location, build_pointer_type(TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree)),
+                          space);
+  space = save_expr(space);
+
+  tree ref = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(location, space);
+  TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(ref) = 1;
+  tree set = fold_build2_loc(location, MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                            ref, rhs_tree);
+
+  elt->value = fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(field), space);
+
+  return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, lhs_type_tree, set,
+               build_constructor(lhs_type_tree, init));
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the type descriptor of RHS_TREE, which has
+// interface type RHS_TYPE.  If RHS_TREE is nil the result will be
+// NULL.
+
+tree
+Expression::get_interface_type_descriptor(Translate_context*,
+                                         Type* rhs_type, tree rhs_tree,
+                                         source_location location)
+{
+  tree rhs_type_tree = TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree);
+  go_assert(TREE_CODE(rhs_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+  tree rhs_field = TYPE_FIELDS(rhs_type_tree);
+  tree v = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(rhs_field), rhs_tree, rhs_field,
+                 NULL_TREE);
+  if (rhs_type->interface_type()->is_empty())
+    {
+      go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(rhs_field)),
+                       "__type_descriptor") == 0);
+      return v;
+    }
+
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(rhs_field)), "__methods")
+            == 0);
+  go_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(v)));
+  v = save_expr(v);
+  tree v1 = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(location, v);
+  go_assert(TREE_CODE(TREE_TYPE(v1)) == RECORD_TYPE);
+  tree f = TYPE_FIELDS(TREE_TYPE(v1));
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(f)), "__type_descriptor")
+            == 0);
+  v1 = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(f), v1, f, NULL_TREE);
+
+  tree eq = fold_build2_loc(location, EQ_EXPR, boolean_type_node, v,
+                           fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(v),
+                                            null_pointer_node));
+  tree n = fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(v1), null_pointer_node);
+  return fold_build3_loc(location, COND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(v1),
+                        eq, n, v1);
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the conversion of an interface type to an
+// interface type.
+
+tree
+Expression::convert_interface_to_interface(Translate_context* context,
+                                          Type *lhs_type, Type *rhs_type,
+                                          tree rhs_tree, bool for_type_guard,
+                                          source_location location)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  Interface_type* lhs_interface_type = lhs_type->interface_type();
+  bool lhs_is_empty = lhs_interface_type->is_empty();
+
+  tree lhs_type_tree = lhs_type->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (lhs_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  // In the general case this requires runtime examination of the type
+  // method table to match it up with the interface methods.
+
+  // FIXME: If all of the methods in the right hand side interface
+  // also appear in the left hand side interface, then we don't need
+  // to do a runtime check, although we still need to build a new
+  // method table.
+
+  // Get the type descriptor for the right hand side.  This will be
+  // NULL for a nil interface.
+
+  if (!DECL_P(rhs_tree))
+    rhs_tree = save_expr(rhs_tree);
+
+  tree rhs_type_descriptor =
+    Expression::get_interface_type_descriptor(context, rhs_type, rhs_tree,
+                                             location);
+
+  // The result is going to be a two element constructor.
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(lhs_type_tree);
+  elt->index = field;
+
+  if (for_type_guard)
+    {
+      // A type assertion fails when converting a nil interface.
+      tree lhs_type_descriptor = lhs_type->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo);
+      static tree assert_interface_decl;
+      tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&assert_interface_decl,
+                                    location,
+                                    "__go_assert_interface",
+                                    2,
+                                    ptr_type_node,
+                                    TREE_TYPE(lhs_type_descriptor),
+                                    lhs_type_descriptor,
+                                    TREE_TYPE(rhs_type_descriptor),
+                                    rhs_type_descriptor);
+      if (call == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      // This will panic if the interface conversion fails.
+      TREE_NOTHROW(assert_interface_decl) = 0;
+      elt->value = fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(field), call);
+    }
+  else if (lhs_is_empty)
+    {
+      // A convertion to an empty interface always succeeds, and the
+      // first field is just the type descriptor of the object.
+      go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),
+                       "__type_descriptor") == 0);
+      go_assert(TREE_TYPE(field) == TREE_TYPE(rhs_type_descriptor));
+      elt->value = rhs_type_descriptor;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // A conversion to a non-empty interface may fail, but unlike a
+      // type assertion converting nil will always succeed.
+      go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__methods")
+                == 0);
+      tree lhs_type_descriptor = lhs_type->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo);
+      static tree convert_interface_decl;
+      tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&convert_interface_decl,
+                                    location,
+                                    "__go_convert_interface",
+                                    2,
+                                    ptr_type_node,
+                                    TREE_TYPE(lhs_type_descriptor),
+                                    lhs_type_descriptor,
+                                    TREE_TYPE(rhs_type_descriptor),
+                                    rhs_type_descriptor);
+      if (call == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      // This will panic if the interface conversion fails.
+      TREE_NOTHROW(convert_interface_decl) = 0;
+      elt->value = fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(field), call);
+    }
+
+  // The second field is simply the object pointer.
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__object") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+
+  tree rhs_type_tree = TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree);
+  go_assert(TREE_CODE(rhs_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+  tree rhs_field = DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(rhs_type_tree));
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(rhs_field)), "__object") == 0);
+  elt->value = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(rhs_field), rhs_tree, rhs_field,
+                     NULL_TREE);
+
+  return build_constructor(lhs_type_tree, init);
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the conversion of an interface type to a
+// non-interface type.
+
+tree
+Expression::convert_interface_to_type(Translate_context* context,
+                                     Type *lhs_type, Type* rhs_type,
+                                     tree rhs_tree, source_location location)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree rhs_type_tree = TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree);
+
+  tree lhs_type_tree = lhs_type->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (lhs_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  // Call a function to check that the type is valid.  The function
+  // will panic with an appropriate runtime type error if the type is
+  // not valid.
+
+  tree lhs_type_descriptor = lhs_type->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo);
+
+  if (!DECL_P(rhs_tree))
+    rhs_tree = save_expr(rhs_tree);
+
+  tree rhs_type_descriptor =
+    Expression::get_interface_type_descriptor(context, rhs_type, rhs_tree,
+                                             location);
+
+  tree rhs_inter_descriptor = rhs_type->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo);
+
+  static tree check_interface_type_decl;
+  tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&check_interface_type_decl,
+                                location,
+                                "__go_check_interface_type",
+                                3,
+                                void_type_node,
+                                TREE_TYPE(lhs_type_descriptor),
+                                lhs_type_descriptor,
+                                TREE_TYPE(rhs_type_descriptor),
+                                rhs_type_descriptor,
+                                TREE_TYPE(rhs_inter_descriptor),
+                                rhs_inter_descriptor);
+  if (call == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  // This call will panic if the conversion is invalid.
+  TREE_NOTHROW(check_interface_type_decl) = 0;
+
+  // If the call succeeds, pull out the value.
+  go_assert(TREE_CODE(rhs_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+  tree rhs_field = DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(rhs_type_tree));
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(rhs_field)), "__object") == 0);
+  tree val = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(rhs_field), rhs_tree, rhs_field,
+                   NULL_TREE);
+
+  // If the value is a pointer, then it is the value we want.
+  // Otherwise it points to the value.
+  if (lhs_type->points_to() == NULL)
+    {
+      val = fold_convert_loc(location, build_pointer_type(lhs_type_tree), val);
+      val = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(location, val);
+    }
+
+  return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, lhs_type_tree, call,
+               fold_convert_loc(location, lhs_type_tree, val));
+}
+
+// Convert an expression to a tree.  This is implemented by the child
+// class.  Not that it is not in general safe to call this multiple
+// times for a single expression, but that we don't catch such errors.
+
+tree
+Expression::get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  // The child may have marked this expression as having an error.
+  if (this->classification_ == EXPRESSION_ERROR)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  return this->do_get_tree(context);
+}
+
+// Return a tree for VAL in TYPE.
+
+tree
+Expression::integer_constant_tree(mpz_t val, tree type)
+{
+  if (type == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == INTEGER_TYPE)
+    return double_int_to_tree(type,
+                             mpz_get_double_int(type, val, true));
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == REAL_TYPE)
+    {
+      mpfr_t fval;
+      mpfr_init_set_z(fval, val, GMP_RNDN);
+      tree ret = Expression::float_constant_tree(fval, type);
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == COMPLEX_TYPE)
+    {
+      mpfr_t fval;
+      mpfr_init_set_z(fval, val, GMP_RNDN);
+      tree real = Expression::float_constant_tree(fval, TREE_TYPE(type));
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+      tree imag = build_real_from_int_cst(TREE_TYPE(type),
+                                         integer_zero_node);
+      return build_complex(type, real, imag);
+    }
+  else
+    go_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Return a tree for VAL in TYPE.
+
+tree
+Expression::float_constant_tree(mpfr_t val, tree type)
+{
+  if (type == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == INTEGER_TYPE)
+    {
+      mpz_t ival;
+      mpz_init(ival);
+      mpfr_get_z(ival, val, GMP_RNDN);
+      tree ret = Expression::integer_constant_tree(ival, type);
+      mpz_clear(ival);
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == REAL_TYPE)
+    {
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r1;
+      real_from_mpfr(&r1, val, type, GMP_RNDN);
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r2;
+      real_convert(&r2, TYPE_MODE(type), &r1);
+      return build_real(type, r2);
+    }
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == COMPLEX_TYPE)
+    {
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r1;
+      real_from_mpfr(&r1, val, TREE_TYPE(type), GMP_RNDN);
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r2;
+      real_convert(&r2, TYPE_MODE(TREE_TYPE(type)), &r1);
+      tree imag = build_real_from_int_cst(TREE_TYPE(type),
+                                         integer_zero_node);
+      return build_complex(type, build_real(TREE_TYPE(type), r2), imag);
+    }
+  else
+    go_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Return a tree for REAL/IMAG in TYPE.
+
+tree
+Expression::complex_constant_tree(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag, tree type)
+{
+  if (type == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == INTEGER_TYPE || TREE_CODE(type) == REAL_TYPE)
+    return Expression::float_constant_tree(real, type);
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == COMPLEX_TYPE)
+    {
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r1;
+      real_from_mpfr(&r1, real, TREE_TYPE(type), GMP_RNDN);
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r2;
+      real_convert(&r2, TYPE_MODE(TREE_TYPE(type)), &r1);
+
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r3;
+      real_from_mpfr(&r3, imag, TREE_TYPE(type), GMP_RNDN);
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r4;
+      real_convert(&r4, TYPE_MODE(TREE_TYPE(type)), &r3);
+
+      return build_complex(type, build_real(TREE_TYPE(type), r2),
+                          build_real(TREE_TYPE(type), r4));
+    }
+  else
+    go_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Return a tree which evaluates to true if VAL, of arbitrary integer
+// type, is negative or is more than the maximum value of BOUND_TYPE.
+// If SOFAR is not NULL, it is or'red into the result.  The return
+// value may be NULL if SOFAR is NULL.
+
+tree
+Expression::check_bounds(tree val, tree bound_type, tree sofar,
+                        source_location loc)
+{
+  tree val_type = TREE_TYPE(val);
+  tree ret = NULL_TREE;
+
+  if (!TYPE_UNSIGNED(val_type))
+    {
+      ret = fold_build2_loc(loc, LT_EXPR, boolean_type_node, val,
+                           build_int_cst(val_type, 0));
+      if (ret == boolean_false_node)
+       ret = NULL_TREE;
+    }
+
+  if ((TYPE_UNSIGNED(val_type) && !TYPE_UNSIGNED(bound_type))
+      || TYPE_SIZE(val_type) > TYPE_SIZE(bound_type))
+    {
+      tree max = TYPE_MAX_VALUE(bound_type);
+      tree big = fold_build2_loc(loc, GT_EXPR, boolean_type_node, val,
+                                fold_convert_loc(loc, val_type, max));
+      if (big == boolean_false_node)
+       ;
+      else if (ret == NULL_TREE)
+       ret = big;
+      else
+       ret = fold_build2_loc(loc, TRUTH_OR_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                             ret, big);
+    }
+
+  if (ret == NULL_TREE)
+    return sofar;
+  else if (sofar == NULL_TREE)
+    return ret;
+  else
+    return fold_build2_loc(loc, TRUTH_OR_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                          sofar, ret);
+}
+
+// Error expressions.  This are used to avoid cascading errors.
+
+class Error_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Error_expression(source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_ERROR, location)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  bool
+  do_integer_constant_value(bool, mpz_t val, Type**) const
+  {
+    mpz_set_ui(val, 0);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool
+  do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val, Type**) const
+  {
+    mpfr_set_ui(val, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool
+  do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag, Type**) const
+  {
+    mpfr_set_ui(real, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+    mpfr_set_ui(imag, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  void
+  do_discarding_value()
+  { }
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return Type::make_error_type(); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return this; }
+
+  bool
+  do_is_addressable() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { return error_mark_node; }
+};
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_error(source_location location)
+{
+  return new Error_expression(location);
+}
+
+// An expression which is really a type.  This is used during parsing.
+// It is an error if these survive after lowering.
+
+class
+Type_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Type_expression(Type* type, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_TYPE, location),
+      type_(type)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse); }
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { }
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*)
+  { this->report_error(_("invalid use of type")); }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return this; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // The type which we are representing as an expression.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_type(Type* type, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Type_expression(type, location);
+}
+
+// Class Parser_expression.
+
+Type*
+Parser_expression::do_type()
+{
+  // We should never really ask for the type of a Parser_expression.
+  // However, it can happen, at least when we have an invalid const
+  // whose initializer refers to the const itself.  In that case we
+  // may ask for the type when lowering the const itself.
+  go_assert(saw_errors());
+  return Type::make_error_type();
+}
+
+// Class Var_expression.
+
+// Lower a variable expression.  Here we just make sure that the
+// initialization expression of the variable has been lowered.  This
+// ensures that we will be able to determine the type of the variable
+// if necessary.
+
+Expression*
+Var_expression::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function, int)
+{
+  if (this->variable_->is_variable())
+    {
+      Variable* var = this->variable_->var_value();
+      // This is either a local variable or a global variable.  A
+      // reference to a variable which is local to an enclosing
+      // function will be a reference to a field in a closure.
+      if (var->is_global())
+       function = NULL;
+      var->lower_init_expression(gogo, function);
+    }
+  return this;
+}
+
+// Return the type of a reference to a variable.
+
+Type*
+Var_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->variable_->is_variable())
+    return this->variable_->var_value()->type();
+  else if (this->variable_->is_result_variable())
+    return this->variable_->result_var_value()->type();
+  else
+    go_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Determine the type of a reference to a variable.
+
+void
+Var_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  if (this->variable_->is_variable())
+    this->variable_->var_value()->determine_type();
+}
+
+// Something takes the address of this variable.  This means that we
+// may want to move the variable onto the heap.
+
+void
+Var_expression::do_address_taken(bool escapes)
+{
+  if (!escapes)
+    ;
+  else if (this->variable_->is_variable())
+    this->variable_->var_value()->set_address_taken();
+  else if (this->variable_->is_result_variable())
+    this->variable_->result_var_value()->set_address_taken();
+  else
+    go_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Get the tree for a reference to a variable.
+
+tree
+Var_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Bvariable* bvar = this->variable_->get_backend_variable(context->gogo(),
+                                                         context->function());
+  tree ret = var_to_tree(bvar);
+  if (ret == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  bool is_in_heap;
+  if (this->variable_->is_variable())
+    is_in_heap = this->variable_->var_value()->is_in_heap();
+  else if (this->variable_->is_result_variable())
+    is_in_heap = this->variable_->result_var_value()->is_in_heap();
+  else
+    go_unreachable();
+  if (is_in_heap)
+    {
+      ret = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(this->location(), ret);
+      TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(ret) = 1;
+    }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Make a reference to a variable in an expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_var_reference(Named_object* var, source_location location)
+{
+  if (var->is_sink())
+    return Expression::make_sink(location);
+
+  // FIXME: Creating a new object for each reference to a variable is
+  // wasteful.
+  return new Var_expression(var, location);
+}
+
+// Class Temporary_reference_expression.
+
+// The type.
+
+Type*
+Temporary_reference_expression::do_type()
+{
+  return this->statement_->type();
+}
+
+// Called if something takes the address of this temporary variable.
+// We never have to move temporary variables to the heap, but we do
+// need to know that they must live in the stack rather than in a
+// register.
+
+void
+Temporary_reference_expression::do_address_taken(bool)
+{
+  this->statement_->set_is_address_taken();
+}
+
+// Get a tree referring to the variable.
+
+tree
+Temporary_reference_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Bvariable* bvar = this->statement_->get_backend_variable(context);
+
+  // The gcc backend can't represent the same set of recursive types
+  // that the Go frontend can.  In some cases this means that a
+  // temporary variable won't have the right backend type.  Correct
+  // that here by adding a type cast.  We need to use base() to push
+  // the circularity down one level.
+  tree ret = var_to_tree(bvar);
+  if (POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(ret)) && VOID_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(ret))))
+    {
+      tree type_tree = this->type()->base()->get_tree(context->gogo());
+      ret = fold_convert_loc(this->location(), type_tree, ret);
+    }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Make a reference to a temporary variable.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_temporary_reference(Temporary_statement* statement,
+                                    source_location location)
+{
+  return new Temporary_reference_expression(statement, location);
+}
+
+// A sink expression--a use of the blank identifier _.
+
+class Sink_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Sink_expression(source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_SINK, location),
+      type_(NULL), var_(NULL_TREE)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  void
+  do_discarding_value()
+  { }
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return new Sink_expression(this->location()); }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The type of this sink variable.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The temporary variable we generate.
+  tree var_;
+};
+
+// Return the type of a sink expression.
+
+Type*
+Sink_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    return Type::make_sink_type();
+  return this->type_;
+}
+
+// Determine the type of a sink expression.
+
+void
+Sink_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  if (context->type != NULL)
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+}
+
+// Return a temporary variable for a sink expression.  This will
+// presumably be a write-only variable which the middle-end will drop.
+
+tree
+Sink_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->var_ == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      go_assert(this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_sink_type());
+      this->var_ = create_tmp_var(this->type_->get_tree(context->gogo()),
+                                 "blank");
+    }
+  return this->var_;
+}
+
+// Make a sink expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_sink(source_location location)
+{
+  return new Sink_expression(location);
+}
+
+// Class Func_expression.
+
+// FIXME: Can a function expression appear in a constant expression?
+// The value is unchanging.  Initializing a constant to the address of
+// a function seems like it could work, though there might be little
+// point to it.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Func_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  return (this->closure_ == NULL
+         ? TRAVERSE_CONTINUE
+         : Expression::traverse(&this->closure_, traverse));
+}
+
+// Return the type of a function expression.
+
+Type*
+Func_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->function_->is_function())
+    return this->function_->func_value()->type();
+  else if (this->function_->is_function_declaration())
+    return this->function_->func_declaration_value()->type();
+  else
+    go_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Get the tree for a function expression without evaluating the
+// closure.
+
+tree
+Func_expression::get_tree_without_closure(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  Function_type* fntype;
+  if (this->function_->is_function())
+    fntype = this->function_->func_value()->type();
+  else if (this->function_->is_function_declaration())
+    fntype = this->function_->func_declaration_value()->type();
+  else
+    go_unreachable();
+
+  // Builtin functions are handled specially by Call_expression.  We
+  // can't take their address.
+  if (fntype->is_builtin())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "invalid use of special builtin function %qs",
+              this->function_->name().c_str());
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  Named_object* no = this->function_;
+
+  tree id = no->get_id(gogo);
+  if (id == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree fndecl;
+  if (no->is_function())
+    fndecl = no->func_value()->get_or_make_decl(gogo, no, id);
+  else if (no->is_function_declaration())
+    fndecl = no->func_declaration_value()->get_or_make_decl(gogo, no, id);
+  else
+    go_unreachable();
+
+  if (fndecl == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  return build_fold_addr_expr_loc(this->location(), fndecl);
+}
+
+// Get the tree for a function expression.  This is used when we take
+// the address of a function rather than simply calling it.  If the
+// function has a closure, we must use a trampoline.
+
+tree
+Func_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+
+  tree fnaddr = this->get_tree_without_closure(gogo);
+  if (fnaddr == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  go_assert(TREE_CODE(fnaddr) == ADDR_EXPR
+            && TREE_CODE(TREE_OPERAND(fnaddr, 0)) == FUNCTION_DECL);
+  TREE_ADDRESSABLE(TREE_OPERAND(fnaddr, 0)) = 1;
+
+  // For a normal non-nested function call, that is all we have to do.
+  if (!this->function_->is_function()
+      || this->function_->func_value()->enclosing() == NULL)
+    {
+      go_assert(this->closure_ == NULL);
+      return fnaddr;
+    }
+
+  // For a nested function call, we have to always allocate a
+  // trampoline.  If we don't always allocate, then closures will not
+  // be reliably distinct.
+  Expression* closure = this->closure_;
+  tree closure_tree;
+  if (closure == NULL)
+    closure_tree = null_pointer_node;
+  else
+    {
+      // Get the value of the closure.  This will be a pointer to
+      // space allocated on the heap.
+      closure_tree = closure->get_tree(context);
+      if (closure_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      go_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(closure_tree)));
+    }
+
+  // Now we need to build some code on the heap.  This code will load
+  // the static chain pointer with the closure and then jump to the
+  // body of the function.  The normal gcc approach is to build the
+  // code on the stack.  Unfortunately we can not do that, as Go
+  // permits us to return the function pointer.
+
+  return gogo->make_trampoline(fnaddr, closure_tree, this->location());
+}
+
+// Make a reference to a function in an expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_func_reference(Named_object* function, Expression* closure,
+                               source_location location)
+{
+  return new Func_expression(function, closure, location);
+}
+
+// Class Unknown_expression.
+
+// Return the name of an unknown expression.
+
+const std::string&
+Unknown_expression::name() const
+{
+  return this->named_object_->name();
+}
+
+// Lower a reference to an unknown name.
+
+Expression*
+Unknown_expression::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  Named_object* no = this->named_object_;
+  Named_object* real;
+  if (!no->is_unknown())
+    real = no;
+  else
+    {
+      real = no->unknown_value()->real_named_object();
+      if (real == NULL)
+       {
+         if (this->is_composite_literal_key_)
+           return this;
+         error_at(location, "reference to undefined name %qs",
+                  this->named_object_->message_name().c_str());
+         return Expression::make_error(location);
+       }
+    }
+  switch (real->classification())
+    {
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+      return Expression::make_const_reference(real, location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE:
+      return Expression::make_type(real->type_value(), location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION:
+      if (this->is_composite_literal_key_)
+       return this;
+      error_at(location, "reference to undefined type %qs",
+              real->message_name().c_str());
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+      return Expression::make_var_reference(real, location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION:
+      return Expression::make_func_reference(real, NULL, location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE:
+      if (this->is_composite_literal_key_)
+       return this;
+      error_at(location, "unexpected reference to package");
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Make a reference to an unknown name.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_unknown_reference(Named_object* no, source_location location)
+{
+  go_assert(no->resolve()->is_unknown());
+  return new Unknown_expression(no, location);
+}
+
+// A boolean expression.
+
+class Boolean_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Boolean_expression(bool val, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_BOOLEAN, location),
+      val_(val), type_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  static Expression*
+  do_import(Import*);
+
+ protected:
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return this; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { return this->val_ ? boolean_true_node : boolean_false_node; }
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export* exp) const
+  { exp->write_c_string(this->val_ ? "true" : "false"); }
+
+ private:
+  // The constant.
+  bool val_;
+  // The type as determined by context.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+// Get the type.
+
+Type*
+Boolean_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    this->type_ = Type::make_boolean_type();
+  return this->type_;
+}
+
+// Set the type from the context.
+
+void
+Boolean_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
+    ;
+  else if (context->type != NULL && context->type->is_boolean_type())
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+  else if (!context->may_be_abstract)
+    this->type_ = Type::lookup_bool_type();
+}
+
+// Import a boolean constant.
+
+Expression*
+Boolean_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  if (imp->peek_char() == 't')
+    {
+      imp->require_c_string("true");
+      return Expression::make_boolean(true, imp->location());
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      imp->require_c_string("false");
+      return Expression::make_boolean(false, imp->location());
+    }
+}
+
+// Make a boolean expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_boolean(bool val, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Boolean_expression(val, location);
+}
+
+// Class String_expression.
+
+// Get the type.
+
+Type*
+String_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    this->type_ = Type::make_string_type();
+  return this->type_;
+}
+
+// Set the type from the context.
+
+void
+String_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
+    ;
+  else if (context->type != NULL && context->type->is_string_type())
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+  else if (!context->may_be_abstract)
+    this->type_ = Type::lookup_string_type();
+}
+
+// Build a string constant.
+
+tree
+String_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  return context->gogo()->go_string_constant_tree(this->val_);
+}
+
+// Export a string expression.
+
+void
+String_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  std::string s;
+  s.reserve(this->val_.length() * 4 + 2);
+  s += '"';
+  for (std::string::const_iterator p = this->val_.begin();
+       p != this->val_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (*p == '\\' || *p == '"')
+       {
+         s += '\\';
+         s += *p;
+       }
+      else if (*p >= 0x20 && *p < 0x7f)
+       s += *p;
+      else if (*p == '\n')
+       s += "\\n";
+      else if (*p == '\t')
+       s += "\\t";
+      else
+       {
+         s += "\\x";
+         unsigned char c = *p;
+         unsigned int dig = c >> 4;
+         s += dig < 10 ? '0' + dig : 'A' + dig - 10;
+         dig = c & 0xf;
+         s += dig < 10 ? '0' + dig : 'A' + dig - 10;
+       }
+    }
+  s += '"';
+  exp->write_string(s);
+}
+
+// Import a string expression.
+
+Expression*
+String_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("\"");
+  std::string val;
+  while (true)
+    {
+      int c = imp->get_char();
+      if (c == '"' || c == -1)
+       break;
+      if (c != '\\')
+       val += static_cast<char>(c);
+      else
+       {
+         c = imp->get_char();
+         if (c == '\\' || c == '"')
+           val += static_cast<char>(c);
+         else if (c == 'n')
+           val += '\n';
+         else if (c == 't')
+           val += '\t';
+         else if (c == 'x')
+           {
+             c = imp->get_char();
+             unsigned int vh = c >= '0' && c <= '9' ? c - '0' : c - 'A' + 10;
+             c = imp->get_char();
+             unsigned int vl = c >= '0' && c <= '9' ? c - '0' : c - 'A' + 10;
+             char v = (vh << 4) | vl;
+             val += v;
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             error_at(imp->location(), "bad string constant");
+             return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  return Expression::make_string(val, imp->location());
+}
+
+// Make a string expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_string(const std::string& val, source_location location)
+{
+  return new String_expression(val, location);
+}
+
+// Make an integer expression.
+
+class Integer_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Integer_expression(const mpz_t* val, Type* type, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_INTEGER, location),
+      type_(type)
+  { mpz_init_set(this->val_, *val); }
+
+  static Expression*
+  do_import(Import*);
+
+  // Return whether VAL fits in the type.
+  static bool
+  check_constant(mpz_t val, Type*, source_location);
+
+  // Write VAL to export data.
+  static void
+  export_integer(Export* exp, const mpz_t val);
+
+ protected:
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  bool
+  do_integer_constant_value(bool, mpz_t val, Type** ptype) const;
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context* context);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return Expression::make_integer(&this->val_, this->type_,
+                                   this->location()); }
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+ private:
+  // The integer value.
+  mpz_t val_;
+  // The type so far.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+// Return an integer constant value.
+
+bool
+Integer_expression::do_integer_constant_value(bool, mpz_t val,
+                                             Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    *ptype = this->type_;
+  mpz_set(val, this->val_);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Return the current type.  If we haven't set the type yet, we return
+// an abstract integer type.
+
+Type*
+Integer_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    this->type_ = Type::make_abstract_integer_type();
+  return this->type_;
+}
+
+// Set the type of the integer value.  Here we may switch from an
+// abstract type to a real type.
+
+void
+Integer_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
+    ;
+  else if (context->type != NULL
+          && (context->type->integer_type() != NULL
+              || context->type->float_type() != NULL
+              || context->type->complex_type() != NULL))
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+  else if (!context->may_be_abstract)
+    this->type_ = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+}
+
+// Return true if the integer VAL fits in the range of the type TYPE.
+// Otherwise give an error and return false.  TYPE may be NULL.
+
+bool
+Integer_expression::check_constant(mpz_t val, Type* type,
+                                  source_location location)
+{
+  if (type == NULL)
+    return true;
+  Integer_type* itype = type->integer_type();
+  if (itype == NULL || itype->is_abstract())
+    return true;
+
+  int bits = mpz_sizeinbase(val, 2);
+
+  if (itype->is_unsigned())
+    {
+      // For an unsigned type we can only accept a nonnegative number,
+      // and we must be able to represent at least BITS.
+      if (mpz_sgn(val) >= 0
+         && bits <= itype->bits())
+       return true;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // For a signed type we need an extra bit to indicate the sign.
+      // We have to handle the most negative integer specially.
+      if (bits + 1 <= itype->bits()
+         || (bits <= itype->bits()
+             && mpz_sgn(val) < 0
+             && (mpz_scan1(val, 0)
+                 == static_cast<unsigned long>(itype->bits() - 1))
+             && mpz_scan0(val, itype->bits()) == ULONG_MAX))
+       return true;
+    }
+
+  error_at(location, "integer constant overflow");
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Check the type of an integer constant.
+
+void
+Integer_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    return;
+  if (!Integer_expression::check_constant(this->val_, this->type_,
+                                         this->location()))
+    this->set_is_error();
+}
+
+// Get a tree for an integer constant.
+
+tree
+Integer_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree type;
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
+    type = this->type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  else if (this->type_ != NULL && this->type_->float_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      // We are converting to an abstract floating point type.
+      type = Type::lookup_float_type("float64")->get_tree(gogo);
+    }
+  else if (this->type_ != NULL && this->type_->complex_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      // We are converting to an abstract complex type.
+      type = Type::lookup_complex_type("complex128")->get_tree(gogo);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // If we still have an abstract type here, then this is being
+      // used in a constant expression which didn't get reduced for
+      // some reason.  Use a type which will fit the value.  We use <,
+      // not <=, because we need an extra bit for the sign bit.
+      int bits = mpz_sizeinbase(this->val_, 2);
+      if (bits < INT_TYPE_SIZE)
+       type = Type::lookup_integer_type("int")->get_tree(gogo);
+      else if (bits < 64)
+       type = Type::lookup_integer_type("int64")->get_tree(gogo);
+      else
+       type = long_long_integer_type_node;
+    }
+  return Expression::integer_constant_tree(this->val_, type);
+}
+
+// Write VAL to export data.
+
+void
+Integer_expression::export_integer(Export* exp, const mpz_t val)
+{
+  char* s = mpz_get_str(NULL, 10, val);
+  exp->write_c_string(s);
+  free(s);
+}
+
+// Export an integer in a constant expression.
+
+void
+Integer_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  Integer_expression::export_integer(exp, this->val_);
+  // A trailing space lets us reliably identify the end of the number.
+  exp->write_c_string(" ");
+}
+
+// Import an integer, floating point, or complex value.  This handles
+// all these types because they all start with digits.
+
+Expression*
+Integer_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  std::string num = imp->read_identifier();
+  imp->require_c_string(" ");
+  if (!num.empty() && num[num.length() - 1] == 'i')
+    {
+      mpfr_t real;
+      size_t plus_pos = num.find('+', 1);
+      size_t minus_pos = num.find('-', 1);
+      size_t pos;
+      if (plus_pos == std::string::npos)
+       pos = minus_pos;
+      else if (minus_pos == std::string::npos)
+       pos = plus_pos;
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(imp->location(), "bad number in import data: %qs",
+                  num.c_str());
+         return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
+       }
+      if (pos == std::string::npos)
+       mpfr_set_ui(real, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+      else
+       {
+         std::string real_str = num.substr(0, pos);
+         if (mpfr_init_set_str(real, real_str.c_str(), 10, GMP_RNDN) != 0)
+           {
+             error_at(imp->location(), "bad number in import data: %qs",
+                      real_str.c_str());
+             return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
+           }
+       }
+
+      std::string imag_str;
+      if (pos == std::string::npos)
+       imag_str = num;
+      else
+       imag_str = num.substr(pos);
+      imag_str = imag_str.substr(0, imag_str.size() - 1);
+      mpfr_t imag;
+      if (mpfr_init_set_str(imag, imag_str.c_str(), 10, GMP_RNDN) != 0)
+       {
+         error_at(imp->location(), "bad number in import data: %qs",
+                  imag_str.c_str());
+         return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
+       }
+      Expression* ret = Expression::make_complex(&real, &imag, NULL,
+                                                imp->location());
+      mpfr_clear(real);
+      mpfr_clear(imag);
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else if (num.find('.') == std::string::npos
+          && num.find('E') == std::string::npos)
+    {
+      mpz_t val;
+      if (mpz_init_set_str(val, num.c_str(), 10) != 0)
+       {
+         error_at(imp->location(), "bad number in import data: %qs",
+                  num.c_str());
+         return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
+       }
+      Expression* ret = Expression::make_integer(&val, NULL, imp->location());
+      mpz_clear(val);
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      mpfr_t val;
+      if (mpfr_init_set_str(val, num.c_str(), 10, GMP_RNDN) != 0)
+       {
+         error_at(imp->location(), "bad number in import data: %qs",
+                  num.c_str());
+         return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
+       }
+      Expression* ret = Expression::make_float(&val, NULL, imp->location());
+      mpfr_clear(val);
+      return ret;
+    }
+}
+
+// Build a new integer value.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_integer(const mpz_t* val, Type* type,
+                        source_location location)
+{
+  return new Integer_expression(val, type, location);
+}
+
+// Floats.
+
+class Float_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Float_expression(const mpfr_t* val, Type* type, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_FLOAT, location),
+      type_(type)
+  {
+    mpfr_init_set(this->val_, *val, GMP_RNDN);
+  }
+
+  // Constrain VAL to fit into TYPE.
+  static void
+  constrain_float(mpfr_t val, Type* type);
+
+  // Return whether VAL fits in the type.
+  static bool
+  check_constant(mpfr_t val, Type*, source_location);
+
+  // Write VAL to export data.
+  static void
+  export_float(Export* exp, const mpfr_t val);
+
+ protected:
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  bool
+  do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val, Type**) const;
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return Expression::make_float(&this->val_, this->type_,
+                                 this->location()); }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+ private:
+  // The floating point value.
+  mpfr_t val_;
+  // The type so far.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+// Constrain VAL to fit into TYPE.
+
+void
+Float_expression::constrain_float(mpfr_t val, Type* type)
+{
+  Float_type* ftype = type->float_type();
+  if (ftype != NULL && !ftype->is_abstract())
+    mpfr_prec_round(val, ftype->bits(), GMP_RNDN);
+}
+
+// Return a floating point constant value.
+
+bool
+Float_expression::do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val, Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    *ptype = this->type_;
+  mpfr_set(val, this->val_, GMP_RNDN);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Return the current type.  If we haven't set the type yet, we return
+// an abstract float type.
+
+Type*
+Float_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    this->type_ = Type::make_abstract_float_type();
+  return this->type_;
+}
+
+// Set the type of the float value.  Here we may switch from an
+// abstract type to a real type.
+
+void
+Float_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
+    ;
+  else if (context->type != NULL
+          && (context->type->integer_type() != NULL
+              || context->type->float_type() != NULL
+              || context->type->complex_type() != NULL))
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+  else if (!context->may_be_abstract)
+    this->type_ = Type::lookup_float_type("float64");
+}
+
+// Return true if the floating point value VAL fits in the range of
+// the type TYPE.  Otherwise give an error and return false.  TYPE may
+// be NULL.
+
+bool
+Float_expression::check_constant(mpfr_t val, Type* type,
+                                source_location location)
+{
+  if (type == NULL)
+    return true;
+  Float_type* ftype = type->float_type();
+  if (ftype == NULL || ftype->is_abstract())
+    return true;
+
+  // A NaN or Infinity always fits in the range of the type.
+  if (mpfr_nan_p(val) || mpfr_inf_p(val) || mpfr_zero_p(val))
+    return true;
+
+  mp_exp_t exp = mpfr_get_exp(val);
+  mp_exp_t max_exp;
+  switch (ftype->bits())
+    {
+    case 32:
+      max_exp = 128;
+      break;
+    case 64:
+      max_exp = 1024;
+      break;
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+  if (exp > max_exp)
+    {
+      error_at(location, "floating point constant overflow");
+      return false;
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Check the type of a float value.
+
+void
+Float_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  if (!Float_expression::check_constant(this->val_, this->type_,
+                                       this->location()))
+    this->set_is_error();
+
+  Integer_type* integer_type = this->type_->integer_type();
+  if (integer_type != NULL)
+    {
+      if (!mpfr_integer_p(this->val_))
+       this->report_error(_("floating point constant truncated to integer"));
+      else
+       {
+         go_assert(!integer_type->is_abstract());
+         mpz_t ival;
+         mpz_init(ival);
+         mpfr_get_z(ival, this->val_, GMP_RNDN);
+         Integer_expression::check_constant(ival, integer_type,
+                                            this->location());
+         mpz_clear(ival);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a float constant.
+
+tree
+Float_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree type;
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
+    type = this->type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  else if (this->type_ != NULL && this->type_->integer_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      // We have an abstract integer type.  We just hope for the best.
+      type = Type::lookup_integer_type("int")->get_tree(gogo);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // If we still have an abstract type here, then this is being
+      // used in a constant expression which didn't get reduced.  We
+      // just use float64 and hope for the best.
+      type = Type::lookup_float_type("float64")->get_tree(gogo);
+    }
+  return Expression::float_constant_tree(this->val_, type);
+}
+
+// Write a floating point number to export data.
+
+void
+Float_expression::export_float(Export *exp, const mpfr_t val)
+{
+  mp_exp_t exponent;
+  char* s = mpfr_get_str(NULL, &exponent, 10, 0, val, GMP_RNDN);
+  if (*s == '-')
+    exp->write_c_string("-");
+  exp->write_c_string("0.");
+  exp->write_c_string(*s == '-' ? s + 1 : s);
+  mpfr_free_str(s);
+  char buf[30];
+  snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "E%ld", exponent);
+  exp->write_c_string(buf);
+}
+
+// Export a floating point number in a constant expression.
+
+void
+Float_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  Float_expression::export_float(exp, this->val_);
+  // A trailing space lets us reliably identify the end of the number.
+  exp->write_c_string(" ");
+}
+
+// Make a float expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_float(const mpfr_t* val, Type* type, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Float_expression(val, type, location);
+}
+
+// Complex numbers.
+
+class Complex_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Complex_expression(const mpfr_t* real, const mpfr_t* imag, Type* type,
+                    source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_COMPLEX, location),
+      type_(type)
+  {
+    mpfr_init_set(this->real_, *real, GMP_RNDN);
+    mpfr_init_set(this->imag_, *imag, GMP_RNDN);
+  }
+
+  // Constrain REAL/IMAG to fit into TYPE.
+  static void
+  constrain_complex(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag, Type* type);
+
+  // Return whether REAL/IMAG fits in the type.
+  static bool
+  check_constant(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag, Type*, source_location);
+
+  // Write REAL/IMAG to export data.
+  static void
+  export_complex(Export* exp, const mpfr_t real, const mpfr_t val);
+
+ protected:
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  bool
+  do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag, Type**) const;
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return Expression::make_complex(&this->real_, &this->imag_, this->type_,
+                                   this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+ private:
+  // The real part.
+  mpfr_t real_;
+  // The imaginary part;
+  mpfr_t imag_;
+  // The type if known.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+// Constrain REAL/IMAG to fit into TYPE.
+
+void
+Complex_expression::constrain_complex(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag, Type* type)
+{
+  Complex_type* ctype = type->complex_type();
+  if (ctype != NULL && !ctype->is_abstract())
+    {
+      mpfr_prec_round(real, ctype->bits() / 2, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_prec_round(imag, ctype->bits() / 2, GMP_RNDN);
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a complex constant value.
+
+bool
+Complex_expression::do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag,
+                                             Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    *ptype = this->type_;
+  mpfr_set(real, this->real_, GMP_RNDN);
+  mpfr_set(imag, this->imag_, GMP_RNDN);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Return the current type.  If we haven't set the type yet, we return
+// an abstract complex type.
+
+Type*
+Complex_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    this->type_ = Type::make_abstract_complex_type();
+  return this->type_;
+}
+
+// Set the type of the complex value.  Here we may switch from an
+// abstract type to a real type.
+
+void
+Complex_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
+    ;
+  else if (context->type != NULL
+          && context->type->complex_type() != NULL)
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+  else if (!context->may_be_abstract)
+    this->type_ = Type::lookup_complex_type("complex128");
+}
+
+// Return true if the complex value REAL/IMAG fits in the range of the
+// type TYPE.  Otherwise give an error and return false.  TYPE may be
+// NULL.
+
+bool
+Complex_expression::check_constant(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag, Type* type,
+                                  source_location location)
+{
+  if (type == NULL)
+    return true;
+  Complex_type* ctype = type->complex_type();
+  if (ctype == NULL || ctype->is_abstract())
+    return true;
+
+  mp_exp_t max_exp;
+  switch (ctype->bits())
+    {
+    case 64:
+      max_exp = 128;
+      break;
+    case 128:
+      max_exp = 1024;
+      break;
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  // A NaN or Infinity always fits in the range of the type.
+  if (!mpfr_nan_p(real) && !mpfr_inf_p(real) && !mpfr_zero_p(real))
+    {
+      if (mpfr_get_exp(real) > max_exp)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "complex real part constant overflow");
+         return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (!mpfr_nan_p(imag) && !mpfr_inf_p(imag) && !mpfr_zero_p(imag))
+    {
+      if (mpfr_get_exp(imag) > max_exp)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "complex imaginary part constant overflow");
+         return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Check the type of a complex value.
+
+void
+Complex_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  if (!Complex_expression::check_constant(this->real_, this->imag_,
+                                         this->type_, this->location()))
+    this->set_is_error();
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a complex constant.
+
+tree
+Complex_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree type;
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
+    type = this->type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  else
+    {
+      // If we still have an abstract type here, this this is being
+      // used in a constant expression which didn't get reduced.  We
+      // just use complex128 and hope for the best.
+      type = Type::lookup_complex_type("complex128")->get_tree(gogo);
+    }
+  return Expression::complex_constant_tree(this->real_, this->imag_, type);
+}
+
+// Write REAL/IMAG to export data.
+
+void
+Complex_expression::export_complex(Export* exp, const mpfr_t real,
+                                  const mpfr_t imag)
+{
+  if (!mpfr_zero_p(real))
+    {
+      Float_expression::export_float(exp, real);
+      if (mpfr_sgn(imag) > 0)
+       exp->write_c_string("+");
+    }
+  Float_expression::export_float(exp, imag);
+  exp->write_c_string("i");
+}
+
+// Export a complex number in a constant expression.
+
+void
+Complex_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  Complex_expression::export_complex(exp, this->real_, this->imag_);
+  // A trailing space lets us reliably identify the end of the number.
+  exp->write_c_string(" ");
+}
+
+// Make a complex expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_complex(const mpfr_t* real, const mpfr_t* imag, Type* type,
+                        source_location location)
+{
+  return new Complex_expression(real, imag, type, location);
+}
+
+// Find a named object in an expression.
+
+class Find_named_object : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Find_named_object(Named_object* no)
+    : Traverse(traverse_expressions),
+      no_(no), found_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Whether we found the object.
+  bool
+  found() const
+  { return this->found_; }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+ private:
+  // The object we are looking for.
+  Named_object* no_;
+  // Whether we found it.
+  bool found_;
+};
+
+// A reference to a const in an expression.
+
+class Const_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Const_expression(Named_object* constant, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_CONST_REFERENCE, location),
+      constant_(constant), type_(NULL), seen_(false)
+  { }
+
+  Named_object*
+  named_object()
+  { return this->constant_; }
+
+  // Check that the initializer does not refer to the constant itself.
+  void
+  check_for_init_loop();
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int);
+
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  bool
+  do_integer_constant_value(bool, mpz_t val, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_string_constant_value(std::string* val) const
+  { return this->constant_->const_value()->expr()->string_constant_value(val); }
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  // The type of a const is set by the declaration, not the use.
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return this; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context);
+
+  // When exporting a reference to a const as part of a const
+  // expression, we export the value.  We ignore the fact that it has
+  // a name.
+  void
+  do_export(Export* exp) const
+  { this->constant_->const_value()->expr()->export_expression(exp); }
+
+ private:
+  // The constant.
+  Named_object* constant_;
+  // The type of this reference.  This is used if the constant has an
+  // abstract type.
+  Type* type_;
+  // Used to prevent infinite recursion when a constant incorrectly
+  // refers to itself.
+  mutable bool seen_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Const_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    return Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse);
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lower a constant expression.  This is where we convert the
+// predeclared constant iota into an integer value.
+
+Expression*
+Const_expression::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object*, int iota_value)
+{
+  if (this->constant_->const_value()->expr()->classification()
+      == EXPRESSION_IOTA)
+    {
+      if (iota_value == -1)
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(),
+                  "iota is only defined in const declarations");
+         iota_value = 0;
+       }
+      mpz_t val;
+      mpz_init_set_ui(val, static_cast<unsigned long>(iota_value));
+      Expression* ret = Expression::make_integer(&val, NULL,
+                                                this->location());
+      mpz_clear(val);
+      return ret;
+    }
+
+  // Make sure that the constant itself has been lowered.
+  gogo->lower_constant(this->constant_);
+
+  return this;
+}
+
+// Return an integer constant value.
+
+bool
+Const_expression::do_integer_constant_value(bool iota_is_constant, mpz_t val,
+                                           Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->seen_)
+    return false;
+
+  Type* ctype;
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    ctype = this->type_;
+  else
+    ctype = this->constant_->const_value()->type();
+  if (ctype != NULL && ctype->integer_type() == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  Expression* e = this->constant_->const_value()->expr();
+
+  this->seen_ = true;
+
+  Type* t;
+  bool r = e->integer_constant_value(iota_is_constant, val, &t);
+
+  this->seen_ = false;
+
+  if (r
+      && ctype != NULL
+      && !Integer_expression::check_constant(val, ctype, this->location()))
+    return false;
+
+  *ptype = ctype != NULL ? ctype : t;
+  return r;
+}
+
+// Return a floating point constant value.
+
+bool
+Const_expression::do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val, Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->seen_)
+    return false;
+
+  Type* ctype;
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    ctype = this->type_;
+  else
+    ctype = this->constant_->const_value()->type();
+  if (ctype != NULL && ctype->float_type() == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  this->seen_ = true;
+
+  Type* t;
+  bool r = this->constant_->const_value()->expr()->float_constant_value(val,
+                                                                       &t);
+
+  this->seen_ = false;
+
+  if (r && ctype != NULL)
+    {
+      if (!Float_expression::check_constant(val, ctype, this->location()))
+       return false;
+      Float_expression::constrain_float(val, ctype);
+    }
+  *ptype = ctype != NULL ? ctype : t;
+  return r;
+}
+
+// Return a complex constant value.
+
+bool
+Const_expression::do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag,
+                                           Type **ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->seen_)
+    return false;
+
+  Type* ctype;
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    ctype = this->type_;
+  else
+    ctype = this->constant_->const_value()->type();
+  if (ctype != NULL && ctype->complex_type() == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  this->seen_ = true;
+
+  Type *t;
+  bool r = this->constant_->const_value()->expr()->complex_constant_value(real,
+                                                                         imag,
+                                                                         &t);
+
+  this->seen_ = false;
+
+  if (r && ctype != NULL)
+    {
+      if (!Complex_expression::check_constant(real, imag, ctype,
+                                             this->location()))
+       return false;
+      Complex_expression::constrain_complex(real, imag, ctype);
+    }
+  *ptype = ctype != NULL ? ctype : t;
+  return r;
+}
+
+// Return the type of the const reference.
+
+Type*
+Const_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    return this->type_;
+
+  Named_constant* nc = this->constant_->const_value();
+
+  if (this->seen_ || nc->lowering())
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("constant refers to itself"));
+      this->type_ = Type::make_error_type();
+      return this->type_;
+    }
+
+  this->seen_ = true;
+
+  Type* ret = nc->type();
+
+  if (ret != NULL)
+    {
+      this->seen_ = false;
+      return ret;
+    }
+
+  // During parsing, a named constant may have a NULL type, but we
+  // must not return a NULL type here.
+  ret = nc->expr()->type();
+
+  this->seen_ = false;
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Set the type of the const reference.
+
+void
+Const_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  Type* ctype = this->constant_->const_value()->type();
+  Type* cetype = (ctype != NULL
+                 ? ctype
+                 : this->constant_->const_value()->expr()->type());
+  if (ctype != NULL && !ctype->is_abstract())
+    ;
+  else if (context->type != NULL
+          && (context->type->integer_type() != NULL
+              || context->type->float_type() != NULL
+              || context->type->complex_type() != NULL)
+          && (cetype->integer_type() != NULL
+              || cetype->float_type() != NULL
+              || cetype->complex_type() != NULL))
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+  else if (context->type != NULL
+          && context->type->is_string_type()
+          && cetype->is_string_type())
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+  else if (context->type != NULL
+          && context->type->is_boolean_type()
+          && cetype->is_boolean_type())
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+  else if (!context->may_be_abstract)
+    {
+      if (cetype->is_abstract())
+       cetype = cetype->make_non_abstract_type();
+      this->type_ = cetype;
+    }
+}
+
+// Check for a loop in which the initializer of a constant refers to
+// the constant itself.
+
+void
+Const_expression::check_for_init_loop()
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && this->type_->is_error())
+    return;
+
+  if (this->seen_)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("constant refers to itself"));
+      this->type_ = Type::make_error_type();
+      return;
+    }
+
+  Expression* init = this->constant_->const_value()->expr();
+  Find_named_object find_named_object(this->constant_);
+
+  this->seen_ = true;
+  Expression::traverse(&init, &find_named_object);
+  this->seen_ = false;
+
+  if (find_named_object.found())
+    {
+      if (this->type_ == NULL || !this->type_->is_error())
+       {
+         this->report_error(_("constant refers to itself"));
+         this->type_ = Type::make_error_type();
+       }
+      return;
+    }
+}
+
+// Check types of a const reference.
+
+void
+Const_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && this->type_->is_error())
+    return;
+
+  this->check_for_init_loop();
+
+  if (this->type_ == NULL || this->type_->is_abstract())
+    return;
+
+  // Check for integer overflow.
+  if (this->type_->integer_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      mpz_t ival;
+      mpz_init(ival);
+      Type* dummy;
+      if (!this->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &dummy))
+       {
+         mpfr_t fval;
+         mpfr_init(fval);
+         Expression* cexpr = this->constant_->const_value()->expr();
+         if (cexpr->float_constant_value(fval, &dummy))
+           {
+             if (!mpfr_integer_p(fval))
+               this->report_error(_("floating point constant "
+                                    "truncated to integer"));
+             else
+               {
+                 mpfr_get_z(ival, fval, GMP_RNDN);
+                 Integer_expression::check_constant(ival, this->type_,
+                                                    this->location());
+               }
+           }
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+       }
+      mpz_clear(ival);
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the const reference.
+
+tree
+Const_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree type_tree;
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    type_tree = NULL_TREE;
+  else
+    {
+      type_tree = this->type_->get_tree(gogo);
+      if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  // If the type has been set for this expression, but the underlying
+  // object is an abstract int or float, we try to get the abstract
+  // value.  Otherwise we may lose something in the conversion.
+  if (this->type_ != NULL
+      && (this->constant_->const_value()->type() == NULL
+         || this->constant_->const_value()->type()->is_abstract()))
+    {
+      Expression* expr = this->constant_->const_value()->expr();
+      mpz_t ival;
+      mpz_init(ival);
+      Type* t;
+      if (expr->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &t))
+       {
+         tree ret = Expression::integer_constant_tree(ival, type_tree);
+         mpz_clear(ival);
+         return ret;
+       }
+      mpz_clear(ival);
+
+      mpfr_t fval;
+      mpfr_init(fval);
+      if (expr->float_constant_value(fval, &t))
+       {
+         tree ret = Expression::float_constant_tree(fval, type_tree);
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         return ret;
+       }
+
+      mpfr_t imag;
+      mpfr_init(imag);
+      if (expr->complex_constant_value(fval, imag, &t))
+       {
+         tree ret = Expression::complex_constant_tree(fval, imag, type_tree);
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         mpfr_clear(imag);
+         return ret;
+       }
+      mpfr_clear(imag);
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+    }
+
+  tree const_tree = this->constant_->get_tree(gogo, context->function());
+  if (this->type_ == NULL
+      || const_tree == error_mark_node
+      || TREE_TYPE(const_tree) == error_mark_node)
+    return const_tree;
+
+  tree ret;
+  if (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(type_tree) == TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(TREE_TYPE(const_tree)))
+    ret = fold_convert(type_tree, const_tree);
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type_tree) == INTEGER_TYPE)
+    ret = fold(convert_to_integer(type_tree, const_tree));
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type_tree) == REAL_TYPE)
+    ret = fold(convert_to_real(type_tree, const_tree));
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type_tree) == COMPLEX_TYPE)
+    ret = fold(convert_to_complex(type_tree, const_tree));
+  else
+    go_unreachable();
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Make a reference to a constant in an expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_const_reference(Named_object* constant,
+                                source_location location)
+{
+  return new Const_expression(constant, location);
+}
+
+// Find a named object in an expression.
+
+int
+Find_named_object::expression(Expression** pexpr)
+{
+  switch ((*pexpr)->classification())
+    {
+    case Expression::EXPRESSION_CONST_REFERENCE:
+      {
+       Const_expression* ce = static_cast<Const_expression*>(*pexpr);
+       if (ce->named_object() == this->no_)
+         break;
+
+       // We need to check a constant initializer explicitly, as
+       // loops here will not be caught by the loop checking for
+       // variable initializers.
+       ce->check_for_init_loop();
+
+       return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+      }
+
+    case Expression::EXPRESSION_VAR_REFERENCE:
+      if ((*pexpr)->var_expression()->named_object() == this->no_)
+       break;
+      return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    case Expression::EXPRESSION_FUNC_REFERENCE:
+      if ((*pexpr)->func_expression()->named_object() == this->no_)
+       break;
+      return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    default:
+      return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    }
+  this->found_ = true;
+  return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+}
+
+// The nil value.
+
+class Nil_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Nil_expression(source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_NIL, location)
+  { }
+
+  static Expression*
+  do_import(Import*);
+
+ protected:
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return Type::make_nil_type(); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return this; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { return null_pointer_node; }
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export* exp) const
+  { exp->write_c_string("nil"); }
+};
+
+// Import a nil expression.
+
+Expression*
+Nil_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("nil");
+  return Expression::make_nil(imp->location());
+}
+
+// Make a nil expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_nil(source_location location)
+{
+  return new Nil_expression(location);
+}
+
+// The value of the predeclared constant iota.  This is little more
+// than a marker.  This will be lowered to an integer in
+// Const_expression::do_lower, which is where we know the value that
+// it should have.
+
+class Iota_expression : public Parser_expression
+{
+ public:
+  Iota_expression(source_location location)
+    : Parser_expression(EXPRESSION_IOTA, location)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  Expression*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+  // There should only ever be one of these.
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+};
+
+// Make an iota expression.  This is only called for one case: the
+// value of the predeclared constant iota.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_iota()
+{
+  static Iota_expression iota_expression(UNKNOWN_LOCATION);
+  return &iota_expression;
+}
+
+// A type conversion expression.
+
+class Type_conversion_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Type_conversion_expression(Type* type, Expression* expr,
+                            source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_CONVERSION, location),
+      type_(type), expr_(expr), may_convert_function_types_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Return the type to which we are converting.
+  Type*
+  type() const
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  // Return the expression which we are converting.
+  Expression*
+  expr() const
+  { return this->expr_; }
+
+  // Permit converting from one function type to another.  This is
+  // used internally for method expressions.
+  void
+  set_may_convert_function_types()
+  {
+    this->may_convert_function_types_ = true;
+  }
+
+  // Import a type conversion expression.
+  static Expression*
+  do_import(Import*);
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int);
+
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const
+  { return this->expr_->is_constant(); }
+
+  bool
+  do_integer_constant_value(bool, mpz_t, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t, mpfr_t, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_string_constant_value(std::string*) const;
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  {
+    Type_context subcontext(this->type_, false);
+    this->expr_->determine_type(&subcontext);
+  }
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Type_conversion_expression(this->type_, this->expr_->copy(),
+                                         this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context);
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+ private:
+  // The type to convert to.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The expression to convert.
+  Expression* expr_;
+  // True if this is permitted to convert function types.  This is
+  // used internally for method expressions.
+  bool may_convert_function_types_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Type_conversion_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Convert to a constant at lowering time.
+
+Expression*
+Type_conversion_expression::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int)
+{
+  Type* type = this->type_;
+  Expression* val = this->expr_;
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  if (type->integer_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      mpz_t ival;
+      mpz_init(ival);
+      Type* dummy;
+      if (val->integer_constant_value(false, ival, &dummy))
+       {
+         if (!Integer_expression::check_constant(ival, type, location))
+           mpz_set_ui(ival, 0);
+         Expression* ret = Expression::make_integer(&ival, type, location);
+         mpz_clear(ival);
+         return ret;
+       }
+
+      mpfr_t fval;
+      mpfr_init(fval);
+      if (val->float_constant_value(fval, &dummy))
+       {
+         if (!mpfr_integer_p(fval))
+           {
+             error_at(location,
+                      "floating point constant truncated to integer");
+             return Expression::make_error(location);
+           }
+         mpfr_get_z(ival, fval, GMP_RNDN);
+         if (!Integer_expression::check_constant(ival, type, location))
+           mpz_set_ui(ival, 0);
+         Expression* ret = Expression::make_integer(&ival, type, location);
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         mpz_clear(ival);
+         return ret;
+       }
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+      mpz_clear(ival);
+    }
+
+  if (type->float_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      mpfr_t fval;
+      mpfr_init(fval);
+      Type* dummy;
+      if (val->float_constant_value(fval, &dummy))
+       {
+         if (!Float_expression::check_constant(fval, type, location))
+           mpfr_set_ui(fval, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+         Float_expression::constrain_float(fval, type);
+         Expression *ret = Expression::make_float(&fval, type, location);
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         return ret;
+       }
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+    }
+
+  if (type->complex_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      mpfr_t real;
+      mpfr_t imag;
+      mpfr_init(real);
+      mpfr_init(imag);
+      Type* dummy;
+      if (val->complex_constant_value(real, imag, &dummy))
+       {
+         if (!Complex_expression::check_constant(real, imag, type, location))
+           {
+             mpfr_set_ui(real, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+             mpfr_set_ui(imag, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+           }
+         Complex_expression::constrain_complex(real, imag, type);
+         Expression* ret = Expression::make_complex(&real, &imag, type,
+                                                    location);
+         mpfr_clear(real);
+         mpfr_clear(imag);
+         return ret;
+       }
+      mpfr_clear(real);
+      mpfr_clear(imag);
+    }
+
+  if (type->is_open_array_type() && type->named_type() == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* element_type = type->array_type()->element_type()->forwarded();
+      bool is_byte = element_type == Type::lookup_integer_type("uint8");
+      bool is_int = element_type == Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+      if (is_byte || is_int)
+       {
+         std::string s;
+         if (val->string_constant_value(&s))
+           {
+             Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+             if (is_byte)
+               {
+                 for (std::string::const_iterator p = s.begin();
+                      p != s.end();
+                      p++)
+                   {
+                     mpz_t val;
+                     mpz_init_set_ui(val, static_cast<unsigned char>(*p));
+                     Expression* v = Expression::make_integer(&val,
+                                                              element_type,
+                                                              location);
+                     vals->push_back(v);
+                     mpz_clear(val);
+                   }
+               }
+             else
+               {
+                 const char *p = s.data();
+                 const char *pend = s.data() + s.length();
+                 while (p < pend)
+                   {
+                     unsigned int c;
+                     int adv = Lex::fetch_char(p, &c);
+                     if (adv == 0)
+                       {
+                         warning_at(this->location(), 0,
+                                    "invalid UTF-8 encoding");
+                         adv = 1;
+                       }
+                     p += adv;
+                     mpz_t val;
+                     mpz_init_set_ui(val, c);
+                     Expression* v = Expression::make_integer(&val,
+                                                              element_type,
+                                                              location);
+                     vals->push_back(v);
+                     mpz_clear(val);
+                   }
+               }
+
+             return Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(type, vals,
+                                                             location);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  return this;
+}
+
+// Return the constant integer value if there is one.
+
+bool
+Type_conversion_expression::do_integer_constant_value(bool iota_is_constant,
+                                                     mpz_t val,
+                                                     Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->type_->integer_type() == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  mpz_t ival;
+  mpz_init(ival);
+  Type* dummy;
+  if (this->expr_->integer_constant_value(iota_is_constant, ival, &dummy))
+    {
+      if (!Integer_expression::check_constant(ival, this->type_,
+                                             this->location()))
+       {
+         mpz_clear(ival);
+         return false;
+       }
+      mpz_set(val, ival);
+      mpz_clear(ival);
+      *ptype = this->type_;
+      return true;
+    }
+  mpz_clear(ival);
+
+  mpfr_t fval;
+  mpfr_init(fval);
+  if (this->expr_->float_constant_value(fval, &dummy))
+    {
+      mpfr_get_z(val, fval, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+      if (!Integer_expression::check_constant(val, this->type_,
+                                             this->location()))
+       return false;
+      *ptype = this->type_;
+      return true;
+    }
+  mpfr_clear(fval);
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return the constant floating point value if there is one.
+
+bool
+Type_conversion_expression::do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val,
+                                                   Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->type_->float_type() == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  mpfr_t fval;
+  mpfr_init(fval);
+  Type* dummy;
+  if (this->expr_->float_constant_value(fval, &dummy))
+    {
+      if (!Float_expression::check_constant(fval, this->type_,
+                                           this->location()))
+       {
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         return false;
+       }
+      mpfr_set(val, fval, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+      Float_expression::constrain_float(val, this->type_);
+      *ptype = this->type_;
+      return true;
+    }
+  mpfr_clear(fval);
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return the constant complex value if there is one.
+
+bool
+Type_conversion_expression::do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real,
+                                                     mpfr_t imag,
+                                                     Type **ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->type_->complex_type() == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  mpfr_t rval;
+  mpfr_t ival;
+  mpfr_init(rval);
+  mpfr_init(ival);
+  Type* dummy;
+  if (this->expr_->complex_constant_value(rval, ival, &dummy))
+    {
+      if (!Complex_expression::check_constant(rval, ival, this->type_,
+                                             this->location()))
+       {
+         mpfr_clear(rval);
+         mpfr_clear(ival);
+         return false;
+       }
+      mpfr_set(real, rval, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_set(imag, ival, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_clear(rval);
+      mpfr_clear(ival);
+      Complex_expression::constrain_complex(real, imag, this->type_);
+      *ptype = this->type_;
+      return true;
+    }
+  mpfr_clear(rval);
+  mpfr_clear(ival);
+
+  return false;  
+}
+
+// Return the constant string value if there is one.
+
+bool
+Type_conversion_expression::do_string_constant_value(std::string* val) const
+{
+  if (this->type_->is_string_type()
+      && this->expr_->type()->integer_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      mpz_t ival;
+      mpz_init(ival);
+      Type* dummy;
+      if (this->expr_->integer_constant_value(false, ival, &dummy))
+       {
+         unsigned long ulval = mpz_get_ui(ival);
+         if (mpz_cmp_ui(ival, ulval) == 0)
+           {
+             Lex::append_char(ulval, true, val, this->location());
+             mpz_clear(ival);
+             return true;
+           }
+       }
+      mpz_clear(ival);
+    }
+
+  // FIXME: Could handle conversion from const []int here.
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Check that types are convertible.
+
+void
+Type_conversion_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Type* type = this->type_;
+  Type* expr_type = this->expr_->type();
+  std::string reason;
+
+  if (type->is_error() || expr_type->is_error())
+    {
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return;
+    }
+
+  if (this->may_convert_function_types_
+      && type->function_type() != NULL
+      && expr_type->function_type() != NULL)
+    return;
+
+  if (Type::are_convertible(type, expr_type, &reason))
+    return;
+
+  error_at(this->location(), "%s", reason.c_str());
+  this->set_is_error();
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a type conversion.
+
+tree
+Type_conversion_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree type_tree = this->type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  tree expr_tree = this->expr_->get_tree(context);
+
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node
+      || expr_tree == error_mark_node
+      || TREE_TYPE(expr_tree) == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  if (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(type_tree) == TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(TREE_TYPE(expr_tree)))
+    return fold_convert(type_tree, expr_tree);
+
+  Type* type = this->type_;
+  Type* expr_type = this->expr_->type();
+  tree ret;
+  if (type->interface_type() != NULL || expr_type->interface_type() != NULL)
+    ret = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, type, expr_type,
+                                            expr_tree, this->location());
+  else if (type->integer_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (expr_type->integer_type() != NULL
+         || expr_type->float_type() != NULL
+         || expr_type->is_unsafe_pointer_type())
+       ret = fold(convert_to_integer(type_tree, expr_tree));
+      else
+       go_unreachable();
+    }
+  else if (type->float_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (expr_type->integer_type() != NULL
+         || expr_type->float_type() != NULL)
+       ret = fold(convert_to_real(type_tree, expr_tree));
+      else
+       go_unreachable();
+    }
+  else if (type->complex_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (expr_type->complex_type() != NULL)
+       ret = fold(convert_to_complex(type_tree, expr_tree));
+      else
+       go_unreachable();
+    }
+  else if (type->is_string_type()
+          && expr_type->integer_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      expr_tree = fold_convert(integer_type_node, expr_tree);
+      if (host_integerp(expr_tree, 0))
+       {
+         HOST_WIDE_INT intval = tree_low_cst(expr_tree, 0);
+         std::string s;
+         Lex::append_char(intval, true, &s, this->location());
+         Expression* se = Expression::make_string(s, this->location());
+         return se->get_tree(context);
+       }
+
+      static tree int_to_string_fndecl;
+      ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&int_to_string_fndecl,
+                              this->location(),
+                              "__go_int_to_string",
+                              1,
+                              type_tree,
+                              integer_type_node,
+                              fold_convert(integer_type_node, expr_tree));
+    }
+  else if (type->is_string_type()
+          && (expr_type->array_type() != NULL
+              || (expr_type->points_to() != NULL
+                  && expr_type->points_to()->array_type() != NULL)))
+    {
+      Type* t = expr_type;
+      if (t->points_to() != NULL)
+       {
+         t = t->points_to();
+         expr_tree = build_fold_indirect_ref(expr_tree);
+       }
+      if (!DECL_P(expr_tree))
+       expr_tree = save_expr(expr_tree);
+      Array_type* a = t->array_type();
+      Type* e = a->element_type()->forwarded();
+      go_assert(e->integer_type() != NULL);
+      tree valptr = fold_convert(const_ptr_type_node,
+                                a->value_pointer_tree(gogo, expr_tree));
+      tree len = a->length_tree(gogo, expr_tree);
+      len = fold_convert_loc(this->location(), integer_type_node, len);
+      if (e->integer_type()->is_unsigned()
+         && e->integer_type()->bits() == 8)
+       {
+         static tree byte_array_to_string_fndecl;
+         ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&byte_array_to_string_fndecl,
+                                  this->location(),
+                                  "__go_byte_array_to_string",
+                                  2,
+                                  type_tree,
+                                  const_ptr_type_node,
+                                  valptr,
+                                  integer_type_node,
+                                  len);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         go_assert(e == Type::lookup_integer_type("int"));
+         static tree int_array_to_string_fndecl;
+         ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&int_array_to_string_fndecl,
+                                  this->location(),
+                                  "__go_int_array_to_string",
+                                  2,
+                                  type_tree,
+                                  const_ptr_type_node,
+                                  valptr,
+                                  integer_type_node,
+                                  len);
+       }
+    }
+  else if (type->is_open_array_type() && expr_type->is_string_type())
+    {
+      Type* e = type->array_type()->element_type()->forwarded();
+      go_assert(e->integer_type() != NULL);
+      if (e->integer_type()->is_unsigned()
+         && e->integer_type()->bits() == 8)
+       {
+         static tree string_to_byte_array_fndecl;
+         ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&string_to_byte_array_fndecl,
+                                  this->location(),
+                                  "__go_string_to_byte_array",
+                                  1,
+                                  type_tree,
+                                  TREE_TYPE(expr_tree),
+                                  expr_tree);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         go_assert(e == Type::lookup_integer_type("int"));
+         static tree string_to_int_array_fndecl;
+         ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&string_to_int_array_fndecl,
+                                  this->location(),
+                                  "__go_string_to_int_array",
+                                  1,
+                                  type_tree,
+                                  TREE_TYPE(expr_tree),
+                                  expr_tree);
+       }
+    }
+  else if ((type->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
+           && expr_type->points_to() != NULL)
+          || (expr_type->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
+              && type->points_to() != NULL))
+    ret = fold_convert(type_tree, expr_tree);
+  else if (type->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
+          && expr_type->integer_type() != NULL)
+    ret = convert_to_pointer(type_tree, expr_tree);
+  else if (this->may_convert_function_types_
+          && type->function_type() != NULL
+          && expr_type->function_type() != NULL)
+    ret = fold_convert_loc(this->location(), type_tree, expr_tree);
+  else
+    ret = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, type, expr_type,
+                                            expr_tree, this->location());
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Output a type conversion in a constant expression.
+
+void
+Type_conversion_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("convert(");
+  exp->write_type(this->type_);
+  exp->write_c_string(", ");
+  this->expr_->export_expression(exp);
+  exp->write_c_string(")");
+}
+
+// Import a type conversion or a struct construction.
+
+Expression*
+Type_conversion_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("convert(");
+  Type* type = imp->read_type();
+  imp->require_c_string(", ");
+  Expression* val = Expression::import_expression(imp);
+  imp->require_c_string(")");
+  return Expression::make_cast(type, val, imp->location());
+}
+
+// Make a type cast expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_cast(Type* type, Expression* val, source_location location)
+{
+  if (type->is_error_type() || val->is_error_expression())
+    return Expression::make_error(location);
+  return new Type_conversion_expression(type, val, location);
+}
+
+// An unsafe type conversion, used to pass values to builtin functions.
+
+class Unsafe_type_conversion_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Unsafe_type_conversion_expression(Type* type, Expression* expr,
+                                   source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_UNSAFE_CONVERSION, location),
+      type_(type), expr_(expr)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Unsafe_type_conversion_expression(this->type_,
+                                                this->expr_->copy(),
+                                                this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The type to convert to.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The expression to convert.
+  Expression* expr_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Unsafe_type_conversion_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Convert to backend representation.
+
+tree
+Unsafe_type_conversion_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  // We are only called for a limited number of cases.
+
+  Type* t = this->type_;
+  Type* et = this->expr_->type();
+
+  tree type_tree = this->type_->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  tree expr_tree = this->expr_->get_tree(context);
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node || expr_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  bool use_view_convert = false;
+  if (t->is_open_array_type())
+    {
+      go_assert(et->is_open_array_type());
+      use_view_convert = true;
+    }
+  else if (t->map_type() != NULL)
+    go_assert(et->map_type() != NULL);
+  else if (t->channel_type() != NULL)
+    go_assert(et->channel_type() != NULL);
+  else if (t->points_to() != NULL && t->points_to()->channel_type() != NULL)
+    go_assert((et->points_to() != NULL
+               && et->points_to()->channel_type() != NULL)
+              || et->is_nil_type());
+  else if (t->is_unsafe_pointer_type())
+    go_assert(et->points_to() != NULL || et->is_nil_type());
+  else if (et->is_unsafe_pointer_type())
+    go_assert(t->points_to() != NULL);
+  else if (t->interface_type() != NULL && !t->interface_type()->is_empty())
+    {
+      go_assert(et->interface_type() != NULL
+                && !et->interface_type()->is_empty());
+      use_view_convert = true;
+    }
+  else if (t->interface_type() != NULL && t->interface_type()->is_empty())
+    {
+      go_assert(et->interface_type() != NULL
+                && et->interface_type()->is_empty());
+      use_view_convert = true;
+    }
+  else if (t->integer_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      go_assert(et->is_boolean_type()
+                || et->integer_type() != NULL
+                || et->function_type() != NULL
+                || et->points_to() != NULL
+                || et->map_type() != NULL
+                || et->channel_type() != NULL);
+      return convert_to_integer(type_tree, expr_tree);
+    }
+  else
+    go_unreachable();
+
+  if (use_view_convert)
+    return fold_build1_loc(loc, VIEW_CONVERT_EXPR, type_tree, expr_tree);
+  else
+    return fold_convert_loc(loc, type_tree, expr_tree);
+}
+
+// Make an unsafe type conversion expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_unsafe_cast(Type* type, Expression* expr,
+                            source_location location)
+{
+  return new Unsafe_type_conversion_expression(type, expr, location);
+}
+
+// Unary expressions.
+
+class Unary_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Unary_expression(Operator op, Expression* expr, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_UNARY, location),
+      op_(op), escapes_(true), expr_(expr)
+  { }
+
+  // Return the operator.
+  Operator
+  op() const
+  { return this->op_; }
+
+  // Return the operand.
+  Expression*
+  operand() const
+  { return this->expr_; }
+
+  // Record that an address expression does not escape.
+  void
+  set_does_not_escape()
+  {
+    go_assert(this->op_ == OPERATOR_AND);
+    this->escapes_ = false;
+  }
+
+  // Apply unary opcode OP to UVAL, setting VAL.  Return true if this
+  // could be done, false if not.
+  static bool
+  eval_integer(Operator op, Type* utype, mpz_t uval, mpz_t val,
+              source_location);
+
+  // Apply unary opcode OP to UVAL, setting VAL.  Return true if this
+  // could be done, false if not.
+  static bool
+  eval_float(Operator op, mpfr_t uval, mpfr_t val);
+
+  // Apply unary opcode OP to UREAL/UIMAG, setting REAL/IMAG.  Return
+  // true if this could be done, false if not.
+  static bool
+  eval_complex(Operator op, mpfr_t ureal, mpfr_t uimag, mpfr_t real,
+              mpfr_t imag);
+
+  static Expression*
+  do_import(Import*);
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse); }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int);
+
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const;
+
+  bool
+  do_integer_constant_value(bool, mpz_t, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t, mpfr_t, Type**) const;
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return Expression::make_unary(this->op_, this->expr_->copy(),
+                                 this->location());
+  }
+
+  bool
+  do_is_addressable() const
+  { return this->op_ == OPERATOR_MULT; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+ private:
+  // The unary operator to apply.
+  Operator op_;
+  // Normally true.  False if this is an address expression which does
+  // not escape the current function.
+  bool escapes_;
+  // The operand.
+  Expression* expr_;
+};
+
+// If we are taking the address of a composite literal, and the
+// contents are not constant, then we want to make a heap composite
+// instead.
+
+Expression*
+Unary_expression::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+  Operator op = this->op_;
+  Expression* expr = this->expr_;
+
+  if (op == OPERATOR_MULT && expr->is_type_expression())
+    return Expression::make_type(Type::make_pointer_type(expr->type()), loc);
+
+  // *&x simplifies to x.  *(*T)(unsafe.Pointer)(&x) does not require
+  // moving x to the heap.  FIXME: Is it worth doing a real escape
+  // analysis here?  This case is found in math/unsafe.go and is
+  // therefore worth special casing.
+  if (op == OPERATOR_MULT)
+    {
+      Expression* e = expr;
+      while (e->classification() == EXPRESSION_CONVERSION)
+       {
+         Type_conversion_expression* te
+           = static_cast<Type_conversion_expression*>(e);
+         e = te->expr();
+       }
+
+      if (e->classification() == EXPRESSION_UNARY)
+       {
+         Unary_expression* ue = static_cast<Unary_expression*>(e);
+         if (ue->op_ == OPERATOR_AND)
+           {
+             if (e == expr)
+               {
+                 // *&x == x.
+                 return ue->expr_;
+               }
+             ue->set_does_not_escape();
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Catching an invalid indirection of unsafe.Pointer here avoid
+  // having to deal with TYPE_VOID in other places.
+  if (op == OPERATOR_MULT && expr->type()->is_unsafe_pointer_type())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "invalid indirect of %<unsafe.Pointer%>");
+      return Expression::make_error(this->location());
+    }
+
+  if (op == OPERATOR_PLUS || op == OPERATOR_MINUS
+      || op == OPERATOR_NOT || op == OPERATOR_XOR)
+    {
+      Expression* ret = NULL;
+
+      mpz_t eval;
+      mpz_init(eval);
+      Type* etype;
+      if (expr->integer_constant_value(false, eval, &etype))
+       {
+         mpz_t val;
+         mpz_init(val);
+         if (Unary_expression::eval_integer(op, etype, eval, val, loc))
+           ret = Expression::make_integer(&val, etype, loc);
+         mpz_clear(val);
+       }
+      mpz_clear(eval);
+      if (ret != NULL)
+       return ret;
+
+      if (op == OPERATOR_PLUS || op == OPERATOR_MINUS)
+       {
+         mpfr_t fval;
+         mpfr_init(fval);
+         Type* ftype;
+         if (expr->float_constant_value(fval, &ftype))
+           {
+             mpfr_t val;
+             mpfr_init(val);
+             if (Unary_expression::eval_float(op, fval, val))
+               ret = Expression::make_float(&val, ftype, loc);
+             mpfr_clear(val);
+           }
+         if (ret != NULL)
+           {
+             mpfr_clear(fval);
+             return ret;
+           }
+
+         mpfr_t ival;
+         mpfr_init(ival);
+         if (expr->complex_constant_value(fval, ival, &ftype))
+           {
+             mpfr_t real;
+             mpfr_t imag;
+             mpfr_init(real);
+             mpfr_init(imag);
+             if (Unary_expression::eval_complex(op, fval, ival, real, imag))
+               ret = Expression::make_complex(&real, &imag, ftype, loc);
+             mpfr_clear(real);
+             mpfr_clear(imag);
+           }
+         mpfr_clear(ival);
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         if (ret != NULL)
+           return ret;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return this;
+}
+
+// Return whether a unary expression is a constant.
+
+bool
+Unary_expression::do_is_constant() const
+{
+  if (this->op_ == OPERATOR_MULT)
+    {
+      // Indirecting through a pointer is only constant if the object
+      // to which the expression points is constant, but we currently
+      // have no way to determine that.
+      return false;
+    }
+  else if (this->op_ == OPERATOR_AND)
+    {
+      // Taking the address of a variable is constant if it is a
+      // global variable, not constant otherwise.  In other cases
+      // taking the address is probably not a constant.
+      Var_expression* ve = this->expr_->var_expression();
+      if (ve != NULL)
+       {
+         Named_object* no = ve->named_object();
+         return no->is_variable() && no->var_value()->is_global();
+       }
+      return false;
+    }
+  else
+    return this->expr_->is_constant();
+}
+
+// Apply unary opcode OP to UVAL, setting VAL.  UTYPE is the type of
+// UVAL, if known; it may be NULL.  Return true if this could be done,
+// false if not.
+
+bool
+Unary_expression::eval_integer(Operator op, Type* utype, mpz_t uval, mpz_t val,
+                              source_location location)
+{
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      mpz_set(val, uval);
+      return true;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      mpz_neg(val, uval);
+      return Integer_expression::check_constant(val, utype, location);
+    case OPERATOR_NOT:
+      mpz_set_ui(val, mpz_cmp_si(uval, 0) == 0 ? 1 : 0);
+      return true;
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      if (utype == NULL
+         || utype->integer_type() == NULL
+         || utype->integer_type()->is_abstract())
+       mpz_com(val, uval);
+      else
+       {
+         // The number of HOST_WIDE_INTs that it takes to represent
+         // UVAL.
+         size_t count = ((mpz_sizeinbase(uval, 2)
+                          + HOST_BITS_PER_WIDE_INT
+                          - 1)
+                         / HOST_BITS_PER_WIDE_INT);
+
+         unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT* phwi = new unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT[count];
+         memset(phwi, 0, count * sizeof(HOST_WIDE_INT));
+
+         size_t ecount;
+         mpz_export(phwi, &ecount, -1, sizeof(HOST_WIDE_INT), 0, 0, uval);
+         go_assert(ecount <= count);
+
+         // Trim down to the number of words required by the type.
+         size_t obits = utype->integer_type()->bits();
+         if (!utype->integer_type()->is_unsigned())
+           ++obits;
+         size_t ocount = ((obits + HOST_BITS_PER_WIDE_INT - 1)
+                          / HOST_BITS_PER_WIDE_INT);
+         go_assert(ocount <= count);
+
+         for (size_t i = 0; i < ocount; ++i)
+           phwi[i] = ~phwi[i];
+
+         size_t clearbits = ocount * HOST_BITS_PER_WIDE_INT - obits;
+         if (clearbits != 0)
+           phwi[ocount - 1] &= (((unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT) (HOST_WIDE_INT) -1)
+                                >> clearbits);
+
+         mpz_import(val, ocount, -1, sizeof(HOST_WIDE_INT), 0, 0, phwi);
+
+         delete[] phwi;
+       }
+      return Integer_expression::check_constant(val, utype, location);
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      return false;
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Apply unary opcode OP to UVAL, setting VAL.  Return true if this
+// could be done, false if not.
+
+bool
+Unary_expression::eval_float(Operator op, mpfr_t uval, mpfr_t val)
+{
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      mpfr_set(val, uval, GMP_RNDN);
+      return true;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      mpfr_neg(val, uval, GMP_RNDN);
+      return true;
+    case OPERATOR_NOT:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      return false;
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Apply unary opcode OP to RVAL/IVAL, setting REAL/IMAG.  Return true
+// if this could be done, false if not.
+
+bool
+Unary_expression::eval_complex(Operator op, mpfr_t rval, mpfr_t ival,
+                              mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag)
+{
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      mpfr_set(real, rval, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_set(imag, ival, GMP_RNDN);
+      return true;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      mpfr_neg(real, rval, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_neg(imag, ival, GMP_RNDN);
+      return true;
+    case OPERATOR_NOT:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      return false;
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return the integral constant value of a unary expression, if it has one.
+
+bool
+Unary_expression::do_integer_constant_value(bool iota_is_constant, mpz_t val,
+                                           Type** ptype) const
+{
+  mpz_t uval;
+  mpz_init(uval);
+  bool ret;
+  if (!this->expr_->integer_constant_value(iota_is_constant, uval, ptype))
+    ret = false;
+  else
+    ret = Unary_expression::eval_integer(this->op_, *ptype, uval, val,
+                                        this->location());
+  mpz_clear(uval);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return the floating point constant value of a unary expression, if
+// it has one.
+
+bool
+Unary_expression::do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val, Type** ptype) const
+{
+  mpfr_t uval;
+  mpfr_init(uval);
+  bool ret;
+  if (!this->expr_->float_constant_value(uval, ptype))
+    ret = false;
+  else
+    ret = Unary_expression::eval_float(this->op_, uval, val);
+  mpfr_clear(uval);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return the complex constant value of a unary expression, if it has
+// one.
+
+bool
+Unary_expression::do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag,
+                                           Type** ptype) const
+{
+  mpfr_t rval;
+  mpfr_t ival;
+  mpfr_init(rval);
+  mpfr_init(ival);
+  bool ret;
+  if (!this->expr_->complex_constant_value(rval, ival, ptype))
+    ret = false;
+  else
+    ret = Unary_expression::eval_complex(this->op_, rval, ival, real, imag);
+  mpfr_clear(rval);
+  mpfr_clear(ival);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return the type of a unary expression.
+
+Type*
+Unary_expression::do_type()
+{
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+    case OPERATOR_NOT:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      return this->expr_->type();
+
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+      return Type::make_pointer_type(this->expr_->type());
+
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      {
+       Type* subtype = this->expr_->type();
+       Type* points_to = subtype->points_to();
+       if (points_to == NULL)
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       return points_to;
+      }
+
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Determine abstract types for a unary expression.
+
+void
+Unary_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+    case OPERATOR_NOT:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      this->expr_->determine_type(context);
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+      // Taking the address of something.
+      {
+       Type* subtype = (context->type == NULL
+                        ? NULL
+                        : context->type->points_to());
+       Type_context subcontext(subtype, false);
+       this->expr_->determine_type(&subcontext);
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      // Indirecting through a pointer.
+      {
+       Type* subtype = (context->type == NULL
+                        ? NULL
+                        : Type::make_pointer_type(context->type));
+       Type_context subcontext(subtype, false);
+       this->expr_->determine_type(&subcontext);
+      }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Check types for a unary expression.
+
+void
+Unary_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Type* type = this->expr_->type();
+  if (type->is_error())
+    {
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return;
+    }
+
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      if (type->integer_type() == NULL
+         && type->float_type() == NULL
+         && type->complex_type() == NULL)
+       this->report_error(_("expected numeric type"));
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_NOT:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      if (type->integer_type() == NULL
+         && !type->is_boolean_type())
+       this->report_error(_("expected integer or boolean type"));
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+      if (!this->expr_->is_addressable())
+       this->report_error(_("invalid operand for unary %<&%>"));
+      else
+       this->expr_->address_taken(this->escapes_);
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      // Indirecting through a pointer.
+      if (type->points_to() == NULL)
+       this->report_error(_("expected pointer"));
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a unary expression.
+
+tree
+Unary_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree expr = this->expr_->get_tree(context);
+  if (expr == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      return expr;
+
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      {
+       tree type = TREE_TYPE(expr);
+       tree compute_type = excess_precision_type(type);
+       if (compute_type != NULL_TREE)
+         expr = ::convert(compute_type, expr);
+       tree ret = fold_build1_loc(loc, NEGATE_EXPR,
+                                  (compute_type != NULL_TREE
+                                   ? compute_type
+                                   : type),
+                                  expr);
+       if (compute_type != NULL_TREE)
+         ret = ::convert(type, ret);
+       return ret;
+      }
+
+    case OPERATOR_NOT:
+      if (TREE_CODE(TREE_TYPE(expr)) == BOOLEAN_TYPE)
+       return fold_build1_loc(loc, TRUTH_NOT_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(expr), expr);
+      else
+       return fold_build2_loc(loc, NE_EXPR, boolean_type_node, expr,
+                              build_int_cst(TREE_TYPE(expr), 0));
+
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      return fold_build1_loc(loc, BIT_NOT_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(expr), expr);
+
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+      // We should not see a non-constant constructor here; cases
+      // where we would see one should have been moved onto the heap
+      // at parse time.  Taking the address of a nonconstant
+      // constructor will not do what the programmer expects.
+      go_assert(TREE_CODE(expr) != CONSTRUCTOR || TREE_CONSTANT(expr));
+      go_assert(TREE_CODE(expr) != ADDR_EXPR);
+
+      // Build a decl for a constant constructor.
+      if (TREE_CODE(expr) == CONSTRUCTOR && TREE_CONSTANT(expr))
+       {
+         tree decl = build_decl(this->location(), VAR_DECL,
+                                create_tmp_var_name("C"), TREE_TYPE(expr));
+         DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 0;
+         TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 0;
+         TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+         TREE_CONSTANT(decl) = 1;
+         TREE_STATIC(decl) = 1;
+         TREE_ADDRESSABLE(decl) = 1;
+         DECL_ARTIFICIAL(decl) = 1;
+         DECL_INITIAL(decl) = expr;
+         rest_of_decl_compilation(decl, 1, 0);
+         expr = decl;
+       }
+
+      return build_fold_addr_expr_loc(loc, expr);
+
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      {
+       go_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(expr)));
+
+       // If we are dereferencing the pointer to a large struct, we
+       // need to check for nil.  We don't bother to check for small
+       // structs because we expect the system to crash on a nil
+       // pointer dereference.
+       HOST_WIDE_INT s = int_size_in_bytes(TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(expr)));
+       if (s == -1 || s >= 4096)
+         {
+           if (!DECL_P(expr))
+             expr = save_expr(expr);
+           tree compare = fold_build2_loc(loc, EQ_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                                          expr,
+                                          fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(expr),
+                                                       null_pointer_node));
+           tree crash = Gogo::runtime_error(RUNTIME_ERROR_NIL_DEREFERENCE,
+                                            loc);
+           expr = fold_build2_loc(loc, COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(expr),
+                                  build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                         compare, crash, NULL_TREE),
+                                  expr);
+         }
+
+       // If the type of EXPR is a recursive pointer type, then we
+       // need to insert a cast before indirecting.
+       if (TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(expr)) == ptr_type_node)
+         {
+           Type* pt = this->expr_->type()->points_to();
+           tree ind = pt->get_tree(context->gogo());
+           expr = fold_convert_loc(loc, build_pointer_type(ind), expr);
+         }
+
+       return build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(loc, expr);
+      }
+
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Export a unary expression.
+
+void
+Unary_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      exp->write_c_string("+ ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      exp->write_c_string("- ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_NOT:
+      exp->write_c_string("! ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      exp->write_c_string("^ ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+  this->expr_->export_expression(exp);
+}
+
+// Import a unary expression.
+
+Expression*
+Unary_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  Operator op;
+  switch (imp->get_char())
+    {
+    case '+':
+      op = OPERATOR_PLUS;
+      break;
+    case '-':
+      op = OPERATOR_MINUS;
+      break;
+    case '!':
+      op = OPERATOR_NOT;
+      break;
+    case '^':
+      op = OPERATOR_XOR;
+      break;
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+  imp->require_c_string(" ");
+  Expression* expr = Expression::import_expression(imp);
+  return Expression::make_unary(op, expr, imp->location());
+}
+
+// Make a unary expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_unary(Operator op, Expression* expr, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Unary_expression(op, expr, location);
+}
+
+// If this is an indirection through a pointer, return the expression
+// being pointed through.  Otherwise return this.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::deref()
+{
+  if (this->classification_ == EXPRESSION_UNARY)
+    {
+      Unary_expression* ue = static_cast<Unary_expression*>(this);
+      if (ue->op() == OPERATOR_MULT)
+       return ue->operand();
+    }
+  return this;
+}
+
+// Class Binary_expression.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Binary_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  int t = Expression::traverse(&this->left_, traverse);
+  if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return Expression::traverse(&this->right_, traverse);
+}
+
+// Compare integer constants according to OP.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::compare_integer(Operator op, mpz_t left_val,
+                                  mpz_t right_val)
+{
+  int i = mpz_cmp(left_val, right_val);
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+      return i == 0;
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+      return i != 0;
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+      return i < 0;
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+      return i <= 0;
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+      return i > 0;
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      return i >= 0;
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Compare floating point constants according to OP.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::compare_float(Operator op, Type* type, mpfr_t left_val,
+                                mpfr_t right_val)
+{
+  int i;
+  if (type == NULL)
+    i = mpfr_cmp(left_val, right_val);
+  else
+    {
+      mpfr_t lv;
+      mpfr_init_set(lv, left_val, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_t rv;
+      mpfr_init_set(rv, right_val, GMP_RNDN);
+      Float_expression::constrain_float(lv, type);
+      Float_expression::constrain_float(rv, type);
+      i = mpfr_cmp(lv, rv);
+      mpfr_clear(lv);
+      mpfr_clear(rv);
+    }
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+      return i == 0;
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+      return i != 0;
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+      return i < 0;
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+      return i <= 0;
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+      return i > 0;
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      return i >= 0;
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Compare complex constants according to OP.  Complex numbers may
+// only be compared for equality.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::compare_complex(Operator op, Type* type,
+                                  mpfr_t left_real, mpfr_t left_imag,
+                                  mpfr_t right_real, mpfr_t right_imag)
+{
+  bool is_equal;
+  if (type == NULL)
+    is_equal = (mpfr_cmp(left_real, right_real) == 0
+               && mpfr_cmp(left_imag, right_imag) == 0);
+  else
+    {
+      mpfr_t lr;
+      mpfr_t li;
+      mpfr_init_set(lr, left_real, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_init_set(li, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_t rr;
+      mpfr_t ri;
+      mpfr_init_set(rr, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_init_set(ri, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+      Complex_expression::constrain_complex(lr, li, type);
+      Complex_expression::constrain_complex(rr, ri, type);
+      is_equal = mpfr_cmp(lr, rr) == 0 && mpfr_cmp(li, ri) == 0;
+      mpfr_clear(lr);
+      mpfr_clear(li);
+      mpfr_clear(rr);
+      mpfr_clear(ri);
+    }
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+      return is_equal;
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+      return !is_equal;
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Apply binary opcode OP to LEFT_VAL and RIGHT_VAL, setting VAL.
+// LEFT_TYPE is the type of LEFT_VAL, RIGHT_TYPE is the type of
+// RIGHT_VAL; LEFT_TYPE and/or RIGHT_TYPE may be NULL.  Return true if
+// this could be done, false if not.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::eval_integer(Operator op, Type* left_type, mpz_t left_val,
+                               Type* right_type, mpz_t right_val,
+                               source_location location, mpz_t val)
+{
+  bool is_shift_op = false;
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_OROR:
+    case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      // These return boolean values.  We should probably handle them
+      // anyhow in case a type conversion is used on the result.
+      return false;
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      mpz_add(val, left_val, right_val);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      mpz_sub(val, left_val, right_val);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_OR:
+      mpz_ior(val, left_val, right_val);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      mpz_xor(val, left_val, right_val);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      mpz_mul(val, left_val, right_val);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_DIV:
+      if (mpz_sgn(right_val) != 0)
+       mpz_tdiv_q(val, left_val, right_val);
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(location, "division by zero");
+         mpz_set_ui(val, 0);
+         return true;
+       }
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MOD:
+      if (mpz_sgn(right_val) != 0)
+       mpz_tdiv_r(val, left_val, right_val);
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(location, "division by zero");
+         mpz_set_ui(val, 0);
+         return true;
+       }
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
+      {
+       unsigned long shift = mpz_get_ui(right_val);
+       if (mpz_cmp_ui(right_val, shift) != 0 || shift > 0x100000)
+         {
+           error_at(location, "shift count overflow");
+           mpz_set_ui(val, 0);
+           return true;
+         }
+       mpz_mul_2exp(val, left_val, shift);
+       is_shift_op = true;
+       break;
+      }
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
+      {
+       unsigned long shift = mpz_get_ui(right_val);
+       if (mpz_cmp_ui(right_val, shift) != 0)
+         {
+           error_at(location, "shift count overflow");
+           mpz_set_ui(val, 0);
+           return true;
+         }
+       if (mpz_cmp_ui(left_val, 0) >= 0)
+         mpz_tdiv_q_2exp(val, left_val, shift);
+       else
+         mpz_fdiv_q_2exp(val, left_val, shift);
+       is_shift_op = true;
+       break;
+      }
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+      mpz_and(val, left_val, right_val);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
+      {
+       mpz_t tval;
+       mpz_init(tval);
+       mpz_com(tval, right_val);
+       mpz_and(val, left_val, tval);
+       mpz_clear(tval);
+      }
+      break;
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  Type* type = left_type;
+  if (!is_shift_op)
+    {
+      if (type == NULL)
+       type = right_type;
+      else if (type != right_type && right_type != NULL)
+       {
+         if (type->is_abstract())
+           type = right_type;
+         else if (!right_type->is_abstract())
+           {
+             // This look like a type error which should be diagnosed
+             // elsewhere.  Don't do anything here, to avoid an
+             // unhelpful chain of error messages.
+             return true;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (type != NULL && !type->is_abstract())
+    {
+      // We have to check the operands too, as we have implicitly
+      // coerced them to TYPE.
+      if ((type != left_type
+          && !Integer_expression::check_constant(left_val, type, location))
+         || (!is_shift_op
+             && type != right_type
+             && !Integer_expression::check_constant(right_val, type,
+                                                    location))
+         || !Integer_expression::check_constant(val, type, location))
+       mpz_set_ui(val, 0);
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Apply binary opcode OP to LEFT_VAL and RIGHT_VAL, setting VAL.
+// Return true if this could be done, false if not.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::eval_float(Operator op, Type* left_type, mpfr_t left_val,
+                             Type* right_type, mpfr_t right_val,
+                             mpfr_t val, source_location location)
+{
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_OROR:
+    case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      // These return boolean values.  We should probably handle them
+      // anyhow in case a type conversion is used on the result.
+      return false;
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      mpfr_add(val, left_val, right_val, GMP_RNDN);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      mpfr_sub(val, left_val, right_val, GMP_RNDN);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_OR:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
+      return false;
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      mpfr_mul(val, left_val, right_val, GMP_RNDN);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_DIV:
+      if (mpfr_zero_p(right_val))
+       error_at(location, "division by zero");
+      mpfr_div(val, left_val, right_val, GMP_RNDN);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MOD:
+      return false;
+    case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
+    case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
+      return false;
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  Type* type = left_type;
+  if (type == NULL)
+    type = right_type;
+  else if (type != right_type && right_type != NULL)
+    {
+      if (type->is_abstract())
+       type = right_type;
+      else if (!right_type->is_abstract())
+       {
+         // This looks like a type error which should be diagnosed
+         // elsewhere.  Don't do anything here, to avoid an unhelpful
+         // chain of error messages.
+         return true;
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (type != NULL && !type->is_abstract())
+    {
+      if ((type != left_type
+          && !Float_expression::check_constant(left_val, type, location))
+         || (type != right_type
+             && !Float_expression::check_constant(right_val, type,
+                                                  location))
+         || !Float_expression::check_constant(val, type, location))
+       mpfr_set_ui(val, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Apply binary opcode OP to LEFT_REAL/LEFT_IMAG and
+// RIGHT_REAL/RIGHT_IMAG, setting REAL/IMAG.  Return true if this
+// could be done, false if not.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::eval_complex(Operator op, Type* left_type,
+                               mpfr_t left_real, mpfr_t left_imag,
+                               Type *right_type,
+                               mpfr_t right_real, mpfr_t right_imag,
+                               mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag,
+                               source_location location)
+{
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_OROR:
+    case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      // These return boolean values and must be handled differently.
+      return false;
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      mpfr_add(real, left_real, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_add(imag, left_imag, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      mpfr_sub(real, left_real, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_sub(imag, left_imag, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_OR:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
+      return false;
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      {
+       // You might think that multiplying two complex numbers would
+       // be simple, and you would be right, until you start to think
+       // about getting the right answer for infinity.  If one
+       // operand here is infinity and the other is anything other
+       // than zero or NaN, then we are going to wind up subtracting
+       // two infinity values.  That will give us a NaN, but the
+       // correct answer is infinity.
+
+       mpfr_t lrrr;
+       mpfr_init(lrrr);
+       mpfr_mul(lrrr, left_real, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       mpfr_t lrri;
+       mpfr_init(lrri);
+       mpfr_mul(lrri, left_real, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       mpfr_t lirr;
+       mpfr_init(lirr);
+       mpfr_mul(lirr, left_imag, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       mpfr_t liri;
+       mpfr_init(liri);
+       mpfr_mul(liri, left_imag, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       mpfr_sub(real, lrrr, liri, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_add(imag, lrri, lirr, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       // If we get NaN on both sides, check whether it should really
+       // be infinity.  The rule is that if either side of the
+       // complex number is infinity, then the whole value is
+       // infinity, even if the other side is NaN.  So the only case
+       // we have to fix is the one in which both sides are NaN.
+       if (mpfr_nan_p(real) && mpfr_nan_p(imag)
+           && (!mpfr_nan_p(left_real) || !mpfr_nan_p(left_imag))
+           && (!mpfr_nan_p(right_real) || !mpfr_nan_p(right_imag)))
+         {
+           bool is_infinity = false;
+
+           mpfr_t lr;
+           mpfr_t li;
+           mpfr_init_set(lr, left_real, GMP_RNDN);
+           mpfr_init_set(li, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+
+           mpfr_t rr;
+           mpfr_t ri;
+           mpfr_init_set(rr, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+           mpfr_init_set(ri, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+
+           // If the left side is infinity, then the result is
+           // infinity.
+           if (mpfr_inf_p(lr) || mpfr_inf_p(li))
+             {
+               mpfr_set_ui(lr, mpfr_inf_p(lr) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_copysign(lr, lr, left_real, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_set_ui(li, mpfr_inf_p(li) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_copysign(li, li, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+               if (mpfr_nan_p(rr))
+                 {
+                   mpfr_set_ui(rr, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+                   mpfr_copysign(rr, rr, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+                 }
+               if (mpfr_nan_p(ri))
+                 {
+                   mpfr_set_ui(ri, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+                   mpfr_copysign(ri, ri, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+                 }
+               is_infinity = true;
+             }
+
+           // If the right side is infinity, then the result is
+           // infinity.
+           if (mpfr_inf_p(rr) || mpfr_inf_p(ri))
+             {
+               mpfr_set_ui(rr, mpfr_inf_p(rr) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_copysign(rr, rr, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_set_ui(ri, mpfr_inf_p(ri) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_copysign(ri, ri, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+               if (mpfr_nan_p(lr))
+                 {
+                   mpfr_set_ui(lr, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+                   mpfr_copysign(lr, lr, left_real, GMP_RNDN);
+                 }
+               if (mpfr_nan_p(li))
+                 {
+                   mpfr_set_ui(li, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+                   mpfr_copysign(li, li, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+                 }
+               is_infinity = true;
+             }
+
+           // If we got an overflow in the intermediate computations,
+           // then the result is infinity.
+           if (!is_infinity
+               && (mpfr_inf_p(lrrr) || mpfr_inf_p(lrri)
+                   || mpfr_inf_p(lirr) || mpfr_inf_p(liri)))
+             {
+               if (mpfr_nan_p(lr))
+                 {
+                   mpfr_set_ui(lr, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+                   mpfr_copysign(lr, lr, left_real, GMP_RNDN);
+                 }
+               if (mpfr_nan_p(li))
+                 {
+                   mpfr_set_ui(li, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+                   mpfr_copysign(li, li, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+                 }
+               if (mpfr_nan_p(rr))
+                 {
+                   mpfr_set_ui(rr, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+                   mpfr_copysign(rr, rr, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+                 }
+               if (mpfr_nan_p(ri))
+                 {
+                   mpfr_set_ui(ri, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+                   mpfr_copysign(ri, ri, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+                 }
+               is_infinity = true;
+             }
+
+           if (is_infinity)
+             {
+               mpfr_mul(lrrr, lr, rr, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_mul(lrri, lr, ri, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_mul(lirr, li, rr, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_mul(liri, li, ri, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_sub(real, lrrr, liri, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_add(imag, lrri, lirr, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_set_inf(real, mpfr_sgn(real));
+               mpfr_set_inf(imag, mpfr_sgn(imag));
+             }
+
+           mpfr_clear(lr);
+           mpfr_clear(li);
+           mpfr_clear(rr);
+           mpfr_clear(ri);
+         }
+
+       mpfr_clear(lrrr);
+       mpfr_clear(lrri);
+       mpfr_clear(lirr);
+       mpfr_clear(liri);                                 
+      }
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_DIV:
+      {
+       // For complex division we want to avoid having an
+       // intermediate overflow turn the whole result in a NaN.  We
+       // scale the values to try to avoid this.
+
+       if (mpfr_zero_p(right_real) && mpfr_zero_p(right_imag))
+         error_at(location, "division by zero");
+
+       mpfr_t rra;
+       mpfr_t ria;
+       mpfr_init(rra);
+       mpfr_init(ria);
+       mpfr_abs(rra, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_abs(ria, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_t t;
+       mpfr_init(t);
+       mpfr_max(t, rra, ria, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       mpfr_t rr;
+       mpfr_t ri;
+       mpfr_init_set(rr, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_init_set(ri, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+       long ilogbw = 0;
+       if (!mpfr_inf_p(t) && !mpfr_nan_p(t) && !mpfr_zero_p(t))
+         {
+           ilogbw = mpfr_get_exp(t);
+           mpfr_mul_2si(rr, rr, - ilogbw, GMP_RNDN);
+           mpfr_mul_2si(ri, ri, - ilogbw, GMP_RNDN);
+         }
+
+       mpfr_t denom;
+       mpfr_init(denom);
+       mpfr_mul(denom, rr, rr, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_mul(t, ri, ri, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_add(denom, denom, t, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       mpfr_mul(real, left_real, rr, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_mul(t, left_imag, ri, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_add(real, real, t, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_div(real, real, denom, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_mul_2si(real, real, - ilogbw, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       mpfr_mul(imag, left_imag, rr, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_mul(t, left_real, ri, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_sub(imag, imag, t, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_div(imag, imag, denom, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_mul_2si(imag, imag, - ilogbw, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       // If we wind up with NaN on both sides, check whether we
+       // should really have infinity.  The rule is that if either
+       // side of the complex number is infinity, then the whole
+       // value is infinity, even if the other side is NaN.  So the
+       // only case we have to fix is the one in which both sides are
+       // NaN.
+       if (mpfr_nan_p(real) && mpfr_nan_p(imag)
+           && (!mpfr_nan_p(left_real) || !mpfr_nan_p(left_imag))
+           && (!mpfr_nan_p(right_real) || !mpfr_nan_p(right_imag)))
+         {
+           if (mpfr_zero_p(denom))
+             {
+               mpfr_set_inf(real, mpfr_sgn(rr));
+               mpfr_mul(real, real, left_real, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_set_inf(imag, mpfr_sgn(rr));
+               mpfr_mul(imag, imag, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+             }
+           else if ((mpfr_inf_p(left_real) || mpfr_inf_p(left_imag))
+                    && mpfr_number_p(rr) && mpfr_number_p(ri))
+             {
+               mpfr_set_ui(t, mpfr_inf_p(left_real) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_copysign(t, t, left_real, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_t t2;
+               mpfr_init_set_ui(t2, mpfr_inf_p(left_imag) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_copysign(t2, t2, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_t t3;
+               mpfr_init(t3);
+               mpfr_mul(t3, t, rr, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_t t4;
+               mpfr_init(t4);
+               mpfr_mul(t4, t2, ri, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_add(t3, t3, t4, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_set_inf(real, mpfr_sgn(t3));
+
+               mpfr_mul(t3, t2, rr, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_mul(t4, t, ri, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_sub(t3, t3, t4, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_set_inf(imag, mpfr_sgn(t3));
+
+               mpfr_clear(t2);
+               mpfr_clear(t3);
+               mpfr_clear(t4);
+             }
+           else if ((mpfr_inf_p(right_real) || mpfr_inf_p(right_imag))
+                    && mpfr_number_p(left_real) && mpfr_number_p(left_imag))
+             {
+               mpfr_set_ui(t, mpfr_inf_p(rr) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_copysign(t, t, rr, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_t t2;
+               mpfr_init_set_ui(t2, mpfr_inf_p(ri) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_copysign(t2, t2, ri, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_t t3;
+               mpfr_init(t3);
+               mpfr_mul(t3, left_real, t, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_t t4;
+               mpfr_init(t4);
+               mpfr_mul(t4, left_imag, t2, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_add(t3, t3, t4, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_set_ui(real, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_mul(real, real, t3, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_mul(t3, left_imag, t, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_mul(t4, left_real, t2, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_sub(t3, t3, t4, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_set_ui(imag, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_mul(imag, imag, t3, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_clear(t2);
+               mpfr_clear(t3);
+               mpfr_clear(t4);
+             }
+         }
+
+       mpfr_clear(denom);
+       mpfr_clear(rr);
+       mpfr_clear(ri);
+       mpfr_clear(t);
+       mpfr_clear(rra);
+       mpfr_clear(ria);
+      }
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MOD:
+      return false;
+    case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
+    case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
+      return false;
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  Type* type = left_type;
+  if (type == NULL)
+    type = right_type;
+  else if (type != right_type && right_type != NULL)
+    {
+      if (type->is_abstract())
+       type = right_type;
+      else if (!right_type->is_abstract())
+       {
+         // This looks like a type error which should be diagnosed
+         // elsewhere.  Don't do anything here, to avoid an unhelpful
+         // chain of error messages.
+         return true;
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (type != NULL && !type->is_abstract())
+    {
+      if ((type != left_type
+          && !Complex_expression::check_constant(left_real, left_imag,
+                                                 type, location))
+         || (type != right_type
+             && !Complex_expression::check_constant(right_real, right_imag,
+                                                    type, location))
+         || !Complex_expression::check_constant(real, imag, type,
+                                                location))
+       {
+         mpfr_set_ui(real, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+         mpfr_set_ui(imag, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+       }
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Lower a binary expression.  We have to evaluate constant
+// expressions now, in order to implement Go's unlimited precision
+// constants.
+
+Expression*
+Binary_expression::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  Operator op = this->op_;
+  Expression* left = this->left_;
+  Expression* right = this->right_;
+
+  const bool is_comparison = (op == OPERATOR_EQEQ
+                             || op == OPERATOR_NOTEQ
+                             || op == OPERATOR_LT
+                             || op == OPERATOR_LE
+                             || op == OPERATOR_GT
+                             || op == OPERATOR_GE);
+
+  // Integer constant expressions.
+  {
+    mpz_t left_val;
+    mpz_init(left_val);
+    Type* left_type;
+    mpz_t right_val;
+    mpz_init(right_val);
+    Type* right_type;
+    if (left->integer_constant_value(false, left_val, &left_type)
+       && right->integer_constant_value(false, right_val, &right_type))
+      {
+       Expression* ret = NULL;
+       if (left_type != right_type
+           && left_type != NULL
+           && right_type != NULL
+           && left_type->base() != right_type->base()
+           && op != OPERATOR_LSHIFT
+           && op != OPERATOR_RSHIFT)
+         {
+           // May be a type error--let it be diagnosed later.
+         }
+       else if (is_comparison)
+         {
+           bool b = Binary_expression::compare_integer(op, left_val,
+                                                       right_val);
+           ret = Expression::make_cast(Type::lookup_bool_type(),
+                                       Expression::make_boolean(b, location),
+                                       location);
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           mpz_t val;
+           mpz_init(val);
+
+           if (Binary_expression::eval_integer(op, left_type, left_val,
+                                               right_type, right_val,
+                                               location, val))
+             {
+               go_assert(op != OPERATOR_OROR && op != OPERATOR_ANDAND);
+               Type* type;
+               if (op == OPERATOR_LSHIFT || op == OPERATOR_RSHIFT)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (left_type == NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (right_type == NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!left_type->is_abstract()
+                        && left_type->named_type() != NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!right_type->is_abstract()
+                        && right_type->named_type() != NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (!left_type->is_abstract())
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!right_type->is_abstract())
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (left_type->float_type() != NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (right_type->float_type() != NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (left_type->complex_type() != NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (right_type->complex_type() != NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else
+                 type = left_type;
+               ret = Expression::make_integer(&val, type, location);
+             }
+
+           mpz_clear(val);
+         }
+
+       if (ret != NULL)
+         {
+           mpz_clear(right_val);
+           mpz_clear(left_val);
+           return ret;
+         }
+      }
+    mpz_clear(right_val);
+    mpz_clear(left_val);
+  }
+
+  // Floating point constant expressions.
+  {
+    mpfr_t left_val;
+    mpfr_init(left_val);
+    Type* left_type;
+    mpfr_t right_val;
+    mpfr_init(right_val);
+    Type* right_type;
+    if (left->float_constant_value(left_val, &left_type)
+       && right->float_constant_value(right_val, &right_type))
+      {
+       Expression* ret = NULL;
+       if (left_type != right_type
+           && left_type != NULL
+           && right_type != NULL
+           && left_type->base() != right_type->base()
+           && op != OPERATOR_LSHIFT
+           && op != OPERATOR_RSHIFT)
+         {
+           // May be a type error--let it be diagnosed later.
+         }
+       else if (is_comparison)
+         {
+           bool b = Binary_expression::compare_float(op,
+                                                     (left_type != NULL
+                                                      ? left_type
+                                                      : right_type),
+                                                     left_val, right_val);
+           ret = Expression::make_boolean(b, location);
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           mpfr_t val;
+           mpfr_init(val);
+
+           if (Binary_expression::eval_float(op, left_type, left_val,
+                                             right_type, right_val, val,
+                                             location))
+             {
+               go_assert(op != OPERATOR_OROR && op != OPERATOR_ANDAND
+                          && op != OPERATOR_LSHIFT && op != OPERATOR_RSHIFT);
+               Type* type;
+               if (left_type == NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (right_type == NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!left_type->is_abstract()
+                        && left_type->named_type() != NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!right_type->is_abstract()
+                        && right_type->named_type() != NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (!left_type->is_abstract())
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!right_type->is_abstract())
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (left_type->float_type() != NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (right_type->float_type() != NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else
+                 type = left_type;
+               ret = Expression::make_float(&val, type, location);
+             }
+
+           mpfr_clear(val);
+         }
+
+       if (ret != NULL)
+         {
+           mpfr_clear(right_val);
+           mpfr_clear(left_val);
+           return ret;
+         }
+      }
+    mpfr_clear(right_val);
+    mpfr_clear(left_val);
+  }
+
+  // Complex constant expressions.
+  {
+    mpfr_t left_real;
+    mpfr_t left_imag;
+    mpfr_init(left_real);
+    mpfr_init(left_imag);
+    Type* left_type;
+
+    mpfr_t right_real;
+    mpfr_t right_imag;
+    mpfr_init(right_real);
+    mpfr_init(right_imag);
+    Type* right_type;
+
+    if (left->complex_constant_value(left_real, left_imag, &left_type)
+       && right->complex_constant_value(right_real, right_imag, &right_type))
+      {
+       Expression* ret = NULL;
+       if (left_type != right_type
+           && left_type != NULL
+           && right_type != NULL
+           && left_type->base() != right_type->base())
+         {
+           // May be a type error--let it be diagnosed later.
+         }
+       else if (op == OPERATOR_EQEQ || op == OPERATOR_NOTEQ)
+         {
+           bool b = Binary_expression::compare_complex(op,
+                                                       (left_type != NULL
+                                                        ? left_type
+                                                        : right_type),
+                                                       left_real,
+                                                       left_imag,
+                                                       right_real,
+                                                       right_imag);
+           ret = Expression::make_boolean(b, location);
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           mpfr_t real;
+           mpfr_t imag;
+           mpfr_init(real);
+           mpfr_init(imag);
+
+           if (Binary_expression::eval_complex(op, left_type,
+                                               left_real, left_imag,
+                                               right_type,
+                                               right_real, right_imag,
+                                               real, imag,
+                                               location))
+             {
+               go_assert(op != OPERATOR_OROR && op != OPERATOR_ANDAND
+                          && op != OPERATOR_LSHIFT && op != OPERATOR_RSHIFT);
+               Type* type;
+               if (left_type == NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (right_type == NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!left_type->is_abstract()
+                        && left_type->named_type() != NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!right_type->is_abstract()
+                        && right_type->named_type() != NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (!left_type->is_abstract())
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!right_type->is_abstract())
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (left_type->complex_type() != NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (right_type->complex_type() != NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else
+                 type = left_type;
+               ret = Expression::make_complex(&real, &imag, type,
+                                              location);
+             }
+           mpfr_clear(real);
+           mpfr_clear(imag);
+         }
+
+       if (ret != NULL)
+         {
+           mpfr_clear(left_real);
+           mpfr_clear(left_imag);
+           mpfr_clear(right_real);
+           mpfr_clear(right_imag);
+           return ret;
+         }
+      }
+
+    mpfr_clear(left_real);
+    mpfr_clear(left_imag);
+    mpfr_clear(right_real);
+    mpfr_clear(right_imag);
+  }
+
+  // String constant expressions.
+  if (op == OPERATOR_PLUS
+      && left->type()->is_string_type()
+      && right->type()->is_string_type())
+    {
+      std::string left_string;
+      std::string right_string;
+      if (left->string_constant_value(&left_string)
+         && right->string_constant_value(&right_string))
+       return Expression::make_string(left_string + right_string, location);
+    }
+
+  return this;
+}
+
+// Return the integer constant value, if it has one.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::do_integer_constant_value(bool iota_is_constant, mpz_t val,
+                                            Type** ptype) const
+{
+  mpz_t left_val;
+  mpz_init(left_val);
+  Type* left_type;
+  if (!this->left_->integer_constant_value(iota_is_constant, left_val,
+                                          &left_type))
+    {
+      mpz_clear(left_val);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  mpz_t right_val;
+  mpz_init(right_val);
+  Type* right_type;
+  if (!this->right_->integer_constant_value(iota_is_constant, right_val,
+                                           &right_type))
+    {
+      mpz_clear(right_val);
+      mpz_clear(left_val);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  bool ret;
+  if (left_type != right_type
+      && left_type != NULL
+      && right_type != NULL
+      && left_type->base() != right_type->base()
+      && this->op_ != OPERATOR_RSHIFT
+      && this->op_ != OPERATOR_LSHIFT)
+    ret = false;
+  else
+    ret = Binary_expression::eval_integer(this->op_, left_type, left_val,
+                                         right_type, right_val,
+                                         this->location(), val);
+
+  mpz_clear(right_val);
+  mpz_clear(left_val);
+
+  if (ret)
+    *ptype = left_type;
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return the floating point constant value, if it has one.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val, Type** ptype) const
+{
+  mpfr_t left_val;
+  mpfr_init(left_val);
+  Type* left_type;
+  if (!this->left_->float_constant_value(left_val, &left_type))
+    {
+      mpfr_clear(left_val);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  mpfr_t right_val;
+  mpfr_init(right_val);
+  Type* right_type;
+  if (!this->right_->float_constant_value(right_val, &right_type))
+    {
+      mpfr_clear(right_val);
+      mpfr_clear(left_val);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  bool ret;
+  if (left_type != right_type
+      && left_type != NULL
+      && right_type != NULL
+      && left_type->base() != right_type->base())
+    ret = false;
+  else
+    ret = Binary_expression::eval_float(this->op_, left_type, left_val,
+                                       right_type, right_val,
+                                       val, this->location());
+
+  mpfr_clear(left_val);
+  mpfr_clear(right_val);
+
+  if (ret)
+    *ptype = left_type;
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return the complex constant value, if it has one.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag,
+                                            Type** ptype) const
+{
+  mpfr_t left_real;
+  mpfr_t left_imag;
+  mpfr_init(left_real);
+  mpfr_init(left_imag);
+  Type* left_type;
+  if (!this->left_->complex_constant_value(left_real, left_imag, &left_type))
+    {
+      mpfr_clear(left_real);
+      mpfr_clear(left_imag);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  mpfr_t right_real;
+  mpfr_t right_imag;
+  mpfr_init(right_real);
+  mpfr_init(right_imag);
+  Type* right_type;
+  if (!this->right_->complex_constant_value(right_real, right_imag,
+                                           &right_type))
+    {
+      mpfr_clear(left_real);
+      mpfr_clear(left_imag);
+      mpfr_clear(right_real);
+      mpfr_clear(right_imag);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  bool ret;
+  if (left_type != right_type
+      && left_type != NULL
+      && right_type != NULL
+      && left_type->base() != right_type->base())
+    ret = false;
+  else
+    ret = Binary_expression::eval_complex(this->op_, left_type,
+                                         left_real, left_imag,
+                                         right_type,
+                                         right_real, right_imag,
+                                         real, imag,
+                                         this->location());
+  mpfr_clear(left_real);
+  mpfr_clear(left_imag);
+  mpfr_clear(right_real);
+  mpfr_clear(right_imag);
+
+  if (ret)
+    *ptype = left_type;
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Note that the value is being discarded.
+
+void
+Binary_expression::do_discarding_value()
+{
+  if (this->op_ == OPERATOR_OROR || this->op_ == OPERATOR_ANDAND)
+    this->right_->discarding_value();
+  else
+    this->warn_about_unused_value();
+}
+
+// Get type.
+
+Type*
+Binary_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->classification() == EXPRESSION_ERROR)
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_OROR:
+    case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      return Type::lookup_bool_type();
+
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+    case OPERATOR_OR:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+    case OPERATOR_DIV:
+    case OPERATOR_MOD:
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
+      {
+       Type* left_type = this->left_->type();
+       Type* right_type = this->right_->type();
+       if (left_type->is_error())
+         return left_type;
+       else if (right_type->is_error())
+         return right_type;
+       else if (!Type::are_compatible_for_binop(left_type, right_type))
+         {
+           this->report_error(_("incompatible types in binary expression"));
+           return Type::make_error_type();
+         }
+       else if (!left_type->is_abstract() && left_type->named_type() != NULL)
+         return left_type;
+       else if (!right_type->is_abstract() && right_type->named_type() != NULL)
+         return right_type;
+       else if (!left_type->is_abstract())
+         return left_type;
+       else if (!right_type->is_abstract())
+         return right_type;
+       else if (left_type->complex_type() != NULL)
+         return left_type;
+       else if (right_type->complex_type() != NULL)
+         return right_type;
+       else if (left_type->float_type() != NULL)
+         return left_type;
+       else if (right_type->float_type() != NULL)
+         return right_type;
+       else
+         return left_type;
+      }
+
+    case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
+    case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
+      return this->left_->type();
+
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Set type for a binary expression.
+
+void
+Binary_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  Type* tleft = this->left_->type();
+  Type* tright = this->right_->type();
+
+  // Both sides should have the same type, except for the shift
+  // operations.  For a comparison, we should ignore the incoming
+  // type.
+
+  bool is_shift_op = (this->op_ == OPERATOR_LSHIFT
+                     || this->op_ == OPERATOR_RSHIFT);
+
+  bool is_comparison = (this->op_ == OPERATOR_EQEQ
+                       || this->op_ == OPERATOR_NOTEQ
+                       || this->op_ == OPERATOR_LT
+                       || this->op_ == OPERATOR_LE
+                       || this->op_ == OPERATOR_GT
+                       || this->op_ == OPERATOR_GE);
+
+  Type_context subcontext(*context);
+
+  if (is_comparison)
+    {
+      // In a comparison, the context does not determine the types of
+      // the operands.
+      subcontext.type = NULL;
+    }
+
+  // Set the context for the left hand operand.
+  if (is_shift_op)
+    {
+      // The right hand operand plays no role in determining the type
+      // of the left hand operand.  A shift of an abstract integer in
+      // a string context gets special treatment, which may be a
+      // language bug.
+      if (subcontext.type != NULL
+         && subcontext.type->is_string_type()
+         && tleft->is_abstract())
+       error_at(this->location(), "shift of non-integer operand");
+    }
+  else if (!tleft->is_abstract())
+    subcontext.type = tleft;
+  else if (!tright->is_abstract())
+    subcontext.type = tright;
+  else if (subcontext.type == NULL)
+    {
+      if ((tleft->integer_type() != NULL && tright->integer_type() != NULL)
+         || (tleft->float_type() != NULL && tright->float_type() != NULL)
+         || (tleft->complex_type() != NULL && tright->complex_type() != NULL))
+       {
+         // Both sides have an abstract integer, abstract float, or
+         // abstract complex type.  Just let CONTEXT determine
+         // whether they may remain abstract or not.
+       }
+      else if (tleft->complex_type() != NULL)
+       subcontext.type = tleft;
+      else if (tright->complex_type() != NULL)
+       subcontext.type = tright;
+      else if (tleft->float_type() != NULL)
+       subcontext.type = tleft;
+      else if (tright->float_type() != NULL)
+       subcontext.type = tright;
+      else
+       subcontext.type = tleft;
+
+      if (subcontext.type != NULL && !context->may_be_abstract)
+       subcontext.type = subcontext.type->make_non_abstract_type();
+    }
+
+  this->left_->determine_type(&subcontext);
+
+  // The context for the right hand operand is the same as for the
+  // left hand operand, except for a shift operator.
+  if (is_shift_op)
+    {
+      subcontext.type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uint");
+      subcontext.may_be_abstract = false;
+    }
+
+  this->right_->determine_type(&subcontext);
+}
+
+// Report an error if the binary operator OP does not support TYPE.
+// Return whether the operation is OK.  This should not be used for
+// shift.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::check_operator_type(Operator op, Type* type,
+                                      source_location location)
+{
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_OROR:
+    case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
+      if (!type->is_boolean_type())
+       {
+         error_at(location, "expected boolean type");
+         return false;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+      if (type->integer_type() == NULL
+         && type->float_type() == NULL
+         && type->complex_type() == NULL
+         && !type->is_string_type()
+         && type->points_to() == NULL
+         && !type->is_nil_type()
+         && !type->is_boolean_type()
+         && type->interface_type() == NULL
+         && (type->array_type() == NULL
+             || type->array_type()->length() != NULL)
+         && type->map_type() == NULL
+         && type->channel_type() == NULL
+         && type->function_type() == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(location,
+                  ("expected integer, floating, complex, string, pointer, "
+                   "boolean, interface, slice, map, channel, "
+                   "or function type"));
+         return false;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      if (type->integer_type() == NULL
+         && type->float_type() == NULL
+         && !type->is_string_type())
+       {
+         error_at(location, "expected integer, floating, or string type");
+         return false;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+    case OPERATOR_PLUSEQ:
+      if (type->integer_type() == NULL
+         && type->float_type() == NULL
+         && type->complex_type() == NULL
+         && !type->is_string_type())
+       {
+         error_at(location,
+                  "expected integer, floating, complex, or string type");
+         return false;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+    case OPERATOR_MINUSEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+    case OPERATOR_MULTEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_DIV:
+    case OPERATOR_DIVEQ:
+      if (type->integer_type() == NULL
+         && type->float_type() == NULL
+         && type->complex_type() == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "expected integer, floating, or complex type");
+         return false;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_MOD:
+    case OPERATOR_MODEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_OR:
+    case OPERATOR_OREQ:
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+    case OPERATOR_ANDEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+    case OPERATOR_XOREQ:
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAREQ:
+      if (type->integer_type() == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "expected integer type");
+         return false;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+Binary_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->classification() == EXPRESSION_ERROR)
+    return;
+
+  Type* left_type = this->left_->type();
+  Type* right_type = this->right_->type();
+  if (left_type->is_error() || right_type->is_error())
+    {
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return;
+    }
+
+  if (this->op_ == OPERATOR_EQEQ
+      || this->op_ == OPERATOR_NOTEQ
+      || this->op_ == OPERATOR_LT
+      || this->op_ == OPERATOR_LE
+      || this->op_ == OPERATOR_GT
+      || this->op_ == OPERATOR_GE)
+    {
+      if (!Type::are_assignable(left_type, right_type, NULL)
+         && !Type::are_assignable(right_type, left_type, NULL))
+       {
+         this->report_error(_("incompatible types in binary expression"));
+         return;
+       }
+      if (!Binary_expression::check_operator_type(this->op_, left_type,
+                                                 this->location())
+         || !Binary_expression::check_operator_type(this->op_, right_type,
+                                                    this->location()))
+       {
+         this->set_is_error();
+         return;
+       }
+    }
+  else if (this->op_ != OPERATOR_LSHIFT && this->op_ != OPERATOR_RSHIFT)
+    {
+      if (!Type::are_compatible_for_binop(left_type, right_type))
+       {
+         this->report_error(_("incompatible types in binary expression"));
+         return;
+       }
+      if (!Binary_expression::check_operator_type(this->op_, left_type,
+                                                 this->location()))
+       {
+         this->set_is_error();
+         return;
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (left_type->integer_type() == NULL)
+       this->report_error(_("shift of non-integer operand"));
+
+      if (!right_type->is_abstract()
+         && (right_type->integer_type() == NULL
+             || !right_type->integer_type()->is_unsigned()))
+       this->report_error(_("shift count not unsigned integer"));
+      else
+       {
+         mpz_t val;
+         mpz_init(val);
+         Type* type;
+         if (this->right_->integer_constant_value(true, val, &type))
+           {
+             if (mpz_sgn(val) < 0)
+               {
+                 this->report_error(_("negative shift count"));
+                 mpz_set_ui(val, 0);
+                 source_location rloc = this->right_->location();
+                 this->right_ = Expression::make_integer(&val, right_type,
+                                                         rloc);
+               }
+           }
+         mpz_clear(val);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a binary expression.
+
+tree
+Binary_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree left = this->left_->get_tree(context);
+  tree right = this->right_->get_tree(context);
+
+  if (left == error_mark_node || right == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  enum tree_code code;
+  bool use_left_type = true;
+  bool is_shift_op = false;
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      return Expression::comparison_tree(context, this->op_,
+                                        this->left_->type(), left,
+                                        this->right_->type(), right,
+                                        this->location());
+
+    case OPERATOR_OROR:
+      code = TRUTH_ORIF_EXPR;
+      use_left_type = false;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
+      code = TRUTH_ANDIF_EXPR;
+      use_left_type = false;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      code = PLUS_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      code = MINUS_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_OR:
+      code = BIT_IOR_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      code = BIT_XOR_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      code = MULT_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_DIV:
+      {
+       Type *t = this->left_->type();
+       if (t->float_type() != NULL || t->complex_type() != NULL)
+         code = RDIV_EXPR;
+       else
+         code = TRUNC_DIV_EXPR;
+      }
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MOD:
+      code = TRUNC_MOD_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
+      code = LSHIFT_EXPR;
+      is_shift_op = true;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
+      code = RSHIFT_EXPR;
+      is_shift_op = true;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+      code = BIT_AND_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
+      right = fold_build1(BIT_NOT_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(right), right);
+      code = BIT_AND_EXPR;
+      break;
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  tree type = use_left_type ? TREE_TYPE(left) : TREE_TYPE(right);
+
+  if (this->left_->type()->is_string_type())
+    {
+      go_assert(this->op_ == OPERATOR_PLUS);
+      tree string_type = Type::make_string_type()->get_tree(context->gogo());
+      static tree string_plus_decl;
+      return Gogo::call_builtin(&string_plus_decl,
+                               this->location(),
+                               "__go_string_plus",
+                               2,
+                               string_type,
+                               string_type,
+                               left,
+                               string_type,
+                               right);
+    }
+
+  tree compute_type = excess_precision_type(type);
+  if (compute_type != NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      left = ::convert(compute_type, left);
+      right = ::convert(compute_type, right);
+    }
+
+  tree eval_saved = NULL_TREE;
+  if (is_shift_op)
+    {
+      // Make sure the values are evaluated.
+      if (!DECL_P(left) && TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS(left))
+       {
+         left = save_expr(left);
+         eval_saved = left;
+       }
+      if (!DECL_P(right) && TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS(right))
+       {
+         right = save_expr(right);
+         if (eval_saved == NULL_TREE)
+           eval_saved = right;
+         else
+           eval_saved = fold_build2_loc(this->location(), COMPOUND_EXPR,
+                                        void_type_node, eval_saved, right);
+       }
+    }
+
+  tree ret = fold_build2_loc(this->location(),
+                            code,
+                            compute_type != NULL_TREE ? compute_type : type,
+                            left, right);
+
+  if (compute_type != NULL_TREE)
+    ret = ::convert(type, ret);
+
+  // In Go, a shift larger than the size of the type is well-defined.
+  // This is not true in GENERIC, so we need to insert a conditional.
+  if (is_shift_op)
+    {
+      go_assert(INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(left)));
+      go_assert(this->left_->type()->integer_type() != NULL);
+      int bits = TYPE_PRECISION(TREE_TYPE(left));
+
+      tree compare = fold_build2(LT_EXPR, boolean_type_node, right,
+                                build_int_cst_type(TREE_TYPE(right), bits));
+
+      tree overflow_result = fold_convert_loc(this->location(),
+                                             TREE_TYPE(left),
+                                             integer_zero_node);
+      if (this->op_ == OPERATOR_RSHIFT
+         && !this->left_->type()->integer_type()->is_unsigned())
+       {
+         tree neg = fold_build2_loc(this->location(), LT_EXPR,
+                                    boolean_type_node, left,
+                                    fold_convert_loc(this->location(),
+                                                     TREE_TYPE(left),
+                                                     integer_zero_node));
+         tree neg_one = fold_build2_loc(this->location(),
+                                        MINUS_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(left),
+                                        fold_convert_loc(this->location(),
+                                                         TREE_TYPE(left),
+                                                         integer_zero_node),
+                                        fold_convert_loc(this->location(),
+                                                         TREE_TYPE(left),
+                                                         integer_one_node));
+         overflow_result = fold_build3_loc(this->location(), COND_EXPR,
+                                           TREE_TYPE(left), neg, neg_one,
+                                           overflow_result);
+       }
+
+      ret = fold_build3_loc(this->location(), COND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(left),
+                           compare, ret, overflow_result);
+
+      if (eval_saved != NULL_TREE)
+       ret = fold_build2_loc(this->location(), COMPOUND_EXPR,
+                             TREE_TYPE(ret), eval_saved, ret);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Export a binary expression.
+
+void
+Binary_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("(");
+  this->left_->export_expression(exp);
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_OROR:
+      exp->write_c_string(" || ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
+      exp->write_c_string(" && ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+      exp->write_c_string(" == ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+      exp->write_c_string(" != ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+      exp->write_c_string(" < ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+      exp->write_c_string(" <= ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+      exp->write_c_string(" > ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      exp->write_c_string(" >= ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      exp->write_c_string(" + ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      exp->write_c_string(" - ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_OR:
+      exp->write_c_string(" | ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      exp->write_c_string(" ^ ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      exp->write_c_string(" * ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_DIV:
+      exp->write_c_string(" / ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MOD:
+      exp->write_c_string(" % ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
+      exp->write_c_string(" << ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
+      exp->write_c_string(" >> ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+      exp->write_c_string(" & ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
+      exp->write_c_string(" &^ ");
+      break;
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+  this->right_->export_expression(exp);
+  exp->write_c_string(")");
+}
+
+// Import a binary expression.
+
+Expression*
+Binary_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("(");
+
+  Expression* left = Expression::import_expression(imp);
+
+  Operator op;
+  if (imp->match_c_string(" || "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_OROR;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" && "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_ANDAND;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" == "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_EQEQ;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" != "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_NOTEQ;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" < "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_LT;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" <= "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_LE;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" > "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_GT;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" >= "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_GE;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" + "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_PLUS;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" - "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_MINUS;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" | "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_OR;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" ^ "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_XOR;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" * "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_MULT;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" / "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_DIV;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" % "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_MOD;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" << "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_LSHIFT;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" >> "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_RSHIFT;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" & "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_AND;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" &^ "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_BITCLEAR;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(imp->location(), "unrecognized binary operator");
+      return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
+    }
+
+  Expression* right = Expression::import_expression(imp);
+
+  imp->require_c_string(")");
+
+  return Expression::make_binary(op, left, right, imp->location());
+}
+
+// Make a binary expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_binary(Operator op, Expression* left, Expression* right,
+                       source_location location)
+{
+  return new Binary_expression(op, left, right, location);
+}
+
+// Implement a comparison.
+
+tree
+Expression::comparison_tree(Translate_context* context, Operator op,
+                           Type* left_type, tree left_tree,
+                           Type* right_type, tree right_tree,
+                           source_location location)
+{
+  enum tree_code code;
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+      code = EQ_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+      code = NE_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+      code = LT_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+      code = LE_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+      code = GT_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      code = GE_EXPR;
+      break;
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  if (left_type->is_string_type() && right_type->is_string_type())
+    {
+      tree string_type = Type::make_string_type()->get_tree(context->gogo());
+      static tree string_compare_decl;
+      left_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&string_compare_decl,
+                                    location,
+                                    "__go_strcmp",
+                                    2,
+                                    integer_type_node,
+                                    string_type,
+                                    left_tree,
+                                    string_type,
+                                    right_tree);
+      right_tree = build_int_cst_type(integer_type_node, 0);
+    }
+  else if ((left_type->interface_type() != NULL
+           && right_type->interface_type() == NULL
+           && !right_type->is_nil_type())
+          || (left_type->interface_type() == NULL
+              && !left_type->is_nil_type()
+              && right_type->interface_type() != NULL))
+    {
+      // Comparing an interface value to a non-interface value.
+      if (left_type->interface_type() == NULL)
+       {
+         std::swap(left_type, right_type);
+         std::swap(left_tree, right_tree);
+       }
+
+      // The right operand is not an interface.  We need to take its
+      // address if it is not a pointer.
+      tree make_tmp;
+      tree arg;
+      if (right_type->points_to() != NULL)
+       {
+         make_tmp = NULL_TREE;
+         arg = right_tree;
+       }
+      else if (TREE_ADDRESSABLE(TREE_TYPE(right_tree)) || DECL_P(right_tree))
+       {
+         make_tmp = NULL_TREE;
+         arg = build_fold_addr_expr_loc(location, right_tree);
+         if (DECL_P(right_tree))
+           TREE_ADDRESSABLE(right_tree) = 1;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         tree tmp = create_tmp_var(TREE_TYPE(right_tree),
+                                   get_name(right_tree));
+         DECL_IGNORED_P(tmp) = 0;
+         DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = right_tree;
+         TREE_ADDRESSABLE(tmp) = 1;
+         make_tmp = build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, tmp);
+         SET_EXPR_LOCATION(make_tmp, location);
+         arg = build_fold_addr_expr_loc(location, tmp);
+       }
+      arg = fold_convert_loc(location, ptr_type_node, arg);
+
+      tree descriptor = right_type->type_descriptor_pointer(context->gogo());
+
+      if (left_type->interface_type()->is_empty())
+       {
+         static tree empty_interface_value_compare_decl;
+         left_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&empty_interface_value_compare_decl,
+                                        location,
+                                        "__go_empty_interface_value_compare",
+                                        3,
+                                        integer_type_node,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(left_tree),
+                                        left_tree,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(descriptor),
+                                        descriptor,
+                                        ptr_type_node,
+                                        arg);
+         if (left_tree == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         // This can panic if the type is not comparable.
+         TREE_NOTHROW(empty_interface_value_compare_decl) = 0;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         static tree interface_value_compare_decl;
+         left_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&interface_value_compare_decl,
+                                        location,
+                                        "__go_interface_value_compare",
+                                        3,
+                                        integer_type_node,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(left_tree),
+                                        left_tree,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(descriptor),
+                                        descriptor,
+                                        ptr_type_node,
+                                        arg);
+         if (left_tree == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         // This can panic if the type is not comparable.
+         TREE_NOTHROW(interface_value_compare_decl) = 0;
+       }
+      right_tree = build_int_cst_type(integer_type_node, 0);
+
+      if (make_tmp != NULL_TREE)
+       left_tree = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(left_tree), make_tmp,
+                          left_tree);
+    }
+  else if (left_type->interface_type() != NULL
+          && right_type->interface_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (left_type->interface_type()->is_empty()
+         && right_type->interface_type()->is_empty())
+       {
+         static tree empty_interface_compare_decl;
+         left_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&empty_interface_compare_decl,
+                                        location,
+                                        "__go_empty_interface_compare",
+                                        2,
+                                        integer_type_node,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(left_tree),
+                                        left_tree,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(right_tree),
+                                        right_tree);
+         if (left_tree == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         // This can panic if the type is uncomparable.
+         TREE_NOTHROW(empty_interface_compare_decl) = 0;
+       }
+      else if (!left_type->interface_type()->is_empty()
+              && !right_type->interface_type()->is_empty())
+       {
+         static tree interface_compare_decl;
+         left_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&interface_compare_decl,
+                                        location,
+                                        "__go_interface_compare",
+                                        2,
+                                        integer_type_node,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(left_tree),
+                                        left_tree,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(right_tree),
+                                        right_tree);
+         if (left_tree == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         // This can panic if the type is uncomparable.
+         TREE_NOTHROW(interface_compare_decl) = 0;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         if (left_type->interface_type()->is_empty())
+           {
+             go_assert(op == OPERATOR_EQEQ || op == OPERATOR_NOTEQ);
+             std::swap(left_type, right_type);
+             std::swap(left_tree, right_tree);
+           }
+         go_assert(!left_type->interface_type()->is_empty());
+         go_assert(right_type->interface_type()->is_empty());
+         static tree interface_empty_compare_decl;
+         left_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&interface_empty_compare_decl,
+                                        location,
+                                        "__go_interface_empty_compare",
+                                        2,
+                                        integer_type_node,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(left_tree),
+                                        left_tree,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(right_tree),
+                                        right_tree);
+         if (left_tree == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         // This can panic if the type is uncomparable.
+         TREE_NOTHROW(interface_empty_compare_decl) = 0;
+       }
+
+      right_tree = build_int_cst_type(integer_type_node, 0);
+    }
+
+  if (left_type->is_nil_type()
+      && (op == OPERATOR_EQEQ || op == OPERATOR_NOTEQ))
+    {
+      std::swap(left_type, right_type);
+      std::swap(left_tree, right_tree);
+    }
+
+  if (right_type->is_nil_type())
+    {
+      if (left_type->array_type() != NULL
+         && left_type->array_type()->length() == NULL)
+       {
+         Array_type* at = left_type->array_type();
+         left_tree = at->value_pointer_tree(context->gogo(), left_tree);
+         right_tree = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(left_tree), null_pointer_node);
+       }
+      else if (left_type->interface_type() != NULL)
+       {
+         // An interface is nil if the first field is nil.
+         tree left_type_tree = TREE_TYPE(left_tree);
+         go_assert(TREE_CODE(left_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+         tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(left_type_tree);
+         left_tree = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), left_tree,
+                            field, NULL_TREE);
+         right_tree = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(left_tree), null_pointer_node);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         go_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(left_tree)));
+         right_tree = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(left_tree), null_pointer_node);
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (left_tree == error_mark_node || right_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree ret = fold_build2(code, boolean_type_node, left_tree, right_tree);
+  if (CAN_HAVE_LOCATION_P(ret))
+    SET_EXPR_LOCATION(ret, location);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Class Bound_method_expression.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Bound_method_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return Expression::traverse(&this->method_, traverse);
+}
+
+// Return the type of a bound method expression.  The type of this
+// object is really the type of the method with no receiver.  We
+// should be able to get away with just returning the type of the
+// method.
+
+Type*
+Bound_method_expression::do_type()
+{
+  return this->method_->type();
+}
+
+// Determine the types of a method expression.
+
+void
+Bound_method_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  this->method_->determine_type_no_context();
+  Type* mtype = this->method_->type();
+  Function_type* fntype = mtype == NULL ? NULL : mtype->function_type();
+  if (fntype == NULL || !fntype->is_method())
+    this->expr_->determine_type_no_context();
+  else
+    {
+      Type_context subcontext(fntype->receiver()->type(), false);
+      this->expr_->determine_type(&subcontext);
+    }
+}
+
+// Check the types of a method expression.
+
+void
+Bound_method_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Type* type = this->method_->type()->deref();
+  if (type == NULL
+      || type->function_type() == NULL
+      || !type->function_type()->is_method())
+    this->report_error(_("object is not a method"));
+  else
+    {
+      Type* rtype = type->function_type()->receiver()->type()->deref();
+      Type* etype = (this->expr_type_ != NULL
+                    ? this->expr_type_
+                    : this->expr_->type());
+      etype = etype->deref();
+      if (!Type::are_identical(rtype, etype, true, NULL))
+       this->report_error(_("method type does not match object type"));
+    }
+}
+
+// Get the tree for a method expression.  There is no standard tree
+// representation for this.  The only places it may currently be used
+// are in a Call_expression or a Go_statement, which will take it
+// apart directly.  So this has nothing to do at present.
+
+tree
+Bound_method_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+{
+  error_at(this->location(), "reference to method other than calling it");
+  return error_mark_node;
+}
+
+// Make a method expression.
+
+Bound_method_expression*
+Expression::make_bound_method(Expression* expr, Expression* method,
+                             source_location location)
+{
+  return new Bound_method_expression(expr, method, location);
+}
+
+// Class Builtin_call_expression.  This is used for a call to a
+// builtin function.
+
+class Builtin_call_expression : public Call_expression
+{
+ public:
+  Builtin_call_expression(Gogo* gogo, Expression* fn, Expression_list* args,
+                         bool is_varargs, source_location location);
+
+ protected:
+  // This overrides Call_expression::do_lower.
+  Expression*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int);
+
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const;
+
+  bool
+  do_integer_constant_value(bool, mpz_t, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t, mpfr_t, Type**) const;
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Builtin_call_expression(this->gogo_, this->fn()->copy(),
+                                      this->args()->copy(),
+                                      this->is_varargs(),
+                                      this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+  virtual bool
+  do_is_recover_call() const;
+
+  virtual void
+  do_set_recover_arg(Expression*);
+
+ private:
+  // The builtin functions.
+  enum Builtin_function_code
+    {
+      BUILTIN_INVALID,
+
+      // Predeclared builtin functions.
+      BUILTIN_APPEND,
+      BUILTIN_CAP,
+      BUILTIN_CLOSE,
+      BUILTIN_COMPLEX,
+      BUILTIN_COPY,
+      BUILTIN_IMAG,
+      BUILTIN_LEN,
+      BUILTIN_MAKE,
+      BUILTIN_NEW,
+      BUILTIN_PANIC,
+      BUILTIN_PRINT,
+      BUILTIN_PRINTLN,
+      BUILTIN_REAL,
+      BUILTIN_RECOVER,
+
+      // Builtin functions from the unsafe package.
+      BUILTIN_ALIGNOF,
+      BUILTIN_OFFSETOF,
+      BUILTIN_SIZEOF
+    };
+
+  Expression*
+  one_arg() const;
+
+  bool
+  check_one_arg();
+
+  static Type*
+  real_imag_type(Type*);
+
+  static Type*
+  complex_type(Type*);
+
+  // A pointer back to the general IR structure.  This avoids a global
+  // variable, or passing it around everywhere.
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+  // The builtin function being called.
+  Builtin_function_code code_;
+  // Used to stop endless loops when the length of an array uses len
+  // or cap of the array itself.
+  mutable bool seen_;
+};
+
+Builtin_call_expression::Builtin_call_expression(Gogo* gogo,
+                                                Expression* fn,
+                                                Expression_list* args,
+                                                bool is_varargs,
+                                                source_location location)
+  : Call_expression(fn, args, is_varargs, location),
+    gogo_(gogo), code_(BUILTIN_INVALID), seen_(false)
+{
+  Func_expression* fnexp = this->fn()->func_expression();
+  go_assert(fnexp != NULL);
+  const std::string& name(fnexp->named_object()->name());
+  if (name == "append")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_APPEND;
+  else if (name == "cap")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_CAP;
+  else if (name == "close")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_CLOSE;
+  else if (name == "complex")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_COMPLEX;
+  else if (name == "copy")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_COPY;
+  else if (name == "imag")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_IMAG;
+  else if (name == "len")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_LEN;
+  else if (name == "make")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_MAKE;
+  else if (name == "new")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_NEW;
+  else if (name == "panic")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_PANIC;
+  else if (name == "print")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_PRINT;
+  else if (name == "println")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_PRINTLN;
+  else if (name == "real")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_REAL;
+  else if (name == "recover")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_RECOVER;
+  else if (name == "Alignof")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_ALIGNOF;
+  else if (name == "Offsetof")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_OFFSETOF;
+  else if (name == "Sizeof")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_SIZEOF;
+  else
+    go_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Return whether this is a call to recover.  This is a virtual
+// function called from the parent class.
+
+bool
+Builtin_call_expression::do_is_recover_call() const
+{
+  if (this->classification() == EXPRESSION_ERROR)
+    return false;
+  return this->code_ == BUILTIN_RECOVER;
+}
+
+// Set the argument for a call to recover.
+
+void
+Builtin_call_expression::do_set_recover_arg(Expression* arg)
+{
+  const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+  go_assert(args == NULL || args->empty());
+  Expression_list* new_args = new Expression_list();
+  new_args->push_back(arg);
+  this->set_args(new_args);
+}
+
+// A traversal class which looks for a call expression.
+
+class Find_call_expression : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Find_call_expression()
+    : Traverse(traverse_expressions),
+      found_(false)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+  bool
+  found()
+  { return this->found_; }
+
+ private:
+  bool found_;
+};
+
+int
+Find_call_expression::expression(Expression** pexpr)
+{
+  if ((*pexpr)->call_expression() != NULL)
+    {
+      this->found_ = true;
+      return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lower a builtin call expression.  This turns new and make into
+// specific expressions.  We also convert to a constant if we can.
+
+Expression*
+Builtin_call_expression::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function, int)
+{
+  if (this->is_varargs() && this->code_ != BUILTIN_APPEND)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("invalid use of %<...%> with builtin function"));
+      return Expression::make_error(this->location());
+    }
+
+  if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_NEW)
+    {
+      const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+      if (args == NULL || args->size() < 1)
+       this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
+      else if (args->size() > 1)
+       this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
+      else
+       {
+         Expression* arg = args->front();
+         if (!arg->is_type_expression())
+           {
+             error_at(arg->location(), "expected type");
+             this->set_is_error();
+           }
+         else
+           return Expression::make_allocation(arg->type(), this->location());
+       }
+    }
+  else if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_MAKE)
+    {
+      const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+      if (args == NULL || args->size() < 1)
+       this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
+      else
+       {
+         Expression* arg = args->front();
+         if (!arg->is_type_expression())
+           {
+             error_at(arg->location(), "expected type");
+             this->set_is_error();
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             Expression_list* newargs;
+             if (args->size() == 1)
+               newargs = NULL;
+             else
+               {
+                 newargs = new Expression_list();
+                 Expression_list::const_iterator p = args->begin();
+                 ++p;
+                 for (; p != args->end(); ++p)
+                   newargs->push_back(*p);
+               }
+             return Expression::make_make(arg->type(), newargs,
+                                          this->location());
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  else if (this->is_constant())
+    {
+      // We can only lower len and cap if there are no function calls
+      // in the arguments.  Otherwise we have to make the call.
+      if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_LEN || this->code_ == BUILTIN_CAP)
+       {
+         Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+         if (!arg->is_constant())
+           {
+             Find_call_expression find_call;
+             Expression::traverse(&arg, &find_call);
+             if (find_call.found())
+               return this;
+           }
+       }
+
+      mpz_t ival;
+      mpz_init(ival);
+      Type* type;
+      if (this->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &type))
+       {
+         Expression* ret = Expression::make_integer(&ival, type,
+                                                    this->location());
+         mpz_clear(ival);
+         return ret;
+       }
+      mpz_clear(ival);
+
+      mpfr_t rval;
+      mpfr_init(rval);
+      if (this->float_constant_value(rval, &type))
+       {
+         Expression* ret = Expression::make_float(&rval, type,
+                                                  this->location());
+         mpfr_clear(rval);
+         return ret;
+       }
+
+      mpfr_t imag;
+      mpfr_init(imag);
+      if (this->complex_constant_value(rval, imag, &type))
+       {
+         Expression* ret = Expression::make_complex(&rval, &imag, type,
+                                                    this->location());
+         mpfr_clear(rval);
+         mpfr_clear(imag);
+         return ret;
+       }
+      mpfr_clear(rval);
+      mpfr_clear(imag);
+    }
+  else if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_RECOVER)
+    {
+      if (function != NULL)
+       function->func_value()->set_calls_recover();
+      else
+       {
+         // Calling recover outside of a function always returns the
+         // nil empty interface.
+         Type* eface = Type::make_interface_type(NULL, this->location());
+         return Expression::make_cast(eface,
+                                      Expression::make_nil(this->location()),
+                                      this->location());
+       }
+    }
+  else if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_APPEND)
+    {
+      // Lower the varargs.
+      const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+      if (args == NULL || args->empty())
+       return this;
+      Type* slice_type = args->front()->type();
+      if (!slice_type->is_open_array_type())
+       {
+         error_at(args->front()->location(), "argument 1 must be a slice");
+         this->set_is_error();
+         return this;
+       }
+      return this->lower_varargs(gogo, function, slice_type, 2);
+    }
+
+  return this;
+}
+
+// Return the type of the real or imag functions, given the type of
+// the argument.  We need to map complex to float, complex64 to
+// float32, and complex128 to float64, so it has to be done by name.
+// This returns NULL if it can't figure out the type.
+
+Type*
+Builtin_call_expression::real_imag_type(Type* arg_type)
+{
+  if (arg_type == NULL || arg_type->is_abstract())
+    return NULL;
+  Named_type* nt = arg_type->named_type();
+  if (nt == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+  while (nt->real_type()->named_type() != NULL)
+    nt = nt->real_type()->named_type();
+  if (nt->name() == "complex64")
+    return Type::lookup_float_type("float32");
+  else if (nt->name() == "complex128")
+    return Type::lookup_float_type("float64");
+  else
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+// Return the type of the complex function, given the type of one of the
+// argments.  Like real_imag_type, we have to map by name.
+
+Type*
+Builtin_call_expression::complex_type(Type* arg_type)
+{
+  if (arg_type == NULL || arg_type->is_abstract())
+    return NULL;
+  Named_type* nt = arg_type->named_type();
+  if (nt == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+  while (nt->real_type()->named_type() != NULL)
+    nt = nt->real_type()->named_type();
+  if (nt->name() == "float32")
+    return Type::lookup_complex_type("complex64");
+  else if (nt->name() == "float64")
+    return Type::lookup_complex_type("complex128");
+  else
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+// Return a single argument, or NULL if there isn't one.
+
+Expression*
+Builtin_call_expression::one_arg() const
+{
+  const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+  if (args->size() != 1)
+    return NULL;
+  return args->front();
+}
+
+// Return whether this is constant: len of a string, or len or cap of
+// a fixed array, or unsafe.Sizeof, unsafe.Offsetof, unsafe.Alignof.
+
+bool
+Builtin_call_expression::do_is_constant() const
+{
+  switch (this->code_)
+    {
+    case BUILTIN_LEN:
+    case BUILTIN_CAP:
+      {
+       if (this->seen_)
+         return false;
+
+       Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+       if (arg == NULL)
+         return false;
+       Type* arg_type = arg->type();
+
+       if (arg_type->points_to() != NULL
+           && arg_type->points_to()->array_type() != NULL
+           && !arg_type->points_to()->is_open_array_type())
+         arg_type = arg_type->points_to();
+
+       if (arg_type->array_type() != NULL
+           && arg_type->array_type()->length() != NULL)
+         return true;
+
+       if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_LEN && arg_type->is_string_type())
+         {
+           this->seen_ = true;
+           bool ret = arg->is_constant();
+           this->seen_ = false;
+           return ret;
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_SIZEOF:
+    case BUILTIN_ALIGNOF:
+      return this->one_arg() != NULL;
+
+    case BUILTIN_OFFSETOF:
+      {
+       Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+       if (arg == NULL)
+         return false;
+       return arg->field_reference_expression() != NULL;
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_COMPLEX:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       if (args != NULL && args->size() == 2)
+         return args->front()->is_constant() && args->back()->is_constant();
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_REAL:
+    case BUILTIN_IMAG:
+      {
+       Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+       return arg != NULL && arg->is_constant();
+      }
+
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return an integer constant value if possible.
+
+bool
+Builtin_call_expression::do_integer_constant_value(bool iota_is_constant,
+                                                  mpz_t val,
+                                                  Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_LEN
+      || this->code_ == BUILTIN_CAP)
+    {
+      Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+      if (arg == NULL)
+       return false;
+      Type* arg_type = arg->type();
+
+      if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_LEN && arg_type->is_string_type())
+       {
+         std::string sval;
+         if (arg->string_constant_value(&sval))
+           {
+             mpz_set_ui(val, sval.length());
+             *ptype = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+             return true;
+           }
+       }
+
+      if (arg_type->points_to() != NULL
+         && arg_type->points_to()->array_type() != NULL
+         && !arg_type->points_to()->is_open_array_type())
+       arg_type = arg_type->points_to();
+
+      if (arg_type->array_type() != NULL
+         && arg_type->array_type()->length() != NULL)
+       {
+         if (this->seen_)
+           return false;
+         Expression* e = arg_type->array_type()->length();
+         this->seen_ = true;
+         bool r = e->integer_constant_value(iota_is_constant, val, ptype);
+         this->seen_ = false;
+         if (r)
+           {
+             *ptype = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+             return true;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  else if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_SIZEOF
+          || this->code_ == BUILTIN_ALIGNOF)
+    {
+      Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+      if (arg == NULL)
+       return false;
+      Type* arg_type = arg->type();
+      if (arg_type->is_error())
+       return false;
+      if (arg_type->is_abstract())
+       return false;
+      if (arg_type->named_type() != NULL)
+       arg_type->named_type()->convert(this->gogo_);
+      tree arg_type_tree = arg_type->get_tree(this->gogo_);
+      if (arg_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return false;
+      unsigned long val_long;
+      if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_SIZEOF)
+       {
+         tree type_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(arg_type_tree);
+         go_assert(TREE_CODE(type_size) == INTEGER_CST);
+         if (TREE_INT_CST_HIGH(type_size) != 0)
+           return false;
+         unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT val_wide = TREE_INT_CST_LOW(type_size);
+         val_long = static_cast<unsigned long>(val_wide);
+         if (val_long != val_wide)
+           return false;
+       }
+      else if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_ALIGNOF)
+       {
+         if (arg->field_reference_expression() == NULL)
+           val_long = go_type_alignment(arg_type_tree);
+         else
+           {
+             // Calling unsafe.Alignof(s.f) returns the alignment of
+             // the type of f when it is used as a field in a struct.
+             val_long = go_field_alignment(arg_type_tree);
+           }
+       }
+      else
+       go_unreachable();
+      mpz_set_ui(val, val_long);
+      *ptype = NULL;
+      return true;
+    }
+  else if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_OFFSETOF)
+    {
+      Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+      if (arg == NULL)
+       return false;
+      Field_reference_expression* farg = arg->field_reference_expression();
+      if (farg == NULL)
+       return false;
+      Expression* struct_expr = farg->expr();
+      Type* st = struct_expr->type();
+      if (st->struct_type() == NULL)
+       return false;
+      if (st->named_type() != NULL)
+       st->named_type()->convert(this->gogo_);
+      tree struct_tree = st->get_tree(this->gogo_);
+      go_assert(TREE_CODE(struct_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+      tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(struct_tree);
+      for (unsigned int index = farg->field_index(); index > 0; --index)
+       {
+         field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+         go_assert(field != NULL_TREE);
+       }
+      HOST_WIDE_INT offset_wide = int_byte_position (field);
+      if (offset_wide < 0)
+       return false;
+      unsigned long offset_long = static_cast<unsigned long>(offset_wide);
+      if (offset_long != static_cast<unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT>(offset_wide))
+       return false;
+      mpz_set_ui(val, offset_long);
+      return true;
+    }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return a floating point constant value if possible.
+
+bool
+Builtin_call_expression::do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val,
+                                                Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_REAL || this->code_ == BUILTIN_IMAG)
+    {
+      Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+      if (arg == NULL)
+       return false;
+
+      mpfr_t real;
+      mpfr_t imag;
+      mpfr_init(real);
+      mpfr_init(imag);
+
+      bool ret = false;
+      Type* type;
+      if (arg->complex_constant_value(real, imag, &type))
+       {
+         if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_REAL)
+           mpfr_set(val, real, GMP_RNDN);
+         else
+           mpfr_set(val, imag, GMP_RNDN);
+         *ptype = Builtin_call_expression::real_imag_type(type);
+         ret = true;
+       }
+
+      mpfr_clear(real);
+      mpfr_clear(imag);
+      return ret;
+    }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return a complex constant value if possible.
+
+bool
+Builtin_call_expression::do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag,
+                                                  Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_COMPLEX)
+    {
+      const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+      if (args == NULL || args->size() != 2)
+       return false;
+
+      mpfr_t r;
+      mpfr_init(r);
+      Type* rtype;
+      if (!args->front()->float_constant_value(r, &rtype))
+       {
+         mpfr_clear(r);
+         return false;
+       }
+
+      mpfr_t i;
+      mpfr_init(i);
+
+      bool ret = false;
+      Type* itype;
+      if (args->back()->float_constant_value(i, &itype)
+         && Type::are_identical(rtype, itype, false, NULL))
+       {
+         mpfr_set(real, r, GMP_RNDN);
+         mpfr_set(imag, i, GMP_RNDN);
+         *ptype = Builtin_call_expression::complex_type(rtype);
+         ret = true;
+       }
+
+      mpfr_clear(r);
+      mpfr_clear(i);
+
+      return ret;
+    }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return the type.
+
+Type*
+Builtin_call_expression::do_type()
+{
+  switch (this->code_)
+    {
+    case BUILTIN_INVALID:
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+
+    case BUILTIN_NEW:
+    case BUILTIN_MAKE:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       if (args == NULL || args->empty())
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       return Type::make_pointer_type(args->front()->type());
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_CAP:
+    case BUILTIN_COPY:
+    case BUILTIN_LEN:
+    case BUILTIN_ALIGNOF:
+    case BUILTIN_OFFSETOF:
+    case BUILTIN_SIZEOF:
+      return Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+
+    case BUILTIN_CLOSE:
+    case BUILTIN_PANIC:
+    case BUILTIN_PRINT:
+    case BUILTIN_PRINTLN:
+      return Type::make_void_type();
+
+    case BUILTIN_RECOVER:
+      return Type::make_interface_type(NULL, BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+
+    case BUILTIN_APPEND:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       if (args == NULL || args->empty())
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       return args->front()->type();
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_REAL:
+    case BUILTIN_IMAG:
+      {
+       Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+       if (arg == NULL)
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       Type* t = arg->type();
+       if (t->is_abstract())
+         t = t->make_non_abstract_type();
+       t = Builtin_call_expression::real_imag_type(t);
+       if (t == NULL)
+         t = Type::make_error_type();
+       return t;
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_COMPLEX:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       if (args == NULL || args->size() != 2)
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       Type* t = args->front()->type();
+       if (t->is_abstract())
+         {
+           t = args->back()->type();
+           if (t->is_abstract())
+             t = t->make_non_abstract_type();
+         }
+       t = Builtin_call_expression::complex_type(t);
+       if (t == NULL)
+         t = Type::make_error_type();
+       return t;
+      }
+    }
+}
+
+// Determine the type.
+
+void
+Builtin_call_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  if (!this->determining_types())
+    return;
+
+  this->fn()->determine_type_no_context();
+
+  const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+
+  bool is_print;
+  Type* arg_type = NULL;
+  switch (this->code_)
+    {
+    case BUILTIN_PRINT:
+    case BUILTIN_PRINTLN:
+      // Do not force a large integer constant to "int".
+      is_print = true;
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_REAL:
+    case BUILTIN_IMAG:
+      arg_type = Builtin_call_expression::complex_type(context->type);
+      is_print = false;
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_COMPLEX:
+      {
+       // For the complex function the type of one operand can
+       // determine the type of the other, as in a binary expression.
+       arg_type = Builtin_call_expression::real_imag_type(context->type);
+       if (args != NULL && args->size() == 2)
+         {
+           Type* t1 = args->front()->type();
+           Type* t2 = args->front()->type();
+           if (!t1->is_abstract())
+             arg_type = t1;
+           else if (!t2->is_abstract())
+             arg_type = t2;
+         }
+       is_print = false;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      is_print = false;
+      break;
+    }
+
+  if (args != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pa = args->begin();
+          pa != args->end();
+          ++pa)
+       {
+         Type_context subcontext;
+         subcontext.type = arg_type;
+
+         if (is_print)
+           {
+             // We want to print large constants, we so can't just
+             // use the appropriate nonabstract type.  Use uint64 for
+             // an integer if we know it is nonnegative, otherwise
+             // use int64 for a integer, otherwise use float64 for a
+             // float or complex128 for a complex.
+             Type* want_type = NULL;
+             Type* atype = (*pa)->type();
+             if (atype->is_abstract())
+               {
+                 if (atype->integer_type() != NULL)
+                   {
+                     mpz_t val;
+                     mpz_init(val);
+                     Type* dummy;
+                     if (this->integer_constant_value(true, val, &dummy)
+                         && mpz_sgn(val) >= 0)
+                       want_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uint64");
+                     else
+                       want_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("int64");
+                     mpz_clear(val);
+                   }
+                 else if (atype->float_type() != NULL)
+                   want_type = Type::lookup_float_type("float64");
+                 else if (atype->complex_type() != NULL)
+                   want_type = Type::lookup_complex_type("complex128");
+                 else if (atype->is_abstract_string_type())
+                   want_type = Type::lookup_string_type();
+                 else if (atype->is_abstract_boolean_type())
+                   want_type = Type::lookup_bool_type();
+                 else
+                   go_unreachable();
+                 subcontext.type = want_type;
+               }
+           }
+
+         (*pa)->determine_type(&subcontext);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// If there is exactly one argument, return true.  Otherwise give an
+// error message and return false.
+
+bool
+Builtin_call_expression::check_one_arg()
+{
+  const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+  if (args == NULL || args->size() < 1)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
+      return false;
+    }
+  else if (args->size() > 1)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
+      return false;
+    }
+  if (args->front()->is_error_expression()
+      || args->front()->type()->is_error())
+    {
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return false;
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Check argument types for a builtin function.
+
+void
+Builtin_call_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  switch (this->code_)
+    {
+    case BUILTIN_INVALID:
+    case BUILTIN_NEW:
+    case BUILTIN_MAKE:
+      return;
+
+    case BUILTIN_LEN:
+    case BUILTIN_CAP:
+      {
+       // The single argument may be either a string or an array or a
+       // map or a channel, or a pointer to a closed array.
+       if (this->check_one_arg())
+         {
+           Type* arg_type = this->one_arg()->type();
+           if (arg_type->points_to() != NULL
+               && arg_type->points_to()->array_type() != NULL
+               && !arg_type->points_to()->is_open_array_type())
+             arg_type = arg_type->points_to();
+           if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_CAP)
+             {
+               if (!arg_type->is_error()
+                   && arg_type->array_type() == NULL
+                   && arg_type->channel_type() == NULL)
+                 this->report_error(_("argument must be array or slice "
+                                      "or channel"));
+             }
+           else
+             {
+               if (!arg_type->is_error()
+                   && !arg_type->is_string_type()
+                   && arg_type->array_type() == NULL
+                   && arg_type->map_type() == NULL
+                   && arg_type->channel_type() == NULL)
+                 this->report_error(_("argument must be string or "
+                                      "array or slice or map or channel"));
+             }
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_PRINT:
+    case BUILTIN_PRINTLN:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       if (args == NULL)
+         {
+           if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_PRINT)
+             warning_at(this->location(), 0,
+                        "no arguments for builtin function %<%s%>",
+                        (this->code_ == BUILTIN_PRINT
+                         ? "print"
+                         : "println"));
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = args->begin();
+                p != args->end();
+                ++p)
+             {
+               Type* type = (*p)->type();
+               if (type->is_error()
+                   || type->is_string_type()
+                   || type->integer_type() != NULL
+                   || type->float_type() != NULL
+                   || type->complex_type() != NULL
+                   || type->is_boolean_type()
+                   || type->points_to() != NULL
+                   || type->interface_type() != NULL
+                   || type->channel_type() != NULL
+                   || type->map_type() != NULL
+                   || type->function_type() != NULL
+                   || type->is_open_array_type())
+                 ;
+               else
+                 this->report_error(_("unsupported argument type to "
+                                      "builtin function"));
+             }
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_CLOSE:
+      if (this->check_one_arg())
+       {
+         if (this->one_arg()->type()->channel_type() == NULL)
+           this->report_error(_("argument must be channel"));
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_PANIC:
+    case BUILTIN_SIZEOF:
+    case BUILTIN_ALIGNOF:
+      this->check_one_arg();
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_RECOVER:
+      if (this->args() != NULL && !this->args()->empty())
+       this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_OFFSETOF:
+      if (this->check_one_arg())
+       {
+         Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+         if (arg->field_reference_expression() == NULL)
+           this->report_error(_("argument must be a field reference"));
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_COPY:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       if (args == NULL || args->size() < 2)
+         {
+           this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
+           break;
+         }
+       else if (args->size() > 2)
+         {
+           this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
+           break;
+         }
+       Type* arg1_type = args->front()->type();
+       Type* arg2_type = args->back()->type();
+       if (arg1_type->is_error() || arg2_type->is_error())
+         break;
+
+       Type* e1;
+       if (arg1_type->is_open_array_type())
+         e1 = arg1_type->array_type()->element_type();
+       else
+         {
+           this->report_error(_("left argument must be a slice"));
+           break;
+         }
+
+       Type* e2;
+       if (arg2_type->is_open_array_type())
+         e2 = arg2_type->array_type()->element_type();
+       else if (arg2_type->is_string_type())
+         e2 = Type::lookup_integer_type("uint8");
+       else
+         {
+           this->report_error(_("right argument must be a slice or a string"));
+           break;
+         }
+
+       if (!Type::are_identical(e1, e2, true, NULL))
+         this->report_error(_("element types must be the same"));
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_APPEND:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       if (args == NULL || args->size() < 2)
+         {
+           this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
+           break;
+         }
+       if (args->size() > 2)
+         {
+           this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
+           break;
+         }
+       std::string reason;
+       if (!Type::are_assignable(args->front()->type(), args->back()->type(),
+                                 &reason))
+         {
+           if (reason.empty())
+             this->report_error(_("arguments 1 and 2 have different types"));
+           else
+             {
+               error_at(this->location(),
+                        "arguments 1 and 2 have different types (%s)",
+                        reason.c_str());
+               this->set_is_error();
+             }
+         }
+       break;
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_REAL:
+    case BUILTIN_IMAG:
+      if (this->check_one_arg())
+       {
+         if (this->one_arg()->type()->complex_type() == NULL)
+           this->report_error(_("argument must have complex type"));
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_COMPLEX:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       if (args == NULL || args->size() < 2)
+         this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
+       else if (args->size() > 2)
+         this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
+       else if (args->front()->is_error_expression()
+                || args->front()->type()->is_error()
+                || args->back()->is_error_expression()
+                || args->back()->type()->is_error())
+         this->set_is_error();
+       else if (!Type::are_identical(args->front()->type(),
+                                     args->back()->type(), true, NULL))
+         this->report_error(_("complex arguments must have identical types"));
+       else if (args->front()->type()->float_type() == NULL)
+         this->report_error(_("complex arguments must have "
+                              "floating-point type"));
+      }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return the tree for a builtin function.
+
+tree
+Builtin_call_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  switch (this->code_)
+    {
+    case BUILTIN_INVALID:
+    case BUILTIN_NEW:
+    case BUILTIN_MAKE:
+      go_unreachable();
+
+    case BUILTIN_LEN:
+    case BUILTIN_CAP:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       go_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 1);
+       Expression* arg = *args->begin();
+       Type* arg_type = arg->type();
+
+       if (this->seen_)
+         {
+           go_assert(saw_errors());
+           return error_mark_node;
+         }
+       this->seen_ = true;
+
+       tree arg_tree = arg->get_tree(context);
+
+       this->seen_ = false;
+
+       if (arg_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+
+       if (arg_type->points_to() != NULL)
+         {
+           arg_type = arg_type->points_to();
+           go_assert(arg_type->array_type() != NULL
+                      && !arg_type->is_open_array_type());
+           go_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(arg_tree)));
+           arg_tree = build_fold_indirect_ref(arg_tree);
+         }
+
+       tree val_tree;
+       if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_LEN)
+         {
+           if (arg_type->is_string_type())
+             val_tree = String_type::length_tree(gogo, arg_tree);
+           else if (arg_type->array_type() != NULL)
+             {
+               if (this->seen_)
+                 {
+                   go_assert(saw_errors());
+                   return error_mark_node;
+                 }
+               this->seen_ = true;
+               val_tree = arg_type->array_type()->length_tree(gogo, arg_tree);
+               this->seen_ = false;
+             }
+           else if (arg_type->map_type() != NULL)
+             {
+               static tree map_len_fndecl;
+               val_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&map_len_fndecl,
+                                             location,
+                                             "__go_map_len",
+                                             1,
+                                             integer_type_node,
+                                             arg_type->get_tree(gogo),
+                                             arg_tree);
+             }
+           else if (arg_type->channel_type() != NULL)
+             {
+               static tree chan_len_fndecl;
+               val_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&chan_len_fndecl,
+                                             location,
+                                             "__go_chan_len",
+                                             1,
+                                             integer_type_node,
+                                             arg_type->get_tree(gogo),
+                                             arg_tree);
+             }
+           else
+             go_unreachable();
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           if (arg_type->array_type() != NULL)
+             {
+               if (this->seen_)
+                 {
+                   go_assert(saw_errors());
+                   return error_mark_node;
+                 }
+               this->seen_ = true;
+               val_tree = arg_type->array_type()->capacity_tree(gogo,
+                                                                arg_tree);
+               this->seen_ = false;
+             }
+           else if (arg_type->channel_type() != NULL)
+             {
+               static tree chan_cap_fndecl;
+               val_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&chan_cap_fndecl,
+                                             location,
+                                             "__go_chan_cap",
+                                             1,
+                                             integer_type_node,
+                                             arg_type->get_tree(gogo),
+                                             arg_tree);
+             }
+           else
+             go_unreachable();
+         }
+
+       if (val_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+
+       tree type_tree = Type::lookup_integer_type("int")->get_tree(gogo);
+       if (type_tree == TREE_TYPE(val_tree))
+         return val_tree;
+       else
+         return fold(convert_to_integer(type_tree, val_tree));
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_PRINT:
+    case BUILTIN_PRINTLN:
+      {
+       const bool is_ln = this->code_ == BUILTIN_PRINTLN;
+       tree stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
+
+       const Expression_list* call_args = this->args();
+       if (call_args != NULL)
+         {
+           for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = call_args->begin();
+                p != call_args->end();
+                ++p)
+             {
+               if (is_ln && p != call_args->begin())
+                 {
+                   static tree print_space_fndecl;
+                   tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&print_space_fndecl,
+                                                  location,
+                                                  "__go_print_space",
+                                                  0,
+                                                  void_type_node);
+                   if (call == error_mark_node)
+                     return error_mark_node;
+                   append_to_statement_list(call, &stmt_list);
+                 }
+
+               Type* type = (*p)->type();
+
+               tree arg = (*p)->get_tree(context);
+               if (arg == error_mark_node)
+                 return error_mark_node;
+
+               tree* pfndecl;
+               const char* fnname;
+               if (type->is_string_type())
+                 {
+                   static tree print_string_fndecl;
+                   pfndecl = &print_string_fndecl;
+                   fnname = "__go_print_string";
+                 }
+               else if (type->integer_type() != NULL
+                        && type->integer_type()->is_unsigned())
+                 {
+                   static tree print_uint64_fndecl;
+                   pfndecl = &print_uint64_fndecl;
+                   fnname = "__go_print_uint64";
+                   Type* itype = Type::lookup_integer_type("uint64");
+                   arg = fold_convert_loc(location, itype->get_tree(gogo),
+                                          arg);
+                 }
+               else if (type->integer_type() != NULL)
+                 {
+                   static tree print_int64_fndecl;
+                   pfndecl = &print_int64_fndecl;
+                   fnname = "__go_print_int64";
+                   Type* itype = Type::lookup_integer_type("int64");
+                   arg = fold_convert_loc(location, itype->get_tree(gogo),
+                                          arg);
+                 }
+               else if (type->float_type() != NULL)
+                 {
+                   static tree print_double_fndecl;
+                   pfndecl = &print_double_fndecl;
+                   fnname = "__go_print_double";
+                   arg = fold_convert_loc(location, double_type_node, arg);
+                 }
+               else if (type->complex_type() != NULL)
+                 {
+                   static tree print_complex_fndecl;
+                   pfndecl = &print_complex_fndecl;
+                   fnname = "__go_print_complex";
+                   arg = fold_convert_loc(location, complex_double_type_node,
+                                          arg);
+                 }
+               else if (type->is_boolean_type())
+                 {
+                   static tree print_bool_fndecl;
+                   pfndecl = &print_bool_fndecl;
+                   fnname = "__go_print_bool";
+                 }
+               else if (type->points_to() != NULL
+                        || type->channel_type() != NULL
+                        || type->map_type() != NULL
+                        || type->function_type() != NULL)
+                 {
+                   static tree print_pointer_fndecl;
+                   pfndecl = &print_pointer_fndecl;
+                   fnname = "__go_print_pointer";
+                   arg = fold_convert_loc(location, ptr_type_node, arg);
+                 }
+               else if (type->interface_type() != NULL)
+                 {
+                   if (type->interface_type()->is_empty())
+                     {
+                       static tree print_empty_interface_fndecl;
+                       pfndecl = &print_empty_interface_fndecl;
+                       fnname = "__go_print_empty_interface";
+                     }
+                   else
+                     {
+                       static tree print_interface_fndecl;
+                       pfndecl = &print_interface_fndecl;
+                       fnname = "__go_print_interface";
+                     }
+                 }
+               else if (type->is_open_array_type())
+                 {
+                   static tree print_slice_fndecl;
+                   pfndecl = &print_slice_fndecl;
+                   fnname = "__go_print_slice";
+                 }
+               else
+                 go_unreachable();
+
+               tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(pfndecl,
+                                              location,
+                                              fnname,
+                                              1,
+                                              void_type_node,
+                                              TREE_TYPE(arg),
+                                              arg);
+               if (call == error_mark_node)
+                 return error_mark_node;
+               append_to_statement_list(call, &stmt_list);
+             }
+         }
+
+       if (is_ln)
+         {
+           static tree print_nl_fndecl;
+           tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&print_nl_fndecl,
+                                          location,
+                                          "__go_print_nl",
+                                          0,
+                                          void_type_node);
+           if (call == error_mark_node)
+             return error_mark_node;
+           append_to_statement_list(call, &stmt_list);
+         }
+
+       return stmt_list;
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_PANIC:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       go_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 1);
+       Expression* arg = args->front();
+       tree arg_tree = arg->get_tree(context);
+       if (arg_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+       Type *empty = Type::make_interface_type(NULL, BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+       arg_tree = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, empty,
+                                                     arg->type(),
+                                                     arg_tree, location);
+       static tree panic_fndecl;
+       tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&panic_fndecl,
+                                      location,
+                                      "__go_panic",
+                                      1,
+                                      void_type_node,
+                                      TREE_TYPE(arg_tree),
+                                      arg_tree);
+       if (call == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+       // This function will throw an exception.
+       TREE_NOTHROW(panic_fndecl) = 0;
+       // This function will not return.
+       TREE_THIS_VOLATILE(panic_fndecl) = 1;
+       return call;
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_RECOVER:
+      {
+       // The argument is set when building recover thunks.  It's a
+       // boolean value which is true if we can recover a value now.
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       go_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 1);
+       Expression* arg = args->front();
+       tree arg_tree = arg->get_tree(context);
+       if (arg_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+
+       Type *empty = Type::make_interface_type(NULL, BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+       tree empty_tree = empty->get_tree(context->gogo());
+
+       Type* nil_type = Type::make_nil_type();
+       Expression* nil = Expression::make_nil(location);
+       tree nil_tree = nil->get_tree(context);
+       tree empty_nil_tree = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context,
+                                                                empty,
+                                                                nil_type,
+                                                                nil_tree,
+                                                                location);
+
+       // We need to handle a deferred call to recover specially,
+       // because it changes whether it can recover a panic or not.
+       // See test7 in test/recover1.go.
+       tree call;
+       if (this->is_deferred())
+         {
+           static tree deferred_recover_fndecl;
+           call = Gogo::call_builtin(&deferred_recover_fndecl,
+                                     location,
+                                     "__go_deferred_recover",
+                                     0,
+                                     empty_tree);
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           static tree recover_fndecl;
+           call = Gogo::call_builtin(&recover_fndecl,
+                                     location,
+                                     "__go_recover",
+                                     0,
+                                     empty_tree);
+         }
+       if (call == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+       return fold_build3_loc(location, COND_EXPR, empty_tree, arg_tree,
+                              call, empty_nil_tree);
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_CLOSE:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       go_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 1);
+       Expression* arg = args->front();
+       tree arg_tree = arg->get_tree(context);
+       if (arg_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+       static tree close_fndecl;
+       return Gogo::call_builtin(&close_fndecl,
+                                 location,
+                                 "__go_builtin_close",
+                                 1,
+                                 void_type_node,
+                                 TREE_TYPE(arg_tree),
+                                 arg_tree);
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_SIZEOF:
+    case BUILTIN_OFFSETOF:
+    case BUILTIN_ALIGNOF:
+      {
+       mpz_t val;
+       mpz_init(val);
+       Type* dummy;
+       bool b = this->integer_constant_value(true, val, &dummy);
+       if (!b)
+         {
+           go_assert(saw_errors());
+           return error_mark_node;
+         }
+       tree type = Type::lookup_integer_type("int")->get_tree(gogo);
+       tree ret = Expression::integer_constant_tree(val, type);
+       mpz_clear(val);
+       return ret;
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_COPY:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       go_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 2);
+       Expression* arg1 = args->front();
+       Expression* arg2 = args->back();
+
+       tree arg1_tree = arg1->get_tree(context);
+       tree arg2_tree = arg2->get_tree(context);
+       if (arg1_tree == error_mark_node || arg2_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+
+       Type* arg1_type = arg1->type();
+       Array_type* at = arg1_type->array_type();
+       arg1_tree = save_expr(arg1_tree);
+       tree arg1_val = at->value_pointer_tree(gogo, arg1_tree);
+       tree arg1_len = at->length_tree(gogo, arg1_tree);
+       if (arg1_val == error_mark_node || arg1_len == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+
+       Type* arg2_type = arg2->type();
+       tree arg2_val;
+       tree arg2_len;
+       if (arg2_type->is_open_array_type())
+         {
+           at = arg2_type->array_type();
+           arg2_tree = save_expr(arg2_tree);
+           arg2_val = at->value_pointer_tree(gogo, arg2_tree);
+           arg2_len = at->length_tree(gogo, arg2_tree);
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           arg2_tree = save_expr(arg2_tree);
+           arg2_val = String_type::bytes_tree(gogo, arg2_tree);
+           arg2_len = String_type::length_tree(gogo, arg2_tree);
+         }
+       if (arg2_val == error_mark_node || arg2_len == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+
+       arg1_len = save_expr(arg1_len);
+       arg2_len = save_expr(arg2_len);
+       tree len = fold_build3_loc(location, COND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(arg1_len),
+                                  fold_build2_loc(location, LT_EXPR,
+                                                  boolean_type_node,
+                                                  arg1_len, arg2_len),
+                                  arg1_len, arg2_len);
+       len = save_expr(len);
+
+       Type* element_type = at->element_type();
+       tree element_type_tree = element_type->get_tree(gogo);
+       if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+       tree element_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(element_type_tree);
+       tree bytecount = fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(element_size),
+                                         len);
+       bytecount = fold_build2_loc(location, MULT_EXPR,
+                                   TREE_TYPE(element_size),
+                                   bytecount, element_size);
+       bytecount = fold_convert_loc(location, size_type_node, bytecount);
+
+       arg1_val = fold_convert_loc(location, ptr_type_node, arg1_val);
+       arg2_val = fold_convert_loc(location, ptr_type_node, arg2_val);
+
+       static tree copy_fndecl;
+       tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&copy_fndecl,
+                                      location,
+                                      "__go_copy",
+                                      3,
+                                      void_type_node,
+                                      ptr_type_node,
+                                      arg1_val,
+                                      ptr_type_node,
+                                      arg2_val,
+                                      size_type_node,
+                                      bytecount);
+       if (call == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+
+       return fold_build2_loc(location, COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(len),
+                              call, len);
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_APPEND:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       go_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 2);
+       Expression* arg1 = args->front();
+       Expression* arg2 = args->back();
+
+       tree arg1_tree = arg1->get_tree(context);
+       tree arg2_tree = arg2->get_tree(context);
+       if (arg1_tree == error_mark_node || arg2_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+
+       Array_type* at = arg1->type()->array_type();
+       Type* element_type = at->element_type();
+
+       arg2_tree = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, at,
+                                                      arg2->type(),
+                                                      arg2_tree,
+                                                      location);
+       if (arg2_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+
+       arg2_tree = save_expr(arg2_tree);
+       tree arg2_val = at->value_pointer_tree(gogo, arg2_tree);
+       tree arg2_len = at->length_tree(gogo, arg2_tree);
+       if (arg2_val == error_mark_node || arg2_len == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+       arg2_val = fold_convert_loc(location, ptr_type_node, arg2_val);
+       arg2_len = fold_convert_loc(location, size_type_node, arg2_len);
+
+       tree element_type_tree = element_type->get_tree(gogo);
+       if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+       tree element_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(element_type_tree);
+       element_size = fold_convert_loc(location, size_type_node,
+                                       element_size);
+
+       // We rebuild the decl each time since the slice types may
+       // change.
+       tree append_fndecl = NULL_TREE;
+       return Gogo::call_builtin(&append_fndecl,
+                                 location,
+                                 "__go_append",
+                                 4,
+                                 TREE_TYPE(arg1_tree),
+                                 TREE_TYPE(arg1_tree),
+                                 arg1_tree,
+                                 ptr_type_node,
+                                 arg2_val,
+                                 size_type_node,
+                                 arg2_len,
+                                 size_type_node,
+                                 element_size);
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_REAL:
+    case BUILTIN_IMAG:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       go_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 1);
+       Expression* arg = args->front();
+       tree arg_tree = arg->get_tree(context);
+       if (arg_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+       go_assert(COMPLEX_FLOAT_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(arg_tree)));
+       if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_REAL)
+         return fold_build1_loc(location, REALPART_EXPR,
+                                TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(arg_tree)),
+                                arg_tree);
+       else
+         return fold_build1_loc(location, IMAGPART_EXPR,
+                                TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(arg_tree)),
+                                arg_tree);
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_COMPLEX:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       go_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 2);
+       tree r = args->front()->get_tree(context);
+       tree i = args->back()->get_tree(context);
+       if (r == error_mark_node || i == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+       go_assert(TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(TREE_TYPE(r))
+                  == TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(TREE_TYPE(i)));
+       go_assert(SCALAR_FLOAT_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(r)));
+       return fold_build2_loc(location, COMPLEX_EXPR,
+                              build_complex_type(TREE_TYPE(r)),
+                              r, i);
+      }
+
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// We have to support exporting a builtin call expression, because
+// code can set a constant to the result of a builtin expression.
+
+void
+Builtin_call_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  bool ok = false;
+
+  mpz_t val;
+  mpz_init(val);
+  Type* dummy;
+  if (this->integer_constant_value(true, val, &dummy))
+    {
+      Integer_expression::export_integer(exp, val);
+      ok = true;
+    }
+  mpz_clear(val);
+
+  if (!ok)
+    {
+      mpfr_t fval;
+      mpfr_init(fval);
+      if (this->float_constant_value(fval, &dummy))
+       {
+         Float_expression::export_float(exp, fval);
+         ok = true;
+       }
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+    }
+
+  if (!ok)
+    {
+      mpfr_t real;
+      mpfr_t imag;
+      mpfr_init(real);
+      mpfr_init(imag);
+      if (this->complex_constant_value(real, imag, &dummy))
+       {
+         Complex_expression::export_complex(exp, real, imag);
+         ok = true;
+       }
+      mpfr_clear(real);
+      mpfr_clear(imag);
+    }
+
+  if (!ok)
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "value is not constant");
+      return;
+    }
+
+  // A trailing space lets us reliably identify the end of the number.
+  exp->write_c_string(" ");
+}
+
+// Class Call_expression.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Call_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->fn_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->args_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->args_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lower a call statement.
+
+Expression*
+Call_expression::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function, int)
+{
+  // A type case can look like a function call.
+  if (this->fn_->is_type_expression()
+      && this->args_ != NULL
+      && this->args_->size() == 1)
+    return Expression::make_cast(this->fn_->type(), this->args_->front(),
+                                this->location());
+
+  // Recognize a call to a builtin function.
+  Func_expression* fne = this->fn_->func_expression();
+  if (fne != NULL
+      && fne->named_object()->is_function_declaration()
+      && fne->named_object()->func_declaration_value()->type()->is_builtin())
+    return new Builtin_call_expression(gogo, this->fn_, this->args_,
+                                      this->is_varargs_, this->location());
+
+  // Handle an argument which is a call to a function which returns
+  // multiple results.
+  if (this->args_ != NULL
+      && this->args_->size() == 1
+      && this->args_->front()->call_expression() != NULL
+      && this->fn_->type()->function_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      Function_type* fntype = this->fn_->type()->function_type();
+      size_t rc = this->args_->front()->call_expression()->result_count();
+      if (rc > 1
+         && fntype->parameters() != NULL
+         && (fntype->parameters()->size() == rc
+             || (fntype->is_varargs()
+                 && fntype->parameters()->size() - 1 <= rc)))
+       {
+         Call_expression* call = this->args_->front()->call_expression();
+         Expression_list* args = new Expression_list;
+         for (size_t i = 0; i < rc; ++i)
+           args->push_back(Expression::make_call_result(call, i));
+         // We can't return a new call expression here, because this
+         // one may be referenced by Call_result expressions.  We
+         // also can't delete the old arguments, because we may still
+         // traverse them somewhere up the call stack.  FIXME.
+         this->args_ = args;
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Handle a call to a varargs function by packaging up the extra
+  // parameters.
+  if (this->fn_->type()->function_type() != NULL
+      && this->fn_->type()->function_type()->is_varargs())
+    {
+      Function_type* fntype = this->fn_->type()->function_type();
+      const Typed_identifier_list* parameters = fntype->parameters();
+      go_assert(parameters != NULL && !parameters->empty());
+      Type* varargs_type = parameters->back().type();
+      return this->lower_varargs(gogo, function, varargs_type,
+                                parameters->size());
+    }
+
+  return this;
+}
+
+// Lower a call to a varargs function.  FUNCTION is the function in
+// which the call occurs--it's not the function we are calling.
+// VARARGS_TYPE is the type of the varargs parameter, a slice type.
+// PARAM_COUNT is the number of parameters of the function we are
+// calling; the last of these parameters will be the varargs
+// parameter.
+
+Expression*
+Call_expression::lower_varargs(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function,
+                              Type* varargs_type, size_t param_count)
+{
+  if (this->varargs_are_lowered_)
+    return this;
+
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  go_assert(param_count > 0);
+  go_assert(varargs_type->is_open_array_type());
+
+  size_t arg_count = this->args_ == NULL ? 0 : this->args_->size();
+  if (arg_count < param_count - 1)
+    {
+      // Not enough arguments; will be caught in check_types.
+      return this;
+    }
+
+  Expression_list* old_args = this->args_;
+  Expression_list* new_args = new Expression_list();
+  bool push_empty_arg = false;
+  if (old_args == NULL || old_args->empty())
+    {
+      go_assert(param_count == 1);
+      push_empty_arg = true;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Expression_list::const_iterator pa;
+      int i = 1;
+      for (pa = old_args->begin(); pa != old_args->end(); ++pa, ++i)
+       {
+         if (static_cast<size_t>(i) == param_count)
+           break;
+         new_args->push_back(*pa);
+       }
+
+      // We have reached the varargs parameter.
+
+      bool issued_error = false;
+      if (pa == old_args->end())
+       push_empty_arg = true;
+      else if (pa + 1 == old_args->end() && this->is_varargs_)
+       new_args->push_back(*pa);
+      else if (this->is_varargs_)
+       {
+         this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
+         return this;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         Type* element_type = varargs_type->array_type()->element_type();
+         Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list;
+         for (; pa != old_args->end(); ++pa, ++i)
+           {
+             // Check types here so that we get a better message.
+             Type* patype = (*pa)->type();
+             source_location paloc = (*pa)->location();
+             if (!this->check_argument_type(i, element_type, patype,
+                                            paloc, issued_error))
+               continue;
+             vals->push_back(*pa);
+           }
+         Expression* val =
+           Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(varargs_type, vals, loc);
+         new_args->push_back(val);
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (push_empty_arg)
+    new_args->push_back(Expression::make_nil(loc));
+
+  // We can't return a new call expression here, because this one may
+  // be referenced by Call_result expressions.  FIXME.
+  if (old_args != NULL)
+    delete old_args;
+  this->args_ = new_args;
+  this->varargs_are_lowered_ = true;
+
+  // Lower all the new subexpressions.
+  Expression* ret = this;
+  gogo->lower_expression(function, &ret);
+  go_assert(ret == this);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Get the function type.  Returns NULL if we don't know the type.  If
+// this returns NULL, and if_ERROR is true, issues an error.
+
+Function_type*
+Call_expression::get_function_type() const
+{
+  return this->fn_->type()->function_type();
+}
+
+// Return the number of values which this call will return.
+
+size_t
+Call_expression::result_count() const
+{
+  const Function_type* fntype = this->get_function_type();
+  if (fntype == NULL)
+    return 0;
+  if (fntype->results() == NULL)
+    return 0;
+  return fntype->results()->size();
+}
+
+// Return whether this is a call to the predeclared function recover.
+
+bool
+Call_expression::is_recover_call() const
+{
+  return this->do_is_recover_call();
+}
+
+// Set the argument to the recover function.
+
+void
+Call_expression::set_recover_arg(Expression* arg)
+{
+  this->do_set_recover_arg(arg);
+}
+
+// Virtual functions also implemented by Builtin_call_expression.
+
+bool
+Call_expression::do_is_recover_call() const
+{
+  return false;
+}
+
+void
+Call_expression::do_set_recover_arg(Expression*)
+{
+  go_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Get the type.
+
+Type*
+Call_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    return this->type_;
+
+  Type* ret;
+  Function_type* fntype = this->get_function_type();
+  if (fntype == NULL)
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = fntype->results();
+  if (results == NULL)
+    ret = Type::make_void_type();
+  else if (results->size() == 1)
+    ret = results->begin()->type();
+  else
+    ret = Type::make_call_multiple_result_type(this);
+
+  this->type_ = ret;
+
+  return this->type_;
+}
+
+// Determine types for a call expression.  We can use the function
+// parameter types to set the types of the arguments.
+
+void
+Call_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  if (!this->determining_types())
+    return;
+
+  this->fn_->determine_type_no_context();
+  Function_type* fntype = this->get_function_type();
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parameters = NULL;
+  if (fntype != NULL)
+    parameters = fntype->parameters();
+  if (this->args_ != NULL)
+    {
+      Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pt;
+      if (parameters != NULL)
+       pt = parameters->begin();
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pa = this->args_->begin();
+          pa != this->args_->end();
+          ++pa)
+       {
+         if (parameters != NULL && pt != parameters->end())
+           {
+             Type_context subcontext(pt->type(), false);
+             (*pa)->determine_type(&subcontext);
+             ++pt;
+           }
+         else
+           (*pa)->determine_type_no_context();
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Called when determining types for a Call_expression.  Return true
+// if we should go ahead, false if they have already been determined.
+
+bool
+Call_expression::determining_types()
+{
+  if (this->types_are_determined_)
+    return false;
+  else
+    {
+      this->types_are_determined_ = true;
+      return true;
+    }
+}
+
+// Check types for parameter I.
+
+bool
+Call_expression::check_argument_type(int i, const Type* parameter_type,
+                                    const Type* argument_type,
+                                    source_location argument_location,
+                                    bool issued_error)
+{
+  std::string reason;
+  if (!Type::are_assignable(parameter_type, argument_type, &reason))
+    {
+      if (!issued_error)
+       {
+         if (reason.empty())
+           error_at(argument_location, "argument %d has incompatible type", i);
+         else
+           error_at(argument_location,
+                    "argument %d has incompatible type (%s)",
+                    i, reason.c_str());
+       }
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return false;
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+Call_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Function_type* fntype = this->get_function_type();
+  if (fntype == NULL)
+    {
+      if (!this->fn_->type()->is_error())
+       this->report_error(_("expected function"));
+      return;
+    }
+
+  if (fntype->is_method())
+    {
+      // We don't support pointers to methods, so the function has to
+      // be a bound method expression.
+      Bound_method_expression* bme = this->fn_->bound_method_expression();
+      if (bme == NULL)
+       {
+         this->report_error(_("method call without object"));
+         return;
+       }
+      Type* first_arg_type = bme->first_argument()->type();
+      if (first_arg_type->points_to() == NULL)
+       {
+         // When passing a value, we need to check that we are
+         // permitted to copy it.  The language permits copying
+         // hidden fields for a method receiver.
+         std::string reason;
+         if (!Type::are_assignable_hidden_ok(fntype->receiver()->type(),
+                                             first_arg_type, &reason))
+           {
+             if (reason.empty())
+               this->report_error(_("incompatible type for receiver"));
+             else
+               {
+                 error_at(this->location(),
+                          "incompatible type for receiver (%s)",
+                          reason.c_str());
+                 this->set_is_error();
+               }
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Note that varargs was handled by the lower_varargs() method, so
+  // we don't have to worry about it here.
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parameters = fntype->parameters();
+  if (this->args_ == NULL)
+    {
+      if (parameters != NULL && !parameters->empty())
+       this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
+    }
+  else if (parameters == NULL)
+    this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
+  else
+    {
+      int i = 0;
+      Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pt = parameters->begin();
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pa = this->args_->begin();
+          pa != this->args_->end();
+          ++pa, ++pt, ++i)
+       {
+         if (pt == parameters->end())
+           {
+             this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
+             return;
+           }
+         this->check_argument_type(i + 1, pt->type(), (*pa)->type(),
+                                   (*pa)->location(), false);
+       }
+      if (pt != parameters->end())
+       this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
+    }
+}
+
+// Return whether we have to use a temporary variable to ensure that
+// we evaluate this call expression in order.  If the call returns no
+// results then it will inevitably be executed last.  If the call
+// returns more than one result then it will be used with Call_result
+// expressions.  So we only have to use a temporary variable if the
+// call returns exactly one result.
+
+bool
+Call_expression::do_must_eval_in_order() const
+{
+  return this->result_count() == 1;
+}
+
+// Get the function and the first argument to use when calling a bound
+// method.
+
+tree
+Call_expression::bound_method_function(Translate_context* context,
+                                      Bound_method_expression* bound_method,
+                                      tree* first_arg_ptr)
+{
+  Expression* first_argument = bound_method->first_argument();
+  tree first_arg = first_argument->get_tree(context);
+  if (first_arg == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  // We always pass a pointer to the first argument when calling a
+  // method.
+  if (first_argument->type()->points_to() == NULL)
+    {
+      tree pointer_to_arg_type = build_pointer_type(TREE_TYPE(first_arg));
+      if (TREE_ADDRESSABLE(TREE_TYPE(first_arg))
+         || DECL_P(first_arg)
+         || TREE_CODE(first_arg) == INDIRECT_REF
+         || TREE_CODE(first_arg) == COMPONENT_REF)
+       {
+         first_arg = build_fold_addr_expr(first_arg);
+         if (DECL_P(first_arg))
+           TREE_ADDRESSABLE(first_arg) = 1;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         tree tmp = create_tmp_var(TREE_TYPE(first_arg),
+                                   get_name(first_arg));
+         DECL_IGNORED_P(tmp) = 0;
+         DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = first_arg;
+         first_arg = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, pointer_to_arg_type,
+                            build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, tmp),
+                            build_fold_addr_expr(tmp));
+         TREE_ADDRESSABLE(tmp) = 1;
+       }
+      if (first_arg == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  Type* fatype = bound_method->first_argument_type();
+  if (fatype != NULL)
+    {
+      if (fatype->points_to() == NULL)
+       fatype = Type::make_pointer_type(fatype);
+      first_arg = fold_convert(fatype->get_tree(context->gogo()), first_arg);
+      if (first_arg == error_mark_node
+         || TREE_TYPE(first_arg) == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  *first_arg_ptr = first_arg;
+
+  return bound_method->method()->get_tree(context);
+}
+
+// Get the function and the first argument to use when calling an
+// interface method.
+
+tree
+Call_expression::interface_method_function(
+    Translate_context* context,
+    Interface_field_reference_expression* interface_method,
+    tree* first_arg_ptr)
+{
+  tree expr = interface_method->expr()->get_tree(context);
+  if (expr == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  expr = save_expr(expr);
+  tree first_arg = interface_method->get_underlying_object_tree(context, expr);
+  if (first_arg == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  *first_arg_ptr = first_arg;
+  return interface_method->get_function_tree(context, expr);
+}
+
+// Build the call expression.
+
+tree
+Call_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->tree_ != NULL_TREE)
+    return this->tree_;
+
+  Function_type* fntype = this->get_function_type();
+  if (fntype == NULL)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  if (this->fn_->is_error_expression())
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  Func_expression* func = this->fn_->func_expression();
+  Bound_method_expression* bound_method = this->fn_->bound_method_expression();
+  Interface_field_reference_expression* interface_method =
+    this->fn_->interface_field_reference_expression();
+  const bool has_closure = func != NULL && func->closure() != NULL;
+  const bool is_method = bound_method != NULL || interface_method != NULL;
+  go_assert(!fntype->is_method() || is_method);
+
+  int nargs;
+  tree* args;
+  if (this->args_ == NULL || this->args_->empty())
+    {
+      nargs = is_method ? 1 : 0;
+      args = nargs == 0 ? NULL : new tree[nargs];
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier_list* params = fntype->parameters();
+      go_assert(params != NULL);
+
+      nargs = this->args_->size();
+      int i = is_method ? 1 : 0;
+      nargs += i;
+      args = new tree[nargs];
+
+      Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pp = params->begin();
+      Expression_list::const_iterator pe;
+      for (pe = this->args_->begin();
+          pe != this->args_->end();
+          ++pe, ++pp, ++i)
+       {
+         go_assert(pp != params->end());
+         tree arg_val = (*pe)->get_tree(context);
+         args[i] = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context,
+                                                      pp->type(),
+                                                      (*pe)->type(),
+                                                      arg_val,
+                                                      location);
+         if (args[i] == error_mark_node)
+           {
+             delete[] args;
+             return error_mark_node;
+           }
+       }
+      go_assert(pp == params->end());
+      go_assert(i == nargs);
+    }
+
+  tree rettype = TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(fntype->get_tree(gogo)));
+  if (rettype == error_mark_node)
+    {
+      delete[] args;
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  tree fn;
+  if (has_closure)
+    fn = func->get_tree_without_closure(gogo);
+  else if (!is_method)
+    fn = this->fn_->get_tree(context);
+  else if (bound_method != NULL)
+    fn = this->bound_method_function(context, bound_method, &args[0]);
+  else if (interface_method != NULL)
+    fn = this->interface_method_function(context, interface_method, &args[0]);
+  else
+    go_unreachable();
+
+  if (fn == error_mark_node || TREE_TYPE(fn) == error_mark_node)
+    {
+      delete[] args;
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  tree fndecl = fn;
+  if (TREE_CODE(fndecl) == ADDR_EXPR)
+    fndecl = TREE_OPERAND(fndecl, 0);
+
+  // Add a type cast in case the type of the function is a recursive
+  // type which refers to itself.
+  if (!DECL_P(fndecl) || !DECL_IS_BUILTIN(fndecl))
+    {
+      tree fnt = fntype->get_tree(gogo);
+      if (fnt == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      fn = fold_convert_loc(location, fnt, fn);
+    }
+
+  // This is to support builtin math functions when using 80387 math.
+  tree excess_type = NULL_TREE;
+  if (TREE_CODE(fndecl) == FUNCTION_DECL
+      && DECL_IS_BUILTIN(fndecl)
+      && DECL_BUILT_IN_CLASS(fndecl) == BUILT_IN_NORMAL
+      && nargs > 0
+      && ((SCALAR_FLOAT_TYPE_P(rettype)
+          && SCALAR_FLOAT_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(args[0])))
+         || (COMPLEX_FLOAT_TYPE_P(rettype)
+             && COMPLEX_FLOAT_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(args[0])))))
+    {
+      excess_type = excess_precision_type(TREE_TYPE(args[0]));
+      if (excess_type != NULL_TREE)
+       {
+         tree excess_fndecl = mathfn_built_in(excess_type,
+                                              DECL_FUNCTION_CODE(fndecl));
+         if (excess_fndecl == NULL_TREE)
+           excess_type = NULL_TREE;
+         else
+           {
+             fn = build_fold_addr_expr_loc(location, excess_fndecl);
+             for (int i = 0; i < nargs; ++i)
+               args[i] = ::convert(excess_type, args[i]);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  tree ret = build_call_array(excess_type != NULL_TREE ? excess_type : rettype,
+                             fn, nargs, args);
+  delete[] args;
+
+  SET_EXPR_LOCATION(ret, location);
+
+  if (has_closure)
+    {
+      tree closure_tree = func->closure()->get_tree(context);
+      if (closure_tree != error_mark_node)
+       CALL_EXPR_STATIC_CHAIN(ret) = closure_tree;
+    }
+
+  // If this is a recursive function type which returns itself, as in
+  //   type F func() F
+  // we have used ptr_type_node for the return type.  Add a cast here
+  // to the correct type.
+  if (TREE_TYPE(ret) == ptr_type_node)
+    {
+      tree t = this->type()->base()->get_tree(gogo);
+      ret = fold_convert_loc(location, t, ret);
+    }
+
+  if (excess_type != NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      // Calling convert here can undo our excess precision change.
+      // That may or may not be a bug in convert_to_real.
+      ret = build1(NOP_EXPR, rettype, ret);
+    }
+
+  // If there is more than one result, we will refer to the call
+  // multiple times.
+  if (fntype->results() != NULL && fntype->results()->size() > 1)
+    ret = save_expr(ret);
+
+  this->tree_ = ret;
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Make a call expression.
+
+Call_expression*
+Expression::make_call(Expression* fn, Expression_list* args, bool is_varargs,
+                     source_location location)
+{
+  return new Call_expression(fn, args, is_varargs, location);
+}
+
+// A single result from a call which returns multiple results.
+
+class Call_result_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Call_result_expression(Call_expression* call, unsigned int index)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_CALL_RESULT, call->location()),
+      call_(call), index_(index)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Call_result_expression(this->call_->call_expression(),
+                                     this->index_);
+  }
+
+  bool
+  do_must_eval_in_order() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The underlying call expression.
+  Expression* call_;
+  // Which result we want.
+  unsigned int index_;
+};
+
+// Traverse a call result.
+
+int
+Call_result_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (traverse->remember_expression(this->call_))
+    {
+      // We have already traversed the call expression.
+      return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    }
+  return Expression::traverse(&this->call_, traverse);
+}
+
+// Get the type.
+
+Type*
+Call_result_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->classification() == EXPRESSION_ERROR)
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+
+  // THIS->CALL_ can be replaced with a temporary reference due to
+  // Call_expression::do_must_eval_in_order when there is an error.
+  Call_expression* ce = this->call_->call_expression();
+  if (ce == NULL)
+    {
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+  Function_type* fntype = ce->get_function_type();
+  if (fntype == NULL)
+    {
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = fntype->results();
+  if (results == NULL)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("number of results does not match "
+                          "number of values"));
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+  Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pr = results->begin();
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < this->index_; ++i)
+    {
+      if (pr == results->end())
+       break;
+      ++pr;
+    }
+  if (pr == results->end())
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("number of results does not match "
+                          "number of values"));
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+  return pr->type();
+}
+
+// Check the type.  Just make sure that we trigger the warning in
+// do_type.
+
+void
+Call_result_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  this->type();
+}
+
+// Determine the type.  We have nothing to do here, but the 0 result
+// needs to pass down to the caller.
+
+void
+Call_result_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  this->call_->determine_type_no_context();
+}
+
+// Return the tree.
+
+tree
+Call_result_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree call_tree = this->call_->get_tree(context);
+  if (call_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  if (TREE_CODE(TREE_TYPE(call_tree)) != RECORD_TYPE)
+    {
+      go_assert(saw_errors());
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(TREE_TYPE(call_tree));
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < this->index_; ++i)
+    {
+      go_assert(field != NULL_TREE);
+      field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+    }
+  go_assert(field != NULL_TREE);
+  return build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), call_tree, field, NULL_TREE);
+}
+
+// Make a reference to a single result of a call which returns
+// multiple results.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_call_result(Call_expression* call, unsigned int index)
+{
+  return new Call_result_expression(call, index);
+}
+
+// Class Index_expression.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Index_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->left_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || Expression::traverse(&this->start_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || (this->end_ != NULL
+         && Expression::traverse(&this->end_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT))
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lower an index expression.  This converts the generic index
+// expression into an array index, a string index, or a map index.
+
+Expression*
+Index_expression::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  Expression* left = this->left_;
+  Expression* start = this->start_;
+  Expression* end = this->end_;
+
+  Type* type = left->type();
+  if (type->is_error())
+    return Expression::make_error(location);
+  else if (left->is_type_expression())
+    {
+      error_at(location, "attempt to index type expression");
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    }
+  else if (type->array_type() != NULL)
+    return Expression::make_array_index(left, start, end, location);
+  else if (type->points_to() != NULL
+          && type->points_to()->array_type() != NULL
+          && !type->points_to()->is_open_array_type())
+    {
+      Expression* deref = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, left,
+                                                location);
+      return Expression::make_array_index(deref, start, end, location);
+    }
+  else if (type->is_string_type())
+    return Expression::make_string_index(left, start, end, location);
+  else if (type->map_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (end != NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "invalid slice of map");
+         return Expression::make_error(location);
+       }
+      Map_index_expression* ret= Expression::make_map_index(left, start,
+                                                           location);
+      if (this->is_lvalue_)
+       ret->set_is_lvalue();
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(location,
+              "attempt to index object which is not array, string, or map");
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    }
+}
+
+// Make an index expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_index(Expression* left, Expression* start, Expression* end,
+                      source_location location)
+{
+  return new Index_expression(left, start, end, location);
+}
+
+// An array index.  This is used for both indexing and slicing.
+
+class Array_index_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Array_index_expression(Expression* array, Expression* start,
+                        Expression* end, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_ARRAY_INDEX, location),
+      array_(array), start_(start), end_(end), type_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return Expression::make_array_index(this->array_->copy(),
+                                       this->start_->copy(),
+                                       (this->end_ == NULL
+                                        ? NULL
+                                        : this->end_->copy()),
+                                       this->location());
+  }
+
+  bool
+  do_is_addressable() const;
+
+  void
+  do_address_taken(bool escapes)
+  { this->array_->address_taken(escapes); }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The array we are getting a value from.
+  Expression* array_;
+  // The start or only index.
+  Expression* start_;
+  // The end index of a slice.  This may be NULL for a simple array
+  // index, or it may be a nil expression for the length of the array.
+  Expression* end_;
+  // The type of the expression.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+// Array index traversal.
+
+int
+Array_index_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->array_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->start_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->end_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (Expression::traverse(&this->end_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Return the type of an array index.
+
+Type*
+Array_index_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    {
+     Array_type* type = this->array_->type()->array_type();
+      if (type == NULL)
+       this->type_ = Type::make_error_type();
+      else if (this->end_ == NULL)
+       this->type_ = type->element_type();
+      else if (type->is_open_array_type())
+       {
+         // A slice of a slice has the same type as the original
+         // slice.
+         this->type_ = this->array_->type()->deref();
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // A slice of an array is a slice.
+         this->type_ = Type::make_array_type(type->element_type(), NULL);
+       }
+    }
+  return this->type_;
+}
+
+// Set the type of an array index.
+
+void
+Array_index_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  this->array_->determine_type_no_context();
+  this->start_->determine_type_no_context();
+  if (this->end_ != NULL)
+    this->end_->determine_type_no_context();
+}
+
+// Check types of an array index.
+
+void
+Array_index_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->start_->type()->integer_type() == NULL)
+    this->report_error(_("index must be integer"));
+  if (this->end_ != NULL
+      && this->end_->type()->integer_type() == NULL
+      && !this->end_->is_nil_expression())
+    this->report_error(_("slice end must be integer"));
+
+  Array_type* array_type = this->array_->type()->array_type();
+  if (array_type == NULL)
+    {
+      go_assert(this->array_->type()->is_error());
+      return;
+    }
+
+  unsigned int int_bits =
+    Type::lookup_integer_type("int")->integer_type()->bits();
+
+  Type* dummy;
+  mpz_t lval;
+  mpz_init(lval);
+  bool lval_valid = (array_type->length() != NULL
+                    && array_type->length()->integer_constant_value(true,
+                                                                    lval,
+                                                                    &dummy));
+  mpz_t ival;
+  mpz_init(ival);
+  if (this->start_->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &dummy))
+    {
+      if (mpz_sgn(ival) < 0
+         || mpz_sizeinbase(ival, 2) >= int_bits
+         || (lval_valid
+             && (this->end_ == NULL
+                 ? mpz_cmp(ival, lval) >= 0
+                 : mpz_cmp(ival, lval) > 0)))
+       {
+         error_at(this->start_->location(), "array index out of bounds");
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+  if (this->end_ != NULL && !this->end_->is_nil_expression())
+    {
+      if (this->end_->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &dummy))
+       {
+         if (mpz_sgn(ival) < 0
+             || mpz_sizeinbase(ival, 2) >= int_bits
+             || (lval_valid && mpz_cmp(ival, lval) > 0))
+           {
+             error_at(this->end_->location(), "array index out of bounds");
+             this->set_is_error();
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  mpz_clear(ival);
+  mpz_clear(lval);
+
+  // A slice of an array requires an addressable array.  A slice of a
+  // slice is always possible.
+  if (this->end_ != NULL && !array_type->is_open_array_type())
+    {
+      if (!this->array_->is_addressable())
+       this->report_error(_("array is not addressable"));
+      else
+       this->array_->address_taken(true);
+    }
+}
+
+// Return whether this expression is addressable.
+
+bool
+Array_index_expression::do_is_addressable() const
+{
+  // A slice expression is not addressable.
+  if (this->end_ != NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  // An index into a slice is addressable.
+  if (this->array_->type()->is_open_array_type())
+    return true;
+
+  // An index into an array is addressable if the array is
+  // addressable.
+  return this->array_->is_addressable();
+}
+
+// Get a tree for an array index.
+
+tree
+Array_index_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  Array_type* array_type = this->array_->type()->array_type();
+  if (array_type == NULL)
+    {
+      go_assert(this->array_->type()->is_error());
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  tree type_tree = array_type->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree array_tree = this->array_->get_tree(context);
+  if (array_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  if (array_type->length() == NULL && !DECL_P(array_tree))
+    array_tree = save_expr(array_tree);
+  tree length_tree = array_type->length_tree(gogo, array_tree);
+  if (length_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  length_tree = save_expr(length_tree);
+  tree length_type = TREE_TYPE(length_tree);
+
+  tree bad_index = boolean_false_node;
+
+  tree start_tree = this->start_->get_tree(context);
+  if (start_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  if (!DECL_P(start_tree))
+    start_tree = save_expr(start_tree);
+  if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(start_tree)))
+    start_tree = convert_to_integer(length_type, start_tree);
+
+  bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(start_tree, length_type, bad_index,
+                                      loc);
+
+  start_tree = fold_convert_loc(loc, length_type, start_tree);
+  bad_index = fold_build2_loc(loc, TRUTH_OR_EXPR, boolean_type_node, bad_index,
+                             fold_build2_loc(loc,
+                                             (this->end_ == NULL
+                                              ? GE_EXPR
+                                              : GT_EXPR),
+                                             boolean_type_node, start_tree,
+                                             length_tree));
+
+  int code = (array_type->length() != NULL
+             ? (this->end_ == NULL
+                ? RUNTIME_ERROR_ARRAY_INDEX_OUT_OF_BOUNDS
+                : RUNTIME_ERROR_ARRAY_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS)
+             : (this->end_ == NULL
+                ? RUNTIME_ERROR_SLICE_INDEX_OUT_OF_BOUNDS
+                : RUNTIME_ERROR_SLICE_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS));
+  tree crash = Gogo::runtime_error(code, loc);
+
+  if (this->end_ == NULL)
+    {
+      // Simple array indexing.  This has to return an l-value, so
+      // wrap the index check into START_TREE.
+      start_tree = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(start_tree),
+                         build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                bad_index, crash, NULL_TREE),
+                         start_tree);
+      start_tree = fold_convert_loc(loc, sizetype, start_tree);
+
+      if (array_type->length() != NULL)
+       {
+         // Fixed array.
+         return build4(ARRAY_REF, TREE_TYPE(type_tree), array_tree,
+                       start_tree, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // Open array.
+         tree values = array_type->value_pointer_tree(gogo, array_tree);
+         tree element_type_tree = array_type->element_type()->get_tree(gogo);
+         if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         tree element_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(element_type_tree);
+         tree offset = fold_build2_loc(loc, MULT_EXPR, sizetype,
+                                       start_tree, element_size);
+         tree ptr = fold_build2_loc(loc, POINTER_PLUS_EXPR,
+                                    TREE_TYPE(values), values, offset);
+         return build_fold_indirect_ref(ptr);
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Array slice.
+
+  tree capacity_tree = array_type->capacity_tree(gogo, array_tree);
+  if (capacity_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  capacity_tree = fold_convert_loc(loc, length_type, capacity_tree);
+
+  tree end_tree;
+  if (this->end_->is_nil_expression())
+    end_tree = length_tree;
+  else
+    {
+      end_tree = this->end_->get_tree(context);
+      if (end_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      if (!DECL_P(end_tree))
+       end_tree = save_expr(end_tree);
+      if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(end_tree)))
+       end_tree = convert_to_integer(length_type, end_tree);
+
+      bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(end_tree, length_type, bad_index,
+                                          loc);
+
+      end_tree = fold_convert_loc(loc, length_type, end_tree);
+
+      capacity_tree = save_expr(capacity_tree);
+      tree bad_end = fold_build2_loc(loc, TRUTH_OR_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                                    fold_build2_loc(loc, LT_EXPR,
+                                                    boolean_type_node,
+                                                    end_tree, start_tree),
+                                    fold_build2_loc(loc, GT_EXPR,
+                                                    boolean_type_node,
+                                                    end_tree, capacity_tree));
+      bad_index = fold_build2_loc(loc, TRUTH_OR_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                                 bad_index, bad_end);
+    }
+
+  tree element_type_tree = array_type->element_type()->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  tree element_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(element_type_tree);
+
+  tree offset = fold_build2_loc(loc, MULT_EXPR, sizetype,
+                               fold_convert_loc(loc, sizetype, start_tree),
+                               element_size);
+
+  tree value_pointer = array_type->value_pointer_tree(gogo, array_tree);
+  if (value_pointer == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  value_pointer = fold_build2_loc(loc, POINTER_PLUS_EXPR,
+                                 TREE_TYPE(value_pointer),
+                                 value_pointer, offset);
+
+  tree result_length_tree = fold_build2_loc(loc, MINUS_EXPR, length_type,
+                                           end_tree, start_tree);
+
+  tree result_capacity_tree = fold_build2_loc(loc, MINUS_EXPR, length_type,
+                                             capacity_tree, start_tree);
+
+  tree struct_tree = this->type()->get_tree(gogo);
+  go_assert(TREE_CODE(struct_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 3);
+
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(struct_tree);
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__values") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = value_pointer;
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__count") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert_loc(loc, TREE_TYPE(field), result_length_tree);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__capacity") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert_loc(loc, TREE_TYPE(field), result_capacity_tree);
+
+  tree constructor = build_constructor(struct_tree, init);
+
+  if (TREE_CONSTANT(value_pointer)
+      && TREE_CONSTANT(result_length_tree)
+      && TREE_CONSTANT(result_capacity_tree))
+    TREE_CONSTANT(constructor) = 1;
+
+  return fold_build2_loc(loc, COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(constructor),
+                        build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                               bad_index, crash, NULL_TREE),
+                        constructor);
+}
+
+// Make an array index expression.  END may be NULL.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_array_index(Expression* array, Expression* start,
+                            Expression* end, source_location location)
+{
+  // Taking a slice of a composite literal requires moving the literal
+  // onto the heap.
+  if (end != NULL && array->is_composite_literal())
+    {
+      array = Expression::make_heap_composite(array, location);
+      array = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, array, location);
+    }
+  return new Array_index_expression(array, start, end, location);
+}
+
+// A string index.  This is used for both indexing and slicing.
+
+class String_index_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  String_index_expression(Expression* string, Expression* start,
+                         Expression* end, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_STRING_INDEX, location),
+      string_(string), start_(start), end_(end)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return Expression::make_string_index(this->string_->copy(),
+                                        this->start_->copy(),
+                                        (this->end_ == NULL
+                                         ? NULL
+                                         : this->end_->copy()),
+                                        this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The string we are getting a value from.
+  Expression* string_;
+  // The start or only index.
+  Expression* start_;
+  // The end index of a slice.  This may be NULL for a single index,
+  // or it may be a nil expression for the length of the string.
+  Expression* end_;
+};
+
+// String index traversal.
+
+int
+String_index_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->string_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->start_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->end_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (Expression::traverse(&this->end_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Return the type of a string index.
+
+Type*
+String_index_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->end_ == NULL)
+    return Type::lookup_integer_type("uint8");
+  else
+    return this->string_->type();
+}
+
+// Determine the type of a string index.
+
+void
+String_index_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  this->string_->determine_type_no_context();
+  this->start_->determine_type_no_context();
+  if (this->end_ != NULL)
+    this->end_->determine_type_no_context();
+}
+
+// Check types of a string index.
+
+void
+String_index_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->start_->type()->integer_type() == NULL)
+    this->report_error(_("index must be integer"));
+  if (this->end_ != NULL
+      && this->end_->type()->integer_type() == NULL
+      && !this->end_->is_nil_expression())
+    this->report_error(_("slice end must be integer"));
+
+  std::string sval;
+  bool sval_valid = this->string_->string_constant_value(&sval);
+
+  mpz_t ival;
+  mpz_init(ival);
+  Type* dummy;
+  if (this->start_->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &dummy))
+    {
+      if (mpz_sgn(ival) < 0
+         || (sval_valid && mpz_cmp_ui(ival, sval.length()) >= 0))
+       {
+         error_at(this->start_->location(), "string index out of bounds");
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+  if (this->end_ != NULL && !this->end_->is_nil_expression())
+    {
+      if (this->end_->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &dummy))
+       {
+         if (mpz_sgn(ival) < 0
+             || (sval_valid && mpz_cmp_ui(ival, sval.length()) > 0))
+           {
+             error_at(this->end_->location(), "string index out of bounds");
+             this->set_is_error();
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  mpz_clear(ival);
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a string index.
+
+tree
+String_index_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  tree string_tree = this->string_->get_tree(context);
+  if (string_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  if (this->string_->type()->points_to() != NULL)
+    string_tree = build_fold_indirect_ref(string_tree);
+  if (!DECL_P(string_tree))
+    string_tree = save_expr(string_tree);
+  tree string_type = TREE_TYPE(string_tree);
+
+  tree length_tree = String_type::length_tree(context->gogo(), string_tree);
+  length_tree = save_expr(length_tree);
+  tree length_type = TREE_TYPE(length_tree);
+
+  tree bad_index = boolean_false_node;
+
+  tree start_tree = this->start_->get_tree(context);
+  if (start_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  if (!DECL_P(start_tree))
+    start_tree = save_expr(start_tree);
+  if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(start_tree)))
+    start_tree = convert_to_integer(length_type, start_tree);
+
+  bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(start_tree, length_type, bad_index,
+                                      loc);
+
+  start_tree = fold_convert_loc(loc, length_type, start_tree);
+
+  int code = (this->end_ == NULL
+             ? RUNTIME_ERROR_STRING_INDEX_OUT_OF_BOUNDS
+             : RUNTIME_ERROR_STRING_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS);
+  tree crash = Gogo::runtime_error(code, loc);
+
+  if (this->end_ == NULL)
+    {
+      bad_index = fold_build2_loc(loc, TRUTH_OR_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                                 bad_index,
+                                 fold_build2_loc(loc, GE_EXPR,
+                                                 boolean_type_node,
+                                                 start_tree, length_tree));
+
+      tree bytes_tree = String_type::bytes_tree(context->gogo(), string_tree);
+      tree ptr = fold_build2_loc(loc, POINTER_PLUS_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(bytes_tree),
+                                bytes_tree,
+                                fold_convert_loc(loc, sizetype, start_tree));
+      tree index = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(loc, ptr);
+
+      return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(index),
+                   build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                          bad_index, crash, NULL_TREE),
+                   index);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      tree end_tree;
+      if (this->end_->is_nil_expression())
+       end_tree = build_int_cst(length_type, -1);
+      else
+       {
+         end_tree = this->end_->get_tree(context);
+         if (end_tree == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         if (!DECL_P(end_tree))
+           end_tree = save_expr(end_tree);
+         if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(end_tree)))
+           end_tree = convert_to_integer(length_type, end_tree);
+
+         bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(end_tree, length_type,
+                                              bad_index, loc);
+
+         end_tree = fold_convert_loc(loc, length_type, end_tree);
+       }
+
+      static tree strslice_fndecl;
+      tree ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&strslice_fndecl,
+                                   loc,
+                                   "__go_string_slice",
+                                   3,
+                                   string_type,
+                                   string_type,
+                                   string_tree,
+                                   length_type,
+                                   start_tree,
+                                   length_type,
+                                   end_tree);
+      if (ret == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      // This will panic if the bounds are out of range for the
+      // string.
+      TREE_NOTHROW(strslice_fndecl) = 0;
+
+      if (bad_index == boolean_false_node)
+       return ret;
+      else
+       return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(ret),
+                     build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                            bad_index, crash, NULL_TREE),
+                     ret);
+    }
+}
+
+// Make a string index expression.  END may be NULL.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_string_index(Expression* string, Expression* start,
+                             Expression* end, source_location location)
+{
+  return new String_index_expression(string, start, end, location);
+}
+
+// Class Map_index.
+
+// Get the type of the map.
+
+Map_type*
+Map_index_expression::get_map_type() const
+{
+  Map_type* mt = this->map_->type()->deref()->map_type();
+  if (mt == NULL)
+    go_assert(saw_errors());
+  return mt;
+}
+
+// Map index traversal.
+
+int
+Map_index_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->map_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return Expression::traverse(&this->index_, traverse);
+}
+
+// Return the type of a map index.
+
+Type*
+Map_index_expression::do_type()
+{
+  Map_type* mt = this->get_map_type();
+  if (mt == NULL)
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+  Type* type = mt->val_type();
+  // If this map index is in a tuple assignment, we actually return a
+  // pointer to the value type.  Tuple_map_assignment_statement is
+  // responsible for handling this correctly.  We need to get the type
+  // right in case this gets assigned to a temporary variable.
+  if (this->is_in_tuple_assignment_)
+    type = Type::make_pointer_type(type);
+  return type;
+}
+
+// Fix the type of a map index.
+
+void
+Map_index_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  this->map_->determine_type_no_context();
+  Map_type* mt = this->get_map_type();
+  Type* key_type = mt == NULL ? NULL : mt->key_type();
+  Type_context subcontext(key_type, false);
+  this->index_->determine_type(&subcontext);
+}
+
+// Check types of a map index.
+
+void
+Map_index_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  std::string reason;
+  Map_type* mt = this->get_map_type();
+  if (mt == NULL)
+    return;
+  if (!Type::are_assignable(mt->key_type(), this->index_->type(), &reason))
+    {
+      if (reason.empty())
+       this->report_error(_("incompatible type for map index"));
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "incompatible type for map index (%s)",
+                  reason.c_str());
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a map index.
+
+tree
+Map_index_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Map_type* type = this->get_map_type();
+  if (type == NULL)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree valptr = this->get_value_pointer(context, this->is_lvalue_);
+  if (valptr == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  valptr = save_expr(valptr);
+
+  tree val_type_tree = TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(valptr));
+
+  if (this->is_lvalue_)
+    return build_fold_indirect_ref(valptr);
+  else if (this->is_in_tuple_assignment_)
+    {
+      // Tuple_map_assignment_statement is responsible for using this
+      // appropriately.
+      return valptr;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      return fold_build3(COND_EXPR, val_type_tree,
+                        fold_build2(EQ_EXPR, boolean_type_node, valptr,
+                                    fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(valptr),
+                                                 null_pointer_node)),
+                        type->val_type()->get_init_tree(context->gogo(),
+                                                        false),
+                        build_fold_indirect_ref(valptr));
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree for the map index.  This returns a tree which evaluates
+// to a pointer to a value.  The pointer will be NULL if the key is
+// not in the map.
+
+tree
+Map_index_expression::get_value_pointer(Translate_context* context,
+                                       bool insert)
+{
+  Map_type* type = this->get_map_type();
+  if (type == NULL)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree map_tree = this->map_->get_tree(context);
+  tree index_tree = this->index_->get_tree(context);
+  index_tree = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, type->key_type(),
+                                                 this->index_->type(),
+                                                 index_tree,
+                                                 this->location());
+  if (map_tree == error_mark_node || index_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  if (this->map_->type()->points_to() != NULL)
+    map_tree = build_fold_indirect_ref(map_tree);
+
+  // We need to pass in a pointer to the key, so stuff it into a
+  // variable.
+  tree tmp;
+  tree make_tmp;
+  if (current_function_decl != NULL)
+    {
+      tmp = create_tmp_var(TREE_TYPE(index_tree), get_name(index_tree));
+      DECL_IGNORED_P(tmp) = 0;
+      DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = index_tree;
+      make_tmp = build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, tmp);
+      TREE_ADDRESSABLE(tmp) = 1;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      tmp = build_decl(this->location(), VAR_DECL, create_tmp_var_name("M"),
+                      TREE_TYPE(index_tree));
+      DECL_EXTERNAL(tmp) = 0;
+      TREE_PUBLIC(tmp) = 0;
+      TREE_STATIC(tmp) = 1;
+      DECL_ARTIFICIAL(tmp) = 1;
+      if (!TREE_CONSTANT(index_tree))
+       make_tmp = fold_build2_loc(this->location(), INIT_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                  tmp, index_tree);
+      else
+       {
+         TREE_READONLY(tmp) = 1;
+         TREE_CONSTANT(tmp) = 1;
+         DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = index_tree;
+         make_tmp = NULL_TREE;
+       }
+      rest_of_decl_compilation(tmp, 1, 0);
+    }
+  tree tmpref = fold_convert_loc(this->location(), const_ptr_type_node,
+                                build_fold_addr_expr_loc(this->location(),
+                                                         tmp));
+
+  static tree map_index_fndecl;
+  tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&map_index_fndecl,
+                                this->location(),
+                                "__go_map_index",
+                                3,
+                                const_ptr_type_node,
+                                TREE_TYPE(map_tree),
+                                map_tree,
+                                const_ptr_type_node,
+                                tmpref,
+                                boolean_type_node,
+                                (insert
+                                 ? boolean_true_node
+                                 : boolean_false_node));
+  if (call == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  // This can panic on a map of interface type if the interface holds
+  // an uncomparable or unhashable type.
+  TREE_NOTHROW(map_index_fndecl) = 0;
+
+  tree val_type_tree = type->val_type()->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  if (val_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  tree ptr_val_type_tree = build_pointer_type(val_type_tree);
+
+  tree ret = fold_convert_loc(this->location(), ptr_val_type_tree, call);
+  if (make_tmp != NULL_TREE)
+    ret = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, ptr_val_type_tree, make_tmp, ret);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Make a map index expression.
+
+Map_index_expression*
+Expression::make_map_index(Expression* map, Expression* index,
+                          source_location location)
+{
+  return new Map_index_expression(map, index, location);
+}
+
+// Class Field_reference_expression.
+
+// Return the type of a field reference.
+
+Type*
+Field_reference_expression::do_type()
+{
+  Type* type = this->expr_->type();
+  if (type->is_error())
+    return type;
+  Struct_type* struct_type = type->struct_type();
+  go_assert(struct_type != NULL);
+  return struct_type->field(this->field_index_)->type();
+}
+
+// Check the types for a field reference.
+
+void
+Field_reference_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Type* type = this->expr_->type();
+  if (type->is_error())
+    return;
+  Struct_type* struct_type = type->struct_type();
+  go_assert(struct_type != NULL);
+  go_assert(struct_type->field(this->field_index_) != NULL);
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a field reference.
+
+tree
+Field_reference_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree struct_tree = this->expr_->get_tree(context);
+  if (struct_tree == error_mark_node
+      || TREE_TYPE(struct_tree) == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  go_assert(TREE_CODE(TREE_TYPE(struct_tree)) == RECORD_TYPE);
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(TREE_TYPE(struct_tree));
+  if (field == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      // This can happen for a type which refers to itself indirectly
+      // and then turns out to be erroneous.
+      go_assert(saw_errors());
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+  for (unsigned int i = this->field_index_; i > 0; --i)
+    {
+      field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+      go_assert(field != NULL_TREE);
+    }
+  if (TREE_TYPE(field) == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  return build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), struct_tree, field,
+               NULL_TREE);
+}
+
+// Make a reference to a qualified identifier in an expression.
+
+Field_reference_expression*
+Expression::make_field_reference(Expression* expr, unsigned int field_index,
+                                source_location location)
+{
+  return new Field_reference_expression(expr, field_index, location);
+}
+
+// Class Interface_field_reference_expression.
+
+// Return a tree for the pointer to the function to call.
+
+tree
+Interface_field_reference_expression::get_function_tree(Translate_context*,
+                                                       tree expr)
+{
+  if (this->expr_->type()->points_to() != NULL)
+    expr = build_fold_indirect_ref(expr);
+
+  tree expr_type = TREE_TYPE(expr);
+  go_assert(TREE_CODE(expr_type) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(expr_type);
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__methods") == 0);
+
+  tree table = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), expr, field, NULL_TREE);
+  go_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(table)));
+
+  table = build_fold_indirect_ref(table);
+  go_assert(TREE_CODE(TREE_TYPE(table)) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  std::string name = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(this->name_);
+  for (field = DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(TREE_TYPE(table)));
+       field != NULL_TREE;
+       field = DECL_CHAIN(field))
+    {
+      if (name == IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)))
+       break;
+    }
+  go_assert(field != NULL_TREE);
+
+  return build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), table, field, NULL_TREE);
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the first argument to pass to the interface
+// function.
+
+tree
+Interface_field_reference_expression::get_underlying_object_tree(
+    Translate_context*,
+    tree expr)
+{
+  if (this->expr_->type()->points_to() != NULL)
+    expr = build_fold_indirect_ref(expr);
+
+  tree expr_type = TREE_TYPE(expr);
+  go_assert(TREE_CODE(expr_type) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  tree field = DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(expr_type));
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__object") == 0);
+
+  return build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), expr, field, NULL_TREE);
+}
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Interface_field_reference_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  return Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse);
+}
+
+// Return the type of an interface field reference.
+
+Type*
+Interface_field_reference_expression::do_type()
+{
+  Type* expr_type = this->expr_->type();
+
+  Type* points_to = expr_type->points_to();
+  if (points_to != NULL)
+    expr_type = points_to;
+
+  Interface_type* interface_type = expr_type->interface_type();
+  if (interface_type == NULL)
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+
+  const Typed_identifier* method = interface_type->find_method(this->name_);
+  if (method == NULL)
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+
+  return method->type();
+}
+
+// Determine types.
+
+void
+Interface_field_reference_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  this->expr_->determine_type_no_context();
+}
+
+// Check the types for an interface field reference.
+
+void
+Interface_field_reference_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Type* type = this->expr_->type();
+
+  Type* points_to = type->points_to();
+  if (points_to != NULL)
+    type = points_to;
+
+  Interface_type* interface_type = type->interface_type();
+  if (interface_type == NULL)
+    {
+      if (!type->is_error_type())
+       this->report_error(_("expected interface or pointer to interface"));
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier* method =
+       interface_type->find_method(this->name_);
+      if (method == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "method %qs not in interface",
+                  Gogo::message_name(this->name_).c_str());
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a reference to a field in an interface.  There is no
+// standard tree type representation for this: it's a function
+// attached to its first argument, like a Bound_method_expression.
+// The only places it may currently be used are in a Call_expression
+// or a Go_statement, which will take it apart directly.  So this has
+// nothing to do at present.
+
+tree
+Interface_field_reference_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+{
+  go_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Make a reference to a field in an interface.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_interface_field_reference(Expression* expr,
+                                          const std::string& field,
+                                          source_location location)
+{
+  return new Interface_field_reference_expression(expr, field, location);
+}
+
+// A general selector.  This is a Parser_expression for LEFT.NAME.  It
+// is lowered after we know the type of the left hand side.
+
+class Selector_expression : public Parser_expression
+{
+ public:
+  Selector_expression(Expression* left, const std::string& name,
+                     source_location location)
+    : Parser_expression(EXPRESSION_SELECTOR, location),
+      left_(left), name_(name)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return Expression::traverse(&this->left_, traverse); }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Selector_expression(this->left_->copy(), this->name_,
+                                  this->location());
+  }
+
+ private:
+  Expression*
+  lower_method_expression(Gogo*);
+
+  // The expression on the left hand side.
+  Expression* left_;
+  // The name on the right hand side.
+  std::string name_;
+};
+
+// Lower a selector expression once we know the real type of the left
+// hand side.
+
+Expression*
+Selector_expression::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object*, int)
+{
+  Expression* left = this->left_;
+  if (left->is_type_expression())
+    return this->lower_method_expression(gogo);
+  return Type::bind_field_or_method(gogo, left->type(), left, this->name_,
+                                   this->location());
+}
+
+// Lower a method expression T.M or (*T).M.  We turn this into a
+// function literal.
+
+Expression*
+Selector_expression::lower_method_expression(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  Type* type = this->left_->type();
+  const std::string& name(this->name_);
+
+  bool is_pointer;
+  if (type->points_to() == NULL)
+    is_pointer = false;
+  else
+    {
+      is_pointer = true;
+      type = type->points_to();
+    }
+  Named_type* nt = type->named_type();
+  if (nt == NULL)
+    {
+      error_at(location,
+              ("method expression requires named type or "
+               "pointer to named type"));
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    }
+
+  bool is_ambiguous;
+  Method* method = nt->method_function(name, &is_ambiguous);
+  const Typed_identifier* imethod = NULL;
+  if (method == NULL && !is_pointer)
+    {
+      Interface_type* it = nt->interface_type();
+      if (it != NULL)
+       imethod = it->find_method(name);
+    }
+
+  if (method == NULL && imethod == NULL)
+    {
+      if (!is_ambiguous)
+       error_at(location, "type %<%s%s%> has no method %<%s%>",
+                is_pointer ? "*" : "",
+                nt->message_name().c_str(),
+                Gogo::message_name(name).c_str());
+      else
+       error_at(location, "method %<%s%s%> is ambiguous in type %<%s%>",
+                Gogo::message_name(name).c_str(),
+                is_pointer ? "*" : "",
+                nt->message_name().c_str());
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    }
+
+  if (method != NULL && !is_pointer && !method->is_value_method())
+    {
+      error_at(location, "method requires pointer (use %<(*%s).%s)%>",
+              nt->message_name().c_str(),
+              Gogo::message_name(name).c_str());
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    }
+
+  // Build a new function type in which the receiver becomes the first
+  // argument.
+  Function_type* method_type;
+  if (method != NULL)
+    {
+      method_type = method->type();
+      go_assert(method_type->is_method());
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      method_type = imethod->type()->function_type();
+      go_assert(method_type != NULL && !method_type->is_method());
+    }
+
+  const char* const receiver_name = "$this";
+  Typed_identifier_list* parameters = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier(receiver_name, this->left_->type(),
+                                        location));
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* method_parameters = method_type->parameters();
+  if (method_parameters != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = method_parameters->begin();
+          p != method_parameters->end();
+          ++p)
+       parameters->push_back(*p);
+    }
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* method_results = method_type->results();
+  Typed_identifier_list* results;
+  if (method_results == NULL)
+    results = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = method_results->begin();
+          p != method_results->end();
+          ++p)
+       results->push_back(*p);
+    }
+  
+  Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, parameters, results,
+                                                  location);
+  if (method_type->is_varargs())
+    fntype->set_is_varargs();
+
+  // We generate methods which always takes a pointer to the receiver
+  // as their first argument.  If this is for a pointer type, we can
+  // simply reuse the existing function.  We use an internal hack to
+  // get the right type.
+
+  if (method != NULL && is_pointer)
+    {
+      Named_object* mno = (method->needs_stub_method()
+                          ? method->stub_object()
+                          : method->named_object());
+      Expression* f = Expression::make_func_reference(mno, NULL, location);
+      f = Expression::make_cast(fntype, f, location);
+      Type_conversion_expression* tce =
+       static_cast<Type_conversion_expression*>(f);
+      tce->set_may_convert_function_types();
+      return f;
+    }
+
+  Named_object* no = gogo->start_function(Gogo::thunk_name(), fntype, false,
+                                         location);
+
+  Named_object* vno = gogo->lookup(receiver_name, NULL);
+  go_assert(vno != NULL);
+  Expression* ve = Expression::make_var_reference(vno, location);
+  Expression* bm;
+  if (method != NULL)
+    bm = Type::bind_field_or_method(gogo, nt, ve, name, location);
+  else
+    bm = Expression::make_interface_field_reference(ve, name, location);
+
+  // Even though we found the method above, if it has an error type we
+  // may see an error here.
+  if (bm->is_error_expression())
+    {
+      gogo->finish_function(location);
+      return bm;
+    }
+
+  Expression_list* args;
+  if (method_parameters == NULL)
+    args = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      args = new Expression_list();
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = method_parameters->begin();
+          p != method_parameters->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         vno = gogo->lookup(p->name(), NULL);
+         go_assert(vno != NULL);
+         args->push_back(Expression::make_var_reference(vno, location));
+       }
+    }
+
+  Call_expression* call = Expression::make_call(bm, args,
+                                               method_type->is_varargs(),
+                                               location);
+
+  size_t count = call->result_count();
+  Statement* s;
+  if (count == 0)
+    s = Statement::make_statement(call);
+  else
+    {
+      Expression_list* retvals = new Expression_list();
+      if (count <= 1)
+       retvals->push_back(call);
+      else
+       {
+         for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i)
+           retvals->push_back(Expression::make_call_result(call, i));
+       }
+      s = Statement::make_return_statement(retvals, location);
+    }
+  gogo->add_statement(s);
+
+  gogo->finish_function(location);
+
+  return Expression::make_func_reference(no, NULL, location);
+}
+
+// Make a selector expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_selector(Expression* left, const std::string& name,
+                         source_location location)
+{
+  return new Selector_expression(left, name, location);
+}
+
+// Implement the builtin function new.
+
+class Allocation_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Allocation_expression(Type* type, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_ALLOCATION, location),
+      type_(type)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse); }
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return Type::make_pointer_type(this->type_); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { }
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return new Allocation_expression(this->type_, this->location()); }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The type we are allocating.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+// Check the type of an allocation expression.
+
+void
+Allocation_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->type_->function_type() != NULL)
+    this->report_error(_("invalid new of function type"));
+}
+
+// Return a tree for an allocation expression.
+
+tree
+Allocation_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree type_tree = this->type_->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  tree size_tree = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(type_tree);
+  tree space = context->gogo()->allocate_memory(this->type_, size_tree,
+                                               this->location());
+  if (space == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  return fold_convert(build_pointer_type(type_tree), space);
+}
+
+// Make an allocation expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_allocation(Type* type, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Allocation_expression(type, location);
+}
+
+// Implement the builtin function make.
+
+class Make_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Make_expression(Type* type, Expression_list* args, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_MAKE, location),
+      type_(type), args_(args)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Make_expression(this->type_, this->args_->copy(),
+                              this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The type we are making.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The arguments to pass to the make routine.
+  Expression_list* args_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Make_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->args_ != NULL
+      && this->args_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Set types of arguments.
+
+void
+Make_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  if (this->args_ != NULL)
+    {
+      Type_context context(Type::lookup_integer_type("int"), false);
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pe = this->args_->begin();
+          pe != this->args_->end();
+          ++pe)
+       (*pe)->determine_type(&context);
+    }
+}
+
+// Check types for a make expression.
+
+void
+Make_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->type_->channel_type() == NULL
+      && this->type_->map_type() == NULL
+      && (this->type_->array_type() == NULL
+         || this->type_->array_type()->length() != NULL))
+    this->report_error(_("invalid type for make function"));
+  else if (!this->type_->check_make_expression(this->args_, this->location()))
+    this->set_is_error();
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a make expression.
+
+tree
+Make_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  return this->type_->make_expression_tree(context, this->args_,
+                                          this->location());
+}
+
+// Make a make expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_make(Type* type, Expression_list* args,
+                     source_location location)
+{
+  return new Make_expression(type, args, location);
+}
+
+// Construct a struct.
+
+class Struct_construction_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Struct_construction_expression(Type* type, Expression_list* vals,
+                                source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_STRUCT_CONSTRUCTION, location),
+      type_(type), vals_(vals)
+  { }
+
+  // Return whether this is a constant initializer.
+  bool
+  is_constant_struct() const;
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Struct_construction_expression(this->type_, this->vals_->copy(),
+                                             this->location());
+  }
+
+  bool
+  do_is_addressable() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+ private:
+  // The type of the struct to construct.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The list of values, in order of the fields in the struct.  A NULL
+  // entry means that the field should be zero-initialized.
+  Expression_list* vals_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Struct_construction_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ != NULL
+      && this->vals_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Return whether this is a constant initializer.
+
+bool
+Struct_construction_expression::is_constant_struct() const
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return true;
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+       pv != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pv)
+    {
+      if (*pv != NULL
+         && !(*pv)->is_constant()
+         && (!(*pv)->is_composite_literal()
+             || (*pv)->is_nonconstant_composite_literal()))
+       return false;
+    }
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->type_->struct_type()->fields();
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf)
+    {
+      // There are no constant constructors for interfaces.
+      if (pf->type()->interface_type() != NULL)
+       return false;
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Final type determination.
+
+void
+Struct_construction_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return;
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->type_->struct_type()->fields();
+  Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf, ++pv)
+    {
+      if (pv == this->vals_->end())
+       return;
+      if (*pv != NULL)
+       {
+         Type_context subcontext(pf->type(), false);
+         (*pv)->determine_type(&subcontext);
+       }
+    }
+  // Extra values are an error we will report elsewhere; we still want
+  // to determine the type to avoid knockon errors.
+  for (; pv != this->vals_->end(); ++pv)
+    (*pv)->determine_type_no_context();
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+Struct_construction_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  Struct_type* st = this->type_->struct_type();
+  if (this->vals_->size() > st->field_count())
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("too many expressions for struct"));
+      return;
+    }
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = st->fields();
+  Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+  int i = 0;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf, ++pv, ++i)
+    {
+      if (pv == this->vals_->end())
+       {
+         this->report_error(_("too few expressions for struct"));
+         break;
+       }
+
+      if (*pv == NULL)
+       continue;
+
+      std::string reason;
+      if (!Type::are_assignable(pf->type(), (*pv)->type(), &reason))
+       {
+         if (reason.empty())
+           error_at((*pv)->location(),
+                    "incompatible type for field %d in struct construction",
+                    i + 1);
+         else
+           error_at((*pv)->location(),
+                    ("incompatible type for field %d in "
+                     "struct construction (%s)"),
+                    i + 1, reason.c_str());
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+  go_assert(pv == this->vals_->end());
+}
+
+// Return a tree for constructing a struct.
+
+tree
+Struct_construction_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return this->type_->get_init_tree(gogo, false);
+
+  tree type_tree = this->type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  go_assert(TREE_CODE(type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  bool is_constant = true;
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->type_->struct_type()->fields();
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* elts = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc,
+                                           fields->size());
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+  Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+  for (tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+       field != NULL_TREE;
+       field = DECL_CHAIN(field), ++pf)
+    {
+      go_assert(pf != fields->end());
+
+      tree val;
+      if (pv == this->vals_->end())
+       val = pf->type()->get_init_tree(gogo, false);
+      else if (*pv == NULL)
+       {
+         val = pf->type()->get_init_tree(gogo, false);
+         ++pv;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         val = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, pf->type(),
+                                                  (*pv)->type(),
+                                                  (*pv)->get_tree(context),
+                                                  this->location());
+         ++pv;
+       }
+
+      if (val == error_mark_node || TREE_TYPE(val) == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+
+      constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, elts, NULL);
+      elt->index = field;
+      elt->value = val;
+      if (!TREE_CONSTANT(val))
+       is_constant = false;
+    }
+  go_assert(pf == fields->end());
+
+  tree ret = build_constructor(type_tree, elts);
+  if (is_constant)
+    TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Export a struct construction.
+
+void
+Struct_construction_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("convert(");
+  exp->write_type(this->type_);
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+       pv != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pv)
+    {
+      exp->write_c_string(", ");
+      if (*pv != NULL)
+       (*pv)->export_expression(exp);
+    }
+  exp->write_c_string(")");
+}
+
+// Make a struct composite literal.  This used by the thunk code.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(Type* type, Expression_list* vals,
+                                         source_location location)
+{
+  go_assert(type->struct_type() != NULL);
+  return new Struct_construction_expression(type, vals, location);
+}
+
+// Construct an array.  This class is not used directly; instead we
+// use the child classes, Fixed_array_construction_expression and
+// Open_array_construction_expression.
+
+class Array_construction_expression : public Expression
+{
+ protected:
+  Array_construction_expression(Expression_classification classification,
+                               Type* type, Expression_list* vals,
+                               source_location location)
+    : Expression(classification, location),
+      type_(type), vals_(vals)
+  { }
+
+ public:
+  // Return whether this is a constant initializer.
+  bool
+  is_constant_array() const;
+
+  // Return the number of elements.
+  size_t
+  element_count() const
+  { return this->vals_ == NULL ? 0 : this->vals_->size(); }
+
+protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  bool
+  do_is_addressable() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+  // The list of values.
+  Expression_list*
+  vals()
+  { return this->vals_; }
+
+  // Get a constructor tree for the array values.
+  tree
+  get_constructor_tree(Translate_context* context, tree type_tree);
+
+ private:
+  // The type of the array to construct.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The list of values.
+  Expression_list* vals_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Array_construction_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ != NULL
+      && this->vals_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Return whether this is a constant initializer.
+
+bool
+Array_construction_expression::is_constant_array() const
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return true;
+
+  // There are no constant constructors for interfaces.
+  if (this->type_->array_type()->element_type()->interface_type() != NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+       pv != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pv)
+    {
+      if (*pv != NULL
+         && !(*pv)->is_constant()
+         && (!(*pv)->is_composite_literal()
+             || (*pv)->is_nonconstant_composite_literal()))
+       return false;
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Final type determination.
+
+void
+Array_construction_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return;
+  Type_context subcontext(this->type_->array_type()->element_type(), false);
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+       pv != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pv)
+    {
+      if (*pv != NULL)
+       (*pv)->determine_type(&subcontext);
+    }
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+Array_construction_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  Array_type* at = this->type_->array_type();
+  int i = 0;
+  Type* element_type = at->element_type();
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+       pv != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pv, ++i)
+    {
+      if (*pv != NULL
+         && !Type::are_assignable(element_type, (*pv)->type(), NULL))
+       {
+         error_at((*pv)->location(),
+                  "incompatible type for element %d in composite literal",
+                  i + 1);
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+
+  Expression* length = at->length();
+  if (length != NULL)
+    {
+      mpz_t val;
+      mpz_init(val);
+      Type* type;
+      if (at->length()->integer_constant_value(true, val, &type))
+       {
+         if (this->vals_->size() > mpz_get_ui(val))
+           this->report_error(_("too many elements in composite literal"));
+       }
+      mpz_clear(val);
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a constructor tree for the array values.
+
+tree
+Array_construction_expression::get_constructor_tree(Translate_context* context,
+                                                   tree type_tree)
+{
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* values = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc,
+                                             (this->vals_ == NULL
+                                              ? 0
+                                              : this->vals_->size()));
+  Type* element_type = this->type_->array_type()->element_type();
+  bool is_constant = true;
+  if (this->vals_ != NULL)
+    {
+      size_t i = 0;
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+          pv != this->vals_->end();
+          ++pv, ++i)
+       {
+         constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, values, NULL);
+         elt->index = size_int(i);
+         if (*pv == NULL)
+           elt->value = element_type->get_init_tree(context->gogo(), false);
+         else
+           {
+             tree value_tree = (*pv)->get_tree(context);
+             elt->value = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context,
+                                                             element_type,
+                                                             (*pv)->type(),
+                                                             value_tree,
+                                                             this->location());
+           }
+         if (elt->value == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         if (!TREE_CONSTANT(elt->value))
+           is_constant = false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  tree ret = build_constructor(type_tree, values);
+  if (is_constant)
+    TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Export an array construction.
+
+void
+Array_construction_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("convert(");
+  exp->write_type(this->type_);
+  if (this->vals_ != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+          pv != this->vals_->end();
+          ++pv)
+       {
+         exp->write_c_string(", ");
+         if (*pv != NULL)
+           (*pv)->export_expression(exp);
+       }
+    }
+  exp->write_c_string(")");
+}
+
+// Construct a fixed array.
+
+class Fixed_array_construction_expression :
+  public Array_construction_expression
+{
+ public:
+  Fixed_array_construction_expression(Type* type, Expression_list* vals,
+                                     source_location location)
+    : Array_construction_expression(EXPRESSION_FIXED_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTION,
+                                   type, vals, location)
+  {
+    go_assert(type->array_type() != NULL
+              && type->array_type()->length() != NULL);
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Fixed_array_construction_expression(this->type(),
+                                                  (this->vals() == NULL
+                                                   ? NULL
+                                                   : this->vals()->copy()),
+                                                  this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+};
+
+// Return a tree for constructing a fixed array.
+
+tree
+Fixed_array_construction_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  return this->get_constructor_tree(context,
+                                   this->type()->get_tree(context->gogo()));
+}
+
+// Construct an open array.
+
+class Open_array_construction_expression : public Array_construction_expression
+{
+ public:
+  Open_array_construction_expression(Type* type, Expression_list* vals,
+                                    source_location location)
+    : Array_construction_expression(EXPRESSION_OPEN_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTION,
+                                   type, vals, location)
+  {
+    go_assert(type->array_type() != NULL
+              && type->array_type()->length() == NULL);
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  // Note that taking the address of an open array literal is invalid.
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Open_array_construction_expression(this->type(),
+                                                 (this->vals() == NULL
+                                                  ? NULL
+                                                  : this->vals()->copy()),
+                                                 this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+};
+
+// Return a tree for constructing an open array.
+
+tree
+Open_array_construction_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Array_type* array_type = this->type()->array_type();
+  if (array_type == NULL)
+    {
+      go_assert(this->type()->is_error());
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  Type* element_type = array_type->element_type();
+  tree element_type_tree = element_type->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree values;
+  tree length_tree;
+  if (this->vals() == NULL || this->vals()->empty())
+    {
+      // We need to create a unique value.
+      tree max = size_int(0);
+      tree constructor_type = build_array_type(element_type_tree,
+                                              build_index_type(max));
+      if (constructor_type == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* vec = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 1);
+      constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, vec, NULL);
+      elt->index = size_int(0);
+      elt->value = element_type->get_init_tree(context->gogo(), false);
+      values = build_constructor(constructor_type, vec);
+      if (TREE_CONSTANT(elt->value))
+       TREE_CONSTANT(values) = 1;
+      length_tree = size_int(0);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      tree max = size_int(this->vals()->size() - 1);
+      tree constructor_type = build_array_type(element_type_tree,
+                                              build_index_type(max));
+      if (constructor_type == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      values = this->get_constructor_tree(context, constructor_type);
+      length_tree = size_int(this->vals()->size());
+    }
+
+  if (values == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  bool is_constant_initializer = TREE_CONSTANT(values);
+
+  // We have to copy the initial values into heap memory if we are in
+  // a function or if the values are not constants.  We also have to
+  // copy them if they may contain pointers in a non-constant context,
+  // as otherwise the garbage collector won't see them.
+  bool copy_to_heap = (context->function() != NULL
+                      || !is_constant_initializer
+                      || (element_type->has_pointer()
+                          && !context->is_const()));
+
+  if (is_constant_initializer)
+    {
+      tree tmp = build_decl(this->location(), VAR_DECL,
+                           create_tmp_var_name("C"), TREE_TYPE(values));
+      DECL_EXTERNAL(tmp) = 0;
+      TREE_PUBLIC(tmp) = 0;
+      TREE_STATIC(tmp) = 1;
+      DECL_ARTIFICIAL(tmp) = 1;
+      if (copy_to_heap)
+       {
+         // If we are not copying the value to the heap, we will only
+         // initialize the value once, so we can use this directly
+         // rather than copying it.  In that case we can't make it
+         // read-only, because the program is permitted to change it.
+         TREE_READONLY(tmp) = 1;
+         TREE_CONSTANT(tmp) = 1;
+       }
+      DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = values;
+      rest_of_decl_compilation(tmp, 1, 0);
+      values = tmp;
+    }
+
+  tree space;
+  tree set;
+  if (!copy_to_heap)
+    {
+      // the initializer will only run once.
+      space = build_fold_addr_expr(values);
+      set = NULL_TREE;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      tree memsize = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(TREE_TYPE(values));
+      space = context->gogo()->allocate_memory(element_type, memsize,
+                                              this->location());
+      space = save_expr(space);
+
+      tree s = fold_convert(build_pointer_type(TREE_TYPE(values)), space);
+      tree ref = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(this->location(), s);
+      TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(ref) = 1;
+      set = build2(MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node, ref, values);
+    }
+
+  // Build a constructor for the open array.
+
+  tree type_tree = this->type()->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  go_assert(TREE_CODE(type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 3);
+
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__values") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), space);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__count") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), length_tree);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),"__capacity") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), length_tree);
+
+  tree constructor = build_constructor(type_tree, init);
+  if (constructor == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  if (!copy_to_heap)
+    TREE_CONSTANT(constructor) = 1;
+
+  if (set == NULL_TREE)
+    return constructor;
+  else
+    return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, type_tree, set, constructor);
+}
+
+// Make a slice composite literal.  This is used by the type
+// descriptor code.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(Type* type, Expression_list* vals,
+                                        source_location location)
+{
+  go_assert(type->is_open_array_type());
+  return new Open_array_construction_expression(type, vals, location);
+}
+
+// Construct a map.
+
+class Map_construction_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Map_construction_expression(Type* type, Expression_list* vals,
+                             source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_MAP_CONSTRUCTION, location),
+      type_(type), vals_(vals)
+  { go_assert(vals == NULL || vals->size() % 2 == 0); }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Map_construction_expression(this->type_, this->vals_->copy(),
+                                          this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+ private:
+  // The type of the map to construct.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The list of values.
+  Expression_list* vals_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Map_construction_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ != NULL
+      && this->vals_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Final type determination.
+
+void
+Map_construction_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  Map_type* mt = this->type_->map_type();
+  Type_context key_context(mt->key_type(), false);
+  Type_context val_context(mt->val_type(), false);
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+       pv != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pv)
+    {
+      (*pv)->determine_type(&key_context);
+      ++pv;
+      (*pv)->determine_type(&val_context);
+    }
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+Map_construction_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  Map_type* mt = this->type_->map_type();
+  int i = 0;
+  Type* key_type = mt->key_type();
+  Type* val_type = mt->val_type();
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+       pv != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pv, ++i)
+    {
+      if (!Type::are_assignable(key_type, (*pv)->type(), NULL))
+       {
+         error_at((*pv)->location(),
+                  "incompatible type for element %d key in map construction",
+                  i + 1);
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+      ++pv;
+      if (!Type::are_assignable(val_type, (*pv)->type(), NULL))
+       {
+         error_at((*pv)->location(),
+                  ("incompatible type for element %d value "
+                   "in map construction"),
+                  i + 1);
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a tree for constructing a map.
+
+tree
+Map_construction_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  Map_type* mt = this->type_->map_type();
+
+  // Build a struct to hold the key and value.
+  tree struct_type = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  Type* key_type = mt->key_type();
+  tree id = get_identifier("__key");
+  tree key_type_tree = key_type->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (key_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  tree key_field = build_decl(loc, FIELD_DECL, id, key_type_tree);
+  DECL_CONTEXT(key_field) = struct_type;
+  TYPE_FIELDS(struct_type) = key_field;
+
+  Type* val_type = mt->val_type();
+  id = get_identifier("__val");
+  tree val_type_tree = val_type->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (val_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  tree val_field = build_decl(loc, FIELD_DECL, id, val_type_tree);
+  DECL_CONTEXT(val_field) = struct_type;
+  DECL_CHAIN(key_field) = val_field;
+
+  layout_type(struct_type);
+
+  bool is_constant = true;
+  size_t i = 0;
+  tree valaddr;
+  tree make_tmp;
+
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL || this->vals_->empty())
+    {
+      valaddr = null_pointer_node;
+      make_tmp = NULL_TREE;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* values = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc,
+                                                 this->vals_->size() / 2);
+
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+          pv != this->vals_->end();
+          ++pv, ++i)
+       {
+         bool one_is_constant = true;
+
+         VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* one = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+
+         constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, one, NULL);
+         elt->index = key_field;
+         tree val_tree = (*pv)->get_tree(context);
+         elt->value = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, key_type,
+                                                         (*pv)->type(),
+                                                         val_tree, loc);
+         if (elt->value == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         if (!TREE_CONSTANT(elt->value))
+           one_is_constant = false;
+
+         ++pv;
+
+         elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, one, NULL);
+         elt->index = val_field;
+         val_tree = (*pv)->get_tree(context);
+         elt->value = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, val_type,
+                                                         (*pv)->type(),
+                                                         val_tree, loc);
+         if (elt->value == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         if (!TREE_CONSTANT(elt->value))
+           one_is_constant = false;
+
+         elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, values, NULL);
+         elt->index = size_int(i);
+         elt->value = build_constructor(struct_type, one);
+         if (one_is_constant)
+           TREE_CONSTANT(elt->value) = 1;
+         else
+           is_constant = false;
+       }
+
+      tree index_type = build_index_type(size_int(i - 1));
+      tree array_type = build_array_type(struct_type, index_type);
+      tree init = build_constructor(array_type, values);
+      if (is_constant)
+       TREE_CONSTANT(init) = 1;
+      tree tmp;
+      if (current_function_decl != NULL)
+       {
+         tmp = create_tmp_var(array_type, get_name(array_type));
+         DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = init;
+         make_tmp = fold_build1_loc(loc, DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, tmp);
+         TREE_ADDRESSABLE(tmp) = 1;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         tmp = build_decl(loc, VAR_DECL, create_tmp_var_name("M"), array_type);
+         DECL_EXTERNAL(tmp) = 0;
+         TREE_PUBLIC(tmp) = 0;
+         TREE_STATIC(tmp) = 1;
+         DECL_ARTIFICIAL(tmp) = 1;
+         if (!TREE_CONSTANT(init))
+           make_tmp = fold_build2_loc(loc, INIT_EXPR, void_type_node, tmp,
+                                      init);
+         else
+           {
+             TREE_READONLY(tmp) = 1;
+             TREE_CONSTANT(tmp) = 1;
+             DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = init;
+             make_tmp = NULL_TREE;
+           }
+         rest_of_decl_compilation(tmp, 1, 0);
+       }
+
+      valaddr = build_fold_addr_expr(tmp);
+    }
+
+  tree descriptor = gogo->map_descriptor(mt);
+
+  tree type_tree = this->type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  static tree construct_map_fndecl;
+  tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&construct_map_fndecl,
+                                loc,
+                                "__go_construct_map",
+                                6,
+                                type_tree,
+                                TREE_TYPE(descriptor),
+                                descriptor,
+                                sizetype,
+                                size_int(i),
+                                sizetype,
+                                TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(struct_type),
+                                sizetype,
+                                byte_position(val_field),
+                                sizetype,
+                                TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(TREE_TYPE(val_field)),
+                                const_ptr_type_node,
+                                fold_convert(const_ptr_type_node, valaddr));
+  if (call == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree ret;
+  if (make_tmp == NULL)
+    ret = call;
+  else
+    ret = fold_build2_loc(loc, COMPOUND_EXPR, type_tree, make_tmp, call);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Export an array construction.
+
+void
+Map_construction_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("convert(");
+  exp->write_type(this->type_);
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+       pv != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pv)
+    {
+      exp->write_c_string(", ");
+      (*pv)->export_expression(exp);
+    }
+  exp->write_c_string(")");
+}
+
+// A general composite literal.  This is lowered to a type specific
+// version.
+
+class Composite_literal_expression : public Parser_expression
+{
+ public:
+  Composite_literal_expression(Type* type, int depth, bool has_keys,
+                              Expression_list* vals, source_location location)
+    : Parser_expression(EXPRESSION_COMPOSITE_LITERAL, location),
+      type_(type), depth_(depth), vals_(vals), has_keys_(has_keys)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Composite_literal_expression(this->type_, this->depth_,
+                                           this->has_keys_,
+                                           (this->vals_ == NULL
+                                            ? NULL
+                                            : this->vals_->copy()),
+                                           this->location());
+  }
+
+ private:
+  Expression*
+  lower_struct(Gogo*, Type*);
+
+  Expression*
+  lower_array(Type*);
+
+  Expression*
+  make_array(Type*, Expression_list*);
+
+  Expression*
+  lower_map(Gogo*, Named_object*, Type*);
+
+  // The type of the composite literal.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The depth within a list of composite literals within a composite
+  // literal, when the type is omitted.
+  int depth_;
+  // The values to put in the composite literal.
+  Expression_list* vals_;
+  // If this is true, then VALS_ is a list of pairs: a key and a
+  // value.  In an array initializer, a missing key will be NULL.
+  bool has_keys_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Composite_literal_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ != NULL
+      && this->vals_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse);
+}
+
+// Lower a generic composite literal into a specific version based on
+// the type.
+
+Expression*
+Composite_literal_expression::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function, int)
+{
+  Type* type = this->type_;
+
+  for (int depth = this->depth_; depth > 0; --depth)
+    {
+      if (type->array_type() != NULL)
+       type = type->array_type()->element_type();
+      else if (type->map_type() != NULL)
+       type = type->map_type()->val_type();
+      else
+       {
+         if (!type->is_error())
+           error_at(this->location(),
+                    ("may only omit types within composite literals "
+                     "of slice, array, or map type"));
+         return Expression::make_error(this->location());
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (type->is_error())
+    return Expression::make_error(this->location());
+  else if (type->struct_type() != NULL)
+    return this->lower_struct(gogo, type);
+  else if (type->array_type() != NULL)
+    return this->lower_array(type);
+  else if (type->map_type() != NULL)
+    return this->lower_map(gogo, function, type);
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(),
+              ("expected struct, slice, array, or map type "
+               "for composite literal"));
+      return Expression::make_error(this->location());
+    }
+}
+
+// Lower a struct composite literal.
+
+Expression*
+Composite_literal_expression::lower_struct(Gogo* gogo, Type* type)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  Struct_type* st = type->struct_type();
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL || !this->has_keys_)
+    return new Struct_construction_expression(type, this->vals_, location);
+
+  size_t field_count = st->field_count();
+  std::vector<Expression*> vals(field_count);
+  Expression_list::const_iterator p = this->vals_->begin();
+  while (p != this->vals_->end())
+    {
+      Expression* name_expr = *p;
+
+      ++p;
+      go_assert(p != this->vals_->end());
+      Expression* val = *p;
+
+      ++p;
+
+      if (name_expr == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(val->location(), "mixture of field and value initializers");
+         return Expression::make_error(location);
+       }
+
+      bool bad_key = false;
+      std::string name;
+      const Named_object* no = NULL;
+      switch (name_expr->classification())
+       {
+       case EXPRESSION_UNKNOWN_REFERENCE:
+         name = name_expr->unknown_expression()->name();
+         break;
+
+       case EXPRESSION_CONST_REFERENCE:
+         no = static_cast<Const_expression*>(name_expr)->named_object();
+         break;
+
+       case EXPRESSION_TYPE:
+         {
+           Type* t = name_expr->type();
+           Named_type* nt = t->named_type();
+           if (nt == NULL)
+             bad_key = true;
+           else
+             no = nt->named_object();
+         }
+         break;
+
+       case EXPRESSION_VAR_REFERENCE:
+         no = name_expr->var_expression()->named_object();
+         break;
+
+       case EXPRESSION_FUNC_REFERENCE:
+         no = name_expr->func_expression()->named_object();
+         break;
+
+       case EXPRESSION_UNARY:
+         // If there is a local variable around with the same name as
+         // the field, and this occurs in the closure, then the
+         // parser may turn the field reference into an indirection
+         // through the closure.  FIXME: This is a mess.
+         {
+           bad_key = true;
+           Unary_expression* ue = static_cast<Unary_expression*>(name_expr);
+           if (ue->op() == OPERATOR_MULT)
+             {
+               Field_reference_expression* fre =
+                 ue->operand()->field_reference_expression();
+               if (fre != NULL)
+                 {
+                   Struct_type* st =
+                     fre->expr()->type()->deref()->struct_type();
+                   if (st != NULL)
+                     {
+                       const Struct_field* sf = st->field(fre->field_index());
+                       name = sf->field_name();
+                       char buf[20];
+                       snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%u", fre->field_index());
+                       size_t buflen = strlen(buf);
+                       if (name.compare(name.length() - buflen, buflen, buf)
+                           == 0)
+                         {
+                           name = name.substr(0, name.length() - buflen);
+                           bad_key = false;
+                         }
+                     }
+                 }
+             }
+         }
+         break;
+
+       default:
+         bad_key = true;
+         break;
+       }
+      if (bad_key)
+       {
+         error_at(name_expr->location(), "expected struct field name");
+         return Expression::make_error(location);
+       }
+
+      if (no != NULL)
+       {
+         name = no->name();
+
+         // A predefined name won't be packed.  If it starts with a
+         // lower case letter we need to check for that case, because
+         // the field name will be packed.
+         if (!Gogo::is_hidden_name(name)
+             && name[0] >= 'a'
+             && name[0] <= 'z')
+           {
+             Named_object* gno = gogo->lookup_global(name.c_str());
+             if (gno == no)
+               name = gogo->pack_hidden_name(name, false);
+           }
+       }
+
+      unsigned int index;
+      const Struct_field* sf = st->find_local_field(name, &index);
+      if (sf == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(name_expr->location(), "unknown field %qs in %qs",
+                  Gogo::message_name(name).c_str(),
+                  (type->named_type() != NULL
+                   ? type->named_type()->message_name().c_str()
+                   : "unnamed struct"));
+         return Expression::make_error(location);
+       }
+      if (vals[index] != NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(name_expr->location(),
+                  "duplicate value for field %qs in %qs",
+                  Gogo::message_name(name).c_str(),
+                  (type->named_type() != NULL
+                   ? type->named_type()->message_name().c_str()
+                   : "unnamed struct"));
+         return Expression::make_error(location);
+       }
+
+      vals[index] = val;
+    }
+
+  Expression_list* list = new Expression_list;
+  list->reserve(field_count);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < field_count; ++i)
+    list->push_back(vals[i]);
+
+  return new Struct_construction_expression(type, list, location);
+}
+
+// Lower an array composite literal.
+
+Expression*
+Composite_literal_expression::lower_array(Type* type)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL || !this->has_keys_)
+    return this->make_array(type, this->vals_);
+
+  std::vector<Expression*> vals;
+  vals.reserve(this->vals_->size());
+  unsigned long index = 0;
+  Expression_list::const_iterator p = this->vals_->begin();
+  while (p != this->vals_->end())
+    {
+      Expression* index_expr = *p;
+
+      ++p;
+      go_assert(p != this->vals_->end());
+      Expression* val = *p;
+
+      ++p;
+
+      if (index_expr != NULL)
+       {
+         mpz_t ival;
+         mpz_init(ival);
+
+         Type* dummy;
+         if (!index_expr->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &dummy))
+           {
+             mpz_clear(ival);
+             error_at(index_expr->location(),
+                      "index expression is not integer constant");
+             return Expression::make_error(location);
+           }
+
+         if (mpz_sgn(ival) < 0)
+           {
+             mpz_clear(ival);
+             error_at(index_expr->location(), "index expression is negative");
+             return Expression::make_error(location);
+           }
+
+         index = mpz_get_ui(ival);
+         if (mpz_cmp_ui(ival, index) != 0)
+           {
+             mpz_clear(ival);
+             error_at(index_expr->location(), "index value overflow");
+             return Expression::make_error(location);
+           }
+
+         Named_type* ntype = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+         Integer_type* inttype = ntype->integer_type();
+         mpz_t max;
+         mpz_init_set_ui(max, 1);
+         mpz_mul_2exp(max, max, inttype->bits() - 1);
+         bool ok = mpz_cmp(ival, max) < 0;
+         mpz_clear(max);
+         if (!ok)
+           {
+             mpz_clear(ival);
+             error_at(index_expr->location(), "index value overflow");
+             return Expression::make_error(location);
+           }
+
+         mpz_clear(ival);
+
+         // FIXME: Our representation isn't very good; this avoids
+         // thrashing.
+         if (index > 0x1000000)
+           {
+             error_at(index_expr->location(), "index too large for compiler");
+             return Expression::make_error(location);
+           }
+       }
+
+      if (index == vals.size())
+       vals.push_back(val);
+      else
+       {
+         if (index > vals.size())
+           {
+             vals.reserve(index + 32);
+             vals.resize(index + 1, static_cast<Expression*>(NULL));
+           }
+         if (vals[index] != NULL)
+           {
+             error_at((index_expr != NULL
+                       ? index_expr->location()
+                       : val->location()),
+                      "duplicate value for index %lu",
+                      index);
+             return Expression::make_error(location);
+           }
+         vals[index] = val;
+       }
+
+      ++index;
+    }
+
+  size_t size = vals.size();
+  Expression_list* list = new Expression_list;
+  list->reserve(size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
+    list->push_back(vals[i]);
+
+  return this->make_array(type, list);
+}
+
+// Actually build the array composite literal. This handles
+// [...]{...}.
+
+Expression*
+Composite_literal_expression::make_array(Type* type, Expression_list* vals)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  Array_type* at = type->array_type();
+  if (at->length() != NULL && at->length()->is_nil_expression())
+    {
+      size_t size = vals == NULL ? 0 : vals->size();
+      mpz_t vlen;
+      mpz_init_set_ui(vlen, size);
+      Expression* elen = Expression::make_integer(&vlen, NULL, location);
+      mpz_clear(vlen);
+      at = Type::make_array_type(at->element_type(), elen);
+      type = at;
+    }
+  if (at->length() != NULL)
+    return new Fixed_array_construction_expression(type, vals, location);
+  else
+    return new Open_array_construction_expression(type, vals, location);
+}
+
+// Lower a map composite literal.
+
+Expression*
+Composite_literal_expression::lower_map(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function,
+                                       Type* type)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  if (this->vals_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (!this->has_keys_)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "map composite literal must have keys");
+         return Expression::make_error(location);
+       }
+
+      for (Expression_list::iterator p = this->vals_->begin();
+          p != this->vals_->end();
+          p += 2)
+       {
+         if (*p == NULL)
+           {
+             ++p;
+             error_at((*p)->location(),
+                      "map composite literal must have keys for every value");
+             return Expression::make_error(location);
+           }
+         // Make sure we have lowered the key; it may not have been
+         // lowered in order to handle keys for struct composite
+         // literals.  Lower it now to get the right error message.
+         if ((*p)->unknown_expression() != NULL)
+           {
+             (*p)->unknown_expression()->clear_is_composite_literal_key();
+             gogo->lower_expression(function, &*p);
+             go_assert((*p)->is_error_expression());
+             return Expression::make_error(location);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  return new Map_construction_expression(type, this->vals_, location);
+}
+
+// Make a composite literal expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_composite_literal(Type* type, int depth, bool has_keys,
+                                  Expression_list* vals,
+                                  source_location location)
+{
+  return new Composite_literal_expression(type, depth, has_keys, vals,
+                                         location);
+}
+
+// Return whether this expression is a composite literal.
+
+bool
+Expression::is_composite_literal() const
+{
+  switch (this->classification_)
+    {
+    case EXPRESSION_COMPOSITE_LITERAL:
+    case EXPRESSION_STRUCT_CONSTRUCTION:
+    case EXPRESSION_FIXED_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTION:
+    case EXPRESSION_OPEN_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTION:
+    case EXPRESSION_MAP_CONSTRUCTION:
+      return true;
+    default:
+      return false;
+    }
+}
+
+// Return whether this expression is a composite literal which is not
+// constant.
+
+bool
+Expression::is_nonconstant_composite_literal() const
+{
+  switch (this->classification_)
+    {
+    case EXPRESSION_STRUCT_CONSTRUCTION:
+      {
+       const Struct_construction_expression *psce =
+         static_cast<const Struct_construction_expression*>(this);
+       return !psce->is_constant_struct();
+      }
+    case EXPRESSION_FIXED_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTION:
+      {
+       const Fixed_array_construction_expression *pace =
+         static_cast<const Fixed_array_construction_expression*>(this);
+       return !pace->is_constant_array();
+      }
+    case EXPRESSION_OPEN_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTION:
+      {
+       const Open_array_construction_expression *pace =
+         static_cast<const Open_array_construction_expression*>(this);
+       return !pace->is_constant_array();
+      }
+    case EXPRESSION_MAP_CONSTRUCTION:
+      return true;
+    default:
+      return false;
+    }
+}
+
+// Return true if this is a reference to a local variable.
+
+bool
+Expression::is_local_variable() const
+{
+  const Var_expression* ve = this->var_expression();
+  if (ve == NULL)
+    return false;
+  const Named_object* no = ve->named_object();
+  return (no->is_result_variable()
+         || (no->is_variable() && !no->var_value()->is_global()));
+}
+
+// Class Type_guard_expression.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Type_guard_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check types of a type guard expression.  The expression must have
+// an interface type, but the actual type conversion is checked at run
+// time.
+
+void
+Type_guard_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  // 6g permits using a type guard with unsafe.pointer; we are
+  // compatible.
+  Type* expr_type = this->expr_->type();
+  if (expr_type->is_unsafe_pointer_type())
+    {
+      if (this->type_->points_to() == NULL
+         && (this->type_->integer_type() == NULL
+             || (this->type_->forwarded()
+                 != Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr"))))
+       this->report_error(_("invalid unsafe.Pointer conversion"));
+    }
+  else if (this->type_->is_unsafe_pointer_type())
+    {
+      if (expr_type->points_to() == NULL
+         && (expr_type->integer_type() == NULL
+             || (expr_type->forwarded()
+                 != Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr"))))
+       this->report_error(_("invalid unsafe.Pointer conversion"));
+    }
+  else if (expr_type->interface_type() == NULL)
+    {
+      if (!expr_type->is_error() && !this->type_->is_error())
+       this->report_error(_("type assertion only valid for interface types"));
+      this->set_is_error();
+    }
+  else if (this->type_->interface_type() == NULL)
+    {
+      std::string reason;
+      if (!expr_type->interface_type()->implements_interface(this->type_,
+                                                            &reason))
+       {
+         if (!this->type_->is_error())
+           {
+             if (reason.empty())
+               this->report_error(_("impossible type assertion: "
+                                    "type does not implement interface"));
+             else
+               error_at(this->location(),
+                        ("impossible type assertion: "
+                         "type does not implement interface (%s)"),
+                        reason.c_str());
+           }
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a type guard expression.
+
+tree
+Type_guard_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree expr_tree = this->expr_->get_tree(context);
+  if (expr_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  Type* expr_type = this->expr_->type();
+  if ((this->type_->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
+       && (expr_type->points_to() != NULL
+          || expr_type->integer_type() != NULL))
+      || (expr_type->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
+         && this->type_->points_to() != NULL))
+    return convert_to_pointer(this->type_->get_tree(gogo), expr_tree);
+  else if (expr_type->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
+          && this->type_->integer_type() != NULL)
+    return convert_to_integer(this->type_->get_tree(gogo), expr_tree);
+  else if (this->type_->interface_type() != NULL)
+    return Expression::convert_interface_to_interface(context, this->type_,
+                                                     this->expr_->type(),
+                                                     expr_tree, true,
+                                                     this->location());
+  else
+    return Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, this->type_,
+                                             this->expr_->type(), expr_tree,
+                                             this->location());
+}
+
+// Make a type guard expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_type_guard(Expression* expr, Type* type,
+                           source_location location)
+{
+  return new Type_guard_expression(expr, type, location);
+}
+
+// Class Heap_composite_expression.
+
+// When you take the address of a composite literal, it is allocated
+// on the heap.  This class implements that.
+
+class Heap_composite_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Heap_composite_expression(Expression* expr, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_HEAP_COMPOSITE, location),
+      expr_(expr)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse); }
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return Type::make_pointer_type(this->expr_->type()); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { this->expr_->determine_type_no_context(); }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return Expression::make_heap_composite(this->expr_->copy(),
+                                          this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+  // We only export global objects, and the parser does not generate
+  // this in global scope.
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // The composite literal which is being put on the heap.
+  Expression* expr_;
+};
+
+// Return a tree which allocates a composite literal on the heap.
+
+tree
+Heap_composite_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree expr_tree = this->expr_->get_tree(context);
+  if (expr_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  tree expr_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(TREE_TYPE(expr_tree));
+  go_assert(TREE_CODE(expr_size) == INTEGER_CST);
+  tree space = context->gogo()->allocate_memory(this->expr_->type(),
+                                               expr_size, this->location());
+  space = fold_convert(build_pointer_type(TREE_TYPE(expr_tree)), space);
+  space = save_expr(space);
+  tree ref = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(this->location(), space);
+  TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(ref) = 1;
+  tree ret = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(space),
+                   build2(MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node, ref, expr_tree),
+                   space);
+  SET_EXPR_LOCATION(ret, this->location());
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Allocate a composite literal on the heap.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_heap_composite(Expression* expr, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Heap_composite_expression(expr, location);
+}
+
+// Class Receive_expression.
+
+// Return the type of a receive expression.
+
+Type*
+Receive_expression::do_type()
+{
+  Channel_type* channel_type = this->channel_->type()->channel_type();
+  if (channel_type == NULL)
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+  return channel_type->element_type();
+}
+
+// Check types for a receive expression.
+
+void
+Receive_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Type* type = this->channel_->type();
+  if (type->is_error())
+    {
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return;
+    }
+  if (type->channel_type() == NULL)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("expected channel"));
+      return;
+    }
+  if (!type->channel_type()->may_receive())
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("invalid receive on send-only channel"));
+      return;
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a receive expression.
+
+tree
+Receive_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Channel_type* channel_type = this->channel_->type()->channel_type();
+  if (channel_type == NULL)
+    {
+      go_assert(this->channel_->type()->is_error());
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+  Type* element_type = channel_type->element_type();
+  tree element_type_tree = element_type->get_tree(context->gogo());
+
+  tree channel = this->channel_->get_tree(context);
+  if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node || channel == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  return Gogo::receive_from_channel(element_type_tree, channel,
+                                   this->for_select_, this->location());
+}
+
+// Make a receive expression.
+
+Receive_expression*
+Expression::make_receive(Expression* channel, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Receive_expression(channel, location);
+}
+
+// An expression which evaluates to a pointer to the type descriptor
+// of a type.
+
+class Type_descriptor_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Type_descriptor_expression(Type* type, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR, location),
+      type_(type)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type(); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return this; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+  { return this->type_->type_descriptor_pointer(context->gogo()); }
+
+ private:
+  // The type for which this is the descriptor.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+// Make a type descriptor expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_type_descriptor(Type* type, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Type_descriptor_expression(type, location);
+}
+
+// An expression which evaluates to some characteristic of a type.
+// This is only used to initialize fields of a type descriptor.  Using
+// a new expression class is slightly inefficient but gives us a good
+// separation between the frontend and the middle-end with regard to
+// how types are laid out.
+
+class Type_info_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Type_info_expression(Type* type, Type_info type_info)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_TYPE_INFO, BUILTINS_LOCATION),
+      type_(type), type_info_(type_info)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return this; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context);
+
+ private:
+  // The type for which we are getting information.
+  Type* type_;
+  // What information we want.
+  Type_info type_info_;
+};
+
+// The type is chosen to match what the type descriptor struct
+// expects.
+
+Type*
+Type_info_expression::do_type()
+{
+  switch (this->type_info_)
+    {
+    case TYPE_INFO_SIZE:
+      return Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr");
+    case TYPE_INFO_ALIGNMENT:
+    case TYPE_INFO_FIELD_ALIGNMENT:
+      return Type::lookup_integer_type("uint8");
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return type information in GENERIC.
+
+tree
+Type_info_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree type_tree = this->type_->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree val_type_tree = this->type()->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  go_assert(val_type_tree != error_mark_node);
+
+  if (this->type_info_ == TYPE_INFO_SIZE)
+    return fold_convert_loc(BUILTINS_LOCATION, val_type_tree,
+                           TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(type_tree));
+  else
+    {
+      unsigned int val;
+      if (this->type_info_ == TYPE_INFO_ALIGNMENT)
+       val = go_type_alignment(type_tree);
+      else
+       val = go_field_alignment(type_tree);
+      return build_int_cstu(val_type_tree, val);
+    }
+}
+
+// Make a type info expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_type_info(Type* type, Type_info type_info)
+{
+  return new Type_info_expression(type, type_info);
+}
+
+// An expression which evaluates to the offset of a field within a
+// struct.  This, like Type_info_expression, q.v., is only used to
+// initialize fields of a type descriptor.
+
+class Struct_field_offset_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Struct_field_offset_expression(Struct_type* type, const Struct_field* field)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_STRUCT_FIELD_OFFSET, BUILTINS_LOCATION),
+      type_(type), field_(field)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr"); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return this; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context);
+
+ private:
+  // The type of the struct.
+  Struct_type* type_;
+  // The field.
+  const Struct_field* field_;
+};
+
+// Return a struct field offset in GENERIC.
+
+tree
+Struct_field_offset_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree type_tree = this->type_->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree val_type_tree = this->type()->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  go_assert(val_type_tree != error_mark_node);
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->type_->fields();
+  tree struct_field_tree = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p;
+  for (p = fields->begin();
+       p != fields->end();
+       ++p, struct_field_tree = DECL_CHAIN(struct_field_tree))
+    {
+      go_assert(struct_field_tree != NULL_TREE);
+      if (&*p == this->field_)
+       break;
+    }
+  go_assert(&*p == this->field_);
+
+  return fold_convert_loc(BUILTINS_LOCATION, val_type_tree,
+                         byte_position(struct_field_tree));
+}
+
+// Make an expression for a struct field offset.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_struct_field_offset(Struct_type* type,
+                                    const Struct_field* field)
+{
+  return new Struct_field_offset_expression(type, field);
+}
+
+// An expression which evaluates to the address of an unnamed label.
+
+class Label_addr_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Label_addr_expression(Label* label, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_LABEL_ADDR, location),
+      label_(label)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return Type::make_pointer_type(Type::make_void_type()); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return new Label_addr_expression(this->label_, this->location()); }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+  {
+    return expr_to_tree(this->label_->get_addr(context, this->location()));
+  }
+
+ private:
+  // The label whose address we are taking.
+  Label* label_;
+};
+
+// Make an expression for the address of an unnamed label.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_label_addr(Label* label, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Label_addr_expression(label, location);
+}
+
+// Import an expression.  This comes at the end in order to see the
+// various class definitions.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::import_expression(Import* imp)
+{
+  int c = imp->peek_char();
+  if (imp->match_c_string("- ")
+      || imp->match_c_string("! ")
+      || imp->match_c_string("^ "))
+    return Unary_expression::do_import(imp);
+  else if (c == '(')
+    return Binary_expression::do_import(imp);
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("true")
+          || imp->match_c_string("false"))
+    return Boolean_expression::do_import(imp);
+  else if (c == '"')
+    return String_expression::do_import(imp);
+  else if (c == '-' || (c >= '0' && c <= '9'))
+    {
+      // This handles integers, floats and complex constants.
+      return Integer_expression::do_import(imp);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("nil"))
+    return Nil_expression::do_import(imp);
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("convert"))
+    return Type_conversion_expression::do_import(imp);
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(imp->location(), "import error: expected expression");
+      return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
+    }
+}
+
+// Class Expression_list.
+
+// Traverse the list.
+
+int
+Expression_list::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  for (Expression_list::iterator p = this->begin();
+       p != this->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (*p != NULL)
+       {
+         if (Expression::traverse(&*p, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+           return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+       }
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Copy the list.
+
+Expression_list*
+Expression_list::copy()
+{
+  Expression_list* ret = new Expression_list();
+  for (Expression_list::iterator p = this->begin();
+       p != this->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (*p == NULL)
+       ret->push_back(NULL);
+      else
+       ret->push_back((*p)->copy());
+    }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return whether an expression list has an error expression.
+
+bool
+Expression_list::contains_error() const
+{
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = this->begin();
+       p != this->end();
+       ++p)
+    if (*p != NULL && (*p)->is_error_expression())
+      return true;
+  return false;
+}
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/expressions.cc.working b/gcc/go/gofrontend/expressions.cc.working
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..861d5c0
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,12663 @@
+// expressions.cc -- Go frontend expression handling.
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "go-system.h"
+
+#include <gmp.h>
+
+#ifndef ENABLE_BUILD_WITH_CXX
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif
+
+#include "toplev.h"
+#include "intl.h"
+#include "tree.h"
+#include "gimple.h"
+#include "tree-iterator.h"
+#include "convert.h"
+#include "real.h"
+#include "realmpfr.h"
+
+#ifndef ENABLE_BUILD_WITH_CXX
+}
+#endif
+
+#include "go-c.h"
+#include "gogo.h"
+#include "types.h"
+#include "export.h"
+#include "import.h"
+#include "statements.h"
+#include "lex.h"
+#include "expressions.h"
+
+// Class Expression.
+
+Expression::Expression(Expression_classification classification,
+                      source_location location)
+  : classification_(classification), location_(location)
+{
+}
+
+Expression::~Expression()
+{
+}
+
+// If this expression has a constant integer value, return it.
+
+bool
+Expression::integer_constant_value(bool iota_is_constant, mpz_t val,
+                                  Type** ptype) const
+{
+  *ptype = NULL;
+  return this->do_integer_constant_value(iota_is_constant, val, ptype);
+}
+
+// If this expression has a constant floating point value, return it.
+
+bool
+Expression::float_constant_value(mpfr_t val, Type** ptype) const
+{
+  *ptype = NULL;
+  if (this->do_float_constant_value(val, ptype))
+    return true;
+  mpz_t ival;
+  mpz_init(ival);
+  Type* t;
+  bool ret;
+  if (!this->do_integer_constant_value(false, ival, &t))
+    ret = false;
+  else
+    {
+      mpfr_set_z(val, ival, GMP_RNDN);
+      ret = true;
+    }
+  mpz_clear(ival);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// If this expression has a constant complex value, return it.
+
+bool
+Expression::complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag,
+                                  Type** ptype) const
+{
+  *ptype = NULL;
+  if (this->do_complex_constant_value(real, imag, ptype))
+    return true;
+  Type *t;
+  if (this->float_constant_value(real, &t))
+    {
+      mpfr_set_ui(imag, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+      return true;
+    }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Traverse the expressions.
+
+int
+Expression::traverse(Expression** pexpr, Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  Expression* expr = *pexpr;
+  if ((traverse->traverse_mask() & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0)
+    {
+      int t = traverse->expression(pexpr);
+      if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+      else if (t == TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS)
+       return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    }
+  return expr->do_traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Traverse subexpressions of this expression.
+
+int
+Expression::traverse_subexpressions(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  return this->do_traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Default implementation for do_traverse for child classes.
+
+int
+Expression::do_traverse(Traverse*)
+{
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// This virtual function is called by the parser if the value of this
+// expression is being discarded.  By default, we warn.  Expressions
+// with side effects override.
+
+void
+Expression::do_discarding_value()
+{
+  this->warn_about_unused_value();
+}
+
+// This virtual function is called to export expressions.  This will
+// only be used by expressions which may be constant.
+
+void
+Expression::do_export(Export*) const
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Warn that the value of the expression is not used.
+
+void
+Expression::warn_about_unused_value()
+{
+  warning_at(this->location(), OPT_Wunused_value, "value computed is not used");
+}
+
+// Note that this expression is an error.  This is called by children
+// when they discover an error.
+
+void
+Expression::set_is_error()
+{
+  this->classification_ = EXPRESSION_ERROR;
+}
+
+// For children to call to report an error conveniently.
+
+void
+Expression::report_error(const char* msg)
+{
+  error_at(this->location_, "%s", msg);
+  this->set_is_error();
+}
+
+// Set types of variables and constants.  This is implemented by the
+// child class.
+
+void
+Expression::determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  this->do_determine_type(context);
+}
+
+// Set types when there is no context.
+
+void
+Expression::determine_type_no_context()
+{
+  Type_context context;
+  this->do_determine_type(&context);
+}
+
+// Return a tree handling any conversions which must be done during
+// assignment.
+
+tree
+Expression::convert_for_assignment(Translate_context* context, Type* lhs_type,
+                                  Type* rhs_type, tree rhs_tree,
+                                  source_location location)
+{
+  if (lhs_type == rhs_type)
+    return rhs_tree;
+
+  if (lhs_type->is_error_type() || rhs_type->is_error_type())
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  if (lhs_type->is_undefined() || rhs_type->is_undefined())
+    {
+      // Make sure we report the error.
+      lhs_type->base();
+      rhs_type->base();
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  if (rhs_tree == error_mark_node || TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree) == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+
+  tree lhs_type_tree = lhs_type->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (lhs_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  if (lhs_type->interface_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (rhs_type->interface_type() == NULL)
+       return Expression::convert_type_to_interface(context, lhs_type,
+                                                    rhs_type, rhs_tree,
+                                                    location);
+      else
+       return Expression::convert_interface_to_interface(context, lhs_type,
+                                                         rhs_type, rhs_tree,
+                                                         false, location);
+    }
+  else if (rhs_type->interface_type() != NULL)
+    return Expression::convert_interface_to_type(context, lhs_type, rhs_type,
+                                                rhs_tree, location);
+  else if (lhs_type->is_open_array_type()
+          && rhs_type->is_nil_type())
+    {
+      // Assigning nil to an open array.
+      gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(lhs_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+      VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 3);
+
+      constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+      tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(lhs_type_tree);
+      gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),
+                       "__values") == 0);
+      elt->index = field;
+      elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), null_pointer_node);
+
+      elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+      field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+      gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),
+                       "__count") == 0);
+      elt->index = field;
+      elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), integer_zero_node);
+
+      elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+      field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+      gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),
+                       "__capacity") == 0);
+      elt->index = field;
+      elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), integer_zero_node);
+
+      tree val = build_constructor(lhs_type_tree, init);
+      TREE_CONSTANT(val) = 1;
+
+      return val;
+    }
+  else if (rhs_type->is_nil_type())
+    {
+      // The left hand side should be a pointer type at the tree
+      // level.
+      gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(lhs_type_tree));
+      return fold_convert(lhs_type_tree, null_pointer_node);
+    }
+  else if (lhs_type_tree == TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree))
+    {
+      // No conversion is needed.
+      return rhs_tree;
+    }
+  else if (POINTER_TYPE_P(lhs_type_tree)
+          || INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(lhs_type_tree)
+          || SCALAR_FLOAT_TYPE_P(lhs_type_tree)
+          || COMPLEX_FLOAT_TYPE_P(lhs_type_tree))
+    return fold_convert_loc(location, lhs_type_tree, rhs_tree);
+  else if (TREE_CODE(lhs_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE
+          && TREE_CODE(TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree)) == RECORD_TYPE)
+    {
+      // This conversion must be permitted by Go, or we wouldn't have
+      // gotten here.
+      gcc_assert(int_size_in_bytes(lhs_type_tree)
+                == int_size_in_bytes(TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree)));
+      return fold_build1_loc(location, VIEW_CONVERT_EXPR, lhs_type_tree,
+                            rhs_tree);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      gcc_assert(useless_type_conversion_p(lhs_type_tree, TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree)));
+      return rhs_tree;
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a conversion from a non-interface type to an
+// interface type.
+
+tree
+Expression::convert_type_to_interface(Translate_context* context,
+                                     Type* lhs_type, Type* rhs_type,
+                                     tree rhs_tree, source_location location)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  Interface_type* lhs_interface_type = lhs_type->interface_type();
+  bool lhs_is_empty = lhs_interface_type->is_empty();
+
+  // Since RHS_TYPE is a static type, we can create the interface
+  // method table at compile time.
+
+  // When setting an interface to nil, we just set both fields to
+  // NULL.
+  if (rhs_type->is_nil_type())
+    return lhs_type->get_init_tree(gogo, false);
+
+  // This should have been checked already.
+  gcc_assert(lhs_interface_type->implements_interface(rhs_type, NULL));
+
+  tree lhs_type_tree = lhs_type->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (lhs_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  // An interface is a tuple.  If LHS_TYPE is an empty interface type,
+  // then the first field is the type descriptor for RHS_TYPE.
+  // Otherwise it is the interface method table for RHS_TYPE.
+  tree first_field_value;
+  if (lhs_is_empty)
+    first_field_value = rhs_type->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo);
+  else
+    {
+      // Build the interface method table for this interface and this
+      // object type: a list of function pointers for each interface
+      // method.
+      Named_type* rhs_named_type = rhs_type->named_type();
+      bool is_pointer = false;
+      if (rhs_named_type == NULL)
+       {
+         rhs_named_type = rhs_type->deref()->named_type();
+         is_pointer = true;
+       }
+      tree method_table;
+      if (rhs_named_type == NULL)
+       method_table = null_pointer_node;
+      else
+       method_table =
+         rhs_named_type->interface_method_table(gogo, lhs_interface_type,
+                                                is_pointer);
+      first_field_value = fold_convert_loc(location, const_ptr_type_node,
+                                          method_table);
+    }
+  if (first_field_value == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  // Start building a constructor for the value we will return.
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(lhs_type_tree);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),
+                   (lhs_is_empty ? "__type_descriptor" : "__methods")) == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(field), first_field_value);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__object") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+
+  if (rhs_type->points_to() != NULL)
+    {
+      //  We are assigning a pointer to the interface; the interface
+      // holds the pointer itself.
+      elt->value = rhs_tree;
+      return build_constructor(lhs_type_tree, init);
+    }
+
+  // We are assigning a non-pointer value to the interface; the
+  // interface gets a copy of the value in the heap.
+
+  tree object_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree));
+
+  tree space = gogo->allocate_memory(rhs_type, object_size, location);
+  space = fold_convert_loc(location, build_pointer_type(TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree)),
+                          space);
+  space = save_expr(space);
+
+  tree ref = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(location, space);
+  TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(ref) = 1;
+  tree set = fold_build2_loc(location, MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                            ref, rhs_tree);
+
+  elt->value = fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(field), space);
+
+  return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, lhs_type_tree, set,
+               build_constructor(lhs_type_tree, init));
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the type descriptor of RHS_TREE, which has
+// interface type RHS_TYPE.  If RHS_TREE is nil the result will be
+// NULL.
+
+tree
+Expression::get_interface_type_descriptor(Translate_context*,
+                                         Type* rhs_type, tree rhs_tree,
+                                         source_location location)
+{
+  tree rhs_type_tree = TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree);
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(rhs_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+  tree rhs_field = TYPE_FIELDS(rhs_type_tree);
+  tree v = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(rhs_field), rhs_tree, rhs_field,
+                 NULL_TREE);
+  if (rhs_type->interface_type()->is_empty())
+    {
+      gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(rhs_field)),
+                       "__type_descriptor") == 0);
+      return v;
+    }
+
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(rhs_field)), "__methods")
+            == 0);
+  gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(v)));
+  v = save_expr(v);
+  tree v1 = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(location, v);
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(TREE_TYPE(v1)) == RECORD_TYPE);
+  tree f = TYPE_FIELDS(TREE_TYPE(v1));
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(f)), "__type_descriptor")
+            == 0);
+  v1 = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(f), v1, f, NULL_TREE);
+
+  tree eq = fold_build2_loc(location, EQ_EXPR, boolean_type_node, v,
+                           fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(v),
+                                            null_pointer_node));
+  tree n = fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(v1), null_pointer_node);
+  return fold_build3_loc(location, COND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(v1),
+                        eq, n, v1);
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the conversion of an interface type to an
+// interface type.
+
+tree
+Expression::convert_interface_to_interface(Translate_context* context,
+                                          Type *lhs_type, Type *rhs_type,
+                                          tree rhs_tree, bool for_type_guard,
+                                          source_location location)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  Interface_type* lhs_interface_type = lhs_type->interface_type();
+  bool lhs_is_empty = lhs_interface_type->is_empty();
+
+  tree lhs_type_tree = lhs_type->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (lhs_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  // In the general case this requires runtime examination of the type
+  // method table to match it up with the interface methods.
+
+  // FIXME: If all of the methods in the right hand side interface
+  // also appear in the left hand side interface, then we don't need
+  // to do a runtime check, although we still need to build a new
+  // method table.
+
+  // Get the type descriptor for the right hand side.  This will be
+  // NULL for a nil interface.
+
+  if (!DECL_P(rhs_tree))
+    rhs_tree = save_expr(rhs_tree);
+
+  tree rhs_type_descriptor =
+    Expression::get_interface_type_descriptor(context, rhs_type, rhs_tree,
+                                             location);
+
+  // The result is going to be a two element constructor.
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(lhs_type_tree);
+  elt->index = field;
+
+  if (for_type_guard)
+    {
+      // A type assertion fails when converting a nil interface.
+      tree lhs_type_descriptor = lhs_type->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo);
+      static tree assert_interface_decl;
+      tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&assert_interface_decl,
+                                    location,
+                                    "__go_assert_interface",
+                                    2,
+                                    ptr_type_node,
+                                    TREE_TYPE(lhs_type_descriptor),
+                                    lhs_type_descriptor,
+                                    TREE_TYPE(rhs_type_descriptor),
+                                    rhs_type_descriptor);
+      if (call == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      // This will panic if the interface conversion fails.
+      TREE_NOTHROW(assert_interface_decl) = 0;
+      elt->value = fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(field), call);
+    }
+  else if (lhs_is_empty)
+    {
+      // A convertion to an empty interface always succeeds, and the
+      // first field is just the type descriptor of the object.
+      gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),
+                       "__type_descriptor") == 0);
+      gcc_assert(TREE_TYPE(field) == TREE_TYPE(rhs_type_descriptor));
+      elt->value = rhs_type_descriptor;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // A conversion to a non-empty interface may fail, but unlike a
+      // type assertion converting nil will always succeed.
+      gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__methods")
+                == 0);
+      tree lhs_type_descriptor = lhs_type->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo);
+      static tree convert_interface_decl;
+      tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&convert_interface_decl,
+                                    location,
+                                    "__go_convert_interface",
+                                    2,
+                                    ptr_type_node,
+                                    TREE_TYPE(lhs_type_descriptor),
+                                    lhs_type_descriptor,
+                                    TREE_TYPE(rhs_type_descriptor),
+                                    rhs_type_descriptor);
+      if (call == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      // This will panic if the interface conversion fails.
+      TREE_NOTHROW(convert_interface_decl) = 0;
+      elt->value = fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(field), call);
+    }
+
+  // The second field is simply the object pointer.
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__object") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+
+  tree rhs_type_tree = TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree);
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(rhs_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+  tree rhs_field = DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(rhs_type_tree));
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(rhs_field)), "__object") == 0);
+  elt->value = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(rhs_field), rhs_tree, rhs_field,
+                     NULL_TREE);
+
+  return build_constructor(lhs_type_tree, init);
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the conversion of an interface type to a
+// non-interface type.
+
+tree
+Expression::convert_interface_to_type(Translate_context* context,
+                                     Type *lhs_type, Type* rhs_type,
+                                     tree rhs_tree, source_location location)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree rhs_type_tree = TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree);
+
+  tree lhs_type_tree = lhs_type->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (lhs_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  // Call a function to check that the type is valid.  The function
+  // will panic with an appropriate runtime type error if the type is
+  // not valid.
+
+  tree lhs_type_descriptor = lhs_type->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo);
+
+  if (!DECL_P(rhs_tree))
+    rhs_tree = save_expr(rhs_tree);
+
+  tree rhs_type_descriptor =
+    Expression::get_interface_type_descriptor(context, rhs_type, rhs_tree,
+                                             location);
+
+  tree rhs_inter_descriptor = rhs_type->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo);
+
+  static tree check_interface_type_decl;
+  tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&check_interface_type_decl,
+                                location,
+                                "__go_check_interface_type",
+                                3,
+                                void_type_node,
+                                TREE_TYPE(lhs_type_descriptor),
+                                lhs_type_descriptor,
+                                TREE_TYPE(rhs_type_descriptor),
+                                rhs_type_descriptor,
+                                TREE_TYPE(rhs_inter_descriptor),
+                                rhs_inter_descriptor);
+  if (call == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  // This call will panic if the conversion is invalid.
+  TREE_NOTHROW(check_interface_type_decl) = 0;
+
+  // If the call succeeds, pull out the value.
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(rhs_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+  tree rhs_field = DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(rhs_type_tree));
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(rhs_field)), "__object") == 0);
+  tree val = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(rhs_field), rhs_tree, rhs_field,
+                   NULL_TREE);
+
+  // If the value is a pointer, then it is the value we want.
+  // Otherwise it points to the value.
+  if (lhs_type->points_to() == NULL)
+    {
+      val = fold_convert_loc(location, build_pointer_type(lhs_type_tree), val);
+      val = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(location, val);
+    }
+
+  return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, lhs_type_tree, call,
+               fold_convert_loc(location, lhs_type_tree, val));
+}
+
+// Convert an expression to a tree.  This is implemented by the child
+// class.  Not that it is not in general safe to call this multiple
+// times for a single expression, but that we don't catch such errors.
+
+tree
+Expression::get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  // The child may have marked this expression as having an error.
+  if (this->classification_ == EXPRESSION_ERROR)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  return this->do_get_tree(context);
+}
+
+// Return a tree for VAL in TYPE.
+
+tree
+Expression::integer_constant_tree(mpz_t val, tree type)
+{
+  if (type == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == INTEGER_TYPE)
+    return double_int_to_tree(type,
+                             mpz_get_double_int(type, val, true));
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == REAL_TYPE)
+    {
+      mpfr_t fval;
+      mpfr_init_set_z(fval, val, GMP_RNDN);
+      tree ret = Expression::float_constant_tree(fval, type);
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == COMPLEX_TYPE)
+    {
+      mpfr_t fval;
+      mpfr_init_set_z(fval, val, GMP_RNDN);
+      tree real = Expression::float_constant_tree(fval, TREE_TYPE(type));
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+      tree imag = build_real_from_int_cst(TREE_TYPE(type),
+                                         integer_zero_node);
+      return build_complex(type, real, imag);
+    }
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Return a tree for VAL in TYPE.
+
+tree
+Expression::float_constant_tree(mpfr_t val, tree type)
+{
+  if (type == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == INTEGER_TYPE)
+    {
+      mpz_t ival;
+      mpz_init(ival);
+      mpfr_get_z(ival, val, GMP_RNDN);
+      tree ret = Expression::integer_constant_tree(ival, type);
+      mpz_clear(ival);
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == REAL_TYPE)
+    {
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r1;
+      real_from_mpfr(&r1, val, type, GMP_RNDN);
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r2;
+      real_convert(&r2, TYPE_MODE(type), &r1);
+      return build_real(type, r2);
+    }
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == COMPLEX_TYPE)
+    {
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r1;
+      real_from_mpfr(&r1, val, TREE_TYPE(type), GMP_RNDN);
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r2;
+      real_convert(&r2, TYPE_MODE(TREE_TYPE(type)), &r1);
+      tree imag = build_real_from_int_cst(TREE_TYPE(type),
+                                         integer_zero_node);
+      return build_complex(type, build_real(TREE_TYPE(type), r2), imag);
+    }
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Return a tree for REAL/IMAG in TYPE.
+
+tree
+Expression::complex_constant_tree(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag, tree type)
+{
+  if (type == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == INTEGER_TYPE || TREE_CODE(type) == REAL_TYPE)
+    return Expression::float_constant_tree(real, type);
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == COMPLEX_TYPE)
+    {
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r1;
+      real_from_mpfr(&r1, real, TREE_TYPE(type), GMP_RNDN);
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r2;
+      real_convert(&r2, TYPE_MODE(TREE_TYPE(type)), &r1);
+
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r3;
+      real_from_mpfr(&r3, imag, TREE_TYPE(type), GMP_RNDN);
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r4;
+      real_convert(&r4, TYPE_MODE(TREE_TYPE(type)), &r3);
+
+      return build_complex(type, build_real(TREE_TYPE(type), r2),
+                          build_real(TREE_TYPE(type), r4));
+    }
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Return a tree which evaluates to true if VAL, of arbitrary integer
+// type, is negative or is more than the maximum value of BOUND_TYPE.
+// If SOFAR is not NULL, it is or'red into the result.  The return
+// value may be NULL if SOFAR is NULL.
+
+tree
+Expression::check_bounds(tree val, tree bound_type, tree sofar,
+                        source_location loc)
+{
+  tree val_type = TREE_TYPE(val);
+  tree ret = NULL_TREE;
+
+  if (!TYPE_UNSIGNED(val_type))
+    {
+      ret = fold_build2_loc(loc, LT_EXPR, boolean_type_node, val,
+                           build_int_cst(val_type, 0));
+      if (ret == boolean_false_node)
+       ret = NULL_TREE;
+    }
+
+  if ((TYPE_UNSIGNED(val_type) && !TYPE_UNSIGNED(bound_type))
+      || TYPE_SIZE(val_type) > TYPE_SIZE(bound_type))
+    {
+      tree max = TYPE_MAX_VALUE(bound_type);
+      tree big = fold_build2_loc(loc, GT_EXPR, boolean_type_node, val,
+                                fold_convert_loc(loc, val_type, max));
+      if (big == boolean_false_node)
+       ;
+      else if (ret == NULL_TREE)
+       ret = big;
+      else
+       ret = fold_build2_loc(loc, TRUTH_OR_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                             ret, big);
+    }
+
+  if (ret == NULL_TREE)
+    return sofar;
+  else if (sofar == NULL_TREE)
+    return ret;
+  else
+    return fold_build2_loc(loc, TRUTH_OR_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                          sofar, ret);
+}
+
+// Error expressions.  This are used to avoid cascading errors.
+
+class Error_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Error_expression(source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_ERROR, location)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  bool
+  do_integer_constant_value(bool, mpz_t val, Type**) const
+  {
+    mpz_set_ui(val, 0);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool
+  do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val, Type**) const
+  {
+    mpfr_set_ui(val, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool
+  do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag, Type**) const
+  {
+    mpfr_set_ui(real, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+    mpfr_set_ui(imag, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  void
+  do_discarding_value()
+  { }
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return Type::make_error_type(); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return this; }
+
+  bool
+  do_is_addressable() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { return error_mark_node; }
+};
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_error(source_location location)
+{
+  return new Error_expression(location);
+}
+
+// An expression which is really a type.  This is used during parsing.
+// It is an error if these survive after lowering.
+
+class
+Type_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Type_expression(Type* type, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_TYPE, location),
+      type_(type)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse); }
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { }
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*)
+  { this->report_error(_("invalid use of type")); }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return this; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // The type which we are representing as an expression.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_type(Type* type, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Type_expression(type, location);
+}
+
+// Class Parser_expression.
+
+Type*
+Parser_expression::do_type()
+{
+  // We should never really ask for the type of a Parser_expression.
+  // However, it can happen, at least when we have an invalid const
+  // whose initializer refers to the const itself.  In that case we
+  // may ask for the type when lowering the const itself.
+  gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+  return Type::make_error_type();
+}
+
+// Class Var_expression.
+
+// Lower a variable expression.  Here we just make sure that the
+// initialization expression of the variable has been lowered.  This
+// ensures that we will be able to determine the type of the variable
+// if necessary.
+
+Expression*
+Var_expression::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function, int)
+{
+  if (this->variable_->is_variable())
+    {
+      Variable* var = this->variable_->var_value();
+      // This is either a local variable or a global variable.  A
+      // reference to a variable which is local to an enclosing
+      // function will be a reference to a field in a closure.
+      if (var->is_global())
+       function = NULL;
+      var->lower_init_expression(gogo, function);
+    }
+  return this;
+}
+
+// Return the type of a reference to a variable.
+
+Type*
+Var_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->variable_->is_variable())
+    return this->variable_->var_value()->type();
+  else if (this->variable_->is_result_variable())
+    return this->variable_->result_var_value()->type();
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Determine the type of a reference to a variable.
+
+void
+Var_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  if (this->variable_->is_variable())
+    this->variable_->var_value()->determine_type();
+}
+
+// Something takes the address of this variable.  This means that we
+// may want to move the variable onto the heap.
+
+void
+Var_expression::do_address_taken(bool escapes)
+{
+  if (!escapes)
+    ;
+  else if (this->variable_->is_variable())
+    this->variable_->var_value()->set_address_taken();
+  else if (this->variable_->is_result_variable())
+    this->variable_->result_var_value()->set_address_taken();
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Get the tree for a reference to a variable.
+
+tree
+Var_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  return this->variable_->get_tree(context->gogo(), context->function());
+}
+
+// Make a reference to a variable in an expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_var_reference(Named_object* var, source_location location)
+{
+  if (var->is_sink())
+    return Expression::make_sink(location);
+
+  // FIXME: Creating a new object for each reference to a variable is
+  // wasteful.
+  return new Var_expression(var, location);
+}
+
+// Class Temporary_reference_expression.
+
+// The type.
+
+Type*
+Temporary_reference_expression::do_type()
+{
+  return this->statement_->type();
+}
+
+// Called if something takes the address of this temporary variable.
+// We never have to move temporary variables to the heap, but we do
+// need to know that they must live in the stack rather than in a
+// register.
+
+void
+Temporary_reference_expression::do_address_taken(bool)
+{
+  this->statement_->set_is_address_taken();
+}
+
+// Get a tree referring to the variable.
+
+tree
+Temporary_reference_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+{
+  return this->statement_->get_decl();
+}
+
+// Make a reference to a temporary variable.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_temporary_reference(Temporary_statement* statement,
+                                    source_location location)
+{
+  return new Temporary_reference_expression(statement, location);
+}
+
+// A sink expression--a use of the blank identifier _.
+
+class Sink_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Sink_expression(source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_SINK, location),
+      type_(NULL), var_(NULL_TREE)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  void
+  do_discarding_value()
+  { }
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return new Sink_expression(this->location()); }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The type of this sink variable.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The temporary variable we generate.
+  tree var_;
+};
+
+// Return the type of a sink expression.
+
+Type*
+Sink_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    return Type::make_sink_type();
+  return this->type_;
+}
+
+// Determine the type of a sink expression.
+
+void
+Sink_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  if (context->type != NULL)
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+}
+
+// Return a temporary variable for a sink expression.  This will
+// presumably be a write-only variable which the middle-end will drop.
+
+tree
+Sink_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->var_ == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_sink_type());
+      this->var_ = create_tmp_var(this->type_->get_tree(context->gogo()),
+                                 "blank");
+    }
+  return this->var_;
+}
+
+// Make a sink expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_sink(source_location location)
+{
+  return new Sink_expression(location);
+}
+
+// Class Func_expression.
+
+// FIXME: Can a function expression appear in a constant expression?
+// The value is unchanging.  Initializing a constant to the address of
+// a function seems like it could work, though there might be little
+// point to it.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Func_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  return (this->closure_ == NULL
+         ? TRAVERSE_CONTINUE
+         : Expression::traverse(&this->closure_, traverse));
+}
+
+// Return the type of a function expression.
+
+Type*
+Func_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->function_->is_function())
+    return this->function_->func_value()->type();
+  else if (this->function_->is_function_declaration())
+    return this->function_->func_declaration_value()->type();
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Get the tree for a function expression without evaluating the
+// closure.
+
+tree
+Func_expression::get_tree_without_closure(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  Function_type* fntype;
+  if (this->function_->is_function())
+    fntype = this->function_->func_value()->type();
+  else if (this->function_->is_function_declaration())
+    fntype = this->function_->func_declaration_value()->type();
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+
+  // Builtin functions are handled specially by Call_expression.  We
+  // can't take their address.
+  if (fntype->is_builtin())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "invalid use of special builtin function %qs",
+              this->function_->name().c_str());
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  Named_object* no = this->function_;
+
+  tree id = no->get_id(gogo);
+  if (id == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree fndecl;
+  if (no->is_function())
+    fndecl = no->func_value()->get_or_make_decl(gogo, no, id);
+  else if (no->is_function_declaration())
+    fndecl = no->func_declaration_value()->get_or_make_decl(gogo, no, id);
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+
+  if (fndecl == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  return build_fold_addr_expr_loc(this->location(), fndecl);
+}
+
+// Get the tree for a function expression.  This is used when we take
+// the address of a function rather than simply calling it.  If the
+// function has a closure, we must use a trampoline.
+
+tree
+Func_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+
+  tree fnaddr = this->get_tree_without_closure(gogo);
+  if (fnaddr == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(fnaddr) == ADDR_EXPR
+            && TREE_CODE(TREE_OPERAND(fnaddr, 0)) == FUNCTION_DECL);
+  TREE_ADDRESSABLE(TREE_OPERAND(fnaddr, 0)) = 1;
+
+  // For a normal non-nested function call, that is all we have to do.
+  if (!this->function_->is_function()
+      || this->function_->func_value()->enclosing() == NULL)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(this->closure_ == NULL);
+      return fnaddr;
+    }
+
+  // For a nested function call, we have to always allocate a
+  // trampoline.  If we don't always allocate, then closures will not
+  // be reliably distinct.
+  Expression* closure = this->closure_;
+  tree closure_tree;
+  if (closure == NULL)
+    closure_tree = null_pointer_node;
+  else
+    {
+      // Get the value of the closure.  This will be a pointer to
+      // space allocated on the heap.
+      closure_tree = closure->get_tree(context);
+      if (closure_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(closure_tree)));
+    }
+
+  // Now we need to build some code on the heap.  This code will load
+  // the static chain pointer with the closure and then jump to the
+  // body of the function.  The normal gcc approach is to build the
+  // code on the stack.  Unfortunately we can not do that, as Go
+  // permits us to return the function pointer.
+
+  return gogo->make_trampoline(fnaddr, closure_tree, this->location());
+}
+
+// Make a reference to a function in an expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_func_reference(Named_object* function, Expression* closure,
+                               source_location location)
+{
+  return new Func_expression(function, closure, location);
+}
+
+// Class Unknown_expression.
+
+// Return the name of an unknown expression.
+
+const std::string&
+Unknown_expression::name() const
+{
+  return this->named_object_->name();
+}
+
+// Lower a reference to an unknown name.
+
+Expression*
+Unknown_expression::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  Named_object* no = this->named_object_;
+  Named_object* real;
+  if (!no->is_unknown())
+    real = no;
+  else
+    {
+      real = no->unknown_value()->real_named_object();
+      if (real == NULL)
+       {
+         if (this->is_composite_literal_key_)
+           return this;
+         error_at(location, "reference to undefined name %qs",
+                  this->named_object_->message_name().c_str());
+         return Expression::make_error(location);
+       }
+    }
+  switch (real->classification())
+    {
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+      return Expression::make_const_reference(real, location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE:
+      return Expression::make_type(real->type_value(), location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION:
+      if (this->is_composite_literal_key_)
+       return this;
+      error_at(location, "reference to undefined type %qs",
+              real->message_name().c_str());
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+      return Expression::make_var_reference(real, location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION:
+      return Expression::make_func_reference(real, NULL, location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE:
+      if (this->is_composite_literal_key_)
+       return this;
+      error_at(location, "unexpected reference to package");
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Make a reference to an unknown name.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_unknown_reference(Named_object* no, source_location location)
+{
+  gcc_assert(no->resolve()->is_unknown());
+  return new Unknown_expression(no, location);
+}
+
+// A boolean expression.
+
+class Boolean_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Boolean_expression(bool val, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_BOOLEAN, location),
+      val_(val), type_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  static Expression*
+  do_import(Import*);
+
+ protected:
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return this; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { return this->val_ ? boolean_true_node : boolean_false_node; }
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export* exp) const
+  { exp->write_c_string(this->val_ ? "true" : "false"); }
+
+ private:
+  // The constant.
+  bool val_;
+  // The type as determined by context.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+// Get the type.
+
+Type*
+Boolean_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    this->type_ = Type::make_boolean_type();
+  return this->type_;
+}
+
+// Set the type from the context.
+
+void
+Boolean_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
+    ;
+  else if (context->type != NULL && context->type->is_boolean_type())
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+  else if (!context->may_be_abstract)
+    this->type_ = Type::lookup_bool_type();
+}
+
+// Import a boolean constant.
+
+Expression*
+Boolean_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  if (imp->peek_char() == 't')
+    {
+      imp->require_c_string("true");
+      return Expression::make_boolean(true, imp->location());
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      imp->require_c_string("false");
+      return Expression::make_boolean(false, imp->location());
+    }
+}
+
+// Make a boolean expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_boolean(bool val, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Boolean_expression(val, location);
+}
+
+// Class String_expression.
+
+// Get the type.
+
+Type*
+String_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    this->type_ = Type::make_string_type();
+  return this->type_;
+}
+
+// Set the type from the context.
+
+void
+String_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
+    ;
+  else if (context->type != NULL && context->type->is_string_type())
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+  else if (!context->may_be_abstract)
+    this->type_ = Type::lookup_string_type();
+}
+
+// Build a string constant.
+
+tree
+String_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  return context->gogo()->go_string_constant_tree(this->val_);
+}
+
+// Export a string expression.
+
+void
+String_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  std::string s;
+  s.reserve(this->val_.length() * 4 + 2);
+  s += '"';
+  for (std::string::const_iterator p = this->val_.begin();
+       p != this->val_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (*p == '\\' || *p == '"')
+       {
+         s += '\\';
+         s += *p;
+       }
+      else if (*p >= 0x20 && *p < 0x7f)
+       s += *p;
+      else if (*p == '\n')
+       s += "\\n";
+      else if (*p == '\t')
+       s += "\\t";
+      else
+       {
+         s += "\\x";
+         unsigned char c = *p;
+         unsigned int dig = c >> 4;
+         s += dig < 10 ? '0' + dig : 'A' + dig - 10;
+         dig = c & 0xf;
+         s += dig < 10 ? '0' + dig : 'A' + dig - 10;
+       }
+    }
+  s += '"';
+  exp->write_string(s);
+}
+
+// Import a string expression.
+
+Expression*
+String_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("\"");
+  std::string val;
+  while (true)
+    {
+      int c = imp->get_char();
+      if (c == '"' || c == -1)
+       break;
+      if (c != '\\')
+       val += static_cast<char>(c);
+      else
+       {
+         c = imp->get_char();
+         if (c == '\\' || c == '"')
+           val += static_cast<char>(c);
+         else if (c == 'n')
+           val += '\n';
+         else if (c == 't')
+           val += '\t';
+         else if (c == 'x')
+           {
+             c = imp->get_char();
+             unsigned int vh = c >= '0' && c <= '9' ? c - '0' : c - 'A' + 10;
+             c = imp->get_char();
+             unsigned int vl = c >= '0' && c <= '9' ? c - '0' : c - 'A' + 10;
+             char v = (vh << 4) | vl;
+             val += v;
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             error_at(imp->location(), "bad string constant");
+             return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  return Expression::make_string(val, imp->location());
+}
+
+// Make a string expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_string(const std::string& val, source_location location)
+{
+  return new String_expression(val, location);
+}
+
+// Make an integer expression.
+
+class Integer_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Integer_expression(const mpz_t* val, Type* type, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_INTEGER, location),
+      type_(type)
+  { mpz_init_set(this->val_, *val); }
+
+  static Expression*
+  do_import(Import*);
+
+  // Return whether VAL fits in the type.
+  static bool
+  check_constant(mpz_t val, Type*, source_location);
+
+  // Write VAL to export data.
+  static void
+  export_integer(Export* exp, const mpz_t val);
+
+ protected:
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  bool
+  do_integer_constant_value(bool, mpz_t val, Type** ptype) const;
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context* context);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return Expression::make_integer(&this->val_, this->type_,
+                                   this->location()); }
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+ private:
+  // The integer value.
+  mpz_t val_;
+  // The type so far.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+// Return an integer constant value.
+
+bool
+Integer_expression::do_integer_constant_value(bool, mpz_t val,
+                                             Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    *ptype = this->type_;
+  mpz_set(val, this->val_);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Return the current type.  If we haven't set the type yet, we return
+// an abstract integer type.
+
+Type*
+Integer_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    this->type_ = Type::make_abstract_integer_type();
+  return this->type_;
+}
+
+// Set the type of the integer value.  Here we may switch from an
+// abstract type to a real type.
+
+void
+Integer_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
+    ;
+  else if (context->type != NULL
+          && (context->type->integer_type() != NULL
+              || context->type->float_type() != NULL
+              || context->type->complex_type() != NULL))
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+  else if (!context->may_be_abstract)
+    this->type_ = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+}
+
+// Return true if the integer VAL fits in the range of the type TYPE.
+// Otherwise give an error and return false.  TYPE may be NULL.
+
+bool
+Integer_expression::check_constant(mpz_t val, Type* type,
+                                  source_location location)
+{
+  if (type == NULL)
+    return true;
+  Integer_type* itype = type->integer_type();
+  if (itype == NULL || itype->is_abstract())
+    return true;
+
+  int bits = mpz_sizeinbase(val, 2);
+
+  if (itype->is_unsigned())
+    {
+      // For an unsigned type we can only accept a nonnegative number,
+      // and we must be able to represent at least BITS.
+      if (mpz_sgn(val) >= 0
+         && bits <= itype->bits())
+       return true;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // For a signed type we need an extra bit to indicate the sign.
+      // We have to handle the most negative integer specially.
+      if (bits + 1 <= itype->bits()
+         || (bits <= itype->bits()
+             && mpz_sgn(val) < 0
+             && (mpz_scan1(val, 0)
+                 == static_cast<unsigned long>(itype->bits() - 1))
+             && mpz_scan0(val, itype->bits()) == ULONG_MAX))
+       return true;
+    }
+
+  error_at(location, "integer constant overflow");
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Check the type of an integer constant.
+
+void
+Integer_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    return;
+  if (!Integer_expression::check_constant(this->val_, this->type_,
+                                         this->location()))
+    this->set_is_error();
+}
+
+// Get a tree for an integer constant.
+
+tree
+Integer_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree type;
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
+    type = this->type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  else if (this->type_ != NULL && this->type_->float_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      // We are converting to an abstract floating point type.
+      type = Type::lookup_float_type("float64")->get_tree(gogo);
+    }
+  else if (this->type_ != NULL && this->type_->complex_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      // We are converting to an abstract complex type.
+      type = Type::lookup_complex_type("complex128")->get_tree(gogo);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // If we still have an abstract type here, then this is being
+      // used in a constant expression which didn't get reduced for
+      // some reason.  Use a type which will fit the value.  We use <,
+      // not <=, because we need an extra bit for the sign bit.
+      int bits = mpz_sizeinbase(this->val_, 2);
+      if (bits < INT_TYPE_SIZE)
+       type = Type::lookup_integer_type("int")->get_tree(gogo);
+      else if (bits < 64)
+       type = Type::lookup_integer_type("int64")->get_tree(gogo);
+      else
+       type = long_long_integer_type_node;
+    }
+  return Expression::integer_constant_tree(this->val_, type);
+}
+
+// Write VAL to export data.
+
+void
+Integer_expression::export_integer(Export* exp, const mpz_t val)
+{
+  char* s = mpz_get_str(NULL, 10, val);
+  exp->write_c_string(s);
+  free(s);
+}
+
+// Export an integer in a constant expression.
+
+void
+Integer_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  Integer_expression::export_integer(exp, this->val_);
+  // A trailing space lets us reliably identify the end of the number.
+  exp->write_c_string(" ");
+}
+
+// Import an integer, floating point, or complex value.  This handles
+// all these types because they all start with digits.
+
+Expression*
+Integer_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  std::string num = imp->read_identifier();
+  imp->require_c_string(" ");
+  if (!num.empty() && num[num.length() - 1] == 'i')
+    {
+      mpfr_t real;
+      size_t plus_pos = num.find('+', 1);
+      size_t minus_pos = num.find('-', 1);
+      size_t pos;
+      if (plus_pos == std::string::npos)
+       pos = minus_pos;
+      else if (minus_pos == std::string::npos)
+       pos = plus_pos;
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(imp->location(), "bad number in import data: %qs",
+                  num.c_str());
+         return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
+       }
+      if (pos == std::string::npos)
+       mpfr_set_ui(real, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+      else
+       {
+         std::string real_str = num.substr(0, pos);
+         if (mpfr_init_set_str(real, real_str.c_str(), 10, GMP_RNDN) != 0)
+           {
+             error_at(imp->location(), "bad number in import data: %qs",
+                      real_str.c_str());
+             return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
+           }
+       }
+
+      std::string imag_str;
+      if (pos == std::string::npos)
+       imag_str = num;
+      else
+       imag_str = num.substr(pos);
+      imag_str = imag_str.substr(0, imag_str.size() - 1);
+      mpfr_t imag;
+      if (mpfr_init_set_str(imag, imag_str.c_str(), 10, GMP_RNDN) != 0)
+       {
+         error_at(imp->location(), "bad number in import data: %qs",
+                  imag_str.c_str());
+         return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
+       }
+      Expression* ret = Expression::make_complex(&real, &imag, NULL,
+                                                imp->location());
+      mpfr_clear(real);
+      mpfr_clear(imag);
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else if (num.find('.') == std::string::npos
+          && num.find('E') == std::string::npos)
+    {
+      mpz_t val;
+      if (mpz_init_set_str(val, num.c_str(), 10) != 0)
+       {
+         error_at(imp->location(), "bad number in import data: %qs",
+                  num.c_str());
+         return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
+       }
+      Expression* ret = Expression::make_integer(&val, NULL, imp->location());
+      mpz_clear(val);
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      mpfr_t val;
+      if (mpfr_init_set_str(val, num.c_str(), 10, GMP_RNDN) != 0)
+       {
+         error_at(imp->location(), "bad number in import data: %qs",
+                  num.c_str());
+         return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
+       }
+      Expression* ret = Expression::make_float(&val, NULL, imp->location());
+      mpfr_clear(val);
+      return ret;
+    }
+}
+
+// Build a new integer value.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_integer(const mpz_t* val, Type* type,
+                        source_location location)
+{
+  return new Integer_expression(val, type, location);
+}
+
+// Floats.
+
+class Float_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Float_expression(const mpfr_t* val, Type* type, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_FLOAT, location),
+      type_(type)
+  {
+    mpfr_init_set(this->val_, *val, GMP_RNDN);
+  }
+
+  // Constrain VAL to fit into TYPE.
+  static void
+  constrain_float(mpfr_t val, Type* type);
+
+  // Return whether VAL fits in the type.
+  static bool
+  check_constant(mpfr_t val, Type*, source_location);
+
+  // Write VAL to export data.
+  static void
+  export_float(Export* exp, const mpfr_t val);
+
+ protected:
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  bool
+  do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val, Type**) const;
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return Expression::make_float(&this->val_, this->type_,
+                                 this->location()); }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+ private:
+  // The floating point value.
+  mpfr_t val_;
+  // The type so far.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+// Constrain VAL to fit into TYPE.
+
+void
+Float_expression::constrain_float(mpfr_t val, Type* type)
+{
+  Float_type* ftype = type->float_type();
+  if (ftype != NULL && !ftype->is_abstract())
+    {
+      tree type_tree = ftype->type_tree();
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE rvt;
+      real_from_mpfr(&rvt, val, type_tree, GMP_RNDN);
+      real_convert(&rvt, TYPE_MODE(type_tree), &rvt);
+      mpfr_from_real(val, &rvt, GMP_RNDN);
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a floating point constant value.
+
+bool
+Float_expression::do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val, Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    *ptype = this->type_;
+  mpfr_set(val, this->val_, GMP_RNDN);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Return the current type.  If we haven't set the type yet, we return
+// an abstract float type.
+
+Type*
+Float_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    this->type_ = Type::make_abstract_float_type();
+  return this->type_;
+}
+
+// Set the type of the float value.  Here we may switch from an
+// abstract type to a real type.
+
+void
+Float_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
+    ;
+  else if (context->type != NULL
+          && (context->type->integer_type() != NULL
+              || context->type->float_type() != NULL
+              || context->type->complex_type() != NULL))
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+  else if (!context->may_be_abstract)
+    this->type_ = Type::lookup_float_type("float64");
+}
+
+// Return true if the floating point value VAL fits in the range of
+// the type TYPE.  Otherwise give an error and return false.  TYPE may
+// be NULL.
+
+bool
+Float_expression::check_constant(mpfr_t val, Type* type,
+                                source_location location)
+{
+  if (type == NULL)
+    return true;
+  Float_type* ftype = type->float_type();
+  if (ftype == NULL || ftype->is_abstract())
+    return true;
+
+  // A NaN or Infinity always fits in the range of the type.
+  if (mpfr_nan_p(val) || mpfr_inf_p(val) || mpfr_zero_p(val))
+    return true;
+
+  mp_exp_t exp = mpfr_get_exp(val);
+  mp_exp_t max_exp;
+  switch (ftype->bits())
+    {
+    case 32:
+      max_exp = 128;
+      break;
+    case 64:
+      max_exp = 1024;
+      break;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+  if (exp > max_exp)
+    {
+      error_at(location, "floating point constant overflow");
+      return false;
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Check the type of a float value.
+
+void
+Float_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  if (!Float_expression::check_constant(this->val_, this->type_,
+                                       this->location()))
+    this->set_is_error();
+
+  Integer_type* integer_type = this->type_->integer_type();
+  if (integer_type != NULL)
+    {
+      if (!mpfr_integer_p(this->val_))
+       this->report_error(_("floating point constant truncated to integer"));
+      else
+       {
+         gcc_assert(!integer_type->is_abstract());
+         mpz_t ival;
+         mpz_init(ival);
+         mpfr_get_z(ival, this->val_, GMP_RNDN);
+         Integer_expression::check_constant(ival, integer_type,
+                                            this->location());
+         mpz_clear(ival);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a float constant.
+
+tree
+Float_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree type;
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
+    type = this->type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  else if (this->type_ != NULL && this->type_->integer_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      // We have an abstract integer type.  We just hope for the best.
+      type = Type::lookup_integer_type("int")->get_tree(gogo);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // If we still have an abstract type here, then this is being
+      // used in a constant expression which didn't get reduced.  We
+      // just use float64 and hope for the best.
+      type = Type::lookup_float_type("float64")->get_tree(gogo);
+    }
+  return Expression::float_constant_tree(this->val_, type);
+}
+
+// Write a floating point number to export data.
+
+void
+Float_expression::export_float(Export *exp, const mpfr_t val)
+{
+  mp_exp_t exponent;
+  char* s = mpfr_get_str(NULL, &exponent, 10, 0, val, GMP_RNDN);
+  if (*s == '-')
+    exp->write_c_string("-");
+  exp->write_c_string("0.");
+  exp->write_c_string(*s == '-' ? s + 1 : s);
+  mpfr_free_str(s);
+  char buf[30];
+  snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "E%ld", exponent);
+  exp->write_c_string(buf);
+}
+
+// Export a floating point number in a constant expression.
+
+void
+Float_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  Float_expression::export_float(exp, this->val_);
+  // A trailing space lets us reliably identify the end of the number.
+  exp->write_c_string(" ");
+}
+
+// Make a float expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_float(const mpfr_t* val, Type* type, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Float_expression(val, type, location);
+}
+
+// Complex numbers.
+
+class Complex_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Complex_expression(const mpfr_t* real, const mpfr_t* imag, Type* type,
+                    source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_COMPLEX, location),
+      type_(type)
+  {
+    mpfr_init_set(this->real_, *real, GMP_RNDN);
+    mpfr_init_set(this->imag_, *imag, GMP_RNDN);
+  }
+
+  // Constrain REAL/IMAG to fit into TYPE.
+  static void
+  constrain_complex(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag, Type* type);
+
+  // Return whether REAL/IMAG fits in the type.
+  static bool
+  check_constant(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag, Type*, source_location);
+
+  // Write REAL/IMAG to export data.
+  static void
+  export_complex(Export* exp, const mpfr_t real, const mpfr_t val);
+
+ protected:
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  bool
+  do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag, Type**) const;
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return Expression::make_complex(&this->real_, &this->imag_, this->type_,
+                                   this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+ private:
+  // The real part.
+  mpfr_t real_;
+  // The imaginary part;
+  mpfr_t imag_;
+  // The type if known.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+// Constrain REAL/IMAG to fit into TYPE.
+
+void
+Complex_expression::constrain_complex(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag, Type* type)
+{
+  Complex_type* ctype = type->complex_type();
+  if (ctype != NULL && !ctype->is_abstract())
+    {
+      tree type_tree = ctype->type_tree();
+
+      REAL_VALUE_TYPE rvt;
+      real_from_mpfr(&rvt, real, TREE_TYPE(type_tree), GMP_RNDN);
+      real_convert(&rvt, TYPE_MODE(TREE_TYPE(type_tree)), &rvt);
+      mpfr_from_real(real, &rvt, GMP_RNDN);
+
+      real_from_mpfr(&rvt, imag, TREE_TYPE(type_tree), GMP_RNDN);
+      real_convert(&rvt, TYPE_MODE(TREE_TYPE(type_tree)), &rvt);
+      mpfr_from_real(imag, &rvt, GMP_RNDN);
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a complex constant value.
+
+bool
+Complex_expression::do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag,
+                                             Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    *ptype = this->type_;
+  mpfr_set(real, this->real_, GMP_RNDN);
+  mpfr_set(imag, this->imag_, GMP_RNDN);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Return the current type.  If we haven't set the type yet, we return
+// an abstract complex type.
+
+Type*
+Complex_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    this->type_ = Type::make_abstract_complex_type();
+  return this->type_;
+}
+
+// Set the type of the complex value.  Here we may switch from an
+// abstract type to a real type.
+
+void
+Complex_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
+    ;
+  else if (context->type != NULL
+          && context->type->complex_type() != NULL)
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+  else if (!context->may_be_abstract)
+    this->type_ = Type::lookup_complex_type("complex128");
+}
+
+// Return true if the complex value REAL/IMAG fits in the range of the
+// type TYPE.  Otherwise give an error and return false.  TYPE may be
+// NULL.
+
+bool
+Complex_expression::check_constant(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag, Type* type,
+                                  source_location location)
+{
+  if (type == NULL)
+    return true;
+  Complex_type* ctype = type->complex_type();
+  if (ctype == NULL || ctype->is_abstract())
+    return true;
+
+  mp_exp_t max_exp;
+  switch (ctype->bits())
+    {
+    case 64:
+      max_exp = 128;
+      break;
+    case 128:
+      max_exp = 1024;
+      break;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  // A NaN or Infinity always fits in the range of the type.
+  if (!mpfr_nan_p(real) && !mpfr_inf_p(real) && !mpfr_zero_p(real))
+    {
+      if (mpfr_get_exp(real) > max_exp)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "complex real part constant overflow");
+         return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (!mpfr_nan_p(imag) && !mpfr_inf_p(imag) && !mpfr_zero_p(imag))
+    {
+      if (mpfr_get_exp(imag) > max_exp)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "complex imaginary part constant overflow");
+         return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Check the type of a complex value.
+
+void
+Complex_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  if (!Complex_expression::check_constant(this->real_, this->imag_,
+                                         this->type_, this->location()))
+    this->set_is_error();
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a complex constant.
+
+tree
+Complex_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree type;
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
+    type = this->type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  else
+    {
+      // If we still have an abstract type here, this this is being
+      // used in a constant expression which didn't get reduced.  We
+      // just use complex128 and hope for the best.
+      type = Type::lookup_complex_type("complex128")->get_tree(gogo);
+    }
+  return Expression::complex_constant_tree(this->real_, this->imag_, type);
+}
+
+// Write REAL/IMAG to export data.
+
+void
+Complex_expression::export_complex(Export* exp, const mpfr_t real,
+                                  const mpfr_t imag)
+{
+  if (!mpfr_zero_p(real))
+    {
+      Float_expression::export_float(exp, real);
+      if (mpfr_sgn(imag) > 0)
+       exp->write_c_string("+");
+    }
+  Float_expression::export_float(exp, imag);
+  exp->write_c_string("i");
+}
+
+// Export a complex number in a constant expression.
+
+void
+Complex_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  Complex_expression::export_complex(exp, this->real_, this->imag_);
+  // A trailing space lets us reliably identify the end of the number.
+  exp->write_c_string(" ");
+}
+
+// Make a complex expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_complex(const mpfr_t* real, const mpfr_t* imag, Type* type,
+                        source_location location)
+{
+  return new Complex_expression(real, imag, type, location);
+}
+
+// Find a named object in an expression.
+
+class Find_named_object : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Find_named_object(Named_object* no)
+    : Traverse(traverse_expressions),
+      no_(no), found_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Whether we found the object.
+  bool
+  found() const
+  { return this->found_; }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+ private:
+  // The object we are looking for.
+  Named_object* no_;
+  // Whether we found it.
+  bool found_;
+};
+
+// A reference to a const in an expression.
+
+class Const_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Const_expression(Named_object* constant, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_CONST_REFERENCE, location),
+      constant_(constant), type_(NULL), seen_(false)
+  { }
+
+  Named_object*
+  named_object()
+  { return this->constant_; }
+
+  // Check that the initializer does not refer to the constant itself.
+  void
+  check_for_init_loop();
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int);
+
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  bool
+  do_integer_constant_value(bool, mpz_t val, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_string_constant_value(std::string* val) const
+  { return this->constant_->const_value()->expr()->string_constant_value(val); }
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  // The type of a const is set by the declaration, not the use.
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return this; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context);
+
+  // When exporting a reference to a const as part of a const
+  // expression, we export the value.  We ignore the fact that it has
+  // a name.
+  void
+  do_export(Export* exp) const
+  { this->constant_->const_value()->expr()->export_expression(exp); }
+
+ private:
+  // The constant.
+  Named_object* constant_;
+  // The type of this reference.  This is used if the constant has an
+  // abstract type.
+  Type* type_;
+  // Used to prevent infinite recursion when a constant incorrectly
+  // refers to itself.
+  mutable bool seen_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Const_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    return Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse);
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lower a constant expression.  This is where we convert the
+// predeclared constant iota into an integer value.
+
+Expression*
+Const_expression::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object*, int iota_value)
+{
+  if (this->constant_->const_value()->expr()->classification()
+      == EXPRESSION_IOTA)
+    {
+      if (iota_value == -1)
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(),
+                  "iota is only defined in const declarations");
+         iota_value = 0;
+       }
+      mpz_t val;
+      mpz_init_set_ui(val, static_cast<unsigned long>(iota_value));
+      Expression* ret = Expression::make_integer(&val, NULL,
+                                                this->location());
+      mpz_clear(val);
+      return ret;
+    }
+
+  // Make sure that the constant itself has been lowered.
+  gogo->lower_constant(this->constant_);
+
+  return this;
+}
+
+// Return an integer constant value.
+
+bool
+Const_expression::do_integer_constant_value(bool iota_is_constant, mpz_t val,
+                                           Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->seen_)
+    return false;
+
+  Type* ctype;
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    ctype = this->type_;
+  else
+    ctype = this->constant_->const_value()->type();
+  if (ctype != NULL && ctype->integer_type() == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  Expression* e = this->constant_->const_value()->expr();
+
+  this->seen_ = true;
+
+  Type* t;
+  bool r = e->integer_constant_value(iota_is_constant, val, &t);
+
+  this->seen_ = false;
+
+  if (r
+      && ctype != NULL
+      && !Integer_expression::check_constant(val, ctype, this->location()))
+    return false;
+
+  *ptype = ctype != NULL ? ctype : t;
+  return r;
+}
+
+// Return a floating point constant value.
+
+bool
+Const_expression::do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val, Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->seen_)
+    return false;
+
+  Type* ctype;
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    ctype = this->type_;
+  else
+    ctype = this->constant_->const_value()->type();
+  if (ctype != NULL && ctype->float_type() == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  this->seen_ = true;
+
+  Type* t;
+  bool r = this->constant_->const_value()->expr()->float_constant_value(val,
+                                                                       &t);
+
+  this->seen_ = false;
+
+  if (r && ctype != NULL)
+    {
+      if (!Float_expression::check_constant(val, ctype, this->location()))
+       return false;
+      Float_expression::constrain_float(val, ctype);
+    }
+  *ptype = ctype != NULL ? ctype : t;
+  return r;
+}
+
+// Return a complex constant value.
+
+bool
+Const_expression::do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag,
+                                           Type **ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->seen_)
+    return false;
+
+  Type* ctype;
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    ctype = this->type_;
+  else
+    ctype = this->constant_->const_value()->type();
+  if (ctype != NULL && ctype->complex_type() == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  this->seen_ = true;
+
+  Type *t;
+  bool r = this->constant_->const_value()->expr()->complex_constant_value(real,
+                                                                         imag,
+                                                                         &t);
+
+  this->seen_ = false;
+
+  if (r && ctype != NULL)
+    {
+      if (!Complex_expression::check_constant(real, imag, ctype,
+                                             this->location()))
+       return false;
+      Complex_expression::constrain_complex(real, imag, ctype);
+    }
+  *ptype = ctype != NULL ? ctype : t;
+  return r;
+}
+
+// Return the type of the const reference.
+
+Type*
+Const_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    return this->type_;
+
+  Named_constant* nc = this->constant_->const_value();
+
+  if (this->seen_ || nc->lowering())
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("constant refers to itself"));
+      this->type_ = Type::make_error_type();
+      return this->type_;
+    }
+
+  this->seen_ = true;
+
+  Type* ret = nc->type();
+
+  if (ret != NULL)
+    {
+      this->seen_ = false;
+      return ret;
+    }
+
+  // During parsing, a named constant may have a NULL type, but we
+  // must not return a NULL type here.
+  ret = nc->expr()->type();
+
+  this->seen_ = false;
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Set the type of the const reference.
+
+void
+Const_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  Type* ctype = this->constant_->const_value()->type();
+  Type* cetype = (ctype != NULL
+                 ? ctype
+                 : this->constant_->const_value()->expr()->type());
+  if (ctype != NULL && !ctype->is_abstract())
+    ;
+  else if (context->type != NULL
+          && (context->type->integer_type() != NULL
+              || context->type->float_type() != NULL
+              || context->type->complex_type() != NULL)
+          && (cetype->integer_type() != NULL
+              || cetype->float_type() != NULL
+              || cetype->complex_type() != NULL))
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+  else if (context->type != NULL
+          && context->type->is_string_type()
+          && cetype->is_string_type())
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+  else if (context->type != NULL
+          && context->type->is_boolean_type()
+          && cetype->is_boolean_type())
+    this->type_ = context->type;
+  else if (!context->may_be_abstract)
+    {
+      if (cetype->is_abstract())
+       cetype = cetype->make_non_abstract_type();
+      this->type_ = cetype;
+    }
+}
+
+// Check for a loop in which the initializer of a constant refers to
+// the constant itself.
+
+void
+Const_expression::check_for_init_loop()
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && this->type_->is_error_type())
+    return;
+
+  if (this->seen_)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("constant refers to itself"));
+      this->type_ = Type::make_error_type();
+      return;
+    }
+
+  Expression* init = this->constant_->const_value()->expr();
+  Find_named_object find_named_object(this->constant_);
+
+  this->seen_ = true;
+  Expression::traverse(&init, &find_named_object);
+  this->seen_ = false;
+
+  if (find_named_object.found())
+    {
+      if (this->type_ == NULL || !this->type_->is_error_type())
+       {
+         this->report_error(_("constant refers to itself"));
+         this->type_ = Type::make_error_type();
+       }
+      return;
+    }
+}
+
+// Check types of a const reference.
+
+void
+Const_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && this->type_->is_error_type())
+    return;
+
+  this->check_for_init_loop();
+
+  if (this->type_ == NULL || this->type_->is_abstract())
+    return;
+
+  // Check for integer overflow.
+  if (this->type_->integer_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      mpz_t ival;
+      mpz_init(ival);
+      Type* dummy;
+      if (!this->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &dummy))
+       {
+         mpfr_t fval;
+         mpfr_init(fval);
+         Expression* cexpr = this->constant_->const_value()->expr();
+         if (cexpr->float_constant_value(fval, &dummy))
+           {
+             if (!mpfr_integer_p(fval))
+               this->report_error(_("floating point constant "
+                                    "truncated to integer"));
+             else
+               {
+                 mpfr_get_z(ival, fval, GMP_RNDN);
+                 Integer_expression::check_constant(ival, this->type_,
+                                                    this->location());
+               }
+           }
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+       }
+      mpz_clear(ival);
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the const reference.
+
+tree
+Const_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree type_tree;
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    type_tree = NULL_TREE;
+  else
+    {
+      type_tree = this->type_->get_tree(gogo);
+      if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  // If the type has been set for this expression, but the underlying
+  // object is an abstract int or float, we try to get the abstract
+  // value.  Otherwise we may lose something in the conversion.
+  if (this->type_ != NULL
+      && (this->constant_->const_value()->type() == NULL
+         || this->constant_->const_value()->type()->is_abstract()))
+    {
+      Expression* expr = this->constant_->const_value()->expr();
+      mpz_t ival;
+      mpz_init(ival);
+      Type* t;
+      if (expr->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &t))
+       {
+         tree ret = Expression::integer_constant_tree(ival, type_tree);
+         mpz_clear(ival);
+         return ret;
+       }
+      mpz_clear(ival);
+
+      mpfr_t fval;
+      mpfr_init(fval);
+      if (expr->float_constant_value(fval, &t))
+       {
+         tree ret = Expression::float_constant_tree(fval, type_tree);
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         return ret;
+       }
+
+      mpfr_t imag;
+      mpfr_init(imag);
+      if (expr->complex_constant_value(fval, imag, &t))
+       {
+         tree ret = Expression::complex_constant_tree(fval, imag, type_tree);
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         mpfr_clear(imag);
+         return ret;
+       }
+      mpfr_clear(imag);
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+    }
+
+  tree const_tree = this->constant_->get_tree(gogo, context->function());
+  if (this->type_ == NULL
+      || const_tree == error_mark_node
+      || TREE_TYPE(const_tree) == error_mark_node)
+    return const_tree;
+
+  tree ret;
+  if (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(type_tree) == TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(TREE_TYPE(const_tree)))
+    ret = fold_convert(type_tree, const_tree);
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type_tree) == INTEGER_TYPE)
+    ret = fold(convert_to_integer(type_tree, const_tree));
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type_tree) == REAL_TYPE)
+    ret = fold(convert_to_real(type_tree, const_tree));
+  else if (TREE_CODE(type_tree) == COMPLEX_TYPE)
+    ret = fold(convert_to_complex(type_tree, const_tree));
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Make a reference to a constant in an expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_const_reference(Named_object* constant,
+                                source_location location)
+{
+  return new Const_expression(constant, location);
+}
+
+// Find a named object in an expression.
+
+int
+Find_named_object::expression(Expression** pexpr)
+{
+  switch ((*pexpr)->classification())
+    {
+    case Expression::EXPRESSION_CONST_REFERENCE:
+      {
+       Const_expression* ce = static_cast<Const_expression*>(*pexpr);
+       if (ce->named_object() == this->no_)
+         break;
+
+       // We need to check a constant initializer explicitly, as
+       // loops here will not be caught by the loop checking for
+       // variable initializers.
+       ce->check_for_init_loop();
+
+       return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+      }
+
+    case Expression::EXPRESSION_VAR_REFERENCE:
+      if ((*pexpr)->var_expression()->named_object() == this->no_)
+       break;
+      return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    case Expression::EXPRESSION_FUNC_REFERENCE:
+      if ((*pexpr)->func_expression()->named_object() == this->no_)
+       break;
+      return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    default:
+      return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    }
+  this->found_ = true;
+  return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+}
+
+// The nil value.
+
+class Nil_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Nil_expression(source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_NIL, location)
+  { }
+
+  static Expression*
+  do_import(Import*);
+
+ protected:
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return Type::make_nil_type(); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return this; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { return null_pointer_node; }
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export* exp) const
+  { exp->write_c_string("nil"); }
+};
+
+// Import a nil expression.
+
+Expression*
+Nil_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("nil");
+  return Expression::make_nil(imp->location());
+}
+
+// Make a nil expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_nil(source_location location)
+{
+  return new Nil_expression(location);
+}
+
+// The value of the predeclared constant iota.  This is little more
+// than a marker.  This will be lowered to an integer in
+// Const_expression::do_lower, which is where we know the value that
+// it should have.
+
+class Iota_expression : public Parser_expression
+{
+ public:
+  Iota_expression(source_location location)
+    : Parser_expression(EXPRESSION_IOTA, location)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  Expression*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  // There should only ever be one of these.
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+};
+
+// Make an iota expression.  This is only called for one case: the
+// value of the predeclared constant iota.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_iota()
+{
+  static Iota_expression iota_expression(UNKNOWN_LOCATION);
+  return &iota_expression;
+}
+
+// A type conversion expression.
+
+class Type_conversion_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Type_conversion_expression(Type* type, Expression* expr,
+                            source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_CONVERSION, location),
+      type_(type), expr_(expr), may_convert_function_types_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Return the type to which we are converting.
+  Type*
+  type() const
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  // Return the expression which we are converting.
+  Expression*
+  expr() const
+  { return this->expr_; }
+
+  // Permit converting from one function type to another.  This is
+  // used internally for method expressions.
+  void
+  set_may_convert_function_types()
+  {
+    this->may_convert_function_types_ = true;
+  }
+
+  // Import a type conversion expression.
+  static Expression*
+  do_import(Import*);
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int);
+
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const
+  { return this->expr_->is_constant(); }
+
+  bool
+  do_integer_constant_value(bool, mpz_t, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t, mpfr_t, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_string_constant_value(std::string*) const;
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  {
+    Type_context subcontext(this->type_, false);
+    this->expr_->determine_type(&subcontext);
+  }
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Type_conversion_expression(this->type_, this->expr_->copy(),
+                                         this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context);
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+ private:
+  // The type to convert to.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The expression to convert.
+  Expression* expr_;
+  // True if this is permitted to convert function types.  This is
+  // used internally for method expressions.
+  bool may_convert_function_types_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Type_conversion_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Convert to a constant at lowering time.
+
+Expression*
+Type_conversion_expression::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int)
+{
+  Type* type = this->type_;
+  Expression* val = this->expr_;
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  if (type->integer_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      mpz_t ival;
+      mpz_init(ival);
+      Type* dummy;
+      if (val->integer_constant_value(false, ival, &dummy))
+       {
+         if (!Integer_expression::check_constant(ival, type, location))
+           mpz_set_ui(ival, 0);
+         Expression* ret = Expression::make_integer(&ival, type, location);
+         mpz_clear(ival);
+         return ret;
+       }
+
+      mpfr_t fval;
+      mpfr_init(fval);
+      if (val->float_constant_value(fval, &dummy))
+       {
+         if (!mpfr_integer_p(fval))
+           {
+             error_at(location,
+                      "floating point constant truncated to integer");
+             return Expression::make_error(location);
+           }
+         mpfr_get_z(ival, fval, GMP_RNDN);
+         if (!Integer_expression::check_constant(ival, type, location))
+           mpz_set_ui(ival, 0);
+         Expression* ret = Expression::make_integer(&ival, type, location);
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         mpz_clear(ival);
+         return ret;
+       }
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+      mpz_clear(ival);
+    }
+
+  if (type->float_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      mpfr_t fval;
+      mpfr_init(fval);
+      Type* dummy;
+      if (val->float_constant_value(fval, &dummy))
+       {
+         if (!Float_expression::check_constant(fval, type, location))
+           mpfr_set_ui(fval, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+         Float_expression::constrain_float(fval, type);
+         Expression *ret = Expression::make_float(&fval, type, location);
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         return ret;
+       }
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+    }
+
+  if (type->complex_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      mpfr_t real;
+      mpfr_t imag;
+      mpfr_init(real);
+      mpfr_init(imag);
+      Type* dummy;
+      if (val->complex_constant_value(real, imag, &dummy))
+       {
+         if (!Complex_expression::check_constant(real, imag, type, location))
+           {
+             mpfr_set_ui(real, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+             mpfr_set_ui(imag, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+           }
+         Complex_expression::constrain_complex(real, imag, type);
+         Expression* ret = Expression::make_complex(&real, &imag, type,
+                                                    location);
+         mpfr_clear(real);
+         mpfr_clear(imag);
+         return ret;
+       }
+      mpfr_clear(real);
+      mpfr_clear(imag);
+    }
+
+  if (type->is_open_array_type() && type->named_type() == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* element_type = type->array_type()->element_type()->forwarded();
+      bool is_byte = element_type == Type::lookup_integer_type("uint8");
+      bool is_int = element_type == Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+      if (is_byte || is_int)
+       {
+         std::string s;
+         if (val->string_constant_value(&s))
+           {
+             Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+             if (is_byte)
+               {
+                 for (std::string::const_iterator p = s.begin();
+                      p != s.end();
+                      p++)
+                   {
+                     mpz_t val;
+                     mpz_init_set_ui(val, static_cast<unsigned char>(*p));
+                     Expression* v = Expression::make_integer(&val,
+                                                              element_type,
+                                                              location);
+                     vals->push_back(v);
+                     mpz_clear(val);
+                   }
+               }
+             else
+               {
+                 const char *p = s.data();
+                 const char *pend = s.data() + s.length();
+                 while (p < pend)
+                   {
+                     unsigned int c;
+                     int adv = Lex::fetch_char(p, &c);
+                     if (adv == 0)
+                       {
+                         warning_at(this->location(), 0,
+                                    "invalid UTF-8 encoding");
+                         adv = 1;
+                       }
+                     p += adv;
+                     mpz_t val;
+                     mpz_init_set_ui(val, c);
+                     Expression* v = Expression::make_integer(&val,
+                                                              element_type,
+                                                              location);
+                     vals->push_back(v);
+                     mpz_clear(val);
+                   }
+               }
+
+             return Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(type, vals,
+                                                             location);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  return this;
+}
+
+// Return the constant integer value if there is one.
+
+bool
+Type_conversion_expression::do_integer_constant_value(bool iota_is_constant,
+                                                     mpz_t val,
+                                                     Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->type_->integer_type() == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  mpz_t ival;
+  mpz_init(ival);
+  Type* dummy;
+  if (this->expr_->integer_constant_value(iota_is_constant, ival, &dummy))
+    {
+      if (!Integer_expression::check_constant(ival, this->type_,
+                                             this->location()))
+       {
+         mpz_clear(ival);
+         return false;
+       }
+      mpz_set(val, ival);
+      mpz_clear(ival);
+      *ptype = this->type_;
+      return true;
+    }
+  mpz_clear(ival);
+
+  mpfr_t fval;
+  mpfr_init(fval);
+  if (this->expr_->float_constant_value(fval, &dummy))
+    {
+      mpfr_get_z(val, fval, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+      if (!Integer_expression::check_constant(val, this->type_,
+                                             this->location()))
+       return false;
+      *ptype = this->type_;
+      return true;
+    }
+  mpfr_clear(fval);
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return the constant floating point value if there is one.
+
+bool
+Type_conversion_expression::do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val,
+                                                   Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->type_->float_type() == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  mpfr_t fval;
+  mpfr_init(fval);
+  Type* dummy;
+  if (this->expr_->float_constant_value(fval, &dummy))
+    {
+      if (!Float_expression::check_constant(fval, this->type_,
+                                           this->location()))
+       {
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         return false;
+       }
+      mpfr_set(val, fval, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+      Float_expression::constrain_float(val, this->type_);
+      *ptype = this->type_;
+      return true;
+    }
+  mpfr_clear(fval);
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return the constant complex value if there is one.
+
+bool
+Type_conversion_expression::do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real,
+                                                     mpfr_t imag,
+                                                     Type **ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->type_->complex_type() == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  mpfr_t rval;
+  mpfr_t ival;
+  mpfr_init(rval);
+  mpfr_init(ival);
+  Type* dummy;
+  if (this->expr_->complex_constant_value(rval, ival, &dummy))
+    {
+      if (!Complex_expression::check_constant(rval, ival, this->type_,
+                                             this->location()))
+       {
+         mpfr_clear(rval);
+         mpfr_clear(ival);
+         return false;
+       }
+      mpfr_set(real, rval, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_set(imag, ival, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_clear(rval);
+      mpfr_clear(ival);
+      Complex_expression::constrain_complex(real, imag, this->type_);
+      *ptype = this->type_;
+      return true;
+    }
+  mpfr_clear(rval);
+  mpfr_clear(ival);
+
+  return false;  
+}
+
+// Return the constant string value if there is one.
+
+bool
+Type_conversion_expression::do_string_constant_value(std::string* val) const
+{
+  if (this->type_->is_string_type()
+      && this->expr_->type()->integer_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      mpz_t ival;
+      mpz_init(ival);
+      Type* dummy;
+      if (this->expr_->integer_constant_value(false, ival, &dummy))
+       {
+         unsigned long ulval = mpz_get_ui(ival);
+         if (mpz_cmp_ui(ival, ulval) == 0)
+           {
+             Lex::append_char(ulval, true, val, this->location());
+             mpz_clear(ival);
+             return true;
+           }
+       }
+      mpz_clear(ival);
+    }
+
+  // FIXME: Could handle conversion from const []int here.
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Check that types are convertible.
+
+void
+Type_conversion_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Type* type = this->type_;
+  Type* expr_type = this->expr_->type();
+  std::string reason;
+
+  if (type->is_error_type()
+      || type->is_undefined()
+      || expr_type->is_error_type()
+      || expr_type->is_undefined())
+    {
+      // Make sure we emit an error for an undefined type.
+      type->base();
+      expr_type->base();
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return;
+    }
+
+  if (this->may_convert_function_types_
+      && type->function_type() != NULL
+      && expr_type->function_type() != NULL)
+    return;
+
+  if (Type::are_convertible(type, expr_type, &reason))
+    return;
+
+  error_at(this->location(), "%s", reason.c_str());
+  this->set_is_error();
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a type conversion.
+
+tree
+Type_conversion_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree type_tree = this->type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  tree expr_tree = this->expr_->get_tree(context);
+
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node
+      || expr_tree == error_mark_node
+      || TREE_TYPE(expr_tree) == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  if (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(type_tree) == TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(TREE_TYPE(expr_tree)))
+    return fold_convert(type_tree, expr_tree);
+
+  Type* type = this->type_;
+  Type* expr_type = this->expr_->type();
+  tree ret;
+  if (type->interface_type() != NULL || expr_type->interface_type() != NULL)
+    ret = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, type, expr_type,
+                                            expr_tree, this->location());
+  else if (type->integer_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (expr_type->integer_type() != NULL
+         || expr_type->float_type() != NULL
+         || expr_type->is_unsafe_pointer_type())
+       ret = fold(convert_to_integer(type_tree, expr_tree));
+      else
+       gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+  else if (type->float_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (expr_type->integer_type() != NULL
+         || expr_type->float_type() != NULL)
+       ret = fold(convert_to_real(type_tree, expr_tree));
+      else
+       gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+  else if (type->complex_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (expr_type->complex_type() != NULL)
+       ret = fold(convert_to_complex(type_tree, expr_tree));
+      else
+       gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+  else if (type->is_string_type()
+          && expr_type->integer_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      expr_tree = fold_convert(integer_type_node, expr_tree);
+      if (host_integerp(expr_tree, 0))
+       {
+         HOST_WIDE_INT intval = tree_low_cst(expr_tree, 0);
+         std::string s;
+         Lex::append_char(intval, true, &s, this->location());
+         Expression* se = Expression::make_string(s, this->location());
+         return se->get_tree(context);
+       }
+
+      static tree int_to_string_fndecl;
+      ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&int_to_string_fndecl,
+                              this->location(),
+                              "__go_int_to_string",
+                              1,
+                              type_tree,
+                              integer_type_node,
+                              fold_convert(integer_type_node, expr_tree));
+    }
+  else if (type->is_string_type()
+          && (expr_type->array_type() != NULL
+              || (expr_type->points_to() != NULL
+                  && expr_type->points_to()->array_type() != NULL)))
+    {
+      Type* t = expr_type;
+      if (t->points_to() != NULL)
+       {
+         t = t->points_to();
+         expr_tree = build_fold_indirect_ref(expr_tree);
+       }
+      if (!DECL_P(expr_tree))
+       expr_tree = save_expr(expr_tree);
+      Array_type* a = t->array_type();
+      Type* e = a->element_type()->forwarded();
+      gcc_assert(e->integer_type() != NULL);
+      tree valptr = fold_convert(const_ptr_type_node,
+                                a->value_pointer_tree(gogo, expr_tree));
+      tree len = a->length_tree(gogo, expr_tree);
+      len = fold_convert_loc(this->location(), size_type_node, len);
+      if (e->integer_type()->is_unsigned()
+         && e->integer_type()->bits() == 8)
+       {
+         static tree byte_array_to_string_fndecl;
+         ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&byte_array_to_string_fndecl,
+                                  this->location(),
+                                  "__go_byte_array_to_string",
+                                  2,
+                                  type_tree,
+                                  const_ptr_type_node,
+                                  valptr,
+                                  size_type_node,
+                                  len);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         gcc_assert(e == Type::lookup_integer_type("int"));
+         static tree int_array_to_string_fndecl;
+         ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&int_array_to_string_fndecl,
+                                  this->location(),
+                                  "__go_int_array_to_string",
+                                  2,
+                                  type_tree,
+                                  const_ptr_type_node,
+                                  valptr,
+                                  size_type_node,
+                                  len);
+       }
+    }
+  else if (type->is_open_array_type() && expr_type->is_string_type())
+    {
+      Type* e = type->array_type()->element_type()->forwarded();
+      gcc_assert(e->integer_type() != NULL);
+      if (e->integer_type()->is_unsigned()
+         && e->integer_type()->bits() == 8)
+       {
+         static tree string_to_byte_array_fndecl;
+         ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&string_to_byte_array_fndecl,
+                                  this->location(),
+                                  "__go_string_to_byte_array",
+                                  1,
+                                  type_tree,
+                                  TREE_TYPE(expr_tree),
+                                  expr_tree);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         gcc_assert(e == Type::lookup_integer_type("int"));
+         static tree string_to_int_array_fndecl;
+         ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&string_to_int_array_fndecl,
+                                  this->location(),
+                                  "__go_string_to_int_array",
+                                  1,
+                                  type_tree,
+                                  TREE_TYPE(expr_tree),
+                                  expr_tree);
+       }
+    }
+  else if ((type->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
+           && expr_type->points_to() != NULL)
+          || (expr_type->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
+              && type->points_to() != NULL))
+    ret = fold_convert(type_tree, expr_tree);
+  else if (type->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
+          && expr_type->integer_type() != NULL)
+    ret = convert_to_pointer(type_tree, expr_tree);
+  else if (this->may_convert_function_types_
+          && type->function_type() != NULL
+          && expr_type->function_type() != NULL)
+    ret = fold_convert_loc(this->location(), type_tree, expr_tree);
+  else
+    ret = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, type, expr_type,
+                                            expr_tree, this->location());
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Output a type conversion in a constant expression.
+
+void
+Type_conversion_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("convert(");
+  exp->write_type(this->type_);
+  exp->write_c_string(", ");
+  this->expr_->export_expression(exp);
+  exp->write_c_string(")");
+}
+
+// Import a type conversion or a struct construction.
+
+Expression*
+Type_conversion_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("convert(");
+  Type* type = imp->read_type();
+  imp->require_c_string(", ");
+  Expression* val = Expression::import_expression(imp);
+  imp->require_c_string(")");
+  return Expression::make_cast(type, val, imp->location());
+}
+
+// Make a type cast expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_cast(Type* type, Expression* val, source_location location)
+{
+  if (type->is_error_type() || val->is_error_expression())
+    return Expression::make_error(location);
+  return new Type_conversion_expression(type, val, location);
+}
+
+// Unary expressions.
+
+class Unary_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Unary_expression(Operator op, Expression* expr, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_UNARY, location),
+      op_(op), escapes_(true), expr_(expr)
+  { }
+
+  // Return the operator.
+  Operator
+  op() const
+  { return this->op_; }
+
+  // Return the operand.
+  Expression*
+  operand() const
+  { return this->expr_; }
+
+  // Record that an address expression does not escape.
+  void
+  set_does_not_escape()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->op_ == OPERATOR_AND);
+    this->escapes_ = false;
+  }
+
+  // Apply unary opcode OP to UVAL, setting VAL.  Return true if this
+  // could be done, false if not.
+  static bool
+  eval_integer(Operator op, Type* utype, mpz_t uval, mpz_t val,
+              source_location);
+
+  // Apply unary opcode OP to UVAL, setting VAL.  Return true if this
+  // could be done, false if not.
+  static bool
+  eval_float(Operator op, mpfr_t uval, mpfr_t val);
+
+  // Apply unary opcode OP to UREAL/UIMAG, setting REAL/IMAG.  Return
+  // true if this could be done, false if not.
+  static bool
+  eval_complex(Operator op, mpfr_t ureal, mpfr_t uimag, mpfr_t real,
+              mpfr_t imag);
+
+  static Expression*
+  do_import(Import*);
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse); }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int);
+
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const;
+
+  bool
+  do_integer_constant_value(bool, mpz_t, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t, mpfr_t, Type**) const;
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return Expression::make_unary(this->op_, this->expr_->copy(),
+                                 this->location());
+  }
+
+  bool
+  do_is_addressable() const
+  { return this->op_ == OPERATOR_MULT; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+ private:
+  // The unary operator to apply.
+  Operator op_;
+  // Normally true.  False if this is an address expression which does
+  // not escape the current function.
+  bool escapes_;
+  // The operand.
+  Expression* expr_;
+};
+
+// If we are taking the address of a composite literal, and the
+// contents are not constant, then we want to make a heap composite
+// instead.
+
+Expression*
+Unary_expression::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+  Operator op = this->op_;
+  Expression* expr = this->expr_;
+
+  if (op == OPERATOR_MULT && expr->is_type_expression())
+    return Expression::make_type(Type::make_pointer_type(expr->type()), loc);
+
+  // *&x simplifies to x.  *(*T)(unsafe.Pointer)(&x) does not require
+  // moving x to the heap.  FIXME: Is it worth doing a real escape
+  // analysis here?  This case is found in math/unsafe.go and is
+  // therefore worth special casing.
+  if (op == OPERATOR_MULT)
+    {
+      Expression* e = expr;
+      while (e->classification() == EXPRESSION_CONVERSION)
+       {
+         Type_conversion_expression* te
+           = static_cast<Type_conversion_expression*>(e);
+         e = te->expr();
+       }
+
+      if (e->classification() == EXPRESSION_UNARY)
+       {
+         Unary_expression* ue = static_cast<Unary_expression*>(e);
+         if (ue->op_ == OPERATOR_AND)
+           {
+             if (e == expr)
+               {
+                 // *&x == x.
+                 return ue->expr_;
+               }
+             ue->set_does_not_escape();
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (op == OPERATOR_PLUS || op == OPERATOR_MINUS
+      || op == OPERATOR_NOT || op == OPERATOR_XOR)
+    {
+      Expression* ret = NULL;
+
+      mpz_t eval;
+      mpz_init(eval);
+      Type* etype;
+      if (expr->integer_constant_value(false, eval, &etype))
+       {
+         mpz_t val;
+         mpz_init(val);
+         if (Unary_expression::eval_integer(op, etype, eval, val, loc))
+           ret = Expression::make_integer(&val, etype, loc);
+         mpz_clear(val);
+       }
+      mpz_clear(eval);
+      if (ret != NULL)
+       return ret;
+
+      if (op == OPERATOR_PLUS || op == OPERATOR_MINUS)
+       {
+         mpfr_t fval;
+         mpfr_init(fval);
+         Type* ftype;
+         if (expr->float_constant_value(fval, &ftype))
+           {
+             mpfr_t val;
+             mpfr_init(val);
+             if (Unary_expression::eval_float(op, fval, val))
+               ret = Expression::make_float(&val, ftype, loc);
+             mpfr_clear(val);
+           }
+         if (ret != NULL)
+           {
+             mpfr_clear(fval);
+             return ret;
+           }
+
+         mpfr_t ival;
+         mpfr_init(ival);
+         if (expr->complex_constant_value(fval, ival, &ftype))
+           {
+             mpfr_t real;
+             mpfr_t imag;
+             mpfr_init(real);
+             mpfr_init(imag);
+             if (Unary_expression::eval_complex(op, fval, ival, real, imag))
+               ret = Expression::make_complex(&real, &imag, ftype, loc);
+             mpfr_clear(real);
+             mpfr_clear(imag);
+           }
+         mpfr_clear(ival);
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         if (ret != NULL)
+           return ret;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return this;
+}
+
+// Return whether a unary expression is a constant.
+
+bool
+Unary_expression::do_is_constant() const
+{
+  if (this->op_ == OPERATOR_MULT)
+    {
+      // Indirecting through a pointer is only constant if the object
+      // to which the expression points is constant, but we currently
+      // have no way to determine that.
+      return false;
+    }
+  else if (this->op_ == OPERATOR_AND)
+    {
+      // Taking the address of a variable is constant if it is a
+      // global variable, not constant otherwise.  In other cases
+      // taking the address is probably not a constant.
+      Var_expression* ve = this->expr_->var_expression();
+      if (ve != NULL)
+       {
+         Named_object* no = ve->named_object();
+         return no->is_variable() && no->var_value()->is_global();
+       }
+      return false;
+    }
+  else
+    return this->expr_->is_constant();
+}
+
+// Apply unary opcode OP to UVAL, setting VAL.  UTYPE is the type of
+// UVAL, if known; it may be NULL.  Return true if this could be done,
+// false if not.
+
+bool
+Unary_expression::eval_integer(Operator op, Type* utype, mpz_t uval, mpz_t val,
+                              source_location location)
+{
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      mpz_set(val, uval);
+      return true;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      mpz_neg(val, uval);
+      return Integer_expression::check_constant(val, utype, location);
+    case OPERATOR_NOT:
+      mpz_set_ui(val, mpz_cmp_si(uval, 0) == 0 ? 1 : 0);
+      return true;
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      if (utype == NULL
+         || utype->integer_type() == NULL
+         || utype->integer_type()->is_abstract())
+       mpz_com(val, uval);
+      else
+       {
+         // The number of HOST_WIDE_INTs that it takes to represent
+         // UVAL.
+         size_t count = ((mpz_sizeinbase(uval, 2)
+                          + HOST_BITS_PER_WIDE_INT
+                          - 1)
+                         / HOST_BITS_PER_WIDE_INT);
+
+         unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT* phwi = new unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT[count];
+         memset(phwi, 0, count * sizeof(HOST_WIDE_INT));
+
+         size_t ecount;
+         mpz_export(phwi, &ecount, -1, sizeof(HOST_WIDE_INT), 0, 0, uval);
+         gcc_assert(ecount <= count);
+
+         // Trim down to the number of words required by the type.
+         size_t obits = utype->integer_type()->bits();
+         if (!utype->integer_type()->is_unsigned())
+           ++obits;
+         size_t ocount = ((obits + HOST_BITS_PER_WIDE_INT - 1)
+                          / HOST_BITS_PER_WIDE_INT);
+         gcc_assert(ocount <= ocount);
+
+         for (size_t i = 0; i < ocount; ++i)
+           phwi[i] = ~phwi[i];
+
+         size_t clearbits = ocount * HOST_BITS_PER_WIDE_INT - obits;
+         if (clearbits != 0)
+           phwi[ocount - 1] &= (((unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT) (HOST_WIDE_INT) -1)
+                                >> clearbits);
+
+         mpz_import(val, ocount, -1, sizeof(HOST_WIDE_INT), 0, 0, phwi);
+
+         delete[] phwi;
+       }
+      return Integer_expression::check_constant(val, utype, location);
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      return false;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Apply unary opcode OP to UVAL, setting VAL.  Return true if this
+// could be done, false if not.
+
+bool
+Unary_expression::eval_float(Operator op, mpfr_t uval, mpfr_t val)
+{
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      mpfr_set(val, uval, GMP_RNDN);
+      return true;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      mpfr_neg(val, uval, GMP_RNDN);
+      return true;
+    case OPERATOR_NOT:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      return false;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Apply unary opcode OP to RVAL/IVAL, setting REAL/IMAG.  Return true
+// if this could be done, false if not.
+
+bool
+Unary_expression::eval_complex(Operator op, mpfr_t rval, mpfr_t ival,
+                              mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag)
+{
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      mpfr_set(real, rval, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_set(imag, ival, GMP_RNDN);
+      return true;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      mpfr_neg(real, rval, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_neg(imag, ival, GMP_RNDN);
+      return true;
+    case OPERATOR_NOT:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      return false;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return the integral constant value of a unary expression, if it has one.
+
+bool
+Unary_expression::do_integer_constant_value(bool iota_is_constant, mpz_t val,
+                                           Type** ptype) const
+{
+  mpz_t uval;
+  mpz_init(uval);
+  bool ret;
+  if (!this->expr_->integer_constant_value(iota_is_constant, uval, ptype))
+    ret = false;
+  else
+    ret = Unary_expression::eval_integer(this->op_, *ptype, uval, val,
+                                        this->location());
+  mpz_clear(uval);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return the floating point constant value of a unary expression, if
+// it has one.
+
+bool
+Unary_expression::do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val, Type** ptype) const
+{
+  mpfr_t uval;
+  mpfr_init(uval);
+  bool ret;
+  if (!this->expr_->float_constant_value(uval, ptype))
+    ret = false;
+  else
+    ret = Unary_expression::eval_float(this->op_, uval, val);
+  mpfr_clear(uval);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return the complex constant value of a unary expression, if it has
+// one.
+
+bool
+Unary_expression::do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag,
+                                           Type** ptype) const
+{
+  mpfr_t rval;
+  mpfr_t ival;
+  mpfr_init(rval);
+  mpfr_init(ival);
+  bool ret;
+  if (!this->expr_->complex_constant_value(rval, ival, ptype))
+    ret = false;
+  else
+    ret = Unary_expression::eval_complex(this->op_, rval, ival, real, imag);
+  mpfr_clear(rval);
+  mpfr_clear(ival);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return the type of a unary expression.
+
+Type*
+Unary_expression::do_type()
+{
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+    case OPERATOR_NOT:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      return this->expr_->type();
+
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+      return Type::make_pointer_type(this->expr_->type());
+
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      {
+       Type* subtype = this->expr_->type();
+       Type* points_to = subtype->points_to();
+       if (points_to == NULL)
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       return points_to;
+      }
+
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Determine abstract types for a unary expression.
+
+void
+Unary_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+    case OPERATOR_NOT:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      this->expr_->determine_type(context);
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+      // Taking the address of something.
+      {
+       Type* subtype = (context->type == NULL
+                        ? NULL
+                        : context->type->points_to());
+       Type_context subcontext(subtype, false);
+       this->expr_->determine_type(&subcontext);
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      // Indirecting through a pointer.
+      {
+       Type* subtype = (context->type == NULL
+                        ? NULL
+                        : Type::make_pointer_type(context->type));
+       Type_context subcontext(subtype, false);
+       this->expr_->determine_type(&subcontext);
+      }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Check types for a unary expression.
+
+void
+Unary_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Type* type = this->expr_->type();
+  if (type->is_error_type())
+    {
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return;
+    }
+
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      if (type->integer_type() == NULL
+         && type->float_type() == NULL
+         && type->complex_type() == NULL)
+       this->report_error(_("expected numeric type"));
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_NOT:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      if (type->integer_type() == NULL
+         && !type->is_boolean_type())
+       this->report_error(_("expected integer or boolean type"));
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+      if (!this->expr_->is_addressable())
+       this->report_error(_("invalid operand for unary %<&%>"));
+      else
+       this->expr_->address_taken(this->escapes_);
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      // Indirecting through a pointer.
+      if (type->points_to() == NULL)
+       this->report_error(_("expected pointer"));
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a unary expression.
+
+tree
+Unary_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree expr = this->expr_->get_tree(context);
+  if (expr == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      return expr;
+
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      {
+       tree type = TREE_TYPE(expr);
+       tree compute_type = excess_precision_type(type);
+       if (compute_type != NULL_TREE)
+         expr = ::convert(compute_type, expr);
+       tree ret = fold_build1_loc(loc, NEGATE_EXPR,
+                                  (compute_type != NULL_TREE
+                                   ? compute_type
+                                   : type),
+                                  expr);
+       if (compute_type != NULL_TREE)
+         ret = ::convert(type, ret);
+       return ret;
+      }
+
+    case OPERATOR_NOT:
+      if (TREE_CODE(TREE_TYPE(expr)) == BOOLEAN_TYPE)
+       return fold_build1_loc(loc, TRUTH_NOT_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(expr), expr);
+      else
+       return fold_build2_loc(loc, NE_EXPR, boolean_type_node, expr,
+                              build_int_cst(TREE_TYPE(expr), 0));
+
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      return fold_build1_loc(loc, BIT_NOT_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(expr), expr);
+
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+      // We should not see a non-constant constructor here; cases
+      // where we would see one should have been moved onto the heap
+      // at parse time.  Taking the address of a nonconstant
+      // constructor will not do what the programmer expects.
+      gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(expr) != CONSTRUCTOR || TREE_CONSTANT(expr));
+      gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(expr) != ADDR_EXPR);
+
+      // Build a decl for a constant constructor.
+      if (TREE_CODE(expr) == CONSTRUCTOR && TREE_CONSTANT(expr))
+       {
+         tree decl = build_decl(this->location(), VAR_DECL,
+                                create_tmp_var_name("C"), TREE_TYPE(expr));
+         DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 0;
+         TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 0;
+         TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+         TREE_CONSTANT(decl) = 1;
+         TREE_STATIC(decl) = 1;
+         TREE_ADDRESSABLE(decl) = 1;
+         DECL_ARTIFICIAL(decl) = 1;
+         DECL_INITIAL(decl) = expr;
+         rest_of_decl_compilation(decl, 1, 0);
+         expr = decl;
+       }
+
+      return build_fold_addr_expr_loc(loc, expr);
+
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      {
+       gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(expr)));
+
+       // If we are dereferencing the pointer to a large struct, we
+       // need to check for nil.  We don't bother to check for small
+       // structs because we expect the system to crash on a nil
+       // pointer dereference.
+       HOST_WIDE_INT s = int_size_in_bytes(TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(expr)));
+       if (s == -1 || s >= 4096)
+         {
+           if (!DECL_P(expr))
+             expr = save_expr(expr);
+           tree compare = fold_build2_loc(loc, EQ_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                                          expr,
+                                          fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(expr),
+                                                       null_pointer_node));
+           tree crash = Gogo::runtime_error(RUNTIME_ERROR_NIL_DEREFERENCE,
+                                            loc);
+           expr = fold_build2_loc(loc, COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(expr),
+                                  build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                         compare, crash, NULL_TREE),
+                                  expr);
+         }
+
+       // If the type of EXPR is a recursive pointer type, then we
+       // need to insert a cast before indirecting.
+       if (TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(expr)) == ptr_type_node)
+         {
+           Type* pt = this->expr_->type()->points_to();
+           tree ind = pt->get_tree(context->gogo());
+           expr = fold_convert_loc(loc, build_pointer_type(ind), expr);
+         }
+
+       return build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(loc, expr);
+      }
+
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Export a unary expression.
+
+void
+Unary_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      exp->write_c_string("+ ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      exp->write_c_string("- ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_NOT:
+      exp->write_c_string("! ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      exp->write_c_string("^ ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+  this->expr_->export_expression(exp);
+}
+
+// Import a unary expression.
+
+Expression*
+Unary_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  Operator op;
+  switch (imp->get_char())
+    {
+    case '+':
+      op = OPERATOR_PLUS;
+      break;
+    case '-':
+      op = OPERATOR_MINUS;
+      break;
+    case '!':
+      op = OPERATOR_NOT;
+      break;
+    case '^':
+      op = OPERATOR_XOR;
+      break;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+  imp->require_c_string(" ");
+  Expression* expr = Expression::import_expression(imp);
+  return Expression::make_unary(op, expr, imp->location());
+}
+
+// Make a unary expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_unary(Operator op, Expression* expr, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Unary_expression(op, expr, location);
+}
+
+// If this is an indirection through a pointer, return the expression
+// being pointed through.  Otherwise return this.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::deref()
+{
+  if (this->classification_ == EXPRESSION_UNARY)
+    {
+      Unary_expression* ue = static_cast<Unary_expression*>(this);
+      if (ue->op() == OPERATOR_MULT)
+       return ue->operand();
+    }
+  return this;
+}
+
+// Class Binary_expression.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Binary_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  int t = Expression::traverse(&this->left_, traverse);
+  if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return Expression::traverse(&this->right_, traverse);
+}
+
+// Compare integer constants according to OP.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::compare_integer(Operator op, mpz_t left_val,
+                                  mpz_t right_val)
+{
+  int i = mpz_cmp(left_val, right_val);
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+      return i == 0;
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+      return i != 0;
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+      return i < 0;
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+      return i <= 0;
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+      return i > 0;
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      return i >= 0;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Compare floating point constants according to OP.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::compare_float(Operator op, Type* type, mpfr_t left_val,
+                                mpfr_t right_val)
+{
+  int i;
+  if (type == NULL)
+    i = mpfr_cmp(left_val, right_val);
+  else
+    {
+      mpfr_t lv;
+      mpfr_init_set(lv, left_val, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_t rv;
+      mpfr_init_set(rv, right_val, GMP_RNDN);
+      Float_expression::constrain_float(lv, type);
+      Float_expression::constrain_float(rv, type);
+      i = mpfr_cmp(lv, rv);
+      mpfr_clear(lv);
+      mpfr_clear(rv);
+    }
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+      return i == 0;
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+      return i != 0;
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+      return i < 0;
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+      return i <= 0;
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+      return i > 0;
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      return i >= 0;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Compare complex constants according to OP.  Complex numbers may
+// only be compared for equality.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::compare_complex(Operator op, Type* type,
+                                  mpfr_t left_real, mpfr_t left_imag,
+                                  mpfr_t right_real, mpfr_t right_imag)
+{
+  bool is_equal;
+  if (type == NULL)
+    is_equal = (mpfr_cmp(left_real, right_real) == 0
+               && mpfr_cmp(left_imag, right_imag) == 0);
+  else
+    {
+      mpfr_t lr;
+      mpfr_t li;
+      mpfr_init_set(lr, left_real, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_init_set(li, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_t rr;
+      mpfr_t ri;
+      mpfr_init_set(rr, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_init_set(ri, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+      Complex_expression::constrain_complex(lr, li, type);
+      Complex_expression::constrain_complex(rr, ri, type);
+      is_equal = mpfr_cmp(lr, rr) == 0 && mpfr_cmp(li, ri) == 0;
+      mpfr_clear(lr);
+      mpfr_clear(li);
+      mpfr_clear(rr);
+      mpfr_clear(ri);
+    }
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+      return is_equal;
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+      return !is_equal;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Apply binary opcode OP to LEFT_VAL and RIGHT_VAL, setting VAL.
+// LEFT_TYPE is the type of LEFT_VAL, RIGHT_TYPE is the type of
+// RIGHT_VAL; LEFT_TYPE and/or RIGHT_TYPE may be NULL.  Return true if
+// this could be done, false if not.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::eval_integer(Operator op, Type* left_type, mpz_t left_val,
+                               Type* right_type, mpz_t right_val,
+                               source_location location, mpz_t val)
+{
+  bool is_shift_op = false;
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_OROR:
+    case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      // These return boolean values.  We should probably handle them
+      // anyhow in case a type conversion is used on the result.
+      return false;
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      mpz_add(val, left_val, right_val);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      mpz_sub(val, left_val, right_val);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_OR:
+      mpz_ior(val, left_val, right_val);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      mpz_xor(val, left_val, right_val);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      mpz_mul(val, left_val, right_val);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_DIV:
+      if (mpz_sgn(right_val) != 0)
+       mpz_tdiv_q(val, left_val, right_val);
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(location, "division by zero");
+         mpz_set_ui(val, 0);
+         return true;
+       }
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MOD:
+      if (mpz_sgn(right_val) != 0)
+       mpz_tdiv_r(val, left_val, right_val);
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(location, "division by zero");
+         mpz_set_ui(val, 0);
+         return true;
+       }
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
+      {
+       unsigned long shift = mpz_get_ui(right_val);
+       if (mpz_cmp_ui(right_val, shift) != 0 || shift > 0x100000)
+         {
+           error_at(location, "shift count overflow");
+           mpz_set_ui(val, 0);
+           return true;
+         }
+       mpz_mul_2exp(val, left_val, shift);
+       is_shift_op = true;
+       break;
+      }
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
+      {
+       unsigned long shift = mpz_get_ui(right_val);
+       if (mpz_cmp_ui(right_val, shift) != 0)
+         {
+           error_at(location, "shift count overflow");
+           mpz_set_ui(val, 0);
+           return true;
+         }
+       if (mpz_cmp_ui(left_val, 0) >= 0)
+         mpz_tdiv_q_2exp(val, left_val, shift);
+       else
+         mpz_fdiv_q_2exp(val, left_val, shift);
+       is_shift_op = true;
+       break;
+      }
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+      mpz_and(val, left_val, right_val);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
+      {
+       mpz_t tval;
+       mpz_init(tval);
+       mpz_com(tval, right_val);
+       mpz_and(val, left_val, tval);
+       mpz_clear(tval);
+      }
+      break;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  Type* type = left_type;
+  if (!is_shift_op)
+    {
+      if (type == NULL)
+       type = right_type;
+      else if (type != right_type && right_type != NULL)
+       {
+         if (type->is_abstract())
+           type = right_type;
+         else if (!right_type->is_abstract())
+           {
+             // This look like a type error which should be diagnosed
+             // elsewhere.  Don't do anything here, to avoid an
+             // unhelpful chain of error messages.
+             return true;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (type != NULL && !type->is_abstract())
+    {
+      // We have to check the operands too, as we have implicitly
+      // coerced them to TYPE.
+      if ((type != left_type
+          && !Integer_expression::check_constant(left_val, type, location))
+         || (!is_shift_op
+             && type != right_type
+             && !Integer_expression::check_constant(right_val, type,
+                                                    location))
+         || !Integer_expression::check_constant(val, type, location))
+       mpz_set_ui(val, 0);
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Apply binary opcode OP to LEFT_VAL and RIGHT_VAL, setting VAL.
+// Return true if this could be done, false if not.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::eval_float(Operator op, Type* left_type, mpfr_t left_val,
+                             Type* right_type, mpfr_t right_val,
+                             mpfr_t val, source_location location)
+{
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_OROR:
+    case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      // These return boolean values.  We should probably handle them
+      // anyhow in case a type conversion is used on the result.
+      return false;
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      mpfr_add(val, left_val, right_val, GMP_RNDN);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      mpfr_sub(val, left_val, right_val, GMP_RNDN);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_OR:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
+      return false;
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      mpfr_mul(val, left_val, right_val, GMP_RNDN);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_DIV:
+      if (mpfr_zero_p(right_val))
+       error_at(location, "division by zero");
+      mpfr_div(val, left_val, right_val, GMP_RNDN);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MOD:
+      return false;
+    case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
+    case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
+      return false;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  Type* type = left_type;
+  if (type == NULL)
+    type = right_type;
+  else if (type != right_type && right_type != NULL)
+    {
+      if (type->is_abstract())
+       type = right_type;
+      else if (!right_type->is_abstract())
+       {
+         // This looks like a type error which should be diagnosed
+         // elsewhere.  Don't do anything here, to avoid an unhelpful
+         // chain of error messages.
+         return true;
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (type != NULL && !type->is_abstract())
+    {
+      if ((type != left_type
+          && !Float_expression::check_constant(left_val, type, location))
+         || (type != right_type
+             && !Float_expression::check_constant(right_val, type,
+                                                  location))
+         || !Float_expression::check_constant(val, type, location))
+       mpfr_set_ui(val, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Apply binary opcode OP to LEFT_REAL/LEFT_IMAG and
+// RIGHT_REAL/RIGHT_IMAG, setting REAL/IMAG.  Return true if this
+// could be done, false if not.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::eval_complex(Operator op, Type* left_type,
+                               mpfr_t left_real, mpfr_t left_imag,
+                               Type *right_type,
+                               mpfr_t right_real, mpfr_t right_imag,
+                               mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag,
+                               source_location location)
+{
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_OROR:
+    case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      // These return boolean values and must be handled differently.
+      return false;
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      mpfr_add(real, left_real, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_add(imag, left_imag, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      mpfr_sub(real, left_real, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_sub(imag, left_imag, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_OR:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
+      return false;
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      {
+       // You might think that multiplying two complex numbers would
+       // be simple, and you would be right, until you start to think
+       // about getting the right answer for infinity.  If one
+       // operand here is infinity and the other is anything other
+       // than zero or NaN, then we are going to wind up subtracting
+       // two infinity values.  That will give us a NaN, but the
+       // correct answer is infinity.
+
+       mpfr_t lrrr;
+       mpfr_init(lrrr);
+       mpfr_mul(lrrr, left_real, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       mpfr_t lrri;
+       mpfr_init(lrri);
+       mpfr_mul(lrri, left_real, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       mpfr_t lirr;
+       mpfr_init(lirr);
+       mpfr_mul(lirr, left_imag, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       mpfr_t liri;
+       mpfr_init(liri);
+       mpfr_mul(liri, left_imag, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       mpfr_sub(real, lrrr, liri, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_add(imag, lrri, lirr, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       // If we get NaN on both sides, check whether it should really
+       // be infinity.  The rule is that if either side of the
+       // complex number is infinity, then the whole value is
+       // infinity, even if the other side is NaN.  So the only case
+       // we have to fix is the one in which both sides are NaN.
+       if (mpfr_nan_p(real) && mpfr_nan_p(imag)
+           && (!mpfr_nan_p(left_real) || !mpfr_nan_p(left_imag))
+           && (!mpfr_nan_p(right_real) || !mpfr_nan_p(right_imag)))
+         {
+           bool is_infinity = false;
+
+           mpfr_t lr;
+           mpfr_t li;
+           mpfr_init_set(lr, left_real, GMP_RNDN);
+           mpfr_init_set(li, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+
+           mpfr_t rr;
+           mpfr_t ri;
+           mpfr_init_set(rr, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+           mpfr_init_set(ri, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+
+           // If the left side is infinity, then the result is
+           // infinity.
+           if (mpfr_inf_p(lr) || mpfr_inf_p(li))
+             {
+               mpfr_set_ui(lr, mpfr_inf_p(lr) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_copysign(lr, lr, left_real, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_set_ui(li, mpfr_inf_p(li) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_copysign(li, li, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+               if (mpfr_nan_p(rr))
+                 {
+                   mpfr_set_ui(rr, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+                   mpfr_copysign(rr, rr, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+                 }
+               if (mpfr_nan_p(ri))
+                 {
+                   mpfr_set_ui(ri, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+                   mpfr_copysign(ri, ri, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+                 }
+               is_infinity = true;
+             }
+
+           // If the right side is infinity, then the result is
+           // infinity.
+           if (mpfr_inf_p(rr) || mpfr_inf_p(ri))
+             {
+               mpfr_set_ui(rr, mpfr_inf_p(rr) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_copysign(rr, rr, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_set_ui(ri, mpfr_inf_p(ri) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_copysign(ri, ri, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+               if (mpfr_nan_p(lr))
+                 {
+                   mpfr_set_ui(lr, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+                   mpfr_copysign(lr, lr, left_real, GMP_RNDN);
+                 }
+               if (mpfr_nan_p(li))
+                 {
+                   mpfr_set_ui(li, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+                   mpfr_copysign(li, li, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+                 }
+               is_infinity = true;
+             }
+
+           // If we got an overflow in the intermediate computations,
+           // then the result is infinity.
+           if (!is_infinity
+               && (mpfr_inf_p(lrrr) || mpfr_inf_p(lrri)
+                   || mpfr_inf_p(lirr) || mpfr_inf_p(liri)))
+             {
+               if (mpfr_nan_p(lr))
+                 {
+                   mpfr_set_ui(lr, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+                   mpfr_copysign(lr, lr, left_real, GMP_RNDN);
+                 }
+               if (mpfr_nan_p(li))
+                 {
+                   mpfr_set_ui(li, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+                   mpfr_copysign(li, li, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+                 }
+               if (mpfr_nan_p(rr))
+                 {
+                   mpfr_set_ui(rr, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+                   mpfr_copysign(rr, rr, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+                 }
+               if (mpfr_nan_p(ri))
+                 {
+                   mpfr_set_ui(ri, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+                   mpfr_copysign(ri, ri, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+                 }
+               is_infinity = true;
+             }
+
+           if (is_infinity)
+             {
+               mpfr_mul(lrrr, lr, rr, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_mul(lrri, lr, ri, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_mul(lirr, li, rr, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_mul(liri, li, ri, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_sub(real, lrrr, liri, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_add(imag, lrri, lirr, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_set_inf(real, mpfr_sgn(real));
+               mpfr_set_inf(imag, mpfr_sgn(imag));
+             }
+
+           mpfr_clear(lr);
+           mpfr_clear(li);
+           mpfr_clear(rr);
+           mpfr_clear(ri);
+         }
+
+       mpfr_clear(lrrr);
+       mpfr_clear(lrri);
+       mpfr_clear(lirr);
+       mpfr_clear(liri);                                 
+      }
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_DIV:
+      {
+       // For complex division we want to avoid having an
+       // intermediate overflow turn the whole result in a NaN.  We
+       // scale the values to try to avoid this.
+
+       if (mpfr_zero_p(right_real) && mpfr_zero_p(right_imag))
+         error_at(location, "division by zero");
+
+       mpfr_t rra;
+       mpfr_t ria;
+       mpfr_init(rra);
+       mpfr_init(ria);
+       mpfr_abs(rra, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_abs(ria, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_t t;
+       mpfr_init(t);
+       mpfr_max(t, rra, ria, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       mpfr_t rr;
+       mpfr_t ri;
+       mpfr_init_set(rr, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_init_set(ri, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+       long ilogbw = 0;
+       if (!mpfr_inf_p(t) && !mpfr_nan_p(t) && !mpfr_zero_p(t))
+         {
+           ilogbw = mpfr_get_exp(t);
+           mpfr_mul_2si(rr, rr, - ilogbw, GMP_RNDN);
+           mpfr_mul_2si(ri, ri, - ilogbw, GMP_RNDN);
+         }
+
+       mpfr_t denom;
+       mpfr_init(denom);
+       mpfr_mul(denom, rr, rr, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_mul(t, ri, ri, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_add(denom, denom, t, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       mpfr_mul(real, left_real, rr, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_mul(t, left_imag, ri, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_add(real, real, t, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_div(real, real, denom, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_mul_2si(real, real, - ilogbw, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       mpfr_mul(imag, left_imag, rr, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_mul(t, left_real, ri, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_sub(imag, imag, t, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_div(imag, imag, denom, GMP_RNDN);
+       mpfr_mul_2si(imag, imag, - ilogbw, GMP_RNDN);
+
+       // If we wind up with NaN on both sides, check whether we
+       // should really have infinity.  The rule is that if either
+       // side of the complex number is infinity, then the whole
+       // value is infinity, even if the other side is NaN.  So the
+       // only case we have to fix is the one in which both sides are
+       // NaN.
+       if (mpfr_nan_p(real) && mpfr_nan_p(imag)
+           && (!mpfr_nan_p(left_real) || !mpfr_nan_p(left_imag))
+           && (!mpfr_nan_p(right_real) || !mpfr_nan_p(right_imag)))
+         {
+           if (mpfr_zero_p(denom))
+             {
+               mpfr_set_inf(real, mpfr_sgn(rr));
+               mpfr_mul(real, real, left_real, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_set_inf(imag, mpfr_sgn(rr));
+               mpfr_mul(imag, imag, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+             }
+           else if ((mpfr_inf_p(left_real) || mpfr_inf_p(left_imag))
+                    && mpfr_number_p(rr) && mpfr_number_p(ri))
+             {
+               mpfr_set_ui(t, mpfr_inf_p(left_real) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_copysign(t, t, left_real, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_t t2;
+               mpfr_init_set_ui(t2, mpfr_inf_p(left_imag) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_copysign(t2, t2, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_t t3;
+               mpfr_init(t3);
+               mpfr_mul(t3, t, rr, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_t t4;
+               mpfr_init(t4);
+               mpfr_mul(t4, t2, ri, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_add(t3, t3, t4, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_set_inf(real, mpfr_sgn(t3));
+
+               mpfr_mul(t3, t2, rr, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_mul(t4, t, ri, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_sub(t3, t3, t4, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_set_inf(imag, mpfr_sgn(t3));
+
+               mpfr_clear(t2);
+               mpfr_clear(t3);
+               mpfr_clear(t4);
+             }
+           else if ((mpfr_inf_p(right_real) || mpfr_inf_p(right_imag))
+                    && mpfr_number_p(left_real) && mpfr_number_p(left_imag))
+             {
+               mpfr_set_ui(t, mpfr_inf_p(rr) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_copysign(t, t, rr, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_t t2;
+               mpfr_init_set_ui(t2, mpfr_inf_p(ri) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_copysign(t2, t2, ri, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_t t3;
+               mpfr_init(t3);
+               mpfr_mul(t3, left_real, t, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_t t4;
+               mpfr_init(t4);
+               mpfr_mul(t4, left_imag, t2, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_add(t3, t3, t4, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_set_ui(real, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_mul(real, real, t3, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_mul(t3, left_imag, t, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_mul(t4, left_real, t2, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_sub(t3, t3, t4, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_set_ui(imag, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+               mpfr_mul(imag, imag, t3, GMP_RNDN);
+
+               mpfr_clear(t2);
+               mpfr_clear(t3);
+               mpfr_clear(t4);
+             }
+         }
+
+       mpfr_clear(denom);
+       mpfr_clear(rr);
+       mpfr_clear(ri);
+       mpfr_clear(t);
+       mpfr_clear(rra);
+       mpfr_clear(ria);
+      }
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MOD:
+      return false;
+    case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
+    case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
+      return false;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  Type* type = left_type;
+  if (type == NULL)
+    type = right_type;
+  else if (type != right_type && right_type != NULL)
+    {
+      if (type->is_abstract())
+       type = right_type;
+      else if (!right_type->is_abstract())
+       {
+         // This looks like a type error which should be diagnosed
+         // elsewhere.  Don't do anything here, to avoid an unhelpful
+         // chain of error messages.
+         return true;
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (type != NULL && !type->is_abstract())
+    {
+      if ((type != left_type
+          && !Complex_expression::check_constant(left_real, left_imag,
+                                                 type, location))
+         || (type != right_type
+             && !Complex_expression::check_constant(right_real, right_imag,
+                                                    type, location))
+         || !Complex_expression::check_constant(real, imag, type,
+                                                location))
+       {
+         mpfr_set_ui(real, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+         mpfr_set_ui(imag, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+       }
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Lower a binary expression.  We have to evaluate constant
+// expressions now, in order to implement Go's unlimited precision
+// constants.
+
+Expression*
+Binary_expression::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  Operator op = this->op_;
+  Expression* left = this->left_;
+  Expression* right = this->right_;
+
+  const bool is_comparison = (op == OPERATOR_EQEQ
+                             || op == OPERATOR_NOTEQ
+                             || op == OPERATOR_LT
+                             || op == OPERATOR_LE
+                             || op == OPERATOR_GT
+                             || op == OPERATOR_GE);
+
+  // Integer constant expressions.
+  {
+    mpz_t left_val;
+    mpz_init(left_val);
+    Type* left_type;
+    mpz_t right_val;
+    mpz_init(right_val);
+    Type* right_type;
+    if (left->integer_constant_value(false, left_val, &left_type)
+       && right->integer_constant_value(false, right_val, &right_type))
+      {
+       Expression* ret = NULL;
+       if (left_type != right_type
+           && left_type != NULL
+           && right_type != NULL
+           && left_type->base() != right_type->base()
+           && op != OPERATOR_LSHIFT
+           && op != OPERATOR_RSHIFT)
+         {
+           // May be a type error--let it be diagnosed later.
+         }
+       else if (is_comparison)
+         {
+           bool b = Binary_expression::compare_integer(op, left_val,
+                                                       right_val);
+           ret = Expression::make_cast(Type::lookup_bool_type(),
+                                       Expression::make_boolean(b, location),
+                                       location);
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           mpz_t val;
+           mpz_init(val);
+
+           if (Binary_expression::eval_integer(op, left_type, left_val,
+                                               right_type, right_val,
+                                               location, val))
+             {
+               gcc_assert(op != OPERATOR_OROR && op != OPERATOR_ANDAND);
+               Type* type;
+               if (op == OPERATOR_LSHIFT || op == OPERATOR_RSHIFT)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (left_type == NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (right_type == NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!left_type->is_abstract()
+                        && left_type->named_type() != NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!right_type->is_abstract()
+                        && right_type->named_type() != NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (!left_type->is_abstract())
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!right_type->is_abstract())
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (left_type->float_type() != NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (right_type->float_type() != NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (left_type->complex_type() != NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (right_type->complex_type() != NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else
+                 type = left_type;
+               ret = Expression::make_integer(&val, type, location);
+             }
+
+           mpz_clear(val);
+         }
+
+       if (ret != NULL)
+         {
+           mpz_clear(right_val);
+           mpz_clear(left_val);
+           return ret;
+         }
+      }
+    mpz_clear(right_val);
+    mpz_clear(left_val);
+  }
+
+  // Floating point constant expressions.
+  {
+    mpfr_t left_val;
+    mpfr_init(left_val);
+    Type* left_type;
+    mpfr_t right_val;
+    mpfr_init(right_val);
+    Type* right_type;
+    if (left->float_constant_value(left_val, &left_type)
+       && right->float_constant_value(right_val, &right_type))
+      {
+       Expression* ret = NULL;
+       if (left_type != right_type
+           && left_type != NULL
+           && right_type != NULL
+           && left_type->base() != right_type->base()
+           && op != OPERATOR_LSHIFT
+           && op != OPERATOR_RSHIFT)
+         {
+           // May be a type error--let it be diagnosed later.
+         }
+       else if (is_comparison)
+         {
+           bool b = Binary_expression::compare_float(op,
+                                                     (left_type != NULL
+                                                      ? left_type
+                                                      : right_type),
+                                                     left_val, right_val);
+           ret = Expression::make_boolean(b, location);
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           mpfr_t val;
+           mpfr_init(val);
+
+           if (Binary_expression::eval_float(op, left_type, left_val,
+                                             right_type, right_val, val,
+                                             location))
+             {
+               gcc_assert(op != OPERATOR_OROR && op != OPERATOR_ANDAND
+                          && op != OPERATOR_LSHIFT && op != OPERATOR_RSHIFT);
+               Type* type;
+               if (left_type == NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (right_type == NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!left_type->is_abstract()
+                        && left_type->named_type() != NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!right_type->is_abstract()
+                        && right_type->named_type() != NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (!left_type->is_abstract())
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!right_type->is_abstract())
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (left_type->float_type() != NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (right_type->float_type() != NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else
+                 type = left_type;
+               ret = Expression::make_float(&val, type, location);
+             }
+
+           mpfr_clear(val);
+         }
+
+       if (ret != NULL)
+         {
+           mpfr_clear(right_val);
+           mpfr_clear(left_val);
+           return ret;
+         }
+      }
+    mpfr_clear(right_val);
+    mpfr_clear(left_val);
+  }
+
+  // Complex constant expressions.
+  {
+    mpfr_t left_real;
+    mpfr_t left_imag;
+    mpfr_init(left_real);
+    mpfr_init(left_imag);
+    Type* left_type;
+
+    mpfr_t right_real;
+    mpfr_t right_imag;
+    mpfr_init(right_real);
+    mpfr_init(right_imag);
+    Type* right_type;
+
+    if (left->complex_constant_value(left_real, left_imag, &left_type)
+       && right->complex_constant_value(right_real, right_imag, &right_type))
+      {
+       Expression* ret = NULL;
+       if (left_type != right_type
+           && left_type != NULL
+           && right_type != NULL
+           && left_type->base() != right_type->base())
+         {
+           // May be a type error--let it be diagnosed later.
+         }
+       else if (op == OPERATOR_EQEQ || op == OPERATOR_NOTEQ)
+         {
+           bool b = Binary_expression::compare_complex(op,
+                                                       (left_type != NULL
+                                                        ? left_type
+                                                        : right_type),
+                                                       left_real,
+                                                       left_imag,
+                                                       right_real,
+                                                       right_imag);
+           ret = Expression::make_boolean(b, location);
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           mpfr_t real;
+           mpfr_t imag;
+           mpfr_init(real);
+           mpfr_init(imag);
+
+           if (Binary_expression::eval_complex(op, left_type,
+                                               left_real, left_imag,
+                                               right_type,
+                                               right_real, right_imag,
+                                               real, imag,
+                                               location))
+             {
+               gcc_assert(op != OPERATOR_OROR && op != OPERATOR_ANDAND
+                          && op != OPERATOR_LSHIFT && op != OPERATOR_RSHIFT);
+               Type* type;
+               if (left_type == NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (right_type == NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!left_type->is_abstract()
+                        && left_type->named_type() != NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!right_type->is_abstract()
+                        && right_type->named_type() != NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (!left_type->is_abstract())
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (!right_type->is_abstract())
+                 type = right_type;
+               else if (left_type->complex_type() != NULL)
+                 type = left_type;
+               else if (right_type->complex_type() != NULL)
+                 type = right_type;
+               else
+                 type = left_type;
+               ret = Expression::make_complex(&real, &imag, type,
+                                              location);
+             }
+           mpfr_clear(real);
+           mpfr_clear(imag);
+         }
+
+       if (ret != NULL)
+         {
+           mpfr_clear(left_real);
+           mpfr_clear(left_imag);
+           mpfr_clear(right_real);
+           mpfr_clear(right_imag);
+           return ret;
+         }
+      }
+
+    mpfr_clear(left_real);
+    mpfr_clear(left_imag);
+    mpfr_clear(right_real);
+    mpfr_clear(right_imag);
+  }
+
+  // String constant expressions.
+  if (op == OPERATOR_PLUS
+      && left->type()->is_string_type()
+      && right->type()->is_string_type())
+    {
+      std::string left_string;
+      std::string right_string;
+      if (left->string_constant_value(&left_string)
+         && right->string_constant_value(&right_string))
+       return Expression::make_string(left_string + right_string, location);
+    }
+
+  return this;
+}
+
+// Return the integer constant value, if it has one.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::do_integer_constant_value(bool iota_is_constant, mpz_t val,
+                                            Type** ptype) const
+{
+  mpz_t left_val;
+  mpz_init(left_val);
+  Type* left_type;
+  if (!this->left_->integer_constant_value(iota_is_constant, left_val,
+                                          &left_type))
+    {
+      mpz_clear(left_val);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  mpz_t right_val;
+  mpz_init(right_val);
+  Type* right_type;
+  if (!this->right_->integer_constant_value(iota_is_constant, right_val,
+                                           &right_type))
+    {
+      mpz_clear(right_val);
+      mpz_clear(left_val);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  bool ret;
+  if (left_type != right_type
+      && left_type != NULL
+      && right_type != NULL
+      && left_type->base() != right_type->base()
+      && this->op_ != OPERATOR_RSHIFT
+      && this->op_ != OPERATOR_LSHIFT)
+    ret = false;
+  else
+    ret = Binary_expression::eval_integer(this->op_, left_type, left_val,
+                                         right_type, right_val,
+                                         this->location(), val);
+
+  mpz_clear(right_val);
+  mpz_clear(left_val);
+
+  if (ret)
+    *ptype = left_type;
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return the floating point constant value, if it has one.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val, Type** ptype) const
+{
+  mpfr_t left_val;
+  mpfr_init(left_val);
+  Type* left_type;
+  if (!this->left_->float_constant_value(left_val, &left_type))
+    {
+      mpfr_clear(left_val);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  mpfr_t right_val;
+  mpfr_init(right_val);
+  Type* right_type;
+  if (!this->right_->float_constant_value(right_val, &right_type))
+    {
+      mpfr_clear(right_val);
+      mpfr_clear(left_val);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  bool ret;
+  if (left_type != right_type
+      && left_type != NULL
+      && right_type != NULL
+      && left_type->base() != right_type->base())
+    ret = false;
+  else
+    ret = Binary_expression::eval_float(this->op_, left_type, left_val,
+                                       right_type, right_val,
+                                       val, this->location());
+
+  mpfr_clear(left_val);
+  mpfr_clear(right_val);
+
+  if (ret)
+    *ptype = left_type;
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return the complex constant value, if it has one.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag,
+                                            Type** ptype) const
+{
+  mpfr_t left_real;
+  mpfr_t left_imag;
+  mpfr_init(left_real);
+  mpfr_init(left_imag);
+  Type* left_type;
+  if (!this->left_->complex_constant_value(left_real, left_imag, &left_type))
+    {
+      mpfr_clear(left_real);
+      mpfr_clear(left_imag);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  mpfr_t right_real;
+  mpfr_t right_imag;
+  mpfr_init(right_real);
+  mpfr_init(right_imag);
+  Type* right_type;
+  if (!this->right_->complex_constant_value(right_real, right_imag,
+                                           &right_type))
+    {
+      mpfr_clear(left_real);
+      mpfr_clear(left_imag);
+      mpfr_clear(right_real);
+      mpfr_clear(right_imag);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  bool ret;
+  if (left_type != right_type
+      && left_type != NULL
+      && right_type != NULL
+      && left_type->base() != right_type->base())
+    ret = false;
+  else
+    ret = Binary_expression::eval_complex(this->op_, left_type,
+                                         left_real, left_imag,
+                                         right_type,
+                                         right_real, right_imag,
+                                         real, imag,
+                                         this->location());
+  mpfr_clear(left_real);
+  mpfr_clear(left_imag);
+  mpfr_clear(right_real);
+  mpfr_clear(right_imag);
+
+  if (ret)
+    *ptype = left_type;
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Note that the value is being discarded.
+
+void
+Binary_expression::do_discarding_value()
+{
+  if (this->op_ == OPERATOR_OROR || this->op_ == OPERATOR_ANDAND)
+    this->right_->discarding_value();
+  else
+    this->warn_about_unused_value();
+}
+
+// Get type.
+
+Type*
+Binary_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->classification() == EXPRESSION_ERROR)
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_OROR:
+    case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      return Type::lookup_bool_type();
+
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+    case OPERATOR_OR:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+    case OPERATOR_DIV:
+    case OPERATOR_MOD:
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
+      {
+       Type* left_type = this->left_->type();
+       Type* right_type = this->right_->type();
+       if (left_type->is_error_type())
+         return left_type;
+       else if (right_type->is_error_type())
+         return right_type;
+       else if (!Type::are_compatible_for_binop(left_type, right_type))
+         {
+           this->report_error(_("incompatible types in binary expression"));
+           return Type::make_error_type();
+         }
+       else if (!left_type->is_abstract() && left_type->named_type() != NULL)
+         return left_type;
+       else if (!right_type->is_abstract() && right_type->named_type() != NULL)
+         return right_type;
+       else if (!left_type->is_abstract())
+         return left_type;
+       else if (!right_type->is_abstract())
+         return right_type;
+       else if (left_type->complex_type() != NULL)
+         return left_type;
+       else if (right_type->complex_type() != NULL)
+         return right_type;
+       else if (left_type->float_type() != NULL)
+         return left_type;
+       else if (right_type->float_type() != NULL)
+         return right_type;
+       else
+         return left_type;
+      }
+
+    case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
+    case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
+      return this->left_->type();
+
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Set type for a binary expression.
+
+void
+Binary_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  Type* tleft = this->left_->type();
+  Type* tright = this->right_->type();
+
+  // Both sides should have the same type, except for the shift
+  // operations.  For a comparison, we should ignore the incoming
+  // type.
+
+  bool is_shift_op = (this->op_ == OPERATOR_LSHIFT
+                     || this->op_ == OPERATOR_RSHIFT);
+
+  bool is_comparison = (this->op_ == OPERATOR_EQEQ
+                       || this->op_ == OPERATOR_NOTEQ
+                       || this->op_ == OPERATOR_LT
+                       || this->op_ == OPERATOR_LE
+                       || this->op_ == OPERATOR_GT
+                       || this->op_ == OPERATOR_GE);
+
+  Type_context subcontext(*context);
+
+  if (is_comparison)
+    {
+      // In a comparison, the context does not determine the types of
+      // the operands.
+      subcontext.type = NULL;
+    }
+
+  // Set the context for the left hand operand.
+  if (is_shift_op)
+    {
+      // The right hand operand plays no role in determining the type
+      // of the left hand operand.  A shift of an abstract integer in
+      // a string context gets special treatment, which may be a
+      // language bug.
+      if (subcontext.type != NULL
+         && subcontext.type->is_string_type()
+         && tleft->is_abstract())
+       error_at(this->location(), "shift of non-integer operand");
+    }
+  else if (!tleft->is_abstract())
+    subcontext.type = tleft;
+  else if (!tright->is_abstract())
+    subcontext.type = tright;
+  else if (subcontext.type == NULL)
+    {
+      if ((tleft->integer_type() != NULL && tright->integer_type() != NULL)
+         || (tleft->float_type() != NULL && tright->float_type() != NULL)
+         || (tleft->complex_type() != NULL && tright->complex_type() != NULL))
+       {
+         // Both sides have an abstract integer, abstract float, or
+         // abstract complex type.  Just let CONTEXT determine
+         // whether they may remain abstract or not.
+       }
+      else if (tleft->complex_type() != NULL)
+       subcontext.type = tleft;
+      else if (tright->complex_type() != NULL)
+       subcontext.type = tright;
+      else if (tleft->float_type() != NULL)
+       subcontext.type = tleft;
+      else if (tright->float_type() != NULL)
+       subcontext.type = tright;
+      else
+       subcontext.type = tleft;
+
+      if (subcontext.type != NULL && !context->may_be_abstract)
+       subcontext.type = subcontext.type->make_non_abstract_type();
+    }
+
+  this->left_->determine_type(&subcontext);
+
+  // The context for the right hand operand is the same as for the
+  // left hand operand, except for a shift operator.
+  if (is_shift_op)
+    {
+      subcontext.type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uint");
+      subcontext.may_be_abstract = false;
+    }
+
+  this->right_->determine_type(&subcontext);
+}
+
+// Report an error if the binary operator OP does not support TYPE.
+// Return whether the operation is OK.  This should not be used for
+// shift.
+
+bool
+Binary_expression::check_operator_type(Operator op, Type* type,
+                                      source_location location)
+{
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_OROR:
+    case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
+      if (!type->is_boolean_type())
+       {
+         error_at(location, "expected boolean type");
+         return false;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+      if (type->integer_type() == NULL
+         && type->float_type() == NULL
+         && type->complex_type() == NULL
+         && !type->is_string_type()
+         && type->points_to() == NULL
+         && !type->is_nil_type()
+         && !type->is_boolean_type()
+         && type->interface_type() == NULL
+         && (type->array_type() == NULL
+             || type->array_type()->length() != NULL)
+         && type->map_type() == NULL
+         && type->channel_type() == NULL
+         && type->function_type() == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(location,
+                  ("expected integer, floating, complex, string, pointer, "
+                   "boolean, interface, slice, map, channel, "
+                   "or function type"));
+         return false;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      if (type->integer_type() == NULL
+         && type->float_type() == NULL
+         && !type->is_string_type())
+       {
+         error_at(location, "expected integer, floating, or string type");
+         return false;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+    case OPERATOR_PLUSEQ:
+      if (type->integer_type() == NULL
+         && type->float_type() == NULL
+         && type->complex_type() == NULL
+         && !type->is_string_type())
+       {
+         error_at(location,
+                  "expected integer, floating, complex, or string type");
+         return false;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+    case OPERATOR_MINUSEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+    case OPERATOR_MULTEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_DIV:
+    case OPERATOR_DIVEQ:
+      if (type->integer_type() == NULL
+         && type->float_type() == NULL
+         && type->complex_type() == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "expected integer, floating, or complex type");
+         return false;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case OPERATOR_MOD:
+    case OPERATOR_MODEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_OR:
+    case OPERATOR_OREQ:
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+    case OPERATOR_ANDEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+    case OPERATOR_XOREQ:
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAREQ:
+      if (type->integer_type() == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "expected integer type");
+         return false;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+Binary_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->classification() == EXPRESSION_ERROR)
+    return;
+
+  Type* left_type = this->left_->type();
+  Type* right_type = this->right_->type();
+  if (left_type->is_error_type() || right_type->is_error_type())
+    {
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return;
+    }
+
+  if (this->op_ == OPERATOR_EQEQ
+      || this->op_ == OPERATOR_NOTEQ
+      || this->op_ == OPERATOR_LT
+      || this->op_ == OPERATOR_LE
+      || this->op_ == OPERATOR_GT
+      || this->op_ == OPERATOR_GE)
+    {
+      if (!Type::are_assignable(left_type, right_type, NULL)
+         && !Type::are_assignable(right_type, left_type, NULL))
+       {
+         this->report_error(_("incompatible types in binary expression"));
+         return;
+       }
+      if (!Binary_expression::check_operator_type(this->op_, left_type,
+                                                 this->location())
+         || !Binary_expression::check_operator_type(this->op_, right_type,
+                                                    this->location()))
+       {
+         this->set_is_error();
+         return;
+       }
+    }
+  else if (this->op_ != OPERATOR_LSHIFT && this->op_ != OPERATOR_RSHIFT)
+    {
+      if (!Type::are_compatible_for_binop(left_type, right_type))
+       {
+         this->report_error(_("incompatible types in binary expression"));
+         return;
+       }
+      if (!Binary_expression::check_operator_type(this->op_, left_type,
+                                                 this->location()))
+       {
+         this->set_is_error();
+         return;
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (left_type->integer_type() == NULL)
+       this->report_error(_("shift of non-integer operand"));
+
+      if (!right_type->is_abstract()
+         && (right_type->integer_type() == NULL
+             || !right_type->integer_type()->is_unsigned()))
+       this->report_error(_("shift count not unsigned integer"));
+      else
+       {
+         mpz_t val;
+         mpz_init(val);
+         Type* type;
+         if (this->right_->integer_constant_value(true, val, &type))
+           {
+             if (mpz_sgn(val) < 0)
+               this->report_error(_("negative shift count"));
+           }
+         mpz_clear(val);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a binary expression.
+
+tree
+Binary_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree left = this->left_->get_tree(context);
+  tree right = this->right_->get_tree(context);
+
+  if (left == error_mark_node || right == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  enum tree_code code;
+  bool use_left_type = true;
+  bool is_shift_op = false;
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      return Expression::comparison_tree(context, this->op_,
+                                        this->left_->type(), left,
+                                        this->right_->type(), right,
+                                        this->location());
+
+    case OPERATOR_OROR:
+      code = TRUTH_ORIF_EXPR;
+      use_left_type = false;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
+      code = TRUTH_ANDIF_EXPR;
+      use_left_type = false;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      code = PLUS_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      code = MINUS_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_OR:
+      code = BIT_IOR_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      code = BIT_XOR_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      code = MULT_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_DIV:
+      {
+       Type *t = this->left_->type();
+       if (t->float_type() != NULL || t->complex_type() != NULL)
+         code = RDIV_EXPR;
+       else
+         code = TRUNC_DIV_EXPR;
+      }
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MOD:
+      code = TRUNC_MOD_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
+      code = LSHIFT_EXPR;
+      is_shift_op = true;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
+      code = RSHIFT_EXPR;
+      is_shift_op = true;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+      code = BIT_AND_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
+      right = fold_build1(BIT_NOT_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(right), right);
+      code = BIT_AND_EXPR;
+      break;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  tree type = use_left_type ? TREE_TYPE(left) : TREE_TYPE(right);
+
+  if (this->left_->type()->is_string_type())
+    {
+      gcc_assert(this->op_ == OPERATOR_PLUS);
+      tree string_type = Type::make_string_type()->get_tree(context->gogo());
+      static tree string_plus_decl;
+      return Gogo::call_builtin(&string_plus_decl,
+                               this->location(),
+                               "__go_string_plus",
+                               2,
+                               string_type,
+                               string_type,
+                               left,
+                               string_type,
+                               right);
+    }
+
+  tree compute_type = excess_precision_type(type);
+  if (compute_type != NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      left = ::convert(compute_type, left);
+      right = ::convert(compute_type, right);
+    }
+
+  tree eval_saved = NULL_TREE;
+  if (is_shift_op)
+    {
+      // Make sure the values are evaluated.
+      if (!DECL_P(left) && TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS(left))
+       {
+         left = save_expr(left);
+         eval_saved = left;
+       }
+      if (!DECL_P(right) && TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS(right))
+       {
+         right = save_expr(right);
+         if (eval_saved == NULL_TREE)
+           eval_saved = right;
+         else
+           eval_saved = fold_build2_loc(this->location(), COMPOUND_EXPR,
+                                        void_type_node, eval_saved, right);
+       }
+    }
+
+  tree ret = fold_build2_loc(this->location(),
+                            code,
+                            compute_type != NULL_TREE ? compute_type : type,
+                            left, right);
+
+  if (compute_type != NULL_TREE)
+    ret = ::convert(type, ret);
+
+  // In Go, a shift larger than the size of the type is well-defined.
+  // This is not true in GENERIC, so we need to insert a conditional.
+  if (is_shift_op)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(left)));
+      gcc_assert(this->left_->type()->integer_type() != NULL);
+      int bits = TYPE_PRECISION(TREE_TYPE(left));
+
+      tree compare = fold_build2(LT_EXPR, boolean_type_node, right,
+                                build_int_cst_type(TREE_TYPE(right), bits));
+
+      tree overflow_result = fold_convert_loc(this->location(),
+                                             TREE_TYPE(left),
+                                             integer_zero_node);
+      if (this->op_ == OPERATOR_RSHIFT
+         && !this->left_->type()->integer_type()->is_unsigned())
+       {
+         tree neg = fold_build2_loc(this->location(), LT_EXPR,
+                                    boolean_type_node, left,
+                                    fold_convert_loc(this->location(),
+                                                     TREE_TYPE(left),
+                                                     integer_zero_node));
+         tree neg_one = fold_build2_loc(this->location(),
+                                        MINUS_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(left),
+                                        fold_convert_loc(this->location(),
+                                                         TREE_TYPE(left),
+                                                         integer_zero_node),
+                                        fold_convert_loc(this->location(),
+                                                         TREE_TYPE(left),
+                                                         integer_one_node));
+         overflow_result = fold_build3_loc(this->location(), COND_EXPR,
+                                           TREE_TYPE(left), neg, neg_one,
+                                           overflow_result);
+       }
+
+      ret = fold_build3_loc(this->location(), COND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(left),
+                           compare, ret, overflow_result);
+
+      if (eval_saved != NULL_TREE)
+       ret = fold_build2_loc(this->location(), COMPOUND_EXPR,
+                             TREE_TYPE(ret), eval_saved, ret);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Export a binary expression.
+
+void
+Binary_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("(");
+  this->left_->export_expression(exp);
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_OROR:
+      exp->write_c_string(" || ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
+      exp->write_c_string(" && ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+      exp->write_c_string(" == ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+      exp->write_c_string(" != ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+      exp->write_c_string(" < ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+      exp->write_c_string(" <= ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+      exp->write_c_string(" > ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      exp->write_c_string(" >= ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+      exp->write_c_string(" + ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+      exp->write_c_string(" - ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_OR:
+      exp->write_c_string(" | ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_XOR:
+      exp->write_c_string(" ^ ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MULT:
+      exp->write_c_string(" * ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_DIV:
+      exp->write_c_string(" / ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MOD:
+      exp->write_c_string(" % ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
+      exp->write_c_string(" << ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
+      exp->write_c_string(" >> ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_AND:
+      exp->write_c_string(" & ");
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
+      exp->write_c_string(" &^ ");
+      break;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+  this->right_->export_expression(exp);
+  exp->write_c_string(")");
+}
+
+// Import a binary expression.
+
+Expression*
+Binary_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("(");
+
+  Expression* left = Expression::import_expression(imp);
+
+  Operator op;
+  if (imp->match_c_string(" || "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_OROR;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" && "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_ANDAND;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" == "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_EQEQ;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" != "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_NOTEQ;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" < "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_LT;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" <= "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_LE;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" > "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_GT;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" >= "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_GE;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" + "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_PLUS;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" - "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_MINUS;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" | "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_OR;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" ^ "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_XOR;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" * "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_MULT;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" / "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_DIV;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" % "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_MOD;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" << "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_LSHIFT;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" >> "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_RSHIFT;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" & "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_AND;
+      imp->advance(3);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string(" &^ "))
+    {
+      op = OPERATOR_BITCLEAR;
+      imp->advance(4);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(imp->location(), "unrecognized binary operator");
+      return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
+    }
+
+  Expression* right = Expression::import_expression(imp);
+
+  imp->require_c_string(")");
+
+  return Expression::make_binary(op, left, right, imp->location());
+}
+
+// Make a binary expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_binary(Operator op, Expression* left, Expression* right,
+                       source_location location)
+{
+  return new Binary_expression(op, left, right, location);
+}
+
+// Implement a comparison.
+
+tree
+Expression::comparison_tree(Translate_context* context, Operator op,
+                           Type* left_type, tree left_tree,
+                           Type* right_type, tree right_tree,
+                           source_location location)
+{
+  enum tree_code code;
+  switch (op)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+      code = EQ_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+      code = NE_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_LT:
+      code = LT_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_LE:
+      code = LE_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_GT:
+      code = GT_EXPR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_GE:
+      code = GE_EXPR;
+      break;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  if (left_type->is_string_type() && right_type->is_string_type())
+    {
+      tree string_type = Type::make_string_type()->get_tree(context->gogo());
+      static tree string_compare_decl;
+      left_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&string_compare_decl,
+                                    location,
+                                    "__go_strcmp",
+                                    2,
+                                    integer_type_node,
+                                    string_type,
+                                    left_tree,
+                                    string_type,
+                                    right_tree);
+      right_tree = build_int_cst_type(integer_type_node, 0);
+    }
+  else if ((left_type->interface_type() != NULL
+           && right_type->interface_type() == NULL
+           && !right_type->is_nil_type())
+          || (left_type->interface_type() == NULL
+              && !left_type->is_nil_type()
+              && right_type->interface_type() != NULL))
+    {
+      // Comparing an interface value to a non-interface value.
+      if (left_type->interface_type() == NULL)
+       {
+         std::swap(left_type, right_type);
+         std::swap(left_tree, right_tree);
+       }
+
+      // The right operand is not an interface.  We need to take its
+      // address if it is not a pointer.
+      tree make_tmp;
+      tree arg;
+      if (right_type->points_to() != NULL)
+       {
+         make_tmp = NULL_TREE;
+         arg = right_tree;
+       }
+      else if (TREE_ADDRESSABLE(TREE_TYPE(right_tree)) || DECL_P(right_tree))
+       {
+         make_tmp = NULL_TREE;
+         arg = build_fold_addr_expr_loc(location, right_tree);
+         if (DECL_P(right_tree))
+           TREE_ADDRESSABLE(right_tree) = 1;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         tree tmp = create_tmp_var(TREE_TYPE(right_tree),
+                                   get_name(right_tree));
+         DECL_IGNORED_P(tmp) = 0;
+         DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = right_tree;
+         TREE_ADDRESSABLE(tmp) = 1;
+         make_tmp = build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, tmp);
+         SET_EXPR_LOCATION(make_tmp, location);
+         arg = build_fold_addr_expr_loc(location, tmp);
+       }
+      arg = fold_convert_loc(location, ptr_type_node, arg);
+
+      tree descriptor = right_type->type_descriptor_pointer(context->gogo());
+
+      if (left_type->interface_type()->is_empty())
+       {
+         static tree empty_interface_value_compare_decl;
+         left_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&empty_interface_value_compare_decl,
+                                        location,
+                                        "__go_empty_interface_value_compare",
+                                        3,
+                                        integer_type_node,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(left_tree),
+                                        left_tree,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(descriptor),
+                                        descriptor,
+                                        ptr_type_node,
+                                        arg);
+         if (left_tree == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         // This can panic if the type is not comparable.
+         TREE_NOTHROW(empty_interface_value_compare_decl) = 0;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         static tree interface_value_compare_decl;
+         left_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&interface_value_compare_decl,
+                                        location,
+                                        "__go_interface_value_compare",
+                                        3,
+                                        integer_type_node,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(left_tree),
+                                        left_tree,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(descriptor),
+                                        descriptor,
+                                        ptr_type_node,
+                                        arg);
+         if (left_tree == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         // This can panic if the type is not comparable.
+         TREE_NOTHROW(interface_value_compare_decl) = 0;
+       }
+      right_tree = build_int_cst_type(integer_type_node, 0);
+
+      if (make_tmp != NULL_TREE)
+       left_tree = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(left_tree), make_tmp,
+                          left_tree);
+    }
+  else if (left_type->interface_type() != NULL
+          && right_type->interface_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (left_type->interface_type()->is_empty()
+         && right_type->interface_type()->is_empty())
+       {
+         static tree empty_interface_compare_decl;
+         left_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&empty_interface_compare_decl,
+                                        location,
+                                        "__go_empty_interface_compare",
+                                        2,
+                                        integer_type_node,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(left_tree),
+                                        left_tree,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(right_tree),
+                                        right_tree);
+         if (left_tree == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         // This can panic if the type is uncomparable.
+         TREE_NOTHROW(empty_interface_compare_decl) = 0;
+       }
+      else if (!left_type->interface_type()->is_empty()
+              && !right_type->interface_type()->is_empty())
+       {
+         static tree interface_compare_decl;
+         left_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&interface_compare_decl,
+                                        location,
+                                        "__go_interface_compare",
+                                        2,
+                                        integer_type_node,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(left_tree),
+                                        left_tree,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(right_tree),
+                                        right_tree);
+         if (left_tree == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         // This can panic if the type is uncomparable.
+         TREE_NOTHROW(interface_compare_decl) = 0;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         if (left_type->interface_type()->is_empty())
+           {
+             gcc_assert(op == OPERATOR_EQEQ || op == OPERATOR_NOTEQ);
+             std::swap(left_type, right_type);
+             std::swap(left_tree, right_tree);
+           }
+         gcc_assert(!left_type->interface_type()->is_empty());
+         gcc_assert(right_type->interface_type()->is_empty());
+         static tree interface_empty_compare_decl;
+         left_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&interface_empty_compare_decl,
+                                        location,
+                                        "__go_interface_empty_compare",
+                                        2,
+                                        integer_type_node,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(left_tree),
+                                        left_tree,
+                                        TREE_TYPE(right_tree),
+                                        right_tree);
+         if (left_tree == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         // This can panic if the type is uncomparable.
+         TREE_NOTHROW(interface_empty_compare_decl) = 0;
+       }
+
+      right_tree = build_int_cst_type(integer_type_node, 0);
+    }
+
+  if (left_type->is_nil_type()
+      && (op == OPERATOR_EQEQ || op == OPERATOR_NOTEQ))
+    {
+      std::swap(left_type, right_type);
+      std::swap(left_tree, right_tree);
+    }
+
+  if (right_type->is_nil_type())
+    {
+      if (left_type->array_type() != NULL
+         && left_type->array_type()->length() == NULL)
+       {
+         Array_type* at = left_type->array_type();
+         left_tree = at->value_pointer_tree(context->gogo(), left_tree);
+         right_tree = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(left_tree), null_pointer_node);
+       }
+      else if (left_type->interface_type() != NULL)
+       {
+         // An interface is nil if the first field is nil.
+         tree left_type_tree = TREE_TYPE(left_tree);
+         gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(left_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+         tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(left_type_tree);
+         left_tree = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), left_tree,
+                            field, NULL_TREE);
+         right_tree = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(left_tree), null_pointer_node);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(left_tree)));
+         right_tree = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(left_tree), null_pointer_node);
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (left_tree == error_mark_node || right_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree ret = fold_build2(code, boolean_type_node, left_tree, right_tree);
+  if (CAN_HAVE_LOCATION_P(ret))
+    SET_EXPR_LOCATION(ret, location);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Class Bound_method_expression.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Bound_method_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return Expression::traverse(&this->method_, traverse);
+}
+
+// Return the type of a bound method expression.  The type of this
+// object is really the type of the method with no receiver.  We
+// should be able to get away with just returning the type of the
+// method.
+
+Type*
+Bound_method_expression::do_type()
+{
+  return this->method_->type();
+}
+
+// Determine the types of a method expression.
+
+void
+Bound_method_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  this->method_->determine_type_no_context();
+  Type* mtype = this->method_->type();
+  Function_type* fntype = mtype == NULL ? NULL : mtype->function_type();
+  if (fntype == NULL || !fntype->is_method())
+    this->expr_->determine_type_no_context();
+  else
+    {
+      Type_context subcontext(fntype->receiver()->type(), false);
+      this->expr_->determine_type(&subcontext);
+    }
+}
+
+// Check the types of a method expression.
+
+void
+Bound_method_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Type* type = this->method_->type()->deref();
+  if (type == NULL
+      || type->function_type() == NULL
+      || !type->function_type()->is_method())
+    this->report_error(_("object is not a method"));
+  else
+    {
+      Type* rtype = type->function_type()->receiver()->type()->deref();
+      Type* etype = (this->expr_type_ != NULL
+                    ? this->expr_type_
+                    : this->expr_->type());
+      etype = etype->deref();
+      if (!Type::are_identical(rtype, etype, true, NULL))
+       this->report_error(_("method type does not match object type"));
+    }
+}
+
+// Get the tree for a method expression.  There is no standard tree
+// representation for this.  The only places it may currently be used
+// are in a Call_expression or a Go_statement, which will take it
+// apart directly.  So this has nothing to do at present.
+
+tree
+Bound_method_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+{
+  error_at(this->location(), "reference to method other than calling it");
+  return error_mark_node;
+}
+
+// Make a method expression.
+
+Bound_method_expression*
+Expression::make_bound_method(Expression* expr, Expression* method,
+                             source_location location)
+{
+  return new Bound_method_expression(expr, method, location);
+}
+
+// Class Builtin_call_expression.  This is used for a call to a
+// builtin function.
+
+class Builtin_call_expression : public Call_expression
+{
+ public:
+  Builtin_call_expression(Gogo* gogo, Expression* fn, Expression_list* args,
+                         bool is_varargs, source_location location);
+
+ protected:
+  // This overrides Call_expression::do_lower.
+  Expression*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int);
+
+  bool
+  do_is_constant() const;
+
+  bool
+  do_integer_constant_value(bool, mpz_t, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t, Type**) const;
+
+  bool
+  do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t, mpfr_t, Type**) const;
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Builtin_call_expression(this->gogo_, this->fn()->copy(),
+                                      this->args()->copy(),
+                                      this->is_varargs(),
+                                      this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+  virtual bool
+  do_is_recover_call() const;
+
+  virtual void
+  do_set_recover_arg(Expression*);
+
+ private:
+  // The builtin functions.
+  enum Builtin_function_code
+    {
+      BUILTIN_INVALID,
+
+      // Predeclared builtin functions.
+      BUILTIN_APPEND,
+      BUILTIN_CAP,
+      BUILTIN_CLOSE,
+      BUILTIN_COMPLEX,
+      BUILTIN_COPY,
+      BUILTIN_IMAG,
+      BUILTIN_LEN,
+      BUILTIN_MAKE,
+      BUILTIN_NEW,
+      BUILTIN_PANIC,
+      BUILTIN_PRINT,
+      BUILTIN_PRINTLN,
+      BUILTIN_REAL,
+      BUILTIN_RECOVER,
+
+      // Builtin functions from the unsafe package.
+      BUILTIN_ALIGNOF,
+      BUILTIN_OFFSETOF,
+      BUILTIN_SIZEOF
+    };
+
+  Expression*
+  one_arg() const;
+
+  bool
+  check_one_arg();
+
+  static Type*
+  real_imag_type(Type*);
+
+  static Type*
+  complex_type(Type*);
+
+  // A pointer back to the general IR structure.  This avoids a global
+  // variable, or passing it around everywhere.
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+  // The builtin function being called.
+  Builtin_function_code code_;
+  // Used to stop endless loops when the length of an array uses len
+  // or cap of the array itself.
+  mutable bool seen_;
+};
+
+Builtin_call_expression::Builtin_call_expression(Gogo* gogo,
+                                                Expression* fn,
+                                                Expression_list* args,
+                                                bool is_varargs,
+                                                source_location location)
+  : Call_expression(fn, args, is_varargs, location),
+    gogo_(gogo), code_(BUILTIN_INVALID), seen_(false)
+{
+  Func_expression* fnexp = this->fn()->func_expression();
+  gcc_assert(fnexp != NULL);
+  const std::string& name(fnexp->named_object()->name());
+  if (name == "append")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_APPEND;
+  else if (name == "cap")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_CAP;
+  else if (name == "close")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_CLOSE;
+  else if (name == "complex")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_COMPLEX;
+  else if (name == "copy")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_COPY;
+  else if (name == "imag")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_IMAG;
+  else if (name == "len")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_LEN;
+  else if (name == "make")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_MAKE;
+  else if (name == "new")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_NEW;
+  else if (name == "panic")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_PANIC;
+  else if (name == "print")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_PRINT;
+  else if (name == "println")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_PRINTLN;
+  else if (name == "real")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_REAL;
+  else if (name == "recover")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_RECOVER;
+  else if (name == "Alignof")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_ALIGNOF;
+  else if (name == "Offsetof")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_OFFSETOF;
+  else if (name == "Sizeof")
+    this->code_ = BUILTIN_SIZEOF;
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Return whether this is a call to recover.  This is a virtual
+// function called from the parent class.
+
+bool
+Builtin_call_expression::do_is_recover_call() const
+{
+  if (this->classification() == EXPRESSION_ERROR)
+    return false;
+  return this->code_ == BUILTIN_RECOVER;
+}
+
+// Set the argument for a call to recover.
+
+void
+Builtin_call_expression::do_set_recover_arg(Expression* arg)
+{
+  const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+  gcc_assert(args == NULL || args->empty());
+  Expression_list* new_args = new Expression_list();
+  new_args->push_back(arg);
+  this->set_args(new_args);
+}
+
+// A traversal class which looks for a call expression.
+
+class Find_call_expression : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Find_call_expression()
+    : Traverse(traverse_expressions),
+      found_(false)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+  bool
+  found()
+  { return this->found_; }
+
+ private:
+  bool found_;
+};
+
+int
+Find_call_expression::expression(Expression** pexpr)
+{
+  if ((*pexpr)->call_expression() != NULL)
+    {
+      this->found_ = true;
+      return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lower a builtin call expression.  This turns new and make into
+// specific expressions.  We also convert to a constant if we can.
+
+Expression*
+Builtin_call_expression::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function, int)
+{
+  if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_NEW)
+    {
+      const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+      if (args == NULL || args->size() < 1)
+       this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
+      else if (args->size() > 1)
+       this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
+      else
+       {
+         Expression* arg = args->front();
+         if (!arg->is_type_expression())
+           {
+             error_at(arg->location(), "expected type");
+             this->set_is_error();
+           }
+         else
+           return Expression::make_allocation(arg->type(), this->location());
+       }
+    }
+  else if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_MAKE)
+    {
+      const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+      if (args == NULL || args->size() < 1)
+       this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
+      else
+       {
+         Expression* arg = args->front();
+         if (!arg->is_type_expression())
+           {
+             error_at(arg->location(), "expected type");
+             this->set_is_error();
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             Expression_list* newargs;
+             if (args->size() == 1)
+               newargs = NULL;
+             else
+               {
+                 newargs = new Expression_list();
+                 Expression_list::const_iterator p = args->begin();
+                 ++p;
+                 for (; p != args->end(); ++p)
+                   newargs->push_back(*p);
+               }
+             return Expression::make_make(arg->type(), newargs,
+                                          this->location());
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  else if (this->is_constant())
+    {
+      // We can only lower len and cap if there are no function calls
+      // in the arguments.  Otherwise we have to make the call.
+      if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_LEN || this->code_ == BUILTIN_CAP)
+       {
+         Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+         if (!arg->is_constant())
+           {
+             Find_call_expression find_call;
+             Expression::traverse(&arg, &find_call);
+             if (find_call.found())
+               return this;
+           }
+       }
+
+      mpz_t ival;
+      mpz_init(ival);
+      Type* type;
+      if (this->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &type))
+       {
+         Expression* ret = Expression::make_integer(&ival, type,
+                                                    this->location());
+         mpz_clear(ival);
+         return ret;
+       }
+      mpz_clear(ival);
+
+      mpfr_t rval;
+      mpfr_init(rval);
+      if (this->float_constant_value(rval, &type))
+       {
+         Expression* ret = Expression::make_float(&rval, type,
+                                                  this->location());
+         mpfr_clear(rval);
+         return ret;
+       }
+
+      mpfr_t imag;
+      mpfr_init(imag);
+      if (this->complex_constant_value(rval, imag, &type))
+       {
+         Expression* ret = Expression::make_complex(&rval, &imag, type,
+                                                    this->location());
+         mpfr_clear(rval);
+         mpfr_clear(imag);
+         return ret;
+       }
+      mpfr_clear(rval);
+      mpfr_clear(imag);
+    }
+  else if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_RECOVER)
+    {
+      if (function != NULL)
+       function->func_value()->set_calls_recover();
+      else
+       {
+         // Calling recover outside of a function always returns the
+         // nil empty interface.
+         Type* eface = Type::make_interface_type(NULL, this->location());
+         return Expression::make_cast(eface,
+                                      Expression::make_nil(this->location()),
+                                      this->location());
+       }
+    }
+  else if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_APPEND)
+    {
+      // Lower the varargs.
+      const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+      if (args == NULL || args->empty())
+       return this;
+      Type* slice_type = args->front()->type();
+      if (!slice_type->is_open_array_type())
+       {
+         error_at(args->front()->location(), "argument 1 must be a slice");
+         this->set_is_error();
+         return this;
+       }
+      return this->lower_varargs(gogo, function, slice_type, 2);
+    }
+
+  return this;
+}
+
+// Return the type of the real or imag functions, given the type of
+// the argument.  We need to map complex to float, complex64 to
+// float32, and complex128 to float64, so it has to be done by name.
+// This returns NULL if it can't figure out the type.
+
+Type*
+Builtin_call_expression::real_imag_type(Type* arg_type)
+{
+  if (arg_type == NULL || arg_type->is_abstract())
+    return NULL;
+  Named_type* nt = arg_type->named_type();
+  if (nt == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+  while (nt->real_type()->named_type() != NULL)
+    nt = nt->real_type()->named_type();
+  if (nt->name() == "complex64")
+    return Type::lookup_float_type("float32");
+  else if (nt->name() == "complex128")
+    return Type::lookup_float_type("float64");
+  else
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+// Return the type of the complex function, given the type of one of the
+// argments.  Like real_imag_type, we have to map by name.
+
+Type*
+Builtin_call_expression::complex_type(Type* arg_type)
+{
+  if (arg_type == NULL || arg_type->is_abstract())
+    return NULL;
+  Named_type* nt = arg_type->named_type();
+  if (nt == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+  while (nt->real_type()->named_type() != NULL)
+    nt = nt->real_type()->named_type();
+  if (nt->name() == "float32")
+    return Type::lookup_complex_type("complex64");
+  else if (nt->name() == "float64")
+    return Type::lookup_complex_type("complex128");
+  else
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+// Return a single argument, or NULL if there isn't one.
+
+Expression*
+Builtin_call_expression::one_arg() const
+{
+  const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+  if (args->size() != 1)
+    return NULL;
+  return args->front();
+}
+
+// Return whether this is constant: len of a string, or len or cap of
+// a fixed array, or unsafe.Sizeof, unsafe.Offsetof, unsafe.Alignof.
+
+bool
+Builtin_call_expression::do_is_constant() const
+{
+  switch (this->code_)
+    {
+    case BUILTIN_LEN:
+    case BUILTIN_CAP:
+      {
+       if (this->seen_)
+         return false;
+
+       Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+       if (arg == NULL)
+         return false;
+       Type* arg_type = arg->type();
+
+       if (arg_type->points_to() != NULL
+           && arg_type->points_to()->array_type() != NULL
+           && !arg_type->points_to()->is_open_array_type())
+         arg_type = arg_type->points_to();
+
+       if (arg_type->array_type() != NULL
+           && arg_type->array_type()->length() != NULL)
+         return true;
+
+       if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_LEN && arg_type->is_string_type())
+         {
+           this->seen_ = true;
+           bool ret = arg->is_constant();
+           this->seen_ = false;
+           return ret;
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_SIZEOF:
+    case BUILTIN_ALIGNOF:
+      return this->one_arg() != NULL;
+
+    case BUILTIN_OFFSETOF:
+      {
+       Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+       if (arg == NULL)
+         return false;
+       return arg->field_reference_expression() != NULL;
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_COMPLEX:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       if (args != NULL && args->size() == 2)
+         return args->front()->is_constant() && args->back()->is_constant();
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_REAL:
+    case BUILTIN_IMAG:
+      {
+       Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+       return arg != NULL && arg->is_constant();
+      }
+
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return an integer constant value if possible.
+
+bool
+Builtin_call_expression::do_integer_constant_value(bool iota_is_constant,
+                                                  mpz_t val,
+                                                  Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_LEN
+      || this->code_ == BUILTIN_CAP)
+    {
+      Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+      if (arg == NULL)
+       return false;
+      Type* arg_type = arg->type();
+
+      if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_LEN && arg_type->is_string_type())
+       {
+         std::string sval;
+         if (arg->string_constant_value(&sval))
+           {
+             mpz_set_ui(val, sval.length());
+             *ptype = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+             return true;
+           }
+       }
+
+      if (arg_type->points_to() != NULL
+         && arg_type->points_to()->array_type() != NULL
+         && !arg_type->points_to()->is_open_array_type())
+       arg_type = arg_type->points_to();
+
+      if (arg_type->array_type() != NULL
+         && arg_type->array_type()->length() != NULL)
+       {
+         if (this->seen_)
+           return false;
+         Expression* e = arg_type->array_type()->length();
+         this->seen_ = true;
+         bool r = e->integer_constant_value(iota_is_constant, val, ptype);
+         this->seen_ = false;
+         if (r)
+           {
+             *ptype = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+             return true;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  else if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_SIZEOF
+          || this->code_ == BUILTIN_ALIGNOF)
+    {
+      Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+      if (arg == NULL)
+       return false;
+      Type* arg_type = arg->type();
+      if (arg_type->is_error_type() || arg_type->is_undefined())
+       return false;
+      if (arg_type->is_abstract())
+       return false;
+      if (arg_type->named_type() != NULL)
+       arg_type->named_type()->convert(this->gogo_);
+      tree arg_type_tree = arg_type->get_tree(this->gogo_);
+      if (arg_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return false;
+      unsigned long val_long;
+      if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_SIZEOF)
+       {
+         tree type_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(arg_type_tree);
+         gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(type_size) == INTEGER_CST);
+         if (TREE_INT_CST_HIGH(type_size) != 0)
+           return false;
+         unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT val_wide = TREE_INT_CST_LOW(type_size);
+         val_long = static_cast<unsigned long>(val_wide);
+         if (val_long != val_wide)
+           return false;
+       }
+      else if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_ALIGNOF)
+       {
+         if (arg->field_reference_expression() == NULL)
+           val_long = go_type_alignment(arg_type_tree);
+         else
+           {
+             // Calling unsafe.Alignof(s.f) returns the alignment of
+             // the type of f when it is used as a field in a struct.
+             val_long = go_field_alignment(arg_type_tree);
+           }
+       }
+      else
+       gcc_unreachable();
+      mpz_set_ui(val, val_long);
+      *ptype = NULL;
+      return true;
+    }
+  else if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_OFFSETOF)
+    {
+      Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+      if (arg == NULL)
+       return false;
+      Field_reference_expression* farg = arg->field_reference_expression();
+      if (farg == NULL)
+       return false;
+      Expression* struct_expr = farg->expr();
+      Type* st = struct_expr->type();
+      if (st->struct_type() == NULL)
+       return false;
+      if (st->named_type() != NULL)
+       st->named_type()->convert(this->gogo_);
+      tree struct_tree = st->get_tree(this->gogo_);
+      gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(struct_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+      tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(struct_tree);
+      for (unsigned int index = farg->field_index(); index > 0; --index)
+       {
+         field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+         gcc_assert(field != NULL_TREE);
+       }
+      HOST_WIDE_INT offset_wide = int_byte_position (field);
+      if (offset_wide < 0)
+       return false;
+      unsigned long offset_long = static_cast<unsigned long>(offset_wide);
+      if (offset_long != static_cast<unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT>(offset_wide))
+       return false;
+      mpz_set_ui(val, offset_long);
+      return true;
+    }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return a floating point constant value if possible.
+
+bool
+Builtin_call_expression::do_float_constant_value(mpfr_t val,
+                                                Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_REAL || this->code_ == BUILTIN_IMAG)
+    {
+      Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+      if (arg == NULL)
+       return false;
+
+      mpfr_t real;
+      mpfr_t imag;
+      mpfr_init(real);
+      mpfr_init(imag);
+
+      bool ret = false;
+      Type* type;
+      if (arg->complex_constant_value(real, imag, &type))
+       {
+         if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_REAL)
+           mpfr_set(val, real, GMP_RNDN);
+         else
+           mpfr_set(val, imag, GMP_RNDN);
+         *ptype = Builtin_call_expression::real_imag_type(type);
+         ret = true;
+       }
+
+      mpfr_clear(real);
+      mpfr_clear(imag);
+      return ret;
+    }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return a complex constant value if possible.
+
+bool
+Builtin_call_expression::do_complex_constant_value(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag,
+                                                  Type** ptype) const
+{
+  if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_COMPLEX)
+    {
+      const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+      if (args == NULL || args->size() != 2)
+       return false;
+
+      mpfr_t r;
+      mpfr_init(r);
+      Type* rtype;
+      if (!args->front()->float_constant_value(r, &rtype))
+       {
+         mpfr_clear(r);
+         return false;
+       }
+
+      mpfr_t i;
+      mpfr_init(i);
+
+      bool ret = false;
+      Type* itype;
+      if (args->back()->float_constant_value(i, &itype)
+         && Type::are_identical(rtype, itype, false, NULL))
+       {
+         mpfr_set(real, r, GMP_RNDN);
+         mpfr_set(imag, i, GMP_RNDN);
+         *ptype = Builtin_call_expression::complex_type(rtype);
+         ret = true;
+       }
+
+      mpfr_clear(r);
+      mpfr_clear(i);
+
+      return ret;
+    }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return the type.
+
+Type*
+Builtin_call_expression::do_type()
+{
+  switch (this->code_)
+    {
+    case BUILTIN_INVALID:
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+
+    case BUILTIN_NEW:
+    case BUILTIN_MAKE:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       if (args == NULL || args->empty())
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       return Type::make_pointer_type(args->front()->type());
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_CAP:
+    case BUILTIN_COPY:
+    case BUILTIN_LEN:
+    case BUILTIN_ALIGNOF:
+    case BUILTIN_OFFSETOF:
+    case BUILTIN_SIZEOF:
+      return Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+
+    case BUILTIN_CLOSE:
+    case BUILTIN_PANIC:
+    case BUILTIN_PRINT:
+    case BUILTIN_PRINTLN:
+      return Type::make_void_type();
+
+    case BUILTIN_RECOVER:
+      return Type::make_interface_type(NULL, BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+
+    case BUILTIN_APPEND:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       if (args == NULL || args->empty())
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       return args->front()->type();
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_REAL:
+    case BUILTIN_IMAG:
+      {
+       Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+       if (arg == NULL)
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       Type* t = arg->type();
+       if (t->is_abstract())
+         t = t->make_non_abstract_type();
+       t = Builtin_call_expression::real_imag_type(t);
+       if (t == NULL)
+         t = Type::make_error_type();
+       return t;
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_COMPLEX:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       if (args == NULL || args->size() != 2)
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       Type* t = args->front()->type();
+       if (t->is_abstract())
+         {
+           t = args->back()->type();
+           if (t->is_abstract())
+             t = t->make_non_abstract_type();
+         }
+       t = Builtin_call_expression::complex_type(t);
+       if (t == NULL)
+         t = Type::make_error_type();
+       return t;
+      }
+    }
+}
+
+// Determine the type.
+
+void
+Builtin_call_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
+{
+  if (!this->determining_types())
+    return;
+
+  this->fn()->determine_type_no_context();
+
+  const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+
+  bool is_print;
+  Type* arg_type = NULL;
+  switch (this->code_)
+    {
+    case BUILTIN_PRINT:
+    case BUILTIN_PRINTLN:
+      // Do not force a large integer constant to "int".
+      is_print = true;
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_REAL:
+    case BUILTIN_IMAG:
+      arg_type = Builtin_call_expression::complex_type(context->type);
+      is_print = false;
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_COMPLEX:
+      {
+       // For the complex function the type of one operand can
+       // determine the type of the other, as in a binary expression.
+       arg_type = Builtin_call_expression::real_imag_type(context->type);
+       if (args != NULL && args->size() == 2)
+         {
+           Type* t1 = args->front()->type();
+           Type* t2 = args->front()->type();
+           if (!t1->is_abstract())
+             arg_type = t1;
+           else if (!t2->is_abstract())
+             arg_type = t2;
+         }
+       is_print = false;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      is_print = false;
+      break;
+    }
+
+  if (args != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pa = args->begin();
+          pa != args->end();
+          ++pa)
+       {
+         Type_context subcontext;
+         subcontext.type = arg_type;
+
+         if (is_print)
+           {
+             // We want to print large constants, we so can't just
+             // use the appropriate nonabstract type.  Use uint64 for
+             // an integer if we know it is nonnegative, otherwise
+             // use int64 for a integer, otherwise use float64 for a
+             // float or complex128 for a complex.
+             Type* want_type = NULL;
+             Type* atype = (*pa)->type();
+             if (atype->is_abstract())
+               {
+                 if (atype->integer_type() != NULL)
+                   {
+                     mpz_t val;
+                     mpz_init(val);
+                     Type* dummy;
+                     if (this->integer_constant_value(true, val, &dummy)
+                         && mpz_sgn(val) >= 0)
+                       want_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uint64");
+                     else
+                       want_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("int64");
+                     mpz_clear(val);
+                   }
+                 else if (atype->float_type() != NULL)
+                   want_type = Type::lookup_float_type("float64");
+                 else if (atype->complex_type() != NULL)
+                   want_type = Type::lookup_complex_type("complex128");
+                 else if (atype->is_abstract_string_type())
+                   want_type = Type::lookup_string_type();
+                 else if (atype->is_abstract_boolean_type())
+                   want_type = Type::lookup_bool_type();
+                 else
+                   gcc_unreachable();
+                 subcontext.type = want_type;
+               }
+           }
+
+         (*pa)->determine_type(&subcontext);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// If there is exactly one argument, return true.  Otherwise give an
+// error message and return false.
+
+bool
+Builtin_call_expression::check_one_arg()
+{
+  const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+  if (args == NULL || args->size() < 1)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
+      return false;
+    }
+  else if (args->size() > 1)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
+      return false;
+    }
+  if (args->front()->is_error_expression()
+      || args->front()->type()->is_error_type()
+      || args->front()->type()->is_undefined())
+    {
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return false;
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Check argument types for a builtin function.
+
+void
+Builtin_call_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  switch (this->code_)
+    {
+    case BUILTIN_INVALID:
+    case BUILTIN_NEW:
+    case BUILTIN_MAKE:
+      return;
+
+    case BUILTIN_LEN:
+    case BUILTIN_CAP:
+      {
+       // The single argument may be either a string or an array or a
+       // map or a channel, or a pointer to a closed array.
+       if (this->check_one_arg())
+         {
+           Type* arg_type = this->one_arg()->type();
+           if (arg_type->points_to() != NULL
+               && arg_type->points_to()->array_type() != NULL
+               && !arg_type->points_to()->is_open_array_type())
+             arg_type = arg_type->points_to();
+           if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_CAP)
+             {
+               if (!arg_type->is_error_type()
+                   && arg_type->array_type() == NULL
+                   && arg_type->channel_type() == NULL)
+                 this->report_error(_("argument must be array or slice "
+                                      "or channel"));
+             }
+           else
+             {
+               if (!arg_type->is_error_type()
+                   && !arg_type->is_string_type()
+                   && arg_type->array_type() == NULL
+                   && arg_type->map_type() == NULL
+                   && arg_type->channel_type() == NULL)
+                 this->report_error(_("argument must be string or "
+                                      "array or slice or map or channel"));
+             }
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_PRINT:
+    case BUILTIN_PRINTLN:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       if (args == NULL)
+         {
+           if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_PRINT)
+             warning_at(this->location(), 0,
+                        "no arguments for builtin function %<%s%>",
+                        (this->code_ == BUILTIN_PRINT
+                         ? "print"
+                         : "println"));
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = args->begin();
+                p != args->end();
+                ++p)
+             {
+               Type* type = (*p)->type();
+               if (type->is_error_type()
+                   || type->is_string_type()
+                   || type->integer_type() != NULL
+                   || type->float_type() != NULL
+                   || type->complex_type() != NULL
+                   || type->is_boolean_type()
+                   || type->points_to() != NULL
+                   || type->interface_type() != NULL
+                   || type->channel_type() != NULL
+                   || type->map_type() != NULL
+                   || type->function_type() != NULL
+                   || type->is_open_array_type())
+                 ;
+               else
+                 this->report_error(_("unsupported argument type to "
+                                      "builtin function"));
+             }
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_CLOSE:
+      if (this->check_one_arg())
+       {
+         if (this->one_arg()->type()->channel_type() == NULL)
+           this->report_error(_("argument must be channel"));
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_PANIC:
+    case BUILTIN_SIZEOF:
+    case BUILTIN_ALIGNOF:
+      this->check_one_arg();
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_RECOVER:
+      if (this->args() != NULL && !this->args()->empty())
+       this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_OFFSETOF:
+      if (this->check_one_arg())
+       {
+         Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
+         if (arg->field_reference_expression() == NULL)
+           this->report_error(_("argument must be a field reference"));
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_COPY:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       if (args == NULL || args->size() < 2)
+         {
+           this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
+           break;
+         }
+       else if (args->size() > 2)
+         {
+           this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
+           break;
+         }
+       Type* arg1_type = args->front()->type();
+       Type* arg2_type = args->back()->type();
+       if (arg1_type->is_error_type() || arg2_type->is_error_type())
+         break;
+
+       Type* e1;
+       if (arg1_type->is_open_array_type())
+         e1 = arg1_type->array_type()->element_type();
+       else
+         {
+           this->report_error(_("left argument must be a slice"));
+           break;
+         }
+
+       Type* e2;
+       if (arg2_type->is_open_array_type())
+         e2 = arg2_type->array_type()->element_type();
+       else if (arg2_type->is_string_type())
+         e2 = Type::lookup_integer_type("uint8");
+       else
+         {
+           this->report_error(_("right argument must be a slice or a string"));
+           break;
+         }
+
+       if (!Type::are_identical(e1, e2, true, NULL))
+         this->report_error(_("element types must be the same"));
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_APPEND:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       if (args == NULL || args->size() < 2)
+         {
+           this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
+           break;
+         }
+       if (args->size() > 2)
+         {
+           this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
+           break;
+         }
+       std::string reason;
+       if (!Type::are_assignable(args->front()->type(), args->back()->type(),
+                                 &reason))
+         {
+           if (reason.empty())
+             this->report_error(_("arguments 1 and 2 have different types"));
+           else
+             {
+               error_at(this->location(),
+                        "arguments 1 and 2 have different types (%s)",
+                        reason.c_str());
+               this->set_is_error();
+             }
+         }
+       break;
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_REAL:
+    case BUILTIN_IMAG:
+      if (this->check_one_arg())
+       {
+         if (this->one_arg()->type()->complex_type() == NULL)
+           this->report_error(_("argument must have complex type"));
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case BUILTIN_COMPLEX:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       if (args == NULL || args->size() < 2)
+         this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
+       else if (args->size() > 2)
+         this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
+       else if (args->front()->is_error_expression()
+                || args->front()->type()->is_error_type()
+                || args->back()->is_error_expression()
+                || args->back()->type()->is_error_type())
+         this->set_is_error();
+       else if (!Type::are_identical(args->front()->type(),
+                                     args->back()->type(), true, NULL))
+         this->report_error(_("complex arguments must have identical types"));
+       else if (args->front()->type()->float_type() == NULL)
+         this->report_error(_("complex arguments must have "
+                              "floating-point type"));
+      }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return the tree for a builtin function.
+
+tree
+Builtin_call_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  switch (this->code_)
+    {
+    case BUILTIN_INVALID:
+    case BUILTIN_NEW:
+    case BUILTIN_MAKE:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+
+    case BUILTIN_LEN:
+    case BUILTIN_CAP:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       gcc_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 1);
+       Expression* arg = *args->begin();
+       Type* arg_type = arg->type();
+
+       if (this->seen_)
+         {
+           gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+           return error_mark_node;
+         }
+       this->seen_ = true;
+
+       tree arg_tree = arg->get_tree(context);
+
+       this->seen_ = false;
+
+       if (arg_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+
+       if (arg_type->points_to() != NULL)
+         {
+           arg_type = arg_type->points_to();
+           gcc_assert(arg_type->array_type() != NULL
+                      && !arg_type->is_open_array_type());
+           gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(arg_tree)));
+           arg_tree = build_fold_indirect_ref(arg_tree);
+         }
+
+       tree val_tree;
+       if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_LEN)
+         {
+           if (arg_type->is_string_type())
+             val_tree = String_type::length_tree(gogo, arg_tree);
+           else if (arg_type->array_type() != NULL)
+             {
+               if (this->seen_)
+                 {
+                   gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+                   return error_mark_node;
+                 }
+               this->seen_ = true;
+               val_tree = arg_type->array_type()->length_tree(gogo, arg_tree);
+               this->seen_ = false;
+             }
+           else if (arg_type->map_type() != NULL)
+             {
+               static tree map_len_fndecl;
+               val_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&map_len_fndecl,
+                                             location,
+                                             "__go_map_len",
+                                             1,
+                                             sizetype,
+                                             arg_type->get_tree(gogo),
+                                             arg_tree);
+             }
+           else if (arg_type->channel_type() != NULL)
+             {
+               static tree chan_len_fndecl;
+               val_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&chan_len_fndecl,
+                                             location,
+                                             "__go_chan_len",
+                                             1,
+                                             sizetype,
+                                             arg_type->get_tree(gogo),
+                                             arg_tree);
+             }
+           else
+             gcc_unreachable();
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           if (arg_type->array_type() != NULL)
+             {
+               if (this->seen_)
+                 {
+                   gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+                   return error_mark_node;
+                 }
+               this->seen_ = true;
+               val_tree = arg_type->array_type()->capacity_tree(gogo,
+                                                                arg_tree);
+               this->seen_ = false;
+             }
+           else if (arg_type->channel_type() != NULL)
+             {
+               static tree chan_cap_fndecl;
+               val_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&chan_cap_fndecl,
+                                             location,
+                                             "__go_chan_cap",
+                                             1,
+                                             sizetype,
+                                             arg_type->get_tree(gogo),
+                                             arg_tree);
+             }
+           else
+             gcc_unreachable();
+         }
+
+       if (val_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+
+       tree type_tree = Type::lookup_integer_type("int")->get_tree(gogo);
+       if (type_tree == TREE_TYPE(val_tree))
+         return val_tree;
+       else
+         return fold(convert_to_integer(type_tree, val_tree));
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_PRINT:
+    case BUILTIN_PRINTLN:
+      {
+       const bool is_ln = this->code_ == BUILTIN_PRINTLN;
+       tree stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
+
+       const Expression_list* call_args = this->args();
+       if (call_args != NULL)
+         {
+           for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = call_args->begin();
+                p != call_args->end();
+                ++p)
+             {
+               if (is_ln && p != call_args->begin())
+                 {
+                   static tree print_space_fndecl;
+                   tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&print_space_fndecl,
+                                                  location,
+                                                  "__go_print_space",
+                                                  0,
+                                                  void_type_node);
+                   if (call == error_mark_node)
+                     return error_mark_node;
+                   append_to_statement_list(call, &stmt_list);
+                 }
+
+               Type* type = (*p)->type();
+
+               tree arg = (*p)->get_tree(context);
+               if (arg == error_mark_node)
+                 return error_mark_node;
+
+               tree* pfndecl;
+               const char* fnname;
+               if (type->is_string_type())
+                 {
+                   static tree print_string_fndecl;
+                   pfndecl = &print_string_fndecl;
+                   fnname = "__go_print_string";
+                 }
+               else if (type->integer_type() != NULL
+                        && type->integer_type()->is_unsigned())
+                 {
+                   static tree print_uint64_fndecl;
+                   pfndecl = &print_uint64_fndecl;
+                   fnname = "__go_print_uint64";
+                   Type* itype = Type::lookup_integer_type("uint64");
+                   arg = fold_convert_loc(location, itype->get_tree(gogo),
+                                          arg);
+                 }
+               else if (type->integer_type() != NULL)
+                 {
+                   static tree print_int64_fndecl;
+                   pfndecl = &print_int64_fndecl;
+                   fnname = "__go_print_int64";
+                   Type* itype = Type::lookup_integer_type("int64");
+                   arg = fold_convert_loc(location, itype->get_tree(gogo),
+                                          arg);
+                 }
+               else if (type->float_type() != NULL)
+                 {
+                   static tree print_double_fndecl;
+                   pfndecl = &print_double_fndecl;
+                   fnname = "__go_print_double";
+                   arg = fold_convert_loc(location, double_type_node, arg);
+                 }
+               else if (type->complex_type() != NULL)
+                 {
+                   static tree print_complex_fndecl;
+                   pfndecl = &print_complex_fndecl;
+                   fnname = "__go_print_complex";
+                   arg = fold_convert_loc(location, complex_double_type_node,
+                                          arg);
+                 }
+               else if (type->is_boolean_type())
+                 {
+                   static tree print_bool_fndecl;
+                   pfndecl = &print_bool_fndecl;
+                   fnname = "__go_print_bool";
+                 }
+               else if (type->points_to() != NULL
+                        || type->channel_type() != NULL
+                        || type->map_type() != NULL
+                        || type->function_type() != NULL)
+                 {
+                   static tree print_pointer_fndecl;
+                   pfndecl = &print_pointer_fndecl;
+                   fnname = "__go_print_pointer";
+                   arg = fold_convert_loc(location, ptr_type_node, arg);
+                 }
+               else if (type->interface_type() != NULL)
+                 {
+                   if (type->interface_type()->is_empty())
+                     {
+                       static tree print_empty_interface_fndecl;
+                       pfndecl = &print_empty_interface_fndecl;
+                       fnname = "__go_print_empty_interface";
+                     }
+                   else
+                     {
+                       static tree print_interface_fndecl;
+                       pfndecl = &print_interface_fndecl;
+                       fnname = "__go_print_interface";
+                     }
+                 }
+               else if (type->is_open_array_type())
+                 {
+                   static tree print_slice_fndecl;
+                   pfndecl = &print_slice_fndecl;
+                   fnname = "__go_print_slice";
+                 }
+               else
+                 gcc_unreachable();
+
+               tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(pfndecl,
+                                              location,
+                                              fnname,
+                                              1,
+                                              void_type_node,
+                                              TREE_TYPE(arg),
+                                              arg);
+               if (call == error_mark_node)
+                 return error_mark_node;
+               append_to_statement_list(call, &stmt_list);
+             }
+         }
+
+       if (is_ln)
+         {
+           static tree print_nl_fndecl;
+           tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&print_nl_fndecl,
+                                          location,
+                                          "__go_print_nl",
+                                          0,
+                                          void_type_node);
+           if (call == error_mark_node)
+             return error_mark_node;
+           append_to_statement_list(call, &stmt_list);
+         }
+
+       return stmt_list;
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_PANIC:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       gcc_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 1);
+       Expression* arg = args->front();
+       tree arg_tree = arg->get_tree(context);
+       if (arg_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+       Type *empty = Type::make_interface_type(NULL, BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+       arg_tree = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, empty,
+                                                     arg->type(),
+                                                     arg_tree, location);
+       static tree panic_fndecl;
+       tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&panic_fndecl,
+                                      location,
+                                      "__go_panic",
+                                      1,
+                                      void_type_node,
+                                      TREE_TYPE(arg_tree),
+                                      arg_tree);
+       if (call == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+       // This function will throw an exception.
+       TREE_NOTHROW(panic_fndecl) = 0;
+       // This function will not return.
+       TREE_THIS_VOLATILE(panic_fndecl) = 1;
+       return call;
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_RECOVER:
+      {
+       // The argument is set when building recover thunks.  It's a
+       // boolean value which is true if we can recover a value now.
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       gcc_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 1);
+       Expression* arg = args->front();
+       tree arg_tree = arg->get_tree(context);
+       if (arg_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+
+       Type *empty = Type::make_interface_type(NULL, BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+       tree empty_tree = empty->get_tree(context->gogo());
+
+       Type* nil_type = Type::make_nil_type();
+       Expression* nil = Expression::make_nil(location);
+       tree nil_tree = nil->get_tree(context);
+       tree empty_nil_tree = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context,
+                                                                empty,
+                                                                nil_type,
+                                                                nil_tree,
+                                                                location);
+
+       // We need to handle a deferred call to recover specially,
+       // because it changes whether it can recover a panic or not.
+       // See test7 in test/recover1.go.
+       tree call;
+       if (this->is_deferred())
+         {
+           static tree deferred_recover_fndecl;
+           call = Gogo::call_builtin(&deferred_recover_fndecl,
+                                     location,
+                                     "__go_deferred_recover",
+                                     0,
+                                     empty_tree);
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           static tree recover_fndecl;
+           call = Gogo::call_builtin(&recover_fndecl,
+                                     location,
+                                     "__go_recover",
+                                     0,
+                                     empty_tree);
+         }
+       if (call == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+       return fold_build3_loc(location, COND_EXPR, empty_tree, arg_tree,
+                              call, empty_nil_tree);
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_CLOSE:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       gcc_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 1);
+       Expression* arg = args->front();
+       tree arg_tree = arg->get_tree(context);
+       if (arg_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+       static tree close_fndecl;
+       return Gogo::call_builtin(&close_fndecl,
+                                 location,
+                                 "__go_builtin_close",
+                                 1,
+                                 void_type_node,
+                                 TREE_TYPE(arg_tree),
+                                 arg_tree);
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_SIZEOF:
+    case BUILTIN_OFFSETOF:
+    case BUILTIN_ALIGNOF:
+      {
+       mpz_t val;
+       mpz_init(val);
+       Type* dummy;
+       bool b = this->integer_constant_value(true, val, &dummy);
+       if (!b)
+         {
+           gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+           return error_mark_node;
+         }
+       tree type = Type::lookup_integer_type("int")->get_tree(gogo);
+       tree ret = Expression::integer_constant_tree(val, type);
+       mpz_clear(val);
+       return ret;
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_COPY:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       gcc_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 2);
+       Expression* arg1 = args->front();
+       Expression* arg2 = args->back();
+
+       tree arg1_tree = arg1->get_tree(context);
+       tree arg2_tree = arg2->get_tree(context);
+       if (arg1_tree == error_mark_node || arg2_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+
+       Type* arg1_type = arg1->type();
+       Array_type* at = arg1_type->array_type();
+       arg1_tree = save_expr(arg1_tree);
+       tree arg1_val = at->value_pointer_tree(gogo, arg1_tree);
+       tree arg1_len = at->length_tree(gogo, arg1_tree);
+       if (arg1_val == error_mark_node || arg1_len == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+
+       Type* arg2_type = arg2->type();
+       tree arg2_val;
+       tree arg2_len;
+       if (arg2_type->is_open_array_type())
+         {
+           at = arg2_type->array_type();
+           arg2_tree = save_expr(arg2_tree);
+           arg2_val = at->value_pointer_tree(gogo, arg2_tree);
+           arg2_len = at->length_tree(gogo, arg2_tree);
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           arg2_tree = save_expr(arg2_tree);
+           arg2_val = String_type::bytes_tree(gogo, arg2_tree);
+           arg2_len = String_type::length_tree(gogo, arg2_tree);
+         }
+       if (arg2_val == error_mark_node || arg2_len == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+
+       arg1_len = save_expr(arg1_len);
+       arg2_len = save_expr(arg2_len);
+       tree len = fold_build3_loc(location, COND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(arg1_len),
+                                  fold_build2_loc(location, LT_EXPR,
+                                                  boolean_type_node,
+                                                  arg1_len, arg2_len),
+                                  arg1_len, arg2_len);
+       len = save_expr(len);
+
+       Type* element_type = at->element_type();
+       tree element_type_tree = element_type->get_tree(gogo);
+       if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+       tree element_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(element_type_tree);
+       tree bytecount = fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(element_size),
+                                         len);
+       bytecount = fold_build2_loc(location, MULT_EXPR,
+                                   TREE_TYPE(element_size),
+                                   bytecount, element_size);
+       bytecount = fold_convert_loc(location, size_type_node, bytecount);
+
+       arg1_val = fold_convert_loc(location, ptr_type_node, arg1_val);
+       arg2_val = fold_convert_loc(location, ptr_type_node, arg2_val);
+
+       static tree copy_fndecl;
+       tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&copy_fndecl,
+                                      location,
+                                      "__go_copy",
+                                      3,
+                                      void_type_node,
+                                      ptr_type_node,
+                                      arg1_val,
+                                      ptr_type_node,
+                                      arg2_val,
+                                      size_type_node,
+                                      bytecount);
+       if (call == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+
+       return fold_build2_loc(location, COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(len),
+                              call, len);
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_APPEND:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       gcc_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 2);
+       Expression* arg1 = args->front();
+       Expression* arg2 = args->back();
+
+       tree arg1_tree = arg1->get_tree(context);
+       tree arg2_tree = arg2->get_tree(context);
+       if (arg1_tree == error_mark_node || arg2_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+
+       Array_type* at = arg1->type()->array_type();
+       Type* element_type = at->element_type();
+
+       arg2_tree = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, at,
+                                                      arg2->type(),
+                                                      arg2_tree,
+                                                      location);
+       if (arg2_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+
+       arg2_tree = save_expr(arg2_tree);
+       tree arg2_val = at->value_pointer_tree(gogo, arg2_tree);
+       tree arg2_len = at->length_tree(gogo, arg2_tree);
+       if (arg2_val == error_mark_node || arg2_len == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+       arg2_val = fold_convert_loc(location, ptr_type_node, arg2_val);
+       arg2_len = fold_convert_loc(location, size_type_node, arg2_len);
+
+       tree element_type_tree = element_type->get_tree(gogo);
+       if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+       tree element_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(element_type_tree);
+       element_size = fold_convert_loc(location, size_type_node,
+                                       element_size);
+
+       // We rebuild the decl each time since the slice types may
+       // change.
+       tree append_fndecl = NULL_TREE;
+       return Gogo::call_builtin(&append_fndecl,
+                                 location,
+                                 "__go_append",
+                                 4,
+                                 TREE_TYPE(arg1_tree),
+                                 TREE_TYPE(arg1_tree),
+                                 arg1_tree,
+                                 ptr_type_node,
+                                 arg2_val,
+                                 size_type_node,
+                                 arg2_len,
+                                 size_type_node,
+                                 element_size);
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_REAL:
+    case BUILTIN_IMAG:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       gcc_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 1);
+       Expression* arg = args->front();
+       tree arg_tree = arg->get_tree(context);
+       if (arg_tree == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+       gcc_assert(COMPLEX_FLOAT_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(arg_tree)));
+       if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_REAL)
+         return fold_build1_loc(location, REALPART_EXPR,
+                                TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(arg_tree)),
+                                arg_tree);
+       else
+         return fold_build1_loc(location, IMAGPART_EXPR,
+                                TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(arg_tree)),
+                                arg_tree);
+      }
+
+    case BUILTIN_COMPLEX:
+      {
+       const Expression_list* args = this->args();
+       gcc_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 2);
+       tree r = args->front()->get_tree(context);
+       tree i = args->back()->get_tree(context);
+       if (r == error_mark_node || i == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+       gcc_assert(TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(TREE_TYPE(r))
+                  == TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(TREE_TYPE(i)));
+       gcc_assert(SCALAR_FLOAT_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(r)));
+       return fold_build2_loc(location, COMPLEX_EXPR,
+                              build_complex_type(TREE_TYPE(r)),
+                              r, i);
+      }
+
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// We have to support exporting a builtin call expression, because
+// code can set a constant to the result of a builtin expression.
+
+void
+Builtin_call_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  bool ok = false;
+
+  mpz_t val;
+  mpz_init(val);
+  Type* dummy;
+  if (this->integer_constant_value(true, val, &dummy))
+    {
+      Integer_expression::export_integer(exp, val);
+      ok = true;
+    }
+  mpz_clear(val);
+
+  if (!ok)
+    {
+      mpfr_t fval;
+      mpfr_init(fval);
+      if (this->float_constant_value(fval, &dummy))
+       {
+         Float_expression::export_float(exp, fval);
+         ok = true;
+       }
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+    }
+
+  if (!ok)
+    {
+      mpfr_t real;
+      mpfr_t imag;
+      mpfr_init(real);
+      mpfr_init(imag);
+      if (this->complex_constant_value(real, imag, &dummy))
+       {
+         Complex_expression::export_complex(exp, real, imag);
+         ok = true;
+       }
+      mpfr_clear(real);
+      mpfr_clear(imag);
+    }
+
+  if (!ok)
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "value is not constant");
+      return;
+    }
+
+  // A trailing space lets us reliably identify the end of the number.
+  exp->write_c_string(" ");
+}
+
+// Class Call_expression.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Call_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->fn_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->args_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->args_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lower a call statement.
+
+Expression*
+Call_expression::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function, int)
+{
+  // A type case can look like a function call.
+  if (this->fn_->is_type_expression()
+      && this->args_ != NULL
+      && this->args_->size() == 1)
+    return Expression::make_cast(this->fn_->type(), this->args_->front(),
+                                this->location());
+
+  // Recognize a call to a builtin function.
+  Func_expression* fne = this->fn_->func_expression();
+  if (fne != NULL
+      && fne->named_object()->is_function_declaration()
+      && fne->named_object()->func_declaration_value()->type()->is_builtin())
+    return new Builtin_call_expression(gogo, this->fn_, this->args_,
+                                      this->is_varargs_, this->location());
+
+  // Handle an argument which is a call to a function which returns
+  // multiple results.
+  if (this->args_ != NULL
+      && this->args_->size() == 1
+      && this->args_->front()->call_expression() != NULL
+      && this->fn_->type()->function_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      Function_type* fntype = this->fn_->type()->function_type();
+      size_t rc = this->args_->front()->call_expression()->result_count();
+      if (rc > 1
+         && fntype->parameters() != NULL
+         && (fntype->parameters()->size() == rc
+             || (fntype->is_varargs()
+                 && fntype->parameters()->size() - 1 <= rc)))
+       {
+         Call_expression* call = this->args_->front()->call_expression();
+         Expression_list* args = new Expression_list;
+         for (size_t i = 0; i < rc; ++i)
+           args->push_back(Expression::make_call_result(call, i));
+         // We can't return a new call expression here, because this
+         // one may be referenced by Call_result expressions.  We
+         // also can't delete the old arguments, because we may still
+         // traverse them somewhere up the call stack.  FIXME.
+         this->args_ = args;
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Handle a call to a varargs function by packaging up the extra
+  // parameters.
+  if (this->fn_->type()->function_type() != NULL
+      && this->fn_->type()->function_type()->is_varargs())
+    {
+      Function_type* fntype = this->fn_->type()->function_type();
+      const Typed_identifier_list* parameters = fntype->parameters();
+      gcc_assert(parameters != NULL && !parameters->empty());
+      Type* varargs_type = parameters->back().type();
+      return this->lower_varargs(gogo, function, varargs_type,
+                                parameters->size());
+    }
+
+  return this;
+}
+
+// Lower a call to a varargs function.  FUNCTION is the function in
+// which the call occurs--it's not the function we are calling.
+// VARARGS_TYPE is the type of the varargs parameter, a slice type.
+// PARAM_COUNT is the number of parameters of the function we are
+// calling; the last of these parameters will be the varargs
+// parameter.
+
+Expression*
+Call_expression::lower_varargs(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function,
+                              Type* varargs_type, size_t param_count)
+{
+  if (this->varargs_are_lowered_)
+    return this;
+
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  gcc_assert(param_count > 0);
+  gcc_assert(varargs_type->is_open_array_type());
+
+  size_t arg_count = this->args_ == NULL ? 0 : this->args_->size();
+  if (arg_count < param_count - 1)
+    {
+      // Not enough arguments; will be caught in check_types.
+      return this;
+    }
+
+  Expression_list* old_args = this->args_;
+  Expression_list* new_args = new Expression_list();
+  bool push_empty_arg = false;
+  if (old_args == NULL || old_args->empty())
+    {
+      gcc_assert(param_count == 1);
+      push_empty_arg = true;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Expression_list::const_iterator pa;
+      int i = 1;
+      for (pa = old_args->begin(); pa != old_args->end(); ++pa, ++i)
+       {
+         if (static_cast<size_t>(i) == param_count)
+           break;
+         new_args->push_back(*pa);
+       }
+
+      // We have reached the varargs parameter.
+
+      bool issued_error = false;
+      if (pa == old_args->end())
+       push_empty_arg = true;
+      else if (pa + 1 == old_args->end() && this->is_varargs_)
+       new_args->push_back(*pa);
+      else if (this->is_varargs_)
+       {
+         this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
+         return this;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         Type* element_type = varargs_type->array_type()->element_type();
+         Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list;
+         for (; pa != old_args->end(); ++pa, ++i)
+           {
+             // Check types here so that we get a better message.
+             Type* patype = (*pa)->type();
+             source_location paloc = (*pa)->location();
+             if (!this->check_argument_type(i, element_type, patype,
+                                            paloc, issued_error))
+               continue;
+             vals->push_back(*pa);
+           }
+         Expression* val =
+           Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(varargs_type, vals, loc);
+         new_args->push_back(val);
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (push_empty_arg)
+    new_args->push_back(Expression::make_nil(loc));
+
+  // We can't return a new call expression here, because this one may
+  // be referenced by Call_result expressions.  FIXME.
+  if (old_args != NULL)
+    delete old_args;
+  this->args_ = new_args;
+  this->varargs_are_lowered_ = true;
+
+  // Lower all the new subexpressions.
+  Expression* ret = this;
+  gogo->lower_expression(function, &ret);
+  gcc_assert(ret == this);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Get the function type.  Returns NULL if we don't know the type.  If
+// this returns NULL, and if_ERROR is true, issues an error.
+
+Function_type*
+Call_expression::get_function_type() const
+{
+  return this->fn_->type()->function_type();
+}
+
+// Return the number of values which this call will return.
+
+size_t
+Call_expression::result_count() const
+{
+  const Function_type* fntype = this->get_function_type();
+  if (fntype == NULL)
+    return 0;
+  if (fntype->results() == NULL)
+    return 0;
+  return fntype->results()->size();
+}
+
+// Return whether this is a call to the predeclared function recover.
+
+bool
+Call_expression::is_recover_call() const
+{
+  return this->do_is_recover_call();
+}
+
+// Set the argument to the recover function.
+
+void
+Call_expression::set_recover_arg(Expression* arg)
+{
+  this->do_set_recover_arg(arg);
+}
+
+// Virtual functions also implemented by Builtin_call_expression.
+
+bool
+Call_expression::do_is_recover_call() const
+{
+  return false;
+}
+
+void
+Call_expression::do_set_recover_arg(Expression*)
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Get the type.
+
+Type*
+Call_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    return this->type_;
+
+  Type* ret;
+  Function_type* fntype = this->get_function_type();
+  if (fntype == NULL)
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = fntype->results();
+  if (results == NULL)
+    ret = Type::make_void_type();
+  else if (results->size() == 1)
+    ret = results->begin()->type();
+  else
+    ret = Type::make_call_multiple_result_type(this);
+
+  this->type_ = ret;
+
+  return this->type_;
+}
+
+// Determine types for a call expression.  We can use the function
+// parameter types to set the types of the arguments.
+
+void
+Call_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  if (!this->determining_types())
+    return;
+
+  this->fn_->determine_type_no_context();
+  Function_type* fntype = this->get_function_type();
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parameters = NULL;
+  if (fntype != NULL)
+    parameters = fntype->parameters();
+  if (this->args_ != NULL)
+    {
+      Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pt;
+      if (parameters != NULL)
+       pt = parameters->begin();
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pa = this->args_->begin();
+          pa != this->args_->end();
+          ++pa)
+       {
+         if (parameters != NULL && pt != parameters->end())
+           {
+             Type_context subcontext(pt->type(), false);
+             (*pa)->determine_type(&subcontext);
+             ++pt;
+           }
+         else
+           (*pa)->determine_type_no_context();
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Called when determining types for a Call_expression.  Return true
+// if we should go ahead, false if they have already been determined.
+
+bool
+Call_expression::determining_types()
+{
+  if (this->types_are_determined_)
+    return false;
+  else
+    {
+      this->types_are_determined_ = true;
+      return true;
+    }
+}
+
+// Check types for parameter I.
+
+bool
+Call_expression::check_argument_type(int i, const Type* parameter_type,
+                                    const Type* argument_type,
+                                    source_location argument_location,
+                                    bool issued_error)
+{
+  std::string reason;
+  if (!Type::are_assignable(parameter_type, argument_type, &reason))
+    {
+      if (!issued_error)
+       {
+         if (reason.empty())
+           error_at(argument_location, "argument %d has incompatible type", i);
+         else
+           error_at(argument_location,
+                    "argument %d has incompatible type (%s)",
+                    i, reason.c_str());
+       }
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return false;
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+Call_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Function_type* fntype = this->get_function_type();
+  if (fntype == NULL)
+    {
+      if (!this->fn_->type()->is_error_type())
+       this->report_error(_("expected function"));
+      return;
+    }
+
+  if (fntype->is_method())
+    {
+      // We don't support pointers to methods, so the function has to
+      // be a bound method expression.
+      Bound_method_expression* bme = this->fn_->bound_method_expression();
+      if (bme == NULL)
+       {
+         this->report_error(_("method call without object"));
+         return;
+       }
+      Type* first_arg_type = bme->first_argument()->type();
+      if (first_arg_type->points_to() == NULL)
+       {
+         // When passing a value, we need to check that we are
+         // permitted to copy it.
+         std::string reason;
+         if (!Type::are_assignable(fntype->receiver()->type(),
+                                   first_arg_type, &reason))
+           {
+             if (reason.empty())
+               this->report_error(_("incompatible type for receiver"));
+             else
+               {
+                 error_at(this->location(),
+                          "incompatible type for receiver (%s)",
+                          reason.c_str());
+                 this->set_is_error();
+               }
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Note that varargs was handled by the lower_varargs() method, so
+  // we don't have to worry about it here.
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parameters = fntype->parameters();
+  if (this->args_ == NULL)
+    {
+      if (parameters != NULL && !parameters->empty())
+       this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
+    }
+  else if (parameters == NULL)
+    this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
+  else
+    {
+      int i = 0;
+      Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pt = parameters->begin();
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pa = this->args_->begin();
+          pa != this->args_->end();
+          ++pa, ++pt, ++i)
+       {
+         if (pt == parameters->end())
+           {
+             this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
+             return;
+           }
+         this->check_argument_type(i + 1, pt->type(), (*pa)->type(),
+                                   (*pa)->location(), false);
+       }
+      if (pt != parameters->end())
+       this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
+    }
+}
+
+// Return whether we have to use a temporary variable to ensure that
+// we evaluate this call expression in order.  If the call returns no
+// results then it will inevitably be executed last.  If the call
+// returns more than one result then it will be used with Call_result
+// expressions.  So we only have to use a temporary variable if the
+// call returns exactly one result.
+
+bool
+Call_expression::do_must_eval_in_order() const
+{
+  return this->result_count() == 1;
+}
+
+// Get the function and the first argument to use when calling a bound
+// method.
+
+tree
+Call_expression::bound_method_function(Translate_context* context,
+                                      Bound_method_expression* bound_method,
+                                      tree* first_arg_ptr)
+{
+  Expression* first_argument = bound_method->first_argument();
+  tree first_arg = first_argument->get_tree(context);
+  if (first_arg == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  // We always pass a pointer to the first argument when calling a
+  // method.
+  if (first_argument->type()->points_to() == NULL)
+    {
+      tree pointer_to_arg_type = build_pointer_type(TREE_TYPE(first_arg));
+      if (TREE_ADDRESSABLE(TREE_TYPE(first_arg))
+         || DECL_P(first_arg)
+         || TREE_CODE(first_arg) == INDIRECT_REF
+         || TREE_CODE(first_arg) == COMPONENT_REF)
+       {
+         first_arg = build_fold_addr_expr(first_arg);
+         if (DECL_P(first_arg))
+           TREE_ADDRESSABLE(first_arg) = 1;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         tree tmp = create_tmp_var(TREE_TYPE(first_arg),
+                                   get_name(first_arg));
+         DECL_IGNORED_P(tmp) = 0;
+         DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = first_arg;
+         first_arg = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, pointer_to_arg_type,
+                            build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, tmp),
+                            build_fold_addr_expr(tmp));
+         TREE_ADDRESSABLE(tmp) = 1;
+       }
+      if (first_arg == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  Type* fatype = bound_method->first_argument_type();
+  if (fatype != NULL)
+    {
+      if (fatype->points_to() == NULL)
+       fatype = Type::make_pointer_type(fatype);
+      first_arg = fold_convert(fatype->get_tree(context->gogo()), first_arg);
+      if (first_arg == error_mark_node
+         || TREE_TYPE(first_arg) == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  *first_arg_ptr = first_arg;
+
+  return bound_method->method()->get_tree(context);
+}
+
+// Get the function and the first argument to use when calling an
+// interface method.
+
+tree
+Call_expression::interface_method_function(
+    Translate_context* context,
+    Interface_field_reference_expression* interface_method,
+    tree* first_arg_ptr)
+{
+  tree expr = interface_method->expr()->get_tree(context);
+  if (expr == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  expr = save_expr(expr);
+  tree first_arg = interface_method->get_underlying_object_tree(context, expr);
+  if (first_arg == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  *first_arg_ptr = first_arg;
+  return interface_method->get_function_tree(context, expr);
+}
+
+// Build the call expression.
+
+tree
+Call_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->tree_ != NULL_TREE)
+    return this->tree_;
+
+  Function_type* fntype = this->get_function_type();
+  if (fntype == NULL)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  if (this->fn_->is_error_expression())
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  Func_expression* func = this->fn_->func_expression();
+  Bound_method_expression* bound_method = this->fn_->bound_method_expression();
+  Interface_field_reference_expression* interface_method =
+    this->fn_->interface_field_reference_expression();
+  const bool has_closure = func != NULL && func->closure() != NULL;
+  const bool is_method = bound_method != NULL || interface_method != NULL;
+  gcc_assert(!fntype->is_method() || is_method);
+
+  int nargs;
+  tree* args;
+  if (this->args_ == NULL || this->args_->empty())
+    {
+      nargs = is_method ? 1 : 0;
+      args = nargs == 0 ? NULL : new tree[nargs];
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier_list* params = fntype->parameters();
+      gcc_assert(params != NULL);
+
+      nargs = this->args_->size();
+      int i = is_method ? 1 : 0;
+      nargs += i;
+      args = new tree[nargs];
+
+      Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pp = params->begin();
+      Expression_list::const_iterator pe;
+      for (pe = this->args_->begin();
+          pe != this->args_->end();
+          ++pe, ++pp, ++i)
+       {
+         gcc_assert(pp != params->end());
+         tree arg_val = (*pe)->get_tree(context);
+         args[i] = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context,
+                                                      pp->type(),
+                                                      (*pe)->type(),
+                                                      arg_val,
+                                                      location);
+         if (args[i] == error_mark_node)
+           {
+             delete[] args;
+             return error_mark_node;
+           }
+       }
+      gcc_assert(pp == params->end());
+      gcc_assert(i == nargs);
+    }
+
+  tree rettype = TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(fntype->get_tree(gogo)));
+  if (rettype == error_mark_node)
+    {
+      delete[] args;
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  tree fn;
+  if (has_closure)
+    fn = func->get_tree_without_closure(gogo);
+  else if (!is_method)
+    fn = this->fn_->get_tree(context);
+  else if (bound_method != NULL)
+    fn = this->bound_method_function(context, bound_method, &args[0]);
+  else if (interface_method != NULL)
+    fn = this->interface_method_function(context, interface_method, &args[0]);
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+
+  if (fn == error_mark_node || TREE_TYPE(fn) == error_mark_node)
+    {
+      delete[] args;
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  tree fndecl = fn;
+  if (TREE_CODE(fndecl) == ADDR_EXPR)
+    fndecl = TREE_OPERAND(fndecl, 0);
+
+  // Add a type cast in case the type of the function is a recursive
+  // type which refers to itself.
+  if (!DECL_P(fndecl) || !DECL_IS_BUILTIN(fndecl))
+    {
+      tree fnt = fntype->get_tree(gogo);
+      if (fnt == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      fn = fold_convert_loc(location, fnt, fn);
+    }
+
+  // This is to support builtin math functions when using 80387 math.
+  tree excess_type = NULL_TREE;
+  if (DECL_P(fndecl)
+      && DECL_IS_BUILTIN(fndecl)
+      && DECL_BUILT_IN_CLASS(fndecl) == BUILT_IN_NORMAL
+      && nargs > 0
+      && ((SCALAR_FLOAT_TYPE_P(rettype)
+          && SCALAR_FLOAT_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(args[0])))
+         || (COMPLEX_FLOAT_TYPE_P(rettype)
+             && COMPLEX_FLOAT_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(args[0])))))
+    {
+      excess_type = excess_precision_type(TREE_TYPE(args[0]));
+      if (excess_type != NULL_TREE)
+       {
+         tree excess_fndecl = mathfn_built_in(excess_type,
+                                              DECL_FUNCTION_CODE(fndecl));
+         if (excess_fndecl == NULL_TREE)
+           excess_type = NULL_TREE;
+         else
+           {
+             fn = build_fold_addr_expr_loc(location, excess_fndecl);
+             for (int i = 0; i < nargs; ++i)
+               args[i] = ::convert(excess_type, args[i]);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  tree ret = build_call_array(excess_type != NULL_TREE ? excess_type : rettype,
+                             fn, nargs, args);
+  delete[] args;
+
+  SET_EXPR_LOCATION(ret, location);
+
+  if (has_closure)
+    {
+      tree closure_tree = func->closure()->get_tree(context);
+      if (closure_tree != error_mark_node)
+       CALL_EXPR_STATIC_CHAIN(ret) = closure_tree;
+    }
+
+  // If this is a recursive function type which returns itself, as in
+  //   type F func() F
+  // we have used ptr_type_node for the return type.  Add a cast here
+  // to the correct type.
+  if (TREE_TYPE(ret) == ptr_type_node)
+    {
+      tree t = this->type()->base()->get_tree(gogo);
+      ret = fold_convert_loc(location, t, ret);
+    }
+
+  if (excess_type != NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      // Calling convert here can undo our excess precision change.
+      // That may or may not be a bug in convert_to_real.
+      ret = build1(NOP_EXPR, rettype, ret);
+    }
+
+  // If there is more than one result, we will refer to the call
+  // multiple times.
+  if (fntype->results() != NULL && fntype->results()->size() > 1)
+    ret = save_expr(ret);
+
+  this->tree_ = ret;
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Make a call expression.
+
+Call_expression*
+Expression::make_call(Expression* fn, Expression_list* args, bool is_varargs,
+                     source_location location)
+{
+  return new Call_expression(fn, args, is_varargs, location);
+}
+
+// A single result from a call which returns multiple results.
+
+class Call_result_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Call_result_expression(Call_expression* call, unsigned int index)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_CALL_RESULT, call->location()),
+      call_(call), index_(index)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Call_result_expression(this->call_->call_expression(),
+                                     this->index_);
+  }
+
+  bool
+  do_must_eval_in_order() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The underlying call expression.
+  Expression* call_;
+  // Which result we want.
+  unsigned int index_;
+};
+
+// Traverse a call result.
+
+int
+Call_result_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (traverse->remember_expression(this->call_))
+    {
+      // We have already traversed the call expression.
+      return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    }
+  return Expression::traverse(&this->call_, traverse);
+}
+
+// Get the type.
+
+Type*
+Call_result_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->classification() == EXPRESSION_ERROR)
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+
+  // THIS->CALL_ can be replaced with a temporary reference due to
+  // Call_expression::do_must_eval_in_order when there is an error.
+  Call_expression* ce = this->call_->call_expression();
+  if (ce == NULL)
+    {
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+  Function_type* fntype = ce->get_function_type();
+  if (fntype == NULL)
+    {
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = fntype->results();
+  if (results == NULL)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("number of results does not match "
+                          "number of values"));
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+  Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pr = results->begin();
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < this->index_; ++i)
+    {
+      if (pr == results->end())
+       break;
+      ++pr;
+    }
+  if (pr == results->end())
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("number of results does not match "
+                          "number of values"));
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+  return pr->type();
+}
+
+// Check the type.  Just make sure that we trigger the warning in
+// do_type.
+
+void
+Call_result_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  this->type();
+}
+
+// Determine the type.  We have nothing to do here, but the 0 result
+// needs to pass down to the caller.
+
+void
+Call_result_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  this->call_->determine_type_no_context();
+}
+
+// Return the tree.
+
+tree
+Call_result_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree call_tree = this->call_->get_tree(context);
+  if (call_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  if (TREE_CODE(TREE_TYPE(call_tree)) != RECORD_TYPE)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(TREE_TYPE(call_tree));
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < this->index_; ++i)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(field != NULL_TREE);
+      field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+    }
+  gcc_assert(field != NULL_TREE);
+  return build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), call_tree, field, NULL_TREE);
+}
+
+// Make a reference to a single result of a call which returns
+// multiple results.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_call_result(Call_expression* call, unsigned int index)
+{
+  return new Call_result_expression(call, index);
+}
+
+// Class Index_expression.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Index_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->left_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || Expression::traverse(&this->start_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || (this->end_ != NULL
+         && Expression::traverse(&this->end_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT))
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lower an index expression.  This converts the generic index
+// expression into an array index, a string index, or a map index.
+
+Expression*
+Index_expression::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  Expression* left = this->left_;
+  Expression* start = this->start_;
+  Expression* end = this->end_;
+
+  Type* type = left->type();
+  if (type->is_error_type())
+    return Expression::make_error(location);
+  else if (left->is_type_expression())
+    {
+      error_at(location, "attempt to index type expression");
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    }
+  else if (type->array_type() != NULL)
+    return Expression::make_array_index(left, start, end, location);
+  else if (type->points_to() != NULL
+          && type->points_to()->array_type() != NULL
+          && !type->points_to()->is_open_array_type())
+    {
+      Expression* deref = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, left,
+                                                location);
+      return Expression::make_array_index(deref, start, end, location);
+    }
+  else if (type->is_string_type())
+    return Expression::make_string_index(left, start, end, location);
+  else if (type->map_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (end != NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "invalid slice of map");
+         return Expression::make_error(location);
+       }
+      Map_index_expression* ret= Expression::make_map_index(left, start,
+                                                           location);
+      if (this->is_lvalue_)
+       ret->set_is_lvalue();
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(location,
+              "attempt to index object which is not array, string, or map");
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    }
+}
+
+// Make an index expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_index(Expression* left, Expression* start, Expression* end,
+                      source_location location)
+{
+  return new Index_expression(left, start, end, location);
+}
+
+// An array index.  This is used for both indexing and slicing.
+
+class Array_index_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Array_index_expression(Expression* array, Expression* start,
+                        Expression* end, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_ARRAY_INDEX, location),
+      array_(array), start_(start), end_(end), type_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return Expression::make_array_index(this->array_->copy(),
+                                       this->start_->copy(),
+                                       (this->end_ == NULL
+                                        ? NULL
+                                        : this->end_->copy()),
+                                       this->location());
+  }
+
+  bool
+  do_is_addressable() const;
+
+  void
+  do_address_taken(bool escapes)
+  { this->array_->address_taken(escapes); }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The array we are getting a value from.
+  Expression* array_;
+  // The start or only index.
+  Expression* start_;
+  // The end index of a slice.  This may be NULL for a simple array
+  // index, or it may be a nil expression for the length of the array.
+  Expression* end_;
+  // The type of the expression.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+// Array index traversal.
+
+int
+Array_index_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->array_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->start_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->end_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (Expression::traverse(&this->end_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Return the type of an array index.
+
+Type*
+Array_index_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    {
+     Array_type* type = this->array_->type()->array_type();
+      if (type == NULL)
+       this->type_ = Type::make_error_type();
+      else if (this->end_ == NULL)
+       this->type_ = type->element_type();
+      else if (type->is_open_array_type())
+       {
+         // A slice of a slice has the same type as the original
+         // slice.
+         this->type_ = this->array_->type()->deref();
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // A slice of an array is a slice.
+         this->type_ = Type::make_array_type(type->element_type(), NULL);
+       }
+    }
+  return this->type_;
+}
+
+// Set the type of an array index.
+
+void
+Array_index_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  this->array_->determine_type_no_context();
+  this->start_->determine_type_no_context();
+  if (this->end_ != NULL)
+    this->end_->determine_type_no_context();
+}
+
+// Check types of an array index.
+
+void
+Array_index_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->start_->type()->integer_type() == NULL)
+    this->report_error(_("index must be integer"));
+  if (this->end_ != NULL
+      && this->end_->type()->integer_type() == NULL
+      && !this->end_->is_nil_expression())
+    this->report_error(_("slice end must be integer"));
+
+  Array_type* array_type = this->array_->type()->array_type();
+  if (array_type == NULL)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(this->array_->type()->is_error_type());
+      return;
+    }
+
+  unsigned int int_bits =
+    Type::lookup_integer_type("int")->integer_type()->bits();
+
+  Type* dummy;
+  mpz_t lval;
+  mpz_init(lval);
+  bool lval_valid = (array_type->length() != NULL
+                    && array_type->length()->integer_constant_value(true,
+                                                                    lval,
+                                                                    &dummy));
+  mpz_t ival;
+  mpz_init(ival);
+  if (this->start_->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &dummy))
+    {
+      if (mpz_sgn(ival) < 0
+         || mpz_sizeinbase(ival, 2) >= int_bits
+         || (lval_valid
+             && (this->end_ == NULL
+                 ? mpz_cmp(ival, lval) >= 0
+                 : mpz_cmp(ival, lval) > 0)))
+       {
+         error_at(this->start_->location(), "array index out of bounds");
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+  if (this->end_ != NULL && !this->end_->is_nil_expression())
+    {
+      if (this->end_->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &dummy))
+       {
+         if (mpz_sgn(ival) < 0
+             || mpz_sizeinbase(ival, 2) >= int_bits
+             || (lval_valid && mpz_cmp(ival, lval) > 0))
+           {
+             error_at(this->end_->location(), "array index out of bounds");
+             this->set_is_error();
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  mpz_clear(ival);
+  mpz_clear(lval);
+
+  // A slice of an array requires an addressable array.  A slice of a
+  // slice is always possible.
+  if (this->end_ != NULL
+      && !array_type->is_open_array_type()
+      && !this->array_->is_addressable())
+    this->report_error(_("array is not addressable"));
+}
+
+// Return whether this expression is addressable.
+
+bool
+Array_index_expression::do_is_addressable() const
+{
+  // A slice expression is not addressable.
+  if (this->end_ != NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  // An index into a slice is addressable.
+  if (this->array_->type()->is_open_array_type())
+    return true;
+
+  // An index into an array is addressable if the array is
+  // addressable.
+  return this->array_->is_addressable();
+}
+
+// Get a tree for an array index.
+
+tree
+Array_index_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  Array_type* array_type = this->array_->type()->array_type();
+  if (array_type == NULL)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(this->array_->type()->is_error_type());
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  tree type_tree = array_type->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree array_tree = this->array_->get_tree(context);
+  if (array_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  if (array_type->length() == NULL && !DECL_P(array_tree))
+    array_tree = save_expr(array_tree);
+  tree length_tree = array_type->length_tree(gogo, array_tree);
+  if (length_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  length_tree = save_expr(length_tree);
+  tree length_type = TREE_TYPE(length_tree);
+
+  tree bad_index = boolean_false_node;
+
+  tree start_tree = this->start_->get_tree(context);
+  if (start_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  if (!DECL_P(start_tree))
+    start_tree = save_expr(start_tree);
+  if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(start_tree)))
+    start_tree = convert_to_integer(length_type, start_tree);
+
+  bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(start_tree, length_type, bad_index,
+                                      loc);
+
+  start_tree = fold_convert_loc(loc, length_type, start_tree);
+  bad_index = fold_build2_loc(loc, TRUTH_OR_EXPR, boolean_type_node, bad_index,
+                             fold_build2_loc(loc,
+                                             (this->end_ == NULL
+                                              ? GE_EXPR
+                                              : GT_EXPR),
+                                             boolean_type_node, start_tree,
+                                             length_tree));
+
+  int code = (array_type->length() != NULL
+             ? (this->end_ == NULL
+                ? RUNTIME_ERROR_ARRAY_INDEX_OUT_OF_BOUNDS
+                : RUNTIME_ERROR_ARRAY_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS)
+             : (this->end_ == NULL
+                ? RUNTIME_ERROR_SLICE_INDEX_OUT_OF_BOUNDS
+                : RUNTIME_ERROR_SLICE_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS));
+  tree crash = Gogo::runtime_error(code, loc);
+
+  if (this->end_ == NULL)
+    {
+      // Simple array indexing.  This has to return an l-value, so
+      // wrap the index check into START_TREE.
+      start_tree = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(start_tree),
+                         build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                bad_index, crash, NULL_TREE),
+                         start_tree);
+      start_tree = fold_convert_loc(loc, sizetype, start_tree);
+
+      if (array_type->length() != NULL)
+       {
+         // Fixed array.
+         return build4(ARRAY_REF, TREE_TYPE(type_tree), array_tree,
+                       start_tree, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // Open array.
+         tree values = array_type->value_pointer_tree(gogo, array_tree);
+         tree element_type_tree = array_type->element_type()->get_tree(gogo);
+         if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         tree element_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(element_type_tree);
+         tree offset = fold_build2_loc(loc, MULT_EXPR, sizetype,
+                                       start_tree, element_size);
+         tree ptr = fold_build2_loc(loc, POINTER_PLUS_EXPR,
+                                    TREE_TYPE(values), values, offset);
+         return build_fold_indirect_ref(ptr);
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Array slice.
+
+  tree capacity_tree = array_type->capacity_tree(gogo, array_tree);
+  if (capacity_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  capacity_tree = fold_convert_loc(loc, length_type, capacity_tree);
+
+  tree end_tree;
+  if (this->end_->is_nil_expression())
+    end_tree = length_tree;
+  else
+    {
+      end_tree = this->end_->get_tree(context);
+      if (end_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      if (!DECL_P(end_tree))
+       end_tree = save_expr(end_tree);
+      if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(end_tree)))
+       end_tree = convert_to_integer(length_type, end_tree);
+
+      bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(end_tree, length_type, bad_index,
+                                          loc);
+
+      end_tree = fold_convert_loc(loc, length_type, end_tree);
+
+      capacity_tree = save_expr(capacity_tree);
+      tree bad_end = fold_build2_loc(loc, TRUTH_OR_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                                    fold_build2_loc(loc, LT_EXPR,
+                                                    boolean_type_node,
+                                                    end_tree, start_tree),
+                                    fold_build2_loc(loc, GT_EXPR,
+                                                    boolean_type_node,
+                                                    end_tree, capacity_tree));
+      bad_index = fold_build2_loc(loc, TRUTH_OR_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                                 bad_index, bad_end);
+    }
+
+  tree element_type_tree = array_type->element_type()->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  tree element_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(element_type_tree);
+
+  tree offset = fold_build2_loc(loc, MULT_EXPR, sizetype,
+                               fold_convert_loc(loc, sizetype, start_tree),
+                               element_size);
+
+  tree value_pointer = array_type->value_pointer_tree(gogo, array_tree);
+  if (value_pointer == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  value_pointer = fold_build2_loc(loc, POINTER_PLUS_EXPR,
+                                 TREE_TYPE(value_pointer),
+                                 value_pointer, offset);
+
+  tree result_length_tree = fold_build2_loc(loc, MINUS_EXPR, length_type,
+                                           end_tree, start_tree);
+
+  tree result_capacity_tree = fold_build2_loc(loc, MINUS_EXPR, length_type,
+                                             capacity_tree, start_tree);
+
+  tree struct_tree = this->type()->get_tree(gogo);
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(struct_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 3);
+
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(struct_tree);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__values") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = value_pointer;
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__count") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert_loc(loc, TREE_TYPE(field), result_length_tree);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__capacity") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert_loc(loc, TREE_TYPE(field), result_capacity_tree);
+
+  tree constructor = build_constructor(struct_tree, init);
+
+  if (TREE_CONSTANT(value_pointer)
+      && TREE_CONSTANT(result_length_tree)
+      && TREE_CONSTANT(result_capacity_tree))
+    TREE_CONSTANT(constructor) = 1;
+
+  return fold_build2_loc(loc, COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(constructor),
+                        build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                               bad_index, crash, NULL_TREE),
+                        constructor);
+}
+
+// Make an array index expression.  END may be NULL.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_array_index(Expression* array, Expression* start,
+                            Expression* end, source_location location)
+{
+  // Taking a slice of a composite literal requires moving the literal
+  // onto the heap.
+  if (end != NULL && array->is_composite_literal())
+    {
+      array = Expression::make_heap_composite(array, location);
+      array = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, array, location);
+    }
+  return new Array_index_expression(array, start, end, location);
+}
+
+// A string index.  This is used for both indexing and slicing.
+
+class String_index_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  String_index_expression(Expression* string, Expression* start,
+                         Expression* end, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_STRING_INDEX, location),
+      string_(string), start_(start), end_(end)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return Expression::make_string_index(this->string_->copy(),
+                                        this->start_->copy(),
+                                        (this->end_ == NULL
+                                         ? NULL
+                                         : this->end_->copy()),
+                                        this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The string we are getting a value from.
+  Expression* string_;
+  // The start or only index.
+  Expression* start_;
+  // The end index of a slice.  This may be NULL for a single index,
+  // or it may be a nil expression for the length of the string.
+  Expression* end_;
+};
+
+// String index traversal.
+
+int
+String_index_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->string_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->start_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->end_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (Expression::traverse(&this->end_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Return the type of a string index.
+
+Type*
+String_index_expression::do_type()
+{
+  if (this->end_ == NULL)
+    return Type::lookup_integer_type("uint8");
+  else
+    return this->string_->type();
+}
+
+// Determine the type of a string index.
+
+void
+String_index_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  this->string_->determine_type_no_context();
+  this->start_->determine_type_no_context();
+  if (this->end_ != NULL)
+    this->end_->determine_type_no_context();
+}
+
+// Check types of a string index.
+
+void
+String_index_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->start_->type()->integer_type() == NULL)
+    this->report_error(_("index must be integer"));
+  if (this->end_ != NULL
+      && this->end_->type()->integer_type() == NULL
+      && !this->end_->is_nil_expression())
+    this->report_error(_("slice end must be integer"));
+
+  std::string sval;
+  bool sval_valid = this->string_->string_constant_value(&sval);
+
+  mpz_t ival;
+  mpz_init(ival);
+  Type* dummy;
+  if (this->start_->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &dummy))
+    {
+      if (mpz_sgn(ival) < 0
+         || (sval_valid && mpz_cmp_ui(ival, sval.length()) >= 0))
+       {
+         error_at(this->start_->location(), "string index out of bounds");
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+  if (this->end_ != NULL && !this->end_->is_nil_expression())
+    {
+      if (this->end_->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &dummy))
+       {
+         if (mpz_sgn(ival) < 0
+             || (sval_valid && mpz_cmp_ui(ival, sval.length()) > 0))
+           {
+             error_at(this->end_->location(), "string index out of bounds");
+             this->set_is_error();
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  mpz_clear(ival);
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a string index.
+
+tree
+String_index_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  tree string_tree = this->string_->get_tree(context);
+  if (string_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  if (this->string_->type()->points_to() != NULL)
+    string_tree = build_fold_indirect_ref(string_tree);
+  if (!DECL_P(string_tree))
+    string_tree = save_expr(string_tree);
+  tree string_type = TREE_TYPE(string_tree);
+
+  tree length_tree = String_type::length_tree(context->gogo(), string_tree);
+  length_tree = save_expr(length_tree);
+  tree length_type = TREE_TYPE(length_tree);
+
+  tree bad_index = boolean_false_node;
+
+  tree start_tree = this->start_->get_tree(context);
+  if (start_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  if (!DECL_P(start_tree))
+    start_tree = save_expr(start_tree);
+  if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(start_tree)))
+    start_tree = convert_to_integer(length_type, start_tree);
+
+  bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(start_tree, length_type, bad_index,
+                                      loc);
+
+  start_tree = fold_convert_loc(loc, length_type, start_tree);
+
+  int code = (this->end_ == NULL
+             ? RUNTIME_ERROR_STRING_INDEX_OUT_OF_BOUNDS
+             : RUNTIME_ERROR_STRING_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS);
+  tree crash = Gogo::runtime_error(code, loc);
+
+  if (this->end_ == NULL)
+    {
+      bad_index = fold_build2_loc(loc, TRUTH_OR_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                                 bad_index,
+                                 fold_build2_loc(loc, GE_EXPR,
+                                                 boolean_type_node,
+                                                 start_tree, length_tree));
+
+      tree bytes_tree = String_type::bytes_tree(context->gogo(), string_tree);
+      tree ptr = fold_build2_loc(loc, POINTER_PLUS_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(bytes_tree),
+                                bytes_tree,
+                                fold_convert_loc(loc, sizetype, start_tree));
+      tree index = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(loc, ptr);
+
+      return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(index),
+                   build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                          bad_index, crash, NULL_TREE),
+                   index);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      tree end_tree;
+      if (this->end_->is_nil_expression())
+       end_tree = build_int_cst(length_type, -1);
+      else
+       {
+         end_tree = this->end_->get_tree(context);
+         if (end_tree == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         if (!DECL_P(end_tree))
+           end_tree = save_expr(end_tree);
+         if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(end_tree)))
+           end_tree = convert_to_integer(length_type, end_tree);
+
+         bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(end_tree, length_type,
+                                              bad_index, loc);
+
+         end_tree = fold_convert_loc(loc, length_type, end_tree);
+       }
+
+      static tree strslice_fndecl;
+      tree ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&strslice_fndecl,
+                                   loc,
+                                   "__go_string_slice",
+                                   3,
+                                   string_type,
+                                   string_type,
+                                   string_tree,
+                                   length_type,
+                                   start_tree,
+                                   length_type,
+                                   end_tree);
+      if (ret == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      // This will panic if the bounds are out of range for the
+      // string.
+      TREE_NOTHROW(strslice_fndecl) = 0;
+
+      if (bad_index == boolean_false_node)
+       return ret;
+      else
+       return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(ret),
+                     build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                            bad_index, crash, NULL_TREE),
+                     ret);
+    }
+}
+
+// Make a string index expression.  END may be NULL.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_string_index(Expression* string, Expression* start,
+                             Expression* end, source_location location)
+{
+  return new String_index_expression(string, start, end, location);
+}
+
+// Class Map_index.
+
+// Get the type of the map.
+
+Map_type*
+Map_index_expression::get_map_type() const
+{
+  Map_type* mt = this->map_->type()->deref()->map_type();
+  if (mt == NULL)
+    gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+  return mt;
+}
+
+// Map index traversal.
+
+int
+Map_index_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->map_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return Expression::traverse(&this->index_, traverse);
+}
+
+// Return the type of a map index.
+
+Type*
+Map_index_expression::do_type()
+{
+  Map_type* mt = this->get_map_type();
+  if (mt == NULL)
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+  Type* type = mt->val_type();
+  // If this map index is in a tuple assignment, we actually return a
+  // pointer to the value type.  Tuple_map_assignment_statement is
+  // responsible for handling this correctly.  We need to get the type
+  // right in case this gets assigned to a temporary variable.
+  if (this->is_in_tuple_assignment_)
+    type = Type::make_pointer_type(type);
+  return type;
+}
+
+// Fix the type of a map index.
+
+void
+Map_index_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  this->map_->determine_type_no_context();
+  Map_type* mt = this->get_map_type();
+  Type* key_type = mt == NULL ? NULL : mt->key_type();
+  Type_context subcontext(key_type, false);
+  this->index_->determine_type(&subcontext);
+}
+
+// Check types of a map index.
+
+void
+Map_index_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  std::string reason;
+  Map_type* mt = this->get_map_type();
+  if (mt == NULL)
+    return;
+  if (!Type::are_assignable(mt->key_type(), this->index_->type(), &reason))
+    {
+      if (reason.empty())
+       this->report_error(_("incompatible type for map index"));
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "incompatible type for map index (%s)",
+                  reason.c_str());
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a map index.
+
+tree
+Map_index_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Map_type* type = this->get_map_type();
+  if (type == NULL)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree valptr = this->get_value_pointer(context, this->is_lvalue_);
+  if (valptr == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  valptr = save_expr(valptr);
+
+  tree val_type_tree = TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(valptr));
+
+  if (this->is_lvalue_)
+    return build_fold_indirect_ref(valptr);
+  else if (this->is_in_tuple_assignment_)
+    {
+      // Tuple_map_assignment_statement is responsible for using this
+      // appropriately.
+      return valptr;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      return fold_build3(COND_EXPR, val_type_tree,
+                        fold_build2(EQ_EXPR, boolean_type_node, valptr,
+                                    fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(valptr),
+                                                 null_pointer_node)),
+                        type->val_type()->get_init_tree(context->gogo(),
+                                                        false),
+                        build_fold_indirect_ref(valptr));
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree for the map index.  This returns a tree which evaluates
+// to a pointer to a value.  The pointer will be NULL if the key is
+// not in the map.
+
+tree
+Map_index_expression::get_value_pointer(Translate_context* context,
+                                       bool insert)
+{
+  Map_type* type = this->get_map_type();
+  if (type == NULL)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree map_tree = this->map_->get_tree(context);
+  tree index_tree = this->index_->get_tree(context);
+  index_tree = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, type->key_type(),
+                                                 this->index_->type(),
+                                                 index_tree,
+                                                 this->location());
+  if (map_tree == error_mark_node || index_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  if (this->map_->type()->points_to() != NULL)
+    map_tree = build_fold_indirect_ref(map_tree);
+
+  // We need to pass in a pointer to the key, so stuff it into a
+  // variable.
+  tree tmp;
+  tree make_tmp;
+  if (current_function_decl != NULL)
+    {
+      tmp = create_tmp_var(TREE_TYPE(index_tree), get_name(index_tree));
+      DECL_IGNORED_P(tmp) = 0;
+      DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = index_tree;
+      make_tmp = build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, tmp);
+      TREE_ADDRESSABLE(tmp) = 1;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      tmp = build_decl(this->location(), VAR_DECL, create_tmp_var_name("M"),
+                      TREE_TYPE(index_tree));
+      DECL_EXTERNAL(tmp) = 0;
+      TREE_PUBLIC(tmp) = 0;
+      TREE_STATIC(tmp) = 1;
+      DECL_ARTIFICIAL(tmp) = 1;
+      if (!TREE_CONSTANT(index_tree))
+       make_tmp = fold_build2_loc(this->location(), INIT_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                  tmp, index_tree);
+      else
+       {
+         TREE_READONLY(tmp) = 1;
+         TREE_CONSTANT(tmp) = 1;
+         DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = index_tree;
+         make_tmp = NULL_TREE;
+       }
+      rest_of_decl_compilation(tmp, 1, 0);
+    }
+  tree tmpref = fold_convert_loc(this->location(), const_ptr_type_node,
+                                build_fold_addr_expr_loc(this->location(),
+                                                         tmp));
+
+  static tree map_index_fndecl;
+  tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&map_index_fndecl,
+                                this->location(),
+                                "__go_map_index",
+                                3,
+                                const_ptr_type_node,
+                                TREE_TYPE(map_tree),
+                                map_tree,
+                                const_ptr_type_node,
+                                tmpref,
+                                boolean_type_node,
+                                (insert
+                                 ? boolean_true_node
+                                 : boolean_false_node));
+  if (call == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  // This can panic on a map of interface type if the interface holds
+  // an uncomparable or unhashable type.
+  TREE_NOTHROW(map_index_fndecl) = 0;
+
+  tree val_type_tree = type->val_type()->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  if (val_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  tree ptr_val_type_tree = build_pointer_type(val_type_tree);
+
+  tree ret = fold_convert_loc(this->location(), ptr_val_type_tree, call);
+  if (make_tmp != NULL_TREE)
+    ret = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, ptr_val_type_tree, make_tmp, ret);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Make a map index expression.
+
+Map_index_expression*
+Expression::make_map_index(Expression* map, Expression* index,
+                          source_location location)
+{
+  return new Map_index_expression(map, index, location);
+}
+
+// Class Field_reference_expression.
+
+// Return the type of a field reference.
+
+Type*
+Field_reference_expression::do_type()
+{
+  Type* type = this->expr_->type();
+  if (type->is_error_type())
+    return type;
+  Struct_type* struct_type = type->struct_type();
+  gcc_assert(struct_type != NULL);
+  return struct_type->field(this->field_index_)->type();
+}
+
+// Check the types for a field reference.
+
+void
+Field_reference_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Type* type = this->expr_->type();
+  if (type->is_error_type())
+    return;
+  Struct_type* struct_type = type->struct_type();
+  gcc_assert(struct_type != NULL);
+  gcc_assert(struct_type->field(this->field_index_) != NULL);
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a field reference.
+
+tree
+Field_reference_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree struct_tree = this->expr_->get_tree(context);
+  if (struct_tree == error_mark_node
+      || TREE_TYPE(struct_tree) == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(TREE_TYPE(struct_tree)) == RECORD_TYPE);
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(TREE_TYPE(struct_tree));
+  if (field == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      // This can happen for a type which refers to itself indirectly
+      // and then turns out to be erroneous.
+      gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+  for (unsigned int i = this->field_index_; i > 0; --i)
+    {
+      field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+      gcc_assert(field != NULL_TREE);
+    }
+  if (TREE_TYPE(field) == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  return build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), struct_tree, field,
+               NULL_TREE);
+}
+
+// Make a reference to a qualified identifier in an expression.
+
+Field_reference_expression*
+Expression::make_field_reference(Expression* expr, unsigned int field_index,
+                                source_location location)
+{
+  return new Field_reference_expression(expr, field_index, location);
+}
+
+// Class Interface_field_reference_expression.
+
+// Return a tree for the pointer to the function to call.
+
+tree
+Interface_field_reference_expression::get_function_tree(Translate_context*,
+                                                       tree expr)
+{
+  if (this->expr_->type()->points_to() != NULL)
+    expr = build_fold_indirect_ref(expr);
+
+  tree expr_type = TREE_TYPE(expr);
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(expr_type) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(expr_type);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__methods") == 0);
+
+  tree table = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), expr, field, NULL_TREE);
+  gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(table)));
+
+  table = build_fold_indirect_ref(table);
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(TREE_TYPE(table)) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  std::string name = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(this->name_);
+  for (field = DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(TREE_TYPE(table)));
+       field != NULL_TREE;
+       field = DECL_CHAIN(field))
+    {
+      if (name == IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)))
+       break;
+    }
+  gcc_assert(field != NULL_TREE);
+
+  return build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), table, field, NULL_TREE);
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the first argument to pass to the interface
+// function.
+
+tree
+Interface_field_reference_expression::get_underlying_object_tree(
+    Translate_context*,
+    tree expr)
+{
+  if (this->expr_->type()->points_to() != NULL)
+    expr = build_fold_indirect_ref(expr);
+
+  tree expr_type = TREE_TYPE(expr);
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(expr_type) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  tree field = DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(expr_type));
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__object") == 0);
+
+  return build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), expr, field, NULL_TREE);
+}
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Interface_field_reference_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  return Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse);
+}
+
+// Return the type of an interface field reference.
+
+Type*
+Interface_field_reference_expression::do_type()
+{
+  Type* expr_type = this->expr_->type();
+
+  Type* points_to = expr_type->points_to();
+  if (points_to != NULL)
+    expr_type = points_to;
+
+  Interface_type* interface_type = expr_type->interface_type();
+  if (interface_type == NULL)
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+
+  const Typed_identifier* method = interface_type->find_method(this->name_);
+  if (method == NULL)
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+
+  return method->type();
+}
+
+// Determine types.
+
+void
+Interface_field_reference_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  this->expr_->determine_type_no_context();
+}
+
+// Check the types for an interface field reference.
+
+void
+Interface_field_reference_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Type* type = this->expr_->type();
+
+  Type* points_to = type->points_to();
+  if (points_to != NULL)
+    type = points_to;
+
+  Interface_type* interface_type = type->interface_type();
+  if (interface_type == NULL)
+    this->report_error(_("expected interface or pointer to interface"));
+  else
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier* method =
+       interface_type->find_method(this->name_);
+      if (method == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "method %qs not in interface",
+                  Gogo::message_name(this->name_).c_str());
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a reference to a field in an interface.  There is no
+// standard tree type representation for this: it's a function
+// attached to its first argument, like a Bound_method_expression.
+// The only places it may currently be used are in a Call_expression
+// or a Go_statement, which will take it apart directly.  So this has
+// nothing to do at present.
+
+tree
+Interface_field_reference_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Make a reference to a field in an interface.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_interface_field_reference(Expression* expr,
+                                          const std::string& field,
+                                          source_location location)
+{
+  return new Interface_field_reference_expression(expr, field, location);
+}
+
+// A general selector.  This is a Parser_expression for LEFT.NAME.  It
+// is lowered after we know the type of the left hand side.
+
+class Selector_expression : public Parser_expression
+{
+ public:
+  Selector_expression(Expression* left, const std::string& name,
+                     source_location location)
+    : Parser_expression(EXPRESSION_SELECTOR, location),
+      left_(left), name_(name)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return Expression::traverse(&this->left_, traverse); }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Selector_expression(this->left_->copy(), this->name_,
+                                  this->location());
+  }
+
+ private:
+  Expression*
+  lower_method_expression(Gogo*);
+
+  // The expression on the left hand side.
+  Expression* left_;
+  // The name on the right hand side.
+  std::string name_;
+};
+
+// Lower a selector expression once we know the real type of the left
+// hand side.
+
+Expression*
+Selector_expression::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object*, int)
+{
+  Expression* left = this->left_;
+  if (left->is_type_expression())
+    return this->lower_method_expression(gogo);
+  return Type::bind_field_or_method(gogo, left->type(), left, this->name_,
+                                   this->location());
+}
+
+// Lower a method expression T.M or (*T).M.  We turn this into a
+// function literal.
+
+Expression*
+Selector_expression::lower_method_expression(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  Type* type = this->left_->type();
+  const std::string& name(this->name_);
+
+  bool is_pointer;
+  if (type->points_to() == NULL)
+    is_pointer = false;
+  else
+    {
+      is_pointer = true;
+      type = type->points_to();
+    }
+  Named_type* nt = type->named_type();
+  if (nt == NULL)
+    {
+      error_at(location,
+              ("method expression requires named type or "
+               "pointer to named type"));
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    }
+
+  bool is_ambiguous;
+  Method* method = nt->method_function(name, &is_ambiguous);
+  if (method == NULL)
+    {
+      if (!is_ambiguous)
+       error_at(location, "type %<%s%> has no method %<%s%>",
+                nt->message_name().c_str(),
+                Gogo::message_name(name).c_str());
+      else
+       error_at(location, "method %<%s%> is ambiguous in type %<%s%>",
+                Gogo::message_name(name).c_str(),
+                nt->message_name().c_str());
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    }
+
+  if (!is_pointer && !method->is_value_method())
+    {
+      error_at(location, "method requires pointer (use %<(*%s).%s)%>",
+              nt->message_name().c_str(),
+              Gogo::message_name(name).c_str());
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    }
+
+  // Build a new function type in which the receiver becomes the first
+  // argument.
+  Function_type* method_type = method->type();
+  gcc_assert(method_type->is_method());
+
+  const char* const receiver_name = "$this";
+  Typed_identifier_list* parameters = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier(receiver_name, this->left_->type(),
+                                        location));
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* method_parameters = method_type->parameters();
+  if (method_parameters != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = method_parameters->begin();
+          p != method_parameters->end();
+          ++p)
+       parameters->push_back(*p);
+    }
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* method_results = method_type->results();
+  Typed_identifier_list* results;
+  if (method_results == NULL)
+    results = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = method_results->begin();
+          p != method_results->end();
+          ++p)
+       results->push_back(*p);
+    }
+  
+  Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, parameters, results,
+                                                  location);
+  if (method_type->is_varargs())
+    fntype->set_is_varargs();
+
+  // We generate methods which always takes a pointer to the receiver
+  // as their first argument.  If this is for a pointer type, we can
+  // simply reuse the existing function.  We use an internal hack to
+  // get the right type.
+
+  if (is_pointer)
+    {
+      Named_object* mno = (method->needs_stub_method()
+                          ? method->stub_object()
+                          : method->named_object());
+      Expression* f = Expression::make_func_reference(mno, NULL, location);
+      f = Expression::make_cast(fntype, f, location);
+      Type_conversion_expression* tce =
+       static_cast<Type_conversion_expression*>(f);
+      tce->set_may_convert_function_types();
+      return f;
+    }
+
+  Named_object* no = gogo->start_function(Gogo::thunk_name(), fntype, false,
+                                         location);
+
+  Named_object* vno = gogo->lookup(receiver_name, NULL);
+  gcc_assert(vno != NULL);
+  Expression* ve = Expression::make_var_reference(vno, location);
+  Expression* bm = Type::bind_field_or_method(gogo, nt, ve, name, location);
+
+  // Even though we found the method above, if it has an error type we
+  // may see an error here.
+  if (bm->is_error_expression())
+    {
+      gogo->finish_function(location);
+      return bm;
+    }
+
+  Expression_list* args;
+  if (method_parameters == NULL)
+    args = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      args = new Expression_list();
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = method_parameters->begin();
+          p != method_parameters->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         vno = gogo->lookup(p->name(), NULL);
+         gcc_assert(vno != NULL);
+         args->push_back(Expression::make_var_reference(vno, location));
+       }
+    }
+
+  Call_expression* call = Expression::make_call(bm, args,
+                                               method_type->is_varargs(),
+                                               location);
+
+  size_t count = call->result_count();
+  Statement* s;
+  if (count == 0)
+    s = Statement::make_statement(call);
+  else
+    {
+      Expression_list* retvals = new Expression_list();
+      if (count <= 1)
+       retvals->push_back(call);
+      else
+       {
+         for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i)
+           retvals->push_back(Expression::make_call_result(call, i));
+       }
+      s = Statement::make_return_statement(no->func_value()->type()->results(),
+                                          retvals, location);
+    }
+  gogo->add_statement(s);
+
+  gogo->finish_function(location);
+
+  return Expression::make_func_reference(no, NULL, location);
+}
+
+// Make a selector expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_selector(Expression* left, const std::string& name,
+                         source_location location)
+{
+  return new Selector_expression(left, name, location);
+}
+
+// Implement the builtin function new.
+
+class Allocation_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Allocation_expression(Type* type, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_ALLOCATION, location),
+      type_(type)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse); }
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return Type::make_pointer_type(this->type_); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { }
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return new Allocation_expression(this->type_, this->location()); }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The type we are allocating.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+// Check the type of an allocation expression.
+
+void
+Allocation_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->type_->function_type() != NULL)
+    this->report_error(_("invalid new of function type"));
+}
+
+// Return a tree for an allocation expression.
+
+tree
+Allocation_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree type_tree = this->type_->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  tree size_tree = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(type_tree);
+  tree space = context->gogo()->allocate_memory(this->type_, size_tree,
+                                               this->location());
+  if (space == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  return fold_convert(build_pointer_type(type_tree), space);
+}
+
+// Make an allocation expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_allocation(Type* type, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Allocation_expression(type, location);
+}
+
+// Implement the builtin function make.
+
+class Make_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Make_expression(Type* type, Expression_list* args, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_MAKE, location),
+      type_(type), args_(args)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Make_expression(this->type_, this->args_->copy(),
+                              this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The type we are making.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The arguments to pass to the make routine.
+  Expression_list* args_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Make_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->args_ != NULL
+      && this->args_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Set types of arguments.
+
+void
+Make_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  if (this->args_ != NULL)
+    {
+      Type_context context(Type::lookup_integer_type("int"), false);
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pe = this->args_->begin();
+          pe != this->args_->end();
+          ++pe)
+       (*pe)->determine_type(&context);
+    }
+}
+
+// Check types for a make expression.
+
+void
+Make_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->type_->channel_type() == NULL
+      && this->type_->map_type() == NULL
+      && (this->type_->array_type() == NULL
+         || this->type_->array_type()->length() != NULL))
+    this->report_error(_("invalid type for make function"));
+  else if (!this->type_->check_make_expression(this->args_, this->location()))
+    this->set_is_error();
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a make expression.
+
+tree
+Make_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  return this->type_->make_expression_tree(context, this->args_,
+                                          this->location());
+}
+
+// Make a make expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_make(Type* type, Expression_list* args,
+                     source_location location)
+{
+  return new Make_expression(type, args, location);
+}
+
+// Construct a struct.
+
+class Struct_construction_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Struct_construction_expression(Type* type, Expression_list* vals,
+                                source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_STRUCT_CONSTRUCTION, location),
+      type_(type), vals_(vals)
+  { }
+
+  // Return whether this is a constant initializer.
+  bool
+  is_constant_struct() const;
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Struct_construction_expression(this->type_, this->vals_->copy(),
+                                             this->location());
+  }
+
+  bool
+  do_is_addressable() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+ private:
+  // The type of the struct to construct.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The list of values, in order of the fields in the struct.  A NULL
+  // entry means that the field should be zero-initialized.
+  Expression_list* vals_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Struct_construction_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ != NULL
+      && this->vals_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Return whether this is a constant initializer.
+
+bool
+Struct_construction_expression::is_constant_struct() const
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return true;
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+       pv != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pv)
+    {
+      if (*pv != NULL
+         && !(*pv)->is_constant()
+         && (!(*pv)->is_composite_literal()
+             || (*pv)->is_nonconstant_composite_literal()))
+       return false;
+    }
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->type_->struct_type()->fields();
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf)
+    {
+      // There are no constant constructors for interfaces.
+      if (pf->type()->interface_type() != NULL)
+       return false;
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Final type determination.
+
+void
+Struct_construction_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return;
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->type_->struct_type()->fields();
+  Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf, ++pv)
+    {
+      if (pv == this->vals_->end())
+       return;
+      if (*pv != NULL)
+       {
+         Type_context subcontext(pf->type(), false);
+         (*pv)->determine_type(&subcontext);
+       }
+    }
+  // Extra values are an error we will report elsewhere; we still want
+  // to determine the type to avoid knockon errors.
+  for (; pv != this->vals_->end(); ++pv)
+    (*pv)->determine_type_no_context();
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+Struct_construction_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  Struct_type* st = this->type_->struct_type();
+  if (this->vals_->size() > st->field_count())
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("too many expressions for struct"));
+      return;
+    }
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = st->fields();
+  Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+  int i = 0;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf, ++pv, ++i)
+    {
+      if (pv == this->vals_->end())
+       {
+         this->report_error(_("too few expressions for struct"));
+         break;
+       }
+
+      if (*pv == NULL)
+       continue;
+
+      std::string reason;
+      if (!Type::are_assignable(pf->type(), (*pv)->type(), &reason))
+       {
+         if (reason.empty())
+           error_at((*pv)->location(),
+                    "incompatible type for field %d in struct construction",
+                    i + 1);
+         else
+           error_at((*pv)->location(),
+                    ("incompatible type for field %d in "
+                     "struct construction (%s)"),
+                    i + 1, reason.c_str());
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+  gcc_assert(pv == this->vals_->end());
+}
+
+// Return a tree for constructing a struct.
+
+tree
+Struct_construction_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return this->type_->get_init_tree(gogo, false);
+
+  tree type_tree = this->type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  bool is_constant = true;
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->type_->struct_type()->fields();
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* elts = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc,
+                                           fields->size());
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+  Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+  for (tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+       field != NULL_TREE;
+       field = DECL_CHAIN(field), ++pf)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(pf != fields->end());
+
+      tree val;
+      if (pv == this->vals_->end())
+       val = pf->type()->get_init_tree(gogo, false);
+      else if (*pv == NULL)
+       {
+         val = pf->type()->get_init_tree(gogo, false);
+         ++pv;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         val = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, pf->type(),
+                                                  (*pv)->type(),
+                                                  (*pv)->get_tree(context),
+                                                  this->location());
+         ++pv;
+       }
+
+      if (val == error_mark_node || TREE_TYPE(val) == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+
+      constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, elts, NULL);
+      elt->index = field;
+      elt->value = val;
+      if (!TREE_CONSTANT(val))
+       is_constant = false;
+    }
+  gcc_assert(pf == fields->end());
+
+  tree ret = build_constructor(type_tree, elts);
+  if (is_constant)
+    TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Export a struct construction.
+
+void
+Struct_construction_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("convert(");
+  exp->write_type(this->type_);
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+       pv != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pv)
+    {
+      exp->write_c_string(", ");
+      if (*pv != NULL)
+       (*pv)->export_expression(exp);
+    }
+  exp->write_c_string(")");
+}
+
+// Make a struct composite literal.  This used by the thunk code.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(Type* type, Expression_list* vals,
+                                         source_location location)
+{
+  gcc_assert(type->struct_type() != NULL);
+  return new Struct_construction_expression(type, vals, location);
+}
+
+// Construct an array.  This class is not used directly; instead we
+// use the child classes, Fixed_array_construction_expression and
+// Open_array_construction_expression.
+
+class Array_construction_expression : public Expression
+{
+ protected:
+  Array_construction_expression(Expression_classification classification,
+                               Type* type, Expression_list* vals,
+                               source_location location)
+    : Expression(classification, location),
+      type_(type), vals_(vals)
+  { }
+
+ public:
+  // Return whether this is a constant initializer.
+  bool
+  is_constant_array() const;
+
+  // Return the number of elements.
+  size_t
+  element_count() const
+  { return this->vals_ == NULL ? 0 : this->vals_->size(); }
+
+protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  bool
+  do_is_addressable() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+  // The list of values.
+  Expression_list*
+  vals()
+  { return this->vals_; }
+
+  // Get a constructor tree for the array values.
+  tree
+  get_constructor_tree(Translate_context* context, tree type_tree);
+
+ private:
+  // The type of the array to construct.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The list of values.
+  Expression_list* vals_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Array_construction_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ != NULL
+      && this->vals_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Return whether this is a constant initializer.
+
+bool
+Array_construction_expression::is_constant_array() const
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return true;
+
+  // There are no constant constructors for interfaces.
+  if (this->type_->array_type()->element_type()->interface_type() != NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+       pv != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pv)
+    {
+      if (*pv != NULL
+         && !(*pv)->is_constant()
+         && (!(*pv)->is_composite_literal()
+             || (*pv)->is_nonconstant_composite_literal()))
+       return false;
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Final type determination.
+
+void
+Array_construction_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return;
+  Type_context subcontext(this->type_->array_type()->element_type(), false);
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+       pv != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pv)
+    {
+      if (*pv != NULL)
+       (*pv)->determine_type(&subcontext);
+    }
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+Array_construction_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  Array_type* at = this->type_->array_type();
+  int i = 0;
+  Type* element_type = at->element_type();
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+       pv != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pv, ++i)
+    {
+      if (*pv != NULL
+         && !Type::are_assignable(element_type, (*pv)->type(), NULL))
+       {
+         error_at((*pv)->location(),
+                  "incompatible type for element %d in composite literal",
+                  i + 1);
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+
+  Expression* length = at->length();
+  if (length != NULL)
+    {
+      mpz_t val;
+      mpz_init(val);
+      Type* type;
+      if (at->length()->integer_constant_value(true, val, &type))
+       {
+         if (this->vals_->size() > mpz_get_ui(val))
+           this->report_error(_("too many elements in composite literal"));
+       }
+      mpz_clear(val);
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a constructor tree for the array values.
+
+tree
+Array_construction_expression::get_constructor_tree(Translate_context* context,
+                                                   tree type_tree)
+{
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* values = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc,
+                                             (this->vals_ == NULL
+                                              ? 0
+                                              : this->vals_->size()));
+  Type* element_type = this->type_->array_type()->element_type();
+  bool is_constant = true;
+  if (this->vals_ != NULL)
+    {
+      size_t i = 0;
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+          pv != this->vals_->end();
+          ++pv, ++i)
+       {
+         constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, values, NULL);
+         elt->index = size_int(i);
+         if (*pv == NULL)
+           elt->value = element_type->get_init_tree(context->gogo(), false);
+         else
+           {
+             tree value_tree = (*pv)->get_tree(context);
+             elt->value = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context,
+                                                             element_type,
+                                                             (*pv)->type(),
+                                                             value_tree,
+                                                             this->location());
+           }
+         if (elt->value == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         if (!TREE_CONSTANT(elt->value))
+           is_constant = false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  tree ret = build_constructor(type_tree, values);
+  if (is_constant)
+    TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Export an array construction.
+
+void
+Array_construction_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("convert(");
+  exp->write_type(this->type_);
+  if (this->vals_ != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+          pv != this->vals_->end();
+          ++pv)
+       {
+         exp->write_c_string(", ");
+         if (*pv != NULL)
+           (*pv)->export_expression(exp);
+       }
+    }
+  exp->write_c_string(")");
+}
+
+// Construct a fixed array.
+
+class Fixed_array_construction_expression :
+  public Array_construction_expression
+{
+ public:
+  Fixed_array_construction_expression(Type* type, Expression_list* vals,
+                                     source_location location)
+    : Array_construction_expression(EXPRESSION_FIXED_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTION,
+                                   type, vals, location)
+  {
+    gcc_assert(type->array_type() != NULL
+              && type->array_type()->length() != NULL);
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Fixed_array_construction_expression(this->type(),
+                                                  (this->vals() == NULL
+                                                   ? NULL
+                                                   : this->vals()->copy()),
+                                                  this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+};
+
+// Return a tree for constructing a fixed array.
+
+tree
+Fixed_array_construction_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  return this->get_constructor_tree(context,
+                                   this->type()->get_tree(context->gogo()));
+}
+
+// Construct an open array.
+
+class Open_array_construction_expression : public Array_construction_expression
+{
+ public:
+  Open_array_construction_expression(Type* type, Expression_list* vals,
+                                    source_location location)
+    : Array_construction_expression(EXPRESSION_OPEN_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTION,
+                                   type, vals, location)
+  {
+    gcc_assert(type->array_type() != NULL
+              && type->array_type()->length() == NULL);
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  // Note that taking the address of an open array literal is invalid.
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Open_array_construction_expression(this->type(),
+                                                 (this->vals() == NULL
+                                                  ? NULL
+                                                  : this->vals()->copy()),
+                                                 this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+};
+
+// Return a tree for constructing an open array.
+
+tree
+Open_array_construction_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Array_type* array_type = this->type()->array_type();
+  if (array_type == NULL)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(this->type()->is_error_type());
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  Type* element_type = array_type->element_type();
+  tree element_type_tree = element_type->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree values;
+  tree length_tree;
+  if (this->vals() == NULL || this->vals()->empty())
+    {
+      // We need to create a unique value.
+      tree max = size_int(0);
+      tree constructor_type = build_array_type(element_type_tree,
+                                              build_index_type(max));
+      if (constructor_type == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* vec = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 1);
+      constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, vec, NULL);
+      elt->index = size_int(0);
+      elt->value = element_type->get_init_tree(context->gogo(), false);
+      values = build_constructor(constructor_type, vec);
+      if (TREE_CONSTANT(elt->value))
+       TREE_CONSTANT(values) = 1;
+      length_tree = size_int(0);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      tree max = size_int(this->vals()->size() - 1);
+      tree constructor_type = build_array_type(element_type_tree,
+                                              build_index_type(max));
+      if (constructor_type == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      values = this->get_constructor_tree(context, constructor_type);
+      length_tree = size_int(this->vals()->size());
+    }
+
+  if (values == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  bool is_constant_initializer = TREE_CONSTANT(values);
+
+  // We have to copy the initial values into heap memory if we are in
+  // a function or if the values are not constants.  We also have to
+  // copy them if they may contain pointers in a non-constant context,
+  // as otherwise the garbage collector won't see them.
+  bool copy_to_heap = (context->function() != NULL
+                      || !is_constant_initializer
+                      || (element_type->has_pointer()
+                          && !context->is_const()));
+
+  if (is_constant_initializer)
+    {
+      tree tmp = build_decl(this->location(), VAR_DECL,
+                           create_tmp_var_name("C"), TREE_TYPE(values));
+      DECL_EXTERNAL(tmp) = 0;
+      TREE_PUBLIC(tmp) = 0;
+      TREE_STATIC(tmp) = 1;
+      DECL_ARTIFICIAL(tmp) = 1;
+      if (copy_to_heap)
+       {
+         // If we are not copying the value to the heap, we will only
+         // initialize the value once, so we can use this directly
+         // rather than copying it.  In that case we can't make it
+         // read-only, because the program is permitted to change it.
+         TREE_READONLY(tmp) = 1;
+         TREE_CONSTANT(tmp) = 1;
+       }
+      DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = values;
+      rest_of_decl_compilation(tmp, 1, 0);
+      values = tmp;
+    }
+
+  tree space;
+  tree set;
+  if (!copy_to_heap)
+    {
+      // the initializer will only run once.
+      space = build_fold_addr_expr(values);
+      set = NULL_TREE;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      tree memsize = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(TREE_TYPE(values));
+      space = context->gogo()->allocate_memory(element_type, memsize,
+                                              this->location());
+      space = save_expr(space);
+
+      tree s = fold_convert(build_pointer_type(TREE_TYPE(values)), space);
+      tree ref = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(this->location(), s);
+      TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(ref) = 1;
+      set = build2(MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node, ref, values);
+    }
+
+  // Build a constructor for the open array.
+
+  tree type_tree = this->type()->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 3);
+
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__values") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), space);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__count") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), length_tree);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),"__capacity") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), length_tree);
+
+  tree constructor = build_constructor(type_tree, init);
+  if (constructor == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  if (!copy_to_heap)
+    TREE_CONSTANT(constructor) = 1;
+
+  if (set == NULL_TREE)
+    return constructor;
+  else
+    return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, type_tree, set, constructor);
+}
+
+// Make a slice composite literal.  This is used by the type
+// descriptor code.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(Type* type, Expression_list* vals,
+                                        source_location location)
+{
+  gcc_assert(type->is_open_array_type());
+  return new Open_array_construction_expression(type, vals, location);
+}
+
+// Construct a map.
+
+class Map_construction_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Map_construction_expression(Type* type, Expression_list* vals,
+                             source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_MAP_CONSTRUCTION, location),
+      type_(type), vals_(vals)
+  { gcc_assert(vals == NULL || vals->size() % 2 == 0); }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Map_construction_expression(this->type_, this->vals_->copy(),
+                                          this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const;
+
+ private:
+  // The type of the map to construct.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The list of values.
+  Expression_list* vals_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Map_construction_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ != NULL
+      && this->vals_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Final type determination.
+
+void
+Map_construction_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  Map_type* mt = this->type_->map_type();
+  Type_context key_context(mt->key_type(), false);
+  Type_context val_context(mt->val_type(), false);
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+       pv != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pv)
+    {
+      (*pv)->determine_type(&key_context);
+      ++pv;
+      (*pv)->determine_type(&val_context);
+    }
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+Map_construction_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  Map_type* mt = this->type_->map_type();
+  int i = 0;
+  Type* key_type = mt->key_type();
+  Type* val_type = mt->val_type();
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+       pv != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pv, ++i)
+    {
+      if (!Type::are_assignable(key_type, (*pv)->type(), NULL))
+       {
+         error_at((*pv)->location(),
+                  "incompatible type for element %d key in map construction",
+                  i + 1);
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+      ++pv;
+      if (!Type::are_assignable(val_type, (*pv)->type(), NULL))
+       {
+         error_at((*pv)->location(),
+                  ("incompatible type for element %d value "
+                   "in map construction"),
+                  i + 1);
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a tree for constructing a map.
+
+tree
+Map_construction_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  Map_type* mt = this->type_->map_type();
+
+  // Build a struct to hold the key and value.
+  tree struct_type = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  Type* key_type = mt->key_type();
+  tree id = get_identifier("__key");
+  tree key_type_tree = key_type->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (key_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  tree key_field = build_decl(loc, FIELD_DECL, id, key_type_tree);
+  DECL_CONTEXT(key_field) = struct_type;
+  TYPE_FIELDS(struct_type) = key_field;
+
+  Type* val_type = mt->val_type();
+  id = get_identifier("__val");
+  tree val_type_tree = val_type->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (val_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  tree val_field = build_decl(loc, FIELD_DECL, id, val_type_tree);
+  DECL_CONTEXT(val_field) = struct_type;
+  DECL_CHAIN(key_field) = val_field;
+
+  layout_type(struct_type);
+
+  bool is_constant = true;
+  size_t i = 0;
+  tree valaddr;
+  tree make_tmp;
+
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL || this->vals_->empty())
+    {
+      valaddr = null_pointer_node;
+      make_tmp = NULL_TREE;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* values = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc,
+                                                 this->vals_->size() / 2);
+
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+          pv != this->vals_->end();
+          ++pv, ++i)
+       {
+         bool one_is_constant = true;
+
+         VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* one = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+
+         constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, one, NULL);
+         elt->index = key_field;
+         tree val_tree = (*pv)->get_tree(context);
+         elt->value = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, key_type,
+                                                         (*pv)->type(),
+                                                         val_tree, loc);
+         if (elt->value == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         if (!TREE_CONSTANT(elt->value))
+           one_is_constant = false;
+
+         ++pv;
+
+         elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, one, NULL);
+         elt->index = val_field;
+         val_tree = (*pv)->get_tree(context);
+         elt->value = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, val_type,
+                                                         (*pv)->type(),
+                                                         val_tree, loc);
+         if (elt->value == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         if (!TREE_CONSTANT(elt->value))
+           one_is_constant = false;
+
+         elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, values, NULL);
+         elt->index = size_int(i);
+         elt->value = build_constructor(struct_type, one);
+         if (one_is_constant)
+           TREE_CONSTANT(elt->value) = 1;
+         else
+           is_constant = false;
+       }
+
+      tree index_type = build_index_type(size_int(i - 1));
+      tree array_type = build_array_type(struct_type, index_type);
+      tree init = build_constructor(array_type, values);
+      if (is_constant)
+       TREE_CONSTANT(init) = 1;
+      tree tmp;
+      if (current_function_decl != NULL)
+       {
+         tmp = create_tmp_var(array_type, get_name(array_type));
+         DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = init;
+         make_tmp = fold_build1_loc(loc, DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, tmp);
+         TREE_ADDRESSABLE(tmp) = 1;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         tmp = build_decl(loc, VAR_DECL, create_tmp_var_name("M"), array_type);
+         DECL_EXTERNAL(tmp) = 0;
+         TREE_PUBLIC(tmp) = 0;
+         TREE_STATIC(tmp) = 1;
+         DECL_ARTIFICIAL(tmp) = 1;
+         if (!TREE_CONSTANT(init))
+           make_tmp = fold_build2_loc(loc, INIT_EXPR, void_type_node, tmp,
+                                      init);
+         else
+           {
+             TREE_READONLY(tmp) = 1;
+             TREE_CONSTANT(tmp) = 1;
+             DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = init;
+             make_tmp = NULL_TREE;
+           }
+         rest_of_decl_compilation(tmp, 1, 0);
+       }
+
+      valaddr = build_fold_addr_expr(tmp);
+    }
+
+  tree descriptor = gogo->map_descriptor(mt);
+
+  tree type_tree = this->type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  static tree construct_map_fndecl;
+  tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&construct_map_fndecl,
+                                loc,
+                                "__go_construct_map",
+                                6,
+                                type_tree,
+                                TREE_TYPE(descriptor),
+                                descriptor,
+                                sizetype,
+                                size_int(i),
+                                sizetype,
+                                TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(struct_type),
+                                sizetype,
+                                byte_position(val_field),
+                                sizetype,
+                                TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(TREE_TYPE(val_field)),
+                                const_ptr_type_node,
+                                fold_convert(const_ptr_type_node, valaddr));
+  if (call == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree ret;
+  if (make_tmp == NULL)
+    ret = call;
+  else
+    ret = fold_build2_loc(loc, COMPOUND_EXPR, type_tree, make_tmp, call);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Export an array construction.
+
+void
+Map_construction_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("convert(");
+  exp->write_type(this->type_);
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+       pv != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pv)
+    {
+      exp->write_c_string(", ");
+      (*pv)->export_expression(exp);
+    }
+  exp->write_c_string(")");
+}
+
+// A general composite literal.  This is lowered to a type specific
+// version.
+
+class Composite_literal_expression : public Parser_expression
+{
+ public:
+  Composite_literal_expression(Type* type, int depth, bool has_keys,
+                              Expression_list* vals, source_location location)
+    : Parser_expression(EXPRESSION_COMPOSITE_LITERAL, location),
+      type_(type), depth_(depth), vals_(vals), has_keys_(has_keys)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, int);
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return new Composite_literal_expression(this->type_, this->depth_,
+                                           this->has_keys_,
+                                           (this->vals_ == NULL
+                                            ? NULL
+                                            : this->vals_->copy()),
+                                           this->location());
+  }
+
+ private:
+  Expression*
+  lower_struct(Gogo*, Type*);
+
+  Expression*
+  lower_array(Type*);
+
+  Expression*
+  make_array(Type*, Expression_list*);
+
+  Expression*
+  lower_map(Gogo*, Named_object*, Type*);
+
+  // The type of the composite literal.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The depth within a list of composite literals within a composite
+  // literal, when the type is omitted.
+  int depth_;
+  // The values to put in the composite literal.
+  Expression_list* vals_;
+  // If this is true, then VALS_ is a list of pairs: a key and a
+  // value.  In an array initializer, a missing key will be NULL.
+  bool has_keys_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Composite_literal_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ != NULL
+      && this->vals_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse);
+}
+
+// Lower a generic composite literal into a specific version based on
+// the type.
+
+Expression*
+Composite_literal_expression::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function, int)
+{
+  Type* type = this->type_;
+
+  for (int depth = this->depth_; depth > 0; --depth)
+    {
+      if (type->array_type() != NULL)
+       type = type->array_type()->element_type();
+      else if (type->map_type() != NULL)
+       type = type->map_type()->val_type();
+      else
+       {
+         if (!type->is_error_type())
+           error_at(this->location(),
+                    ("may only omit types within composite literals "
+                     "of slice, array, or map type"));
+         return Expression::make_error(this->location());
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (type->is_error_type())
+    return Expression::make_error(this->location());
+  else if (type->struct_type() != NULL)
+    return this->lower_struct(gogo, type);
+  else if (type->array_type() != NULL)
+    return this->lower_array(type);
+  else if (type->map_type() != NULL)
+    return this->lower_map(gogo, function, type);
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(),
+              ("expected struct, slice, array, or map type "
+               "for composite literal"));
+      return Expression::make_error(this->location());
+    }
+}
+
+// Lower a struct composite literal.
+
+Expression*
+Composite_literal_expression::lower_struct(Gogo* gogo, Type* type)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  Struct_type* st = type->struct_type();
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL || !this->has_keys_)
+    return new Struct_construction_expression(type, this->vals_, location);
+
+  size_t field_count = st->field_count();
+  std::vector<Expression*> vals(field_count);
+  Expression_list::const_iterator p = this->vals_->begin();
+  while (p != this->vals_->end())
+    {
+      Expression* name_expr = *p;
+
+      ++p;
+      gcc_assert(p != this->vals_->end());
+      Expression* val = *p;
+
+      ++p;
+
+      if (name_expr == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(val->location(), "mixture of field and value initializers");
+         return Expression::make_error(location);
+       }
+
+      bool bad_key = false;
+      std::string name;
+      const Named_object* no = NULL;
+      switch (name_expr->classification())
+       {
+       case EXPRESSION_UNKNOWN_REFERENCE:
+         name = name_expr->unknown_expression()->name();
+         break;
+
+       case EXPRESSION_CONST_REFERENCE:
+         no = static_cast<Const_expression*>(name_expr)->named_object();
+         break;
+
+       case EXPRESSION_TYPE:
+         {
+           Type* t = name_expr->type();
+           Named_type* nt = t->named_type();
+           if (nt == NULL)
+             bad_key = true;
+           else
+             no = nt->named_object();
+         }
+         break;
+
+       case EXPRESSION_VAR_REFERENCE:
+         no = name_expr->var_expression()->named_object();
+         break;
+
+       case EXPRESSION_FUNC_REFERENCE:
+         no = name_expr->func_expression()->named_object();
+         break;
+
+       case EXPRESSION_UNARY:
+         // If there is a local variable around with the same name as
+         // the field, and this occurs in the closure, then the
+         // parser may turn the field reference into an indirection
+         // through the closure.  FIXME: This is a mess.
+         {
+           bad_key = true;
+           Unary_expression* ue = static_cast<Unary_expression*>(name_expr);
+           if (ue->op() == OPERATOR_MULT)
+             {
+               Field_reference_expression* fre =
+                 ue->operand()->field_reference_expression();
+               if (fre != NULL)
+                 {
+                   Struct_type* st =
+                     fre->expr()->type()->deref()->struct_type();
+                   if (st != NULL)
+                     {
+                       const Struct_field* sf = st->field(fre->field_index());
+                       name = sf->field_name();
+                       char buf[20];
+                       snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%u", fre->field_index());
+                       size_t buflen = strlen(buf);
+                       if (name.compare(name.length() - buflen, buflen, buf)
+                           == 0)
+                         {
+                           name = name.substr(0, name.length() - buflen);
+                           bad_key = false;
+                         }
+                     }
+                 }
+             }
+         }
+         break;
+
+       default:
+         bad_key = true;
+         break;
+       }
+      if (bad_key)
+       {
+         error_at(name_expr->location(), "expected struct field name");
+         return Expression::make_error(location);
+       }
+
+      if (no != NULL)
+       {
+         name = no->name();
+
+         // A predefined name won't be packed.  If it starts with a
+         // lower case letter we need to check for that case, because
+         // the field name will be packed.
+         if (!Gogo::is_hidden_name(name)
+             && name[0] >= 'a'
+             && name[0] <= 'z')
+           {
+             Named_object* gno = gogo->lookup_global(name.c_str());
+             if (gno == no)
+               name = gogo->pack_hidden_name(name, false);
+           }
+       }
+
+      unsigned int index;
+      const Struct_field* sf = st->find_local_field(name, &index);
+      if (sf == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(name_expr->location(), "unknown field %qs in %qs",
+                  Gogo::message_name(name).c_str(),
+                  (type->named_type() != NULL
+                   ? type->named_type()->message_name().c_str()
+                   : "unnamed struct"));
+         return Expression::make_error(location);
+       }
+      if (vals[index] != NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(name_expr->location(),
+                  "duplicate value for field %qs in %qs",
+                  Gogo::message_name(name).c_str(),
+                  (type->named_type() != NULL
+                   ? type->named_type()->message_name().c_str()
+                   : "unnamed struct"));
+         return Expression::make_error(location);
+       }
+
+      vals[index] = val;
+    }
+
+  Expression_list* list = new Expression_list;
+  list->reserve(field_count);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < field_count; ++i)
+    list->push_back(vals[i]);
+
+  return new Struct_construction_expression(type, list, location);
+}
+
+// Lower an array composite literal.
+
+Expression*
+Composite_literal_expression::lower_array(Type* type)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL || !this->has_keys_)
+    return this->make_array(type, this->vals_);
+
+  std::vector<Expression*> vals;
+  vals.reserve(this->vals_->size());
+  unsigned long index = 0;
+  Expression_list::const_iterator p = this->vals_->begin();
+  while (p != this->vals_->end())
+    {
+      Expression* index_expr = *p;
+
+      ++p;
+      gcc_assert(p != this->vals_->end());
+      Expression* val = *p;
+
+      ++p;
+
+      if (index_expr != NULL)
+       {
+         mpz_t ival;
+         mpz_init(ival);
+
+         Type* dummy;
+         if (!index_expr->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &dummy))
+           {
+             mpz_clear(ival);
+             error_at(index_expr->location(),
+                      "index expression is not integer constant");
+             return Expression::make_error(location);
+           }
+
+         if (mpz_sgn(ival) < 0)
+           {
+             mpz_clear(ival);
+             error_at(index_expr->location(), "index expression is negative");
+             return Expression::make_error(location);
+           }
+
+         index = mpz_get_ui(ival);
+         if (mpz_cmp_ui(ival, index) != 0)
+           {
+             mpz_clear(ival);
+             error_at(index_expr->location(), "index value overflow");
+             return Expression::make_error(location);
+           }
+
+         Named_type* ntype = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+         Integer_type* inttype = ntype->integer_type();
+         mpz_t max;
+         mpz_init_set_ui(max, 1);
+         mpz_mul_2exp(max, max, inttype->bits() - 1);
+         bool ok = mpz_cmp(ival, max) < 0;
+         mpz_clear(max);
+         if (!ok)
+           {
+             mpz_clear(ival);
+             error_at(index_expr->location(), "index value overflow");
+             return Expression::make_error(location);
+           }
+
+         mpz_clear(ival);
+
+         // FIXME: Our representation isn't very good; this avoids
+         // thrashing.
+         if (index > 0x1000000)
+           {
+             error_at(index_expr->location(), "index too large for compiler");
+             return Expression::make_error(location);
+           }
+       }
+
+      if (index == vals.size())
+       vals.push_back(val);
+      else
+       {
+         if (index > vals.size())
+           {
+             vals.reserve(index + 32);
+             vals.resize(index + 1, static_cast<Expression*>(NULL));
+           }
+         if (vals[index] != NULL)
+           {
+             error_at((index_expr != NULL
+                       ? index_expr->location()
+                       : val->location()),
+                      "duplicate value for index %lu",
+                      index);
+             return Expression::make_error(location);
+           }
+         vals[index] = val;
+       }
+
+      ++index;
+    }
+
+  size_t size = vals.size();
+  Expression_list* list = new Expression_list;
+  list->reserve(size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
+    list->push_back(vals[i]);
+
+  return this->make_array(type, list);
+}
+
+// Actually build the array composite literal. This handles
+// [...]{...}.
+
+Expression*
+Composite_literal_expression::make_array(Type* type, Expression_list* vals)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  Array_type* at = type->array_type();
+  if (at->length() != NULL && at->length()->is_nil_expression())
+    {
+      size_t size = vals == NULL ? 0 : vals->size();
+      mpz_t vlen;
+      mpz_init_set_ui(vlen, size);
+      Expression* elen = Expression::make_integer(&vlen, NULL, location);
+      mpz_clear(vlen);
+      at = Type::make_array_type(at->element_type(), elen);
+      type = at;
+    }
+  if (at->length() != NULL)
+    return new Fixed_array_construction_expression(type, vals, location);
+  else
+    return new Open_array_construction_expression(type, vals, location);
+}
+
+// Lower a map composite literal.
+
+Expression*
+Composite_literal_expression::lower_map(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function,
+                                       Type* type)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  if (this->vals_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (!this->has_keys_)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "map composite literal must have keys");
+         return Expression::make_error(location);
+       }
+
+      for (Expression_list::iterator p = this->vals_->begin();
+          p != this->vals_->end();
+          p += 2)
+       {
+         if (*p == NULL)
+           {
+             ++p;
+             error_at((*p)->location(),
+                      "map composite literal must have keys for every value");
+             return Expression::make_error(location);
+           }
+         // Make sure we have lowered the key; it may not have been
+         // lowered in order to handle keys for struct composite
+         // literals.  Lower it now to get the right error message.
+         if ((*p)->unknown_expression() != NULL)
+           {
+             (*p)->unknown_expression()->clear_is_composite_literal_key();
+             gogo->lower_expression(function, &*p);
+             gcc_assert((*p)->is_error_expression());
+             return Expression::make_error(location);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  return new Map_construction_expression(type, this->vals_, location);
+}
+
+// Make a composite literal expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_composite_literal(Type* type, int depth, bool has_keys,
+                                  Expression_list* vals,
+                                  source_location location)
+{
+  return new Composite_literal_expression(type, depth, has_keys, vals,
+                                         location);
+}
+
+// Return whether this expression is a composite literal.
+
+bool
+Expression::is_composite_literal() const
+{
+  switch (this->classification_)
+    {
+    case EXPRESSION_COMPOSITE_LITERAL:
+    case EXPRESSION_STRUCT_CONSTRUCTION:
+    case EXPRESSION_FIXED_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTION:
+    case EXPRESSION_OPEN_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTION:
+    case EXPRESSION_MAP_CONSTRUCTION:
+      return true;
+    default:
+      return false;
+    }
+}
+
+// Return whether this expression is a composite literal which is not
+// constant.
+
+bool
+Expression::is_nonconstant_composite_literal() const
+{
+  switch (this->classification_)
+    {
+    case EXPRESSION_STRUCT_CONSTRUCTION:
+      {
+       const Struct_construction_expression *psce =
+         static_cast<const Struct_construction_expression*>(this);
+       return !psce->is_constant_struct();
+      }
+    case EXPRESSION_FIXED_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTION:
+      {
+       const Fixed_array_construction_expression *pace =
+         static_cast<const Fixed_array_construction_expression*>(this);
+       return !pace->is_constant_array();
+      }
+    case EXPRESSION_OPEN_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTION:
+      {
+       const Open_array_construction_expression *pace =
+         static_cast<const Open_array_construction_expression*>(this);
+       return !pace->is_constant_array();
+      }
+    case EXPRESSION_MAP_CONSTRUCTION:
+      return true;
+    default:
+      return false;
+    }
+}
+
+// Return true if this is a reference to a local variable.
+
+bool
+Expression::is_local_variable() const
+{
+  const Var_expression* ve = this->var_expression();
+  if (ve == NULL)
+    return false;
+  const Named_object* no = ve->named_object();
+  return (no->is_result_variable()
+         || (no->is_variable() && !no->var_value()->is_global()));
+}
+
+// Class Type_guard_expression.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Type_guard_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check types of a type guard expression.  The expression must have
+// an interface type, but the actual type conversion is checked at run
+// time.
+
+void
+Type_guard_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  // 6g permits using a type guard with unsafe.pointer; we are
+  // compatible.
+  Type* expr_type = this->expr_->type();
+  if (expr_type->is_unsafe_pointer_type())
+    {
+      if (this->type_->points_to() == NULL
+         && (this->type_->integer_type() == NULL
+             || (this->type_->forwarded()
+                 != Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr"))))
+       this->report_error(_("invalid unsafe.Pointer conversion"));
+    }
+  else if (this->type_->is_unsafe_pointer_type())
+    {
+      if (expr_type->points_to() == NULL
+         && (expr_type->integer_type() == NULL
+             || (expr_type->forwarded()
+                 != Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr"))))
+       this->report_error(_("invalid unsafe.Pointer conversion"));
+    }
+  else if (expr_type->interface_type() == NULL)
+    {
+      if (!expr_type->is_error_type() && !this->type_->is_error_type())
+       this->report_error(_("type assertion only valid for interface types"));
+      this->set_is_error();
+    }
+  else if (this->type_->interface_type() == NULL)
+    {
+      std::string reason;
+      if (!expr_type->interface_type()->implements_interface(this->type_,
+                                                            &reason))
+       {
+         if (!this->type_->is_error_type())
+           {
+             if (reason.empty())
+               this->report_error(_("impossible type assertion: "
+                                    "type does not implement interface"));
+             else
+               error_at(this->location(),
+                        ("impossible type assertion: "
+                         "type does not implement interface (%s)"),
+                        reason.c_str());
+           }
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a type guard expression.
+
+tree
+Type_guard_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree expr_tree = this->expr_->get_tree(context);
+  if (expr_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  Type* expr_type = this->expr_->type();
+  if ((this->type_->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
+       && (expr_type->points_to() != NULL
+          || expr_type->integer_type() != NULL))
+      || (expr_type->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
+         && this->type_->points_to() != NULL))
+    return convert_to_pointer(this->type_->get_tree(gogo), expr_tree);
+  else if (expr_type->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
+          && this->type_->integer_type() != NULL)
+    return convert_to_integer(this->type_->get_tree(gogo), expr_tree);
+  else if (this->type_->interface_type() != NULL)
+    return Expression::convert_interface_to_interface(context, this->type_,
+                                                     this->expr_->type(),
+                                                     expr_tree, true,
+                                                     this->location());
+  else
+    return Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, this->type_,
+                                             this->expr_->type(), expr_tree,
+                                             this->location());
+}
+
+// Make a type guard expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_type_guard(Expression* expr, Type* type,
+                           source_location location)
+{
+  return new Type_guard_expression(expr, type, location);
+}
+
+// Class Heap_composite_expression.
+
+// When you take the address of a composite literal, it is allocated
+// on the heap.  This class implements that.
+
+class Heap_composite_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Heap_composite_expression(Expression* expr, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_HEAP_COMPOSITE, location),
+      expr_(expr)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse); }
+
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return Type::make_pointer_type(this->expr_->type()); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { this->expr_->determine_type_no_context(); }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  {
+    return Expression::make_heap_composite(this->expr_->copy(),
+                                          this->location());
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+  // We only export global objects, and the parser does not generate
+  // this in global scope.
+  void
+  do_export(Export*) const
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // The composite literal which is being put on the heap.
+  Expression* expr_;
+};
+
+// Return a tree which allocates a composite literal on the heap.
+
+tree
+Heap_composite_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree expr_tree = this->expr_->get_tree(context);
+  if (expr_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  tree expr_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(TREE_TYPE(expr_tree));
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(expr_size) == INTEGER_CST);
+  tree space = context->gogo()->allocate_memory(this->expr_->type(),
+                                               expr_size, this->location());
+  space = fold_convert(build_pointer_type(TREE_TYPE(expr_tree)), space);
+  space = save_expr(space);
+  tree ref = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(this->location(), space);
+  TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(ref) = 1;
+  tree ret = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(space),
+                   build2(MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node, ref, expr_tree),
+                   space);
+  SET_EXPR_LOCATION(ret, this->location());
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Allocate a composite literal on the heap.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_heap_composite(Expression* expr, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Heap_composite_expression(expr, location);
+}
+
+// Class Receive_expression.
+
+// Return the type of a receive expression.
+
+Type*
+Receive_expression::do_type()
+{
+  Channel_type* channel_type = this->channel_->type()->channel_type();
+  if (channel_type == NULL)
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+  return channel_type->element_type();
+}
+
+// Check types for a receive expression.
+
+void
+Receive_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Type* type = this->channel_->type();
+  if (type->is_error_type())
+    {
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return;
+    }
+  if (type->channel_type() == NULL)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("expected channel"));
+      return;
+    }
+  if (!type->channel_type()->may_receive())
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("invalid receive on send-only channel"));
+      return;
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a receive expression.
+
+tree
+Receive_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Channel_type* channel_type = this->channel_->type()->channel_type();
+  if (channel_type == NULL)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(this->channel_->type()->is_error_type());
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+  Type* element_type = channel_type->element_type();
+  tree element_type_tree = element_type->get_tree(context->gogo());
+
+  tree channel = this->channel_->get_tree(context);
+  if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node || channel == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  return Gogo::receive_from_channel(element_type_tree, channel,
+                                   this->for_select_, this->location());
+}
+
+// Make a receive expression.
+
+Receive_expression*
+Expression::make_receive(Expression* channel, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Receive_expression(channel, location);
+}
+
+// An expression which evaluates to a pointer to the type descriptor
+// of a type.
+
+class Type_descriptor_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Type_descriptor_expression(Type* type, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR, location),
+      type_(type)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type(); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return this; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+  { return this->type_->type_descriptor_pointer(context->gogo()); }
+
+ private:
+  // The type for which this is the descriptor.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+// Make a type descriptor expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_type_descriptor(Type* type, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Type_descriptor_expression(type, location);
+}
+
+// An expression which evaluates to some characteristic of a type.
+// This is only used to initialize fields of a type descriptor.  Using
+// a new expression class is slightly inefficient but gives us a good
+// separation between the frontend and the middle-end with regard to
+// how types are laid out.
+
+class Type_info_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Type_info_expression(Type* type, Type_info type_info)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_TYPE_INFO, BUILTINS_LOCATION),
+      type_(type), type_info_(type_info)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  Type*
+  do_type();
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return this; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context);
+
+ private:
+  // The type for which we are getting information.
+  Type* type_;
+  // What information we want.
+  Type_info type_info_;
+};
+
+// The type is chosen to match what the type descriptor struct
+// expects.
+
+Type*
+Type_info_expression::do_type()
+{
+  switch (this->type_info_)
+    {
+    case TYPE_INFO_SIZE:
+      return Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr");
+    case TYPE_INFO_ALIGNMENT:
+    case TYPE_INFO_FIELD_ALIGNMENT:
+      return Type::lookup_integer_type("uint8");
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return type information in GENERIC.
+
+tree
+Type_info_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree type_tree = this->type_->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree val_type_tree = this->type()->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  gcc_assert(val_type_tree != error_mark_node);
+
+  if (this->type_info_ == TYPE_INFO_SIZE)
+    return fold_convert_loc(BUILTINS_LOCATION, val_type_tree,
+                           TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(type_tree));
+  else
+    {
+      unsigned int val;
+      if (this->type_info_ == TYPE_INFO_ALIGNMENT)
+       val = go_type_alignment(type_tree);
+      else
+       val = go_field_alignment(type_tree);
+      return build_int_cstu(val_type_tree, val);
+    }
+}
+
+// Make a type info expression.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_type_info(Type* type, Type_info type_info)
+{
+  return new Type_info_expression(type, type_info);
+}
+
+// An expression which evaluates to the offset of a field within a
+// struct.  This, like Type_info_expression, q.v., is only used to
+// initialize fields of a type descriptor.
+
+class Struct_field_offset_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Struct_field_offset_expression(Struct_type* type, const Struct_field* field)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_STRUCT_FIELD_OFFSET, BUILTINS_LOCATION),
+      type_(type), field_(field)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr"); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return this; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context);
+
+ private:
+  // The type of the struct.
+  Struct_type* type_;
+  // The field.
+  const Struct_field* field_;
+};
+
+// Return a struct field offset in GENERIC.
+
+tree
+Struct_field_offset_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree type_tree = this->type_->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree val_type_tree = this->type()->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  gcc_assert(val_type_tree != error_mark_node);
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->type_->fields();
+  tree struct_field_tree = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p;
+  for (p = fields->begin();
+       p != fields->end();
+       ++p, struct_field_tree = DECL_CHAIN(struct_field_tree))
+    {
+      gcc_assert(struct_field_tree != NULL_TREE);
+      if (&*p == this->field_)
+       break;
+    }
+  gcc_assert(&*p == this->field_);
+
+  return fold_convert_loc(BUILTINS_LOCATION, val_type_tree,
+                         byte_position(struct_field_tree));
+}
+
+// Make an expression for a struct field offset.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_struct_field_offset(Struct_type* type,
+                                    const Struct_field* field)
+{
+  return new Struct_field_offset_expression(type, field);
+}
+
+// An expression which evaluates to the address of an unnamed label.
+
+class Label_addr_expression : public Expression
+{
+ public:
+  Label_addr_expression(Label* label, source_location location)
+    : Expression(EXPRESSION_LABEL_ADDR, location),
+      label_(label)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  Type*
+  do_type()
+  { return Type::make_pointer_type(Type::make_void_type()); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
+  { }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_copy()
+  { return new Label_addr_expression(this->label_, this->location()); }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { return this->label_->get_addr(this->location()); }
+
+ private:
+  // The label whose address we are taking.
+  Label* label_;
+};
+
+// Make an expression for the address of an unnamed label.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::make_label_addr(Label* label, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Label_addr_expression(label, location);
+}
+
+// Import an expression.  This comes at the end in order to see the
+// various class definitions.
+
+Expression*
+Expression::import_expression(Import* imp)
+{
+  int c = imp->peek_char();
+  if (imp->match_c_string("- ")
+      || imp->match_c_string("! ")
+      || imp->match_c_string("^ "))
+    return Unary_expression::do_import(imp);
+  else if (c == '(')
+    return Binary_expression::do_import(imp);
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("true")
+          || imp->match_c_string("false"))
+    return Boolean_expression::do_import(imp);
+  else if (c == '"')
+    return String_expression::do_import(imp);
+  else if (c == '-' || (c >= '0' && c <= '9'))
+    {
+      // This handles integers, floats and complex constants.
+      return Integer_expression::do_import(imp);
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("nil"))
+    return Nil_expression::do_import(imp);
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("convert"))
+    return Type_conversion_expression::do_import(imp);
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(imp->location(), "import error: expected expression");
+      return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
+    }
+}
+
+// Class Expression_list.
+
+// Traverse the list.
+
+int
+Expression_list::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  for (Expression_list::iterator p = this->begin();
+       p != this->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (*p != NULL)
+       {
+         if (Expression::traverse(&*p, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+           return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+       }
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Copy the list.
+
+Expression_list*
+Expression_list::copy()
+{
+  Expression_list* ret = new Expression_list();
+  for (Expression_list::iterator p = this->begin();
+       p != this->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (*p == NULL)
+       ret->push_back(NULL);
+      else
+       ret->push_back((*p)->copy());
+    }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return whether an expression list has an error expression.
+
+bool
+Expression_list::contains_error() const
+{
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = this->begin();
+       p != this->end();
+       ++p)
+    if (*p != NULL && (*p)->is_error_expression())
+      return true;
+  return false;
+}
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/go.cc.merge-left.r167407 b/gcc/go/gofrontend/go.cc.merge-left.r167407
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..c756084
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+// go.cc -- Go frontend main file for gcc.
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "go-system.h"
+
+#include "go-c.h"
+
+#include "lex.h"
+#include "parse.h"
+#include "gogo.h"
+
+// The unique prefix to use for exported symbols.  This is set during
+// option processing.
+
+static std::string unique_prefix;
+
+// The data structures we build to represent the file.
+static Gogo* gogo;
+
+// Create the main IR data structure.
+
+GO_EXTERN_C
+void
+go_create_gogo(int int_type_size, int float_type_size, int pointer_size)
+{
+  gcc_assert(::gogo == NULL);
+  ::gogo = new Gogo(int_type_size, float_type_size, pointer_size);
+  if (!unique_prefix.empty())
+    ::gogo->set_unique_prefix(unique_prefix);
+}
+
+// Set the unique prefix we use for exported symbols.
+
+GO_EXTERN_C
+void
+go_set_prefix(const char* arg)
+{
+  unique_prefix = arg;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < unique_prefix.length(); ++i)
+    {
+      char c = unique_prefix[i];
+      if ((c >= 'a' && c <= 'z')
+         || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z')
+         || (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
+         || c == '_')
+       ;
+      else
+       unique_prefix[i] = '_';
+    }
+}
+
+// Parse the input files.
+
+GO_EXTERN_C
+void
+go_parse_input_files(const char** filenames, unsigned int filename_count,
+                    bool only_check_syntax, bool require_return_statement)
+{
+  gcc_assert(filename_count > 0);
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < filename_count; ++i)
+    {
+      if (i > 0)
+       ::gogo->clear_file_scope();
+
+      const char* filename = filenames[i];
+      FILE* file;
+      if (strcmp(filename, "-") == 0)
+       file = stdin;
+      else
+       {
+         file = fopen(filename, "r");
+         if (file == NULL)
+           fatal_error("cannot open %s: %m", filename);
+       }
+
+      Lex lexer(filename, file);
+
+      Parse parse(&lexer, ::gogo);
+      parse.program();
+
+      if (strcmp(filename, "-") != 0)
+       fclose(file);
+    }
+
+  ::gogo->clear_file_scope();
+
+  // If the global predeclared names are referenced but not defined,
+  // define them now.
+  ::gogo->define_global_names();
+
+  // Finalize method lists and build stub methods for named types.
+  ::gogo->finalize_methods();
+
+  // Now that we have seen all the names, lower the parse tree into a
+  // form which is easier to use.
+  ::gogo->lower_parse_tree();
+
+  // Now that we have seen all the names, verify that types are
+  // correct.
+  ::gogo->verify_types();
+
+  // Work out types of unspecified constants and variables.
+  ::gogo->determine_types();
+
+  // Check types and issue errors as appropriate.
+  ::gogo->check_types();
+
+  if (only_check_syntax)
+    return;
+
+  // Check that functions have return statements.
+  if (require_return_statement)
+    ::gogo->check_return_statements();
+
+  // Export global identifiers as appropriate.
+  ::gogo->do_exports();
+
+  // Build required interface method tables.
+  ::gogo->build_interface_method_tables();
+
+  // Turn short-cut operators (&&, ||) into explicit if statements.
+  ::gogo->remove_shortcuts();
+
+  // Use temporary variables to force order of evaluation.
+  ::gogo->order_evaluations();
+
+  // Build thunks for functions which call recover.
+  ::gogo->build_recover_thunks();
+
+  // Convert complicated go and defer statements into simpler ones.
+  ::gogo->simplify_thunk_statements();
+}
+
+// Write out globals.
+
+GO_EXTERN_C
+void
+go_write_globals()
+{
+  return ::gogo->write_globals();
+}
+
+// Return the global IR structure.  This is used by some of the
+// langhooks to pass to other code.
+
+Gogo*
+go_get_gogo()
+{
+  return ::gogo;
+}
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/go.cc.merge-right.r172891 b/gcc/go/gofrontend/go.cc.merge-right.r172891
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..3da1404
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+// go.cc -- Go frontend main file for gcc.
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "go-system.h"
+
+#include "go-c.h"
+
+#include "lex.h"
+#include "parse.h"
+#include "backend.h"
+#include "gogo.h"
+
+// The unique prefix to use for exported symbols.  This is set during
+// option processing.
+
+static std::string unique_prefix;
+
+// The data structures we build to represent the file.
+static Gogo* gogo;
+
+// Create the main IR data structure.
+
+GO_EXTERN_C
+void
+go_create_gogo(int int_type_size, int pointer_size)
+{
+  go_assert(::gogo == NULL);
+  ::gogo = new Gogo(go_get_backend(), int_type_size, pointer_size);
+  if (!unique_prefix.empty())
+    ::gogo->set_unique_prefix(unique_prefix);
+}
+
+// Set the unique prefix we use for exported symbols.
+
+GO_EXTERN_C
+void
+go_set_prefix(const char* arg)
+{
+  unique_prefix = arg;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < unique_prefix.length(); ++i)
+    {
+      char c = unique_prefix[i];
+      if ((c >= 'a' && c <= 'z')
+         || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z')
+         || (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
+         || c == '_')
+       ;
+      else
+       unique_prefix[i] = '_';
+    }
+}
+
+// Parse the input files.
+
+GO_EXTERN_C
+void
+go_parse_input_files(const char** filenames, unsigned int filename_count,
+                    bool only_check_syntax, bool require_return_statement)
+{
+  go_assert(filename_count > 0);
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < filename_count; ++i)
+    {
+      if (i > 0)
+       ::gogo->clear_file_scope();
+
+      const char* filename = filenames[i];
+      FILE* file;
+      if (strcmp(filename, "-") == 0)
+       file = stdin;
+      else
+       {
+         file = fopen(filename, "r");
+         if (file == NULL)
+           fatal_error("cannot open %s: %m", filename);
+       }
+
+      Lex lexer(filename, file);
+
+      Parse parse(&lexer, ::gogo);
+      parse.program();
+
+      if (strcmp(filename, "-") != 0)
+       fclose(file);
+    }
+
+  ::gogo->clear_file_scope();
+
+  // If the global predeclared names are referenced but not defined,
+  // define them now.
+  ::gogo->define_global_names();
+
+  // Finalize method lists and build stub methods for named types.
+  ::gogo->finalize_methods();
+
+  // Now that we have seen all the names, lower the parse tree into a
+  // form which is easier to use.
+  ::gogo->lower_parse_tree();
+
+  // Now that we have seen all the names, verify that types are
+  // correct.
+  ::gogo->verify_types();
+
+  // Work out types of unspecified constants and variables.
+  ::gogo->determine_types();
+
+  // Check types and issue errors as appropriate.
+  ::gogo->check_types();
+
+  if (only_check_syntax)
+    return;
+
+  // Check that functions have return statements.
+  if (require_return_statement)
+    ::gogo->check_return_statements();
+
+  // Export global identifiers as appropriate.
+  ::gogo->do_exports();
+
+  // Turn short-cut operators (&&, ||) into explicit if statements.
+  ::gogo->remove_shortcuts();
+
+  // Use temporary variables to force order of evaluation.
+  ::gogo->order_evaluations();
+
+  // Build thunks for functions which call recover.
+  ::gogo->build_recover_thunks();
+
+  // Convert complicated go and defer statements into simpler ones.
+  ::gogo->simplify_thunk_statements();
+}
+
+// Write out globals.
+
+GO_EXTERN_C
+void
+go_write_globals()
+{
+  return ::gogo->write_globals();
+}
+
+// Return the global IR structure.  This is used by some of the
+// langhooks to pass to other code.
+
+Gogo*
+go_get_gogo()
+{
+  return ::gogo;
+}
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/go.cc.working b/gcc/go/gofrontend/go.cc.working
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..7b1fd7e
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+// go.cc -- Go frontend main file for gcc.
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "go-system.h"
+
+#include "go-c.h"
+
+#include "lex.h"
+#include "parse.h"
+#include "gogo.h"
+
+// The unique prefix to use for exported symbols.  This is set during
+// option processing.
+
+static std::string unique_prefix;
+
+// The data structures we build to represent the file.
+static Gogo* gogo;
+
+// Create the main IR data structure.
+
+GO_EXTERN_C
+void
+go_create_gogo(int int_type_size, int pointer_size)
+{
+  gcc_assert(::gogo == NULL);
+  ::gogo = new Gogo(int_type_size, pointer_size);
+  if (!unique_prefix.empty())
+    ::gogo->set_unique_prefix(unique_prefix);
+}
+
+// Set the unique prefix we use for exported symbols.
+
+GO_EXTERN_C
+void
+go_set_prefix(const char* arg)
+{
+  unique_prefix = arg;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < unique_prefix.length(); ++i)
+    {
+      char c = unique_prefix[i];
+      if ((c >= 'a' && c <= 'z')
+         || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z')
+         || (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
+         || c == '_')
+       ;
+      else
+       unique_prefix[i] = '_';
+    }
+}
+
+// Parse the input files.
+
+GO_EXTERN_C
+void
+go_parse_input_files(const char** filenames, unsigned int filename_count,
+                    bool only_check_syntax, bool require_return_statement)
+{
+  gcc_assert(filename_count > 0);
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < filename_count; ++i)
+    {
+      if (i > 0)
+       ::gogo->clear_file_scope();
+
+      const char* filename = filenames[i];
+      FILE* file;
+      if (strcmp(filename, "-") == 0)
+       file = stdin;
+      else
+       {
+         file = fopen(filename, "r");
+         if (file == NULL)
+           fatal_error("cannot open %s: %m", filename);
+       }
+
+      Lex lexer(filename, file);
+
+      Parse parse(&lexer, ::gogo);
+      parse.program();
+
+      if (strcmp(filename, "-") != 0)
+       fclose(file);
+    }
+
+  ::gogo->clear_file_scope();
+
+  // If the global predeclared names are referenced but not defined,
+  // define them now.
+  ::gogo->define_global_names();
+
+  // Finalize method lists and build stub methods for named types.
+  ::gogo->finalize_methods();
+
+  // Now that we have seen all the names, lower the parse tree into a
+  // form which is easier to use.
+  ::gogo->lower_parse_tree();
+
+  // Now that we have seen all the names, verify that types are
+  // correct.
+  ::gogo->verify_types();
+
+  // Work out types of unspecified constants and variables.
+  ::gogo->determine_types();
+
+  // Check types and issue errors as appropriate.
+  ::gogo->check_types();
+
+  if (only_check_syntax)
+    return;
+
+  // Check that functions have return statements.
+  if (require_return_statement)
+    ::gogo->check_return_statements();
+
+  // Export global identifiers as appropriate.
+  ::gogo->do_exports();
+
+  // Turn short-cut operators (&&, ||) into explicit if statements.
+  ::gogo->remove_shortcuts();
+
+  // Use temporary variables to force order of evaluation.
+  ::gogo->order_evaluations();
+
+  // Build thunks for functions which call recover.
+  ::gogo->build_recover_thunks();
+
+  // Convert complicated go and defer statements into simpler ones.
+  ::gogo->simplify_thunk_statements();
+}
+
+// Write out globals.
+
+GO_EXTERN_C
+void
+go_write_globals()
+{
+  return ::gogo->write_globals();
+}
+
+// Return the global IR structure.  This is used by some of the
+// langhooks to pass to other code.
+
+Gogo*
+go_get_gogo()
+{
+  return ::gogo;
+}
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo-tree.cc.merge-left.r167407 b/gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo-tree.cc.merge-left.r167407
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..755a0e9
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,3105 @@
+// gogo-tree.cc -- convert Go frontend Gogo IR to gcc trees.
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "go-system.h"
+
+#include <gmp.h>
+
+#ifndef ENABLE_BUILD_WITH_CXX
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif
+
+#include "tm.h"
+#include "toplev.h"
+#include "tree.h"
+#include "gimple.h"
+#include "tree-iterator.h"
+#include "cgraph.h"
+#include "langhooks.h"
+#include "convert.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "diagnostic.h"
+#include "rtl.h"
+
+#ifndef ENABLE_BUILD_WITH_CXX
+}
+#endif
+
+#include "go-c.h"
+#include "types.h"
+#include "expressions.h"
+#include "statements.h"
+#include "gogo.h"
+
+// Whether we have seen any errors.
+
+bool
+saw_errors()
+{
+  return errorcount != 0 || sorrycount != 0;
+}
+
+// A helper function.
+
+static inline tree
+get_identifier_from_string(const std::string& str)
+{
+  return get_identifier_with_length(str.data(), str.length());
+}
+
+// Builtin functions.
+
+static std::map<std::string, tree> builtin_functions;
+
+// Define a builtin function.  BCODE is the builtin function code
+// defined by builtins.def.  NAME is the name of the builtin function.
+// LIBNAME is the name of the corresponding library function, and is
+// NULL if there isn't one.  FNTYPE is the type of the function.
+// CONST_P is true if the function has the const attribute.
+
+static void
+define_builtin(built_in_function bcode, const char* name, const char* libname,
+              tree fntype, bool const_p)
+{
+  tree decl = add_builtin_function(name, fntype, bcode, BUILT_IN_NORMAL,
+                                  libname, NULL_TREE);
+  if (const_p)
+    TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+  built_in_decls[bcode] = decl;
+  implicit_built_in_decls[bcode] = decl;
+  builtin_functions[name] = decl;
+  if (libname != NULL)
+    {
+      decl = add_builtin_function(libname, fntype, bcode, BUILT_IN_NORMAL,
+                                 NULL, NULL_TREE);
+      if (const_p)
+       TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+      builtin_functions[libname] = decl;
+    }
+}
+
+// Create trees for implicit builtin functions.
+
+void
+Gogo::define_builtin_function_trees()
+{
+  /* We need to define the fetch_and_add functions, since we use them
+     for ++ and --.  */
+  tree t = go_type_for_size(BITS_PER_UNIT, 1);
+  tree p = build_pointer_type(build_qualified_type(t, TYPE_QUAL_VOLATILE));
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_ADD_AND_FETCH_1, "__sync_fetch_and_add_1", NULL,
+                build_function_type_list(t, p, t, NULL_TREE), false);
+
+  t = go_type_for_size(BITS_PER_UNIT * 2, 1);
+  p = build_pointer_type(build_qualified_type(t, TYPE_QUAL_VOLATILE));
+  define_builtin (BUILT_IN_ADD_AND_FETCH_2, "__sync_fetch_and_add_2", NULL,
+                 build_function_type_list(t, p, t, NULL_TREE), false);
+
+  t = go_type_for_size(BITS_PER_UNIT * 4, 1);
+  p = build_pointer_type(build_qualified_type(t, TYPE_QUAL_VOLATILE));
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_ADD_AND_FETCH_4, "__sync_fetch_and_add_4", NULL,
+                build_function_type_list(t, p, t, NULL_TREE), false);
+
+  t = go_type_for_size(BITS_PER_UNIT * 8, 1);
+  p = build_pointer_type(build_qualified_type(t, TYPE_QUAL_VOLATILE));
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_ADD_AND_FETCH_8, "__sync_fetch_and_add_8", NULL,
+                build_function_type_list(t, p, t, NULL_TREE), false);
+
+  // We use __builtin_expect for magic import functions.
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_EXPECT, "__builtin_expect", NULL,
+                build_function_type_list(long_integer_type_node,
+                                         long_integer_type_node,
+                                         long_integer_type_node,
+                                         NULL_TREE),
+                true);
+
+  // We use __builtin_memmove for the predeclared copy function.
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_MEMMOVE, "__builtin_memmove", "memmove",
+                build_function_type_list(ptr_type_node,
+                                         ptr_type_node,
+                                         const_ptr_type_node,
+                                         size_type_node,
+                                         NULL_TREE),
+                false);
+
+  // We provide sqrt for the math library.
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_SQRT, "__builtin_sqrt", "sqrt",
+                build_function_type_list(double_type_node,
+                                         double_type_node,
+                                         NULL_TREE),
+                true);
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_SQRTL, "__builtin_sqrtl", "sqrtl",
+                build_function_type_list(long_double_type_node,
+                                         long_double_type_node,
+                                         NULL_TREE),
+                true);
+
+  // We use __builtin_return_address in the thunk we build for
+  // functions which call recover.
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_RETURN_ADDRESS, "__builtin_return_address", NULL,
+                build_function_type_list(ptr_type_node,
+                                         unsigned_type_node,
+                                         NULL_TREE),
+                false);
+
+  // The compiler uses __builtin_trap for some exception handling
+  // cases.
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_TRAP, "__builtin_trap", NULL,
+                build_function_type(void_type_node, void_list_node),
+                false);
+}
+
+// Get the name to use for the import control function.  If there is a
+// global function or variable, then we know that that name must be
+// unique in the link, and we use it as the basis for our name.
+
+const std::string&
+Gogo::get_init_fn_name()
+{
+  if (this->init_fn_name_.empty())
+    {
+      gcc_assert(this->package_ != NULL);
+      if (this->package_name() == "main")
+       {
+         // Use a name which the runtime knows.
+         this->init_fn_name_ = "__go_init_main";
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         std::string s = this->unique_prefix();
+         s.append(1, '.');
+         s.append(this->package_name());
+         s.append("..import");
+         this->init_fn_name_ = s;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return this->init_fn_name_;
+}
+
+// Add statements to INIT_STMT_LIST which run the initialization
+// functions for imported packages.  This is only used for the "main"
+// package.
+
+void
+Gogo::init_imports(tree* init_stmt_list)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->package_name() == "main");
+
+  if (this->imported_init_fns_.empty())
+    return;
+
+  tree fntype = build_function_type(void_type_node, void_list_node);
+
+  // We must call them in increasing priority order.
+  std::vector<Import_init> v;
+  for (std::set<Import_init>::const_iterator p =
+        this->imported_init_fns_.begin();
+       p != this->imported_init_fns_.end();
+       ++p)
+    v.push_back(*p);
+  std::sort(v.begin(), v.end());
+
+  for (std::vector<Import_init>::const_iterator p = v.begin();
+       p != v.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      std::string user_name = p->package_name() + ".init";
+      tree decl = build_decl(UNKNOWN_LOCATION, FUNCTION_DECL,
+                            get_identifier_from_string(user_name),
+                            fntype);
+      const std::string& init_name(p->init_name());
+      SET_DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(decl, get_identifier_from_string(init_name));
+      TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
+      DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 1;
+      append_to_statement_list(build_call_expr(decl, 0), init_stmt_list);
+    }
+}
+
+// Register global variables with the garbage collector.  We need to
+// register all variables which can hold a pointer value.  They become
+// roots during the mark phase.  We build a struct that is easy to
+// hook into a list of roots.
+
+// struct __go_gc_root_list
+// {
+//   struct __go_gc_root_list* __next;
+//   struct __go_gc_root
+//   {
+//     void* __decl;
+//     size_t __size;
+//   } __roots[];
+// };
+
+// The last entry in the roots array has a NULL decl field.
+
+void
+Gogo::register_gc_vars(const std::vector<Named_object*>& var_gc,
+                      tree* init_stmt_list)
+{
+  if (var_gc.empty())
+    return;
+
+  size_t count = var_gc.size();
+
+  tree root_type = Gogo::builtin_struct(NULL, "__go_gc_root", NULL_TREE, 2,
+                                       "__next",
+                                       ptr_type_node,
+                                       "__size",
+                                       sizetype);
+
+  tree index_type = build_index_type(size_int(count));
+  tree array_type = build_array_type(root_type, index_type);
+
+  tree root_list_type = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+  root_list_type = Gogo::builtin_struct(NULL, "__go_gc_root_list",
+                                       root_list_type, 2,
+                                       "__next",
+                                       build_pointer_type(root_list_type),
+                                       "__roots",
+                                       array_type);
+
+  // Build an initialier for the __roots array.
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* roots_init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc,
+                                                 count + 1);
+
+  size_t i = 0;
+  for (std::vector<Named_object*>::const_iterator p = var_gc.begin();
+       p != var_gc.end();
+       ++p, ++i)
+    {
+      VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+
+      constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+      tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(root_type);
+      elt->index = field;
+      tree decl = (*p)->get_tree(this, NULL);
+      gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(decl) == VAR_DECL);
+      elt->value = build_fold_addr_expr(decl);
+
+      elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+      field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+      elt->index = field;
+      elt->value = DECL_SIZE_UNIT(decl);
+
+      elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, roots_init, NULL);
+      elt->index = size_int(i);
+      elt->value = build_constructor(root_type, init);
+    }
+
+  // The list ends with a NULL entry.
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(root_type);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), null_pointer_node);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = size_zero_node;
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, roots_init, NULL);
+  elt->index = size_int(i);
+  elt->value = build_constructor(root_type, init);
+
+  // Build a constructor for the struct.
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc*) root_list_init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, root_list_init, NULL);
+  field = TYPE_FIELDS(root_list_type);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), null_pointer_node);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, root_list_init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = build_constructor(array_type, roots_init);
+
+  // Build a decl to register.
+
+  tree decl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, VAR_DECL,
+                        create_tmp_var_name("gc"), root_list_type);
+  DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 0;
+  TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 0;
+  TREE_STATIC(decl) = 1;
+  DECL_ARTIFICIAL(decl) = 1;
+  DECL_INITIAL(decl) = build_constructor(root_list_type, root_list_init);
+  rest_of_decl_compilation(decl, 1, 0);
+
+  static tree register_gc_fndecl;
+  tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&register_gc_fndecl, BUILTINS_LOCATION,
+                                "__go_register_gc_roots",
+                                1,
+                                void_type_node,
+                                build_pointer_type(root_list_type),
+                                build_fold_addr_expr(decl));
+  append_to_statement_list(call, init_stmt_list);
+}
+
+// Build the decl for the initialization function.
+
+tree
+Gogo::initialization_function_decl()
+{
+  // The tedious details of building your own function.  There doesn't
+  // seem to be a helper function for this.
+  std::string name = this->package_name() + ".init";
+  tree fndecl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, FUNCTION_DECL,
+                          get_identifier_from_string(name),
+                          build_function_type(void_type_node,
+                                              void_list_node));
+  const std::string& asm_name(this->get_init_fn_name());
+  SET_DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(fndecl, get_identifier_from_string(asm_name));
+
+  tree resdecl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, RESULT_DECL, NULL_TREE,
+                           void_type_node);
+  DECL_ARTIFICIAL(resdecl) = 1;
+  DECL_CONTEXT(resdecl) = fndecl;
+  DECL_RESULT(fndecl) = resdecl;
+
+  TREE_STATIC(fndecl) = 1;
+  TREE_USED(fndecl) = 1;
+  DECL_ARTIFICIAL(fndecl) = 1;
+  TREE_PUBLIC(fndecl) = 1;
+
+  DECL_INITIAL(fndecl) = make_node(BLOCK);
+  TREE_USED(DECL_INITIAL(fndecl)) = 1;
+
+  return fndecl;
+}
+
+// Create the magic initialization function.  INIT_STMT_LIST is the
+// code that it needs to run.
+
+void
+Gogo::write_initialization_function(tree fndecl, tree init_stmt_list)
+{
+  // Make sure that we thought we needed an initialization function,
+  // as otherwise we will not have reported it in the export data.
+  gcc_assert(this->package_name() == "main" || this->need_init_fn_);
+
+  if (fndecl == NULL_TREE)
+    fndecl = this->initialization_function_decl();
+
+  DECL_SAVED_TREE(fndecl) = init_stmt_list;
+
+  current_function_decl = fndecl;
+  if (DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(fndecl) == NULL)
+    push_struct_function(fndecl);
+  else
+    push_cfun(DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(fndecl));
+  cfun->function_end_locus = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  gimplify_function_tree(fndecl);
+
+  cgraph_add_new_function(fndecl, false);
+  cgraph_mark_needed_node(cgraph_node(fndecl));
+
+  current_function_decl = NULL_TREE;
+  pop_cfun();
+}
+
+// Search for references to VAR in any statements or called functions.
+
+class Find_var : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  // A hash table we use to avoid looping.  The index is the name of a
+  // named object.  We only look through objects defined in this
+  // package.
+  typedef Unordered_set(std::string) Seen_objects;
+
+  Find_var(Named_object* var, Seen_objects* seen_objects)
+    : Traverse(traverse_expressions),
+      var_(var), seen_objects_(seen_objects), found_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Whether the variable was found.
+  bool
+  found() const
+  { return this->found_; }
+
+  int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+ private:
+  // The variable we are looking for.
+  Named_object* var_;
+  // Names of objects we have already seen.
+  Seen_objects* seen_objects_;
+  // True if the variable was found.
+  bool found_;
+};
+
+// See if EXPR refers to VAR, looking through function calls and
+// variable initializations.
+
+int
+Find_var::expression(Expression** pexpr)
+{
+  Expression* e = *pexpr;
+
+  Var_expression* ve = e->var_expression();
+  if (ve != NULL)
+    {
+      Named_object* v = ve->named_object();
+      if (v == this->var_)
+       {
+         this->found_ = true;
+         return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+       }
+
+      if (v->is_variable() && v->package() == NULL)
+       {
+         Expression* init = v->var_value()->init();
+         if (init != NULL)
+           {
+             std::pair<Seen_objects::iterator, bool> ins =
+               this->seen_objects_->insert(v->name());
+             if (ins.second)
+               {
+                 // This is the first time we have seen this name.
+                 if (Expression::traverse(&init, this) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  // We traverse the code of any function we see.  Note that this
+  // means that we will traverse the code of a function whose address
+  // is taken even if it is not called.
+  Func_expression* fe = e->func_expression();
+  if (fe != NULL)
+    {
+      const Named_object* f = fe->named_object();
+      if (f->is_function() && f->package() == NULL)
+       {
+         std::pair<Seen_objects::iterator, bool> ins =
+           this->seen_objects_->insert(f->name());
+         if (ins.second)
+           {
+             // This is the first time we have seen this name.
+             if (f->func_value()->block()->traverse(this) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Return true if EXPR refers to VAR.
+
+static bool
+expression_requires(Expression* expr, Block* preinit, Named_object* var)
+{
+  Find_var::Seen_objects seen_objects;
+  Find_var find_var(var, &seen_objects);
+  if (expr != NULL)
+    Expression::traverse(&expr, &find_var);
+  if (preinit != NULL)
+    preinit->traverse(&find_var);
+  
+  return find_var.found();
+}
+
+// Sort variable initializations.  If the initialization expression
+// for variable A refers directly or indirectly to the initialization
+// expression for variable B, then we must initialize B before A.
+
+class Var_init
+{
+ public:
+  Var_init()
+    : var_(NULL), init_(NULL_TREE), waiting_(0)
+  { }
+
+  Var_init(Named_object* var, tree init)
+    : var_(var), init_(init), waiting_(0)
+  { }
+
+  // Return the variable.
+  Named_object*
+  var() const
+  { return this->var_; }
+
+  // Return the initialization expression.
+  tree
+  init() const
+  { return this->init_; }
+
+  // Return the number of variables waiting for this one to be
+  // initialized.
+  size_t
+  waiting() const
+  { return this->waiting_; }
+
+  // Increment the number waiting.
+  void
+  increment_waiting()
+  { ++this->waiting_; }
+
+ private:
+  // The variable being initialized.
+  Named_object* var_;
+  // The initialization expression to run.
+  tree init_;
+  // The number of variables which are waiting for this one.
+  size_t waiting_;
+};
+
+typedef std::list<Var_init> Var_inits;
+
+// Sort the variable initializations.  The rule we follow is that we
+// emit them in the order they appear in the array, except that if the
+// initialization expression for a variable V1 depends upon another
+// variable V2 then we initialize V1 after V2.
+
+static void
+sort_var_inits(Var_inits* var_inits)
+{
+  Var_inits ready;
+  while (!var_inits->empty())
+    {
+      Var_inits::iterator p1 = var_inits->begin();
+      Named_object* var = p1->var();
+      Expression* init = var->var_value()->init();
+      Block* preinit = var->var_value()->preinit();
+
+      // Start walking through the list to see which variables VAR
+      // needs to wait for.  We can skip P1->WAITING variables--that
+      // is the number we've already checked.
+      Var_inits::iterator p2 = p1;
+      ++p2;
+      for (size_t i = p1->waiting(); i > 0; --i)
+       ++p2;
+
+      for (; p2 != var_inits->end(); ++p2)
+       {
+         if (expression_requires(init, preinit, p2->var()))
+           {
+             // Check for cycles.
+             if (expression_requires(p2->var()->var_value()->init(),
+                                     p2->var()->var_value()->preinit(),
+                                     var))
+               {
+                 error_at(var->location(),
+                          ("initialization expressions for %qs and "
+                           "%qs depend upon each other"),
+                          var->message_name().c_str(),
+                          p2->var()->message_name().c_str());
+                 inform(p2->var()->location(), "%qs defined here",
+                        p2->var()->message_name().c_str());
+                 p2 = var_inits->end();
+               }
+             else
+               {
+                 // We can't emit P1 until P2 is emitted.  Move P1.
+                 // Note that the WAITING loop always executes at
+                 // least once, which is what we want.
+                 p2->increment_waiting();
+                 Var_inits::iterator p3 = p2;
+                 for (size_t i = p2->waiting(); i > 0; --i)
+                   ++p3;
+                 var_inits->splice(p3, *var_inits, p1);
+               }
+             break;
+           }
+       }
+
+      if (p2 == var_inits->end())
+       {
+         // VAR does not depends upon any other initialization expressions.
+
+         // Check for a loop of VAR on itself.  We only do this if
+         // INIT is not NULL; when INIT is NULL, it means that
+         // PREINIT sets VAR, which we will interpret as a loop.
+         if (init != NULL && expression_requires(init, preinit, var))
+           error_at(var->location(),
+                    "initialization expression for %qs depends upon itself",
+                    var->message_name().c_str());
+         ready.splice(ready.end(), *var_inits, p1);
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Now READY is the list in the desired initialization order.
+  var_inits->swap(ready);
+}
+
+// Write out the global definitions.
+
+void
+Gogo::write_globals()
+{
+  Bindings* bindings = this->current_bindings();
+  size_t count = bindings->size_definitions();
+
+  tree* vec = new tree[count];
+
+  tree init_fndecl = NULL_TREE;
+  tree init_stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
+
+  if (this->package_name() == "main")
+    this->init_imports(&init_stmt_list);
+
+  // A list of variable initializations.
+  Var_inits var_inits;
+
+  // A list of variables which need to be registered with the garbage
+  // collector.
+  std::vector<Named_object*> var_gc;
+  var_gc.reserve(count);
+
+  tree var_init_stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
+  size_t i = 0;
+  for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator p = bindings->begin_definitions();
+       p != bindings->end_definitions();
+       ++p, ++i)
+    {
+      Named_object* no = *p;
+
+      gcc_assert(!no->is_type_declaration() && !no->is_function_declaration());
+      // There is nothing to do for a package.
+      if (no->is_package())
+       {
+         --i;
+         --count;
+         continue;
+       }
+
+      // There is nothing to do for an object which was imported from
+      // a different package into the global scope.
+      if (no->package() != NULL)
+       {
+         --i;
+         --count;
+         continue;
+       }
+
+      // There is nothing useful we can output for constants which
+      // have ideal or non-integeral type.
+      if (no->is_const())
+       {
+         Type* type = no->const_value()->type();
+         if (type == NULL)
+           type = no->const_value()->expr()->type();
+         if (type->is_abstract() || type->integer_type() == NULL)
+           {
+             --i;
+             --count;
+             continue;
+           }
+       }
+
+      vec[i] = no->get_tree(this, NULL);
+
+      if (vec[i] == error_mark_node)
+       {
+         gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+         --i;
+         --count;
+         continue;
+       }
+
+      // If a variable is initialized to a non-constant value, do the
+      // initialization in an initialization function.
+      if (TREE_CODE(vec[i]) == VAR_DECL)
+       {
+         gcc_assert(no->is_variable());
+
+         // Check for a sink variable, which may be used to run
+         // an initializer purely for its side effects.
+         bool is_sink = no->name()[0] == '_' && no->name()[1] == '.';
+
+         tree var_init_tree = NULL_TREE;
+         if (!no->var_value()->has_pre_init())
+           {
+             tree init = no->var_value()->get_init_tree(this, NULL);
+             if (init == error_mark_node)
+               gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+             else if (init == NULL_TREE)
+               ;
+             else if (TREE_CONSTANT(init))
+               DECL_INITIAL(vec[i]) = init;
+             else if (is_sink)
+               var_init_tree = init;
+             else
+               var_init_tree = fold_build2_loc(no->location(), MODIFY_EXPR,
+                                               void_type_node, vec[i], init);
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             // We are going to create temporary variables which
+             // means that we need an fndecl.
+             if (init_fndecl == NULL_TREE)
+               init_fndecl = this->initialization_function_decl();
+             current_function_decl = init_fndecl;
+             if (DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(init_fndecl) == NULL)
+               push_struct_function(init_fndecl);
+             else
+               push_cfun(DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(init_fndecl));
+
+             tree var_decl = is_sink ? NULL_TREE : vec[i];
+             var_init_tree = no->var_value()->get_init_block(this, NULL,
+                                                             var_decl);
+
+             current_function_decl = NULL_TREE;
+             pop_cfun();
+           }
+
+         if (var_init_tree != NULL_TREE)
+           {
+             if (no->var_value()->init() == NULL
+                 && !no->var_value()->has_pre_init())
+               append_to_statement_list(var_init_tree, &var_init_stmt_list);
+             else
+               var_inits.push_back(Var_init(no, var_init_tree));
+           }
+
+         if (!is_sink && no->var_value()->type()->has_pointer())
+           var_gc.push_back(no);
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Register global variables with the garbage collector.
+  this->register_gc_vars(var_gc, &init_stmt_list);
+
+  // Simple variable initializations, after all variables are
+  // registered.
+  append_to_statement_list(var_init_stmt_list, &init_stmt_list);
+
+  // Complex variable initializations, first sorting them into a
+  // workable order.
+  if (!var_inits.empty())
+    {
+      sort_var_inits(&var_inits);
+      for (Var_inits::const_iterator p = var_inits.begin();
+          p != var_inits.end();
+          ++p)
+       append_to_statement_list(p->init(), &init_stmt_list);
+    }
+
+  // After all the variables are initialized, call the "init"
+  // functions if there are any.
+  for (std::vector<Named_object*>::const_iterator p =
+        this->init_functions_.begin();
+       p != this->init_functions_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      tree decl = (*p)->get_tree(this, NULL);
+      tree call = build_call_expr(decl, 0);
+      append_to_statement_list(call, &init_stmt_list);
+    }
+
+  // Set up a magic function to do all the initialization actions.
+  // This will be called if this package is imported.
+  if (init_stmt_list != NULL_TREE
+      || this->need_init_fn_
+      || this->package_name() == "main")
+    this->write_initialization_function(init_fndecl, init_stmt_list);
+
+  // Pass everything back to the middle-end.
+
+  if (this->imported_unsafe_)
+    {
+      // Importing the "unsafe" package automatically disables TBAA.
+      flag_strict_aliasing = false;
+
+      // This is a real hack.  init_varasm_once has already grabbed an
+      // alias set, which we don't want when we aren't going strict
+      // aliasing.  We reinitialize to make it do it again.  FIXME.
+      init_varasm_once();
+    }
+
+  wrapup_global_declarations(vec, count);
+
+  cgraph_finalize_compilation_unit();
+
+  check_global_declarations(vec, count);
+  emit_debug_global_declarations(vec, count);
+
+  delete[] vec;
+}
+
+// Get a tree for the identifier for a named object.
+
+tree
+Named_object::get_id(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  std::string decl_name;
+  if (this->is_function_declaration()
+      && !this->func_declaration_value()->asm_name().empty())
+    decl_name = this->func_declaration_value()->asm_name();
+  else if ((this->is_variable() && !this->var_value()->is_global())
+          || (this->is_type()
+              && this->type_value()->location() == BUILTINS_LOCATION))
+    {
+      // We don't need the package name for local variables or builtin
+      // types.
+      decl_name = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(this->name_);
+    }
+  else if (this->is_function()
+          && !this->func_value()->is_method()
+          && this->package_ == NULL
+          && Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(this->name_) == "init")
+    {
+      // A single package can have multiple "init" functions, which
+      // means that we need to give them different names.
+      static int init_index;
+      char buf[20];
+      snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%d", init_index);
+      ++init_index;
+      decl_name = gogo->package_name() + ".init." + buf;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      std::string package_name;
+      if (this->package_ == NULL)
+       package_name = gogo->package_name();
+      else
+       package_name = this->package_->name();
+
+      decl_name = package_name + '.' + Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(this->name_);
+
+      Function_type* fntype;
+      if (this->is_function())
+       fntype = this->func_value()->type();
+      else if (this->is_function_declaration())
+       fntype = this->func_declaration_value()->type();
+      else
+       fntype = NULL;
+      if (fntype != NULL && fntype->is_method())
+       {
+         decl_name.push_back('.');
+         decl_name.append(fntype->receiver()->type()->mangled_name(gogo));
+       }
+    }
+  if (this->is_type())
+    {
+      const Named_object* in_function = this->type_value()->in_function();
+      if (in_function != NULL)
+       decl_name += '$' + in_function->name();
+    }
+  return get_identifier_from_string(decl_name);
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a named object.
+
+tree
+Named_object::get_tree(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function)
+{
+  if (this->tree_ != NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      // If this is a variable whose address is taken, we must rebuild
+      // the INDIRECT_REF each time to avoid invalid sharing.
+      tree ret = this->tree_;
+      if (((this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_VAR
+           && this->var_value()->is_in_heap())
+          || (this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR
+              && this->result_var_value()->is_in_heap()))
+         && ret != error_mark_node)
+       {
+         gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(ret) == INDIRECT_REF);
+         ret = build_fold_indirect_ref(TREE_OPERAND(ret, 0));
+         TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(ret) = 1;
+       }
+      return ret;
+    }
+
+  tree name;
+  if (this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE)
+    name = NULL_TREE;
+  else
+    name = this->get_id(gogo);
+  tree decl;
+  switch (this->classification_)
+    {
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+      {
+       Named_constant* named_constant = this->u_.const_value;
+       Translate_context subcontext(gogo, function, NULL, NULL_TREE);
+       tree expr_tree = named_constant->expr()->get_tree(&subcontext);
+       if (expr_tree == error_mark_node)
+         decl = error_mark_node;
+       else
+         {
+           Type* type = named_constant->type();
+           if (type != NULL && !type->is_abstract())
+             expr_tree = fold_convert(type->get_tree(gogo), expr_tree);
+           if (expr_tree == error_mark_node)
+             decl = error_mark_node;
+           else if (INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(expr_tree)))
+             {
+               decl = build_decl(named_constant->location(), CONST_DECL,
+                                 name, TREE_TYPE(expr_tree));
+               DECL_INITIAL(decl) = expr_tree;
+               TREE_CONSTANT(decl) = 1;
+               TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+             }
+           else
+             {
+               // A CONST_DECL is only for an enum constant, so we
+               // shouldn't use for non-integral types.  Instead we
+               // just return the constant itself, rather than a
+               // decl.
+               decl = expr_tree;
+             }
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE:
+      {
+       Named_type* named_type = this->u_.type_value;
+       tree type_tree = named_type->get_tree(gogo);
+       if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+         decl = error_mark_node;
+       else
+         {
+           decl = TYPE_NAME(type_tree);
+           gcc_assert(decl != NULL_TREE);
+
+           // We need to produce a type descriptor for every named
+           // type, and for a pointer to every named type, since
+           // other files or packages might refer to them.  We need
+           // to do this even for hidden types, because they might
+           // still be returned by some function.  Simply calling the
+           // type_descriptor method is enough to create the type
+           // descriptor, even though we don't do anything with it.
+           if (this->package_ == NULL)
+             {
+               named_type->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo);
+               Type* pn = Type::make_pointer_type(named_type);
+               pn->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo);
+             }
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION:
+      error("reference to undefined type %qs",
+           this->message_name().c_str());
+      return error_mark_node;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+      {
+       Variable* var = this->u_.var_value;
+       Type* type = var->type();
+       if (type->is_error_type()
+           || (type->is_undefined()
+               && (!var->is_global() || this->package() == NULL)))
+         {
+           // Force the error for an undefined type, just in case.
+           type->base();
+           decl = error_mark_node;
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           tree var_type = type->get_tree(gogo);
+           bool is_parameter = var->is_parameter();
+           if (var->is_receiver() && type->points_to() == NULL)
+             is_parameter = false;
+           if (var->is_in_heap())
+             {
+               is_parameter = false;
+               var_type = build_pointer_type(var_type);
+             }
+           decl = build_decl(var->location(),
+                             is_parameter ? PARM_DECL : VAR_DECL,
+                             name, var_type);
+           if (!var->is_global())
+             {
+               tree fnid = function->get_id(gogo);
+               tree fndecl = function->func_value()->get_or_make_decl(gogo,
+                                                                      function,
+                                                                      fnid);
+               DECL_CONTEXT(decl) = fndecl;
+             }
+           if (is_parameter)
+             DECL_ARG_TYPE(decl) = TREE_TYPE(decl);
+
+           if (var->is_global())
+             {
+               const Package* package = this->package();
+               if (package == NULL)
+                 TREE_STATIC(decl) = 1;
+               else
+                 DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 1;
+               if (!Gogo::is_hidden_name(this->name_))
+                 {
+                   TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
+                   std::string asm_name = (package == NULL
+                                           ? gogo->unique_prefix()
+                                           : package->unique_prefix());
+                   asm_name.append(1, '.');
+                   asm_name.append(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(name),
+                                   IDENTIFIER_LENGTH(name));
+                   tree asm_id = get_identifier_from_string(asm_name);
+                   SET_DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(decl, asm_id);
+                 }
+             }
+
+           // FIXME: We should only set this for variables which are
+           // actually used somewhere.
+           TREE_USED(decl) = 1;
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR:
+      {
+       Result_variable* result = this->u_.result_var_value;
+       Type* type = result->type();
+       if (type->is_error_type() || type->is_undefined())
+         {
+           // Force the error.
+           type->base();
+           decl = error_mark_node;
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           gcc_assert(result->function() == function->func_value());
+           source_location loc = function->location();
+           tree result_type = type->get_tree(gogo);
+           tree init;
+           if (!result->is_in_heap())
+             init = type->get_init_tree(gogo, false);
+           else
+             {
+               tree space = gogo->allocate_memory(type,
+                                                  TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(result_type),
+                                                  loc);
+               result_type = build_pointer_type(result_type);
+               tree subinit = type->get_init_tree(gogo, true);
+               if (subinit == NULL_TREE)
+                 init = fold_convert_loc(loc, result_type, space);
+               else
+                 {
+                   space = save_expr(space);
+                   space = fold_convert_loc(loc, result_type, space);
+                   tree spaceref = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(loc, space);
+                   TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(spaceref) = 1;
+                   tree set = fold_build2_loc(loc, MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                              spaceref, subinit);
+                   init = fold_build2_loc(loc, COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(space),
+                                          set, space);
+                 }
+             }
+           decl = build_decl(loc, VAR_DECL, name, result_type);
+           tree fnid = function->get_id(gogo);
+           tree fndecl = function->func_value()->get_or_make_decl(gogo,
+                                                                  function,
+                                                                  fnid);
+           DECL_CONTEXT(decl) = fndecl;
+           DECL_INITIAL(decl) = init;
+           TREE_USED(decl) = 1;
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_SINK:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+      {
+       Function* func = this->u_.func_value;
+       decl = func->get_or_make_decl(gogo, this, name);
+       if (decl != error_mark_node)
+         {
+           if (func->block() != NULL)
+             {
+               if (DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(decl) == NULL)
+                 push_struct_function(decl);
+               else
+                 push_cfun(DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(decl));
+
+               cfun->function_end_locus = func->block()->end_location();
+
+               current_function_decl = decl;
+
+               func->build_tree(gogo, this);
+
+               gimplify_function_tree(decl);
+
+               cgraph_finalize_function(decl, true);
+
+               current_function_decl = NULL_TREE;
+               pop_cfun();
+             }
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  if (TREE_TYPE(decl) == error_mark_node)
+    decl = error_mark_node;
+
+  tree ret = decl;
+
+  // If this is a local variable whose address is taken, then we
+  // actually store it in the heap.  For uses of the variable we need
+  // to return a reference to that heap location.
+  if (((this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_VAR
+       && this->var_value()->is_in_heap())
+       || (this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR
+          && this->result_var_value()->is_in_heap()))
+      && ret != error_mark_node)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(ret)));
+      ret = build_fold_indirect_ref(ret);
+      TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(ret) = 1;
+    }
+
+  this->tree_ = ret;
+
+  if (ret != error_mark_node)
+    go_preserve_from_gc(ret);
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Get the initial value of a variable as a tree.  This does not
+// consider whether the variable is in the heap--it returns the
+// initial value as though it were always stored in the stack.
+
+tree
+Variable::get_init_tree(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->preinit_ == NULL);
+  if (this->init_ == NULL)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(!this->is_parameter_);
+      return this->type_->get_init_tree(gogo, this->is_global_);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Translate_context context(gogo, function, NULL, NULL_TREE);
+      tree rhs_tree = this->init_->get_tree(&context);
+      return Expression::convert_for_assignment(&context, this->type(),
+                                               this->init_->type(),
+                                               rhs_tree, this->location());
+    }
+}
+
+// Get the initial value of a variable when a block is required.
+// VAR_DECL is the decl to set; it may be NULL for a sink variable.
+
+tree
+Variable::get_init_block(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function, tree var_decl)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->preinit_ != NULL);
+
+  // We want to add the variable assignment to the end of the preinit
+  // block.  The preinit block may have a TRY_FINALLY_EXPR and a
+  // TRY_CATCH_EXPR; if it does, we want to add to the end of the
+  // regular statements.
+
+  Translate_context context(gogo, function, NULL, NULL_TREE);
+  tree block_tree = this->preinit_->get_tree(&context);
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(block_tree) == BIND_EXPR);
+  tree statements = BIND_EXPR_BODY(block_tree);
+  while (TREE_CODE(statements) == TRY_FINALLY_EXPR
+        || TREE_CODE(statements) == TRY_CATCH_EXPR)
+    statements = TREE_OPERAND(statements, 0);
+
+  // It's possible to have pre-init statements without an initializer
+  // if the pre-init statements set the variable.
+  if (this->init_ != NULL)
+    {
+      tree rhs_tree = this->init_->get_tree(&context);
+      if (var_decl == NULL_TREE)
+       append_to_statement_list(rhs_tree, &statements);
+      else
+       {
+         tree val = Expression::convert_for_assignment(&context, this->type(),
+                                                       this->init_->type(),
+                                                       rhs_tree,
+                                                       this->location());
+         tree set = fold_build2_loc(this->location(), MODIFY_EXPR,
+                                    void_type_node, var_decl, val);
+         append_to_statement_list(set, &statements);
+       }
+    }
+
+  return block_tree;
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a function decl.
+
+tree
+Function::get_or_make_decl(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* no, tree id)
+{
+  if (this->fndecl_ == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      tree functype = this->type_->get_tree(gogo);
+      if (functype == error_mark_node)
+       this->fndecl_ = error_mark_node;
+      else
+       {
+         // The type of a function comes back as a pointer, but we
+         // want the real function type for a function declaration.
+         gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(functype));
+         functype = TREE_TYPE(functype);
+         tree decl = build_decl(this->location(), FUNCTION_DECL, id, functype);
+
+         this->fndecl_ = decl;
+
+         gcc_assert(no->package() == NULL);
+         if (this->enclosing_ != NULL || Gogo::is_thunk(no))
+           ;
+         else if (Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(no->name()) == "init"
+                  && !this->type_->is_method())
+           ;
+         else if (Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(no->name()) == "main"
+                  && gogo->package_name() == "main")
+           TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
+         // Methods have to be public even if they are hidden because
+         // they can be pulled into type descriptors when using
+         // anonymous fields.
+         else if (!Gogo::is_hidden_name(no->name())
+                  || this->type_->is_method())
+           {
+             TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
+             std::string asm_name = gogo->unique_prefix();
+             asm_name.append(1, '.');
+             asm_name.append(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(id), IDENTIFIER_LENGTH(id));
+             SET_DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(decl,
+                                     get_identifier_from_string(asm_name));
+           }
+
+         // Why do we have to do this in the frontend?
+         tree restype = TREE_TYPE(functype);
+         tree resdecl = build_decl(this->location(), RESULT_DECL, NULL_TREE,
+                                   restype);
+         DECL_ARTIFICIAL(resdecl) = 1;
+         DECL_IGNORED_P(resdecl) = 1;
+         DECL_CONTEXT(resdecl) = decl;
+         DECL_RESULT(decl) = resdecl;
+
+         if (this->enclosing_ != NULL)
+           DECL_STATIC_CHAIN(decl) = 1;
+
+         // If a function calls the predeclared recover function, we
+         // can't inline it, because recover behaves differently in a
+         // function passed directly to defer.
+         if (this->calls_recover_ && !this->is_recover_thunk_)
+           DECL_UNINLINABLE(decl) = 1;
+
+         // If this is a thunk created to call a function which calls
+         // the predeclared recover function, we need to disable
+         // stack splitting for the thunk.
+         if (this->is_recover_thunk_)
+           {
+             tree attr = get_identifier("__no_split_stack__");
+             DECL_ATTRIBUTES(decl) = tree_cons(attr, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE);
+           }
+
+         go_preserve_from_gc(decl);
+
+         if (this->closure_var_ != NULL)
+           {
+             push_struct_function(decl);
+
+             tree closure_decl = this->closure_var_->get_tree(gogo, no);
+
+             DECL_ARTIFICIAL(closure_decl) = 1;
+             DECL_IGNORED_P(closure_decl) = 1;
+             TREE_USED(closure_decl) = 1;
+             DECL_ARG_TYPE(closure_decl) = TREE_TYPE(closure_decl);
+             TREE_READONLY(closure_decl) = 1;
+
+             DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(decl)->static_chain_decl = closure_decl;
+             pop_cfun();
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  return this->fndecl_;
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a function declaration.
+
+tree
+Function_declaration::get_or_make_decl(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* no, tree id)
+{
+  if (this->fndecl_ == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      // Let Go code use an asm declaration to pick up a builtin
+      // function.
+      if (!this->asm_name_.empty())
+       {
+         std::map<std::string, tree>::const_iterator p =
+           builtin_functions.find(this->asm_name_);
+         if (p != builtin_functions.end())
+           {
+             this->fndecl_ = p->second;
+             return this->fndecl_;
+           }
+       }
+
+      tree functype = this->fntype_->get_tree(gogo);
+      tree decl;
+      if (functype == error_mark_node)
+       decl = error_mark_node;
+      else
+       {
+         // The type of a function comes back as a pointer, but we
+         // want the real function type for a function declaration.
+         gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(functype));
+         functype = TREE_TYPE(functype);
+         decl = build_decl(this->location(), FUNCTION_DECL, id, functype);
+         TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
+         DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 1;
+
+         if (this->asm_name_.empty())
+           {
+             std::string asm_name = (no->package() == NULL
+                                     ? gogo->unique_prefix()
+                                     : no->package()->unique_prefix());
+             asm_name.append(1, '.');
+             asm_name.append(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(id), IDENTIFIER_LENGTH(id));
+             SET_DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(decl,
+                                     get_identifier_from_string(asm_name));
+           }
+       }
+      this->fndecl_ = decl;
+      go_preserve_from_gc(decl);
+    }
+  return this->fndecl_;
+}
+
+// We always pass the receiver to a method as a pointer.  If the
+// receiver is actually declared as a non-pointer type, then we copy
+// the value into a local variable, so that it has the right type.  In
+// this function we create the real PARM_DECL to use, and set
+// DEC_INITIAL of the var_decl to be the value passed in.
+
+tree
+Function::make_receiver_parm_decl(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* no, tree var_decl)
+{
+  // If the function takes the address of a receiver which is passed
+  // by value, then we will have an INDIRECT_REF here.  We need to get
+  // the real variable.
+  bool is_in_heap = no->var_value()->is_in_heap();
+  tree val_type;
+  if (TREE_CODE(var_decl) != INDIRECT_REF)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(!is_in_heap);
+      val_type = TREE_TYPE(var_decl);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      gcc_assert(is_in_heap);
+      var_decl = TREE_OPERAND(var_decl, 0);
+      gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(var_decl)));
+      val_type = TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(var_decl));
+    }
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(var_decl) == VAR_DECL);
+  source_location loc = DECL_SOURCE_LOCATION(var_decl);
+  std::string name = IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(var_decl));
+  name += ".pointer";
+  tree id = get_identifier_from_string(name);
+  tree parm_decl = build_decl(loc, PARM_DECL, id, build_pointer_type(val_type));
+  DECL_CONTEXT(parm_decl) = current_function_decl;
+  DECL_ARG_TYPE(parm_decl) = TREE_TYPE(parm_decl);
+
+  gcc_assert(DECL_INITIAL(var_decl) == NULL_TREE);
+  // The receiver might be passed as a null pointer.
+  tree check = fold_build2_loc(loc, NE_EXPR, boolean_type_node, parm_decl,
+                              fold_convert_loc(loc, TREE_TYPE(parm_decl),
+                                               null_pointer_node));
+  tree ind = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(loc, parm_decl);
+  TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(ind) = 1;
+  tree zero_init = no->var_value()->type()->get_init_tree(gogo, false);
+  tree init = fold_build3_loc(loc, COND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(ind),
+                             check, ind, zero_init);
+
+  if (is_in_heap)
+    {
+      tree size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(val_type);
+      tree space = gogo->allocate_memory(no->var_value()->type(), size,
+                                        no->location());
+      space = save_expr(space);
+      space = fold_convert(build_pointer_type(val_type), space);
+      tree spaceref = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(no->location(), space);
+      TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(spaceref) = 1;
+      tree check = fold_build2_loc(loc, NE_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                                  parm_decl,
+                                  fold_convert_loc(loc, TREE_TYPE(parm_decl),
+                                                   null_pointer_node));
+      tree parmref = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(no->location(), parm_decl);
+      TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(parmref) = 1;
+      tree set = fold_build2_loc(loc, MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                spaceref, parmref);
+      init = fold_build2_loc(loc, COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(space),
+                            build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                   check, set, NULL_TREE),
+                            space);
+    }
+
+  DECL_INITIAL(var_decl) = init;
+
+  return parm_decl;
+}
+
+// If we take the address of a parameter, then we need to copy it into
+// the heap.  We will access it as a local variable via an
+// indirection.
+
+tree
+Function::copy_parm_to_heap(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* no, tree ref)
+{
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(ref) == INDIRECT_REF);
+
+  tree var_decl = TREE_OPERAND(ref, 0);
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(var_decl) == VAR_DECL);
+  source_location loc = DECL_SOURCE_LOCATION(var_decl);
+
+  std::string name = IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(var_decl));
+  name += ".param";
+  tree id = get_identifier_from_string(name);
+
+  tree type = TREE_TYPE(var_decl);
+  gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(type));
+  type = TREE_TYPE(type);
+
+  tree parm_decl = build_decl(loc, PARM_DECL, id, type);
+  DECL_CONTEXT(parm_decl) = current_function_decl;
+  DECL_ARG_TYPE(parm_decl) = type;
+
+  tree size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(type);
+  tree space = gogo->allocate_memory(no->var_value()->type(), size, loc);
+  space = save_expr(space);
+  space = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(var_decl), space);
+  tree spaceref = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(loc, space);
+  TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(spaceref) = 1;
+  tree init = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(space),
+                    build2(MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node, spaceref, parm_decl),
+                    space);
+  DECL_INITIAL(var_decl) = init;
+
+  return parm_decl;
+}
+
+// Get a tree for function code.
+
+void
+Function::build_tree(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* named_function)
+{
+  tree fndecl = this->fndecl_;
+  gcc_assert(fndecl != NULL_TREE);
+
+  tree params = NULL_TREE;
+  tree* pp = &params;
+
+  tree declare_vars = NULL_TREE;
+  for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator p =
+        this->block_->bindings()->begin_definitions();
+       p != this->block_->bindings()->end_definitions();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if ((*p)->is_variable() && (*p)->var_value()->is_parameter())
+       {
+         *pp = (*p)->get_tree(gogo, named_function);
+
+         // We always pass the receiver to a method as a pointer.  If
+         // the receiver is declared as a non-pointer type, then we
+         // copy the value into a local variable.
+         if ((*p)->var_value()->is_receiver()
+             && (*p)->var_value()->type()->points_to() == NULL)
+           {
+             tree parm_decl = this->make_receiver_parm_decl(gogo, *p, *pp);
+             tree var = *pp;
+             if (TREE_CODE(var) == INDIRECT_REF)
+               var = TREE_OPERAND(var, 0);
+             gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(var) == VAR_DECL);
+             DECL_CHAIN(var) = declare_vars;
+             declare_vars = var;
+             *pp = parm_decl;
+           }
+         else if ((*p)->var_value()->is_in_heap())
+           {
+             // If we take the address of a parameter, then we need
+             // to copy it into the heap.
+             tree parm_decl = this->copy_parm_to_heap(gogo, *p, *pp);
+             gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(*pp) == INDIRECT_REF);
+             tree var_decl = TREE_OPERAND(*pp, 0);
+             gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(var_decl) == VAR_DECL);
+             DECL_CHAIN(var_decl) = declare_vars;
+             declare_vars = var_decl;
+             *pp = parm_decl;
+           }
+
+         if (*pp != error_mark_node)
+           {
+             gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(*pp) == PARM_DECL);
+             pp = &DECL_CHAIN(*pp);
+           }
+       }
+      else if ((*p)->is_result_variable())
+       {
+         tree var_decl = (*p)->get_tree(gogo, named_function);
+         if ((*p)->result_var_value()->is_in_heap())
+           {
+             gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(var_decl) == INDIRECT_REF);
+             var_decl = TREE_OPERAND(var_decl, 0);
+           }
+         gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(var_decl) == VAR_DECL);
+         DECL_CHAIN(var_decl) = declare_vars;
+         declare_vars = var_decl;
+       }
+    }
+  *pp = NULL_TREE;
+
+  DECL_ARGUMENTS(fndecl) = params;
+
+  if (this->block_ != NULL)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(DECL_INITIAL(fndecl) == NULL_TREE);
+
+      // Declare variables if necessary.
+      tree bind = NULL_TREE;
+      if (declare_vars != NULL_TREE)
+       {
+         tree block = make_node(BLOCK);
+         BLOCK_SUPERCONTEXT(block) = fndecl;
+         DECL_INITIAL(fndecl) = block;
+         BLOCK_VARS(block) = declare_vars;
+         TREE_USED(block) = 1;
+         bind = build3(BIND_EXPR, void_type_node, BLOCK_VARS(block),
+                       NULL_TREE, block);
+         TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS(bind) = 1;
+       }
+
+      // Build the trees for all the statements in the function.
+      Translate_context context(gogo, named_function, NULL, NULL_TREE);
+      tree code = this->block_->get_tree(&context);
+
+      tree init = NULL_TREE;
+      tree except = NULL_TREE;
+      tree fini = NULL_TREE;
+
+      // Initialize variables if necessary.
+      for (tree v = declare_vars; v != NULL_TREE; v = DECL_CHAIN(v))
+       {
+         tree dv = build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, v);
+         SET_EXPR_LOCATION(dv, DECL_SOURCE_LOCATION(v));
+         append_to_statement_list(dv, &init);
+       }
+
+      // If we have a defer stack, initialize it at the start of a
+      // function.
+      if (this->defer_stack_ != NULL_TREE)
+       {
+         tree defer_init = build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                  this->defer_stack_);
+         SET_EXPR_LOCATION(defer_init, this->block_->start_location());
+         append_to_statement_list(defer_init, &init);
+
+         // Clean up the defer stack when we leave the function.
+         this->build_defer_wrapper(gogo, named_function, &except, &fini);
+       }
+
+      if (code != NULL_TREE && code != error_mark_node)
+       {
+         if (init != NULL_TREE)
+           code = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, void_type_node, init, code);
+         if (except != NULL_TREE)
+           code = build2(TRY_CATCH_EXPR, void_type_node, code,
+                         build2(CATCH_EXPR, void_type_node, NULL, except));
+         if (fini != NULL_TREE)
+           code = build2(TRY_FINALLY_EXPR, void_type_node, code, fini);
+       }
+
+      // Stick the code into the block we built for the receiver, if
+      // we built on.
+      if (bind != NULL_TREE && code != NULL_TREE && code != error_mark_node)
+       {
+         BIND_EXPR_BODY(bind) = code;
+         code = bind;
+       }
+
+      DECL_SAVED_TREE(fndecl) = code;
+    }
+}
+
+// Build the wrappers around function code needed if the function has
+// any defer statements.  This sets *EXCEPT to an exception handler
+// and *FINI to a finally handler.
+
+void
+Function::build_defer_wrapper(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* named_function,
+                             tree *except, tree *fini)
+{
+  source_location end_loc = this->block_->end_location();
+
+  // Add an exception handler.  This is used if a panic occurs.  Its
+  // purpose is to stop the stack unwinding if a deferred function
+  // calls recover.  There are more details in
+  // libgo/runtime/go-unwind.c.
+  tree stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
+  static tree check_fndecl;
+  tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&check_fndecl,
+                                end_loc,
+                                "__go_check_defer",
+                                1,
+                                void_type_node,
+                                ptr_type_node,
+                                this->defer_stack(end_loc));
+  append_to_statement_list(call, &stmt_list);
+
+  tree retval = this->return_value(gogo, named_function, end_loc, &stmt_list);
+  tree set;
+  if (retval == NULL_TREE)
+    set = NULL_TREE;
+  else
+    set = fold_build2_loc(end_loc, MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                         DECL_RESULT(this->fndecl_), retval);
+  tree ret_stmt = fold_build1_loc(end_loc, RETURN_EXPR, void_type_node, set);
+  append_to_statement_list(ret_stmt, &stmt_list);
+
+  gcc_assert(*except == NULL_TREE);
+  *except = stmt_list;
+
+  // Add some finally code to run the defer functions.  This is used
+  // both in the normal case, when no panic occurs, and also if a
+  // panic occurs to run any further defer functions.  Of course, it
+  // is possible for a defer function to call panic which should be
+  // caught by another defer function.  To handle that we use a loop.
+  //  finish:
+  //   try { __go_undefer(); } catch { __go_check_defer(); goto finish; }
+  //   if (return values are named) return named_vals;
+
+  stmt_list = NULL;
+
+  tree label = create_artificial_label(end_loc);
+  tree define_label = fold_build1_loc(end_loc, LABEL_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                     label);
+  append_to_statement_list(define_label, &stmt_list);
+
+  static tree undefer_fndecl;
+  tree undefer = Gogo::call_builtin(&undefer_fndecl,
+                                   end_loc,
+                                   "__go_undefer",
+                                   1,
+                                   void_type_node,
+                                   ptr_type_node,
+                                   this->defer_stack(end_loc));
+  TREE_NOTHROW(undefer_fndecl) = 0;
+
+  tree defer = Gogo::call_builtin(&check_fndecl,
+                                 end_loc,
+                                 "__go_check_defer",
+                                 1,
+                                 void_type_node,
+                                 ptr_type_node,
+                                 this->defer_stack(end_loc));
+  tree jump = fold_build1_loc(end_loc, GOTO_EXPR, void_type_node, label);
+  tree catch_body = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, void_type_node, defer, jump);
+  catch_body = build2(CATCH_EXPR, void_type_node, NULL, catch_body);
+  tree try_catch = build2(TRY_CATCH_EXPR, void_type_node, undefer, catch_body);
+
+  append_to_statement_list(try_catch, &stmt_list);
+
+  if (this->type_->results() != NULL
+      && !this->type_->results()->empty()
+      && !this->type_->results()->front().name().empty())
+    {
+      // If the result variables are named, we need to return them
+      // again, because they might have been changed by a defer
+      // function.
+      retval = this->return_value(gogo, named_function, end_loc,
+                                 &stmt_list);
+      set = fold_build2_loc(end_loc, MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                           DECL_RESULT(this->fndecl_), retval);
+      ret_stmt = fold_build1_loc(end_loc, RETURN_EXPR, void_type_node, set);
+      append_to_statement_list(ret_stmt, &stmt_list);
+    }
+  
+  gcc_assert(*fini == NULL_TREE);
+  *fini = stmt_list;
+}
+
+// Return the value to assign to DECL_RESULT(this->fndecl_).  This may
+// also add statements to STMT_LIST, which need to be executed before
+// the assignment.  This is used for a return statement with no
+// explicit values.
+
+tree
+Function::return_value(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* named_function,
+                      source_location location, tree* stmt_list) const
+{
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = this->type_->results();
+  if (results == NULL || results->empty())
+    return NULL_TREE;
+
+  // In the case of an exception handler created for functions with
+  // defer statements, the result variables may be unnamed.
+  bool is_named = !results->front().name().empty();
+  if (is_named)
+    gcc_assert(this->named_results_ != NULL
+              && this->named_results_->size() == results->size());
+
+  tree retval;
+  if (results->size() == 1)
+    {
+      if (is_named)
+       return this->named_results_->front()->get_tree(gogo, named_function);
+      else
+       return results->front().type()->get_init_tree(gogo, false);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      tree rettype = TREE_TYPE(DECL_RESULT(this->fndecl_));
+      retval = create_tmp_var(rettype, "RESULT");
+      tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(rettype);
+      int index = 0;
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pr = results->begin();
+          pr != results->end();
+          ++pr, ++index, field = DECL_CHAIN(field))
+       {
+         gcc_assert(field != NULL);
+         tree val;
+         if (is_named)
+           val = (*this->named_results_)[index]->get_tree(gogo,
+                                                          named_function);
+         else
+           val = pr->type()->get_init_tree(gogo, false);
+         tree set = fold_build2_loc(location, MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                    build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field),
+                                           retval, field, NULL_TREE),
+                                    val);
+         append_to_statement_list(set, stmt_list);
+       }
+      return retval;
+    }
+}
+
+// Get the tree for the variable holding the defer stack for this
+// function.  At least at present, the value of this variable is not
+// used.  However, a pointer to this variable is used as a marker for
+// the functions on the defer stack associated with this function.
+// Doing things this way permits inlining a function which uses defer.
+
+tree
+Function::defer_stack(source_location location)
+{
+  if (this->defer_stack_ == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      tree var = create_tmp_var(ptr_type_node, "DEFER");
+      DECL_INITIAL(var) = null_pointer_node;
+      DECL_SOURCE_LOCATION(var) = location;
+      TREE_ADDRESSABLE(var) = 1;
+      this->defer_stack_ = var;
+    }
+  return fold_convert_loc(location, ptr_type_node,
+                         build_fold_addr_expr_loc(location,
+                                                  this->defer_stack_));
+}
+
+// Get a tree for the statements in a block.
+
+tree
+Block::get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+
+  tree block = make_node(BLOCK);
+
+  // Put the new block into the block tree.
+
+  if (context->block() == NULL)
+    {
+      tree fndecl;
+      if (context->function() != NULL)
+       fndecl = context->function()->func_value()->get_decl();
+      else
+       fndecl = current_function_decl;
+      gcc_assert(fndecl != NULL_TREE);
+
+      // We may have already created a block for the receiver.
+      if (DECL_INITIAL(fndecl) == NULL_TREE)
+       {
+         BLOCK_SUPERCONTEXT(block) = fndecl;
+         DECL_INITIAL(fndecl) = block;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         tree superblock_tree = DECL_INITIAL(fndecl);
+         BLOCK_SUPERCONTEXT(block) = superblock_tree;
+         gcc_assert(BLOCK_CHAIN(block) == NULL_TREE);
+         BLOCK_CHAIN(block) = block;
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      tree superblock_tree = context->block_tree();
+      BLOCK_SUPERCONTEXT(block) = superblock_tree;
+      tree* pp;
+      for (pp = &BLOCK_SUBBLOCKS(superblock_tree);
+          *pp != NULL_TREE;
+          pp = &BLOCK_CHAIN(*pp))
+       ;
+      *pp = block;
+    }
+
+  // Expand local variables in the block.
+
+  tree* pp = &BLOCK_VARS(block);
+  for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator pv =
+        this->bindings_->begin_definitions();
+       pv != this->bindings_->end_definitions();
+       ++pv)
+    {
+      if ((!(*pv)->is_variable() || !(*pv)->var_value()->is_parameter())
+         && !(*pv)->is_result_variable()
+         && !(*pv)->is_const())
+       {
+         tree var = (*pv)->get_tree(gogo, context->function());
+         if (var != error_mark_node && TREE_TYPE(var) != error_mark_node)
+           {
+             if ((*pv)->is_variable() && (*pv)->var_value()->is_in_heap())
+               {
+                 gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(var) == INDIRECT_REF);
+                 var = TREE_OPERAND(var, 0);
+                 gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(var) == VAR_DECL);
+               }
+             *pp = var;
+             pp = &DECL_CHAIN(*pp);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  *pp = NULL_TREE;
+
+  Translate_context subcontext(context->gogo(), context->function(),
+                              this, block);
+
+  tree statements = NULL_TREE;
+
+  // Expand the statements.
+
+  for (std::vector<Statement*>::const_iterator p = this->statements_.begin();
+       p != this->statements_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      tree statement = (*p)->get_tree(&subcontext);
+      if (statement != error_mark_node)
+       append_to_statement_list(statement, &statements);
+    }
+
+  TREE_USED(block) = 1;
+
+  tree bind = build3(BIND_EXPR, void_type_node, BLOCK_VARS(block), statements,
+                    block);
+  TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS(bind) = 1;
+
+  return bind;
+}
+
+// Get the LABEL_DECL for a label.
+
+tree
+Label::get_decl()
+{
+  if (this->decl_ == NULL)
+    {
+      tree id = get_identifier_from_string(this->name_);
+      this->decl_ = build_decl(this->location_, LABEL_DECL, id, void_type_node);
+      DECL_CONTEXT(this->decl_) = current_function_decl;
+    }
+  return this->decl_;
+}
+
+// Return an expression for the address of this label.
+
+tree
+Label::get_addr(source_location location)
+{
+  tree decl = this->get_decl();
+  TREE_USED(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_ADDRESSABLE(decl) = 1;
+  return fold_convert_loc(location, ptr_type_node,
+                         build_fold_addr_expr_loc(location, decl));
+}
+
+// Get the LABEL_DECL for an unnamed label.
+
+tree
+Unnamed_label::get_decl()
+{
+  if (this->decl_ == NULL)
+    this->decl_ = create_artificial_label(this->location_);
+  return this->decl_;
+}
+
+// Get the LABEL_EXPR for an unnamed label.
+
+tree
+Unnamed_label::get_definition()
+{
+  tree t = build1(LABEL_EXPR, void_type_node, this->get_decl());
+  SET_EXPR_LOCATION(t, this->location_);
+  return t;
+}
+
+// Return a goto to this label.
+
+tree
+Unnamed_label::get_goto(source_location location)
+{
+  tree t = build1(GOTO_EXPR, void_type_node, this->get_decl());
+  SET_EXPR_LOCATION(t, location);
+  return t;
+}
+
+// Return the integer type to use for a size.
+
+GO_EXTERN_C
+tree
+go_type_for_size(unsigned int bits, int unsignedp)
+{
+  const char* name;
+  switch (bits)
+    {
+    case 8:
+      name = unsignedp ? "uint8" : "int8";
+      break;
+    case 16:
+      name = unsignedp ? "uint16" : "int16";
+      break;
+    case 32:
+      name = unsignedp ? "uint32" : "int32";
+      break;
+    case 64:
+      name = unsignedp ? "uint64" : "int64";
+      break;
+    default:
+      if (bits == POINTER_SIZE && unsignedp)
+       name = "uintptr";
+      else
+       return NULL_TREE;
+    }
+  Type* type = Type::lookup_integer_type(name);
+  return type->get_tree(go_get_gogo());
+}
+
+// Return the type to use for a mode.
+
+GO_EXTERN_C
+tree
+go_type_for_mode(enum machine_mode mode, int unsignedp)
+{
+  // FIXME: This static_cast should be in machmode.h.
+  enum mode_class mc = static_cast<enum mode_class>(GET_MODE_CLASS(mode));
+  if (mc == MODE_INT)
+    return go_type_for_size(GET_MODE_BITSIZE(mode), unsignedp);
+  else if (mc == MODE_FLOAT)
+    {
+      Type* type;
+      switch (GET_MODE_BITSIZE (mode))
+       {
+       case 32:
+         type = Type::lookup_float_type("float32");
+         break;
+       case 64:
+         type = Type::lookup_float_type("float64");
+         break;
+       default:
+         // We have to check for long double in order to support
+         // i386 excess precision.
+         if (mode == TYPE_MODE(long_double_type_node))
+           return long_double_type_node;
+         return NULL_TREE;
+       }
+      return type->float_type()->type_tree();
+    }
+  else if (mc == MODE_COMPLEX_FLOAT)
+    {
+      Type *type;
+      switch (GET_MODE_BITSIZE (mode))
+       {
+       case 64:
+         type = Type::lookup_complex_type("complex64");
+         break;
+       case 128:
+         type = Type::lookup_complex_type("complex128");
+         break;
+       default:
+         // We have to check for long double in order to support
+         // i386 excess precision.
+         if (mode == TYPE_MODE(complex_long_double_type_node))
+           return complex_long_double_type_node;
+         return NULL_TREE;
+       }
+      return type->complex_type()->type_tree();
+    }
+  else
+    return NULL_TREE;
+}
+
+// Return a tree which allocates SIZE bytes which will holds value of
+// type TYPE.
+
+tree
+Gogo::allocate_memory(Type* type, tree size, source_location location)
+{
+  // If the package imports unsafe, then it may play games with
+  // pointers that look like integers.
+  if (this->imported_unsafe_ || type->has_pointer())
+    {
+      static tree new_fndecl;
+      return Gogo::call_builtin(&new_fndecl,
+                               location,
+                               "__go_new",
+                               1,
+                               ptr_type_node,
+                               sizetype,
+                               size);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      static tree new_nopointers_fndecl;
+      return Gogo::call_builtin(&new_nopointers_fndecl,
+                               location,
+                               "__go_new_nopointers",
+                               1,
+                               ptr_type_node,
+                               sizetype,
+                               size);
+    }
+}
+
+// Build a builtin struct with a list of fields.  The name is
+// STRUCT_NAME.  STRUCT_TYPE is NULL_TREE or an empty RECORD_TYPE
+// node; this exists so that the struct can have fields which point to
+// itself.  If PTYPE is not NULL, store the result in *PTYPE.  There
+// are NFIELDS fields.  Each field is a name (a const char*) followed
+// by a type (a tree).
+
+tree
+Gogo::builtin_struct(tree* ptype, const char* struct_name, tree struct_type,
+                    int nfields, ...)
+{
+  if (ptype != NULL && *ptype != NULL_TREE)
+    return *ptype;
+
+  va_list ap;
+  va_start(ap, nfields);
+
+  tree fields = NULL_TREE;
+  for (int i = 0; i < nfields; ++i)
+    {
+      const char* field_name = va_arg(ap, const char*);
+      tree type = va_arg(ap, tree);
+      if (type == error_mark_node)
+       {
+         if (ptype != NULL)
+           *ptype = error_mark_node;
+         return error_mark_node;
+       }
+      tree field = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, FIELD_DECL,
+                             get_identifier(field_name), type);
+      DECL_CHAIN(field) = fields;
+      fields = field;
+    }
+
+  va_end(ap);
+
+  if (struct_type == NULL_TREE)
+    struct_type = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+  finish_builtin_struct(struct_type, struct_name, fields, NULL_TREE);
+
+  if (ptype != NULL)
+    {
+      go_preserve_from_gc(struct_type);
+      *ptype = struct_type;
+    }
+
+  return struct_type;
+}
+
+// Return a type to use for pointer to const char for a string.
+
+tree
+Gogo::const_char_pointer_type_tree()
+{
+  static tree type;
+  if (type == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      tree const_char_type = build_qualified_type(unsigned_char_type_node,
+                                                 TYPE_QUAL_CONST);
+      type = build_pointer_type(const_char_type);
+      go_preserve_from_gc(type);
+    }
+  return type;
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a string constant.
+
+tree
+Gogo::string_constant_tree(const std::string& val)
+{
+  tree index_type = build_index_type(size_int(val.length()));
+  tree const_char_type = build_qualified_type(unsigned_char_type_node,
+                                             TYPE_QUAL_CONST);
+  tree string_type = build_array_type(const_char_type, index_type);
+  string_type = build_variant_type_copy(string_type);
+  TYPE_STRING_FLAG(string_type) = 1;
+  tree string_val = build_string(val.length(), val.data());
+  TREE_TYPE(string_val) = string_type;
+  return string_val;
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a Go string constant.
+
+tree
+Gogo::go_string_constant_tree(const std::string& val)
+{
+  tree string_type = Type::make_string_type()->get_tree(this);
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt, gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(string_type);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__data") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  tree str = Gogo::string_constant_tree(val);
+  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field),
+                           build_fold_addr_expr(str));
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__length") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = build_int_cst_type(TREE_TYPE(field), val.length());
+
+  tree constructor = build_constructor(string_type, init);
+  TREE_READONLY(constructor) = 1;
+  TREE_CONSTANT(constructor) = 1;
+
+  return constructor;
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a pointer to a Go string constant.  This is only
+// used for type descriptors, so we return a pointer to a constant
+// decl.
+
+tree
+Gogo::ptr_go_string_constant_tree(const std::string& val)
+{
+  tree pval = this->go_string_constant_tree(val);
+
+  tree decl = build_decl(UNKNOWN_LOCATION, VAR_DECL,
+                        create_tmp_var_name("SP"), TREE_TYPE(pval));
+  DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 0;
+  TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 0;
+  TREE_USED(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_CONSTANT(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_STATIC(decl) = 1;
+  DECL_ARTIFICIAL(decl) = 1;
+  DECL_INITIAL(decl) = pval;
+  rest_of_decl_compilation(decl, 1, 0);
+
+  return build_fold_addr_expr(decl);
+}
+
+// Build the type of the struct that holds a slice for the given
+// element type.
+
+tree
+Gogo::slice_type_tree(tree element_type_tree)
+{
+  // We use int for the count and capacity fields in a slice header.
+  // This matches 6g.  The language definition guarantees that we
+  // can't allocate space of a size which does not fit in int
+  // anyhow. FIXME: integer_type_node is the the C type "int" but is
+  // not necessarily the Go type "int".  They will differ when the C
+  // type "int" has fewer than 32 bits.
+  return Gogo::builtin_struct(NULL, "__go_slice", NULL_TREE, 3,
+                             "__values",
+                             build_pointer_type(element_type_tree),
+                             "__count",
+                             integer_type_node,
+                             "__capacity",
+                             integer_type_node);
+}
+
+// Given the tree for a slice type, return the tree for the type of
+// the elements of the slice.
+
+tree
+Gogo::slice_element_type_tree(tree slice_type_tree)
+{
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(slice_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE
+            && POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(TYPE_FIELDS(slice_type_tree))));
+  return TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(TYPE_FIELDS(slice_type_tree)));
+}
+
+// Build a constructor for a slice.  SLICE_TYPE_TREE is the type of
+// the slice.  VALUES is the value pointer and COUNT is the number of
+// entries.  If CAPACITY is not NULL, it is the capacity; otherwise
+// the capacity and the count are the same.
+
+tree
+Gogo::slice_constructor(tree slice_type_tree, tree values, tree count,
+                       tree capacity)
+{
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(slice_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 3);
+
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(slice_type_tree);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__values") == 0);
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  elt->index = field;
+  gcc_assert(TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(TREE_TYPE(field))
+            == TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(TREE_TYPE(values)));
+  elt->value = values;
+
+  count = fold_convert(sizetype, count);
+  if (capacity == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      count = save_expr(count);
+      capacity = count;
+    }
+
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__count") == 0);
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), count);
+
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__capacity") == 0);
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), capacity);
+
+  return build_constructor(slice_type_tree, init);
+}
+
+// Build a constructor for an empty slice.
+
+tree
+Gogo::empty_slice_constructor(tree slice_type_tree)
+{
+  tree element_field = TYPE_FIELDS(slice_type_tree);
+  tree ret = Gogo::slice_constructor(slice_type_tree,
+                                    fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(element_field),
+                                                 null_pointer_node),
+                                    size_zero_node,
+                                    size_zero_node);
+  TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Build a map descriptor for a map of type MAPTYPE.
+
+tree
+Gogo::map_descriptor(Map_type* maptype)
+{
+  if (this->map_descriptors_ == NULL)
+    this->map_descriptors_ = new Map_descriptors(10);
+
+  std::pair<const Map_type*, tree> val(maptype, NULL);
+  std::pair<Map_descriptors::iterator, bool> ins =
+    this->map_descriptors_->insert(val);
+  Map_descriptors::iterator p = ins.first;
+  if (!ins.second)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(p->second != NULL_TREE && DECL_P(p->second));
+      return build_fold_addr_expr(p->second);
+    }
+
+  Type* keytype = maptype->key_type();
+  Type* valtype = maptype->val_type();
+
+  std::string mangled_name = ("__go_map_" + maptype->mangled_name(this));
+
+  tree id = get_identifier_from_string(mangled_name);
+
+  // Get the type of the map descriptor.  This is __go_map_descriptor
+  // in libgo/map.h.
+
+  tree struct_type = this->map_descriptor_type();
+
+  // The map entry type is a struct with three fields.  This struct is
+  // specific to MAPTYPE.  Build it.
+
+  tree map_entry_type = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  map_entry_type = Gogo::builtin_struct(NULL, "__map", map_entry_type, 3,
+                                       "__next",
+                                       build_pointer_type(map_entry_type),
+                                       "__key",
+                                       keytype->get_tree(this),
+                                       "__val",
+                                       valtype->get_tree(this));
+  if (map_entry_type == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree map_entry_key_field = DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(map_entry_type));
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(map_entry_key_field)),
+                   "__key") == 0);
+
+  tree map_entry_val_field = DECL_CHAIN(map_entry_key_field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(map_entry_val_field)),
+                   "__val") == 0);
+
+  // Initialize the entries.
+
+  tree map_descriptor_field = TYPE_FIELDS(struct_type);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(map_descriptor_field)),
+                   "__map_descriptor") == 0);
+  tree entry_size_field = DECL_CHAIN(map_descriptor_field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(entry_size_field)),
+                   "__entry_size") == 0);
+  tree key_offset_field = DECL_CHAIN(entry_size_field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(key_offset_field)),
+                   "__key_offset") == 0);
+  tree val_offset_field = DECL_CHAIN(key_offset_field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(val_offset_field)),
+                   "__val_offset") == 0);
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt, gc)* descriptor = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 6);
+
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, descriptor, NULL);
+  elt->index = map_descriptor_field;
+  elt->value = maptype->type_descriptor_pointer(this);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, descriptor, NULL);
+  elt->index = entry_size_field;
+  elt->value = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(map_entry_type);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, descriptor, NULL);
+  elt->index = key_offset_field;
+  elt->value = byte_position(map_entry_key_field);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, descriptor, NULL);
+  elt->index = val_offset_field;
+  elt->value = byte_position(map_entry_val_field);
+
+  tree constructor = build_constructor(struct_type, descriptor);
+
+  tree decl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, VAR_DECL, id, struct_type);
+  TREE_STATIC(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_USED(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_CONSTANT(decl) = 1;
+  DECL_INITIAL(decl) = constructor;
+  make_decl_one_only(decl, DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(decl));
+  resolve_unique_section(decl, 1, 0);
+
+  rest_of_decl_compilation(decl, 1, 0);
+
+  go_preserve_from_gc(decl);
+  p->second = decl;
+
+  return build_fold_addr_expr(decl);
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the type of a map descriptor.  This is struct
+// __go_map_descriptor in libgo/runtime/map.h.  This is the same for
+// all map types.
+
+tree
+Gogo::map_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static tree struct_type;
+  tree dtype = Type::make_type_descriptor_type()->get_tree(this);
+  dtype = build_qualified_type(dtype, TYPE_QUAL_CONST);
+  return Gogo::builtin_struct(&struct_type, "__go_map_descriptor", NULL_TREE,
+                             4,
+                             "__map_descriptor",
+                             build_pointer_type(dtype),
+                             "__entry_size",
+                             sizetype,
+                             "__key_offset",
+                             sizetype,
+                             "__val_offset",
+                             sizetype);
+}
+
+// Return the name to use for a type descriptor decl for TYPE.  This
+// is used when TYPE does not have a name.
+
+std::string
+Gogo::unnamed_type_descriptor_decl_name(const Type* type)
+{
+  return "__go_td_" + type->mangled_name(this);
+}
+
+// Return the name to use for a type descriptor decl for a type named
+// NAME, defined in the function IN_FUNCTION.  IN_FUNCTION will
+// normally be NULL.
+
+std::string
+Gogo::type_descriptor_decl_name(const Named_object* no,
+                               const Named_object* in_function)
+{
+  std::string ret = "__go_tdn_";
+  if (no->type_value()->is_builtin())
+    gcc_assert(in_function == NULL);
+  else
+    {
+      const std::string& unique_prefix(no->package() == NULL
+                                      ? this->unique_prefix()
+                                      : no->package()->unique_prefix());
+      const std::string& package_name(no->package() == NULL
+                                     ? this->package_name()
+                                     : no->package()->name());
+      ret.append(unique_prefix);
+      ret.append(1, '.');
+      ret.append(package_name);
+      ret.append(1, '.');
+      if (in_function != NULL)
+       {
+         ret.append(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(in_function->name()));
+         ret.append(1, '.');
+       }
+    }
+  ret.append(no->name());
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Where a type descriptor decl should be defined.
+
+Gogo::Type_descriptor_location
+Gogo::type_descriptor_location(const Type* type)
+{
+  const Named_type* name = type->named_type();
+  if (name != NULL)
+    {
+      if (name->named_object()->package() != NULL)
+       {
+         // This is a named type defined in a different package.  The
+         // descriptor should be defined in that package.
+         return TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_UNDEFINED;
+       }
+      else if (name->is_builtin())
+       {
+         // We create the descriptor for a builtin type whenever we
+         // need it.
+         return TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_COMMON;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // This is a named type defined in this package.  The
+         // descriptor should be defined here.
+         return TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_DEFINED;
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (type->points_to() != NULL
+         && type->points_to()->named_type() != NULL
+         && type->points_to()->named_type()->named_object()->package() != NULL)
+       {
+         // This is an unnamed pointer to a named type defined in a
+         // different package.  The descriptor should be defined in
+         // that package.
+         return TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_UNDEFINED;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // This is an unnamed type.  The descriptor could be defined
+         // in any package where it is needed, and the linker will
+         // pick one descriptor to keep.
+         return TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_COMMON;
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor decl for TYPE.  INITIALIZER is a struct
+// composite literal which initializers the type descriptor.
+
+void
+Gogo::build_type_descriptor_decl(const Type* type, Expression* initializer,
+                                tree* pdecl)
+{
+  const Named_type* name = type->named_type();
+
+  // We can have multiple instances of unnamed types, but we only want
+  // to emit the type descriptor once.  We use a hash table to handle
+  // this.  This is not necessary for named types, as they are unique,
+  // and we store the type descriptor decl in the type itself.
+  tree* phash = NULL;
+  if (name == NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->type_descriptor_decls_ == NULL)
+       this->type_descriptor_decls_ = new Type_descriptor_decls(10);
+
+      std::pair<Type_descriptor_decls::iterator, bool> ins =
+       this->type_descriptor_decls_->insert(std::make_pair(type, NULL_TREE));
+      if (!ins.second)
+       {
+         // We've already built a type descriptor for this type.
+         *pdecl = ins.first->second;
+         return;
+       }
+      phash = &ins.first->second;
+    }
+
+  std::string decl_name;
+  if (name == NULL)
+    decl_name = this->unnamed_type_descriptor_decl_name(type);
+  else
+    decl_name = this->type_descriptor_decl_name(name->named_object(),
+                                               name->in_function());
+  tree id = get_identifier_from_string(decl_name);
+  tree descriptor_type_tree = initializer->type()->get_tree(this);
+  if (descriptor_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    {
+      *pdecl = error_mark_node;
+      return;
+    }
+  tree decl = build_decl(name == NULL ? BUILTINS_LOCATION : name->location(),
+                        VAR_DECL, id,
+                        build_qualified_type(descriptor_type_tree,
+                                             TYPE_QUAL_CONST));
+  TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_CONSTANT(decl) = 1;
+  DECL_ARTIFICIAL(decl) = 1;
+
+  go_preserve_from_gc(decl);
+  if (phash != NULL)
+    *phash = decl;
+
+  // We store the new DECL now because we may need to refer to it when
+  // expanding INITIALIZER.
+  *pdecl = decl;
+
+  // If appropriate, just refer to the exported type identifier.
+  Gogo::Type_descriptor_location type_descriptor_location =
+    this->type_descriptor_location(type);
+  if (type_descriptor_location == TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_UNDEFINED)
+    {
+      TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
+      DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 1;
+      return;
+    }
+
+  TREE_STATIC(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_USED(decl) = 1;
+
+  Translate_context context(this, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+  context.set_is_const();
+  tree constructor = initializer->get_tree(&context);
+
+  if (constructor == error_mark_node)
+    gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+
+  DECL_INITIAL(decl) = constructor;
+
+  if (type_descriptor_location == TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_COMMON)
+    {
+      make_decl_one_only(decl, DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(decl));
+      resolve_unique_section(decl, 1, 0);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+#ifdef OBJECT_FORMAT_ELF
+      // Give the decl protected visibility.  This avoids out-of-range
+      // references with shared libraries with the x86_64 small model
+      // when the type descriptor gets a COPY reloc into the main
+      // executable.  There is no need to have unique pointers to type
+      // descriptors, as the runtime code compares reflection strings
+      // if necessary.
+      DECL_VISIBILITY(decl) = VISIBILITY_PROTECTED;
+      DECL_VISIBILITY_SPECIFIED(decl) = 1;
+#endif
+
+      TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
+    }
+
+  rest_of_decl_compilation(decl, 1, 0);
+}
+
+// Build an interface method table for a type: a list of function
+// pointers, one for each interface method.  This is used for
+// interfaces.
+
+tree
+Gogo::interface_method_table_for_type(const Interface_type* interface,
+                                     Named_type* type,
+                                     bool is_pointer)
+{
+  const Typed_identifier_list* interface_methods = interface->methods();
+  gcc_assert(!interface_methods->empty());
+
+  std::string mangled_name = ((is_pointer ? "__go_pimt__" : "__go_imt_")
+                             + interface->mangled_name(this)
+                             + "__"
+                             + type->mangled_name(this));
+
+  tree id = get_identifier_from_string(mangled_name);
+
+  // See whether this interface has any hidden methods.
+  bool has_hidden_methods = false;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = interface_methods->begin();
+       p != interface_methods->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (Gogo::is_hidden_name(p->name()))
+       {
+         has_hidden_methods = true;
+         break;
+       }
+    }
+
+  // We already know that the named type is convertible to the
+  // interface.  If the interface has hidden methods, and the named
+  // type is defined in a different package, then the interface
+  // conversion table will be defined by that other package.
+  if (has_hidden_methods && type->named_object()->package() != NULL)
+    {
+      tree array_type = build_array_type(const_ptr_type_node, NULL);
+      tree decl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, VAR_DECL, id, array_type);
+      TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+      TREE_CONSTANT(decl) = 1;
+      TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
+      DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 1;
+      go_preserve_from_gc(decl);
+      return decl;
+    }
+
+  size_t count = interface_methods->size();
+  VEC(constructor_elt, gc)* pointers = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc,
+                                                count + 1);
+
+  // The first element is the type descriptor.
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, pointers, NULL);
+  elt->index = size_zero_node;
+  Type* td_type;
+  if (!is_pointer)
+    td_type = type;
+  else
+    td_type = Type::make_pointer_type(type);
+  elt->value = fold_convert(const_ptr_type_node,
+                           td_type->type_descriptor_pointer(this));
+
+  size_t i = 1;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = interface_methods->begin();
+       p != interface_methods->end();
+       ++p, ++i)
+    {
+      bool is_ambiguous;
+      Method* m = type->method_function(p->name(), &is_ambiguous);
+      gcc_assert(m != NULL);
+
+      Named_object* no = m->named_object();
+
+      tree fnid = no->get_id(this);
+
+      tree fndecl;
+      if (no->is_function())
+       fndecl = no->func_value()->get_or_make_decl(this, no, fnid);
+      else if (no->is_function_declaration())
+       fndecl = no->func_declaration_value()->get_or_make_decl(this, no,
+                                                               fnid);
+      else
+       gcc_unreachable();
+      fndecl = build_fold_addr_expr(fndecl);
+
+      elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, pointers, NULL);
+      elt->index = size_int(i);
+      elt->value = fold_convert(const_ptr_type_node, fndecl);
+    }
+  gcc_assert(i == count + 1);
+
+  tree array_type = build_array_type(const_ptr_type_node,
+                                    build_index_type(size_int(count)));
+  tree constructor = build_constructor(array_type, pointers);
+
+  tree decl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, VAR_DECL, id, array_type);
+  TREE_STATIC(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_USED(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_CONSTANT(decl) = 1;
+  DECL_INITIAL(decl) = constructor;
+
+  // If the interface type has hidden methods, then this is the only
+  // definition of the table.  Otherwise it is a comdat table which
+  // may be defined in multiple packages.
+  if (has_hidden_methods)
+    {
+#ifdef OBJECT_FORMAT_ELF
+      // Give the decl protected visibility.  This avoids out-of-range
+      // references with shared libraries with the x86_64 small model
+      // when the table gets a COPY reloc into the main executable.
+      DECL_VISIBILITY(decl) = VISIBILITY_PROTECTED;
+      DECL_VISIBILITY_SPECIFIED(decl) = 1;
+#endif
+
+      TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      make_decl_one_only(decl, DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(decl));
+      resolve_unique_section(decl, 1, 0);
+    }
+
+  rest_of_decl_compilation(decl, 1, 0);
+
+  go_preserve_from_gc(decl);
+
+  return decl;
+}
+
+// Mark a function as a builtin library function.
+
+void
+Gogo::mark_fndecl_as_builtin_library(tree fndecl)
+{
+  DECL_EXTERNAL(fndecl) = 1;
+  TREE_PUBLIC(fndecl) = 1;
+  DECL_ARTIFICIAL(fndecl) = 1;
+  TREE_NOTHROW(fndecl) = 1;
+  DECL_VISIBILITY(fndecl) = VISIBILITY_DEFAULT;
+  DECL_VISIBILITY_SPECIFIED(fndecl) = 1;
+}
+
+// Build a call to a builtin function.
+
+tree
+Gogo::call_builtin(tree* pdecl, source_location location, const char* name,
+                  int nargs, tree rettype, ...)
+{
+  if (rettype == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree* types = new tree[nargs];
+  tree* args = new tree[nargs];
+
+  va_list ap;
+  va_start(ap, rettype);
+  for (int i = 0; i < nargs; ++i)
+    {
+      types[i] = va_arg(ap, tree);
+      args[i] = va_arg(ap, tree);
+      if (types[i] == error_mark_node || args[i] == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+    }
+  va_end(ap);
+
+  if (*pdecl == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      tree fnid = get_identifier(name);
+
+      tree argtypes = NULL_TREE;
+      tree* pp = &argtypes;
+      for (int i = 0; i < nargs; ++i)
+       {
+         *pp = tree_cons(NULL_TREE, types[i], NULL_TREE);
+         pp = &TREE_CHAIN(*pp);
+       }
+      *pp = void_list_node;
+
+      tree fntype = build_function_type(rettype, argtypes);
+
+      *pdecl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, FUNCTION_DECL, fnid, fntype);
+      Gogo::mark_fndecl_as_builtin_library(*pdecl);
+      go_preserve_from_gc(*pdecl);
+    }
+
+  tree fnptr = build_fold_addr_expr(*pdecl);
+  if (CAN_HAVE_LOCATION_P(fnptr))
+    SET_EXPR_LOCATION(fnptr, location);
+
+  tree ret = build_call_array(rettype, fnptr, nargs, args);
+  SET_EXPR_LOCATION(ret, location);
+
+  delete[] types;
+  delete[] args;
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Build a call to the runtime error function.
+
+tree
+Gogo::runtime_error(int code, source_location location)
+{
+  static tree runtime_error_fndecl;
+  tree ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&runtime_error_fndecl,
+                               location,
+                               "__go_runtime_error",
+                               1,
+                               void_type_node,
+                               integer_type_node,
+                               build_int_cst(integer_type_node, code));
+  // The runtime error function panics and does not return.
+  TREE_NOTHROW(runtime_error_fndecl) = 0;
+  TREE_THIS_VOLATILE(runtime_error_fndecl) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Send VAL on CHANNEL.  If BLOCKING is true, the resulting tree has a
+// void type.  If BLOCKING is false, the resulting tree has a boolean
+// type, and it will evaluate as true if the value was sent.  If
+// FOR_SELECT is true, this is being done because it was chosen in a
+// select statement.
+
+tree
+Gogo::send_on_channel(tree channel, tree val, bool blocking, bool for_select,
+                     source_location location)
+{
+  if (int_size_in_bytes(TREE_TYPE(val)) <= 8
+      && !AGGREGATE_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(val))
+      && !FLOAT_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(val)))
+    {
+      val = convert_to_integer(uint64_type_node, val);
+      if (blocking)
+       {
+         static tree send_small_fndecl;
+         tree ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&send_small_fndecl,
+                                       location,
+                                       "__go_send_small",
+                                       3,
+                                       void_type_node,
+                                       ptr_type_node,
+                                       channel,
+                                       uint64_type_node,
+                                       val,
+                                       boolean_type_node,
+                                       (for_select
+                                        ? boolean_true_node
+                                        : boolean_false_node));
+         // This can panic if there are too many operations on a
+         // closed channel.
+         TREE_NOTHROW(send_small_fndecl) = 0;
+         return ret;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         gcc_assert(!for_select);
+         static tree send_nonblocking_small_fndecl;
+         tree ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&send_nonblocking_small_fndecl,
+                                       location,
+                                       "__go_send_nonblocking_small",
+                                       2,
+                                       boolean_type_node,
+                                       ptr_type_node,
+                                       channel,
+                                       uint64_type_node,
+                                       val);
+         // This can panic if there are too many operations on a
+         // closed channel.
+         TREE_NOTHROW(send_nonblocking_small_fndecl) = 0;
+         return ret;
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      tree make_tmp;
+      if (TREE_ADDRESSABLE(TREE_TYPE(val)) || TREE_CODE(val) == VAR_DECL)
+       {
+         make_tmp = NULL_TREE;
+         val = build_fold_addr_expr(val);
+         if (DECL_P(val))
+           TREE_ADDRESSABLE(val) = 1;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         tree tmp = create_tmp_var(TREE_TYPE(val), get_name(val));
+         DECL_IGNORED_P(tmp) = 0;
+         DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = val;
+         TREE_ADDRESSABLE(tmp) = 1;
+         make_tmp = build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, tmp);
+         SET_EXPR_LOCATION(make_tmp, location);
+         val = build_fold_addr_expr(tmp);
+       }
+      val = fold_convert(ptr_type_node, val);
+
+      tree call;
+      if (blocking)
+       {
+         static tree send_big_fndecl;
+         call = Gogo::call_builtin(&send_big_fndecl,
+                                   location,
+                                   "__go_send_big",
+                                   3,
+                                   void_type_node,
+                                   ptr_type_node,
+                                   channel,
+                                   ptr_type_node,
+                                   val,
+                                   boolean_type_node,
+                                   (for_select
+                                    ? boolean_true_node
+                                    : boolean_false_node));
+         // This can panic if there are too many operations on a
+         // closed channel.
+         TREE_NOTHROW(send_big_fndecl) = 0;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         gcc_assert(!for_select);
+         static tree send_nonblocking_big_fndecl;
+         call = Gogo::call_builtin(&send_nonblocking_big_fndecl,
+                                   location,
+                                   "__go_send_nonblocking_big",
+                                   2,
+                                   boolean_type_node,
+                                   ptr_type_node,
+                                   channel,
+                                   ptr_type_node,
+                                   val);
+         // This can panic if there are too many operations on a
+         // closed channel.
+         TREE_NOTHROW(send_nonblocking_big_fndecl) = 0;
+       }
+
+      if (make_tmp == NULL_TREE)
+       return call;
+      else
+       {
+         tree ret = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(call), make_tmp, call);
+         SET_EXPR_LOCATION(ret, location);
+         return ret;
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a tree for receiving a value of type TYPE_TREE on CHANNEL.
+// This does a blocking receive and returns the value read from the
+// channel.  If FOR_SELECT is true, this is being done because it was
+// chosen in a select statement.
+
+tree
+Gogo::receive_from_channel(tree type_tree, tree channel, bool for_select,
+                          source_location location)
+{
+  if (int_size_in_bytes(type_tree) <= 8
+      && !AGGREGATE_TYPE_P(type_tree)
+      && !FLOAT_TYPE_P(type_tree))
+    {
+      static tree receive_small_fndecl;
+      tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&receive_small_fndecl,
+                                    location,
+                                    "__go_receive_small",
+                                    2,
+                                    uint64_type_node,
+                                    ptr_type_node,
+                                    channel,
+                                    boolean_type_node,
+                                    (for_select
+                                     ? boolean_true_node
+                                     : boolean_false_node));
+      // This can panic if there are too many operations on a closed
+      // channel.
+      TREE_NOTHROW(receive_small_fndecl) = 0;
+      int bitsize = GET_MODE_BITSIZE(TYPE_MODE(type_tree));
+      tree int_type_tree = go_type_for_size(bitsize, 1);
+      return fold_convert_loc(location, type_tree,
+                             fold_convert_loc(location, int_type_tree,
+                                              call));
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      tree tmp = create_tmp_var(type_tree, get_name(type_tree));
+      DECL_IGNORED_P(tmp) = 0;
+      TREE_ADDRESSABLE(tmp) = 1;
+      tree make_tmp = build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, tmp);
+      SET_EXPR_LOCATION(make_tmp, location);
+      tree tmpaddr = build_fold_addr_expr(tmp);
+      tmpaddr = fold_convert(ptr_type_node, tmpaddr);
+      static tree receive_big_fndecl;
+      tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&receive_big_fndecl,
+                                    location,
+                                    "__go_receive_big",
+                                    3,
+                                    void_type_node,
+                                    ptr_type_node,
+                                    channel,
+                                    ptr_type_node,
+                                    tmpaddr,
+                                    boolean_type_node,
+                                    (for_select
+                                     ? boolean_true_node
+                                     : boolean_false_node));
+      // This can panic if there are too many operations on a closed
+      // channel.
+      TREE_NOTHROW(receive_big_fndecl) = 0;
+      return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, type_tree, make_tmp,
+                   build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, type_tree, call, tmp));
+    }
+}
+
+// Return the type of a function trampoline.  This is like
+// get_trampoline_type in tree-nested.c.
+
+tree
+Gogo::trampoline_type_tree()
+{
+  static tree type_tree;
+  if (type_tree == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      unsigned int align = TRAMPOLINE_ALIGNMENT;
+      unsigned int size = TRAMPOLINE_SIZE;
+      tree t = build_index_type(build_int_cst(integer_type_node, size - 1));
+      t = build_array_type(char_type_node, t);
+
+      type_tree = Gogo::builtin_struct(NULL, "__go_trampoline", NULL_TREE, 1,
+                                      "__data", t);
+      t = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+      DECL_ALIGN(t) = align;
+      DECL_USER_ALIGN(t) = 1;
+
+      go_preserve_from_gc(type_tree);
+    }
+  return type_tree;
+}
+
+// Make a trampoline which calls FNADDR passing CLOSURE.
+
+tree
+Gogo::make_trampoline(tree fnaddr, tree closure, source_location location)
+{
+  tree trampoline_type = Gogo::trampoline_type_tree();
+  tree trampoline_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(trampoline_type);
+
+  closure = save_expr(closure);
+
+  // We allocate the trampoline using a special function which will
+  // mark it as executable.
+  static tree trampoline_fndecl;
+  tree x = Gogo::call_builtin(&trampoline_fndecl,
+                             location,
+                             "__go_allocate_trampoline",
+                             2,
+                             ptr_type_node,
+                             size_type_node,
+                             trampoline_size,
+                             ptr_type_node,
+                             fold_convert_loc(location, ptr_type_node,
+                                              closure));
+
+  x = save_expr(x);
+
+  // Initialize the trampoline.
+  tree ini = build_call_expr(implicit_built_in_decls[BUILT_IN_INIT_TRAMPOLINE],
+                            3, x, fnaddr, closure);
+
+  // On some targets the trampoline address needs to be adjusted.  For
+  // example, when compiling in Thumb mode on the ARM, the address
+  // needs to have the low bit set.
+  x = build_call_expr(implicit_built_in_decls[BUILT_IN_ADJUST_TRAMPOLINE],
+                     1, x);
+  x = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(fnaddr), x);
+
+  return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(x), ini, x);
+}
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo-tree.cc.merge-right.r172891 b/gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo-tree.cc.merge-right.r172891
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..c24ff98
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,2697 @@
+// gogo-tree.cc -- convert Go frontend Gogo IR to gcc trees.
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "go-system.h"
+
+#include <gmp.h>
+
+#ifndef ENABLE_BUILD_WITH_CXX
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif
+
+#include "toplev.h"
+#include "tree.h"
+#include "gimple.h"
+#include "tree-iterator.h"
+#include "cgraph.h"
+#include "langhooks.h"
+#include "convert.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "diagnostic.h"
+
+#ifndef ENABLE_BUILD_WITH_CXX
+}
+#endif
+
+#include "go-c.h"
+#include "types.h"
+#include "expressions.h"
+#include "statements.h"
+#include "runtime.h"
+#include "backend.h"
+#include "gogo.h"
+
+// Whether we have seen any errors.
+
+bool
+saw_errors()
+{
+  return errorcount != 0 || sorrycount != 0;
+}
+
+// A helper function.
+
+static inline tree
+get_identifier_from_string(const std::string& str)
+{
+  return get_identifier_with_length(str.data(), str.length());
+}
+
+// Builtin functions.
+
+static std::map<std::string, tree> builtin_functions;
+
+// Define a builtin function.  BCODE is the builtin function code
+// defined by builtins.def.  NAME is the name of the builtin function.
+// LIBNAME is the name of the corresponding library function, and is
+// NULL if there isn't one.  FNTYPE is the type of the function.
+// CONST_P is true if the function has the const attribute.
+
+static void
+define_builtin(built_in_function bcode, const char* name, const char* libname,
+              tree fntype, bool const_p)
+{
+  tree decl = add_builtin_function(name, fntype, bcode, BUILT_IN_NORMAL,
+                                  libname, NULL_TREE);
+  if (const_p)
+    TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+  built_in_decls[bcode] = decl;
+  implicit_built_in_decls[bcode] = decl;
+  builtin_functions[name] = decl;
+  if (libname != NULL)
+    {
+      decl = add_builtin_function(libname, fntype, bcode, BUILT_IN_NORMAL,
+                                 NULL, NULL_TREE);
+      if (const_p)
+       TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+      builtin_functions[libname] = decl;
+    }
+}
+
+// Create trees for implicit builtin functions.
+
+void
+Gogo::define_builtin_function_trees()
+{
+  /* We need to define the fetch_and_add functions, since we use them
+     for ++ and --.  */
+  tree t = go_type_for_size(BITS_PER_UNIT, 1);
+  tree p = build_pointer_type(build_qualified_type(t, TYPE_QUAL_VOLATILE));
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_ADD_AND_FETCH_1, "__sync_fetch_and_add_1", NULL,
+                build_function_type_list(t, p, t, NULL_TREE), false);
+
+  t = go_type_for_size(BITS_PER_UNIT * 2, 1);
+  p = build_pointer_type(build_qualified_type(t, TYPE_QUAL_VOLATILE));
+  define_builtin (BUILT_IN_ADD_AND_FETCH_2, "__sync_fetch_and_add_2", NULL,
+                 build_function_type_list(t, p, t, NULL_TREE), false);
+
+  t = go_type_for_size(BITS_PER_UNIT * 4, 1);
+  p = build_pointer_type(build_qualified_type(t, TYPE_QUAL_VOLATILE));
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_ADD_AND_FETCH_4, "__sync_fetch_and_add_4", NULL,
+                build_function_type_list(t, p, t, NULL_TREE), false);
+
+  t = go_type_for_size(BITS_PER_UNIT * 8, 1);
+  p = build_pointer_type(build_qualified_type(t, TYPE_QUAL_VOLATILE));
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_ADD_AND_FETCH_8, "__sync_fetch_and_add_8", NULL,
+                build_function_type_list(t, p, t, NULL_TREE), false);
+
+  // We use __builtin_expect for magic import functions.
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_EXPECT, "__builtin_expect", NULL,
+                build_function_type_list(long_integer_type_node,
+                                         long_integer_type_node,
+                                         long_integer_type_node,
+                                         NULL_TREE),
+                true);
+
+  // We use __builtin_memmove for the predeclared copy function.
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_MEMMOVE, "__builtin_memmove", "memmove",
+                build_function_type_list(ptr_type_node,
+                                         ptr_type_node,
+                                         const_ptr_type_node,
+                                         size_type_node,
+                                         NULL_TREE),
+                false);
+
+  // We provide sqrt for the math library.
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_SQRT, "__builtin_sqrt", "sqrt",
+                build_function_type_list(double_type_node,
+                                         double_type_node,
+                                         NULL_TREE),
+                true);
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_SQRTL, "__builtin_sqrtl", "sqrtl",
+                build_function_type_list(long_double_type_node,
+                                         long_double_type_node,
+                                         NULL_TREE),
+                true);
+
+  // We use __builtin_return_address in the thunk we build for
+  // functions which call recover.
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_RETURN_ADDRESS, "__builtin_return_address", NULL,
+                build_function_type_list(ptr_type_node,
+                                         unsigned_type_node,
+                                         NULL_TREE),
+                false);
+
+  // The compiler uses __builtin_trap for some exception handling
+  // cases.
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_TRAP, "__builtin_trap", NULL,
+                build_function_type(void_type_node, void_list_node),
+                false);
+}
+
+// Get the name to use for the import control function.  If there is a
+// global function or variable, then we know that that name must be
+// unique in the link, and we use it as the basis for our name.
+
+const std::string&
+Gogo::get_init_fn_name()
+{
+  if (this->init_fn_name_.empty())
+    {
+      go_assert(this->package_ != NULL);
+      if (this->is_main_package())
+       {
+         // Use a name which the runtime knows.
+         this->init_fn_name_ = "__go_init_main";
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         std::string s = this->unique_prefix();
+         s.append(1, '.');
+         s.append(this->package_name());
+         s.append("..import");
+         this->init_fn_name_ = s;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return this->init_fn_name_;
+}
+
+// Add statements to INIT_STMT_LIST which run the initialization
+// functions for imported packages.  This is only used for the "main"
+// package.
+
+void
+Gogo::init_imports(tree* init_stmt_list)
+{
+  go_assert(this->is_main_package());
+
+  if (this->imported_init_fns_.empty())
+    return;
+
+  tree fntype = build_function_type(void_type_node, void_list_node);
+
+  // We must call them in increasing priority order.
+  std::vector<Import_init> v;
+  for (std::set<Import_init>::const_iterator p =
+        this->imported_init_fns_.begin();
+       p != this->imported_init_fns_.end();
+       ++p)
+    v.push_back(*p);
+  std::sort(v.begin(), v.end());
+
+  for (std::vector<Import_init>::const_iterator p = v.begin();
+       p != v.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      std::string user_name = p->package_name() + ".init";
+      tree decl = build_decl(UNKNOWN_LOCATION, FUNCTION_DECL,
+                            get_identifier_from_string(user_name),
+                            fntype);
+      const std::string& init_name(p->init_name());
+      SET_DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(decl, get_identifier_from_string(init_name));
+      TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
+      DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 1;
+      append_to_statement_list(build_call_expr(decl, 0), init_stmt_list);
+    }
+}
+
+// Register global variables with the garbage collector.  We need to
+// register all variables which can hold a pointer value.  They become
+// roots during the mark phase.  We build a struct that is easy to
+// hook into a list of roots.
+
+// struct __go_gc_root_list
+// {
+//   struct __go_gc_root_list* __next;
+//   struct __go_gc_root
+//   {
+//     void* __decl;
+//     size_t __size;
+//   } __roots[];
+// };
+
+// The last entry in the roots array has a NULL decl field.
+
+void
+Gogo::register_gc_vars(const std::vector<Named_object*>& var_gc,
+                      tree* init_stmt_list)
+{
+  if (var_gc.empty())
+    return;
+
+  size_t count = var_gc.size();
+
+  tree root_type = Gogo::builtin_struct(NULL, "__go_gc_root", NULL_TREE, 2,
+                                       "__next",
+                                       ptr_type_node,
+                                       "__size",
+                                       sizetype);
+
+  tree index_type = build_index_type(size_int(count));
+  tree array_type = build_array_type(root_type, index_type);
+
+  tree root_list_type = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+  root_list_type = Gogo::builtin_struct(NULL, "__go_gc_root_list",
+                                       root_list_type, 2,
+                                       "__next",
+                                       build_pointer_type(root_list_type),
+                                       "__roots",
+                                       array_type);
+
+  // Build an initialier for the __roots array.
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* roots_init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc,
+                                                 count + 1);
+
+  size_t i = 0;
+  for (std::vector<Named_object*>::const_iterator p = var_gc.begin();
+       p != var_gc.end();
+       ++p, ++i)
+    {
+      VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+
+      constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+      tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(root_type);
+      elt->index = field;
+      Bvariable* bvar = (*p)->get_backend_variable(this, NULL);
+      tree decl = var_to_tree(bvar);
+      go_assert(TREE_CODE(decl) == VAR_DECL);
+      elt->value = build_fold_addr_expr(decl);
+
+      elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+      field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+      elt->index = field;
+      elt->value = DECL_SIZE_UNIT(decl);
+
+      elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, roots_init, NULL);
+      elt->index = size_int(i);
+      elt->value = build_constructor(root_type, init);
+    }
+
+  // The list ends with a NULL entry.
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(root_type);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), null_pointer_node);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = size_zero_node;
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, roots_init, NULL);
+  elt->index = size_int(i);
+  elt->value = build_constructor(root_type, init);
+
+  // Build a constructor for the struct.
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc*) root_list_init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, root_list_init, NULL);
+  field = TYPE_FIELDS(root_list_type);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), null_pointer_node);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, root_list_init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = build_constructor(array_type, roots_init);
+
+  // Build a decl to register.
+
+  tree decl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, VAR_DECL,
+                        create_tmp_var_name("gc"), root_list_type);
+  DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 0;
+  TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 0;
+  TREE_STATIC(decl) = 1;
+  DECL_ARTIFICIAL(decl) = 1;
+  DECL_INITIAL(decl) = build_constructor(root_list_type, root_list_init);
+  rest_of_decl_compilation(decl, 1, 0);
+
+  static tree register_gc_fndecl;
+  tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&register_gc_fndecl, BUILTINS_LOCATION,
+                                "__go_register_gc_roots",
+                                1,
+                                void_type_node,
+                                build_pointer_type(root_list_type),
+                                build_fold_addr_expr(decl));
+  if (call != error_mark_node)
+    append_to_statement_list(call, init_stmt_list);
+}
+
+// Build the decl for the initialization function.
+
+tree
+Gogo::initialization_function_decl()
+{
+  // The tedious details of building your own function.  There doesn't
+  // seem to be a helper function for this.
+  std::string name = this->package_name() + ".init";
+  tree fndecl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, FUNCTION_DECL,
+                          get_identifier_from_string(name),
+                          build_function_type(void_type_node,
+                                              void_list_node));
+  const std::string& asm_name(this->get_init_fn_name());
+  SET_DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(fndecl, get_identifier_from_string(asm_name));
+
+  tree resdecl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, RESULT_DECL, NULL_TREE,
+                           void_type_node);
+  DECL_ARTIFICIAL(resdecl) = 1;
+  DECL_CONTEXT(resdecl) = fndecl;
+  DECL_RESULT(fndecl) = resdecl;
+
+  TREE_STATIC(fndecl) = 1;
+  TREE_USED(fndecl) = 1;
+  DECL_ARTIFICIAL(fndecl) = 1;
+  TREE_PUBLIC(fndecl) = 1;
+
+  DECL_INITIAL(fndecl) = make_node(BLOCK);
+  TREE_USED(DECL_INITIAL(fndecl)) = 1;
+
+  return fndecl;
+}
+
+// Create the magic initialization function.  INIT_STMT_LIST is the
+// code that it needs to run.
+
+void
+Gogo::write_initialization_function(tree fndecl, tree init_stmt_list)
+{
+  // Make sure that we thought we needed an initialization function,
+  // as otherwise we will not have reported it in the export data.
+  go_assert(this->is_main_package() || this->need_init_fn_);
+
+  if (fndecl == NULL_TREE)
+    fndecl = this->initialization_function_decl();
+
+  DECL_SAVED_TREE(fndecl) = init_stmt_list;
+
+  current_function_decl = fndecl;
+  if (DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(fndecl) == NULL)
+    push_struct_function(fndecl);
+  else
+    push_cfun(DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(fndecl));
+  cfun->function_end_locus = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  gimplify_function_tree(fndecl);
+
+  cgraph_add_new_function(fndecl, false);
+  cgraph_mark_needed_node(cgraph_get_node(fndecl));
+
+  current_function_decl = NULL_TREE;
+  pop_cfun();
+}
+
+// Search for references to VAR in any statements or called functions.
+
+class Find_var : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  // A hash table we use to avoid looping.  The index is the name of a
+  // named object.  We only look through objects defined in this
+  // package.
+  typedef Unordered_set(std::string) Seen_objects;
+
+  Find_var(Named_object* var, Seen_objects* seen_objects)
+    : Traverse(traverse_expressions),
+      var_(var), seen_objects_(seen_objects), found_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Whether the variable was found.
+  bool
+  found() const
+  { return this->found_; }
+
+  int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+ private:
+  // The variable we are looking for.
+  Named_object* var_;
+  // Names of objects we have already seen.
+  Seen_objects* seen_objects_;
+  // True if the variable was found.
+  bool found_;
+};
+
+// See if EXPR refers to VAR, looking through function calls and
+// variable initializations.
+
+int
+Find_var::expression(Expression** pexpr)
+{
+  Expression* e = *pexpr;
+
+  Var_expression* ve = e->var_expression();
+  if (ve != NULL)
+    {
+      Named_object* v = ve->named_object();
+      if (v == this->var_)
+       {
+         this->found_ = true;
+         return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+       }
+
+      if (v->is_variable() && v->package() == NULL)
+       {
+         Expression* init = v->var_value()->init();
+         if (init != NULL)
+           {
+             std::pair<Seen_objects::iterator, bool> ins =
+               this->seen_objects_->insert(v->name());
+             if (ins.second)
+               {
+                 // This is the first time we have seen this name.
+                 if (Expression::traverse(&init, this) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  // We traverse the code of any function we see.  Note that this
+  // means that we will traverse the code of a function whose address
+  // is taken even if it is not called.
+  Func_expression* fe = e->func_expression();
+  if (fe != NULL)
+    {
+      const Named_object* f = fe->named_object();
+      if (f->is_function() && f->package() == NULL)
+       {
+         std::pair<Seen_objects::iterator, bool> ins =
+           this->seen_objects_->insert(f->name());
+         if (ins.second)
+           {
+             // This is the first time we have seen this name.
+             if (f->func_value()->block()->traverse(this) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Return true if EXPR refers to VAR.
+
+static bool
+expression_requires(Expression* expr, Block* preinit, Named_object* var)
+{
+  Find_var::Seen_objects seen_objects;
+  Find_var find_var(var, &seen_objects);
+  if (expr != NULL)
+    Expression::traverse(&expr, &find_var);
+  if (preinit != NULL)
+    preinit->traverse(&find_var);
+  
+  return find_var.found();
+}
+
+// Sort variable initializations.  If the initialization expression
+// for variable A refers directly or indirectly to the initialization
+// expression for variable B, then we must initialize B before A.
+
+class Var_init
+{
+ public:
+  Var_init()
+    : var_(NULL), init_(NULL_TREE), waiting_(0)
+  { }
+
+  Var_init(Named_object* var, tree init)
+    : var_(var), init_(init), waiting_(0)
+  { }
+
+  // Return the variable.
+  Named_object*
+  var() const
+  { return this->var_; }
+
+  // Return the initialization expression.
+  tree
+  init() const
+  { return this->init_; }
+
+  // Return the number of variables waiting for this one to be
+  // initialized.
+  size_t
+  waiting() const
+  { return this->waiting_; }
+
+  // Increment the number waiting.
+  void
+  increment_waiting()
+  { ++this->waiting_; }
+
+ private:
+  // The variable being initialized.
+  Named_object* var_;
+  // The initialization expression to run.
+  tree init_;
+  // The number of variables which are waiting for this one.
+  size_t waiting_;
+};
+
+typedef std::list<Var_init> Var_inits;
+
+// Sort the variable initializations.  The rule we follow is that we
+// emit them in the order they appear in the array, except that if the
+// initialization expression for a variable V1 depends upon another
+// variable V2 then we initialize V1 after V2.
+
+static void
+sort_var_inits(Var_inits* var_inits)
+{
+  Var_inits ready;
+  while (!var_inits->empty())
+    {
+      Var_inits::iterator p1 = var_inits->begin();
+      Named_object* var = p1->var();
+      Expression* init = var->var_value()->init();
+      Block* preinit = var->var_value()->preinit();
+
+      // Start walking through the list to see which variables VAR
+      // needs to wait for.  We can skip P1->WAITING variables--that
+      // is the number we've already checked.
+      Var_inits::iterator p2 = p1;
+      ++p2;
+      for (size_t i = p1->waiting(); i > 0; --i)
+       ++p2;
+
+      for (; p2 != var_inits->end(); ++p2)
+       {
+         if (expression_requires(init, preinit, p2->var()))
+           {
+             // Check for cycles.
+             if (expression_requires(p2->var()->var_value()->init(),
+                                     p2->var()->var_value()->preinit(),
+                                     var))
+               {
+                 error_at(var->location(),
+                          ("initialization expressions for %qs and "
+                           "%qs depend upon each other"),
+                          var->message_name().c_str(),
+                          p2->var()->message_name().c_str());
+                 inform(p2->var()->location(), "%qs defined here",
+                        p2->var()->message_name().c_str());
+                 p2 = var_inits->end();
+               }
+             else
+               {
+                 // We can't emit P1 until P2 is emitted.  Move P1.
+                 // Note that the WAITING loop always executes at
+                 // least once, which is what we want.
+                 p2->increment_waiting();
+                 Var_inits::iterator p3 = p2;
+                 for (size_t i = p2->waiting(); i > 0; --i)
+                   ++p3;
+                 var_inits->splice(p3, *var_inits, p1);
+               }
+             break;
+           }
+       }
+
+      if (p2 == var_inits->end())
+       {
+         // VAR does not depends upon any other initialization expressions.
+
+         // Check for a loop of VAR on itself.  We only do this if
+         // INIT is not NULL; when INIT is NULL, it means that
+         // PREINIT sets VAR, which we will interpret as a loop.
+         if (init != NULL && expression_requires(init, preinit, var))
+           error_at(var->location(),
+                    "initialization expression for %qs depends upon itself",
+                    var->message_name().c_str());
+         ready.splice(ready.end(), *var_inits, p1);
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Now READY is the list in the desired initialization order.
+  var_inits->swap(ready);
+}
+
+// Write out the global definitions.
+
+void
+Gogo::write_globals()
+{
+  this->convert_named_types();
+  this->build_interface_method_tables();
+
+  Bindings* bindings = this->current_bindings();
+  size_t count = bindings->size_definitions();
+
+  tree* vec = new tree[count];
+
+  tree init_fndecl = NULL_TREE;
+  tree init_stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
+
+  if (this->is_main_package())
+    this->init_imports(&init_stmt_list);
+
+  // A list of variable initializations.
+  Var_inits var_inits;
+
+  // A list of variables which need to be registered with the garbage
+  // collector.
+  std::vector<Named_object*> var_gc;
+  var_gc.reserve(count);
+
+  tree var_init_stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
+  size_t i = 0;
+  for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator p = bindings->begin_definitions();
+       p != bindings->end_definitions();
+       ++p, ++i)
+    {
+      Named_object* no = *p;
+
+      go_assert(!no->is_type_declaration() && !no->is_function_declaration());
+      // There is nothing to do for a package.
+      if (no->is_package())
+       {
+         --i;
+         --count;
+         continue;
+       }
+
+      // There is nothing to do for an object which was imported from
+      // a different package into the global scope.
+      if (no->package() != NULL)
+       {
+         --i;
+         --count;
+         continue;
+       }
+
+      // There is nothing useful we can output for constants which
+      // have ideal or non-integeral type.
+      if (no->is_const())
+       {
+         Type* type = no->const_value()->type();
+         if (type == NULL)
+           type = no->const_value()->expr()->type();
+         if (type->is_abstract() || type->integer_type() == NULL)
+           {
+             --i;
+             --count;
+             continue;
+           }
+       }
+
+      if (!no->is_variable())
+       {
+         vec[i] = no->get_tree(this, NULL);
+         if (vec[i] == error_mark_node)
+           {
+             go_assert(saw_errors());
+             --i;
+             --count;
+             continue;
+           }
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         Bvariable* var = no->get_backend_variable(this, NULL);
+         vec[i] = var_to_tree(var);
+         if (vec[i] == error_mark_node)
+           {
+             go_assert(saw_errors());
+             --i;
+             --count;
+             continue;
+           }
+
+         // Check for a sink variable, which may be used to run an
+         // initializer purely for its side effects.
+         bool is_sink = no->name()[0] == '_' && no->name()[1] == '.';
+
+         tree var_init_tree = NULL_TREE;
+         if (!no->var_value()->has_pre_init())
+           {
+             tree init = no->var_value()->get_init_tree(this, NULL);
+             if (init == error_mark_node)
+               go_assert(saw_errors());
+             else if (init == NULL_TREE)
+               ;
+             else if (TREE_CONSTANT(init))
+               this->backend()->global_variable_set_init(var,
+                                                         tree_to_expr(init));
+             else if (is_sink)
+               var_init_tree = init;
+             else
+               var_init_tree = fold_build2_loc(no->location(), MODIFY_EXPR,
+                                               void_type_node, vec[i], init);
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             // We are going to create temporary variables which
+             // means that we need an fndecl.
+             if (init_fndecl == NULL_TREE)
+               init_fndecl = this->initialization_function_decl();
+             current_function_decl = init_fndecl;
+             if (DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(init_fndecl) == NULL)
+               push_struct_function(init_fndecl);
+             else
+               push_cfun(DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(init_fndecl));
+
+             tree var_decl = is_sink ? NULL_TREE : vec[i];
+             var_init_tree = no->var_value()->get_init_block(this, NULL,
+                                                             var_decl);
+
+             current_function_decl = NULL_TREE;
+             pop_cfun();
+           }
+
+         if (var_init_tree != NULL_TREE && var_init_tree != error_mark_node)
+           {
+             if (no->var_value()->init() == NULL
+                 && !no->var_value()->has_pre_init())
+               append_to_statement_list(var_init_tree, &var_init_stmt_list);
+             else
+               var_inits.push_back(Var_init(no, var_init_tree));
+           }
+
+         if (!is_sink && no->var_value()->type()->has_pointer())
+           var_gc.push_back(no);
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Register global variables with the garbage collector.
+  this->register_gc_vars(var_gc, &init_stmt_list);
+
+  // Simple variable initializations, after all variables are
+  // registered.
+  append_to_statement_list(var_init_stmt_list, &init_stmt_list);
+
+  // Complex variable initializations, first sorting them into a
+  // workable order.
+  if (!var_inits.empty())
+    {
+      sort_var_inits(&var_inits);
+      for (Var_inits::const_iterator p = var_inits.begin();
+          p != var_inits.end();
+          ++p)
+       append_to_statement_list(p->init(), &init_stmt_list);
+    }
+
+  // After all the variables are initialized, call the "init"
+  // functions if there are any.
+  for (std::vector<Named_object*>::const_iterator p =
+        this->init_functions_.begin();
+       p != this->init_functions_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      tree decl = (*p)->get_tree(this, NULL);
+      tree call = build_call_expr(decl, 0);
+      append_to_statement_list(call, &init_stmt_list);
+    }
+
+  // Set up a magic function to do all the initialization actions.
+  // This will be called if this package is imported.
+  if (init_stmt_list != NULL_TREE
+      || this->need_init_fn_
+      || this->is_main_package())
+    this->write_initialization_function(init_fndecl, init_stmt_list);
+
+  // Pass everything back to the middle-end.
+
+  wrapup_global_declarations(vec, count);
+
+  cgraph_finalize_compilation_unit();
+
+  check_global_declarations(vec, count);
+  emit_debug_global_declarations(vec, count);
+
+  delete[] vec;
+}
+
+// Get a tree for the identifier for a named object.
+
+tree
+Named_object::get_id(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  go_assert(!this->is_variable() && !this->is_result_variable());
+  std::string decl_name;
+  if (this->is_function_declaration()
+      && !this->func_declaration_value()->asm_name().empty())
+    decl_name = this->func_declaration_value()->asm_name();
+  else if (this->is_type()
+          && this->type_value()->location() == BUILTINS_LOCATION)
+    {
+      // We don't need the package name for builtin types.
+      decl_name = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(this->name_);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      std::string package_name;
+      if (this->package_ == NULL)
+       package_name = gogo->package_name();
+      else
+       package_name = this->package_->name();
+
+      decl_name = package_name + '.' + Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(this->name_);
+
+      Function_type* fntype;
+      if (this->is_function())
+       fntype = this->func_value()->type();
+      else if (this->is_function_declaration())
+       fntype = this->func_declaration_value()->type();
+      else
+       fntype = NULL;
+      if (fntype != NULL && fntype->is_method())
+       {
+         decl_name.push_back('.');
+         decl_name.append(fntype->receiver()->type()->mangled_name(gogo));
+       }
+    }
+  if (this->is_type())
+    {
+      const Named_object* in_function = this->type_value()->in_function();
+      if (in_function != NULL)
+       decl_name += '$' + in_function->name();
+    }
+  return get_identifier_from_string(decl_name);
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a named object.
+
+tree
+Named_object::get_tree(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function)
+{
+  if (this->tree_ != NULL_TREE)
+    return this->tree_;
+
+  tree name;
+  if (this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE)
+    name = NULL_TREE;
+  else
+    name = this->get_id(gogo);
+  tree decl;
+  switch (this->classification_)
+    {
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+      {
+       Named_constant* named_constant = this->u_.const_value;
+       Translate_context subcontext(gogo, function, NULL, NULL);
+       tree expr_tree = named_constant->expr()->get_tree(&subcontext);
+       if (expr_tree == error_mark_node)
+         decl = error_mark_node;
+       else
+         {
+           Type* type = named_constant->type();
+           if (type != NULL && !type->is_abstract())
+             {
+               if (!type->is_error())
+                 expr_tree = fold_convert(type->get_tree(gogo), expr_tree);
+               else
+                 expr_tree = error_mark_node;
+             }
+           if (expr_tree == error_mark_node)
+             decl = error_mark_node;
+           else if (INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(expr_tree)))
+             {
+               decl = build_decl(named_constant->location(), CONST_DECL,
+                                 name, TREE_TYPE(expr_tree));
+               DECL_INITIAL(decl) = expr_tree;
+               TREE_CONSTANT(decl) = 1;
+               TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+             }
+           else
+             {
+               // A CONST_DECL is only for an enum constant, so we
+               // shouldn't use for non-integral types.  Instead we
+               // just return the constant itself, rather than a
+               // decl.
+               decl = expr_tree;
+             }
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE:
+      {
+       Named_type* named_type = this->u_.type_value;
+       tree type_tree = named_type->get_tree(gogo);
+       if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+         decl = error_mark_node;
+       else
+         {
+           decl = TYPE_NAME(type_tree);
+           go_assert(decl != NULL_TREE);
+
+           // We need to produce a type descriptor for every named
+           // type, and for a pointer to every named type, since
+           // other files or packages might refer to them.  We need
+           // to do this even for hidden types, because they might
+           // still be returned by some function.  Simply calling the
+           // type_descriptor method is enough to create the type
+           // descriptor, even though we don't do anything with it.
+           if (this->package_ == NULL)
+             {
+               named_type->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo);
+               Type* pn = Type::make_pointer_type(named_type);
+               pn->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo);
+             }
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION:
+      error("reference to undefined type %qs",
+           this->message_name().c_str());
+      return error_mark_node;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR:
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_SINK:
+      go_unreachable();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+      {
+       Function* func = this->u_.func_value;
+       decl = func->get_or_make_decl(gogo, this, name);
+       if (decl != error_mark_node)
+         {
+           if (func->block() != NULL)
+             {
+               if (DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(decl) == NULL)
+                 push_struct_function(decl);
+               else
+                 push_cfun(DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(decl));
+
+               cfun->function_end_locus = func->block()->end_location();
+
+               current_function_decl = decl;
+
+               func->build_tree(gogo, this);
+
+               gimplify_function_tree(decl);
+
+               cgraph_finalize_function(decl, true);
+
+               current_function_decl = NULL_TREE;
+               pop_cfun();
+             }
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  if (TREE_TYPE(decl) == error_mark_node)
+    decl = error_mark_node;
+
+  tree ret = decl;
+
+  this->tree_ = ret;
+
+  if (ret != error_mark_node)
+    go_preserve_from_gc(ret);
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Get the initial value of a variable as a tree.  This does not
+// consider whether the variable is in the heap--it returns the
+// initial value as though it were always stored in the stack.
+
+tree
+Variable::get_init_tree(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function)
+{
+  go_assert(this->preinit_ == NULL);
+  if (this->init_ == NULL)
+    {
+      go_assert(!this->is_parameter_);
+      return this->type_->get_init_tree(gogo,
+                                       (this->is_global_
+                                        || this->is_in_heap()));
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Translate_context context(gogo, function, NULL, NULL);
+      tree rhs_tree = this->init_->get_tree(&context);
+      return Expression::convert_for_assignment(&context, this->type(),
+                                               this->init_->type(),
+                                               rhs_tree, this->location());
+    }
+}
+
+// Get the initial value of a variable when a block is required.
+// VAR_DECL is the decl to set; it may be NULL for a sink variable.
+
+tree
+Variable::get_init_block(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function, tree var_decl)
+{
+  go_assert(this->preinit_ != NULL);
+
+  // We want to add the variable assignment to the end of the preinit
+  // block.  The preinit block may have a TRY_FINALLY_EXPR and a
+  // TRY_CATCH_EXPR; if it does, we want to add to the end of the
+  // regular statements.
+
+  Translate_context context(gogo, function, NULL, NULL);
+  Bblock* bblock = this->preinit_->get_backend(&context);
+  tree block_tree = block_to_tree(bblock);
+  if (block_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  go_assert(TREE_CODE(block_tree) == BIND_EXPR);
+  tree statements = BIND_EXPR_BODY(block_tree);
+  while (statements != NULL_TREE
+        && (TREE_CODE(statements) == TRY_FINALLY_EXPR
+            || TREE_CODE(statements) == TRY_CATCH_EXPR))
+    statements = TREE_OPERAND(statements, 0);
+
+  // It's possible to have pre-init statements without an initializer
+  // if the pre-init statements set the variable.
+  if (this->init_ != NULL)
+    {
+      tree rhs_tree = this->init_->get_tree(&context);
+      if (rhs_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      if (var_decl == NULL_TREE)
+       append_to_statement_list(rhs_tree, &statements);
+      else
+       {
+         tree val = Expression::convert_for_assignment(&context, this->type(),
+                                                       this->init_->type(),
+                                                       rhs_tree,
+                                                       this->location());
+         if (val == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         tree set = fold_build2_loc(this->location(), MODIFY_EXPR,
+                                    void_type_node, var_decl, val);
+         append_to_statement_list(set, &statements);
+       }
+    }
+
+  return block_tree;
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a function decl.
+
+tree
+Function::get_or_make_decl(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* no, tree id)
+{
+  if (this->fndecl_ == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      tree functype = this->type_->get_tree(gogo);
+      if (functype == error_mark_node)
+       this->fndecl_ = error_mark_node;
+      else
+       {
+         // The type of a function comes back as a pointer, but we
+         // want the real function type for a function declaration.
+         go_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(functype));
+         functype = TREE_TYPE(functype);
+         tree decl = build_decl(this->location(), FUNCTION_DECL, id, functype);
+
+         this->fndecl_ = decl;
+
+         if (no->package() != NULL)
+           ;
+         else if (this->enclosing_ != NULL || Gogo::is_thunk(no))
+           ;
+         else if (Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(no->name()) == "init"
+                  && !this->type_->is_method())
+           ;
+         else if (Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(no->name()) == "main"
+                  && gogo->is_main_package())
+           TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
+         // Methods have to be public even if they are hidden because
+         // they can be pulled into type descriptors when using
+         // anonymous fields.
+         else if (!Gogo::is_hidden_name(no->name())
+                  || this->type_->is_method())
+           {
+             TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
+             std::string asm_name = gogo->unique_prefix();
+             asm_name.append(1, '.');
+             asm_name.append(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(id), IDENTIFIER_LENGTH(id));
+             SET_DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(decl,
+                                     get_identifier_from_string(asm_name));
+           }
+
+         // Why do we have to do this in the frontend?
+         tree restype = TREE_TYPE(functype);
+         tree resdecl = build_decl(this->location(), RESULT_DECL, NULL_TREE,
+                                   restype);
+         DECL_ARTIFICIAL(resdecl) = 1;
+         DECL_IGNORED_P(resdecl) = 1;
+         DECL_CONTEXT(resdecl) = decl;
+         DECL_RESULT(decl) = resdecl;
+
+         if (this->enclosing_ != NULL)
+           DECL_STATIC_CHAIN(decl) = 1;
+
+         // If a function calls the predeclared recover function, we
+         // can't inline it, because recover behaves differently in a
+         // function passed directly to defer.
+         if (this->calls_recover_ && !this->is_recover_thunk_)
+           DECL_UNINLINABLE(decl) = 1;
+
+         // If this is a thunk created to call a function which calls
+         // the predeclared recover function, we need to disable
+         // stack splitting for the thunk.
+         if (this->is_recover_thunk_)
+           {
+             tree attr = get_identifier("__no_split_stack__");
+             DECL_ATTRIBUTES(decl) = tree_cons(attr, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE);
+           }
+
+         go_preserve_from_gc(decl);
+
+         if (this->closure_var_ != NULL)
+           {
+             push_struct_function(decl);
+
+             Bvariable* bvar = this->closure_var_->get_backend_variable(gogo,
+                                                                        no);
+             tree closure_decl = var_to_tree(bvar);
+             if (closure_decl == error_mark_node)
+               this->fndecl_ = error_mark_node;
+             else
+               {
+                 DECL_ARTIFICIAL(closure_decl) = 1;
+                 DECL_IGNORED_P(closure_decl) = 1;
+                 TREE_USED(closure_decl) = 1;
+                 DECL_ARG_TYPE(closure_decl) = TREE_TYPE(closure_decl);
+                 TREE_READONLY(closure_decl) = 1;
+
+                 DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(decl)->static_chain_decl = closure_decl;
+               }
+
+             pop_cfun();
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  return this->fndecl_;
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a function declaration.
+
+tree
+Function_declaration::get_or_make_decl(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* no, tree id)
+{
+  if (this->fndecl_ == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      // Let Go code use an asm declaration to pick up a builtin
+      // function.
+      if (!this->asm_name_.empty())
+       {
+         std::map<std::string, tree>::const_iterator p =
+           builtin_functions.find(this->asm_name_);
+         if (p != builtin_functions.end())
+           {
+             this->fndecl_ = p->second;
+             return this->fndecl_;
+           }
+       }
+
+      tree functype = this->fntype_->get_tree(gogo);
+      tree decl;
+      if (functype == error_mark_node)
+       decl = error_mark_node;
+      else
+       {
+         // The type of a function comes back as a pointer, but we
+         // want the real function type for a function declaration.
+         go_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(functype));
+         functype = TREE_TYPE(functype);
+         decl = build_decl(this->location(), FUNCTION_DECL, id, functype);
+         TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
+         DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 1;
+
+         if (this->asm_name_.empty())
+           {
+             std::string asm_name = (no->package() == NULL
+                                     ? gogo->unique_prefix()
+                                     : no->package()->unique_prefix());
+             asm_name.append(1, '.');
+             asm_name.append(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(id), IDENTIFIER_LENGTH(id));
+             SET_DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(decl,
+                                     get_identifier_from_string(asm_name));
+           }
+       }
+      this->fndecl_ = decl;
+      go_preserve_from_gc(decl);
+    }
+  return this->fndecl_;
+}
+
+// We always pass the receiver to a method as a pointer.  If the
+// receiver is actually declared as a non-pointer type, then we copy
+// the value into a local variable, so that it has the right type.  In
+// this function we create the real PARM_DECL to use, and set
+// DEC_INITIAL of the var_decl to be the value passed in.
+
+tree
+Function::make_receiver_parm_decl(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* no, tree var_decl)
+{
+  if (var_decl == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  go_assert(TREE_CODE(var_decl) == VAR_DECL);
+  tree val_type = TREE_TYPE(var_decl);
+  bool is_in_heap = no->var_value()->is_in_heap();
+  if (is_in_heap)
+    {
+      go_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(val_type));
+      val_type = TREE_TYPE(val_type);
+    }
+
+  source_location loc = DECL_SOURCE_LOCATION(var_decl);
+  std::string name = IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(var_decl));
+  name += ".pointer";
+  tree id = get_identifier_from_string(name);
+  tree parm_decl = build_decl(loc, PARM_DECL, id, build_pointer_type(val_type));
+  DECL_CONTEXT(parm_decl) = current_function_decl;
+  DECL_ARG_TYPE(parm_decl) = TREE_TYPE(parm_decl);
+
+  go_assert(DECL_INITIAL(var_decl) == NULL_TREE);
+  // The receiver might be passed as a null pointer.
+  tree check = fold_build2_loc(loc, NE_EXPR, boolean_type_node, parm_decl,
+                              fold_convert_loc(loc, TREE_TYPE(parm_decl),
+                                               null_pointer_node));
+  tree ind = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(loc, parm_decl);
+  TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(ind) = 1;
+  tree zero_init = no->var_value()->type()->get_init_tree(gogo, false);
+  tree init = fold_build3_loc(loc, COND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(ind),
+                             check, ind, zero_init);
+
+  if (is_in_heap)
+    {
+      tree size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(val_type);
+      tree space = gogo->allocate_memory(no->var_value()->type(), size,
+                                        no->location());
+      space = save_expr(space);
+      space = fold_convert(build_pointer_type(val_type), space);
+      tree spaceref = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(no->location(), space);
+      TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(spaceref) = 1;
+      tree check = fold_build2_loc(loc, NE_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                                  parm_decl,
+                                  fold_convert_loc(loc, TREE_TYPE(parm_decl),
+                                                   null_pointer_node));
+      tree parmref = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(no->location(), parm_decl);
+      TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(parmref) = 1;
+      tree set = fold_build2_loc(loc, MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                spaceref, parmref);
+      init = fold_build2_loc(loc, COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(space),
+                            build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                   check, set, NULL_TREE),
+                            space);
+    }
+
+  DECL_INITIAL(var_decl) = init;
+
+  return parm_decl;
+}
+
+// If we take the address of a parameter, then we need to copy it into
+// the heap.  We will access it as a local variable via an
+// indirection.
+
+tree
+Function::copy_parm_to_heap(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* no, tree var_decl)
+{
+  if (var_decl == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  go_assert(TREE_CODE(var_decl) == VAR_DECL);
+  source_location loc = DECL_SOURCE_LOCATION(var_decl);
+
+  std::string name = IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(var_decl));
+  name += ".param";
+  tree id = get_identifier_from_string(name);
+
+  tree type = TREE_TYPE(var_decl);
+  go_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(type));
+  type = TREE_TYPE(type);
+
+  tree parm_decl = build_decl(loc, PARM_DECL, id, type);
+  DECL_CONTEXT(parm_decl) = current_function_decl;
+  DECL_ARG_TYPE(parm_decl) = type;
+
+  tree size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(type);
+  tree space = gogo->allocate_memory(no->var_value()->type(), size, loc);
+  space = save_expr(space);
+  space = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(var_decl), space);
+  tree spaceref = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(loc, space);
+  TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(spaceref) = 1;
+  tree init = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(space),
+                    build2(MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node, spaceref, parm_decl),
+                    space);
+  DECL_INITIAL(var_decl) = init;
+
+  return parm_decl;
+}
+
+// Get a tree for function code.
+
+void
+Function::build_tree(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* named_function)
+{
+  tree fndecl = this->fndecl_;
+  go_assert(fndecl != NULL_TREE);
+
+  tree params = NULL_TREE;
+  tree* pp = &params;
+
+  tree declare_vars = NULL_TREE;
+  for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator p =
+        this->block_->bindings()->begin_definitions();
+       p != this->block_->bindings()->end_definitions();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if ((*p)->is_variable() && (*p)->var_value()->is_parameter())
+       {
+         Bvariable* bvar = (*p)->get_backend_variable(gogo, named_function);
+         *pp = var_to_tree(bvar);
+
+         // We always pass the receiver to a method as a pointer.  If
+         // the receiver is declared as a non-pointer type, then we
+         // copy the value into a local variable.
+         if ((*p)->var_value()->is_receiver()
+             && (*p)->var_value()->type()->points_to() == NULL)
+           {
+             tree parm_decl = this->make_receiver_parm_decl(gogo, *p, *pp);
+             tree var = *pp;
+             if (var != error_mark_node)
+               {
+                 go_assert(TREE_CODE(var) == VAR_DECL);
+                 DECL_CHAIN(var) = declare_vars;
+                 declare_vars = var;
+               }
+             *pp = parm_decl;
+           }
+         else if ((*p)->var_value()->is_in_heap())
+           {
+             // If we take the address of a parameter, then we need
+             // to copy it into the heap.
+             tree parm_decl = this->copy_parm_to_heap(gogo, *p, *pp);
+             tree var = *pp;
+             if (var != error_mark_node)
+               {
+                 go_assert(TREE_CODE(var) == VAR_DECL);
+                 DECL_CHAIN(var) = declare_vars;
+                 declare_vars = var;
+               }
+             *pp = parm_decl;
+           }
+
+         if (*pp != error_mark_node)
+           {
+             go_assert(TREE_CODE(*pp) == PARM_DECL);
+             pp = &DECL_CHAIN(*pp);
+           }
+       }
+      else if ((*p)->is_result_variable())
+       {
+         Bvariable* bvar = (*p)->get_backend_variable(gogo, named_function);
+         tree var_decl = var_to_tree(bvar);
+
+         Type* type = (*p)->result_var_value()->type();
+         tree init;
+         if (!(*p)->result_var_value()->is_in_heap())
+           init = type->get_init_tree(gogo, false);
+         else
+           {
+             source_location loc = (*p)->location();
+             tree type_tree = type->get_tree(gogo);
+             tree space = gogo->allocate_memory(type,
+                                                TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(type_tree),
+                                                loc);
+             tree ptr_type_tree = build_pointer_type(type_tree);
+             tree subinit = type->get_init_tree(gogo, true);
+             if (subinit == NULL_TREE)
+               init = fold_convert_loc(loc, ptr_type_tree, space);
+             else
+               {
+                 space = save_expr(space);
+                 space = fold_convert_loc(loc, ptr_type_tree, space);
+                 tree spaceref = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(loc, space);
+                 TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(spaceref) = 1;
+                 tree set = fold_build2_loc(loc, MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                            spaceref, subinit);
+                 init = fold_build2_loc(loc, COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(space),
+                                        set, space);
+               }
+           }
+
+         if (var_decl != error_mark_node)
+           {
+             go_assert(TREE_CODE(var_decl) == VAR_DECL);
+             DECL_INITIAL(var_decl) = init;
+             DECL_CHAIN(var_decl) = declare_vars;
+             declare_vars = var_decl;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  *pp = NULL_TREE;
+
+  DECL_ARGUMENTS(fndecl) = params;
+
+  if (this->block_ != NULL)
+    {
+      go_assert(DECL_INITIAL(fndecl) == NULL_TREE);
+
+      // Declare variables if necessary.
+      tree bind = NULL_TREE;
+      tree defer_init = NULL_TREE;
+      if (declare_vars != NULL_TREE || this->defer_stack_ != NULL)
+       {
+         tree block = make_node(BLOCK);
+         BLOCK_SUPERCONTEXT(block) = fndecl;
+         DECL_INITIAL(fndecl) = block;
+         BLOCK_VARS(block) = declare_vars;
+         TREE_USED(block) = 1;
+
+         bind = build3(BIND_EXPR, void_type_node, BLOCK_VARS(block),
+                       NULL_TREE, block);
+         TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS(bind) = 1;
+
+         if (this->defer_stack_ != NULL)
+           {
+             Translate_context dcontext(gogo, named_function, this->block_,
+                                        tree_to_block(bind));
+             Bstatement* bdi = this->defer_stack_->get_backend(&dcontext);
+             defer_init = stat_to_tree(bdi);
+           }
+       }
+
+      // Build the trees for all the statements in the function.
+      Translate_context context(gogo, named_function, NULL, NULL);
+      Bblock* bblock = this->block_->get_backend(&context);
+      tree code = block_to_tree(bblock);
+
+      tree init = NULL_TREE;
+      tree except = NULL_TREE;
+      tree fini = NULL_TREE;
+
+      // Initialize variables if necessary.
+      for (tree v = declare_vars; v != NULL_TREE; v = DECL_CHAIN(v))
+       {
+         tree dv = build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, v);
+         SET_EXPR_LOCATION(dv, DECL_SOURCE_LOCATION(v));
+         append_to_statement_list(dv, &init);
+       }
+
+      // If we have a defer stack, initialize it at the start of a
+      // function.
+      if (defer_init != NULL_TREE && defer_init != error_mark_node)
+       {
+         SET_EXPR_LOCATION(defer_init, this->block_->start_location());
+         append_to_statement_list(defer_init, &init);
+
+         // Clean up the defer stack when we leave the function.
+         this->build_defer_wrapper(gogo, named_function, &except, &fini);
+       }
+
+      if (code != NULL_TREE && code != error_mark_node)
+       {
+         if (init != NULL_TREE)
+           code = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, void_type_node, init, code);
+         if (except != NULL_TREE)
+           code = build2(TRY_CATCH_EXPR, void_type_node, code,
+                         build2(CATCH_EXPR, void_type_node, NULL, except));
+         if (fini != NULL_TREE)
+           code = build2(TRY_FINALLY_EXPR, void_type_node, code, fini);
+       }
+
+      // Stick the code into the block we built for the receiver, if
+      // we built on.
+      if (bind != NULL_TREE && code != NULL_TREE && code != error_mark_node)
+       {
+         BIND_EXPR_BODY(bind) = code;
+         code = bind;
+       }
+
+      DECL_SAVED_TREE(fndecl) = code;
+    }
+}
+
+// Build the wrappers around function code needed if the function has
+// any defer statements.  This sets *EXCEPT to an exception handler
+// and *FINI to a finally handler.
+
+void
+Function::build_defer_wrapper(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* named_function,
+                             tree *except, tree *fini)
+{
+  source_location end_loc = this->block_->end_location();
+
+  // Add an exception handler.  This is used if a panic occurs.  Its
+  // purpose is to stop the stack unwinding if a deferred function
+  // calls recover.  There are more details in
+  // libgo/runtime/go-unwind.c.
+
+  tree stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
+
+  Expression* call = Runtime::make_call(Runtime::CHECK_DEFER, end_loc, 1,
+                                       this->defer_stack(end_loc));
+  Translate_context context(gogo, named_function, NULL, NULL);
+  tree call_tree = call->get_tree(&context);
+  if (call_tree != error_mark_node)
+    append_to_statement_list(call_tree, &stmt_list);
+
+  tree retval = this->return_value(gogo, named_function, end_loc, &stmt_list);
+  tree set;
+  if (retval == NULL_TREE)
+    set = NULL_TREE;
+  else
+    set = fold_build2_loc(end_loc, MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                         DECL_RESULT(this->fndecl_), retval);
+  tree ret_stmt = fold_build1_loc(end_loc, RETURN_EXPR, void_type_node, set);
+  append_to_statement_list(ret_stmt, &stmt_list);
+
+  go_assert(*except == NULL_TREE);
+  *except = stmt_list;
+
+  // Add some finally code to run the defer functions.  This is used
+  // both in the normal case, when no panic occurs, and also if a
+  // panic occurs to run any further defer functions.  Of course, it
+  // is possible for a defer function to call panic which should be
+  // caught by another defer function.  To handle that we use a loop.
+  //  finish:
+  //   try { __go_undefer(); } catch { __go_check_defer(); goto finish; }
+  //   if (return values are named) return named_vals;
+
+  stmt_list = NULL;
+
+  tree label = create_artificial_label(end_loc);
+  tree define_label = fold_build1_loc(end_loc, LABEL_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                     label);
+  append_to_statement_list(define_label, &stmt_list);
+
+  call = Runtime::make_call(Runtime::UNDEFER, end_loc, 1,
+                           this->defer_stack(end_loc));
+  tree undefer = call->get_tree(&context);
+
+  call = Runtime::make_call(Runtime::CHECK_DEFER, end_loc, 1,
+                           this->defer_stack(end_loc));
+  tree defer = call->get_tree(&context);
+
+  if (undefer == error_mark_node || defer == error_mark_node)
+    return;
+
+  tree jump = fold_build1_loc(end_loc, GOTO_EXPR, void_type_node, label);
+  tree catch_body = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, void_type_node, defer, jump);
+  catch_body = build2(CATCH_EXPR, void_type_node, NULL, catch_body);
+  tree try_catch = build2(TRY_CATCH_EXPR, void_type_node, undefer, catch_body);
+
+  append_to_statement_list(try_catch, &stmt_list);
+
+  if (this->type_->results() != NULL
+      && !this->type_->results()->empty()
+      && !this->type_->results()->front().name().empty())
+    {
+      // If the result variables are named, we need to return them
+      // again, because they might have been changed by a defer
+      // function.
+      retval = this->return_value(gogo, named_function, end_loc,
+                                 &stmt_list);
+      set = fold_build2_loc(end_loc, MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                           DECL_RESULT(this->fndecl_), retval);
+      ret_stmt = fold_build1_loc(end_loc, RETURN_EXPR, void_type_node, set);
+      append_to_statement_list(ret_stmt, &stmt_list);
+    }
+  
+  go_assert(*fini == NULL_TREE);
+  *fini = stmt_list;
+}
+
+// Return the value to assign to DECL_RESULT(this->fndecl_).  This may
+// also add statements to STMT_LIST, which need to be executed before
+// the assignment.  This is used for a return statement with no
+// explicit values.
+
+tree
+Function::return_value(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* named_function,
+                      source_location location, tree* stmt_list) const
+{
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = this->type_->results();
+  if (results == NULL || results->empty())
+    return NULL_TREE;
+
+  go_assert(this->results_ != NULL);
+  if (this->results_->size() != results->size())
+    {
+      go_assert(saw_errors());
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  tree retval;
+  if (results->size() == 1)
+    {
+      Bvariable* bvar =
+       this->results_->front()->get_backend_variable(gogo,
+                                                     named_function);
+      tree ret = var_to_tree(bvar);
+      if (this->results_->front()->result_var_value()->is_in_heap())
+       ret = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(location, ret);
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      tree rettype = TREE_TYPE(DECL_RESULT(this->fndecl_));
+      retval = create_tmp_var(rettype, "RESULT");
+      tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(rettype);
+      int index = 0;
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pr = results->begin();
+          pr != results->end();
+          ++pr, ++index, field = DECL_CHAIN(field))
+       {
+         go_assert(field != NULL);
+         Named_object* no = (*this->results_)[index];
+         Bvariable* bvar = no->get_backend_variable(gogo, named_function);
+         tree val = var_to_tree(bvar);
+         if (no->result_var_value()->is_in_heap())
+           val = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(location, val);
+         tree set = fold_build2_loc(location, MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                    build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field),
+                                           retval, field, NULL_TREE),
+                                    val);
+         append_to_statement_list(set, stmt_list);
+       }
+      return retval;
+    }
+}
+
+// Return the integer type to use for a size.
+
+GO_EXTERN_C
+tree
+go_type_for_size(unsigned int bits, int unsignedp)
+{
+  const char* name;
+  switch (bits)
+    {
+    case 8:
+      name = unsignedp ? "uint8" : "int8";
+      break;
+    case 16:
+      name = unsignedp ? "uint16" : "int16";
+      break;
+    case 32:
+      name = unsignedp ? "uint32" : "int32";
+      break;
+    case 64:
+      name = unsignedp ? "uint64" : "int64";
+      break;
+    default:
+      if (bits == POINTER_SIZE && unsignedp)
+       name = "uintptr";
+      else
+       return NULL_TREE;
+    }
+  Type* type = Type::lookup_integer_type(name);
+  return type->get_tree(go_get_gogo());
+}
+
+// Return the type to use for a mode.
+
+GO_EXTERN_C
+tree
+go_type_for_mode(enum machine_mode mode, int unsignedp)
+{
+  // FIXME: This static_cast should be in machmode.h.
+  enum mode_class mc = static_cast<enum mode_class>(GET_MODE_CLASS(mode));
+  if (mc == MODE_INT)
+    return go_type_for_size(GET_MODE_BITSIZE(mode), unsignedp);
+  else if (mc == MODE_FLOAT)
+    {
+      Type* type;
+      switch (GET_MODE_BITSIZE (mode))
+       {
+       case 32:
+         type = Type::lookup_float_type("float32");
+         break;
+       case 64:
+         type = Type::lookup_float_type("float64");
+         break;
+       default:
+         // We have to check for long double in order to support
+         // i386 excess precision.
+         if (mode == TYPE_MODE(long_double_type_node))
+           return long_double_type_node;
+         return NULL_TREE;
+       }
+      return type->float_type()->type_tree();
+    }
+  else if (mc == MODE_COMPLEX_FLOAT)
+    {
+      Type *type;
+      switch (GET_MODE_BITSIZE (mode))
+       {
+       case 64:
+         type = Type::lookup_complex_type("complex64");
+         break;
+       case 128:
+         type = Type::lookup_complex_type("complex128");
+         break;
+       default:
+         // We have to check for long double in order to support
+         // i386 excess precision.
+         if (mode == TYPE_MODE(complex_long_double_type_node))
+           return complex_long_double_type_node;
+         return NULL_TREE;
+       }
+      return type->complex_type()->type_tree();
+    }
+  else
+    return NULL_TREE;
+}
+
+// Return a tree which allocates SIZE bytes which will holds value of
+// type TYPE.
+
+tree
+Gogo::allocate_memory(Type* type, tree size, source_location location)
+{
+  // If the package imports unsafe, then it may play games with
+  // pointers that look like integers.
+  if (this->imported_unsafe_ || type->has_pointer())
+    {
+      static tree new_fndecl;
+      return Gogo::call_builtin(&new_fndecl,
+                               location,
+                               "__go_new",
+                               1,
+                               ptr_type_node,
+                               sizetype,
+                               size);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      static tree new_nopointers_fndecl;
+      return Gogo::call_builtin(&new_nopointers_fndecl,
+                               location,
+                               "__go_new_nopointers",
+                               1,
+                               ptr_type_node,
+                               sizetype,
+                               size);
+    }
+}
+
+// Build a builtin struct with a list of fields.  The name is
+// STRUCT_NAME.  STRUCT_TYPE is NULL_TREE or an empty RECORD_TYPE
+// node; this exists so that the struct can have fields which point to
+// itself.  If PTYPE is not NULL, store the result in *PTYPE.  There
+// are NFIELDS fields.  Each field is a name (a const char*) followed
+// by a type (a tree).
+
+tree
+Gogo::builtin_struct(tree* ptype, const char* struct_name, tree struct_type,
+                    int nfields, ...)
+{
+  if (ptype != NULL && *ptype != NULL_TREE)
+    return *ptype;
+
+  va_list ap;
+  va_start(ap, nfields);
+
+  tree fields = NULL_TREE;
+  for (int i = 0; i < nfields; ++i)
+    {
+      const char* field_name = va_arg(ap, const char*);
+      tree type = va_arg(ap, tree);
+      if (type == error_mark_node)
+       {
+         if (ptype != NULL)
+           *ptype = error_mark_node;
+         return error_mark_node;
+       }
+      tree field = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, FIELD_DECL,
+                             get_identifier(field_name), type);
+      DECL_CHAIN(field) = fields;
+      fields = field;
+    }
+
+  va_end(ap);
+
+  if (struct_type == NULL_TREE)
+    struct_type = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+  finish_builtin_struct(struct_type, struct_name, fields, NULL_TREE);
+
+  if (ptype != NULL)
+    {
+      go_preserve_from_gc(struct_type);
+      *ptype = struct_type;
+    }
+
+  return struct_type;
+}
+
+// Return a type to use for pointer to const char for a string.
+
+tree
+Gogo::const_char_pointer_type_tree()
+{
+  static tree type;
+  if (type == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      tree const_char_type = build_qualified_type(unsigned_char_type_node,
+                                                 TYPE_QUAL_CONST);
+      type = build_pointer_type(const_char_type);
+      go_preserve_from_gc(type);
+    }
+  return type;
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a string constant.
+
+tree
+Gogo::string_constant_tree(const std::string& val)
+{
+  tree index_type = build_index_type(size_int(val.length()));
+  tree const_char_type = build_qualified_type(unsigned_char_type_node,
+                                             TYPE_QUAL_CONST);
+  tree string_type = build_array_type(const_char_type, index_type);
+  string_type = build_variant_type_copy(string_type);
+  TYPE_STRING_FLAG(string_type) = 1;
+  tree string_val = build_string(val.length(), val.data());
+  TREE_TYPE(string_val) = string_type;
+  return string_val;
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a Go string constant.
+
+tree
+Gogo::go_string_constant_tree(const std::string& val)
+{
+  tree string_type = Type::make_string_type()->get_tree(this);
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt, gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(string_type);
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__data") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  tree str = Gogo::string_constant_tree(val);
+  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field),
+                           build_fold_addr_expr(str));
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__length") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = build_int_cst_type(TREE_TYPE(field), val.length());
+
+  tree constructor = build_constructor(string_type, init);
+  TREE_READONLY(constructor) = 1;
+  TREE_CONSTANT(constructor) = 1;
+
+  return constructor;
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a pointer to a Go string constant.  This is only
+// used for type descriptors, so we return a pointer to a constant
+// decl.
+
+tree
+Gogo::ptr_go_string_constant_tree(const std::string& val)
+{
+  tree pval = this->go_string_constant_tree(val);
+
+  tree decl = build_decl(UNKNOWN_LOCATION, VAR_DECL,
+                        create_tmp_var_name("SP"), TREE_TYPE(pval));
+  DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 0;
+  TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 0;
+  TREE_USED(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_CONSTANT(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_STATIC(decl) = 1;
+  DECL_ARTIFICIAL(decl) = 1;
+  DECL_INITIAL(decl) = pval;
+  rest_of_decl_compilation(decl, 1, 0);
+
+  return build_fold_addr_expr(decl);
+}
+
+// Build the type of the struct that holds a slice for the given
+// element type.
+
+tree
+Gogo::slice_type_tree(tree element_type_tree)
+{
+  // We use int for the count and capacity fields in a slice header.
+  // This matches 6g.  The language definition guarantees that we
+  // can't allocate space of a size which does not fit in int
+  // anyhow. FIXME: integer_type_node is the the C type "int" but is
+  // not necessarily the Go type "int".  They will differ when the C
+  // type "int" has fewer than 32 bits.
+  return Gogo::builtin_struct(NULL, "__go_slice", NULL_TREE, 3,
+                             "__values",
+                             build_pointer_type(element_type_tree),
+                             "__count",
+                             integer_type_node,
+                             "__capacity",
+                             integer_type_node);
+}
+
+// Given the tree for a slice type, return the tree for the type of
+// the elements of the slice.
+
+tree
+Gogo::slice_element_type_tree(tree slice_type_tree)
+{
+  go_assert(TREE_CODE(slice_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE
+            && POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(TYPE_FIELDS(slice_type_tree))));
+  return TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(TYPE_FIELDS(slice_type_tree)));
+}
+
+// Build a constructor for a slice.  SLICE_TYPE_TREE is the type of
+// the slice.  VALUES is the value pointer and COUNT is the number of
+// entries.  If CAPACITY is not NULL, it is the capacity; otherwise
+// the capacity and the count are the same.
+
+tree
+Gogo::slice_constructor(tree slice_type_tree, tree values, tree count,
+                       tree capacity)
+{
+  go_assert(TREE_CODE(slice_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 3);
+
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(slice_type_tree);
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__values") == 0);
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  elt->index = field;
+  go_assert(TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(TREE_TYPE(field))
+            == TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(TREE_TYPE(values)));
+  elt->value = values;
+
+  count = fold_convert(sizetype, count);
+  if (capacity == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      count = save_expr(count);
+      capacity = count;
+    }
+
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__count") == 0);
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), count);
+
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__capacity") == 0);
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), capacity);
+
+  return build_constructor(slice_type_tree, init);
+}
+
+// Build a constructor for an empty slice.
+
+tree
+Gogo::empty_slice_constructor(tree slice_type_tree)
+{
+  tree element_field = TYPE_FIELDS(slice_type_tree);
+  tree ret = Gogo::slice_constructor(slice_type_tree,
+                                    fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(element_field),
+                                                 null_pointer_node),
+                                    size_zero_node,
+                                    size_zero_node);
+  TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Build a map descriptor for a map of type MAPTYPE.
+
+tree
+Gogo::map_descriptor(Map_type* maptype)
+{
+  if (this->map_descriptors_ == NULL)
+    this->map_descriptors_ = new Map_descriptors(10);
+
+  std::pair<const Map_type*, tree> val(maptype, NULL);
+  std::pair<Map_descriptors::iterator, bool> ins =
+    this->map_descriptors_->insert(val);
+  Map_descriptors::iterator p = ins.first;
+  if (!ins.second)
+    {
+      if (p->second == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      go_assert(p->second != NULL_TREE && DECL_P(p->second));
+      return build_fold_addr_expr(p->second);
+    }
+
+  Type* keytype = maptype->key_type();
+  Type* valtype = maptype->val_type();
+
+  std::string mangled_name = ("__go_map_" + maptype->mangled_name(this));
+
+  tree id = get_identifier_from_string(mangled_name);
+
+  // Get the type of the map descriptor.  This is __go_map_descriptor
+  // in libgo/map.h.
+
+  tree struct_type = this->map_descriptor_type();
+
+  // The map entry type is a struct with three fields.  This struct is
+  // specific to MAPTYPE.  Build it.
+
+  tree map_entry_type = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  map_entry_type = Gogo::builtin_struct(NULL, "__map", map_entry_type, 3,
+                                       "__next",
+                                       build_pointer_type(map_entry_type),
+                                       "__key",
+                                       keytype->get_tree(this),
+                                       "__val",
+                                       valtype->get_tree(this));
+  if (map_entry_type == error_mark_node)
+    {
+      p->second = error_mark_node;
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  tree map_entry_key_field = DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(map_entry_type));
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(map_entry_key_field)),
+                   "__key") == 0);
+
+  tree map_entry_val_field = DECL_CHAIN(map_entry_key_field);
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(map_entry_val_field)),
+                   "__val") == 0);
+
+  // Initialize the entries.
+
+  tree map_descriptor_field = TYPE_FIELDS(struct_type);
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(map_descriptor_field)),
+                   "__map_descriptor") == 0);
+  tree entry_size_field = DECL_CHAIN(map_descriptor_field);
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(entry_size_field)),
+                   "__entry_size") == 0);
+  tree key_offset_field = DECL_CHAIN(entry_size_field);
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(key_offset_field)),
+                   "__key_offset") == 0);
+  tree val_offset_field = DECL_CHAIN(key_offset_field);
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(val_offset_field)),
+                   "__val_offset") == 0);
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt, gc)* descriptor = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 6);
+
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, descriptor, NULL);
+  elt->index = map_descriptor_field;
+  elt->value = maptype->type_descriptor_pointer(this);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, descriptor, NULL);
+  elt->index = entry_size_field;
+  elt->value = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(map_entry_type);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, descriptor, NULL);
+  elt->index = key_offset_field;
+  elt->value = byte_position(map_entry_key_field);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, descriptor, NULL);
+  elt->index = val_offset_field;
+  elt->value = byte_position(map_entry_val_field);
+
+  tree constructor = build_constructor(struct_type, descriptor);
+
+  tree decl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, VAR_DECL, id, struct_type);
+  TREE_STATIC(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_USED(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_CONSTANT(decl) = 1;
+  DECL_INITIAL(decl) = constructor;
+  make_decl_one_only(decl, DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(decl));
+  resolve_unique_section(decl, 1, 0);
+
+  rest_of_decl_compilation(decl, 1, 0);
+
+  go_preserve_from_gc(decl);
+  p->second = decl;
+
+  return build_fold_addr_expr(decl);
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the type of a map descriptor.  This is struct
+// __go_map_descriptor in libgo/runtime/map.h.  This is the same for
+// all map types.
+
+tree
+Gogo::map_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static tree struct_type;
+  tree dtype = Type::make_type_descriptor_type()->get_tree(this);
+  dtype = build_qualified_type(dtype, TYPE_QUAL_CONST);
+  return Gogo::builtin_struct(&struct_type, "__go_map_descriptor", NULL_TREE,
+                             4,
+                             "__map_descriptor",
+                             build_pointer_type(dtype),
+                             "__entry_size",
+                             sizetype,
+                             "__key_offset",
+                             sizetype,
+                             "__val_offset",
+                             sizetype);
+}
+
+// Return the name to use for a type descriptor decl for TYPE.  This
+// is used when TYPE does not have a name.
+
+std::string
+Gogo::unnamed_type_descriptor_decl_name(const Type* type)
+{
+  return "__go_td_" + type->mangled_name(this);
+}
+
+// Return the name to use for a type descriptor decl for a type named
+// NAME, defined in the function IN_FUNCTION.  IN_FUNCTION will
+// normally be NULL.
+
+std::string
+Gogo::type_descriptor_decl_name(const Named_object* no,
+                               const Named_object* in_function)
+{
+  std::string ret = "__go_tdn_";
+  if (no->type_value()->is_builtin())
+    go_assert(in_function == NULL);
+  else
+    {
+      const std::string& unique_prefix(no->package() == NULL
+                                      ? this->unique_prefix()
+                                      : no->package()->unique_prefix());
+      const std::string& package_name(no->package() == NULL
+                                     ? this->package_name()
+                                     : no->package()->name());
+      ret.append(unique_prefix);
+      ret.append(1, '.');
+      ret.append(package_name);
+      ret.append(1, '.');
+      if (in_function != NULL)
+       {
+         ret.append(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(in_function->name()));
+         ret.append(1, '.');
+       }
+    }
+  ret.append(no->name());
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Where a type descriptor decl should be defined.
+
+Gogo::Type_descriptor_location
+Gogo::type_descriptor_location(const Type* type)
+{
+  const Named_type* name = type->named_type();
+  if (name != NULL)
+    {
+      if (name->named_object()->package() != NULL)
+       {
+         // This is a named type defined in a different package.  The
+         // descriptor should be defined in that package.
+         return TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_UNDEFINED;
+       }
+      else if (name->is_builtin())
+       {
+         // We create the descriptor for a builtin type whenever we
+         // need it.
+         return TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_COMMON;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // This is a named type defined in this package.  The
+         // descriptor should be defined here.
+         return TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_DEFINED;
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (type->points_to() != NULL
+         && type->points_to()->named_type() != NULL
+         && type->points_to()->named_type()->named_object()->package() != NULL)
+       {
+         // This is an unnamed pointer to a named type defined in a
+         // different package.  The descriptor should be defined in
+         // that package.
+         return TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_UNDEFINED;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // This is an unnamed type.  The descriptor could be defined
+         // in any package where it is needed, and the linker will
+         // pick one descriptor to keep.
+         return TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_COMMON;
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor decl for TYPE.  INITIALIZER is a struct
+// composite literal which initializers the type descriptor.
+
+void
+Gogo::build_type_descriptor_decl(const Type* type, Expression* initializer,
+                                tree* pdecl)
+{
+  const Named_type* name = type->named_type();
+
+  // We can have multiple instances of unnamed types, but we only want
+  // to emit the type descriptor once.  We use a hash table to handle
+  // this.  This is not necessary for named types, as they are unique,
+  // and we store the type descriptor decl in the type itself.
+  tree* phash = NULL;
+  if (name == NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->type_descriptor_decls_ == NULL)
+       this->type_descriptor_decls_ = new Type_descriptor_decls(10);
+
+      std::pair<Type_descriptor_decls::iterator, bool> ins =
+       this->type_descriptor_decls_->insert(std::make_pair(type, NULL_TREE));
+      if (!ins.second)
+       {
+         // We've already built a type descriptor for this type.
+         *pdecl = ins.first->second;
+         return;
+       }
+      phash = &ins.first->second;
+    }
+
+  std::string decl_name;
+  if (name == NULL)
+    decl_name = this->unnamed_type_descriptor_decl_name(type);
+  else
+    decl_name = this->type_descriptor_decl_name(name->named_object(),
+                                               name->in_function());
+  tree id = get_identifier_from_string(decl_name);
+  tree descriptor_type_tree = initializer->type()->get_tree(this);
+  if (descriptor_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    {
+      *pdecl = error_mark_node;
+      return;
+    }
+  tree decl = build_decl(name == NULL ? BUILTINS_LOCATION : name->location(),
+                        VAR_DECL, id,
+                        build_qualified_type(descriptor_type_tree,
+                                             TYPE_QUAL_CONST));
+  TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_CONSTANT(decl) = 1;
+  DECL_ARTIFICIAL(decl) = 1;
+
+  go_preserve_from_gc(decl);
+  if (phash != NULL)
+    *phash = decl;
+
+  // We store the new DECL now because we may need to refer to it when
+  // expanding INITIALIZER.
+  *pdecl = decl;
+
+  // If appropriate, just refer to the exported type identifier.
+  Gogo::Type_descriptor_location type_descriptor_location =
+    this->type_descriptor_location(type);
+  if (type_descriptor_location == TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_UNDEFINED)
+    {
+      TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
+      DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 1;
+      return;
+    }
+
+  TREE_STATIC(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_USED(decl) = 1;
+
+  Translate_context context(this, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+  context.set_is_const();
+  tree constructor = initializer->get_tree(&context);
+
+  if (constructor == error_mark_node)
+    go_assert(saw_errors());
+
+  DECL_INITIAL(decl) = constructor;
+
+  if (type_descriptor_location == TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_DEFINED)
+    TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
+  else
+    {
+      go_assert(type_descriptor_location == TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_COMMON);
+      make_decl_one_only(decl, DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(decl));
+      resolve_unique_section(decl, 1, 0);
+    }
+
+  rest_of_decl_compilation(decl, 1, 0);
+}
+
+// Build an interface method table for a type: a list of function
+// pointers, one for each interface method.  This is used for
+// interfaces.
+
+tree
+Gogo::interface_method_table_for_type(const Interface_type* interface,
+                                     Named_type* type,
+                                     bool is_pointer)
+{
+  const Typed_identifier_list* interface_methods = interface->methods();
+  go_assert(!interface_methods->empty());
+
+  std::string mangled_name = ((is_pointer ? "__go_pimt__" : "__go_imt_")
+                             + interface->mangled_name(this)
+                             + "__"
+                             + type->mangled_name(this));
+
+  tree id = get_identifier_from_string(mangled_name);
+
+  // See whether this interface has any hidden methods.
+  bool has_hidden_methods = false;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = interface_methods->begin();
+       p != interface_methods->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (Gogo::is_hidden_name(p->name()))
+       {
+         has_hidden_methods = true;
+         break;
+       }
+    }
+
+  // We already know that the named type is convertible to the
+  // interface.  If the interface has hidden methods, and the named
+  // type is defined in a different package, then the interface
+  // conversion table will be defined by that other package.
+  if (has_hidden_methods && type->named_object()->package() != NULL)
+    {
+      tree array_type = build_array_type(const_ptr_type_node, NULL);
+      tree decl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, VAR_DECL, id, array_type);
+      TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+      TREE_CONSTANT(decl) = 1;
+      TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
+      DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 1;
+      go_preserve_from_gc(decl);
+      return decl;
+    }
+
+  size_t count = interface_methods->size();
+  VEC(constructor_elt, gc)* pointers = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc,
+                                                count + 1);
+
+  // The first element is the type descriptor.
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, pointers, NULL);
+  elt->index = size_zero_node;
+  Type* td_type;
+  if (!is_pointer)
+    td_type = type;
+  else
+    td_type = Type::make_pointer_type(type);
+  elt->value = fold_convert(const_ptr_type_node,
+                           td_type->type_descriptor_pointer(this));
+
+  size_t i = 1;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = interface_methods->begin();
+       p != interface_methods->end();
+       ++p, ++i)
+    {
+      bool is_ambiguous;
+      Method* m = type->method_function(p->name(), &is_ambiguous);
+      go_assert(m != NULL);
+
+      Named_object* no = m->named_object();
+
+      tree fnid = no->get_id(this);
+
+      tree fndecl;
+      if (no->is_function())
+       fndecl = no->func_value()->get_or_make_decl(this, no, fnid);
+      else if (no->is_function_declaration())
+       fndecl = no->func_declaration_value()->get_or_make_decl(this, no,
+                                                               fnid);
+      else
+       go_unreachable();
+      fndecl = build_fold_addr_expr(fndecl);
+
+      elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, pointers, NULL);
+      elt->index = size_int(i);
+      elt->value = fold_convert(const_ptr_type_node, fndecl);
+    }
+  go_assert(i == count + 1);
+
+  tree array_type = build_array_type(const_ptr_type_node,
+                                    build_index_type(size_int(count)));
+  tree constructor = build_constructor(array_type, pointers);
+
+  tree decl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, VAR_DECL, id, array_type);
+  TREE_STATIC(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_USED(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_CONSTANT(decl) = 1;
+  DECL_INITIAL(decl) = constructor;
+
+  // If the interface type has hidden methods, then this is the only
+  // definition of the table.  Otherwise it is a comdat table which
+  // may be defined in multiple packages.
+  if (has_hidden_methods)
+    TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
+  else
+    {
+      make_decl_one_only(decl, DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(decl));
+      resolve_unique_section(decl, 1, 0);
+    }
+
+  rest_of_decl_compilation(decl, 1, 0);
+
+  go_preserve_from_gc(decl);
+
+  return decl;
+}
+
+// Mark a function as a builtin library function.
+
+void
+Gogo::mark_fndecl_as_builtin_library(tree fndecl)
+{
+  DECL_EXTERNAL(fndecl) = 1;
+  TREE_PUBLIC(fndecl) = 1;
+  DECL_ARTIFICIAL(fndecl) = 1;
+  TREE_NOTHROW(fndecl) = 1;
+  DECL_VISIBILITY(fndecl) = VISIBILITY_DEFAULT;
+  DECL_VISIBILITY_SPECIFIED(fndecl) = 1;
+}
+
+// Build a call to a builtin function.
+
+tree
+Gogo::call_builtin(tree* pdecl, source_location location, const char* name,
+                  int nargs, tree rettype, ...)
+{
+  if (rettype == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree* types = new tree[nargs];
+  tree* args = new tree[nargs];
+
+  va_list ap;
+  va_start(ap, rettype);
+  for (int i = 0; i < nargs; ++i)
+    {
+      types[i] = va_arg(ap, tree);
+      args[i] = va_arg(ap, tree);
+      if (types[i] == error_mark_node || args[i] == error_mark_node)
+       {
+         delete[] types;
+         delete[] args;
+         return error_mark_node;
+       }
+    }
+  va_end(ap);
+
+  if (*pdecl == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      tree fnid = get_identifier(name);
+
+      tree argtypes = NULL_TREE;
+      tree* pp = &argtypes;
+      for (int i = 0; i < nargs; ++i)
+       {
+         *pp = tree_cons(NULL_TREE, types[i], NULL_TREE);
+         pp = &TREE_CHAIN(*pp);
+       }
+      *pp = void_list_node;
+
+      tree fntype = build_function_type(rettype, argtypes);
+
+      *pdecl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, FUNCTION_DECL, fnid, fntype);
+      Gogo::mark_fndecl_as_builtin_library(*pdecl);
+      go_preserve_from_gc(*pdecl);
+    }
+
+  tree fnptr = build_fold_addr_expr(*pdecl);
+  if (CAN_HAVE_LOCATION_P(fnptr))
+    SET_EXPR_LOCATION(fnptr, location);
+
+  tree ret = build_call_array(rettype, fnptr, nargs, args);
+  SET_EXPR_LOCATION(ret, location);
+
+  delete[] types;
+  delete[] args;
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Build a call to the runtime error function.
+
+tree
+Gogo::runtime_error(int code, source_location location)
+{
+  static tree runtime_error_fndecl;
+  tree ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&runtime_error_fndecl,
+                               location,
+                               "__go_runtime_error",
+                               1,
+                               void_type_node,
+                               integer_type_node,
+                               build_int_cst(integer_type_node, code));
+  if (ret == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  // The runtime error function panics and does not return.
+  TREE_NOTHROW(runtime_error_fndecl) = 0;
+  TREE_THIS_VOLATILE(runtime_error_fndecl) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return a tree for receiving a value of type TYPE_TREE on CHANNEL.
+// This does a blocking receive and returns the value read from the
+// channel.  If FOR_SELECT is true, this is being done because it was
+// chosen in a select statement.
+
+tree
+Gogo::receive_from_channel(tree type_tree, tree channel, bool for_select,
+                          source_location location)
+{
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node || channel == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  if (int_size_in_bytes(type_tree) <= 8
+      && !AGGREGATE_TYPE_P(type_tree)
+      && !FLOAT_TYPE_P(type_tree))
+    {
+      static tree receive_small_fndecl;
+      tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&receive_small_fndecl,
+                                    location,
+                                    "__go_receive_small",
+                                    2,
+                                    uint64_type_node,
+                                    ptr_type_node,
+                                    channel,
+                                    boolean_type_node,
+                                    (for_select
+                                     ? boolean_true_node
+                                     : boolean_false_node));
+      if (call == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      // This can panic if there are too many operations on a closed
+      // channel.
+      TREE_NOTHROW(receive_small_fndecl) = 0;
+      int bitsize = GET_MODE_BITSIZE(TYPE_MODE(type_tree));
+      tree int_type_tree = go_type_for_size(bitsize, 1);
+      return fold_convert_loc(location, type_tree,
+                             fold_convert_loc(location, int_type_tree,
+                                              call));
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      tree tmp = create_tmp_var(type_tree, get_name(type_tree));
+      DECL_IGNORED_P(tmp) = 0;
+      TREE_ADDRESSABLE(tmp) = 1;
+      tree make_tmp = build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, tmp);
+      SET_EXPR_LOCATION(make_tmp, location);
+      tree tmpaddr = build_fold_addr_expr(tmp);
+      tmpaddr = fold_convert(ptr_type_node, tmpaddr);
+      static tree receive_big_fndecl;
+      tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&receive_big_fndecl,
+                                    location,
+                                    "__go_receive_big",
+                                    3,
+                                    boolean_type_node,
+                                    ptr_type_node,
+                                    channel,
+                                    ptr_type_node,
+                                    tmpaddr,
+                                    boolean_type_node,
+                                    (for_select
+                                     ? boolean_true_node
+                                     : boolean_false_node));
+      if (call == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      // This can panic if there are too many operations on a closed
+      // channel.
+      TREE_NOTHROW(receive_big_fndecl) = 0;
+      return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, type_tree, make_tmp,
+                   build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, type_tree, call, tmp));
+    }
+}
+
+// Return the type of a function trampoline.  This is like
+// get_trampoline_type in tree-nested.c.
+
+tree
+Gogo::trampoline_type_tree()
+{
+  static tree type_tree;
+  if (type_tree == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      unsigned int size;
+      unsigned int align;
+      go_trampoline_info(&size, &align);
+      tree t = build_index_type(build_int_cst(integer_type_node, size - 1));
+      t = build_array_type(char_type_node, t);
+
+      type_tree = Gogo::builtin_struct(NULL, "__go_trampoline", NULL_TREE, 1,
+                                      "__data", t);
+      t = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+      DECL_ALIGN(t) = align;
+      DECL_USER_ALIGN(t) = 1;
+
+      go_preserve_from_gc(type_tree);
+    }
+  return type_tree;
+}
+
+// Make a trampoline which calls FNADDR passing CLOSURE.
+
+tree
+Gogo::make_trampoline(tree fnaddr, tree closure, source_location location)
+{
+  tree trampoline_type = Gogo::trampoline_type_tree();
+  tree trampoline_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(trampoline_type);
+
+  closure = save_expr(closure);
+
+  // We allocate the trampoline using a special function which will
+  // mark it as executable.
+  static tree trampoline_fndecl;
+  tree x = Gogo::call_builtin(&trampoline_fndecl,
+                             location,
+                             "__go_allocate_trampoline",
+                             2,
+                             ptr_type_node,
+                             size_type_node,
+                             trampoline_size,
+                             ptr_type_node,
+                             fold_convert_loc(location, ptr_type_node,
+                                              closure));
+  if (x == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  x = save_expr(x);
+
+  // Initialize the trampoline.
+  tree ini = build_call_expr(implicit_built_in_decls[BUILT_IN_INIT_TRAMPOLINE],
+                            3, x, fnaddr, closure);
+
+  // On some targets the trampoline address needs to be adjusted.  For
+  // example, when compiling in Thumb mode on the ARM, the address
+  // needs to have the low bit set.
+  x = build_call_expr(implicit_built_in_decls[BUILT_IN_ADJUST_TRAMPOLINE],
+                     1, x);
+  x = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(fnaddr), x);
+
+  return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(x), ini, x);
+}
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo-tree.cc.working b/gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo-tree.cc.working
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..238a0d7
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,3145 @@
+// gogo-tree.cc -- convert Go frontend Gogo IR to gcc trees.
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "go-system.h"
+
+#include <gmp.h>
+
+#ifndef ENABLE_BUILD_WITH_CXX
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif
+
+#include "toplev.h"
+#include "tree.h"
+#include "gimple.h"
+#include "tree-iterator.h"
+#include "cgraph.h"
+#include "langhooks.h"
+#include "convert.h"
+#include "output.h"
+#include "diagnostic.h"
+
+#ifndef ENABLE_BUILD_WITH_CXX
+}
+#endif
+
+#include "go-c.h"
+#include "types.h"
+#include "expressions.h"
+#include "statements.h"
+#include "gogo.h"
+
+// Whether we have seen any errors.
+
+bool
+saw_errors()
+{
+  return errorcount != 0 || sorrycount != 0;
+}
+
+// A helper function.
+
+static inline tree
+get_identifier_from_string(const std::string& str)
+{
+  return get_identifier_with_length(str.data(), str.length());
+}
+
+// Builtin functions.
+
+static std::map<std::string, tree> builtin_functions;
+
+// Define a builtin function.  BCODE is the builtin function code
+// defined by builtins.def.  NAME is the name of the builtin function.
+// LIBNAME is the name of the corresponding library function, and is
+// NULL if there isn't one.  FNTYPE is the type of the function.
+// CONST_P is true if the function has the const attribute.
+
+static void
+define_builtin(built_in_function bcode, const char* name, const char* libname,
+              tree fntype, bool const_p)
+{
+  tree decl = add_builtin_function(name, fntype, bcode, BUILT_IN_NORMAL,
+                                  libname, NULL_TREE);
+  if (const_p)
+    TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+  built_in_decls[bcode] = decl;
+  implicit_built_in_decls[bcode] = decl;
+  builtin_functions[name] = decl;
+  if (libname != NULL)
+    {
+      decl = add_builtin_function(libname, fntype, bcode, BUILT_IN_NORMAL,
+                                 NULL, NULL_TREE);
+      if (const_p)
+       TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+      builtin_functions[libname] = decl;
+    }
+}
+
+// Create trees for implicit builtin functions.
+
+void
+Gogo::define_builtin_function_trees()
+{
+  /* We need to define the fetch_and_add functions, since we use them
+     for ++ and --.  */
+  tree t = go_type_for_size(BITS_PER_UNIT, 1);
+  tree p = build_pointer_type(build_qualified_type(t, TYPE_QUAL_VOLATILE));
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_ADD_AND_FETCH_1, "__sync_fetch_and_add_1", NULL,
+                build_function_type_list(t, p, t, NULL_TREE), false);
+
+  t = go_type_for_size(BITS_PER_UNIT * 2, 1);
+  p = build_pointer_type(build_qualified_type(t, TYPE_QUAL_VOLATILE));
+  define_builtin (BUILT_IN_ADD_AND_FETCH_2, "__sync_fetch_and_add_2", NULL,
+                 build_function_type_list(t, p, t, NULL_TREE), false);
+
+  t = go_type_for_size(BITS_PER_UNIT * 4, 1);
+  p = build_pointer_type(build_qualified_type(t, TYPE_QUAL_VOLATILE));
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_ADD_AND_FETCH_4, "__sync_fetch_and_add_4", NULL,
+                build_function_type_list(t, p, t, NULL_TREE), false);
+
+  t = go_type_for_size(BITS_PER_UNIT * 8, 1);
+  p = build_pointer_type(build_qualified_type(t, TYPE_QUAL_VOLATILE));
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_ADD_AND_FETCH_8, "__sync_fetch_and_add_8", NULL,
+                build_function_type_list(t, p, t, NULL_TREE), false);
+
+  // We use __builtin_expect for magic import functions.
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_EXPECT, "__builtin_expect", NULL,
+                build_function_type_list(long_integer_type_node,
+                                         long_integer_type_node,
+                                         long_integer_type_node,
+                                         NULL_TREE),
+                true);
+
+  // We use __builtin_memmove for the predeclared copy function.
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_MEMMOVE, "__builtin_memmove", "memmove",
+                build_function_type_list(ptr_type_node,
+                                         ptr_type_node,
+                                         const_ptr_type_node,
+                                         size_type_node,
+                                         NULL_TREE),
+                false);
+
+  // We provide sqrt for the math library.
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_SQRT, "__builtin_sqrt", "sqrt",
+                build_function_type_list(double_type_node,
+                                         double_type_node,
+                                         NULL_TREE),
+                true);
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_SQRTL, "__builtin_sqrtl", "sqrtl",
+                build_function_type_list(long_double_type_node,
+                                         long_double_type_node,
+                                         NULL_TREE),
+                true);
+
+  // We use __builtin_return_address in the thunk we build for
+  // functions which call recover.
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_RETURN_ADDRESS, "__builtin_return_address", NULL,
+                build_function_type_list(ptr_type_node,
+                                         unsigned_type_node,
+                                         NULL_TREE),
+                false);
+
+  // The compiler uses __builtin_trap for some exception handling
+  // cases.
+  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_TRAP, "__builtin_trap", NULL,
+                build_function_type(void_type_node, void_list_node),
+                false);
+}
+
+// Get the name to use for the import control function.  If there is a
+// global function or variable, then we know that that name must be
+// unique in the link, and we use it as the basis for our name.
+
+const std::string&
+Gogo::get_init_fn_name()
+{
+  if (this->init_fn_name_.empty())
+    {
+      gcc_assert(this->package_ != NULL);
+      if (this->is_main_package())
+       {
+         // Use a name which the runtime knows.
+         this->init_fn_name_ = "__go_init_main";
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         std::string s = this->unique_prefix();
+         s.append(1, '.');
+         s.append(this->package_name());
+         s.append("..import");
+         this->init_fn_name_ = s;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return this->init_fn_name_;
+}
+
+// Add statements to INIT_STMT_LIST which run the initialization
+// functions for imported packages.  This is only used for the "main"
+// package.
+
+void
+Gogo::init_imports(tree* init_stmt_list)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->is_main_package());
+
+  if (this->imported_init_fns_.empty())
+    return;
+
+  tree fntype = build_function_type(void_type_node, void_list_node);
+
+  // We must call them in increasing priority order.
+  std::vector<Import_init> v;
+  for (std::set<Import_init>::const_iterator p =
+        this->imported_init_fns_.begin();
+       p != this->imported_init_fns_.end();
+       ++p)
+    v.push_back(*p);
+  std::sort(v.begin(), v.end());
+
+  for (std::vector<Import_init>::const_iterator p = v.begin();
+       p != v.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      std::string user_name = p->package_name() + ".init";
+      tree decl = build_decl(UNKNOWN_LOCATION, FUNCTION_DECL,
+                            get_identifier_from_string(user_name),
+                            fntype);
+      const std::string& init_name(p->init_name());
+      SET_DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(decl, get_identifier_from_string(init_name));
+      TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
+      DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 1;
+      append_to_statement_list(build_call_expr(decl, 0), init_stmt_list);
+    }
+}
+
+// Register global variables with the garbage collector.  We need to
+// register all variables which can hold a pointer value.  They become
+// roots during the mark phase.  We build a struct that is easy to
+// hook into a list of roots.
+
+// struct __go_gc_root_list
+// {
+//   struct __go_gc_root_list* __next;
+//   struct __go_gc_root
+//   {
+//     void* __decl;
+//     size_t __size;
+//   } __roots[];
+// };
+
+// The last entry in the roots array has a NULL decl field.
+
+void
+Gogo::register_gc_vars(const std::vector<Named_object*>& var_gc,
+                      tree* init_stmt_list)
+{
+  if (var_gc.empty())
+    return;
+
+  size_t count = var_gc.size();
+
+  tree root_type = Gogo::builtin_struct(NULL, "__go_gc_root", NULL_TREE, 2,
+                                       "__next",
+                                       ptr_type_node,
+                                       "__size",
+                                       sizetype);
+
+  tree index_type = build_index_type(size_int(count));
+  tree array_type = build_array_type(root_type, index_type);
+
+  tree root_list_type = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+  root_list_type = Gogo::builtin_struct(NULL, "__go_gc_root_list",
+                                       root_list_type, 2,
+                                       "__next",
+                                       build_pointer_type(root_list_type),
+                                       "__roots",
+                                       array_type);
+
+  // Build an initialier for the __roots array.
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* roots_init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc,
+                                                 count + 1);
+
+  size_t i = 0;
+  for (std::vector<Named_object*>::const_iterator p = var_gc.begin();
+       p != var_gc.end();
+       ++p, ++i)
+    {
+      VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+
+      constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+      tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(root_type);
+      elt->index = field;
+      tree decl = (*p)->get_tree(this, NULL);
+      gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(decl) == VAR_DECL);
+      elt->value = build_fold_addr_expr(decl);
+
+      elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+      field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+      elt->index = field;
+      elt->value = DECL_SIZE_UNIT(decl);
+
+      elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, roots_init, NULL);
+      elt->index = size_int(i);
+      elt->value = build_constructor(root_type, init);
+    }
+
+  // The list ends with a NULL entry.
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(root_type);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), null_pointer_node);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = size_zero_node;
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, roots_init, NULL);
+  elt->index = size_int(i);
+  elt->value = build_constructor(root_type, init);
+
+  // Build a constructor for the struct.
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc*) root_list_init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, root_list_init, NULL);
+  field = TYPE_FIELDS(root_list_type);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), null_pointer_node);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, root_list_init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = build_constructor(array_type, roots_init);
+
+  // Build a decl to register.
+
+  tree decl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, VAR_DECL,
+                        create_tmp_var_name("gc"), root_list_type);
+  DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 0;
+  TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 0;
+  TREE_STATIC(decl) = 1;
+  DECL_ARTIFICIAL(decl) = 1;
+  DECL_INITIAL(decl) = build_constructor(root_list_type, root_list_init);
+  rest_of_decl_compilation(decl, 1, 0);
+
+  static tree register_gc_fndecl;
+  tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&register_gc_fndecl, BUILTINS_LOCATION,
+                                "__go_register_gc_roots",
+                                1,
+                                void_type_node,
+                                build_pointer_type(root_list_type),
+                                build_fold_addr_expr(decl));
+  if (call != error_mark_node)
+    append_to_statement_list(call, init_stmt_list);
+}
+
+// Build the decl for the initialization function.
+
+tree
+Gogo::initialization_function_decl()
+{
+  // The tedious details of building your own function.  There doesn't
+  // seem to be a helper function for this.
+  std::string name = this->package_name() + ".init";
+  tree fndecl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, FUNCTION_DECL,
+                          get_identifier_from_string(name),
+                          build_function_type(void_type_node,
+                                              void_list_node));
+  const std::string& asm_name(this->get_init_fn_name());
+  SET_DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(fndecl, get_identifier_from_string(asm_name));
+
+  tree resdecl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, RESULT_DECL, NULL_TREE,
+                           void_type_node);
+  DECL_ARTIFICIAL(resdecl) = 1;
+  DECL_CONTEXT(resdecl) = fndecl;
+  DECL_RESULT(fndecl) = resdecl;
+
+  TREE_STATIC(fndecl) = 1;
+  TREE_USED(fndecl) = 1;
+  DECL_ARTIFICIAL(fndecl) = 1;
+  TREE_PUBLIC(fndecl) = 1;
+
+  DECL_INITIAL(fndecl) = make_node(BLOCK);
+  TREE_USED(DECL_INITIAL(fndecl)) = 1;
+
+  return fndecl;
+}
+
+// Create the magic initialization function.  INIT_STMT_LIST is the
+// code that it needs to run.
+
+void
+Gogo::write_initialization_function(tree fndecl, tree init_stmt_list)
+{
+  // Make sure that we thought we needed an initialization function,
+  // as otherwise we will not have reported it in the export data.
+  gcc_assert(this->is_main_package() || this->need_init_fn_);
+
+  if (fndecl == NULL_TREE)
+    fndecl = this->initialization_function_decl();
+
+  DECL_SAVED_TREE(fndecl) = init_stmt_list;
+
+  current_function_decl = fndecl;
+  if (DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(fndecl) == NULL)
+    push_struct_function(fndecl);
+  else
+    push_cfun(DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(fndecl));
+  cfun->function_end_locus = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  gimplify_function_tree(fndecl);
+
+  cgraph_add_new_function(fndecl, false);
+  cgraph_mark_needed_node(cgraph_node(fndecl));
+
+  current_function_decl = NULL_TREE;
+  pop_cfun();
+}
+
+// Search for references to VAR in any statements or called functions.
+
+class Find_var : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  // A hash table we use to avoid looping.  The index is the name of a
+  // named object.  We only look through objects defined in this
+  // package.
+  typedef Unordered_set(std::string) Seen_objects;
+
+  Find_var(Named_object* var, Seen_objects* seen_objects)
+    : Traverse(traverse_expressions),
+      var_(var), seen_objects_(seen_objects), found_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Whether the variable was found.
+  bool
+  found() const
+  { return this->found_; }
+
+  int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+ private:
+  // The variable we are looking for.
+  Named_object* var_;
+  // Names of objects we have already seen.
+  Seen_objects* seen_objects_;
+  // True if the variable was found.
+  bool found_;
+};
+
+// See if EXPR refers to VAR, looking through function calls and
+// variable initializations.
+
+int
+Find_var::expression(Expression** pexpr)
+{
+  Expression* e = *pexpr;
+
+  Var_expression* ve = e->var_expression();
+  if (ve != NULL)
+    {
+      Named_object* v = ve->named_object();
+      if (v == this->var_)
+       {
+         this->found_ = true;
+         return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+       }
+
+      if (v->is_variable() && v->package() == NULL)
+       {
+         Expression* init = v->var_value()->init();
+         if (init != NULL)
+           {
+             std::pair<Seen_objects::iterator, bool> ins =
+               this->seen_objects_->insert(v->name());
+             if (ins.second)
+               {
+                 // This is the first time we have seen this name.
+                 if (Expression::traverse(&init, this) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  // We traverse the code of any function we see.  Note that this
+  // means that we will traverse the code of a function whose address
+  // is taken even if it is not called.
+  Func_expression* fe = e->func_expression();
+  if (fe != NULL)
+    {
+      const Named_object* f = fe->named_object();
+      if (f->is_function() && f->package() == NULL)
+       {
+         std::pair<Seen_objects::iterator, bool> ins =
+           this->seen_objects_->insert(f->name());
+         if (ins.second)
+           {
+             // This is the first time we have seen this name.
+             if (f->func_value()->block()->traverse(this) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Return true if EXPR refers to VAR.
+
+static bool
+expression_requires(Expression* expr, Block* preinit, Named_object* var)
+{
+  Find_var::Seen_objects seen_objects;
+  Find_var find_var(var, &seen_objects);
+  if (expr != NULL)
+    Expression::traverse(&expr, &find_var);
+  if (preinit != NULL)
+    preinit->traverse(&find_var);
+  
+  return find_var.found();
+}
+
+// Sort variable initializations.  If the initialization expression
+// for variable A refers directly or indirectly to the initialization
+// expression for variable B, then we must initialize B before A.
+
+class Var_init
+{
+ public:
+  Var_init()
+    : var_(NULL), init_(NULL_TREE), waiting_(0)
+  { }
+
+  Var_init(Named_object* var, tree init)
+    : var_(var), init_(init), waiting_(0)
+  { }
+
+  // Return the variable.
+  Named_object*
+  var() const
+  { return this->var_; }
+
+  // Return the initialization expression.
+  tree
+  init() const
+  { return this->init_; }
+
+  // Return the number of variables waiting for this one to be
+  // initialized.
+  size_t
+  waiting() const
+  { return this->waiting_; }
+
+  // Increment the number waiting.
+  void
+  increment_waiting()
+  { ++this->waiting_; }
+
+ private:
+  // The variable being initialized.
+  Named_object* var_;
+  // The initialization expression to run.
+  tree init_;
+  // The number of variables which are waiting for this one.
+  size_t waiting_;
+};
+
+typedef std::list<Var_init> Var_inits;
+
+// Sort the variable initializations.  The rule we follow is that we
+// emit them in the order they appear in the array, except that if the
+// initialization expression for a variable V1 depends upon another
+// variable V2 then we initialize V1 after V2.
+
+static void
+sort_var_inits(Var_inits* var_inits)
+{
+  Var_inits ready;
+  while (!var_inits->empty())
+    {
+      Var_inits::iterator p1 = var_inits->begin();
+      Named_object* var = p1->var();
+      Expression* init = var->var_value()->init();
+      Block* preinit = var->var_value()->preinit();
+
+      // Start walking through the list to see which variables VAR
+      // needs to wait for.  We can skip P1->WAITING variables--that
+      // is the number we've already checked.
+      Var_inits::iterator p2 = p1;
+      ++p2;
+      for (size_t i = p1->waiting(); i > 0; --i)
+       ++p2;
+
+      for (; p2 != var_inits->end(); ++p2)
+       {
+         if (expression_requires(init, preinit, p2->var()))
+           {
+             // Check for cycles.
+             if (expression_requires(p2->var()->var_value()->init(),
+                                     p2->var()->var_value()->preinit(),
+                                     var))
+               {
+                 error_at(var->location(),
+                          ("initialization expressions for %qs and "
+                           "%qs depend upon each other"),
+                          var->message_name().c_str(),
+                          p2->var()->message_name().c_str());
+                 inform(p2->var()->location(), "%qs defined here",
+                        p2->var()->message_name().c_str());
+                 p2 = var_inits->end();
+               }
+             else
+               {
+                 // We can't emit P1 until P2 is emitted.  Move P1.
+                 // Note that the WAITING loop always executes at
+                 // least once, which is what we want.
+                 p2->increment_waiting();
+                 Var_inits::iterator p3 = p2;
+                 for (size_t i = p2->waiting(); i > 0; --i)
+                   ++p3;
+                 var_inits->splice(p3, *var_inits, p1);
+               }
+             break;
+           }
+       }
+
+      if (p2 == var_inits->end())
+       {
+         // VAR does not depends upon any other initialization expressions.
+
+         // Check for a loop of VAR on itself.  We only do this if
+         // INIT is not NULL; when INIT is NULL, it means that
+         // PREINIT sets VAR, which we will interpret as a loop.
+         if (init != NULL && expression_requires(init, preinit, var))
+           error_at(var->location(),
+                    "initialization expression for %qs depends upon itself",
+                    var->message_name().c_str());
+         ready.splice(ready.end(), *var_inits, p1);
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Now READY is the list in the desired initialization order.
+  var_inits->swap(ready);
+}
+
+// Write out the global definitions.
+
+void
+Gogo::write_globals()
+{
+  this->convert_named_types();
+  this->build_interface_method_tables();
+
+  Bindings* bindings = this->current_bindings();
+  size_t count = bindings->size_definitions();
+
+  tree* vec = new tree[count];
+
+  tree init_fndecl = NULL_TREE;
+  tree init_stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
+
+  if (this->is_main_package())
+    this->init_imports(&init_stmt_list);
+
+  // A list of variable initializations.
+  Var_inits var_inits;
+
+  // A list of variables which need to be registered with the garbage
+  // collector.
+  std::vector<Named_object*> var_gc;
+  var_gc.reserve(count);
+
+  tree var_init_stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
+  size_t i = 0;
+  for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator p = bindings->begin_definitions();
+       p != bindings->end_definitions();
+       ++p, ++i)
+    {
+      Named_object* no = *p;
+
+      gcc_assert(!no->is_type_declaration() && !no->is_function_declaration());
+      // There is nothing to do for a package.
+      if (no->is_package())
+       {
+         --i;
+         --count;
+         continue;
+       }
+
+      // There is nothing to do for an object which was imported from
+      // a different package into the global scope.
+      if (no->package() != NULL)
+       {
+         --i;
+         --count;
+         continue;
+       }
+
+      // There is nothing useful we can output for constants which
+      // have ideal or non-integeral type.
+      if (no->is_const())
+       {
+         Type* type = no->const_value()->type();
+         if (type == NULL)
+           type = no->const_value()->expr()->type();
+         if (type->is_abstract() || type->integer_type() == NULL)
+           {
+             --i;
+             --count;
+             continue;
+           }
+       }
+
+      vec[i] = no->get_tree(this, NULL);
+
+      if (vec[i] == error_mark_node)
+       {
+         gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+         --i;
+         --count;
+         continue;
+       }
+
+      // If a variable is initialized to a non-constant value, do the
+      // initialization in an initialization function.
+      if (TREE_CODE(vec[i]) == VAR_DECL)
+       {
+         gcc_assert(no->is_variable());
+
+         // Check for a sink variable, which may be used to run
+         // an initializer purely for its side effects.
+         bool is_sink = no->name()[0] == '_' && no->name()[1] == '.';
+
+         tree var_init_tree = NULL_TREE;
+         if (!no->var_value()->has_pre_init())
+           {
+             tree init = no->var_value()->get_init_tree(this, NULL);
+             if (init == error_mark_node)
+               gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+             else if (init == NULL_TREE)
+               ;
+             else if (TREE_CONSTANT(init))
+               DECL_INITIAL(vec[i]) = init;
+             else if (is_sink)
+               var_init_tree = init;
+             else
+               var_init_tree = fold_build2_loc(no->location(), MODIFY_EXPR,
+                                               void_type_node, vec[i], init);
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             // We are going to create temporary variables which
+             // means that we need an fndecl.
+             if (init_fndecl == NULL_TREE)
+               init_fndecl = this->initialization_function_decl();
+             current_function_decl = init_fndecl;
+             if (DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(init_fndecl) == NULL)
+               push_struct_function(init_fndecl);
+             else
+               push_cfun(DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(init_fndecl));
+
+             tree var_decl = is_sink ? NULL_TREE : vec[i];
+             var_init_tree = no->var_value()->get_init_block(this, NULL,
+                                                             var_decl);
+
+             current_function_decl = NULL_TREE;
+             pop_cfun();
+           }
+
+         if (var_init_tree != NULL_TREE && var_init_tree != error_mark_node)
+           {
+             if (no->var_value()->init() == NULL
+                 && !no->var_value()->has_pre_init())
+               append_to_statement_list(var_init_tree, &var_init_stmt_list);
+             else
+               var_inits.push_back(Var_init(no, var_init_tree));
+           }
+
+         if (!is_sink && no->var_value()->type()->has_pointer())
+           var_gc.push_back(no);
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Register global variables with the garbage collector.
+  this->register_gc_vars(var_gc, &init_stmt_list);
+
+  // Simple variable initializations, after all variables are
+  // registered.
+  append_to_statement_list(var_init_stmt_list, &init_stmt_list);
+
+  // Complex variable initializations, first sorting them into a
+  // workable order.
+  if (!var_inits.empty())
+    {
+      sort_var_inits(&var_inits);
+      for (Var_inits::const_iterator p = var_inits.begin();
+          p != var_inits.end();
+          ++p)
+       append_to_statement_list(p->init(), &init_stmt_list);
+    }
+
+  // After all the variables are initialized, call the "init"
+  // functions if there are any.
+  for (std::vector<Named_object*>::const_iterator p =
+        this->init_functions_.begin();
+       p != this->init_functions_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      tree decl = (*p)->get_tree(this, NULL);
+      tree call = build_call_expr(decl, 0);
+      append_to_statement_list(call, &init_stmt_list);
+    }
+
+  // Set up a magic function to do all the initialization actions.
+  // This will be called if this package is imported.
+  if (init_stmt_list != NULL_TREE
+      || this->need_init_fn_
+      || this->is_main_package())
+    this->write_initialization_function(init_fndecl, init_stmt_list);
+
+  // Pass everything back to the middle-end.
+
+  wrapup_global_declarations(vec, count);
+
+  cgraph_finalize_compilation_unit();
+
+  check_global_declarations(vec, count);
+  emit_debug_global_declarations(vec, count);
+
+  delete[] vec;
+}
+
+// Get a tree for the identifier for a named object.
+
+tree
+Named_object::get_id(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  std::string decl_name;
+  if (this->is_function_declaration()
+      && !this->func_declaration_value()->asm_name().empty())
+    decl_name = this->func_declaration_value()->asm_name();
+  else if ((this->is_variable() && !this->var_value()->is_global())
+          || (this->is_type()
+              && this->type_value()->location() == BUILTINS_LOCATION))
+    {
+      // We don't need the package name for local variables or builtin
+      // types.
+      decl_name = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(this->name_);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      std::string package_name;
+      if (this->package_ == NULL)
+       package_name = gogo->package_name();
+      else
+       package_name = this->package_->name();
+
+      decl_name = package_name + '.' + Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(this->name_);
+
+      Function_type* fntype;
+      if (this->is_function())
+       fntype = this->func_value()->type();
+      else if (this->is_function_declaration())
+       fntype = this->func_declaration_value()->type();
+      else
+       fntype = NULL;
+      if (fntype != NULL && fntype->is_method())
+       {
+         decl_name.push_back('.');
+         decl_name.append(fntype->receiver()->type()->mangled_name(gogo));
+       }
+    }
+  if (this->is_type())
+    {
+      const Named_object* in_function = this->type_value()->in_function();
+      if (in_function != NULL)
+       decl_name += '$' + in_function->name();
+    }
+  return get_identifier_from_string(decl_name);
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a named object.
+
+tree
+Named_object::get_tree(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function)
+{
+  if (this->tree_ != NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      // If this is a variable whose address is taken, we must rebuild
+      // the INDIRECT_REF each time to avoid invalid sharing.
+      tree ret = this->tree_;
+      if (((this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_VAR
+           && this->var_value()->is_in_heap())
+          || (this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR
+              && this->result_var_value()->is_in_heap()))
+         && ret != error_mark_node)
+       {
+         gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(ret) == INDIRECT_REF);
+         ret = build_fold_indirect_ref(TREE_OPERAND(ret, 0));
+         TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(ret) = 1;
+       }
+      return ret;
+    }
+
+  tree name;
+  if (this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE)
+    name = NULL_TREE;
+  else
+    name = this->get_id(gogo);
+  tree decl;
+  switch (this->classification_)
+    {
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+      {
+       Named_constant* named_constant = this->u_.const_value;
+       Translate_context subcontext(gogo, function, NULL, NULL_TREE);
+       tree expr_tree = named_constant->expr()->get_tree(&subcontext);
+       if (expr_tree == error_mark_node)
+         decl = error_mark_node;
+       else
+         {
+           Type* type = named_constant->type();
+           if (type != NULL && !type->is_abstract())
+             {
+               if (!type->is_undefined())
+                 expr_tree = fold_convert(type->get_tree(gogo), expr_tree);
+               else
+                 {
+                   // Make sure we report the error.
+                   type->base();
+                   expr_tree = error_mark_node;
+                 }
+             }
+           if (expr_tree == error_mark_node)
+             decl = error_mark_node;
+           else if (INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(expr_tree)))
+             {
+               decl = build_decl(named_constant->location(), CONST_DECL,
+                                 name, TREE_TYPE(expr_tree));
+               DECL_INITIAL(decl) = expr_tree;
+               TREE_CONSTANT(decl) = 1;
+               TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+             }
+           else
+             {
+               // A CONST_DECL is only for an enum constant, so we
+               // shouldn't use for non-integral types.  Instead we
+               // just return the constant itself, rather than a
+               // decl.
+               decl = expr_tree;
+             }
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE:
+      {
+       Named_type* named_type = this->u_.type_value;
+       tree type_tree = named_type->get_tree(gogo);
+       if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+         decl = error_mark_node;
+       else
+         {
+           decl = TYPE_NAME(type_tree);
+           gcc_assert(decl != NULL_TREE);
+
+           // We need to produce a type descriptor for every named
+           // type, and for a pointer to every named type, since
+           // other files or packages might refer to them.  We need
+           // to do this even for hidden types, because they might
+           // still be returned by some function.  Simply calling the
+           // type_descriptor method is enough to create the type
+           // descriptor, even though we don't do anything with it.
+           if (this->package_ == NULL)
+             {
+               named_type->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo);
+               Type* pn = Type::make_pointer_type(named_type);
+               pn->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo);
+             }
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION:
+      error("reference to undefined type %qs",
+           this->message_name().c_str());
+      return error_mark_node;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+      {
+       Variable* var = this->u_.var_value;
+       Type* type = var->type();
+       if (type->is_error_type()
+           || (type->is_undefined()
+               && (!var->is_global() || this->package() == NULL)))
+         {
+           // Force the error for an undefined type, just in case.
+           type->base();
+           decl = error_mark_node;
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           tree var_type = type->get_tree(gogo);
+           bool is_parameter = var->is_parameter();
+           if (var->is_receiver() && type->points_to() == NULL)
+             is_parameter = false;
+           if (var->is_in_heap())
+             {
+               is_parameter = false;
+               var_type = build_pointer_type(var_type);
+             }
+           decl = build_decl(var->location(),
+                             is_parameter ? PARM_DECL : VAR_DECL,
+                             name, var_type);
+           if (!var->is_global())
+             {
+               tree fnid = function->get_id(gogo);
+               tree fndecl = function->func_value()->get_or_make_decl(gogo,
+                                                                      function,
+                                                                      fnid);
+               DECL_CONTEXT(decl) = fndecl;
+             }
+           if (is_parameter)
+             DECL_ARG_TYPE(decl) = TREE_TYPE(decl);
+
+           if (var->is_global())
+             {
+               const Package* package = this->package();
+               if (package == NULL)
+                 TREE_STATIC(decl) = 1;
+               else
+                 DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 1;
+               if (!Gogo::is_hidden_name(this->name_))
+                 {
+                   TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
+                   std::string asm_name = (package == NULL
+                                           ? gogo->unique_prefix()
+                                           : package->unique_prefix());
+                   asm_name.append(1, '.');
+                   asm_name.append(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(name),
+                                   IDENTIFIER_LENGTH(name));
+                   tree asm_id = get_identifier_from_string(asm_name);
+                   SET_DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(decl, asm_id);
+                 }
+             }
+
+           // FIXME: We should only set this for variables which are
+           // actually used somewhere.
+           TREE_USED(decl) = 1;
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR:
+      {
+       Result_variable* result = this->u_.result_var_value;
+       Type* type = result->type();
+       if (type->is_error_type() || type->is_undefined())
+         {
+           // Force the error.
+           type->base();
+           decl = error_mark_node;
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           gcc_assert(result->function() == function->func_value());
+           source_location loc = function->location();
+           tree result_type = type->get_tree(gogo);
+           tree init;
+           if (!result->is_in_heap())
+             init = type->get_init_tree(gogo, false);
+           else
+             {
+               tree space = gogo->allocate_memory(type,
+                                                  TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(result_type),
+                                                  loc);
+               result_type = build_pointer_type(result_type);
+               tree subinit = type->get_init_tree(gogo, true);
+               if (subinit == NULL_TREE)
+                 init = fold_convert_loc(loc, result_type, space);
+               else
+                 {
+                   space = save_expr(space);
+                   space = fold_convert_loc(loc, result_type, space);
+                   tree spaceref = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(loc, space);
+                   TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(spaceref) = 1;
+                   tree set = fold_build2_loc(loc, MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                              spaceref, subinit);
+                   init = fold_build2_loc(loc, COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(space),
+                                          set, space);
+                 }
+             }
+           decl = build_decl(loc, VAR_DECL, name, result_type);
+           tree fnid = function->get_id(gogo);
+           tree fndecl = function->func_value()->get_or_make_decl(gogo,
+                                                                  function,
+                                                                  fnid);
+           DECL_CONTEXT(decl) = fndecl;
+           DECL_INITIAL(decl) = init;
+           TREE_USED(decl) = 1;
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_SINK:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+      {
+       Function* func = this->u_.func_value;
+       decl = func->get_or_make_decl(gogo, this, name);
+       if (decl != error_mark_node)
+         {
+           if (func->block() != NULL)
+             {
+               if (DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(decl) == NULL)
+                 push_struct_function(decl);
+               else
+                 push_cfun(DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(decl));
+
+               cfun->function_end_locus = func->block()->end_location();
+
+               current_function_decl = decl;
+
+               func->build_tree(gogo, this);
+
+               gimplify_function_tree(decl);
+
+               cgraph_finalize_function(decl, true);
+
+               current_function_decl = NULL_TREE;
+               pop_cfun();
+             }
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  if (TREE_TYPE(decl) == error_mark_node)
+    decl = error_mark_node;
+
+  tree ret = decl;
+
+  // If this is a local variable whose address is taken, then we
+  // actually store it in the heap.  For uses of the variable we need
+  // to return a reference to that heap location.
+  if (((this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_VAR
+       && this->var_value()->is_in_heap())
+       || (this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR
+          && this->result_var_value()->is_in_heap()))
+      && ret != error_mark_node)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(ret)));
+      ret = build_fold_indirect_ref(ret);
+      TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(ret) = 1;
+    }
+
+  this->tree_ = ret;
+
+  if (ret != error_mark_node)
+    go_preserve_from_gc(ret);
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Get the initial value of a variable as a tree.  This does not
+// consider whether the variable is in the heap--it returns the
+// initial value as though it were always stored in the stack.
+
+tree
+Variable::get_init_tree(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->preinit_ == NULL);
+  if (this->init_ == NULL)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(!this->is_parameter_);
+      return this->type_->get_init_tree(gogo, this->is_global_);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Translate_context context(gogo, function, NULL, NULL_TREE);
+      tree rhs_tree = this->init_->get_tree(&context);
+      return Expression::convert_for_assignment(&context, this->type(),
+                                               this->init_->type(),
+                                               rhs_tree, this->location());
+    }
+}
+
+// Get the initial value of a variable when a block is required.
+// VAR_DECL is the decl to set; it may be NULL for a sink variable.
+
+tree
+Variable::get_init_block(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function, tree var_decl)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->preinit_ != NULL);
+
+  // We want to add the variable assignment to the end of the preinit
+  // block.  The preinit block may have a TRY_FINALLY_EXPR and a
+  // TRY_CATCH_EXPR; if it does, we want to add to the end of the
+  // regular statements.
+
+  Translate_context context(gogo, function, NULL, NULL_TREE);
+  tree block_tree = this->preinit_->get_tree(&context);
+  if (block_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(block_tree) == BIND_EXPR);
+  tree statements = BIND_EXPR_BODY(block_tree);
+  while (statements != NULL_TREE
+        && (TREE_CODE(statements) == TRY_FINALLY_EXPR
+            || TREE_CODE(statements) == TRY_CATCH_EXPR))
+    statements = TREE_OPERAND(statements, 0);
+
+  // It's possible to have pre-init statements without an initializer
+  // if the pre-init statements set the variable.
+  if (this->init_ != NULL)
+    {
+      tree rhs_tree = this->init_->get_tree(&context);
+      if (rhs_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      if (var_decl == NULL_TREE)
+       append_to_statement_list(rhs_tree, &statements);
+      else
+       {
+         tree val = Expression::convert_for_assignment(&context, this->type(),
+                                                       this->init_->type(),
+                                                       rhs_tree,
+                                                       this->location());
+         if (val == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         tree set = fold_build2_loc(this->location(), MODIFY_EXPR,
+                                    void_type_node, var_decl, val);
+         append_to_statement_list(set, &statements);
+       }
+    }
+
+  return block_tree;
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a function decl.
+
+tree
+Function::get_or_make_decl(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* no, tree id)
+{
+  if (this->fndecl_ == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      tree functype = this->type_->get_tree(gogo);
+      if (functype == error_mark_node)
+       this->fndecl_ = error_mark_node;
+      else
+       {
+         // The type of a function comes back as a pointer, but we
+         // want the real function type for a function declaration.
+         gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(functype));
+         functype = TREE_TYPE(functype);
+         tree decl = build_decl(this->location(), FUNCTION_DECL, id, functype);
+
+         this->fndecl_ = decl;
+
+         if (no->package() != NULL)
+           ;
+         else if (this->enclosing_ != NULL || Gogo::is_thunk(no))
+           ;
+         else if (Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(no->name()) == "init"
+                  && !this->type_->is_method())
+           ;
+         else if (Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(no->name()) == "main"
+                  && gogo->is_main_package())
+           TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
+         // Methods have to be public even if they are hidden because
+         // they can be pulled into type descriptors when using
+         // anonymous fields.
+         else if (!Gogo::is_hidden_name(no->name())
+                  || this->type_->is_method())
+           {
+             TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
+             std::string asm_name = gogo->unique_prefix();
+             asm_name.append(1, '.');
+             asm_name.append(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(id), IDENTIFIER_LENGTH(id));
+             SET_DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(decl,
+                                     get_identifier_from_string(asm_name));
+           }
+
+         // Why do we have to do this in the frontend?
+         tree restype = TREE_TYPE(functype);
+         tree resdecl = build_decl(this->location(), RESULT_DECL, NULL_TREE,
+                                   restype);
+         DECL_ARTIFICIAL(resdecl) = 1;
+         DECL_IGNORED_P(resdecl) = 1;
+         DECL_CONTEXT(resdecl) = decl;
+         DECL_RESULT(decl) = resdecl;
+
+         if (this->enclosing_ != NULL)
+           DECL_STATIC_CHAIN(decl) = 1;
+
+         // If a function calls the predeclared recover function, we
+         // can't inline it, because recover behaves differently in a
+         // function passed directly to defer.
+         if (this->calls_recover_ && !this->is_recover_thunk_)
+           DECL_UNINLINABLE(decl) = 1;
+
+         // If this is a thunk created to call a function which calls
+         // the predeclared recover function, we need to disable
+         // stack splitting for the thunk.
+         if (this->is_recover_thunk_)
+           {
+             tree attr = get_identifier("__no_split_stack__");
+             DECL_ATTRIBUTES(decl) = tree_cons(attr, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE);
+           }
+
+         go_preserve_from_gc(decl);
+
+         if (this->closure_var_ != NULL)
+           {
+             push_struct_function(decl);
+
+             tree closure_decl = this->closure_var_->get_tree(gogo, no);
+             if (closure_decl == error_mark_node)
+               this->fndecl_ = error_mark_node;
+             else
+               {
+                 DECL_ARTIFICIAL(closure_decl) = 1;
+                 DECL_IGNORED_P(closure_decl) = 1;
+                 TREE_USED(closure_decl) = 1;
+                 DECL_ARG_TYPE(closure_decl) = TREE_TYPE(closure_decl);
+                 TREE_READONLY(closure_decl) = 1;
+
+                 DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(decl)->static_chain_decl = closure_decl;
+               }
+
+             pop_cfun();
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  return this->fndecl_;
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a function declaration.
+
+tree
+Function_declaration::get_or_make_decl(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* no, tree id)
+{
+  if (this->fndecl_ == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      // Let Go code use an asm declaration to pick up a builtin
+      // function.
+      if (!this->asm_name_.empty())
+       {
+         std::map<std::string, tree>::const_iterator p =
+           builtin_functions.find(this->asm_name_);
+         if (p != builtin_functions.end())
+           {
+             this->fndecl_ = p->second;
+             return this->fndecl_;
+           }
+       }
+
+      tree functype = this->fntype_->get_tree(gogo);
+      tree decl;
+      if (functype == error_mark_node)
+       decl = error_mark_node;
+      else
+       {
+         // The type of a function comes back as a pointer, but we
+         // want the real function type for a function declaration.
+         gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(functype));
+         functype = TREE_TYPE(functype);
+         decl = build_decl(this->location(), FUNCTION_DECL, id, functype);
+         TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
+         DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 1;
+
+         if (this->asm_name_.empty())
+           {
+             std::string asm_name = (no->package() == NULL
+                                     ? gogo->unique_prefix()
+                                     : no->package()->unique_prefix());
+             asm_name.append(1, '.');
+             asm_name.append(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(id), IDENTIFIER_LENGTH(id));
+             SET_DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(decl,
+                                     get_identifier_from_string(asm_name));
+           }
+       }
+      this->fndecl_ = decl;
+      go_preserve_from_gc(decl);
+    }
+  return this->fndecl_;
+}
+
+// We always pass the receiver to a method as a pointer.  If the
+// receiver is actually declared as a non-pointer type, then we copy
+// the value into a local variable, so that it has the right type.  In
+// this function we create the real PARM_DECL to use, and set
+// DEC_INITIAL of the var_decl to be the value passed in.
+
+tree
+Function::make_receiver_parm_decl(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* no, tree var_decl)
+{
+  if (var_decl == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  // If the function takes the address of a receiver which is passed
+  // by value, then we will have an INDIRECT_REF here.  We need to get
+  // the real variable.
+  bool is_in_heap = no->var_value()->is_in_heap();
+  tree val_type;
+  if (TREE_CODE(var_decl) != INDIRECT_REF)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(!is_in_heap);
+      val_type = TREE_TYPE(var_decl);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      gcc_assert(is_in_heap);
+      var_decl = TREE_OPERAND(var_decl, 0);
+      if (var_decl == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(var_decl)));
+      val_type = TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(var_decl));
+    }
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(var_decl) == VAR_DECL);
+  source_location loc = DECL_SOURCE_LOCATION(var_decl);
+  std::string name = IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(var_decl));
+  name += ".pointer";
+  tree id = get_identifier_from_string(name);
+  tree parm_decl = build_decl(loc, PARM_DECL, id, build_pointer_type(val_type));
+  DECL_CONTEXT(parm_decl) = current_function_decl;
+  DECL_ARG_TYPE(parm_decl) = TREE_TYPE(parm_decl);
+
+  gcc_assert(DECL_INITIAL(var_decl) == NULL_TREE);
+  // The receiver might be passed as a null pointer.
+  tree check = fold_build2_loc(loc, NE_EXPR, boolean_type_node, parm_decl,
+                              fold_convert_loc(loc, TREE_TYPE(parm_decl),
+                                               null_pointer_node));
+  tree ind = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(loc, parm_decl);
+  TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(ind) = 1;
+  tree zero_init = no->var_value()->type()->get_init_tree(gogo, false);
+  tree init = fold_build3_loc(loc, COND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(ind),
+                             check, ind, zero_init);
+
+  if (is_in_heap)
+    {
+      tree size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(val_type);
+      tree space = gogo->allocate_memory(no->var_value()->type(), size,
+                                        no->location());
+      space = save_expr(space);
+      space = fold_convert(build_pointer_type(val_type), space);
+      tree spaceref = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(no->location(), space);
+      TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(spaceref) = 1;
+      tree check = fold_build2_loc(loc, NE_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                                  parm_decl,
+                                  fold_convert_loc(loc, TREE_TYPE(parm_decl),
+                                                   null_pointer_node));
+      tree parmref = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(no->location(), parm_decl);
+      TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(parmref) = 1;
+      tree set = fold_build2_loc(loc, MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                spaceref, parmref);
+      init = fold_build2_loc(loc, COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(space),
+                            build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                   check, set, NULL_TREE),
+                            space);
+    }
+
+  DECL_INITIAL(var_decl) = init;
+
+  return parm_decl;
+}
+
+// If we take the address of a parameter, then we need to copy it into
+// the heap.  We will access it as a local variable via an
+// indirection.
+
+tree
+Function::copy_parm_to_heap(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* no, tree ref)
+{
+  if (ref == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(ref) == INDIRECT_REF);
+
+  tree var_decl = TREE_OPERAND(ref, 0);
+  if (var_decl == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(var_decl) == VAR_DECL);
+  source_location loc = DECL_SOURCE_LOCATION(var_decl);
+
+  std::string name = IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(var_decl));
+  name += ".param";
+  tree id = get_identifier_from_string(name);
+
+  tree type = TREE_TYPE(var_decl);
+  gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(type));
+  type = TREE_TYPE(type);
+
+  tree parm_decl = build_decl(loc, PARM_DECL, id, type);
+  DECL_CONTEXT(parm_decl) = current_function_decl;
+  DECL_ARG_TYPE(parm_decl) = type;
+
+  tree size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(type);
+  tree space = gogo->allocate_memory(no->var_value()->type(), size, loc);
+  space = save_expr(space);
+  space = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(var_decl), space);
+  tree spaceref = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(loc, space);
+  TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(spaceref) = 1;
+  tree init = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(space),
+                    build2(MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node, spaceref, parm_decl),
+                    space);
+  DECL_INITIAL(var_decl) = init;
+
+  return parm_decl;
+}
+
+// Get a tree for function code.
+
+void
+Function::build_tree(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* named_function)
+{
+  tree fndecl = this->fndecl_;
+  gcc_assert(fndecl != NULL_TREE);
+
+  tree params = NULL_TREE;
+  tree* pp = &params;
+
+  tree declare_vars = NULL_TREE;
+  for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator p =
+        this->block_->bindings()->begin_definitions();
+       p != this->block_->bindings()->end_definitions();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if ((*p)->is_variable() && (*p)->var_value()->is_parameter())
+       {
+         *pp = (*p)->get_tree(gogo, named_function);
+
+         // We always pass the receiver to a method as a pointer.  If
+         // the receiver is declared as a non-pointer type, then we
+         // copy the value into a local variable.
+         if ((*p)->var_value()->is_receiver()
+             && (*p)->var_value()->type()->points_to() == NULL)
+           {
+             tree parm_decl = this->make_receiver_parm_decl(gogo, *p, *pp);
+             tree var = *pp;
+             if (TREE_CODE(var) == INDIRECT_REF)
+               var = TREE_OPERAND(var, 0);
+             if (var != error_mark_node)
+               {
+                 gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(var) == VAR_DECL);
+                 DECL_CHAIN(var) = declare_vars;
+                 declare_vars = var;
+               }
+             *pp = parm_decl;
+           }
+         else if ((*p)->var_value()->is_in_heap())
+           {
+             // If we take the address of a parameter, then we need
+             // to copy it into the heap.
+             tree parm_decl = this->copy_parm_to_heap(gogo, *p, *pp);
+             if (*pp != error_mark_node)
+               {
+                 gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(*pp) == INDIRECT_REF);
+                 tree var_decl = TREE_OPERAND(*pp, 0);
+                 if (var_decl != error_mark_node)
+                   {
+                     gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(var_decl) == VAR_DECL);
+                     DECL_CHAIN(var_decl) = declare_vars;
+                     declare_vars = var_decl;
+                   }
+               }
+             *pp = parm_decl;
+           }
+
+         if (*pp != error_mark_node)
+           {
+             gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(*pp) == PARM_DECL);
+             pp = &DECL_CHAIN(*pp);
+           }
+       }
+      else if ((*p)->is_result_variable())
+       {
+         tree var_decl = (*p)->get_tree(gogo, named_function);
+         if (var_decl != error_mark_node
+             && (*p)->result_var_value()->is_in_heap())
+           {
+             gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(var_decl) == INDIRECT_REF);
+             var_decl = TREE_OPERAND(var_decl, 0);
+           }
+         if (var_decl != error_mark_node)
+           {
+             gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(var_decl) == VAR_DECL);
+             DECL_CHAIN(var_decl) = declare_vars;
+             declare_vars = var_decl;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  *pp = NULL_TREE;
+
+  DECL_ARGUMENTS(fndecl) = params;
+
+  if (this->block_ != NULL)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(DECL_INITIAL(fndecl) == NULL_TREE);
+
+      // Declare variables if necessary.
+      tree bind = NULL_TREE;
+      if (declare_vars != NULL_TREE)
+       {
+         tree block = make_node(BLOCK);
+         BLOCK_SUPERCONTEXT(block) = fndecl;
+         DECL_INITIAL(fndecl) = block;
+         BLOCK_VARS(block) = declare_vars;
+         TREE_USED(block) = 1;
+         bind = build3(BIND_EXPR, void_type_node, BLOCK_VARS(block),
+                       NULL_TREE, block);
+         TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS(bind) = 1;
+       }
+
+      // Build the trees for all the statements in the function.
+      Translate_context context(gogo, named_function, NULL, NULL_TREE);
+      tree code = this->block_->get_tree(&context);
+
+      tree init = NULL_TREE;
+      tree except = NULL_TREE;
+      tree fini = NULL_TREE;
+
+      // Initialize variables if necessary.
+      for (tree v = declare_vars; v != NULL_TREE; v = DECL_CHAIN(v))
+       {
+         tree dv = build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, v);
+         SET_EXPR_LOCATION(dv, DECL_SOURCE_LOCATION(v));
+         append_to_statement_list(dv, &init);
+       }
+
+      // If we have a defer stack, initialize it at the start of a
+      // function.
+      if (this->defer_stack_ != NULL_TREE)
+       {
+         tree defer_init = build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                  this->defer_stack_);
+         SET_EXPR_LOCATION(defer_init, this->block_->start_location());
+         append_to_statement_list(defer_init, &init);
+
+         // Clean up the defer stack when we leave the function.
+         this->build_defer_wrapper(gogo, named_function, &except, &fini);
+       }
+
+      if (code != NULL_TREE && code != error_mark_node)
+       {
+         if (init != NULL_TREE)
+           code = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, void_type_node, init, code);
+         if (except != NULL_TREE)
+           code = build2(TRY_CATCH_EXPR, void_type_node, code,
+                         build2(CATCH_EXPR, void_type_node, NULL, except));
+         if (fini != NULL_TREE)
+           code = build2(TRY_FINALLY_EXPR, void_type_node, code, fini);
+       }
+
+      // Stick the code into the block we built for the receiver, if
+      // we built on.
+      if (bind != NULL_TREE && code != NULL_TREE && code != error_mark_node)
+       {
+         BIND_EXPR_BODY(bind) = code;
+         code = bind;
+       }
+
+      DECL_SAVED_TREE(fndecl) = code;
+    }
+}
+
+// Build the wrappers around function code needed if the function has
+// any defer statements.  This sets *EXCEPT to an exception handler
+// and *FINI to a finally handler.
+
+void
+Function::build_defer_wrapper(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* named_function,
+                             tree *except, tree *fini)
+{
+  source_location end_loc = this->block_->end_location();
+
+  // Add an exception handler.  This is used if a panic occurs.  Its
+  // purpose is to stop the stack unwinding if a deferred function
+  // calls recover.  There are more details in
+  // libgo/runtime/go-unwind.c.
+  tree stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
+  static tree check_fndecl;
+  tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&check_fndecl,
+                                end_loc,
+                                "__go_check_defer",
+                                1,
+                                void_type_node,
+                                ptr_type_node,
+                                this->defer_stack(end_loc));
+  if (call != error_mark_node)
+    append_to_statement_list(call, &stmt_list);
+
+  tree retval = this->return_value(gogo, named_function, end_loc, &stmt_list);
+  tree set;
+  if (retval == NULL_TREE)
+    set = NULL_TREE;
+  else
+    set = fold_build2_loc(end_loc, MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                         DECL_RESULT(this->fndecl_), retval);
+  tree ret_stmt = fold_build1_loc(end_loc, RETURN_EXPR, void_type_node, set);
+  append_to_statement_list(ret_stmt, &stmt_list);
+
+  gcc_assert(*except == NULL_TREE);
+  *except = stmt_list;
+
+  // Add some finally code to run the defer functions.  This is used
+  // both in the normal case, when no panic occurs, and also if a
+  // panic occurs to run any further defer functions.  Of course, it
+  // is possible for a defer function to call panic which should be
+  // caught by another defer function.  To handle that we use a loop.
+  //  finish:
+  //   try { __go_undefer(); } catch { __go_check_defer(); goto finish; }
+  //   if (return values are named) return named_vals;
+
+  stmt_list = NULL;
+
+  tree label = create_artificial_label(end_loc);
+  tree define_label = fold_build1_loc(end_loc, LABEL_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                     label);
+  append_to_statement_list(define_label, &stmt_list);
+
+  static tree undefer_fndecl;
+  tree undefer = Gogo::call_builtin(&undefer_fndecl,
+                                   end_loc,
+                                   "__go_undefer",
+                                   1,
+                                   void_type_node,
+                                   ptr_type_node,
+                                   this->defer_stack(end_loc));
+  if (undefer_fndecl != NULL_TREE)
+    TREE_NOTHROW(undefer_fndecl) = 0;
+
+  tree defer = Gogo::call_builtin(&check_fndecl,
+                                 end_loc,
+                                 "__go_check_defer",
+                                 1,
+                                 void_type_node,
+                                 ptr_type_node,
+                                 this->defer_stack(end_loc));
+  tree jump = fold_build1_loc(end_loc, GOTO_EXPR, void_type_node, label);
+  tree catch_body = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, void_type_node, defer, jump);
+  catch_body = build2(CATCH_EXPR, void_type_node, NULL, catch_body);
+  tree try_catch = build2(TRY_CATCH_EXPR, void_type_node, undefer, catch_body);
+
+  append_to_statement_list(try_catch, &stmt_list);
+
+  if (this->type_->results() != NULL
+      && !this->type_->results()->empty()
+      && !this->type_->results()->front().name().empty())
+    {
+      // If the result variables are named, we need to return them
+      // again, because they might have been changed by a defer
+      // function.
+      retval = this->return_value(gogo, named_function, end_loc,
+                                 &stmt_list);
+      set = fold_build2_loc(end_loc, MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                           DECL_RESULT(this->fndecl_), retval);
+      ret_stmt = fold_build1_loc(end_loc, RETURN_EXPR, void_type_node, set);
+      append_to_statement_list(ret_stmt, &stmt_list);
+    }
+  
+  gcc_assert(*fini == NULL_TREE);
+  *fini = stmt_list;
+}
+
+// Return the value to assign to DECL_RESULT(this->fndecl_).  This may
+// also add statements to STMT_LIST, which need to be executed before
+// the assignment.  This is used for a return statement with no
+// explicit values.
+
+tree
+Function::return_value(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* named_function,
+                      source_location location, tree* stmt_list) const
+{
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = this->type_->results();
+  if (results == NULL || results->empty())
+    return NULL_TREE;
+
+  // In the case of an exception handler created for functions with
+  // defer statements, the result variables may be unnamed.
+  bool is_named = !results->front().name().empty();
+  if (is_named)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(this->named_results_ != NULL);
+      if (this->named_results_->size() != results->size())
+       {
+         gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+         return error_mark_node;
+       }
+    }
+
+  tree retval;
+  if (results->size() == 1)
+    {
+      if (is_named)
+       return this->named_results_->front()->get_tree(gogo, named_function);
+      else
+       return results->front().type()->get_init_tree(gogo, false);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      tree rettype = TREE_TYPE(DECL_RESULT(this->fndecl_));
+      retval = create_tmp_var(rettype, "RESULT");
+      tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(rettype);
+      int index = 0;
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pr = results->begin();
+          pr != results->end();
+          ++pr, ++index, field = DECL_CHAIN(field))
+       {
+         gcc_assert(field != NULL);
+         tree val;
+         if (is_named)
+           val = (*this->named_results_)[index]->get_tree(gogo,
+                                                          named_function);
+         else
+           val = pr->type()->get_init_tree(gogo, false);
+         tree set = fold_build2_loc(location, MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                    build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field),
+                                           retval, field, NULL_TREE),
+                                    val);
+         append_to_statement_list(set, stmt_list);
+       }
+      return retval;
+    }
+}
+
+// Get the tree for the variable holding the defer stack for this
+// function.  At least at present, the value of this variable is not
+// used.  However, a pointer to this variable is used as a marker for
+// the functions on the defer stack associated with this function.
+// Doing things this way permits inlining a function which uses defer.
+
+tree
+Function::defer_stack(source_location location)
+{
+  if (this->defer_stack_ == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      tree var = create_tmp_var(ptr_type_node, "DEFER");
+      DECL_INITIAL(var) = null_pointer_node;
+      DECL_SOURCE_LOCATION(var) = location;
+      TREE_ADDRESSABLE(var) = 1;
+      this->defer_stack_ = var;
+    }
+  return fold_convert_loc(location, ptr_type_node,
+                         build_fold_addr_expr_loc(location,
+                                                  this->defer_stack_));
+}
+
+// Get a tree for the statements in a block.
+
+tree
+Block::get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+
+  tree block = make_node(BLOCK);
+
+  // Put the new block into the block tree.
+
+  if (context->block() == NULL)
+    {
+      tree fndecl;
+      if (context->function() != NULL)
+       fndecl = context->function()->func_value()->get_decl();
+      else
+       fndecl = current_function_decl;
+      gcc_assert(fndecl != NULL_TREE);
+
+      // We may have already created a block for the receiver.
+      if (DECL_INITIAL(fndecl) == NULL_TREE)
+       {
+         BLOCK_SUPERCONTEXT(block) = fndecl;
+         DECL_INITIAL(fndecl) = block;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         tree superblock_tree = DECL_INITIAL(fndecl);
+         BLOCK_SUPERCONTEXT(block) = superblock_tree;
+         gcc_assert(BLOCK_CHAIN(block) == NULL_TREE);
+         BLOCK_CHAIN(block) = block;
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      tree superblock_tree = context->block_tree();
+      BLOCK_SUPERCONTEXT(block) = superblock_tree;
+      tree* pp;
+      for (pp = &BLOCK_SUBBLOCKS(superblock_tree);
+          *pp != NULL_TREE;
+          pp = &BLOCK_CHAIN(*pp))
+       ;
+      *pp = block;
+    }
+
+  // Expand local variables in the block.
+
+  tree* pp = &BLOCK_VARS(block);
+  for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator pv =
+        this->bindings_->begin_definitions();
+       pv != this->bindings_->end_definitions();
+       ++pv)
+    {
+      if ((!(*pv)->is_variable() || !(*pv)->var_value()->is_parameter())
+         && !(*pv)->is_result_variable()
+         && !(*pv)->is_const())
+       {
+         tree var = (*pv)->get_tree(gogo, context->function());
+         if (var != error_mark_node && TREE_TYPE(var) != error_mark_node)
+           {
+             if ((*pv)->is_variable() && (*pv)->var_value()->is_in_heap())
+               {
+                 gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(var) == INDIRECT_REF);
+                 var = TREE_OPERAND(var, 0);
+                 gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(var) == VAR_DECL);
+               }
+             *pp = var;
+             pp = &DECL_CHAIN(*pp);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  *pp = NULL_TREE;
+
+  Translate_context subcontext(context->gogo(), context->function(),
+                              this, block);
+
+  tree statements = NULL_TREE;
+
+  // Expand the statements.
+
+  for (std::vector<Statement*>::const_iterator p = this->statements_.begin();
+       p != this->statements_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      tree statement = (*p)->get_tree(&subcontext);
+      if (statement != error_mark_node)
+       append_to_statement_list(statement, &statements);
+    }
+
+  TREE_USED(block) = 1;
+
+  tree bind = build3(BIND_EXPR, void_type_node, BLOCK_VARS(block), statements,
+                    block);
+  TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS(bind) = 1;
+
+  return bind;
+}
+
+// Get the LABEL_DECL for a label.
+
+tree
+Label::get_decl()
+{
+  if (this->decl_ == NULL)
+    {
+      tree id = get_identifier_from_string(this->name_);
+      this->decl_ = build_decl(this->location_, LABEL_DECL, id, void_type_node);
+      DECL_CONTEXT(this->decl_) = current_function_decl;
+    }
+  return this->decl_;
+}
+
+// Return an expression for the address of this label.
+
+tree
+Label::get_addr(source_location location)
+{
+  tree decl = this->get_decl();
+  TREE_USED(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_ADDRESSABLE(decl) = 1;
+  return fold_convert_loc(location, ptr_type_node,
+                         build_fold_addr_expr_loc(location, decl));
+}
+
+// Get the LABEL_DECL for an unnamed label.
+
+tree
+Unnamed_label::get_decl()
+{
+  if (this->decl_ == NULL)
+    this->decl_ = create_artificial_label(this->location_);
+  return this->decl_;
+}
+
+// Get the LABEL_EXPR for an unnamed label.
+
+tree
+Unnamed_label::get_definition()
+{
+  tree t = build1(LABEL_EXPR, void_type_node, this->get_decl());
+  SET_EXPR_LOCATION(t, this->location_);
+  return t;
+}
+
+// Return a goto to this label.
+
+tree
+Unnamed_label::get_goto(source_location location)
+{
+  tree t = build1(GOTO_EXPR, void_type_node, this->get_decl());
+  SET_EXPR_LOCATION(t, location);
+  return t;
+}
+
+// Return the integer type to use for a size.
+
+GO_EXTERN_C
+tree
+go_type_for_size(unsigned int bits, int unsignedp)
+{
+  const char* name;
+  switch (bits)
+    {
+    case 8:
+      name = unsignedp ? "uint8" : "int8";
+      break;
+    case 16:
+      name = unsignedp ? "uint16" : "int16";
+      break;
+    case 32:
+      name = unsignedp ? "uint32" : "int32";
+      break;
+    case 64:
+      name = unsignedp ? "uint64" : "int64";
+      break;
+    default:
+      if (bits == POINTER_SIZE && unsignedp)
+       name = "uintptr";
+      else
+       return NULL_TREE;
+    }
+  Type* type = Type::lookup_integer_type(name);
+  return type->get_tree(go_get_gogo());
+}
+
+// Return the type to use for a mode.
+
+GO_EXTERN_C
+tree
+go_type_for_mode(enum machine_mode mode, int unsignedp)
+{
+  // FIXME: This static_cast should be in machmode.h.
+  enum mode_class mc = static_cast<enum mode_class>(GET_MODE_CLASS(mode));
+  if (mc == MODE_INT)
+    return go_type_for_size(GET_MODE_BITSIZE(mode), unsignedp);
+  else if (mc == MODE_FLOAT)
+    {
+      Type* type;
+      switch (GET_MODE_BITSIZE (mode))
+       {
+       case 32:
+         type = Type::lookup_float_type("float32");
+         break;
+       case 64:
+         type = Type::lookup_float_type("float64");
+         break;
+       default:
+         // We have to check for long double in order to support
+         // i386 excess precision.
+         if (mode == TYPE_MODE(long_double_type_node))
+           return long_double_type_node;
+         return NULL_TREE;
+       }
+      return type->float_type()->type_tree();
+    }
+  else if (mc == MODE_COMPLEX_FLOAT)
+    {
+      Type *type;
+      switch (GET_MODE_BITSIZE (mode))
+       {
+       case 64:
+         type = Type::lookup_complex_type("complex64");
+         break;
+       case 128:
+         type = Type::lookup_complex_type("complex128");
+         break;
+       default:
+         // We have to check for long double in order to support
+         // i386 excess precision.
+         if (mode == TYPE_MODE(complex_long_double_type_node))
+           return complex_long_double_type_node;
+         return NULL_TREE;
+       }
+      return type->complex_type()->type_tree();
+    }
+  else
+    return NULL_TREE;
+}
+
+// Return a tree which allocates SIZE bytes which will holds value of
+// type TYPE.
+
+tree
+Gogo::allocate_memory(Type* type, tree size, source_location location)
+{
+  // If the package imports unsafe, then it may play games with
+  // pointers that look like integers.
+  if (this->imported_unsafe_ || type->has_pointer())
+    {
+      static tree new_fndecl;
+      return Gogo::call_builtin(&new_fndecl,
+                               location,
+                               "__go_new",
+                               1,
+                               ptr_type_node,
+                               sizetype,
+                               size);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      static tree new_nopointers_fndecl;
+      return Gogo::call_builtin(&new_nopointers_fndecl,
+                               location,
+                               "__go_new_nopointers",
+                               1,
+                               ptr_type_node,
+                               sizetype,
+                               size);
+    }
+}
+
+// Build a builtin struct with a list of fields.  The name is
+// STRUCT_NAME.  STRUCT_TYPE is NULL_TREE or an empty RECORD_TYPE
+// node; this exists so that the struct can have fields which point to
+// itself.  If PTYPE is not NULL, store the result in *PTYPE.  There
+// are NFIELDS fields.  Each field is a name (a const char*) followed
+// by a type (a tree).
+
+tree
+Gogo::builtin_struct(tree* ptype, const char* struct_name, tree struct_type,
+                    int nfields, ...)
+{
+  if (ptype != NULL && *ptype != NULL_TREE)
+    return *ptype;
+
+  va_list ap;
+  va_start(ap, nfields);
+
+  tree fields = NULL_TREE;
+  for (int i = 0; i < nfields; ++i)
+    {
+      const char* field_name = va_arg(ap, const char*);
+      tree type = va_arg(ap, tree);
+      if (type == error_mark_node)
+       {
+         if (ptype != NULL)
+           *ptype = error_mark_node;
+         return error_mark_node;
+       }
+      tree field = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, FIELD_DECL,
+                             get_identifier(field_name), type);
+      DECL_CHAIN(field) = fields;
+      fields = field;
+    }
+
+  va_end(ap);
+
+  if (struct_type == NULL_TREE)
+    struct_type = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+  finish_builtin_struct(struct_type, struct_name, fields, NULL_TREE);
+
+  if (ptype != NULL)
+    {
+      go_preserve_from_gc(struct_type);
+      *ptype = struct_type;
+    }
+
+  return struct_type;
+}
+
+// Return a type to use for pointer to const char for a string.
+
+tree
+Gogo::const_char_pointer_type_tree()
+{
+  static tree type;
+  if (type == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      tree const_char_type = build_qualified_type(unsigned_char_type_node,
+                                                 TYPE_QUAL_CONST);
+      type = build_pointer_type(const_char_type);
+      go_preserve_from_gc(type);
+    }
+  return type;
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a string constant.
+
+tree
+Gogo::string_constant_tree(const std::string& val)
+{
+  tree index_type = build_index_type(size_int(val.length()));
+  tree const_char_type = build_qualified_type(unsigned_char_type_node,
+                                             TYPE_QUAL_CONST);
+  tree string_type = build_array_type(const_char_type, index_type);
+  string_type = build_variant_type_copy(string_type);
+  TYPE_STRING_FLAG(string_type) = 1;
+  tree string_val = build_string(val.length(), val.data());
+  TREE_TYPE(string_val) = string_type;
+  return string_val;
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a Go string constant.
+
+tree
+Gogo::go_string_constant_tree(const std::string& val)
+{
+  tree string_type = Type::make_string_type()->get_tree(this);
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt, gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(string_type);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__data") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  tree str = Gogo::string_constant_tree(val);
+  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field),
+                           build_fold_addr_expr(str));
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__length") == 0);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = build_int_cst_type(TREE_TYPE(field), val.length());
+
+  tree constructor = build_constructor(string_type, init);
+  TREE_READONLY(constructor) = 1;
+  TREE_CONSTANT(constructor) = 1;
+
+  return constructor;
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a pointer to a Go string constant.  This is only
+// used for type descriptors, so we return a pointer to a constant
+// decl.
+
+tree
+Gogo::ptr_go_string_constant_tree(const std::string& val)
+{
+  tree pval = this->go_string_constant_tree(val);
+
+  tree decl = build_decl(UNKNOWN_LOCATION, VAR_DECL,
+                        create_tmp_var_name("SP"), TREE_TYPE(pval));
+  DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 0;
+  TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 0;
+  TREE_USED(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_CONSTANT(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_STATIC(decl) = 1;
+  DECL_ARTIFICIAL(decl) = 1;
+  DECL_INITIAL(decl) = pval;
+  rest_of_decl_compilation(decl, 1, 0);
+
+  return build_fold_addr_expr(decl);
+}
+
+// Build the type of the struct that holds a slice for the given
+// element type.
+
+tree
+Gogo::slice_type_tree(tree element_type_tree)
+{
+  // We use int for the count and capacity fields in a slice header.
+  // This matches 6g.  The language definition guarantees that we
+  // can't allocate space of a size which does not fit in int
+  // anyhow. FIXME: integer_type_node is the the C type "int" but is
+  // not necessarily the Go type "int".  They will differ when the C
+  // type "int" has fewer than 32 bits.
+  return Gogo::builtin_struct(NULL, "__go_slice", NULL_TREE, 3,
+                             "__values",
+                             build_pointer_type(element_type_tree),
+                             "__count",
+                             integer_type_node,
+                             "__capacity",
+                             integer_type_node);
+}
+
+// Given the tree for a slice type, return the tree for the type of
+// the elements of the slice.
+
+tree
+Gogo::slice_element_type_tree(tree slice_type_tree)
+{
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(slice_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE
+            && POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(TYPE_FIELDS(slice_type_tree))));
+  return TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(TYPE_FIELDS(slice_type_tree)));
+}
+
+// Build a constructor for a slice.  SLICE_TYPE_TREE is the type of
+// the slice.  VALUES is the value pointer and COUNT is the number of
+// entries.  If CAPACITY is not NULL, it is the capacity; otherwise
+// the capacity and the count are the same.
+
+tree
+Gogo::slice_constructor(tree slice_type_tree, tree values, tree count,
+                       tree capacity)
+{
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(slice_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 3);
+
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(slice_type_tree);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__values") == 0);
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  elt->index = field;
+  gcc_assert(TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(TREE_TYPE(field))
+            == TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(TREE_TYPE(values)));
+  elt->value = values;
+
+  count = fold_convert(sizetype, count);
+  if (capacity == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      count = save_expr(count);
+      capacity = count;
+    }
+
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__count") == 0);
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), count);
+
+  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__capacity") == 0);
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+  elt->index = field;
+  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), capacity);
+
+  return build_constructor(slice_type_tree, init);
+}
+
+// Build a constructor for an empty slice.
+
+tree
+Gogo::empty_slice_constructor(tree slice_type_tree)
+{
+  tree element_field = TYPE_FIELDS(slice_type_tree);
+  tree ret = Gogo::slice_constructor(slice_type_tree,
+                                    fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(element_field),
+                                                 null_pointer_node),
+                                    size_zero_node,
+                                    size_zero_node);
+  TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Build a map descriptor for a map of type MAPTYPE.
+
+tree
+Gogo::map_descriptor(Map_type* maptype)
+{
+  if (this->map_descriptors_ == NULL)
+    this->map_descriptors_ = new Map_descriptors(10);
+
+  std::pair<const Map_type*, tree> val(maptype, NULL);
+  std::pair<Map_descriptors::iterator, bool> ins =
+    this->map_descriptors_->insert(val);
+  Map_descriptors::iterator p = ins.first;
+  if (!ins.second)
+    {
+      if (p->second == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      gcc_assert(p->second != NULL_TREE && DECL_P(p->second));
+      return build_fold_addr_expr(p->second);
+    }
+
+  Type* keytype = maptype->key_type();
+  Type* valtype = maptype->val_type();
+
+  std::string mangled_name = ("__go_map_" + maptype->mangled_name(this));
+
+  tree id = get_identifier_from_string(mangled_name);
+
+  // Get the type of the map descriptor.  This is __go_map_descriptor
+  // in libgo/map.h.
+
+  tree struct_type = this->map_descriptor_type();
+
+  // The map entry type is a struct with three fields.  This struct is
+  // specific to MAPTYPE.  Build it.
+
+  tree map_entry_type = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  map_entry_type = Gogo::builtin_struct(NULL, "__map", map_entry_type, 3,
+                                       "__next",
+                                       build_pointer_type(map_entry_type),
+                                       "__key",
+                                       keytype->get_tree(this),
+                                       "__val",
+                                       valtype->get_tree(this));
+  if (map_entry_type == error_mark_node)
+    {
+      p->second = error_mark_node;
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  tree map_entry_key_field = DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(map_entry_type));
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(map_entry_key_field)),
+                   "__key") == 0);
+
+  tree map_entry_val_field = DECL_CHAIN(map_entry_key_field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(map_entry_val_field)),
+                   "__val") == 0);
+
+  // Initialize the entries.
+
+  tree map_descriptor_field = TYPE_FIELDS(struct_type);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(map_descriptor_field)),
+                   "__map_descriptor") == 0);
+  tree entry_size_field = DECL_CHAIN(map_descriptor_field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(entry_size_field)),
+                   "__entry_size") == 0);
+  tree key_offset_field = DECL_CHAIN(entry_size_field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(key_offset_field)),
+                   "__key_offset") == 0);
+  tree val_offset_field = DECL_CHAIN(key_offset_field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(val_offset_field)),
+                   "__val_offset") == 0);
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt, gc)* descriptor = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 6);
+
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, descriptor, NULL);
+  elt->index = map_descriptor_field;
+  elt->value = maptype->type_descriptor_pointer(this);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, descriptor, NULL);
+  elt->index = entry_size_field;
+  elt->value = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(map_entry_type);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, descriptor, NULL);
+  elt->index = key_offset_field;
+  elt->value = byte_position(map_entry_key_field);
+
+  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, descriptor, NULL);
+  elt->index = val_offset_field;
+  elt->value = byte_position(map_entry_val_field);
+
+  tree constructor = build_constructor(struct_type, descriptor);
+
+  tree decl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, VAR_DECL, id, struct_type);
+  TREE_STATIC(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_USED(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_CONSTANT(decl) = 1;
+  DECL_INITIAL(decl) = constructor;
+  make_decl_one_only(decl, DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(decl));
+  resolve_unique_section(decl, 1, 0);
+
+  rest_of_decl_compilation(decl, 1, 0);
+
+  go_preserve_from_gc(decl);
+  p->second = decl;
+
+  return build_fold_addr_expr(decl);
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the type of a map descriptor.  This is struct
+// __go_map_descriptor in libgo/runtime/map.h.  This is the same for
+// all map types.
+
+tree
+Gogo::map_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static tree struct_type;
+  tree dtype = Type::make_type_descriptor_type()->get_tree(this);
+  dtype = build_qualified_type(dtype, TYPE_QUAL_CONST);
+  return Gogo::builtin_struct(&struct_type, "__go_map_descriptor", NULL_TREE,
+                             4,
+                             "__map_descriptor",
+                             build_pointer_type(dtype),
+                             "__entry_size",
+                             sizetype,
+                             "__key_offset",
+                             sizetype,
+                             "__val_offset",
+                             sizetype);
+}
+
+// Return the name to use for a type descriptor decl for TYPE.  This
+// is used when TYPE does not have a name.
+
+std::string
+Gogo::unnamed_type_descriptor_decl_name(const Type* type)
+{
+  return "__go_td_" + type->mangled_name(this);
+}
+
+// Return the name to use for a type descriptor decl for a type named
+// NAME, defined in the function IN_FUNCTION.  IN_FUNCTION will
+// normally be NULL.
+
+std::string
+Gogo::type_descriptor_decl_name(const Named_object* no,
+                               const Named_object* in_function)
+{
+  std::string ret = "__go_tdn_";
+  if (no->type_value()->is_builtin())
+    gcc_assert(in_function == NULL);
+  else
+    {
+      const std::string& unique_prefix(no->package() == NULL
+                                      ? this->unique_prefix()
+                                      : no->package()->unique_prefix());
+      const std::string& package_name(no->package() == NULL
+                                     ? this->package_name()
+                                     : no->package()->name());
+      ret.append(unique_prefix);
+      ret.append(1, '.');
+      ret.append(package_name);
+      ret.append(1, '.');
+      if (in_function != NULL)
+       {
+         ret.append(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(in_function->name()));
+         ret.append(1, '.');
+       }
+    }
+  ret.append(no->name());
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Where a type descriptor decl should be defined.
+
+Gogo::Type_descriptor_location
+Gogo::type_descriptor_location(const Type* type)
+{
+  const Named_type* name = type->named_type();
+  if (name != NULL)
+    {
+      if (name->named_object()->package() != NULL)
+       {
+         // This is a named type defined in a different package.  The
+         // descriptor should be defined in that package.
+         return TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_UNDEFINED;
+       }
+      else if (name->is_builtin())
+       {
+         // We create the descriptor for a builtin type whenever we
+         // need it.
+         return TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_COMMON;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // This is a named type defined in this package.  The
+         // descriptor should be defined here.
+         return TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_DEFINED;
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (type->points_to() != NULL
+         && type->points_to()->named_type() != NULL
+         && type->points_to()->named_type()->named_object()->package() != NULL)
+       {
+         // This is an unnamed pointer to a named type defined in a
+         // different package.  The descriptor should be defined in
+         // that package.
+         return TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_UNDEFINED;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // This is an unnamed type.  The descriptor could be defined
+         // in any package where it is needed, and the linker will
+         // pick one descriptor to keep.
+         return TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_COMMON;
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor decl for TYPE.  INITIALIZER is a struct
+// composite literal which initializers the type descriptor.
+
+void
+Gogo::build_type_descriptor_decl(const Type* type, Expression* initializer,
+                                tree* pdecl)
+{
+  const Named_type* name = type->named_type();
+
+  // We can have multiple instances of unnamed types, but we only want
+  // to emit the type descriptor once.  We use a hash table to handle
+  // this.  This is not necessary for named types, as they are unique,
+  // and we store the type descriptor decl in the type itself.
+  tree* phash = NULL;
+  if (name == NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->type_descriptor_decls_ == NULL)
+       this->type_descriptor_decls_ = new Type_descriptor_decls(10);
+
+      std::pair<Type_descriptor_decls::iterator, bool> ins =
+       this->type_descriptor_decls_->insert(std::make_pair(type, NULL_TREE));
+      if (!ins.second)
+       {
+         // We've already built a type descriptor for this type.
+         *pdecl = ins.first->second;
+         return;
+       }
+      phash = &ins.first->second;
+    }
+
+  std::string decl_name;
+  if (name == NULL)
+    decl_name = this->unnamed_type_descriptor_decl_name(type);
+  else
+    decl_name = this->type_descriptor_decl_name(name->named_object(),
+                                               name->in_function());
+  tree id = get_identifier_from_string(decl_name);
+  tree descriptor_type_tree = initializer->type()->get_tree(this);
+  if (descriptor_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    {
+      *pdecl = error_mark_node;
+      return;
+    }
+  tree decl = build_decl(name == NULL ? BUILTINS_LOCATION : name->location(),
+                        VAR_DECL, id,
+                        build_qualified_type(descriptor_type_tree,
+                                             TYPE_QUAL_CONST));
+  TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_CONSTANT(decl) = 1;
+  DECL_ARTIFICIAL(decl) = 1;
+
+  go_preserve_from_gc(decl);
+  if (phash != NULL)
+    *phash = decl;
+
+  // We store the new DECL now because we may need to refer to it when
+  // expanding INITIALIZER.
+  *pdecl = decl;
+
+  // If appropriate, just refer to the exported type identifier.
+  Gogo::Type_descriptor_location type_descriptor_location =
+    this->type_descriptor_location(type);
+  if (type_descriptor_location == TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_UNDEFINED)
+    {
+      TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
+      DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 1;
+      return;
+    }
+
+  TREE_STATIC(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_USED(decl) = 1;
+
+  Translate_context context(this, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+  context.set_is_const();
+  tree constructor = initializer->get_tree(&context);
+
+  if (constructor == error_mark_node)
+    gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+
+  DECL_INITIAL(decl) = constructor;
+
+  if (type_descriptor_location == TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_DEFINED)
+    TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
+  else
+    {
+      gcc_assert(type_descriptor_location == TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_COMMON);
+      make_decl_one_only(decl, DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(decl));
+      resolve_unique_section(decl, 1, 0);
+    }
+
+  rest_of_decl_compilation(decl, 1, 0);
+}
+
+// Build an interface method table for a type: a list of function
+// pointers, one for each interface method.  This is used for
+// interfaces.
+
+tree
+Gogo::interface_method_table_for_type(const Interface_type* interface,
+                                     Named_type* type,
+                                     bool is_pointer)
+{
+  const Typed_identifier_list* interface_methods = interface->methods();
+  gcc_assert(!interface_methods->empty());
+
+  std::string mangled_name = ((is_pointer ? "__go_pimt__" : "__go_imt_")
+                             + interface->mangled_name(this)
+                             + "__"
+                             + type->mangled_name(this));
+
+  tree id = get_identifier_from_string(mangled_name);
+
+  // See whether this interface has any hidden methods.
+  bool has_hidden_methods = false;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = interface_methods->begin();
+       p != interface_methods->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (Gogo::is_hidden_name(p->name()))
+       {
+         has_hidden_methods = true;
+         break;
+       }
+    }
+
+  // We already know that the named type is convertible to the
+  // interface.  If the interface has hidden methods, and the named
+  // type is defined in a different package, then the interface
+  // conversion table will be defined by that other package.
+  if (has_hidden_methods && type->named_object()->package() != NULL)
+    {
+      tree array_type = build_array_type(const_ptr_type_node, NULL);
+      tree decl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, VAR_DECL, id, array_type);
+      TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+      TREE_CONSTANT(decl) = 1;
+      TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
+      DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 1;
+      go_preserve_from_gc(decl);
+      return decl;
+    }
+
+  size_t count = interface_methods->size();
+  VEC(constructor_elt, gc)* pointers = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc,
+                                                count + 1);
+
+  // The first element is the type descriptor.
+  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, pointers, NULL);
+  elt->index = size_zero_node;
+  Type* td_type;
+  if (!is_pointer)
+    td_type = type;
+  else
+    td_type = Type::make_pointer_type(type);
+  elt->value = fold_convert(const_ptr_type_node,
+                           td_type->type_descriptor_pointer(this));
+
+  size_t i = 1;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = interface_methods->begin();
+       p != interface_methods->end();
+       ++p, ++i)
+    {
+      bool is_ambiguous;
+      Method* m = type->method_function(p->name(), &is_ambiguous);
+      gcc_assert(m != NULL);
+
+      Named_object* no = m->named_object();
+
+      tree fnid = no->get_id(this);
+
+      tree fndecl;
+      if (no->is_function())
+       fndecl = no->func_value()->get_or_make_decl(this, no, fnid);
+      else if (no->is_function_declaration())
+       fndecl = no->func_declaration_value()->get_or_make_decl(this, no,
+                                                               fnid);
+      else
+       gcc_unreachable();
+      fndecl = build_fold_addr_expr(fndecl);
+
+      elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, pointers, NULL);
+      elt->index = size_int(i);
+      elt->value = fold_convert(const_ptr_type_node, fndecl);
+    }
+  gcc_assert(i == count + 1);
+
+  tree array_type = build_array_type(const_ptr_type_node,
+                                    build_index_type(size_int(count)));
+  tree constructor = build_constructor(array_type, pointers);
+
+  tree decl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, VAR_DECL, id, array_type);
+  TREE_STATIC(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_USED(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
+  TREE_CONSTANT(decl) = 1;
+  DECL_INITIAL(decl) = constructor;
+
+  // If the interface type has hidden methods, then this is the only
+  // definition of the table.  Otherwise it is a comdat table which
+  // may be defined in multiple packages.
+  if (has_hidden_methods)
+    TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
+  else
+    {
+      make_decl_one_only(decl, DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(decl));
+      resolve_unique_section(decl, 1, 0);
+    }
+
+  rest_of_decl_compilation(decl, 1, 0);
+
+  go_preserve_from_gc(decl);
+
+  return decl;
+}
+
+// Mark a function as a builtin library function.
+
+void
+Gogo::mark_fndecl_as_builtin_library(tree fndecl)
+{
+  DECL_EXTERNAL(fndecl) = 1;
+  TREE_PUBLIC(fndecl) = 1;
+  DECL_ARTIFICIAL(fndecl) = 1;
+  TREE_NOTHROW(fndecl) = 1;
+  DECL_VISIBILITY(fndecl) = VISIBILITY_DEFAULT;
+  DECL_VISIBILITY_SPECIFIED(fndecl) = 1;
+}
+
+// Build a call to a builtin function.
+
+tree
+Gogo::call_builtin(tree* pdecl, source_location location, const char* name,
+                  int nargs, tree rettype, ...)
+{
+  if (rettype == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree* types = new tree[nargs];
+  tree* args = new tree[nargs];
+
+  va_list ap;
+  va_start(ap, rettype);
+  for (int i = 0; i < nargs; ++i)
+    {
+      types[i] = va_arg(ap, tree);
+      args[i] = va_arg(ap, tree);
+      if (types[i] == error_mark_node || args[i] == error_mark_node)
+       {
+         delete[] types;
+         delete[] args;
+         return error_mark_node;
+       }
+    }
+  va_end(ap);
+
+  if (*pdecl == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      tree fnid = get_identifier(name);
+
+      tree argtypes = NULL_TREE;
+      tree* pp = &argtypes;
+      for (int i = 0; i < nargs; ++i)
+       {
+         *pp = tree_cons(NULL_TREE, types[i], NULL_TREE);
+         pp = &TREE_CHAIN(*pp);
+       }
+      *pp = void_list_node;
+
+      tree fntype = build_function_type(rettype, argtypes);
+
+      *pdecl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, FUNCTION_DECL, fnid, fntype);
+      Gogo::mark_fndecl_as_builtin_library(*pdecl);
+      go_preserve_from_gc(*pdecl);
+    }
+
+  tree fnptr = build_fold_addr_expr(*pdecl);
+  if (CAN_HAVE_LOCATION_P(fnptr))
+    SET_EXPR_LOCATION(fnptr, location);
+
+  tree ret = build_call_array(rettype, fnptr, nargs, args);
+  SET_EXPR_LOCATION(ret, location);
+
+  delete[] types;
+  delete[] args;
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Build a call to the runtime error function.
+
+tree
+Gogo::runtime_error(int code, source_location location)
+{
+  static tree runtime_error_fndecl;
+  tree ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&runtime_error_fndecl,
+                               location,
+                               "__go_runtime_error",
+                               1,
+                               void_type_node,
+                               integer_type_node,
+                               build_int_cst(integer_type_node, code));
+  if (ret == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  // The runtime error function panics and does not return.
+  TREE_NOTHROW(runtime_error_fndecl) = 0;
+  TREE_THIS_VOLATILE(runtime_error_fndecl) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Send VAL on CHANNEL.  If BLOCKING is true, the resulting tree has a
+// void type.  If BLOCKING is false, the resulting tree has a boolean
+// type, and it will evaluate as true if the value was sent.  If
+// FOR_SELECT is true, this is being done because it was chosen in a
+// select statement.
+
+tree
+Gogo::send_on_channel(tree channel, tree val, bool blocking, bool for_select,
+                     source_location location)
+{
+  if (channel == error_mark_node || val == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  if (int_size_in_bytes(TREE_TYPE(val)) <= 8
+      && !AGGREGATE_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(val))
+      && !FLOAT_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(val)))
+    {
+      val = convert_to_integer(uint64_type_node, val);
+      if (blocking)
+       {
+         static tree send_small_fndecl;
+         tree ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&send_small_fndecl,
+                                       location,
+                                       "__go_send_small",
+                                       3,
+                                       void_type_node,
+                                       ptr_type_node,
+                                       channel,
+                                       uint64_type_node,
+                                       val,
+                                       boolean_type_node,
+                                       (for_select
+                                        ? boolean_true_node
+                                        : boolean_false_node));
+         if (ret == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         // This can panic if there are too many operations on a
+         // closed channel.
+         TREE_NOTHROW(send_small_fndecl) = 0;
+         return ret;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         gcc_assert(!for_select);
+         static tree send_nonblocking_small_fndecl;
+         tree ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&send_nonblocking_small_fndecl,
+                                       location,
+                                       "__go_send_nonblocking_small",
+                                       2,
+                                       boolean_type_node,
+                                       ptr_type_node,
+                                       channel,
+                                       uint64_type_node,
+                                       val);
+         if (ret == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         // This can panic if there are too many operations on a
+         // closed channel.
+         TREE_NOTHROW(send_nonblocking_small_fndecl) = 0;
+         return ret;
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      tree make_tmp;
+      if (TREE_ADDRESSABLE(TREE_TYPE(val)) || TREE_CODE(val) == VAR_DECL)
+       {
+         make_tmp = NULL_TREE;
+         val = build_fold_addr_expr(val);
+         if (DECL_P(val))
+           TREE_ADDRESSABLE(val) = 1;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         tree tmp = create_tmp_var(TREE_TYPE(val), get_name(val));
+         DECL_IGNORED_P(tmp) = 0;
+         DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = val;
+         TREE_ADDRESSABLE(tmp) = 1;
+         make_tmp = build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, tmp);
+         SET_EXPR_LOCATION(make_tmp, location);
+         val = build_fold_addr_expr(tmp);
+       }
+      val = fold_convert(ptr_type_node, val);
+
+      tree call;
+      if (blocking)
+       {
+         static tree send_big_fndecl;
+         call = Gogo::call_builtin(&send_big_fndecl,
+                                   location,
+                                   "__go_send_big",
+                                   3,
+                                   void_type_node,
+                                   ptr_type_node,
+                                   channel,
+                                   ptr_type_node,
+                                   val,
+                                   boolean_type_node,
+                                   (for_select
+                                    ? boolean_true_node
+                                    : boolean_false_node));
+         if (call == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         // This can panic if there are too many operations on a
+         // closed channel.
+         TREE_NOTHROW(send_big_fndecl) = 0;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         gcc_assert(!for_select);
+         static tree send_nonblocking_big_fndecl;
+         call = Gogo::call_builtin(&send_nonblocking_big_fndecl,
+                                   location,
+                                   "__go_send_nonblocking_big",
+                                   2,
+                                   boolean_type_node,
+                                   ptr_type_node,
+                                   channel,
+                                   ptr_type_node,
+                                   val);
+         if (call == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         // This can panic if there are too many operations on a
+         // closed channel.
+         TREE_NOTHROW(send_nonblocking_big_fndecl) = 0;
+       }
+
+      if (make_tmp == NULL_TREE)
+       return call;
+      else
+       {
+         tree ret = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(call), make_tmp, call);
+         SET_EXPR_LOCATION(ret, location);
+         return ret;
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a tree for receiving a value of type TYPE_TREE on CHANNEL.
+// This does a blocking receive and returns the value read from the
+// channel.  If FOR_SELECT is true, this is being done because it was
+// chosen in a select statement.
+
+tree
+Gogo::receive_from_channel(tree type_tree, tree channel, bool for_select,
+                          source_location location)
+{
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node || channel == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  if (int_size_in_bytes(type_tree) <= 8
+      && !AGGREGATE_TYPE_P(type_tree)
+      && !FLOAT_TYPE_P(type_tree))
+    {
+      static tree receive_small_fndecl;
+      tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&receive_small_fndecl,
+                                    location,
+                                    "__go_receive_small",
+                                    2,
+                                    uint64_type_node,
+                                    ptr_type_node,
+                                    channel,
+                                    boolean_type_node,
+                                    (for_select
+                                     ? boolean_true_node
+                                     : boolean_false_node));
+      if (call == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      // This can panic if there are too many operations on a closed
+      // channel.
+      TREE_NOTHROW(receive_small_fndecl) = 0;
+      int bitsize = GET_MODE_BITSIZE(TYPE_MODE(type_tree));
+      tree int_type_tree = go_type_for_size(bitsize, 1);
+      return fold_convert_loc(location, type_tree,
+                             fold_convert_loc(location, int_type_tree,
+                                              call));
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      tree tmp = create_tmp_var(type_tree, get_name(type_tree));
+      DECL_IGNORED_P(tmp) = 0;
+      TREE_ADDRESSABLE(tmp) = 1;
+      tree make_tmp = build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, tmp);
+      SET_EXPR_LOCATION(make_tmp, location);
+      tree tmpaddr = build_fold_addr_expr(tmp);
+      tmpaddr = fold_convert(ptr_type_node, tmpaddr);
+      static tree receive_big_fndecl;
+      tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&receive_big_fndecl,
+                                    location,
+                                    "__go_receive_big",
+                                    3,
+                                    boolean_type_node,
+                                    ptr_type_node,
+                                    channel,
+                                    ptr_type_node,
+                                    tmpaddr,
+                                    boolean_type_node,
+                                    (for_select
+                                     ? boolean_true_node
+                                     : boolean_false_node));
+      if (call == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      // This can panic if there are too many operations on a closed
+      // channel.
+      TREE_NOTHROW(receive_big_fndecl) = 0;
+      return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, type_tree, make_tmp,
+                   build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, type_tree, call, tmp));
+    }
+}
+
+// Return the type of a function trampoline.  This is like
+// get_trampoline_type in tree-nested.c.
+
+tree
+Gogo::trampoline_type_tree()
+{
+  static tree type_tree;
+  if (type_tree == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      unsigned int size;
+      unsigned int align;
+      go_trampoline_info(&size, &align);
+      tree t = build_index_type(build_int_cst(integer_type_node, size - 1));
+      t = build_array_type(char_type_node, t);
+
+      type_tree = Gogo::builtin_struct(NULL, "__go_trampoline", NULL_TREE, 1,
+                                      "__data", t);
+      t = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+      DECL_ALIGN(t) = align;
+      DECL_USER_ALIGN(t) = 1;
+
+      go_preserve_from_gc(type_tree);
+    }
+  return type_tree;
+}
+
+// Make a trampoline which calls FNADDR passing CLOSURE.
+
+tree
+Gogo::make_trampoline(tree fnaddr, tree closure, source_location location)
+{
+  tree trampoline_type = Gogo::trampoline_type_tree();
+  tree trampoline_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(trampoline_type);
+
+  closure = save_expr(closure);
+
+  // We allocate the trampoline using a special function which will
+  // mark it as executable.
+  static tree trampoline_fndecl;
+  tree x = Gogo::call_builtin(&trampoline_fndecl,
+                             location,
+                             "__go_allocate_trampoline",
+                             2,
+                             ptr_type_node,
+                             size_type_node,
+                             trampoline_size,
+                             ptr_type_node,
+                             fold_convert_loc(location, ptr_type_node,
+                                              closure));
+  if (x == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  x = save_expr(x);
+
+  // Initialize the trampoline.
+  tree ini = build_call_expr(implicit_built_in_decls[BUILT_IN_INIT_TRAMPOLINE],
+                            3, x, fnaddr, closure);
+
+  // On some targets the trampoline address needs to be adjusted.  For
+  // example, when compiling in Thumb mode on the ARM, the address
+  // needs to have the low bit set.
+  x = build_call_expr(implicit_built_in_decls[BUILT_IN_ADJUST_TRAMPOLINE],
+                     1, x);
+  x = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(fnaddr), x);
+
+  return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(x), ini, x);
+}
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo.cc.merge-left.r167407 b/gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo.cc.merge-left.r167407
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..0216d6c
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,4274 @@
+// gogo.cc -- Go frontend parsed representation.
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "go-system.h"
+
+#include "go-c.h"
+#include "go-dump.h"
+#include "lex.h"
+#include "types.h"
+#include "statements.h"
+#include "expressions.h"
+#include "dataflow.h"
+#include "import.h"
+#include "export.h"
+#include "gogo.h"
+
+// Class Gogo.
+
+Gogo::Gogo(int int_type_size, int float_type_size, int pointer_size)
+  : package_(NULL),
+    functions_(),
+    globals_(new Bindings(NULL)),
+    imports_(),
+    imported_unsafe_(false),
+    packages_(),
+    map_descriptors_(NULL),
+    type_descriptor_decls_(NULL),
+    init_functions_(),
+    need_init_fn_(false),
+    init_fn_name_(),
+    imported_init_fns_(),
+    unique_prefix_(),
+    interface_types_()
+{
+  const source_location loc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Named_type* uint8_type = Type::make_integer_type("uint8", true, 8,
+                                                  RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_UINT8);
+  this->add_named_type(uint8_type);
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("uint16", true,  16,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_UINT16));
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("uint32", true,  32,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_UINT32));
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("uint64", true,  64,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_UINT64));
+
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("int8",  false,   8,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_INT8));
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("int16", false,  16,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_INT16));
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("int32", false,  32,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_INT32));
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("int64", false,  64,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_INT64));
+
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_float_type("float32", 32,
+                                            RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_FLOAT32));
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_float_type("float64", 64,
+                                            RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_FLOAT64));
+
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_complex_type("complex64", 64,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_COMPLEX64));
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_complex_type("complex128", 128,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_COMPLEX128));
+
+  if (int_type_size < 32)
+    int_type_size = 32;
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("uint", true,
+                                              int_type_size,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_UINT));
+  Named_type* int_type = Type::make_integer_type("int", false, int_type_size,
+                                                RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_INT);
+  this->add_named_type(int_type);
+
+  // "byte" is an alias for "uint8".  Construct a Named_object which
+  // points to UINT8_TYPE.  Note that this breaks the normal pairing
+  // in which a Named_object points to a Named_type which points back
+  // to the same Named_object.
+  Named_object* byte_type = this->declare_type("byte", loc);
+  byte_type->set_type_value(uint8_type);
+
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("uintptr", true,
+                                              pointer_size,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_UINTPTR));
+
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_float_type("float", float_type_size,
+                                            RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_FLOAT));
+
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_complex_type("complex", float_type_size * 2,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_COMPLEX));
+
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_named_bool_type());
+
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_named_string_type());
+
+  this->globals_->add_constant(Typed_identifier("true",
+                                               Type::make_boolean_type(),
+                                               loc),
+                              NULL,
+                              Expression::make_boolean(true, loc),
+                              0);
+  this->globals_->add_constant(Typed_identifier("false",
+                                               Type::make_boolean_type(),
+                                               loc),
+                              NULL,
+                              Expression::make_boolean(false, loc),
+                              0);
+
+  this->globals_->add_constant(Typed_identifier("nil", Type::make_nil_type(),
+                                               loc),
+                              NULL,
+                              Expression::make_nil(loc),
+                              0);
+
+  Type* abstract_int_type = Type::make_abstract_integer_type();
+  this->globals_->add_constant(Typed_identifier("iota", abstract_int_type,
+                                               loc),
+                              NULL,
+                              Expression::make_iota(),
+                              0);
+
+  Function_type* new_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  new_type->set_is_varargs();
+  new_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("new", NULL, new_type, loc);
+
+  Function_type* make_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  make_type->set_is_varargs();
+  make_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("make", NULL, make_type, loc);
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* len_result = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  len_result->push_back(Typed_identifier("", int_type, loc));
+  Function_type* len_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, len_result,
+                                                    loc);
+  len_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("len", NULL, len_type, loc);
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* cap_result = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  cap_result->push_back(Typed_identifier("", int_type, loc));
+  Function_type* cap_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, len_result,
+                                                    loc);
+  cap_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("cap", NULL, cap_type, loc);
+
+  Function_type* print_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  print_type->set_is_varargs();
+  print_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("print", NULL, print_type, loc);
+
+  print_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  print_type->set_is_varargs();
+  print_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("println", NULL, print_type, loc);
+
+  Type *empty = Type::make_interface_type(NULL, loc);
+  Typed_identifier_list* panic_parms = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  panic_parms->push_back(Typed_identifier("e", empty, loc));
+  Function_type *panic_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, panic_parms,
+                                                      NULL, loc);
+  panic_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("panic", NULL, panic_type, loc);
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* recover_result = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  recover_result->push_back(Typed_identifier("", empty, loc));
+  Function_type* recover_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL,
+                                                        recover_result,
+                                                        loc);
+  recover_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("recover", NULL, recover_type, loc);
+
+  Function_type* close_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  close_type->set_is_varargs();
+  close_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("close", NULL, close_type, loc);
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* closed_result = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  closed_result->push_back(Typed_identifier("", Type::lookup_bool_type(),
+                                           loc));
+  Function_type* closed_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL,
+                                                       closed_result, loc);
+  closed_type->set_is_varargs();
+  closed_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("closed", NULL, closed_type, loc);
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* copy_result = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  copy_result->push_back(Typed_identifier("", int_type, loc));
+  Function_type* copy_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL,
+                                                     copy_result, loc);
+  copy_type->set_is_varargs();
+  copy_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("copy", NULL, copy_type, loc);
+
+  Function_type* append_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  append_type->set_is_varargs();
+  append_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("append", NULL, append_type, loc);
+
+  Function_type* cmplx_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  cmplx_type->set_is_varargs();
+  cmplx_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("cmplx", NULL, cmplx_type, loc);
+
+  Function_type* real_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  real_type->set_is_varargs();
+  real_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("real", NULL, real_type, loc);
+
+  Function_type* imag_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  imag_type->set_is_varargs();
+  imag_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("imag", NULL, cmplx_type, loc);
+
+  this->define_builtin_function_trees();
+
+  // Declare "init", to ensure that it is not defined with parameters
+  // or return values.
+  this->declare_function("init",
+                        Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc),
+                        loc);
+}
+
+// Munge name for use in an error message.
+
+std::string
+Gogo::message_name(const std::string& name)
+{
+  return go_localize_identifier(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(name).c_str());
+}
+
+// Get the package name.
+
+const std::string&
+Gogo::package_name() const
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->package_ != NULL);
+  return this->package_->name();
+}
+
+// Set the package name.
+
+void
+Gogo::set_package_name(const std::string& package_name,
+                      source_location location)
+{
+  if (this->package_ != NULL && this->package_->name() != package_name)
+    {
+      error_at(location, "expected package %<%s%>",
+              Gogo::message_name(this->package_->name()).c_str());
+      return;
+    }
+
+  // If the user did not specify a unique prefix, we always use "go".
+  // This in effect requires that the package name be unique.
+  if (this->unique_prefix_.empty())
+    this->unique_prefix_ = "go";
+
+  this->package_ = this->register_package(package_name, this->unique_prefix_,
+                                         location);
+
+  // We used to permit people to qualify symbols with the current
+  // package name (e.g., P.x), but we no longer do.
+  // this->globals_->add_package(package_name, this->package_);
+
+  if (package_name == "main")
+    {
+      // Declare "main" as a function which takes no parameters and
+      // returns no value.
+      this->declare_function("main",
+                            Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL,
+                                                     BUILTINS_LOCATION),
+                            BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+    }
+}
+
+// Import a package.
+
+void
+Gogo::import_package(const std::string& filename,
+                    const std::string& local_name,
+                    bool is_local_name_exported,
+                    source_location location)
+{
+  if (filename == "unsafe")
+    {
+      this->import_unsafe(local_name, is_local_name_exported, location);
+      return;
+    }
+
+  Imports::const_iterator p = this->imports_.find(filename);
+  if (p != this->imports_.end())
+    {
+      Package* package = p->second;
+      package->set_location(location);
+      package->set_is_imported();
+      std::string ln = local_name;
+      bool is_ln_exported = is_local_name_exported;
+      if (ln.empty())
+       {
+         ln = package->name();
+         is_ln_exported = Lex::is_exported_name(ln);
+       }
+      if (ln != ".")
+       {
+         ln = this->pack_hidden_name(ln, is_ln_exported);
+         this->package_->bindings()->add_package(ln, package);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         Bindings* bindings = package->bindings();
+         for (Bindings::const_declarations_iterator p =
+                bindings->begin_declarations();
+              p != bindings->end_declarations();
+              ++p)
+           this->add_named_object(p->second);
+       }
+      return;
+    }
+
+  Import::Stream* stream = Import::open_package(filename, location);
+  if (stream == NULL)
+    {
+      error_at(location, "import file %qs not found", filename.c_str());
+      return;
+    }
+
+  Import imp(stream, location);
+  imp.register_builtin_types(this);
+  Package* package = imp.import(this, local_name, is_local_name_exported);
+  this->imports_.insert(std::make_pair(filename, package));
+  package->set_is_imported();
+
+  delete stream;
+}
+
+// Add an import control function for an imported package to the list.
+
+void
+Gogo::add_import_init_fn(const std::string& package_name,
+                        const std::string& init_name, int prio)
+{
+  for (std::set<Import_init>::const_iterator p =
+        this->imported_init_fns_.begin();
+       p != this->imported_init_fns_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->init_name() == init_name
+         && (p->package_name() != package_name || p->priority() != prio))
+       {
+         error("duplicate package initialization name %qs",
+               Gogo::message_name(init_name).c_str());
+         inform(UNKNOWN_LOCATION, "used by package %qs at priority %d",
+                Gogo::message_name(p->package_name()).c_str(),
+                p->priority());
+         inform(UNKNOWN_LOCATION, " and by package %qs at priority %d",
+                Gogo::message_name(package_name).c_str(), prio);
+         return;
+       }
+    }
+
+  this->imported_init_fns_.insert(Import_init(package_name, init_name,
+                                             prio));
+}
+
+// Return whether we are at the global binding level.
+
+bool
+Gogo::in_global_scope() const
+{
+  return this->functions_.empty();
+}
+
+// Return the current binding contour.
+
+Bindings*
+Gogo::current_bindings()
+{
+  if (!this->functions_.empty())
+    return this->functions_.back().blocks.back()->bindings();
+  else if (this->package_ != NULL)
+    return this->package_->bindings();
+  else
+    return this->globals_;
+}
+
+const Bindings*
+Gogo::current_bindings() const
+{
+  if (!this->functions_.empty())
+    return this->functions_.back().blocks.back()->bindings();
+  else if (this->package_ != NULL)
+    return this->package_->bindings();
+  else
+    return this->globals_;
+}
+
+// Return the current block.
+
+Block*
+Gogo::current_block()
+{
+  if (this->functions_.empty())
+    return NULL;
+  else
+    return this->functions_.back().blocks.back();
+}
+
+// Look up a name in the current binding contour.  If PFUNCTION is not
+// NULL, set it to the function in which the name is defined, or NULL
+// if the name is defined in global scope.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::lookup(const std::string& name, Named_object** pfunction) const
+{
+  if (Gogo::is_sink_name(name))
+    return Named_object::make_sink();
+
+  for (Open_functions::const_reverse_iterator p = this->functions_.rbegin();
+       p != this->functions_.rend();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Named_object* ret = p->blocks.back()->bindings()->lookup(name);
+      if (ret != NULL)
+       {
+         if (pfunction != NULL)
+           *pfunction = p->function;
+         return ret;
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (pfunction != NULL)
+    *pfunction = NULL;
+
+  if (this->package_ != NULL)
+    {
+      Named_object* ret = this->package_->bindings()->lookup(name);
+      if (ret != NULL)
+       {
+         if (ret->package() != NULL)
+           ret->package()->set_used();
+         return ret;
+       }
+    }
+
+  // We do not look in the global namespace.  If we did, the global
+  // namespace would effectively hide names which were defined in
+  // package scope which we have not yet seen.  Instead,
+  // define_global_names is called after parsing is over to connect
+  // undefined names at package scope with names defined at global
+  // scope.
+
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+// Look up a name in the current block, without searching enclosing
+// blocks.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::lookup_in_block(const std::string& name) const
+{
+  gcc_assert(!this->functions_.empty());
+  gcc_assert(!this->functions_.back().blocks.empty());
+  return this->functions_.back().blocks.back()->bindings()->lookup_local(name);
+}
+
+// Look up a name in the global namespace.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::lookup_global(const char* name) const
+{
+  return this->globals_->lookup(name);
+}
+
+// Add an imported package.
+
+Package*
+Gogo::add_imported_package(const std::string& real_name,
+                          const std::string& alias_arg,
+                          bool is_alias_exported,
+                          const std::string& unique_prefix,
+                          source_location location,
+                          bool* padd_to_globals)
+{
+  // FIXME: Now that we compile packages as a whole, should we permit
+  // importing the current package?
+  if (this->package_name() == real_name
+      && this->unique_prefix() == unique_prefix)
+    {
+      *padd_to_globals = false;
+      if (!alias_arg.empty() && alias_arg != ".")
+       {
+         std::string alias = this->pack_hidden_name(alias_arg,
+                                                    is_alias_exported);
+         this->package_->bindings()->add_package(alias, this->package_);
+       }
+      return this->package_;
+    }
+  else if (alias_arg == ".")
+    {
+      *padd_to_globals = true;
+      return this->register_package(real_name, unique_prefix, location);
+    }
+  else if (alias_arg == "_")
+    {
+      Package* ret = this->register_package(real_name, unique_prefix, location);
+      ret->set_uses_sink_alias();
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      *padd_to_globals = false;
+      std::string alias = alias_arg;
+      if (alias.empty())
+       {
+         alias = real_name;
+         is_alias_exported = Lex::is_exported_name(alias);
+       }
+      alias = this->pack_hidden_name(alias, is_alias_exported);
+      Named_object* no = this->add_package(real_name, alias, unique_prefix,
+                                          location);
+      if (!no->is_package())
+       return NULL;
+      return no->package_value();
+    }
+}
+
+// Add a package.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::add_package(const std::string& real_name, const std::string& alias,
+                 const std::string& unique_prefix, source_location location)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->in_global_scope());
+
+  // Register the package.  Note that we might have already seen it in
+  // an earlier import.
+  Package* package = this->register_package(real_name, unique_prefix, location);
+
+  return this->package_->bindings()->add_package(alias, package);
+}
+
+// Register a package.  This package may or may not be imported.  This
+// returns the Package structure for the package, creating if it
+// necessary.
+
+Package*
+Gogo::register_package(const std::string& package_name,
+                      const std::string& unique_prefix,
+                      source_location location)
+{
+  gcc_assert(!unique_prefix.empty() && !package_name.empty());
+  std::string name = unique_prefix + '.' + package_name;
+  Package* package = NULL;
+  std::pair<Packages::iterator, bool> ins =
+    this->packages_.insert(std::make_pair(name, package));
+  if (!ins.second)
+    {
+      // We have seen this package name before.
+      package = ins.first->second;
+      gcc_assert(package != NULL);
+      gcc_assert(package->name() == package_name
+                && package->unique_prefix() == unique_prefix);
+      if (package->location() == UNKNOWN_LOCATION)
+       package->set_location(location);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // First time we have seen this package name.
+      package = new Package(package_name, unique_prefix, location);
+      gcc_assert(ins.first->second == NULL);
+      ins.first->second = package;
+    }
+
+  return package;
+}
+
+// Start compiling a function.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::start_function(const std::string& name, Function_type* type,
+                    bool add_method_to_type, source_location location)
+{
+  bool at_top_level = this->functions_.empty();
+
+  Block* block = new Block(NULL, location);
+
+  Function* enclosing = (at_top_level
+                        ? NULL
+                        : this->functions_.back().function->func_value());
+
+  Function* function = new Function(type, enclosing, block, location);
+
+  if (type->is_method())
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier* receiver = type->receiver();
+      Variable* this_param = new Variable(receiver->type(), NULL, false,
+                                         true, true, location);
+      std::string name = receiver->name();
+      if (name.empty())
+       {
+         // We need to give receivers a name since they wind up in
+         // DECL_ARGUMENTS.  FIXME.
+         static unsigned int count;
+         char buf[50];
+         snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "r.%u", count);
+         ++count;
+         name = buf;
+       }
+      block->bindings()->add_variable(name, NULL, this_param);
+    }
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parameters = type->parameters();
+  bool is_varargs = type->is_varargs();
+  if (parameters != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = parameters->begin();
+          p != parameters->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         Variable* param = new Variable(p->type(), NULL, false, true, false,
+                                        location);
+         if (is_varargs && p + 1 == parameters->end())
+           param->set_is_varargs_parameter();
+
+         std::string name = p->name();
+         if (name.empty() || Gogo::is_sink_name(name))
+           {
+             // We need to give parameters a name since they wind up
+             // in DECL_ARGUMENTS.  FIXME.
+             static unsigned int count;
+             char buf[50];
+             snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "p.%u", count);
+             ++count;
+             name = buf;
+           }
+         block->bindings()->add_variable(name, NULL, param);
+       }
+    }
+
+  function->create_named_result_variables();
+
+  const std::string* pname;
+  std::string nested_name;
+  if (!name.empty())
+    pname = &name;
+  else
+    {
+      // Invent a name for a nested function.
+      static int nested_count;
+      char buf[30];
+      snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, ".$nested%d", nested_count);
+      ++nested_count;
+      nested_name = buf;
+      pname = &nested_name;
+    }
+
+  Named_object* ret;
+  if (Gogo::is_sink_name(*pname))
+    ret = Named_object::make_sink();
+  else if (!type->is_method())
+    {
+      ret = this->package_->bindings()->add_function(*pname, NULL, function);
+      if (!ret->is_function())
+       {
+         // Redefinition error.
+         ret = Named_object::make_function(name, NULL, function);
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (!add_method_to_type)
+       ret = Named_object::make_function(name, NULL, function);
+      else
+       {
+         gcc_assert(at_top_level);
+         Type* rtype = type->receiver()->type();
+
+         // We want to look through the pointer created by the
+         // parser, without getting an error if the type is not yet
+         // defined.
+         if (rtype->classification() == Type::TYPE_POINTER)
+           rtype = rtype->points_to();
+
+         if (rtype->is_error_type())
+           ret = Named_object::make_function(name, NULL, function);
+         else if (rtype->named_type() != NULL)
+           {
+             ret = rtype->named_type()->add_method(name, function);
+             if (!ret->is_function())
+               {
+                 // Redefinition error.
+                 ret = Named_object::make_function(name, NULL, function);
+               }
+           }
+         else if (rtype->forward_declaration_type() != NULL)
+           {
+             Named_object* type_no =
+               rtype->forward_declaration_type()->named_object();
+             if (type_no->is_unknown())
+               {
+                 // If we are seeing methods it really must be a
+                 // type.  Declare it as such.  An alternative would
+                 // be to support lists of methods for unknown
+                 // expressions.  Either way the error messages if
+                 // this is not a type are going to get confusing.
+                 Named_object* declared =
+                   this->declare_package_type(type_no->name(),
+                                              type_no->location());
+                 gcc_assert(declared
+                            == type_no->unknown_value()->real_named_object());
+               }
+             ret = rtype->forward_declaration_type()->add_method(name,
+                                                                 function);
+           }
+         else
+           gcc_unreachable();
+       }
+      this->package_->bindings()->add_method(ret);
+    }
+
+  this->functions_.resize(this->functions_.size() + 1);
+  Open_function& of(this->functions_.back());
+  of.function = ret;
+  of.blocks.push_back(block);
+
+  if (!type->is_method() && Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(name) == "init")
+    {
+      this->init_functions_.push_back(ret);
+      this->need_init_fn_ = true;
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Finish compiling a function.
+
+void
+Gogo::finish_function(source_location location)
+{
+  this->finish_block(location);
+  gcc_assert(this->functions_.back().blocks.empty());
+  this->functions_.pop_back();
+}
+
+// Return the current function.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::current_function() const
+{
+  gcc_assert(!this->functions_.empty());
+  return this->functions_.back().function;
+}
+
+// Start a new block.
+
+void
+Gogo::start_block(source_location location)
+{
+  gcc_assert(!this->functions_.empty());
+  Block* block = new Block(this->current_block(), location);
+  this->functions_.back().blocks.push_back(block);
+}
+
+// Finish a block.
+
+Block*
+Gogo::finish_block(source_location location)
+{
+  gcc_assert(!this->functions_.empty());
+  gcc_assert(!this->functions_.back().blocks.empty());
+  Block* block = this->functions_.back().blocks.back();
+  this->functions_.back().blocks.pop_back();
+  block->set_end_location(location);
+  return block;
+}
+
+// Add an unknown name.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::add_unknown_name(const std::string& name, source_location location)
+{
+  return this->package_->bindings()->add_unknown_name(name, location);
+}
+
+// Declare a function.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::declare_function(const std::string& name, Function_type* type,
+                      source_location location)
+{
+  if (!type->is_method())
+    return this->current_bindings()->add_function_declaration(name, NULL, type,
+                                                             location);
+  else
+    {
+      // We don't bother to add this to the list of global
+      // declarations.
+      Type* rtype = type->receiver()->type();
+
+      // We want to look through the pointer created by the
+      // parser, without getting an error if the type is not yet
+      // defined.
+      if (rtype->classification() == Type::TYPE_POINTER)
+       rtype = rtype->points_to();
+
+      if (rtype->is_error_type())
+       return NULL;
+      else if (rtype->named_type() != NULL)
+       return rtype->named_type()->add_method_declaration(name, NULL, type,
+                                                          location);
+      else if (rtype->forward_declaration_type() != NULL)
+       {
+         Forward_declaration_type* ftype = rtype->forward_declaration_type();
+         return ftype->add_method_declaration(name, type, location);
+       }
+      else
+       gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Add a label definition.
+
+Label*
+Gogo::add_label_definition(const std::string& label_name,
+                          source_location location)
+{
+  gcc_assert(!this->functions_.empty());
+  Function* func = this->functions_.back().function->func_value();
+  Label* label = func->add_label_definition(label_name, location);
+  this->add_statement(Statement::make_label_statement(label, location));
+  return label;
+}
+
+// Add a label reference.
+
+Label*
+Gogo::add_label_reference(const std::string& label_name)
+{
+  gcc_assert(!this->functions_.empty());
+  Function* func = this->functions_.back().function->func_value();
+  return func->add_label_reference(label_name);
+}
+
+// Add a statement.
+
+void
+Gogo::add_statement(Statement* statement)
+{
+  gcc_assert(!this->functions_.empty()
+            && !this->functions_.back().blocks.empty());
+  this->functions_.back().blocks.back()->add_statement(statement);
+}
+
+// Add a block.
+
+void
+Gogo::add_block(Block* block, source_location location)
+{
+  gcc_assert(!this->functions_.empty()
+            && !this->functions_.back().blocks.empty());
+  Statement* statement = Statement::make_block_statement(block, location);
+  this->functions_.back().blocks.back()->add_statement(statement);
+}
+
+// Add a constant.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::add_constant(const Typed_identifier& tid, Expression* expr,
+                  int iota_value)
+{
+  return this->current_bindings()->add_constant(tid, NULL, expr, iota_value);
+}
+
+// Add a type.
+
+void
+Gogo::add_type(const std::string& name, Type* type, source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* no = this->current_bindings()->add_type(name, NULL, type,
+                                                       location);
+  if (!this->in_global_scope())
+    no->type_value()->set_in_function(this->functions_.back().function);
+}
+
+// Add a named type.
+
+void
+Gogo::add_named_type(Named_type* type)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->in_global_scope());
+  this->current_bindings()->add_named_type(type);
+}
+
+// Declare a type.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::declare_type(const std::string& name, source_location location)
+{
+  Bindings* bindings = this->current_bindings();
+  Named_object* no = bindings->add_type_declaration(name, NULL, location);
+  if (!this->in_global_scope())
+    {
+      Named_object* f = this->functions_.back().function;
+      no->type_declaration_value()->set_in_function(f);
+    }
+  return no;
+}
+
+// Declare a type at the package level.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::declare_package_type(const std::string& name, source_location location)
+{
+  return this->package_->bindings()->add_type_declaration(name, NULL, location);
+}
+
+// Define a type which was already declared.
+
+void
+Gogo::define_type(Named_object* no, Named_type* type)
+{
+  this->current_bindings()->define_type(no, type);
+}
+
+// Add a variable.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::add_variable(const std::string& name, Variable* variable)
+{
+  Named_object* no = this->current_bindings()->add_variable(name, NULL,
+                                                           variable);
+
+  // In a function the middle-end wants to see a DECL_EXPR node.
+  if (no != NULL
+      && no->is_variable()
+      && !no->var_value()->is_parameter()
+      && !this->functions_.empty())
+    this->add_statement(Statement::make_variable_declaration(no));
+
+  return no;
+}
+
+// Add a sink--a reference to the blank identifier _.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::add_sink()
+{
+  return Named_object::make_sink();
+}
+
+// Add a named object.
+
+void
+Gogo::add_named_object(Named_object* no)
+{
+  this->current_bindings()->add_named_object(no);
+}
+
+// Record that we've seen an interface type.
+
+void
+Gogo::record_interface_type(Interface_type* itype)
+{
+  this->interface_types_.push_back(itype);
+}
+
+// Return a name for a thunk object.
+
+std::string
+Gogo::thunk_name()
+{
+  static int thunk_count;
+  char thunk_name[50];
+  snprintf(thunk_name, sizeof thunk_name, "$thunk%d", thunk_count);
+  ++thunk_count;
+  return thunk_name;
+}
+
+// Return whether a function is a thunk.
+
+bool
+Gogo::is_thunk(const Named_object* no)
+{
+  return no->name().compare(0, 6, "$thunk") == 0;
+}
+
+// Define the global names.  We do this only after parsing all the
+// input files, because the program might define the global names
+// itself.
+
+void
+Gogo::define_global_names()
+{
+  for (Bindings::const_declarations_iterator p =
+        this->globals_->begin_declarations();
+       p != this->globals_->end_declarations();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Named_object* global_no = p->second;
+      std::string name(Gogo::pack_hidden_name(global_no->name(), false));
+      Named_object* no = this->package_->bindings()->lookup(name);
+      if (no == NULL)
+       continue;
+      no = no->resolve();
+      if (no->is_type_declaration())
+       {
+         if (global_no->is_type())
+           {
+             if (no->type_declaration_value()->has_methods())
+               error_at(no->location(),
+                        "may not define methods for global type");
+             no->set_type_value(global_no->type_value());
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             error_at(no->location(), "expected type");
+             Type* errtype = Type::make_error_type();
+             Named_object* err = Named_object::make_type("error", NULL,
+                                                         errtype,
+                                                         BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+             no->set_type_value(err->type_value());
+           }
+       }
+      else if (no->is_unknown())
+       no->unknown_value()->set_real_named_object(global_no);
+    }
+}
+
+// Clear out names in file scope.
+
+void
+Gogo::clear_file_scope()
+{
+  this->package_->bindings()->clear_file_scope();
+
+  // Warn about packages which were imported but not used.
+  for (Packages::iterator p = this->packages_.begin();
+       p != this->packages_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Package* package = p->second;
+      if (package != this->package_
+         && package->is_imported()
+         && !package->used()
+         && !package->uses_sink_alias()
+         && !saw_errors())
+       error_at(package->location(), "imported and not used: %s",
+                Gogo::message_name(package->name()).c_str());
+      package->clear_is_imported();
+      package->clear_uses_sink_alias();
+      package->clear_used();
+    }
+}
+
+// Traverse the tree.
+
+void
+Gogo::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  // Traverse the current package first for consistency.  The other
+  // packages will only contain imported types, constants, and
+  // declarations.
+  if (this->package_->bindings()->traverse(traverse, true) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return;
+  for (Packages::const_iterator p = this->packages_.begin();
+       p != this->packages_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->second != this->package_)
+       {
+         if (p->second->bindings()->traverse(traverse, true) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+           break;
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Traversal class used to verify types.
+
+class Verify_types : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Verify_types()
+    : Traverse(traverse_types)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  type(Type*);
+};
+
+// Verify that a type is correct.
+
+int
+Verify_types::type(Type* t)
+{
+  // Don't verify types defined in other packages.
+  Named_type* nt = t->named_type();
+  if (nt != NULL && nt->named_object()->package() != NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+
+  if (!t->verify())
+    return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Verify that all types are correct.
+
+void
+Gogo::verify_types()
+{
+  Verify_types traverse;
+  this->traverse(&traverse);
+}
+
+// Traversal class used to lower parse tree.
+
+class Lower_parse_tree : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Lower_parse_tree(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function)
+    : Traverse(traverse_constants
+              | traverse_functions
+              | traverse_statements
+              | traverse_expressions),
+      gogo_(gogo), function_(function), iota_value_(-1)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  constant(Named_object*, bool);
+
+  int
+  function(Named_object*);
+
+  int
+  statement(Block*, size_t* pindex, Statement*);
+
+  int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+ private:
+  // General IR.
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+  // The function we are traversing.
+  Named_object* function_;
+  // Value to use for the predeclared constant iota.
+  int iota_value_;
+};
+
+// Lower constants.  We handle constants specially so that we can set
+// the right value for the predeclared constant iota.  This works in
+// conjunction with the way we lower Const_expression objects.
+
+int
+Lower_parse_tree::constant(Named_object* no, bool)
+{
+  Named_constant* nc = no->const_value();
+
+  // We can recursively a constant if the initializer expression
+  // manages to refer to itself.
+  if (nc->lowering())
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  nc->set_lowering();
+
+  gcc_assert(this->iota_value_ == -1);
+  this->iota_value_ = nc->iota_value();
+  nc->traverse_expression(this);
+  this->iota_value_ = -1;
+
+  nc->clear_lowering();
+
+  // We will traverse the expression a second time, but that will be
+  // fast.
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lower function closure types.  Record the function while lowering
+// it, so that we can pass it down when lowering an expression.
+
+int
+Lower_parse_tree::function(Named_object* no)
+{
+  no->func_value()->set_closure_type();
+
+  gcc_assert(this->function_ == NULL);
+  this->function_ = no;
+  int t = no->func_value()->traverse(this);
+  this->function_ = NULL;
+
+  if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return t;
+  return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+}
+
+// Lower statement parse trees.
+
+int
+Lower_parse_tree::statement(Block* block, size_t* pindex, Statement* sorig)
+{
+  // Lower the expressions first.
+  int t = sorig->traverse_contents(this);
+  if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return t;
+
+  // Keep lowering until nothing changes.
+  Statement* s = sorig;
+  while (true)
+    {
+      Statement* snew = s->lower(this->gogo_, block);
+      if (snew == s)
+       break;
+      s = snew;
+      t = s->traverse_contents(this);
+      if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return t;
+    }
+
+  if (s != sorig)
+    block->replace_statement(*pindex, s);
+
+  return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+}
+
+// Lower expression parse trees.
+
+int
+Lower_parse_tree::expression(Expression** pexpr)
+{
+  // We have to lower all subexpressions first, so that we can get
+  // their type if necessary.  This is awkward, because we don't have
+  // a postorder traversal pass.
+  if ((*pexpr)->traverse_subexpressions(this) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  // Keep lowering until nothing changes.
+  while (true)
+    {
+      Expression* e = *pexpr;
+      Expression* enew = e->lower(this->gogo_, this->function_,
+                                 this->iota_value_);
+      if (enew == e)
+       break;
+      *pexpr = enew;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+}
+
+// Lower the parse tree.  This is called after the parse is complete,
+// when all names should be resolved.
+
+void
+Gogo::lower_parse_tree()
+{
+  Lower_parse_tree lower_parse_tree(this, NULL);
+  this->traverse(&lower_parse_tree);
+}
+
+// Lower an expression.
+
+void
+Gogo::lower_expression(Named_object* function, Expression** pexpr)
+{
+  Lower_parse_tree lower_parse_tree(this, function);
+  lower_parse_tree.expression(pexpr);
+}
+
+// Lower a constant.  This is called when lowering a reference to a
+// constant.  We have to make sure that the constant has already been
+// lowered.
+
+void
+Gogo::lower_constant(Named_object* no)
+{
+  gcc_assert(no->is_const());
+  Lower_parse_tree lower(this, NULL);
+  lower.constant(no, false);
+}
+
+// Look for interface types to finalize methods of inherited
+// interfaces.
+
+class Finalize_methods : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Finalize_methods(Gogo* gogo)
+    : Traverse(traverse_types),
+      gogo_(gogo)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  type(Type*);
+
+ private:
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+};
+
+// Finalize the methods of an interface type.
+
+int
+Finalize_methods::type(Type* t)
+{
+  // Check the classification so that we don't finalize the methods
+  // twice for a named interface type.
+  switch (t->classification())
+    {
+    case Type::TYPE_INTERFACE:
+      t->interface_type()->finalize_methods();
+      break;
+
+    case Type::TYPE_NAMED:
+      {
+       // We have to finalize the methods of the real type first.
+       // But if the real type is a struct type, then we only want to
+       // finalize the methods of the field types, not of the struct
+       // type itself.  We don't want to add methods to the struct,
+       // since it has a name.
+       Type* rt = t->named_type()->real_type();
+       if (rt->classification() != Type::TYPE_STRUCT)
+         {
+           if (Type::traverse(rt, this) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+             return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           if (rt->struct_type()->traverse_field_types(this) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+             return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+         }
+
+       t->named_type()->finalize_methods(this->gogo_);
+
+       return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+      }
+
+    case Type::TYPE_STRUCT:
+      t->struct_type()->finalize_methods(this->gogo_);
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Finalize method lists and build stub methods for types.
+
+void
+Gogo::finalize_methods()
+{
+  Finalize_methods finalize(this);
+  this->traverse(&finalize);
+}
+
+// Set types for unspecified variables and constants.
+
+void
+Gogo::determine_types()
+{
+  Bindings* bindings = this->current_bindings();
+  for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator p = bindings->begin_definitions();
+       p != bindings->end_definitions();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if ((*p)->is_function())
+       (*p)->func_value()->determine_types();
+      else if ((*p)->is_variable())
+       (*p)->var_value()->determine_type();
+      else if ((*p)->is_const())
+       (*p)->const_value()->determine_type();
+
+      // See if a variable requires us to build an initialization
+      // function.  We know that we will see all global variables
+      // here.
+      if (!this->need_init_fn_ && (*p)->is_variable())
+       {
+         Variable* variable = (*p)->var_value();
+
+         // If this is a global variable which requires runtime
+         // initialization, we need an initialization function.
+         if (!variable->is_global() || variable->init() == NULL)
+           ;
+         else if (variable->type()->interface_type() != NULL)
+           this->need_init_fn_ = true;
+         else if (variable->init()->is_constant())
+           ;
+         else if (!variable->init()->is_composite_literal())
+           this->need_init_fn_ = true;
+         else if (variable->init()->is_nonconstant_composite_literal())
+           this->need_init_fn_ = true;
+
+         // If this is a global variable which holds a pointer value,
+         // then we need an initialization function to register it as a
+         // GC root.
+         if (variable->is_global() && variable->type()->has_pointer())
+           this->need_init_fn_ = true;
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Determine the types of constants in packages.
+  for (Packages::const_iterator p = this->packages_.begin();
+       p != this->packages_.end();
+       ++p)
+    p->second->determine_types();
+}
+
+// Traversal class used for type checking.
+
+class Check_types_traverse : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Check_types_traverse(Gogo* gogo)
+    : Traverse(traverse_variables
+              | traverse_constants
+              | traverse_statements
+              | traverse_expressions),
+      gogo_(gogo)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  variable(Named_object*);
+
+  int
+  constant(Named_object*, bool);
+
+  int
+  statement(Block*, size_t* pindex, Statement*);
+
+  int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+ private:
+  // General IR.
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+};
+
+// Check that a variable initializer has the right type.
+
+int
+Check_types_traverse::variable(Named_object* named_object)
+{
+  if (named_object->is_variable())
+    {
+      Variable* var = named_object->var_value();
+      Expression* init = var->init();
+      std::string reason;
+      if (init != NULL
+         && !Type::are_assignable(var->type(), init->type(), &reason))
+       {
+         if (reason.empty())
+           error_at(var->location(), "incompatible type in initialization");
+         else
+           error_at(var->location(),
+                    "incompatible type in initialization (%s)",
+                    reason.c_str());
+         var->clear_init();
+       }
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check that a constant initializer has the right type.
+
+int
+Check_types_traverse::constant(Named_object* named_object, bool)
+{
+  Named_constant* constant = named_object->const_value();
+  Type* ctype = constant->type();
+  if (ctype->integer_type() == NULL
+      && ctype->float_type() == NULL
+      && ctype->complex_type() == NULL
+      && !ctype->is_boolean_type()
+      && !ctype->is_string_type())
+    {
+      error_at(constant->location(), "invalid constant type");
+      constant->set_error();
+    }
+  else if (!constant->expr()->is_constant())
+    {
+      error_at(constant->expr()->location(), "expression is not constant");
+      constant->set_error();
+    }
+  else if (!Type::are_assignable(constant->type(), constant->expr()->type(),
+                                NULL))
+    {
+      error_at(constant->location(),
+              "initialization expression has wrong type");
+      constant->set_error();
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check that types are valid in a statement.
+
+int
+Check_types_traverse::statement(Block*, size_t*, Statement* s)
+{
+  s->check_types(this->gogo_);
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check that types are valid in an expression.
+
+int
+Check_types_traverse::expression(Expression** expr)
+{
+  (*expr)->check_types(this->gogo_);
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check that types are valid.
+
+void
+Gogo::check_types()
+{
+  Check_types_traverse traverse(this);
+  this->traverse(&traverse);
+}
+
+// Check the types in a single block.
+
+void
+Gogo::check_types_in_block(Block* block)
+{
+  Check_types_traverse traverse(this);
+  block->traverse(&traverse);
+}
+
+// A traversal class used to find a single shortcut operator within an
+// expression.
+
+class Find_shortcut : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Find_shortcut()
+    : Traverse(traverse_blocks
+              | traverse_statements
+              | traverse_expressions),
+      found_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  // A pointer to the expression which was found, or NULL if none was
+  // found.
+  Expression**
+  found() const
+  { return this->found_; }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  block(Block*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS; }
+
+  int
+  statement(Block*, size_t*, Statement*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS; }
+
+  int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+ private:
+  Expression** found_;
+};
+
+// Find a shortcut expression.
+
+int
+Find_shortcut::expression(Expression** pexpr)
+{
+  Expression* expr = *pexpr;
+  Binary_expression* be = expr->binary_expression();
+  if (be == NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  Operator op = be->op();
+  if (op != OPERATOR_OROR && op != OPERATOR_ANDAND)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  gcc_assert(this->found_ == NULL);
+  this->found_ = pexpr;
+  return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+}
+
+// A traversal class used to turn shortcut operators into explicit if
+// statements.
+
+class Shortcuts : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Shortcuts()
+    : Traverse(traverse_variables
+              | traverse_statements)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  variable(Named_object*);
+
+  int
+  statement(Block*, size_t*, Statement*);
+
+ private:
+  // Convert a shortcut operator.
+  Statement*
+  convert_shortcut(Block* enclosing, Expression** pshortcut);
+};
+
+// Remove shortcut operators in a single statement.
+
+int
+Shortcuts::statement(Block* block, size_t* pindex, Statement* s)
+{
+  // FIXME: This approach doesn't work for switch statements, because
+  // we add the new statements before the whole switch when we need to
+  // instead add them just before the switch expression.  The right
+  // fix is probably to lower switch statements with nonconstant cases
+  // to a series of conditionals.
+  if (s->switch_statement() != NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+  while (true)
+    {
+      Find_shortcut find_shortcut;
+
+      // If S is a variable declaration, then ordinary traversal won't
+      // do anything.  We want to explicitly traverse the
+      // initialization expression if there is one.
+      Variable_declaration_statement* vds = s->variable_declaration_statement();
+      Expression* init = NULL;
+      if (vds == NULL)
+       s->traverse_contents(&find_shortcut);
+      else
+       {
+         init = vds->var()->var_value()->init();
+         if (init == NULL)
+           return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+         init->traverse(&init, &find_shortcut);
+       }
+      Expression** pshortcut = find_shortcut.found();
+      if (pshortcut == NULL)
+       return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+      Statement* snew = this->convert_shortcut(block, pshortcut);
+      block->insert_statement_before(*pindex, snew);
+      ++*pindex;
+
+      if (pshortcut == &init)
+       vds->var()->var_value()->set_init(init);
+    }
+}
+
+// Remove shortcut operators in the initializer of a global variable.
+
+int
+Shortcuts::variable(Named_object* no)
+{
+  if (no->is_result_variable())
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  Variable* var = no->var_value();
+  Expression* init = var->init();
+  if (!var->is_global() || init == NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+  while (true)
+    {
+      Find_shortcut find_shortcut;
+      init->traverse(&init, &find_shortcut);
+      Expression** pshortcut = find_shortcut.found();
+      if (pshortcut == NULL)
+       return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+      Statement* snew = this->convert_shortcut(NULL, pshortcut);
+      var->add_preinit_statement(snew);
+      if (pshortcut == &init)
+       var->set_init(init);
+    }
+}
+
+// Given an expression which uses a shortcut operator, return a
+// statement which implements it, and update *PSHORTCUT accordingly.
+
+Statement*
+Shortcuts::convert_shortcut(Block* enclosing, Expression** pshortcut)
+{
+  Binary_expression* shortcut = (*pshortcut)->binary_expression();
+  Expression* left = shortcut->left();
+  Expression* right = shortcut->right();
+  source_location loc = shortcut->location();
+
+  Block* retblock = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+  retblock->set_end_location(loc);
+
+  Temporary_statement* ts = Statement::make_temporary(Type::make_boolean_type(),
+                                                     left, loc);
+  retblock->add_statement(ts);
+
+  Block* block = new Block(retblock, loc);
+  block->set_end_location(loc);
+  Expression* tmpref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(ts, loc);
+  Statement* assign = Statement::make_assignment(tmpref, right, loc);
+  block->add_statement(assign);
+
+  Expression* cond = Expression::make_temporary_reference(ts, loc);
+  if (shortcut->binary_expression()->op() == OPERATOR_OROR)
+    cond = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_NOT, cond, loc);
+
+  Statement* if_statement = Statement::make_if_statement(cond, block, NULL,
+                                                        loc);
+  retblock->add_statement(if_statement);
+
+  *pshortcut = Expression::make_temporary_reference(ts, loc);
+
+  delete shortcut;
+
+  // Now convert any shortcut operators in LEFT and RIGHT.
+  Shortcuts shortcuts;
+  retblock->traverse(&shortcuts);
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(retblock, loc);
+}
+
+// Turn shortcut operators into explicit if statements.  Doing this
+// considerably simplifies the order of evaluation rules.
+
+void
+Gogo::remove_shortcuts()
+{
+  Shortcuts shortcuts;
+  this->traverse(&shortcuts);
+}
+
+// A traversal class which finds all the expressions which must be
+// evaluated in order within a statement or larger expression.  This
+// is used to implement the rules about order of evaluation.
+
+class Find_eval_ordering : public Traverse
+{
+ private:
+  typedef std::vector<Expression**> Expression_pointers;
+
+ public:
+  Find_eval_ordering()
+    : Traverse(traverse_blocks
+              | traverse_statements
+              | traverse_expressions),
+      exprs_()
+  { }
+
+  size_t
+  size() const
+  { return this->exprs_.size(); }
+
+  typedef Expression_pointers::const_iterator const_iterator;
+
+  const_iterator
+  begin() const
+  { return this->exprs_.begin(); }
+
+  const_iterator
+  end() const
+  { return this->exprs_.end(); }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  block(Block*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS; }
+
+  int
+  statement(Block*, size_t*, Statement*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS; }
+
+  int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+ private:
+  // A list of pointers to expressions with side-effects.
+  Expression_pointers exprs_;
+};
+
+// If an expression must be evaluated in order, put it on the list.
+
+int
+Find_eval_ordering::expression(Expression** expression_pointer)
+{
+  // We have to look at subexpressions before this one.
+  if ((*expression_pointer)->traverse_subexpressions(this) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if ((*expression_pointer)->must_eval_in_order())
+    this->exprs_.push_back(expression_pointer);
+  return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+}
+
+// A traversal class for ordering evaluations.
+
+class Order_eval : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Order_eval()
+    : Traverse(traverse_variables
+              | traverse_statements)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  variable(Named_object*);
+
+  int
+  statement(Block*, size_t*, Statement*);
+};
+
+// Implement the order of evaluation rules for a statement.
+
+int
+Order_eval::statement(Block* block, size_t* pindex, Statement* s)
+{
+  // FIXME: This approach doesn't work for switch statements, because
+  // we add the new statements before the whole switch when we need to
+  // instead add them just before the switch expression.  The right
+  // fix is probably to lower switch statements with nonconstant cases
+  // to a series of conditionals.
+  if (s->switch_statement() != NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+  Find_eval_ordering find_eval_ordering;
+
+  // If S is a variable declaration, then ordinary traversal won't do
+  // anything.  We want to explicitly traverse the initialization
+  // expression if there is one.
+  Variable_declaration_statement* vds = s->variable_declaration_statement();
+  Expression* init = NULL;
+  Expression* orig_init = NULL;
+  if (vds == NULL)
+    s->traverse_contents(&find_eval_ordering);
+  else
+    {
+      init = vds->var()->var_value()->init();
+      if (init == NULL)
+       return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+      orig_init = init;
+
+      // It might seem that this could be
+      // init->traverse_subexpressions.  Unfortunately that can fail
+      // in a case like
+      //   var err os.Error
+      //   newvar, err := call(arg())
+      // Here newvar will have an init of call result 0 of
+      // call(arg()).  If we only traverse subexpressions, we will
+      // only find arg(), and we won't bother to move anything out.
+      // Then we get to the assignment to err, we will traverse the
+      // whole statement, and this time we will find both call() and
+      // arg(), and so we will move them out.  This will cause them to
+      // be put into temporary variables before the assignment to err
+      // but after the declaration of newvar.  To avoid that problem,
+      // we traverse the entire expression here.
+      Expression::traverse(&init, &find_eval_ordering);
+    }
+
+  if (find_eval_ordering.size() <= 1)
+    {
+      // If there is only one expression with a side-effect, we can
+      // leave it in place.
+      return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    }
+
+  bool is_thunk = s->thunk_statement() != NULL;
+  for (Find_eval_ordering::const_iterator p = find_eval_ordering.begin();
+       p != find_eval_ordering.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Expression** pexpr = *p;
+
+      // If the last expression is a send or receive expression, we
+      // may be ignoring the value; we don't want to evaluate it
+      // early.
+      if (p + 1 == find_eval_ordering.end()
+         && ((*pexpr)->classification() == Expression::EXPRESSION_SEND
+             || (*pexpr)->classification() == Expression::EXPRESSION_RECEIVE))
+       break;
+
+      // The last expression in a thunk will be the call passed to go
+      // or defer, which we must not evaluate early.
+      if (is_thunk && p + 1 == find_eval_ordering.end())
+       break;
+
+      source_location loc = (*pexpr)->location();
+      Temporary_statement* ts = Statement::make_temporary(NULL, *pexpr, loc);
+      block->insert_statement_before(*pindex, ts);
+      ++*pindex;
+
+      *pexpr = Expression::make_temporary_reference(ts, loc);
+    }
+
+  if (init != orig_init)
+    vds->var()->var_value()->set_init(init);
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Implement the order of evaluation rules for the initializer of a
+// global variable.
+
+int
+Order_eval::variable(Named_object* no)
+{
+  if (no->is_result_variable())
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  Variable* var = no->var_value();
+  Expression* init = var->init();
+  if (!var->is_global() || init == NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+  Find_eval_ordering find_eval_ordering;
+  init->traverse_subexpressions(&find_eval_ordering);
+
+  if (find_eval_ordering.size() <= 1)
+    {
+      // If there is only one expression with a side-effect, we can
+      // leave it in place.
+      return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+    }
+
+  for (Find_eval_ordering::const_iterator p = find_eval_ordering.begin();
+       p != find_eval_ordering.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Expression** pexpr = *p;
+      source_location loc = (*pexpr)->location();
+      Temporary_statement* ts = Statement::make_temporary(NULL, *pexpr, loc);
+      var->add_preinit_statement(ts);
+      *pexpr = Expression::make_temporary_reference(ts, loc);
+    }
+
+  return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+}
+
+// Use temporary variables to implement the order of evaluation rules.
+
+void
+Gogo::order_evaluations()
+{
+  Order_eval order_eval;
+  this->traverse(&order_eval);
+}
+
+// Traversal to convert calls to the predeclared recover function to
+// pass in an argument indicating whether it can recover from a panic
+// or not.
+
+class Convert_recover : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Convert_recover(Named_object* arg)
+    : Traverse(traverse_expressions),
+      arg_(arg)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+ private:
+  // The argument to pass to the function.
+  Named_object* arg_;
+};
+
+// Convert calls to recover.
+
+int
+Convert_recover::expression(Expression** pp)
+{
+  Call_expression* ce = (*pp)->call_expression();
+  if (ce != NULL && ce->is_recover_call())
+    ce->set_recover_arg(Expression::make_var_reference(this->arg_,
+                                                      ce->location()));
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Traversal for build_recover_thunks.
+
+class Build_recover_thunks : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Build_recover_thunks(Gogo* gogo)
+    : Traverse(traverse_functions),
+      gogo_(gogo)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  function(Named_object*);
+
+ private:
+  Expression*
+  can_recover_arg(source_location);
+
+  // General IR.
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+};
+
+// If this function calls recover, turn it into a thunk.
+
+int
+Build_recover_thunks::function(Named_object* orig_no)
+{
+  Function* orig_func = orig_no->func_value();
+  if (!orig_func->calls_recover()
+      || orig_func->is_recover_thunk()
+      || orig_func->has_recover_thunk())
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+  Gogo* gogo = this->gogo_;
+  source_location location = orig_func->location();
+
+  static int count;
+  char buf[50];
+
+  Function_type* orig_fntype = orig_func->type();
+  Typed_identifier_list* new_params = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  std::string receiver_name;
+  if (orig_fntype->is_method())
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier* receiver = orig_fntype->receiver();
+      snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "rt.%u", count);
+      ++count;
+      receiver_name = buf;
+      new_params->push_back(Typed_identifier(receiver_name, receiver->type(),
+                                            receiver->location()));
+    }
+  const Typed_identifier_list* orig_params = orig_fntype->parameters();
+  if (orig_params != NULL && !orig_params->empty())
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = orig_params->begin();
+          p != orig_params->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "pt.%u", count);
+         ++count;
+         new_params->push_back(Typed_identifier(buf, p->type(),
+                                                p->location()));
+       }
+    }
+  snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "pr.%u", count);
+  ++count;
+  std::string can_recover_name = buf;
+  new_params->push_back(Typed_identifier(can_recover_name,
+                                        Type::make_boolean_type(),
+                                        orig_fntype->location()));
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* orig_results = orig_fntype->results();
+  Typed_identifier_list* new_results;
+  if (orig_results == NULL || orig_results->empty())
+    new_results = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      new_results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = orig_results->begin();
+          p != orig_results->end();
+          ++p)
+       new_results->push_back(*p);
+    }
+
+  Function_type *new_fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, new_params,
+                                                      new_results,
+                                                      orig_fntype->location());
+  if (orig_fntype->is_varargs())
+    new_fntype->set_is_varargs();
+
+  std::string name = orig_no->name() + "$recover";
+  Named_object *new_no = gogo->start_function(name, new_fntype, false,
+                                             location);
+  Function *new_func = new_no->func_value();
+  if (orig_func->enclosing() != NULL)
+    new_func->set_enclosing(orig_func->enclosing());
+
+  // We build the code for the original function attached to the new
+  // function, and then swap the original and new function bodies.
+  // This means that existing references to the original function will
+  // then refer to the new function.  That makes this code a little
+  // confusing, in that the reference to NEW_NO really refers to the
+  // other function, not the one we are building.
+
+  Expression* closure = NULL;
+  if (orig_func->needs_closure())
+    {
+      Named_object* orig_closure_no = orig_func->closure_var();
+      Variable* orig_closure_var = orig_closure_no->var_value();
+      Variable* new_var = new Variable(orig_closure_var->type(), NULL, false,
+                                      true, false, location);
+      snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "closure.%u", count);
+      ++count;
+      Named_object* new_closure_no = Named_object::make_variable(buf, NULL,
+                                                                new_var);
+      new_func->set_closure_var(new_closure_no);
+      closure = Expression::make_var_reference(new_closure_no, location);
+    }
+
+  Expression* fn = Expression::make_func_reference(new_no, closure, location);
+
+  Expression_list* args = new Expression_list();
+  if (orig_fntype->is_method())
+    {
+      Named_object* rec_no = gogo->lookup(receiver_name, NULL);
+      gcc_assert(rec_no != NULL
+                && rec_no->is_variable()
+                && rec_no->var_value()->is_parameter());
+      args->push_back(Expression::make_var_reference(rec_no, location));
+    }
+  if (new_params != NULL)
+    {
+      // Note that we skip the last parameter, which is the boolean
+      // indicating whether recover can succed.
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = new_params->begin();
+          p + 1 != new_params->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         Named_object* p_no = gogo->lookup(p->name(), NULL);
+         gcc_assert(p_no != NULL
+                    && p_no->is_variable()
+                    && p_no->var_value()->is_parameter());
+         args->push_back(Expression::make_var_reference(p_no, location));
+       }
+    }
+  args->push_back(this->can_recover_arg(location));
+
+  Expression* call = Expression::make_call(fn, args, false, location);
+
+  Statement* s;
+  if (orig_fntype->results() == NULL || orig_fntype->results()->empty())
+    s = Statement::make_statement(call);
+  else
+    {
+      Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+      vals->push_back(call);
+      s = Statement::make_return_statement(new_func->type()->results(),
+                                          vals, location);
+    }
+  s->determine_types();
+  gogo->add_statement(s);
+
+  gogo->finish_function(location);
+
+  // Swap the function bodies and types.
+  new_func->swap_for_recover(orig_func);
+  orig_func->set_is_recover_thunk();
+  new_func->set_calls_recover();
+  new_func->set_has_recover_thunk();
+
+  Bindings* orig_bindings = orig_func->block()->bindings();
+  Bindings* new_bindings = new_func->block()->bindings();
+  if (orig_fntype->is_method())
+    {
+      // We changed the receiver to be a regular parameter.  We have
+      // to update the binding accordingly in both functions.
+      Named_object* orig_rec_no = orig_bindings->lookup_local(receiver_name);
+      gcc_assert(orig_rec_no != NULL
+                && orig_rec_no->is_variable()
+                && !orig_rec_no->var_value()->is_receiver());
+      orig_rec_no->var_value()->set_is_receiver();
+
+      Named_object* new_rec_no = new_bindings->lookup_local(receiver_name);
+      gcc_assert(new_rec_no != NULL
+                && new_rec_no->is_variable()
+                && !new_rec_no->var_value()->is_receiver());
+      new_rec_no->var_value()->set_is_not_receiver();
+    }
+
+  // Because we flipped blocks but not types, the can_recover
+  // parameter appears in the (now) old bindings as a parameter.
+  // Change it to a local variable, whereupon it will be discarded.
+  Named_object* can_recover_no = orig_bindings->lookup_local(can_recover_name);
+  gcc_assert(can_recover_no != NULL
+            && can_recover_no->is_variable()
+            && can_recover_no->var_value()->is_parameter());
+  orig_bindings->remove_binding(can_recover_no);
+
+  // Add the can_recover argument to the (now) new bindings, and
+  // attach it to any recover statements.
+  Variable* can_recover_var = new Variable(Type::make_boolean_type(), NULL,
+                                          false, true, false, location);
+  can_recover_no = new_bindings->add_variable(can_recover_name, NULL,
+                                             can_recover_var);
+  Convert_recover convert_recover(can_recover_no);
+  new_func->traverse(&convert_recover);
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Return the expression to pass for the .can_recover parameter to the
+// new function.  This indicates whether a call to recover may return
+// non-nil.  The expression is
+// __go_can_recover(__builtin_return_address()).
+
+Expression*
+Build_recover_thunks::can_recover_arg(source_location location)
+{
+  static Named_object* builtin_return_address;
+  if (builtin_return_address == NULL)
+    {
+      const source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+      Typed_identifier_list* param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      Type* uint_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uint");
+      param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("l", uint_type, bloc));
+
+      Typed_identifier_list* return_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      Type* voidptr_type = Type::make_pointer_type(Type::make_void_type());
+      return_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("", voidptr_type, bloc));
+
+      Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types,
+                                                      return_types, bloc);
+      builtin_return_address =
+       Named_object::make_function_declaration("__builtin_return_address",
+                                               NULL, fntype, bloc);
+      const char* n = "__builtin_return_address";
+      builtin_return_address->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(n);
+    }
+
+  static Named_object* can_recover;
+  if (can_recover == NULL)
+    {
+      const source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+      Typed_identifier_list* param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      Type* voidptr_type = Type::make_pointer_type(Type::make_void_type());
+      param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("a", voidptr_type, bloc));
+      Type* boolean_type = Type::make_boolean_type();
+      Typed_identifier_list* results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", boolean_type, bloc));
+      Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types,
+                                                      results, bloc);
+      can_recover = Named_object::make_function_declaration("__go_can_recover",
+                                                           NULL, fntype,
+                                                           bloc);
+      can_recover->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name("__go_can_recover");
+    }
+
+  Expression* fn = Expression::make_func_reference(builtin_return_address,
+                                                  NULL, location);
+
+  mpz_t zval;
+  mpz_init_set_ui(zval, 0UL);
+  Expression* zexpr = Expression::make_integer(&zval, NULL, location);
+  mpz_clear(zval);
+  Expression_list *args = new Expression_list();
+  args->push_back(zexpr);
+
+  Expression* call = Expression::make_call(fn, args, false, location);
+
+  args = new Expression_list();
+  args->push_back(call);
+
+  fn = Expression::make_func_reference(can_recover, NULL, location);
+  return Expression::make_call(fn, args, false, location);
+}
+
+// Build thunks for functions which call recover.  We build a new
+// function with an extra parameter, which is whether a call to
+// recover can succeed.  We then move the body of this function to
+// that one.  We then turn this function into a thunk which calls the
+// new one, passing the value of
+// __go_can_recover(__builtin_return_address()).  The function will be
+// marked as not splitting the stack.  This will cooperate with the
+// implementation of defer to make recover do the right thing.
+
+void
+Gogo::build_recover_thunks()
+{
+  Build_recover_thunks build_recover_thunks(this);
+  this->traverse(&build_recover_thunks);
+}
+
+// Look for named types to see whether we need to create an interface
+// method table.
+
+class Build_method_tables : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Build_method_tables(Gogo* gogo,
+                     const std::vector<Interface_type*>& interfaces)
+    : Traverse(traverse_types),
+      gogo_(gogo), interfaces_(interfaces)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  type(Type*);
+
+ private:
+  // The IR.
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+  // A list of locally defined interfaces which have hidden methods.
+  const std::vector<Interface_type*>& interfaces_;
+};
+
+// Build all required interface method tables for types.  We need to
+// ensure that we have an interface method table for every interface
+// which has a hidden method, for every named type which implements
+// that interface.  Normally we can just build interface method tables
+// as we need them.  However, in some cases we can require an
+// interface method table for an interface defined in a different
+// package for a type defined in that package.  If that interface and
+// type both use a hidden method, that is OK.  However, we will not be
+// able to build that interface method table when we need it, because
+// the type's hidden method will be static.  So we have to build it
+// here, and just refer it from other packages as needed.
+
+void
+Gogo::build_interface_method_tables()
+{
+  std::vector<Interface_type*> hidden_interfaces;
+  hidden_interfaces.reserve(this->interface_types_.size());
+  for (std::vector<Interface_type*>::const_iterator pi =
+        this->interface_types_.begin();
+       pi != this->interface_types_.end();
+       ++pi)
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier_list* methods = (*pi)->methods();
+      if (methods == NULL)
+       continue;
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pm = methods->begin();
+          pm != methods->end();
+          ++pm)
+       {
+         if (Gogo::is_hidden_name(pm->name()))
+           {
+             hidden_interfaces.push_back(*pi);
+             break;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (!hidden_interfaces.empty())
+    {
+      // Now traverse the tree looking for all named types.
+      Build_method_tables bmt(this, hidden_interfaces);
+      this->traverse(&bmt);
+    }
+
+  // We no longer need the list of interfaces.
+
+  this->interface_types_.clear();
+}
+
+// This is called for each type.  For a named type, for each of the
+// interfaces with hidden methods that it implements, create the
+// method table.
+
+int
+Build_method_tables::type(Type* type)
+{
+  Named_type* nt = type->named_type();
+  if (nt != NULL)
+    {
+      for (std::vector<Interface_type*>::const_iterator p =
+            this->interfaces_.begin();
+          p != this->interfaces_.end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         // We ask whether a pointer to the named type implements the
+         // interface, because a pointer can implement more methods
+         // than a value.
+         if ((*p)->implements_interface(Type::make_pointer_type(nt), NULL))
+           {
+             nt->interface_method_table(this->gogo_, *p, false);
+             nt->interface_method_table(this->gogo_, *p, true);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Traversal class used to check for return statements.
+
+class Check_return_statements_traverse : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Check_return_statements_traverse()
+    : Traverse(traverse_functions)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  function(Named_object*);
+};
+
+// Check that a function has a return statement if it needs one.
+
+int
+Check_return_statements_traverse::function(Named_object* no)
+{
+  Function* func = no->func_value();
+  const Function_type* fntype = func->type();
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = fntype->results();
+
+  // We only need a return statement if there is a return value.
+  if (results == NULL || results->empty())
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+  if (func->block()->may_fall_through())
+    error_at(func->location(), "control reaches end of non-void function");
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check return statements.
+
+void
+Gogo::check_return_statements()
+{
+  Check_return_statements_traverse traverse;
+  this->traverse(&traverse);
+}
+
+// Get the unique prefix to use before all exported symbols.  This
+// must be unique across the entire link.
+
+const std::string&
+Gogo::unique_prefix() const
+{
+  gcc_assert(!this->unique_prefix_.empty());
+  return this->unique_prefix_;
+}
+
+// Set the unique prefix to use before all exported symbols.  This
+// comes from the command line option -fgo-prefix=XXX.
+
+void
+Gogo::set_unique_prefix(const std::string& arg)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->unique_prefix_.empty());
+  this->unique_prefix_ = arg;
+}
+
+// Work out the package priority.  It is one more than the maximum
+// priority of an imported package.
+
+int
+Gogo::package_priority() const
+{
+  int priority = 0;
+  for (Packages::const_iterator p = this->packages_.begin();
+       p != this->packages_.end();
+       ++p)
+    if (p->second->priority() > priority)
+      priority = p->second->priority();
+  return priority + 1;
+}
+
+// Export identifiers as requested.
+
+void
+Gogo::do_exports()
+{
+  // For now we always stream to a section.  Later we may want to
+  // support streaming to a separate file.
+  Stream_to_section stream;
+
+  Export exp(&stream);
+  exp.register_builtin_types(this);
+  exp.export_globals(this->package_name(),
+                    this->unique_prefix(),
+                    this->package_priority(),
+                    (this->need_init_fn_ && this->package_name() != "main"
+                     ? this->get_init_fn_name()
+                     : ""),
+                    this->imported_init_fns_,
+                    this->package_->bindings());
+}
+
+// Class Function.
+
+Function::Function(Function_type* type, Function* enclosing, Block* block,
+                  source_location location)
+  : type_(type), enclosing_(enclosing), named_results_(NULL),
+    closure_var_(NULL), block_(block), location_(location), fndecl_(NULL),
+    defer_stack_(NULL), calls_recover_(false), is_recover_thunk_(false),
+    has_recover_thunk_(false)
+{
+}
+
+// Create the named result variables.
+
+void
+Function::create_named_result_variables()
+{
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = this->type_->results();
+  if (results == NULL
+      || results->empty()
+      || results->front().name().empty())
+    return;
+
+  this->named_results_ = new Named_results();
+  this->named_results_->reserve(results->size());
+
+  Block* block = this->block_;
+  int index = 0;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = results->begin();
+       p != results->end();
+       ++p, ++index)
+    {
+      Result_variable* result = new Result_variable(p->type(), this,
+                                                   index);
+      Named_object* no = block->bindings()->add_result_variable(p->name(),
+                                                               result);
+      this->named_results_->push_back(no);
+    }
+}
+
+// Return the closure variable, creating it if necessary.
+
+Named_object*
+Function::closure_var()
+{
+  if (this->closure_var_ == NULL)
+    {
+      // We don't know the type of the variable yet.  We add fields as
+      // we find them.
+      source_location loc = this->type_->location();
+      Struct_field_list* sfl = new Struct_field_list;
+      Type* struct_type = Type::make_struct_type(sfl, loc);
+      Variable* var = new Variable(Type::make_pointer_type(struct_type),
+                                  NULL, false, true, false, loc);
+      this->closure_var_ = Named_object::make_variable("closure", NULL, var);
+      // Note that the new variable is not in any binding contour.
+    }
+  return this->closure_var_;
+}
+
+// Set the type of the closure variable.
+
+void
+Function::set_closure_type()
+{
+  if (this->closure_var_ == NULL)
+    return;
+  Named_object* closure = this->closure_var_;
+  Struct_type* st = closure->var_value()->type()->deref()->struct_type();
+  unsigned int index = 0;
+  for (Closure_fields::const_iterator p = this->closure_fields_.begin();
+       p != this->closure_fields_.end();
+       ++p, ++index)
+    {
+      Named_object* no = p->first;
+      char buf[20];
+      snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%u", index);
+      std::string n = no->name() + buf;
+      Type* var_type;
+      if (no->is_variable())
+       var_type = no->var_value()->type();
+      else
+       var_type = no->result_var_value()->type();
+      Type* field_type = Type::make_pointer_type(var_type);
+      st->push_field(Struct_field(Typed_identifier(n, field_type, p->second)));
+    }
+}
+
+// Return whether this function is a method.
+
+bool
+Function::is_method() const
+{
+  return this->type_->is_method();
+}
+
+// Add a label definition.
+
+Label*
+Function::add_label_definition(const std::string& label_name,
+                              source_location location)
+{
+  Label* lnull = NULL;
+  std::pair<Labels::iterator, bool> ins =
+    this->labels_.insert(std::make_pair(label_name, lnull));
+  if (ins.second)
+    {
+      // This is a new label.
+      Label* label = new Label(label_name);
+      label->define(location);
+      ins.first->second = label;
+      return label;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // The label was already in the hash table.
+      Label* label = ins.first->second;
+      if (!label->is_defined())
+       {
+         label->define(location);
+         return label;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(location, "redefinition of label %qs",
+                  Gogo::message_name(label_name).c_str());
+         inform(label->location(), "previous definition of %qs was here",
+                Gogo::message_name(label_name).c_str());
+         return new Label(label_name);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Add a reference to a label.
+
+Label*
+Function::add_label_reference(const std::string& label_name)
+{
+  Label* lnull = NULL;
+  std::pair<Labels::iterator, bool> ins =
+    this->labels_.insert(std::make_pair(label_name, lnull));
+  if (!ins.second)
+    {
+      // The label was already in the hash table.
+      return ins.first->second;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      gcc_assert(ins.first->second == NULL);
+      Label* label = new Label(label_name);
+      ins.first->second = label;
+      return label;
+    }
+}
+
+// Swap one function with another.  This is used when building the
+// thunk we use to call a function which calls recover.  It may not
+// work for any other case.
+
+void
+Function::swap_for_recover(Function *x)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->enclosing_ == x->enclosing_);
+  gcc_assert(this->named_results_ == x->named_results_);
+  std::swap(this->closure_var_, x->closure_var_);
+  std::swap(this->block_, x->block_);
+  gcc_assert(this->location_ == x->location_);
+  gcc_assert(this->fndecl_ == NULL && x->fndecl_ == NULL);
+  gcc_assert(this->defer_stack_ == NULL && x->defer_stack_ == NULL);
+}
+
+// Traverse the tree.
+
+int
+Function::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  unsigned int traverse_mask = traverse->traverse_mask();
+
+  // FIXME: We should check traverse_functions here if nested
+  // functions are stored in block bindings.
+  if (this->block_ != NULL
+      && (traverse_mask
+         & (Traverse::traverse_variables
+            | Traverse::traverse_constants
+            | Traverse::traverse_blocks
+            | Traverse::traverse_statements
+            | Traverse::traverse_expressions
+            | Traverse::traverse_types)) != 0)
+    {
+      if (this->block_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Work out types for unspecified variables and constants.
+
+void
+Function::determine_types()
+{
+  if (this->block_ != NULL)
+    this->block_->determine_types();
+}
+
+// Export the function.
+
+void
+Function::export_func(Export* exp, const std::string& name) const
+{
+  Function::export_func_with_type(exp, name, this->type_);
+}
+
+// Export a function with a type.
+
+void
+Function::export_func_with_type(Export* exp, const std::string& name,
+                               const Function_type* fntype)
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("func ");
+
+  if (fntype->is_method())
+    {
+      exp->write_c_string("(");
+      exp->write_type(fntype->receiver()->type());
+      exp->write_c_string(") ");
+    }
+
+  exp->write_string(name);
+
+  exp->write_c_string(" (");
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parameters = fntype->parameters();
+  if (parameters != NULL)
+    {
+      bool is_varargs = fntype->is_varargs();
+      bool first = true;
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = parameters->begin();
+          p != parameters->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (first)
+           first = false;
+         else
+           exp->write_c_string(", ");
+         if (!is_varargs || p + 1 != parameters->end())
+           exp->write_type(p->type());
+         else
+           {
+             exp->write_c_string("...");
+             exp->write_type(p->type()->array_type()->element_type());
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  exp->write_c_string(")");
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = fntype->results();
+  if (results != NULL)
+    {
+      if (results->size() == 1)
+       {
+         exp->write_c_string(" ");
+         exp->write_type(results->begin()->type());
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         exp->write_c_string(" (");
+         bool first = true;
+         for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = results->begin();
+              p != results->end();
+              ++p)
+           {
+             if (first)
+               first = false;
+             else
+               exp->write_c_string(", ");
+             exp->write_type(p->type());
+           }
+         exp->write_c_string(")");
+       }
+    }
+  exp->write_c_string(";\n");
+}
+
+// Import a function.
+
+void
+Function::import_func(Import* imp, std::string* pname,
+                     Typed_identifier** preceiver,
+                     Typed_identifier_list** pparameters,
+                     Typed_identifier_list** presults,
+                     bool* is_varargs)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("func ");
+
+  *preceiver = NULL;
+  if (imp->peek_char() == '(')
+    {
+      imp->require_c_string("(");
+      Type* rtype = imp->read_type();
+      *preceiver = new Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker, rtype,
+                                       imp->location());
+      imp->require_c_string(") ");
+    }
+
+  *pname = imp->read_identifier();
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* parameters;
+  *is_varargs = false;
+  imp->require_c_string(" (");
+  if (imp->peek_char() == ')')
+    parameters = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      parameters = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      while (true)
+       {
+         if (imp->match_c_string("..."))
+           {
+             imp->advance(3);
+             *is_varargs = true;
+           }
+
+         Type* ptype = imp->read_type();
+         if (*is_varargs)
+           ptype = Type::make_array_type(ptype, NULL);
+         parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker,
+                                                ptype, imp->location()));
+         if (imp->peek_char() != ',')
+           break;
+         gcc_assert(!*is_varargs);
+         imp->require_c_string(", ");
+       }
+    }
+  imp->require_c_string(")");
+  *pparameters = parameters;
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* results;
+  if (imp->peek_char() != ' ')
+    results = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      imp->require_c_string(" ");
+      if (imp->peek_char() != '(')
+       {
+         Type* rtype = imp->read_type();
+         results->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker, rtype,
+                                             imp->location()));
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         imp->require_c_string("(");
+         while (true)
+           {
+             Type* rtype = imp->read_type();
+             results->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker,
+                                                 rtype, imp->location()));
+             if (imp->peek_char() != ',')
+               break;
+             imp->require_c_string(", ");
+           }
+         imp->require_c_string(")");
+       }
+    }
+  imp->require_c_string(";\n");
+  *presults = results;
+}
+
+// Class Block.
+
+Block::Block(Block* enclosing, source_location location)
+  : enclosing_(enclosing), statements_(),
+    bindings_(new Bindings(enclosing == NULL
+                          ? NULL
+                          : enclosing->bindings())),
+    start_location_(location),
+    end_location_(UNKNOWN_LOCATION)
+{
+}
+
+// Add a statement to a block.
+
+void
+Block::add_statement(Statement* statement)
+{
+  this->statements_.push_back(statement);
+}
+
+// Add a statement to the front of a block.  This is slow but is only
+// used for reference counts of parameters.
+
+void
+Block::add_statement_at_front(Statement* statement)
+{
+  this->statements_.insert(this->statements_.begin(), statement);
+}
+
+// Replace a statement in a block.
+
+void
+Block::replace_statement(size_t index, Statement* s)
+{
+  gcc_assert(index < this->statements_.size());
+  this->statements_[index] = s;
+}
+
+// Add a statement before another statement.
+
+void
+Block::insert_statement_before(size_t index, Statement* s)
+{
+  gcc_assert(index < this->statements_.size());
+  this->statements_.insert(this->statements_.begin() + index, s);
+}
+
+// Add a statement after another statement.
+
+void
+Block::insert_statement_after(size_t index, Statement* s)
+{
+  gcc_assert(index < this->statements_.size());
+  this->statements_.insert(this->statements_.begin() + index + 1, s);
+}
+
+// Traverse the tree.
+
+int
+Block::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  unsigned int traverse_mask = traverse->traverse_mask();
+
+  if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_blocks) != 0)
+    {
+      int t = traverse->block(this);
+      if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+      else if (t == TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS)
+       return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    }
+
+  if ((traverse_mask
+       & (Traverse::traverse_variables
+         | Traverse::traverse_constants
+         | Traverse::traverse_expressions
+         | Traverse::traverse_types)) != 0)
+    {
+      for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator pb =
+            this->bindings_->begin_definitions();
+          pb != this->bindings_->end_definitions();
+          ++pb)
+       {
+         switch ((*pb)->classification())
+           {
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+             if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_constants) != 0)
+               {
+                 if (traverse->constant(*pb, false) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+             if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0
+                 || (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0)
+               {
+                 Type* t = (*pb)->const_value()->type();
+                 if (t != NULL
+                     && Type::traverse(t, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+             if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0
+                 || (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0)
+               {
+                 if ((*pb)->const_value()->traverse_expression(traverse)
+                     == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+             break;
+
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR:
+             if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_variables) != 0)
+               {
+                 if (traverse->variable(*pb) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+             if (((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0
+                  || (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0)
+                 && ((*pb)->is_result_variable()
+                     || (*pb)->var_value()->has_type()))
+               {
+                 Type* t = ((*pb)->is_variable()
+                            ? (*pb)->var_value()->type()
+                            : (*pb)->result_var_value()->type());
+                 if (t != NULL
+                     && Type::traverse(t, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+             if ((*pb)->is_variable()
+                 && ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0
+                     || (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0))
+               {
+                 if ((*pb)->var_value()->traverse_expression(traverse)
+                     == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+             break;
+
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION:
+             // FIXME: Where will nested functions be found?
+             gcc_unreachable();
+
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE:
+             if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0
+                 || (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0)
+               {
+                 if (Type::traverse((*pb)->type_value(), traverse)
+                     == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+             break;
+
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION:
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN:
+             break;
+
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE:
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_SINK:
+             gcc_unreachable();
+
+           default:
+             gcc_unreachable();
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  // No point in checking traverse_mask here--if we got here we always
+  // want to walk the statements.  The traversal can insert new
+  // statements before or after the current statement.  Inserting
+  // statements before the current statement requires updating I via
+  // the pointer; those statements will not be traversed.  Any new
+  // statements inserted after the current statement will be traversed
+  // in their turn.
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < this->statements_.size(); ++i)
+    {
+      if (this->statements_[i]->traverse(this, &i, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Work out types for unspecified variables and constants.
+
+void
+Block::determine_types()
+{
+  for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator pb =
+        this->bindings_->begin_definitions();
+       pb != this->bindings_->end_definitions();
+       ++pb)
+    {
+      if ((*pb)->is_variable())
+       (*pb)->var_value()->determine_type();
+      else if ((*pb)->is_const())
+       (*pb)->const_value()->determine_type();
+    }
+
+  for (std::vector<Statement*>::const_iterator ps = this->statements_.begin();
+       ps != this->statements_.end();
+       ++ps)
+    (*ps)->determine_types();
+}
+
+// Return true if the statements in this block may fall through.
+
+bool
+Block::may_fall_through() const
+{
+  if (this->statements_.empty())
+    return true;
+  return this->statements_.back()->may_fall_through();
+}
+
+// Class Variable.
+
+Variable::Variable(Type* type, Expression* init, bool is_global,
+                  bool is_parameter, bool is_receiver,
+                  source_location location)
+  : type_(type), init_(init), preinit_(NULL), location_(location),
+    is_global_(is_global), is_parameter_(is_parameter),
+    is_receiver_(is_receiver), is_varargs_parameter_(false),
+    is_address_taken_(false), init_is_lowered_(false),
+    type_from_init_tuple_(false), type_from_range_index_(false),
+    type_from_range_value_(false), type_from_chan_element_(false),
+    is_type_switch_var_(false)
+{
+  gcc_assert(type != NULL || init != NULL);
+  gcc_assert(!is_parameter || init == NULL);
+}
+
+// Traverse the initializer expression.
+
+int
+Variable::traverse_expression(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->preinit_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->preinit_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  if (this->init_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (Expression::traverse(&this->init_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lower the initialization expression after parsing is complete.
+
+void
+Variable::lower_init_expression(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function)
+{
+  if (this->init_ != NULL && !this->init_is_lowered_)
+    {
+      gogo->lower_expression(function, &this->init_);
+      this->init_is_lowered_ = true;
+    }
+}
+
+// Get the preinit block.
+
+Block*
+Variable::preinit_block()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->is_global_);
+  if (this->preinit_ == NULL)
+    this->preinit_ = new Block(NULL, this->location());
+  return this->preinit_;
+}
+
+// Add a statement to be run before the initialization expression.
+
+void
+Variable::add_preinit_statement(Statement* s)
+{
+  Block* b = this->preinit_block();
+  b->add_statement(s);
+  b->set_end_location(s->location());
+}
+
+// In an assignment which sets a variable to a tuple of EXPR, return
+// the type of the first element of the tuple.
+
+Type*
+Variable::type_from_tuple(Expression* expr, bool report_error) const
+{
+  if (expr->map_index_expression() != NULL)
+    return expr->map_index_expression()->get_map_type()->val_type();
+  else if (expr->receive_expression() != NULL)
+    {
+      Expression* channel = expr->receive_expression()->channel();
+      return channel->type()->channel_type()->element_type();
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (report_error)
+       error_at(this->location(), "invalid tuple definition");
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+}
+
+// Given EXPR used in a range clause, return either the index type or
+// the value type of the range, depending upon GET_INDEX_TYPE.
+
+Type*
+Variable::type_from_range(Expression* expr, bool get_index_type,
+                         bool report_error) const
+{
+  Type* t = expr->type();
+  if (t->array_type() != NULL
+      || (t->points_to() != NULL
+         && t->points_to()->array_type() != NULL
+         && !t->points_to()->is_open_array_type()))
+    {
+      if (get_index_type)
+       return Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+      else
+       return t->deref()->array_type()->element_type();
+    }
+  else if (t->is_string_type())
+    return Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+  else if (t->map_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (get_index_type)
+       return t->map_type()->key_type();
+      else
+       return t->map_type()->val_type();
+    }
+  else if (t->channel_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (get_index_type)
+       return t->channel_type()->element_type();
+      else
+       {
+         if (report_error)
+           error_at(this->location(),
+                    "invalid definition of value variable for channel range");
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (report_error)
+       error_at(this->location(), "invalid type for range clause");
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+}
+
+// EXPR should be a channel.  Return the channel's element type.
+
+Type*
+Variable::type_from_chan_element(Expression* expr, bool report_error) const
+{
+  Type* t = expr->type();
+  if (t->channel_type() != NULL)
+    return t->channel_type()->element_type();
+  else
+    {
+      if (report_error)
+       error_at(this->location(), "expected channel");
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return the type of the Variable.  This may be called before
+// Variable::determine_type is called, which means that we may need to
+// get the type from the initializer.  FIXME: If we combine lowering
+// with type determination, then this should be unnecessary.
+
+Type*
+Variable::type() const
+{
+  // A variable in a type switch with a nil case will have the wrong
+  // type here.  This gets fixed up in determine_type, below.
+  Type* type = this->type_;
+  Expression* init = this->init_;
+  if (this->is_type_switch_var_
+      && this->type_->is_nil_constant_as_type())
+    {
+      Type_guard_expression* tge = this->init_->type_guard_expression();
+      gcc_assert(tge != NULL);
+      init = tge->expr();
+      type = NULL;
+    }
+
+  if (type != NULL)
+    return type;
+  else if (this->type_from_init_tuple_)
+    return this->type_from_tuple(init, false);
+  else if (this->type_from_range_index_ || this->type_from_range_value_)
+    return this->type_from_range(init, this->type_from_range_index_, false);
+  else if (this->type_from_chan_element_)
+    return this->type_from_chan_element(init, false);
+  else
+    {
+      gcc_assert(init != NULL);
+      type = init->type();
+      gcc_assert(type != NULL);
+
+      // Variables should not have abstract types.
+      if (type->is_abstract())
+       type = type->make_non_abstract_type();
+
+      if (type->is_void_type())
+       type = Type::make_error_type();
+
+      return type;
+    }
+}
+
+// Set the type if necessary.
+
+void
+Variable::determine_type()
+{
+  // A variable in a type switch with a nil case will have the wrong
+  // type here.  It will have an initializer which is a type guard.
+  // We want to initialize it to the value without the type guard, and
+  // use the type of that value as well.
+  if (this->is_type_switch_var_ && this->type_->is_nil_constant_as_type())
+    {
+      Type_guard_expression* tge = this->init_->type_guard_expression();
+      gcc_assert(tge != NULL);
+      this->type_ = NULL;
+      this->init_ = tge->expr();
+    }
+
+  if (this->init_ == NULL)
+    gcc_assert(this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract());
+  else if (this->type_from_init_tuple_)
+    {
+      Expression *init = this->init_;
+      init->determine_type_no_context();
+      this->type_ = this->type_from_tuple(init, true);
+      this->init_ = NULL;
+    }
+  else if (this->type_from_range_index_ || this->type_from_range_value_)
+    {
+      Expression* init = this->init_;
+      init->determine_type_no_context();
+      this->type_ = this->type_from_range(init, this->type_from_range_index_,
+                                         true);
+      this->init_ = NULL;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // type_from_chan_element_ should have been cleared during
+      // lowering.
+      gcc_assert(!this->type_from_chan_element_);
+
+      Type_context context(this->type_, false);
+      this->init_->determine_type(&context);
+      if (this->type_ == NULL)
+       {
+         Type* type = this->init_->type();
+         gcc_assert(type != NULL);
+         if (type->is_abstract())
+           type = type->make_non_abstract_type();
+
+         if (type->is_void_type())
+           {
+             error_at(this->location_, "variable has no type");
+             type = Type::make_error_type();
+           }
+         else if (type->is_nil_type())
+           {
+             error_at(this->location_, "variable defined to nil type");
+             type = Type::make_error_type();
+           }
+         else if (type->is_call_multiple_result_type())
+           {
+             error_at(this->location_,
+                      "single variable set to multiple value function call");
+             type = Type::make_error_type();
+           }
+
+         this->type_ = type;
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Export the variable
+
+void
+Variable::export_var(Export* exp, const std::string& name) const
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->is_global_);
+  exp->write_c_string("var ");
+  exp->write_string(name);
+  exp->write_c_string(" ");
+  exp->write_type(this->type());
+  exp->write_c_string(";\n");
+}
+
+// Import a variable.
+
+void
+Variable::import_var(Import* imp, std::string* pname, Type** ptype)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("var ");
+  *pname = imp->read_identifier();
+  imp->require_c_string(" ");
+  *ptype = imp->read_type();
+  imp->require_c_string(";\n");
+}
+
+// Class Named_constant.
+
+// Traverse the initializer expression.
+
+int
+Named_constant::traverse_expression(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  return Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse);
+}
+
+// Determine the type of the constant.
+
+void
+Named_constant::determine_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    {
+      Type_context context(this->type_, false);
+      this->expr_->determine_type(&context);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // A constant may have an abstract type.
+      Type_context context(NULL, true);
+      this->expr_->determine_type(&context);
+      this->type_ = this->expr_->type();
+      gcc_assert(this->type_ != NULL);
+    }
+}
+
+// Indicate that we found and reported an error for this constant.
+
+void
+Named_constant::set_error()
+{
+  this->type_ = Type::make_error_type();
+  this->expr_ = Expression::make_error(this->location_);
+}
+
+// Export a constant.
+
+void
+Named_constant::export_const(Export* exp, const std::string& name) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("const ");
+  exp->write_string(name);
+  exp->write_c_string(" ");
+  if (!this->type_->is_abstract())
+    {
+      exp->write_type(this->type_);
+      exp->write_c_string(" ");
+    }
+  exp->write_c_string("= ");
+  this->expr()->export_expression(exp);
+  exp->write_c_string(";\n");
+}
+
+// Import a constant.
+
+void
+Named_constant::import_const(Import* imp, std::string* pname, Type** ptype,
+                            Expression** pexpr)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("const ");
+  *pname = imp->read_identifier();
+  imp->require_c_string(" ");
+  if (imp->peek_char() == '=')
+    *ptype = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      *ptype = imp->read_type();
+      imp->require_c_string(" ");
+    }
+  imp->require_c_string("= ");
+  *pexpr = Expression::import_expression(imp);
+  imp->require_c_string(";\n");
+}
+
+// Add a method.
+
+Named_object*
+Type_declaration::add_method(const std::string& name, Function* function)
+{
+  Named_object* ret = Named_object::make_function(name, NULL, function);
+  this->methods_.push_back(ret);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Add a method declaration.
+
+Named_object*
+Type_declaration::add_method_declaration(const std::string&  name,
+                                        Function_type* type,
+                                        source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* ret = Named_object::make_function_declaration(name, NULL, type,
+                                                             location);
+  this->methods_.push_back(ret);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return whether any methods ere defined.
+
+bool
+Type_declaration::has_methods() const
+{
+  return !this->methods_.empty();
+}
+
+// Define methods for the real type.
+
+void
+Type_declaration::define_methods(Named_type* nt)
+{
+  for (Methods::const_iterator p = this->methods_.begin();
+       p != this->methods_.end();
+       ++p)
+    nt->add_existing_method(*p);
+}
+
+// We are using the type.  Return true if we should issue a warning.
+
+bool
+Type_declaration::using_type()
+{
+  bool ret = !this->issued_warning_;
+  this->issued_warning_ = true;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Class Unknown_name.
+
+// Set the real named object.
+
+void
+Unknown_name::set_real_named_object(Named_object* no)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->real_named_object_ == NULL);
+  gcc_assert(!no->is_unknown());
+  this->real_named_object_ = no;
+}
+
+// Class Named_object.
+
+Named_object::Named_object(const std::string& name,
+                          const Package* package,
+                          Classification classification)
+  : name_(name), package_(package), classification_(classification),
+    tree_(NULL)
+{
+  if (Gogo::is_sink_name(name))
+    gcc_assert(classification == NAMED_OBJECT_SINK);
+}
+
+// Make an unknown name.  This is used by the parser.  The name must
+// be resolved later.  Unknown names are only added in the current
+// package.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_unknown_name(const std::string& name,
+                               source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(name, NULL,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN);
+  Unknown_name* value = new Unknown_name(location);
+  named_object->u_.unknown_value = value;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Make a constant.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_constant(const Typed_identifier& tid,
+                           const Package* package, Expression* expr,
+                           int iota_value)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(tid.name(), package,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_CONST);
+  Named_constant* named_constant = new Named_constant(tid.type(), expr,
+                                                     iota_value,
+                                                     tid.location());
+  named_object->u_.const_value = named_constant;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Make a named type.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_type(const std::string& name, const Package* package,
+                       Type* type, source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(name, package,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE);
+  Named_type* named_type = Type::make_named_type(named_object, type, location);
+  named_object->u_.type_value = named_type;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Make a type declaration.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_type_declaration(const std::string& name,
+                                   const Package* package,
+                                   source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(name, package,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION);
+  Type_declaration* type_declaration = new Type_declaration(location);
+  named_object->u_.type_declaration = type_declaration;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Make a variable.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_variable(const std::string& name, const Package* package,
+                           Variable* variable)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(name, package,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_VAR);
+  named_object->u_.var_value = variable;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Make a result variable.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_result_variable(const std::string& name,
+                                  Result_variable* result)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(name, NULL,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR);
+  named_object->u_.result_var_value = result;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Make a sink.  This is used for the special blank identifier _.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_sink()
+{
+  return new Named_object("_", NULL, NAMED_OBJECT_SINK);
+}
+
+// Make a named function.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_function(const std::string& name, const Package* package,
+                           Function* function)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(name, package,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC);
+  named_object->u_.func_value = function;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Make a function declaration.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_function_declaration(const std::string& name,
+                                       const Package* package,
+                                       Function_type* fntype,
+                                       source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(name, package,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION);
+  Function_declaration *func_decl = new Function_declaration(fntype, location);
+  named_object->u_.func_declaration_value = func_decl;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Make a package.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_package(const std::string& alias, Package* package)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(alias, NULL,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE);
+  named_object->u_.package_value = package;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Return the name to use in an error message.
+
+std::string
+Named_object::message_name() const
+{
+  if (this->package_ == NULL)
+    return Gogo::message_name(this->name_);
+  std::string ret = Gogo::message_name(this->package_->name());
+  ret += '.';
+  ret += Gogo::message_name(this->name_);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Set the type when a declaration is defined.
+
+void
+Named_object::set_type_value(Named_type* named_type)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION);
+  Type_declaration* td = this->u_.type_declaration;
+  td->define_methods(named_type);
+  Named_object* in_function = td->in_function();
+  if (in_function != NULL)
+    named_type->set_in_function(in_function);
+  delete td;
+  this->classification_ = NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE;
+  this->u_.type_value = named_type;
+}
+
+// Define a function which was previously declared.
+
+void
+Named_object::set_function_value(Function* function)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION);
+  this->classification_ = NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC;
+  // FIXME: We should free the old value.
+  this->u_.func_value = function;
+}
+
+// Return the location of a named object.
+
+source_location
+Named_object::location() const
+{
+  switch (this->classification_)
+    {
+    default:
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_UNINITIALIZED:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN:
+      return this->unknown_value()->location();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+      return this->const_value()->location();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE:
+      return this->type_value()->location();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION:
+      return this->type_declaration_value()->location();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+      return this->var_value()->location();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR:
+      return this->result_var_value()->function()->location();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_SINK:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+      return this->func_value()->location();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION:
+      return this->func_declaration_value()->location();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE:
+      return this->package_value()->location();
+    }
+}
+
+// Export a named object.
+
+void
+Named_object::export_named_object(Export* exp) const
+{
+  switch (this->classification_)
+    {
+    default:
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_UNINITIALIZED:
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+      this->const_value()->export_const(exp, this->name_);
+      break;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE:
+      this->type_value()->export_named_type(exp, this->name_);
+      break;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION:
+      error_at(this->type_declaration_value()->location(),
+              "attempt to export %<%s%> which was declared but not defined",
+              this->message_name().c_str());
+      break;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION:
+      this->func_declaration_value()->export_func(exp, this->name_);
+      break;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+      this->var_value()->export_var(exp, this->name_);
+      break;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR:
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_SINK:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+      this->func_value()->export_func(exp, this->name_);
+      break;
+    }
+}
+
+// Class Bindings.
+
+Bindings::Bindings(Bindings* enclosing)
+  : enclosing_(enclosing), named_objects_(), bindings_()
+{
+}
+
+// Clear imports.
+
+void
+Bindings::clear_file_scope()
+{
+  Contour::iterator p = this->bindings_.begin();
+  while (p != this->bindings_.end())
+    {
+      bool keep;
+      if (p->second->package() != NULL)
+       keep = false;
+      else if (p->second->is_package())
+       keep = false;
+      else if (p->second->is_function()
+              && !p->second->func_value()->type()->is_method()
+              && Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->second->name()) == "init")
+       keep = false;
+      else
+       keep = true;
+
+      if (keep)
+       ++p;
+      else
+       p = this->bindings_.erase(p);
+    }
+}
+
+// Look up a symbol.
+
+Named_object*
+Bindings::lookup(const std::string& name) const
+{
+  Contour::const_iterator p = this->bindings_.find(name);
+  if (p != this->bindings_.end())
+    return p->second->resolve();
+  else if (this->enclosing_ != NULL)
+    return this->enclosing_->lookup(name);
+  else
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+// Look up a symbol locally.
+
+Named_object*
+Bindings::lookup_local(const std::string& name) const
+{
+  Contour::const_iterator p = this->bindings_.find(name);
+  if (p == this->bindings_.end())
+    return NULL;
+  return p->second;
+}
+
+// Remove an object from a set of bindings.  This is used for a
+// special case in thunks for functions which call recover.
+
+void
+Bindings::remove_binding(Named_object* no)
+{
+  Contour::iterator pb = this->bindings_.find(no->name());
+  gcc_assert(pb != this->bindings_.end());
+  this->bindings_.erase(pb);
+  for (std::vector<Named_object*>::iterator pn = this->named_objects_.begin();
+       pn != this->named_objects_.end();
+       ++pn)
+    {
+      if (*pn == no)
+       {
+         this->named_objects_.erase(pn);
+         return;
+       }
+    }
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Add a method to the list of objects.  This is not added to the
+// lookup table.  This is so that we have a single list of objects
+// declared at the top level, which we walk through when it's time to
+// convert to trees.
+
+void
+Bindings::add_method(Named_object* method)
+{
+  this->named_objects_.push_back(method);
+}
+
+// Add a generic Named_object to a Contour.
+
+Named_object*
+Bindings::add_named_object_to_contour(Contour* contour,
+                                     Named_object* named_object)
+{
+  gcc_assert(named_object == named_object->resolve());
+  const std::string& name(named_object->name());
+  gcc_assert(!Gogo::is_sink_name(name));
+
+  std::pair<Contour::iterator, bool> ins =
+    contour->insert(std::make_pair(name, named_object));
+  if (!ins.second)
+    {
+      // The name was already there.
+      if (named_object->package() != NULL
+         && ins.first->second->package() == named_object->package()
+         && (ins.first->second->classification()
+             == named_object->classification()))
+       {
+         // This is a second import of the same object.
+         return ins.first->second;
+       }
+      ins.first->second = this->new_definition(ins.first->second,
+                                              named_object);
+      return ins.first->second;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // Don't push declarations on the list.  We push them on when
+      // and if we find the definitions.  That way we genericize the
+      // functions in order.
+      if (!named_object->is_type_declaration()
+         && !named_object->is_function_declaration()
+         && !named_object->is_unknown())
+       this->named_objects_.push_back(named_object);
+      return named_object;
+    }
+}
+
+// We had an existing named object OLD_OBJECT, and we've seen a new
+// one NEW_OBJECT with the same name.  FIXME: This does not free the
+// new object when we don't need it.
+
+Named_object*
+Bindings::new_definition(Named_object* old_object, Named_object* new_object)
+{
+  std::string reason;
+  switch (old_object->classification())
+    {
+    default:
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_UNINITIALIZED:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN:
+      {
+       Named_object* real = old_object->unknown_value()->real_named_object();
+       if (real != NULL)
+         return this->new_definition(real, new_object);
+       gcc_assert(!new_object->is_unknown());
+       old_object->unknown_value()->set_real_named_object(new_object);
+       if (!new_object->is_type_declaration()
+           && !new_object->is_function_declaration())
+         this->named_objects_.push_back(new_object);
+       return new_object;
+      }
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+      break;
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE:
+      if (new_object->is_type_declaration())
+       return old_object;
+      break;
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION:
+      if (new_object->is_type_declaration())
+       return old_object;
+      if (new_object->is_type())
+       {
+         old_object->set_type_value(new_object->type_value());
+         new_object->type_value()->set_named_object(old_object);
+         this->named_objects_.push_back(old_object);
+         return old_object;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR:
+      break;
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_SINK:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+      if (new_object->is_function_declaration())
+       {
+         if (!new_object->func_declaration_value()->asm_name().empty())
+           sorry("__asm__ for function definitions");
+         Function_type* old_type = old_object->func_value()->type();
+         Function_type* new_type =
+           new_object->func_declaration_value()->type();
+         if (old_type->is_valid_redeclaration(new_type, &reason))
+           return old_object;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION:
+      {
+       Function_type* old_type = old_object->func_declaration_value()->type();
+       if (new_object->is_function_declaration())
+         {
+           Function_type* new_type =
+             new_object->func_declaration_value()->type();
+           if (old_type->is_valid_redeclaration(new_type, &reason))
+             return old_object;
+         }
+       if (new_object->is_function())
+         {
+           Function_type* new_type = new_object->func_value()->type();
+           if (old_type->is_valid_redeclaration(new_type, &reason))
+             {
+               if (!old_object->func_declaration_value()->asm_name().empty())
+                 sorry("__asm__ for function definitions");
+               old_object->set_function_value(new_object->func_value());
+               this->named_objects_.push_back(old_object);
+               return old_object;
+             }
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE:
+      if (new_object->is_package()
+         && (old_object->package_value()->name()
+             == new_object->package_value()->name()))
+       return old_object;
+
+      break;
+    }
+
+  std::string n = old_object->message_name();
+  if (reason.empty())
+    error_at(new_object->location(), "redefinition of %qs", n.c_str());
+  else
+    error_at(new_object->location(), "redefinition of %qs: %s", n.c_str(),
+            reason.c_str());
+
+  inform(old_object->location(), "previous definition of %qs was here",
+        n.c_str());
+
+  return old_object;
+}
+
+// Add a named type.
+
+Named_object*
+Bindings::add_named_type(Named_type* named_type)
+{
+  return this->add_named_object(named_type->named_object());
+}
+
+// Add a function.
+
+Named_object*
+Bindings::add_function(const std::string& name, const Package* package,
+                      Function* function)
+{
+  return this->add_named_object(Named_object::make_function(name, package,
+                                                           function));
+}
+
+// Add a function declaration.
+
+Named_object*
+Bindings::add_function_declaration(const std::string& name,
+                                  const Package* package,
+                                  Function_type* type,
+                                  source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* no = Named_object::make_function_declaration(name, package,
+                                                            type, location);
+  return this->add_named_object(no);
+}
+
+// Define a type which was previously declared.
+
+void
+Bindings::define_type(Named_object* no, Named_type* type)
+{
+  no->set_type_value(type);
+  this->named_objects_.push_back(no);
+}
+
+// Traverse bindings.
+
+int
+Bindings::traverse(Traverse* traverse, bool is_global)
+{
+  unsigned int traverse_mask = traverse->traverse_mask();
+
+  // We don't use an iterator because we permit the traversal to add
+  // new global objects.
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < this->named_objects_.size(); ++i)
+    {
+      Named_object* p = this->named_objects_[i];
+      switch (p->classification())
+       {
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+         if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_constants) != 0)
+           {
+             if (traverse->constant(p, is_global) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+           }
+         if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0
+             || (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0)
+           {
+             Type* t = p->const_value()->type();
+             if (t != NULL
+                 && Type::traverse(t, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+           }
+         if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0)
+           {
+             if (p->const_value()->traverse_expression(traverse)
+                 == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+           }
+         break;
+
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR:
+         if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_variables) != 0)
+           {
+             if (traverse->variable(p) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+           }
+         if (((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0
+              || (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0)
+             && (p->is_result_variable()
+                 || p->var_value()->has_type()))
+           {
+             Type* t = (p->is_variable()
+                        ? p->var_value()->type()
+                        : p->result_var_value()->type());
+             if (t != NULL
+                 && Type::traverse(t, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+           }
+         if (p->is_variable()
+             && (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0)
+           {
+             if (p->var_value()->traverse_expression(traverse)
+                 == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+           }
+         break;
+
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+         if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_functions) != 0)
+           {
+             int t = traverse->function(p);
+             if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+             else if (t == TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS)
+               break;
+           }
+
+         if ((traverse_mask
+              & (Traverse::traverse_variables
+                 | Traverse::traverse_constants
+                 | Traverse::traverse_functions
+                 | Traverse::traverse_blocks
+                 | Traverse::traverse_statements
+                 | Traverse::traverse_expressions
+                 | Traverse::traverse_types)) != 0)
+           {
+             if (p->func_value()->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+           }
+         break;
+
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE:
+         // These are traversed in Gogo::traverse.
+         gcc_assert(is_global);
+         break;
+
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE:
+         if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0
+             || (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0)
+           {
+             if (Type::traverse(p->type_value(), traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+           }
+         break;
+
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION:
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION:
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN:
+         break;
+
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_SINK:
+       default:
+         gcc_unreachable();
+       }
+    }
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Class Package.
+
+Package::Package(const std::string& name, const std::string& unique_prefix,
+                source_location location)
+  : name_(name), unique_prefix_(unique_prefix), bindings_(new Bindings(NULL)),
+    priority_(0), location_(location), used_(false), is_imported_(false),
+    uses_sink_alias_(false)
+{
+  gcc_assert(!name.empty() && !unique_prefix.empty());
+}
+
+// Set the priority.  We may see multiple priorities for an imported
+// package; we want to use the largest one.
+
+void
+Package::set_priority(int priority)
+{
+  if (priority > this->priority_)
+    this->priority_ = priority;
+}
+
+// Determine types of constants.  Everything else in a package
+// (variables, function declarations) should already have a fixed
+// type.  Constants may have abstract types.
+
+void
+Package::determine_types()
+{
+  Bindings* bindings = this->bindings_;
+  for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator p = bindings->begin_definitions();
+       p != bindings->end_definitions();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if ((*p)->is_const())
+       (*p)->const_value()->determine_type();
+    }
+}
+
+// Class Traverse.
+
+// Destructor.
+
+Traverse::~Traverse()
+{
+  if (this->types_seen_ != NULL)
+    delete this->types_seen_;
+  if (this->expressions_seen_ != NULL)
+    delete this->expressions_seen_;
+}
+
+// Record that we are looking at a type, and return true if we have
+// already seen it.
+
+bool
+Traverse::remember_type(const Type* type)
+{
+  gcc_assert((this->traverse_mask() & traverse_types) != 0
+            || (this->traverse_mask() & traverse_expressions) != 0);
+  // We only have to remember named types, as they are the only ones
+  // we can see multiple times in a traversal.
+  if (type->classification() != Type::TYPE_NAMED)
+    return false;
+  if (this->types_seen_ == NULL)
+    this->types_seen_ = new Types_seen();
+  std::pair<Types_seen::iterator, bool> ins = this->types_seen_->insert(type);
+  return !ins.second;
+}
+
+// Record that we are looking at an expression, and return true if we
+// have already seen it.
+
+bool
+Traverse::remember_expression(const Expression* expression)
+{
+  gcc_assert((this->traverse_mask() & traverse_types) != 0
+            || (this->traverse_mask() & traverse_expressions) != 0);
+  if (this->expressions_seen_ == NULL)
+    this->expressions_seen_ = new Expressions_seen();
+  std::pair<Expressions_seen::iterator, bool> ins =
+    this->expressions_seen_->insert(expression);
+  return !ins.second;
+}
+
+// The default versions of these functions should never be called: the
+// traversal mask indicates which functions may be called.
+
+int
+Traverse::variable(Named_object*)
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+int
+Traverse::constant(Named_object*, bool)
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+int
+Traverse::function(Named_object*)
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+int
+Traverse::block(Block*)
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+int
+Traverse::statement(Block*, size_t*, Statement*)
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+int
+Traverse::expression(Expression**)
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+int
+Traverse::type(Type*)
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo.cc.merge-right.r172891 b/gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo.cc.merge-right.r172891
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..d9f604a
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,4796 @@
+// gogo.cc -- Go frontend parsed representation.
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "go-system.h"
+
+#include "go-c.h"
+#include "go-dump.h"
+#include "lex.h"
+#include "types.h"
+#include "statements.h"
+#include "expressions.h"
+#include "dataflow.h"
+#include "runtime.h"
+#include "import.h"
+#include "export.h"
+#include "backend.h"
+#include "gogo.h"
+
+// Class Gogo.
+
+Gogo::Gogo(Backend* backend, int int_type_size, int pointer_size)
+  : backend_(backend),
+    package_(NULL),
+    functions_(),
+    globals_(new Bindings(NULL)),
+    imports_(),
+    imported_unsafe_(false),
+    packages_(),
+    map_descriptors_(NULL),
+    type_descriptor_decls_(NULL),
+    init_functions_(),
+    need_init_fn_(false),
+    init_fn_name_(),
+    imported_init_fns_(),
+    unique_prefix_(),
+    unique_prefix_specified_(false),
+    interface_types_(),
+    named_types_are_converted_(false)
+{
+  const source_location loc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Named_type* uint8_type = Type::make_integer_type("uint8", true, 8,
+                                                  RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_UINT8);
+  this->add_named_type(uint8_type);
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("uint16", true,  16,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_UINT16));
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("uint32", true,  32,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_UINT32));
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("uint64", true,  64,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_UINT64));
+
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("int8",  false,   8,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_INT8));
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("int16", false,  16,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_INT16));
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("int32", false,  32,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_INT32));
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("int64", false,  64,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_INT64));
+
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_float_type("float32", 32,
+                                            RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_FLOAT32));
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_float_type("float64", 64,
+                                            RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_FLOAT64));
+
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_complex_type("complex64", 64,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_COMPLEX64));
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_complex_type("complex128", 128,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_COMPLEX128));
+
+  if (int_type_size < 32)
+    int_type_size = 32;
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("uint", true,
+                                              int_type_size,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_UINT));
+  Named_type* int_type = Type::make_integer_type("int", false, int_type_size,
+                                                RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_INT);
+  this->add_named_type(int_type);
+
+  // "byte" is an alias for "uint8".  Construct a Named_object which
+  // points to UINT8_TYPE.  Note that this breaks the normal pairing
+  // in which a Named_object points to a Named_type which points back
+  // to the same Named_object.
+  Named_object* byte_type = this->declare_type("byte", loc);
+  byte_type->set_type_value(uint8_type);
+
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("uintptr", true,
+                                              pointer_size,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_UINTPTR));
+
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_named_bool_type());
+
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_named_string_type());
+
+  this->globals_->add_constant(Typed_identifier("true",
+                                               Type::make_boolean_type(),
+                                               loc),
+                              NULL,
+                              Expression::make_boolean(true, loc),
+                              0);
+  this->globals_->add_constant(Typed_identifier("false",
+                                               Type::make_boolean_type(),
+                                               loc),
+                              NULL,
+                              Expression::make_boolean(false, loc),
+                              0);
+
+  this->globals_->add_constant(Typed_identifier("nil", Type::make_nil_type(),
+                                               loc),
+                              NULL,
+                              Expression::make_nil(loc),
+                              0);
+
+  Type* abstract_int_type = Type::make_abstract_integer_type();
+  this->globals_->add_constant(Typed_identifier("iota", abstract_int_type,
+                                               loc),
+                              NULL,
+                              Expression::make_iota(),
+                              0);
+
+  Function_type* new_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  new_type->set_is_varargs();
+  new_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("new", NULL, new_type, loc);
+
+  Function_type* make_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  make_type->set_is_varargs();
+  make_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("make", NULL, make_type, loc);
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* len_result = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  len_result->push_back(Typed_identifier("", int_type, loc));
+  Function_type* len_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, len_result,
+                                                    loc);
+  len_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("len", NULL, len_type, loc);
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* cap_result = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  cap_result->push_back(Typed_identifier("", int_type, loc));
+  Function_type* cap_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, len_result,
+                                                    loc);
+  cap_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("cap", NULL, cap_type, loc);
+
+  Function_type* print_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  print_type->set_is_varargs();
+  print_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("print", NULL, print_type, loc);
+
+  print_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  print_type->set_is_varargs();
+  print_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("println", NULL, print_type, loc);
+
+  Type *empty = Type::make_interface_type(NULL, loc);
+  Typed_identifier_list* panic_parms = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  panic_parms->push_back(Typed_identifier("e", empty, loc));
+  Function_type *panic_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, panic_parms,
+                                                      NULL, loc);
+  panic_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("panic", NULL, panic_type, loc);
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* recover_result = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  recover_result->push_back(Typed_identifier("", empty, loc));
+  Function_type* recover_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL,
+                                                        recover_result,
+                                                        loc);
+  recover_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("recover", NULL, recover_type, loc);
+
+  Function_type* close_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  close_type->set_is_varargs();
+  close_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("close", NULL, close_type, loc);
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* copy_result = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  copy_result->push_back(Typed_identifier("", int_type, loc));
+  Function_type* copy_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL,
+                                                     copy_result, loc);
+  copy_type->set_is_varargs();
+  copy_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("copy", NULL, copy_type, loc);
+
+  Function_type* append_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  append_type->set_is_varargs();
+  append_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("append", NULL, append_type, loc);
+
+  Function_type* complex_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  complex_type->set_is_varargs();
+  complex_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("complex", NULL, complex_type, loc);
+
+  Function_type* real_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  real_type->set_is_varargs();
+  real_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("real", NULL, real_type, loc);
+
+  Function_type* imag_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  imag_type->set_is_varargs();
+  imag_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("imag", NULL, imag_type, loc);
+
+  this->define_builtin_function_trees();
+}
+
+// Munge name for use in an error message.
+
+std::string
+Gogo::message_name(const std::string& name)
+{
+  return go_localize_identifier(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(name).c_str());
+}
+
+// Get the package name.
+
+const std::string&
+Gogo::package_name() const
+{
+  go_assert(this->package_ != NULL);
+  return this->package_->name();
+}
+
+// Set the package name.
+
+void
+Gogo::set_package_name(const std::string& package_name,
+                      source_location location)
+{
+  if (this->package_ != NULL && this->package_->name() != package_name)
+    {
+      error_at(location, "expected package %<%s%>",
+              Gogo::message_name(this->package_->name()).c_str());
+      return;
+    }
+
+  // If the user did not specify a unique prefix, we always use "go".
+  // This in effect requires that the package name be unique.
+  if (this->unique_prefix_.empty())
+    this->unique_prefix_ = "go";
+
+  this->package_ = this->register_package(package_name, this->unique_prefix_,
+                                         location);
+
+  // We used to permit people to qualify symbols with the current
+  // package name (e.g., P.x), but we no longer do.
+  // this->globals_->add_package(package_name, this->package_);
+
+  if (this->is_main_package())
+    {
+      // Declare "main" as a function which takes no parameters and
+      // returns no value.
+      this->declare_function("main",
+                            Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL,
+                                                     BUILTINS_LOCATION),
+                            BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+    }
+}
+
+// Return whether this is the "main" package.  This is not true if
+// -fgo-prefix was used.
+
+bool
+Gogo::is_main_package() const
+{
+  return this->package_name() == "main" && !this->unique_prefix_specified_;
+}
+
+// Import a package.
+
+void
+Gogo::import_package(const std::string& filename,
+                    const std::string& local_name,
+                    bool is_local_name_exported,
+                    source_location location)
+{
+  if (filename == "unsafe")
+    {
+      this->import_unsafe(local_name, is_local_name_exported, location);
+      return;
+    }
+
+  Imports::const_iterator p = this->imports_.find(filename);
+  if (p != this->imports_.end())
+    {
+      Package* package = p->second;
+      package->set_location(location);
+      package->set_is_imported();
+      std::string ln = local_name;
+      bool is_ln_exported = is_local_name_exported;
+      if (ln.empty())
+       {
+         ln = package->name();
+         is_ln_exported = Lex::is_exported_name(ln);
+       }
+      if (ln == ".")
+       {
+         Bindings* bindings = package->bindings();
+         for (Bindings::const_declarations_iterator p =
+                bindings->begin_declarations();
+              p != bindings->end_declarations();
+              ++p)
+           this->add_named_object(p->second);
+       }
+      else if (ln == "_")
+       package->set_uses_sink_alias();
+      else
+       {
+         ln = this->pack_hidden_name(ln, is_ln_exported);
+         this->package_->bindings()->add_package(ln, package);
+       }
+      return;
+    }
+
+  Import::Stream* stream = Import::open_package(filename, location);
+  if (stream == NULL)
+    {
+      error_at(location, "import file %qs not found", filename.c_str());
+      return;
+    }
+
+  Import imp(stream, location);
+  imp.register_builtin_types(this);
+  Package* package = imp.import(this, local_name, is_local_name_exported);
+  if (package != NULL)
+    {
+      if (package->name() == this->package_name()
+         && package->unique_prefix() == this->unique_prefix())
+       error_at(location,
+                ("imported package uses same package name and prefix "
+                 "as package being compiled (see -fgo-prefix option)"));
+
+      this->imports_.insert(std::make_pair(filename, package));
+      package->set_is_imported();
+    }
+
+  delete stream;
+}
+
+// Add an import control function for an imported package to the list.
+
+void
+Gogo::add_import_init_fn(const std::string& package_name,
+                        const std::string& init_name, int prio)
+{
+  for (std::set<Import_init>::const_iterator p =
+        this->imported_init_fns_.begin();
+       p != this->imported_init_fns_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->init_name() == init_name
+         && (p->package_name() != package_name || p->priority() != prio))
+       {
+         error("duplicate package initialization name %qs",
+               Gogo::message_name(init_name).c_str());
+         inform(UNKNOWN_LOCATION, "used by package %qs at priority %d",
+                Gogo::message_name(p->package_name()).c_str(),
+                p->priority());
+         inform(UNKNOWN_LOCATION, " and by package %qs at priority %d",
+                Gogo::message_name(package_name).c_str(), prio);
+         return;
+       }
+    }
+
+  this->imported_init_fns_.insert(Import_init(package_name, init_name,
+                                             prio));
+}
+
+// Return whether we are at the global binding level.
+
+bool
+Gogo::in_global_scope() const
+{
+  return this->functions_.empty();
+}
+
+// Return the current binding contour.
+
+Bindings*
+Gogo::current_bindings()
+{
+  if (!this->functions_.empty())
+    return this->functions_.back().blocks.back()->bindings();
+  else if (this->package_ != NULL)
+    return this->package_->bindings();
+  else
+    return this->globals_;
+}
+
+const Bindings*
+Gogo::current_bindings() const
+{
+  if (!this->functions_.empty())
+    return this->functions_.back().blocks.back()->bindings();
+  else if (this->package_ != NULL)
+    return this->package_->bindings();
+  else
+    return this->globals_;
+}
+
+// Return the current block.
+
+Block*
+Gogo::current_block()
+{
+  if (this->functions_.empty())
+    return NULL;
+  else
+    return this->functions_.back().blocks.back();
+}
+
+// Look up a name in the current binding contour.  If PFUNCTION is not
+// NULL, set it to the function in which the name is defined, or NULL
+// if the name is defined in global scope.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::lookup(const std::string& name, Named_object** pfunction) const
+{
+  if (pfunction != NULL)
+    *pfunction = NULL;
+
+  if (Gogo::is_sink_name(name))
+    return Named_object::make_sink();
+
+  for (Open_functions::const_reverse_iterator p = this->functions_.rbegin();
+       p != this->functions_.rend();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Named_object* ret = p->blocks.back()->bindings()->lookup(name);
+      if (ret != NULL)
+       {
+         if (pfunction != NULL)
+           *pfunction = p->function;
+         return ret;
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (this->package_ != NULL)
+    {
+      Named_object* ret = this->package_->bindings()->lookup(name);
+      if (ret != NULL)
+       {
+         if (ret->package() != NULL)
+           ret->package()->set_used();
+         return ret;
+       }
+    }
+
+  // We do not look in the global namespace.  If we did, the global
+  // namespace would effectively hide names which were defined in
+  // package scope which we have not yet seen.  Instead,
+  // define_global_names is called after parsing is over to connect
+  // undefined names at package scope with names defined at global
+  // scope.
+
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+// Look up a name in the current block, without searching enclosing
+// blocks.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::lookup_in_block(const std::string& name) const
+{
+  go_assert(!this->functions_.empty());
+  go_assert(!this->functions_.back().blocks.empty());
+  return this->functions_.back().blocks.back()->bindings()->lookup_local(name);
+}
+
+// Look up a name in the global namespace.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::lookup_global(const char* name) const
+{
+  return this->globals_->lookup(name);
+}
+
+// Add an imported package.
+
+Package*
+Gogo::add_imported_package(const std::string& real_name,
+                          const std::string& alias_arg,
+                          bool is_alias_exported,
+                          const std::string& unique_prefix,
+                          source_location location,
+                          bool* padd_to_globals)
+{
+  // FIXME: Now that we compile packages as a whole, should we permit
+  // importing the current package?
+  if (this->package_name() == real_name
+      && this->unique_prefix() == unique_prefix)
+    {
+      *padd_to_globals = false;
+      if (!alias_arg.empty() && alias_arg != ".")
+       {
+         std::string alias = this->pack_hidden_name(alias_arg,
+                                                    is_alias_exported);
+         this->package_->bindings()->add_package(alias, this->package_);
+       }
+      return this->package_;
+    }
+  else if (alias_arg == ".")
+    {
+      *padd_to_globals = true;
+      return this->register_package(real_name, unique_prefix, location);
+    }
+  else if (alias_arg == "_")
+    {
+      Package* ret = this->register_package(real_name, unique_prefix, location);
+      ret->set_uses_sink_alias();
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      *padd_to_globals = false;
+      std::string alias = alias_arg;
+      if (alias.empty())
+       {
+         alias = real_name;
+         is_alias_exported = Lex::is_exported_name(alias);
+       }
+      alias = this->pack_hidden_name(alias, is_alias_exported);
+      Named_object* no = this->add_package(real_name, alias, unique_prefix,
+                                          location);
+      if (!no->is_package())
+       return NULL;
+      return no->package_value();
+    }
+}
+
+// Add a package.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::add_package(const std::string& real_name, const std::string& alias,
+                 const std::string& unique_prefix, source_location location)
+{
+  go_assert(this->in_global_scope());
+
+  // Register the package.  Note that we might have already seen it in
+  // an earlier import.
+  Package* package = this->register_package(real_name, unique_prefix, location);
+
+  return this->package_->bindings()->add_package(alias, package);
+}
+
+// Register a package.  This package may or may not be imported.  This
+// returns the Package structure for the package, creating if it
+// necessary.
+
+Package*
+Gogo::register_package(const std::string& package_name,
+                      const std::string& unique_prefix,
+                      source_location location)
+{
+  go_assert(!unique_prefix.empty() && !package_name.empty());
+  std::string name = unique_prefix + '.' + package_name;
+  Package* package = NULL;
+  std::pair<Packages::iterator, bool> ins =
+    this->packages_.insert(std::make_pair(name, package));
+  if (!ins.second)
+    {
+      // We have seen this package name before.
+      package = ins.first->second;
+      go_assert(package != NULL);
+      go_assert(package->name() == package_name
+                && package->unique_prefix() == unique_prefix);
+      if (package->location() == UNKNOWN_LOCATION)
+       package->set_location(location);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // First time we have seen this package name.
+      package = new Package(package_name, unique_prefix, location);
+      go_assert(ins.first->second == NULL);
+      ins.first->second = package;
+    }
+
+  return package;
+}
+
+// Start compiling a function.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::start_function(const std::string& name, Function_type* type,
+                    bool add_method_to_type, source_location location)
+{
+  bool at_top_level = this->functions_.empty();
+
+  Block* block = new Block(NULL, location);
+
+  Function* enclosing = (at_top_level
+                        ? NULL
+                        : this->functions_.back().function->func_value());
+
+  Function* function = new Function(type, enclosing, block, location);
+
+  if (type->is_method())
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier* receiver = type->receiver();
+      Variable* this_param = new Variable(receiver->type(), NULL, false,
+                                         true, true, location);
+      std::string name = receiver->name();
+      if (name.empty())
+       {
+         // We need to give receivers a name since they wind up in
+         // DECL_ARGUMENTS.  FIXME.
+         static unsigned int count;
+         char buf[50];
+         snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "r.%u", count);
+         ++count;
+         name = buf;
+       }
+      block->bindings()->add_variable(name, NULL, this_param);
+    }
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parameters = type->parameters();
+  bool is_varargs = type->is_varargs();
+  if (parameters != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = parameters->begin();
+          p != parameters->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         Variable* param = new Variable(p->type(), NULL, false, true, false,
+                                        location);
+         if (is_varargs && p + 1 == parameters->end())
+           param->set_is_varargs_parameter();
+
+         std::string name = p->name();
+         if (name.empty() || Gogo::is_sink_name(name))
+           {
+             // We need to give parameters a name since they wind up
+             // in DECL_ARGUMENTS.  FIXME.
+             static unsigned int count;
+             char buf[50];
+             snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "p.%u", count);
+             ++count;
+             name = buf;
+           }
+         block->bindings()->add_variable(name, NULL, param);
+       }
+    }
+
+  function->create_result_variables(this);
+
+  const std::string* pname;
+  std::string nested_name;
+  bool is_init = false;
+  if (Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(name) == "init" && !type->is_method())
+    {
+      if ((type->parameters() != NULL && !type->parameters()->empty())
+         || (type->results() != NULL && !type->results()->empty()))
+       error_at(location,
+                "func init must have no arguments and no return values");
+      // There can be multiple "init" functions, so give them each a
+      // different name.
+      static int init_count;
+      char buf[30];
+      snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, ".$init%d", init_count);
+      ++init_count;
+      nested_name = buf;
+      pname = &nested_name;
+      is_init = true;
+    }
+  else if (!name.empty())
+    pname = &name;
+  else
+    {
+      // Invent a name for a nested function.
+      static int nested_count;
+      char buf[30];
+      snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, ".$nested%d", nested_count);
+      ++nested_count;
+      nested_name = buf;
+      pname = &nested_name;
+    }
+
+  Named_object* ret;
+  if (Gogo::is_sink_name(*pname))
+    {
+      static int sink_count;
+      char buf[30];
+      snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, ".$sink%d", sink_count);
+      ++sink_count;
+      ret = Named_object::make_function(buf, NULL, function);
+    }
+  else if (!type->is_method())
+    {
+      ret = this->package_->bindings()->add_function(*pname, NULL, function);
+      if (!ret->is_function() || ret->func_value() != function)
+       {
+         // Redefinition error.  Invent a name to avoid knockon
+         // errors.
+         static int redefinition_count;
+         char buf[30];
+         snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, ".$redefined%d", redefinition_count);
+         ++redefinition_count;
+         ret = this->package_->bindings()->add_function(buf, NULL, function);
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (!add_method_to_type)
+       ret = Named_object::make_function(name, NULL, function);
+      else
+       {
+         go_assert(at_top_level);
+         Type* rtype = type->receiver()->type();
+
+         // We want to look through the pointer created by the
+         // parser, without getting an error if the type is not yet
+         // defined.
+         if (rtype->classification() == Type::TYPE_POINTER)
+           rtype = rtype->points_to();
+
+         if (rtype->is_error_type())
+           ret = Named_object::make_function(name, NULL, function);
+         else if (rtype->named_type() != NULL)
+           {
+             ret = rtype->named_type()->add_method(name, function);
+             if (!ret->is_function())
+               {
+                 // Redefinition error.
+                 ret = Named_object::make_function(name, NULL, function);
+               }
+           }
+         else if (rtype->forward_declaration_type() != NULL)
+           {
+             Named_object* type_no =
+               rtype->forward_declaration_type()->named_object();
+             if (type_no->is_unknown())
+               {
+                 // If we are seeing methods it really must be a
+                 // type.  Declare it as such.  An alternative would
+                 // be to support lists of methods for unknown
+                 // expressions.  Either way the error messages if
+                 // this is not a type are going to get confusing.
+                 Named_object* declared =
+                   this->declare_package_type(type_no->name(),
+                                              type_no->location());
+                 go_assert(declared
+                            == type_no->unknown_value()->real_named_object());
+               }
+             ret = rtype->forward_declaration_type()->add_method(name,
+                                                                 function);
+           }
+         else
+           go_unreachable();
+       }
+      this->package_->bindings()->add_method(ret);
+    }
+
+  this->functions_.resize(this->functions_.size() + 1);
+  Open_function& of(this->functions_.back());
+  of.function = ret;
+  of.blocks.push_back(block);
+
+  if (is_init)
+    {
+      this->init_functions_.push_back(ret);
+      this->need_init_fn_ = true;
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Finish compiling a function.
+
+void
+Gogo::finish_function(source_location location)
+{
+  this->finish_block(location);
+  go_assert(this->functions_.back().blocks.empty());
+  this->functions_.pop_back();
+}
+
+// Return the current function.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::current_function() const
+{
+  go_assert(!this->functions_.empty());
+  return this->functions_.back().function;
+}
+
+// Start a new block.
+
+void
+Gogo::start_block(source_location location)
+{
+  go_assert(!this->functions_.empty());
+  Block* block = new Block(this->current_block(), location);
+  this->functions_.back().blocks.push_back(block);
+}
+
+// Finish a block.
+
+Block*
+Gogo::finish_block(source_location location)
+{
+  go_assert(!this->functions_.empty());
+  go_assert(!this->functions_.back().blocks.empty());
+  Block* block = this->functions_.back().blocks.back();
+  this->functions_.back().blocks.pop_back();
+  block->set_end_location(location);
+  return block;
+}
+
+// Add an unknown name.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::add_unknown_name(const std::string& name, source_location location)
+{
+  return this->package_->bindings()->add_unknown_name(name, location);
+}
+
+// Declare a function.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::declare_function(const std::string& name, Function_type* type,
+                      source_location location)
+{
+  if (!type->is_method())
+    return this->current_bindings()->add_function_declaration(name, NULL, type,
+                                                             location);
+  else
+    {
+      // We don't bother to add this to the list of global
+      // declarations.
+      Type* rtype = type->receiver()->type();
+
+      // We want to look through the pointer created by the
+      // parser, without getting an error if the type is not yet
+      // defined.
+      if (rtype->classification() == Type::TYPE_POINTER)
+       rtype = rtype->points_to();
+
+      if (rtype->is_error_type())
+       return NULL;
+      else if (rtype->named_type() != NULL)
+       return rtype->named_type()->add_method_declaration(name, NULL, type,
+                                                          location);
+      else if (rtype->forward_declaration_type() != NULL)
+       {
+         Forward_declaration_type* ftype = rtype->forward_declaration_type();
+         return ftype->add_method_declaration(name, type, location);
+       }
+      else
+       go_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Add a label definition.
+
+Label*
+Gogo::add_label_definition(const std::string& label_name,
+                          source_location location)
+{
+  go_assert(!this->functions_.empty());
+  Function* func = this->functions_.back().function->func_value();
+  Label* label = func->add_label_definition(label_name, location);
+  this->add_statement(Statement::make_label_statement(label, location));
+  return label;
+}
+
+// Add a label reference.
+
+Label*
+Gogo::add_label_reference(const std::string& label_name)
+{
+  go_assert(!this->functions_.empty());
+  Function* func = this->functions_.back().function->func_value();
+  return func->add_label_reference(label_name);
+}
+
+// Add a statement.
+
+void
+Gogo::add_statement(Statement* statement)
+{
+  go_assert(!this->functions_.empty()
+            && !this->functions_.back().blocks.empty());
+  this->functions_.back().blocks.back()->add_statement(statement);
+}
+
+// Add a block.
+
+void
+Gogo::add_block(Block* block, source_location location)
+{
+  go_assert(!this->functions_.empty()
+            && !this->functions_.back().blocks.empty());
+  Statement* statement = Statement::make_block_statement(block, location);
+  this->functions_.back().blocks.back()->add_statement(statement);
+}
+
+// Add a constant.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::add_constant(const Typed_identifier& tid, Expression* expr,
+                  int iota_value)
+{
+  return this->current_bindings()->add_constant(tid, NULL, expr, iota_value);
+}
+
+// Add a type.
+
+void
+Gogo::add_type(const std::string& name, Type* type, source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* no = this->current_bindings()->add_type(name, NULL, type,
+                                                       location);
+  if (!this->in_global_scope() && no->is_type())
+    no->type_value()->set_in_function(this->functions_.back().function);
+}
+
+// Add a named type.
+
+void
+Gogo::add_named_type(Named_type* type)
+{
+  go_assert(this->in_global_scope());
+  this->current_bindings()->add_named_type(type);
+}
+
+// Declare a type.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::declare_type(const std::string& name, source_location location)
+{
+  Bindings* bindings = this->current_bindings();
+  Named_object* no = bindings->add_type_declaration(name, NULL, location);
+  if (!this->in_global_scope() && no->is_type_declaration())
+    {
+      Named_object* f = this->functions_.back().function;
+      no->type_declaration_value()->set_in_function(f);
+    }
+  return no;
+}
+
+// Declare a type at the package level.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::declare_package_type(const std::string& name, source_location location)
+{
+  return this->package_->bindings()->add_type_declaration(name, NULL, location);
+}
+
+// Define a type which was already declared.
+
+void
+Gogo::define_type(Named_object* no, Named_type* type)
+{
+  this->current_bindings()->define_type(no, type);
+}
+
+// Add a variable.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::add_variable(const std::string& name, Variable* variable)
+{
+  Named_object* no = this->current_bindings()->add_variable(name, NULL,
+                                                           variable);
+
+  // In a function the middle-end wants to see a DECL_EXPR node.
+  if (no != NULL
+      && no->is_variable()
+      && !no->var_value()->is_parameter()
+      && !this->functions_.empty())
+    this->add_statement(Statement::make_variable_declaration(no));
+
+  return no;
+}
+
+// Add a sink--a reference to the blank identifier _.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::add_sink()
+{
+  return Named_object::make_sink();
+}
+
+// Add a named object.
+
+void
+Gogo::add_named_object(Named_object* no)
+{
+  this->current_bindings()->add_named_object(no);
+}
+
+// Record that we've seen an interface type.
+
+void
+Gogo::record_interface_type(Interface_type* itype)
+{
+  this->interface_types_.push_back(itype);
+}
+
+// Return a name for a thunk object.
+
+std::string
+Gogo::thunk_name()
+{
+  static int thunk_count;
+  char thunk_name[50];
+  snprintf(thunk_name, sizeof thunk_name, "$thunk%d", thunk_count);
+  ++thunk_count;
+  return thunk_name;
+}
+
+// Return whether a function is a thunk.
+
+bool
+Gogo::is_thunk(const Named_object* no)
+{
+  return no->name().compare(0, 6, "$thunk") == 0;
+}
+
+// Define the global names.  We do this only after parsing all the
+// input files, because the program might define the global names
+// itself.
+
+void
+Gogo::define_global_names()
+{
+  for (Bindings::const_declarations_iterator p =
+        this->globals_->begin_declarations();
+       p != this->globals_->end_declarations();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Named_object* global_no = p->second;
+      std::string name(Gogo::pack_hidden_name(global_no->name(), false));
+      Named_object* no = this->package_->bindings()->lookup(name);
+      if (no == NULL)
+       continue;
+      no = no->resolve();
+      if (no->is_type_declaration())
+       {
+         if (global_no->is_type())
+           {
+             if (no->type_declaration_value()->has_methods())
+               error_at(no->location(),
+                        "may not define methods for global type");
+             no->set_type_value(global_no->type_value());
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             error_at(no->location(), "expected type");
+             Type* errtype = Type::make_error_type();
+             Named_object* err = Named_object::make_type("error", NULL,
+                                                         errtype,
+                                                         BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+             no->set_type_value(err->type_value());
+           }
+       }
+      else if (no->is_unknown())
+       no->unknown_value()->set_real_named_object(global_no);
+    }
+}
+
+// Clear out names in file scope.
+
+void
+Gogo::clear_file_scope()
+{
+  this->package_->bindings()->clear_file_scope();
+
+  // Warn about packages which were imported but not used.
+  for (Packages::iterator p = this->packages_.begin();
+       p != this->packages_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Package* package = p->second;
+      if (package != this->package_
+         && package->is_imported()
+         && !package->used()
+         && !package->uses_sink_alias()
+         && !saw_errors())
+       error_at(package->location(), "imported and not used: %s",
+                Gogo::message_name(package->name()).c_str());
+      package->clear_is_imported();
+      package->clear_uses_sink_alias();
+      package->clear_used();
+    }
+}
+
+// Traverse the tree.
+
+void
+Gogo::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  // Traverse the current package first for consistency.  The other
+  // packages will only contain imported types, constants, and
+  // declarations.
+  if (this->package_->bindings()->traverse(traverse, true) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return;
+  for (Packages::const_iterator p = this->packages_.begin();
+       p != this->packages_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->second != this->package_)
+       {
+         if (p->second->bindings()->traverse(traverse, true) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+           break;
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Traversal class used to verify types.
+
+class Verify_types : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Verify_types()
+    : Traverse(traverse_types)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  type(Type*);
+};
+
+// Verify that a type is correct.
+
+int
+Verify_types::type(Type* t)
+{
+  if (!t->verify())
+    return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Verify that all types are correct.
+
+void
+Gogo::verify_types()
+{
+  Verify_types traverse;
+  this->traverse(&traverse);
+}
+
+// Traversal class used to lower parse tree.
+
+class Lower_parse_tree : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Lower_parse_tree(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function)
+    : Traverse(traverse_variables
+              | traverse_constants
+              | traverse_functions
+              | traverse_statements
+              | traverse_expressions),
+      gogo_(gogo), function_(function), iota_value_(-1)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  variable(Named_object*);
+
+  int
+  constant(Named_object*, bool);
+
+  int
+  function(Named_object*);
+
+  int
+  statement(Block*, size_t* pindex, Statement*);
+
+  int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+ private:
+  // General IR.
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+  // The function we are traversing.
+  Named_object* function_;
+  // Value to use for the predeclared constant iota.
+  int iota_value_;
+};
+
+// Lower variables.  We handle variables specially to break loops in
+// which a variable initialization expression refers to itself.  The
+// loop breaking is in lower_init_expression.
+
+int
+Lower_parse_tree::variable(Named_object* no)
+{
+  if (no->is_variable())
+    no->var_value()->lower_init_expression(this->gogo_, this->function_);
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lower constants.  We handle constants specially so that we can set
+// the right value for the predeclared constant iota.  This works in
+// conjunction with the way we lower Const_expression objects.
+
+int
+Lower_parse_tree::constant(Named_object* no, bool)
+{
+  Named_constant* nc = no->const_value();
+
+  // Don't get into trouble if the constant's initializer expression
+  // refers to the constant itself.
+  if (nc->lowering())
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  nc->set_lowering();
+
+  go_assert(this->iota_value_ == -1);
+  this->iota_value_ = nc->iota_value();
+  nc->traverse_expression(this);
+  this->iota_value_ = -1;
+
+  nc->clear_lowering();
+
+  // We will traverse the expression a second time, but that will be
+  // fast.
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lower function closure types.  Record the function while lowering
+// it, so that we can pass it down when lowering an expression.
+
+int
+Lower_parse_tree::function(Named_object* no)
+{
+  no->func_value()->set_closure_type();
+
+  go_assert(this->function_ == NULL);
+  this->function_ = no;
+  int t = no->func_value()->traverse(this);
+  this->function_ = NULL;
+
+  if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return t;
+  return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+}
+
+// Lower statement parse trees.
+
+int
+Lower_parse_tree::statement(Block* block, size_t* pindex, Statement* sorig)
+{
+  // Lower the expressions first.
+  int t = sorig->traverse_contents(this);
+  if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return t;
+
+  // Keep lowering until nothing changes.
+  Statement* s = sorig;
+  while (true)
+    {
+      Statement* snew = s->lower(this->gogo_, this->function_, block);
+      if (snew == s)
+       break;
+      s = snew;
+      t = s->traverse_contents(this);
+      if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return t;
+    }
+
+  if (s != sorig)
+    block->replace_statement(*pindex, s);
+
+  return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+}
+
+// Lower expression parse trees.
+
+int
+Lower_parse_tree::expression(Expression** pexpr)
+{
+  // We have to lower all subexpressions first, so that we can get
+  // their type if necessary.  This is awkward, because we don't have
+  // a postorder traversal pass.
+  if ((*pexpr)->traverse_subexpressions(this) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  // Keep lowering until nothing changes.
+  while (true)
+    {
+      Expression* e = *pexpr;
+      Expression* enew = e->lower(this->gogo_, this->function_,
+                                 this->iota_value_);
+      if (enew == e)
+       break;
+      *pexpr = enew;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+}
+
+// Lower the parse tree.  This is called after the parse is complete,
+// when all names should be resolved.
+
+void
+Gogo::lower_parse_tree()
+{
+  Lower_parse_tree lower_parse_tree(this, NULL);
+  this->traverse(&lower_parse_tree);
+}
+
+// Lower a block.
+
+void
+Gogo::lower_block(Named_object* function, Block* block)
+{
+  Lower_parse_tree lower_parse_tree(this, function);
+  block->traverse(&lower_parse_tree);
+}
+
+// Lower an expression.
+
+void
+Gogo::lower_expression(Named_object* function, Expression** pexpr)
+{
+  Lower_parse_tree lower_parse_tree(this, function);
+  lower_parse_tree.expression(pexpr);
+}
+
+// Lower a constant.  This is called when lowering a reference to a
+// constant.  We have to make sure that the constant has already been
+// lowered.
+
+void
+Gogo::lower_constant(Named_object* no)
+{
+  go_assert(no->is_const());
+  Lower_parse_tree lower(this, NULL);
+  lower.constant(no, false);
+}
+
+// Look for interface types to finalize methods of inherited
+// interfaces.
+
+class Finalize_methods : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Finalize_methods(Gogo* gogo)
+    : Traverse(traverse_types),
+      gogo_(gogo)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  type(Type*);
+
+ private:
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+};
+
+// Finalize the methods of an interface type.
+
+int
+Finalize_methods::type(Type* t)
+{
+  // Check the classification so that we don't finalize the methods
+  // twice for a named interface type.
+  switch (t->classification())
+    {
+    case Type::TYPE_INTERFACE:
+      t->interface_type()->finalize_methods();
+      break;
+
+    case Type::TYPE_NAMED:
+      {
+       // We have to finalize the methods of the real type first.
+       // But if the real type is a struct type, then we only want to
+       // finalize the methods of the field types, not of the struct
+       // type itself.  We don't want to add methods to the struct,
+       // since it has a name.
+       Type* rt = t->named_type()->real_type();
+       if (rt->classification() != Type::TYPE_STRUCT)
+         {
+           if (Type::traverse(rt, this) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+             return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           if (rt->struct_type()->traverse_field_types(this) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+             return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+         }
+
+       t->named_type()->finalize_methods(this->gogo_);
+
+       return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+      }
+
+    case Type::TYPE_STRUCT:
+      t->struct_type()->finalize_methods(this->gogo_);
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Finalize method lists and build stub methods for types.
+
+void
+Gogo::finalize_methods()
+{
+  Finalize_methods finalize(this);
+  this->traverse(&finalize);
+}
+
+// Set types for unspecified variables and constants.
+
+void
+Gogo::determine_types()
+{
+  Bindings* bindings = this->current_bindings();
+  for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator p = bindings->begin_definitions();
+       p != bindings->end_definitions();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if ((*p)->is_function())
+       (*p)->func_value()->determine_types();
+      else if ((*p)->is_variable())
+       (*p)->var_value()->determine_type();
+      else if ((*p)->is_const())
+       (*p)->const_value()->determine_type();
+
+      // See if a variable requires us to build an initialization
+      // function.  We know that we will see all global variables
+      // here.
+      if (!this->need_init_fn_ && (*p)->is_variable())
+       {
+         Variable* variable = (*p)->var_value();
+
+         // If this is a global variable which requires runtime
+         // initialization, we need an initialization function.
+         if (!variable->is_global())
+           ;
+         else if (variable->init() == NULL)
+           ;
+         else if (variable->type()->interface_type() != NULL)
+           this->need_init_fn_ = true;
+         else if (variable->init()->is_constant())
+           ;
+         else if (!variable->init()->is_composite_literal())
+           this->need_init_fn_ = true;
+         else if (variable->init()->is_nonconstant_composite_literal())
+           this->need_init_fn_ = true;
+
+         // If this is a global variable which holds a pointer value,
+         // then we need an initialization function to register it as a
+         // GC root.
+         if (variable->is_global() && variable->type()->has_pointer())
+           this->need_init_fn_ = true;
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Determine the types of constants in packages.
+  for (Packages::const_iterator p = this->packages_.begin();
+       p != this->packages_.end();
+       ++p)
+    p->second->determine_types();
+}
+
+// Traversal class used for type checking.
+
+class Check_types_traverse : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Check_types_traverse(Gogo* gogo)
+    : Traverse(traverse_variables
+              | traverse_constants
+              | traverse_functions
+              | traverse_statements
+              | traverse_expressions),
+      gogo_(gogo)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  variable(Named_object*);
+
+  int
+  constant(Named_object*, bool);
+
+  int
+  function(Named_object*);
+
+  int
+  statement(Block*, size_t* pindex, Statement*);
+
+  int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+ private:
+  // General IR.
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+};
+
+// Check that a variable initializer has the right type.
+
+int
+Check_types_traverse::variable(Named_object* named_object)
+{
+  if (named_object->is_variable())
+    {
+      Variable* var = named_object->var_value();
+      Expression* init = var->init();
+      std::string reason;
+      if (init != NULL
+         && !Type::are_assignable(var->type(), init->type(), &reason))
+       {
+         if (reason.empty())
+           error_at(var->location(), "incompatible type in initialization");
+         else
+           error_at(var->location(),
+                    "incompatible type in initialization (%s)",
+                    reason.c_str());
+         var->clear_init();
+       }
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check that a constant initializer has the right type.
+
+int
+Check_types_traverse::constant(Named_object* named_object, bool)
+{
+  Named_constant* constant = named_object->const_value();
+  Type* ctype = constant->type();
+  if (ctype->integer_type() == NULL
+      && ctype->float_type() == NULL
+      && ctype->complex_type() == NULL
+      && !ctype->is_boolean_type()
+      && !ctype->is_string_type())
+    {
+      if (ctype->is_nil_type())
+       error_at(constant->location(), "const initializer cannot be nil");
+      else if (!ctype->is_error())
+       error_at(constant->location(), "invalid constant type");
+      constant->set_error();
+    }
+  else if (!constant->expr()->is_constant())
+    {
+      error_at(constant->expr()->location(), "expression is not constant");
+      constant->set_error();
+    }
+  else if (!Type::are_assignable(constant->type(), constant->expr()->type(),
+                                NULL))
+    {
+      error_at(constant->location(),
+              "initialization expression has wrong type");
+      constant->set_error();
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// There are no types to check in a function, but this is where we
+// issue warnings about labels which are defined but not referenced.
+
+int
+Check_types_traverse::function(Named_object* no)
+{
+  no->func_value()->check_labels();
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check that types are valid in a statement.
+
+int
+Check_types_traverse::statement(Block*, size_t*, Statement* s)
+{
+  s->check_types(this->gogo_);
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check that types are valid in an expression.
+
+int
+Check_types_traverse::expression(Expression** expr)
+{
+  (*expr)->check_types(this->gogo_);
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check that types are valid.
+
+void
+Gogo::check_types()
+{
+  Check_types_traverse traverse(this);
+  this->traverse(&traverse);
+}
+
+// Check the types in a single block.
+
+void
+Gogo::check_types_in_block(Block* block)
+{
+  Check_types_traverse traverse(this);
+  block->traverse(&traverse);
+}
+
+// A traversal class used to find a single shortcut operator within an
+// expression.
+
+class Find_shortcut : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Find_shortcut()
+    : Traverse(traverse_blocks
+              | traverse_statements
+              | traverse_expressions),
+      found_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  // A pointer to the expression which was found, or NULL if none was
+  // found.
+  Expression**
+  found() const
+  { return this->found_; }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  block(Block*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS; }
+
+  int
+  statement(Block*, size_t*, Statement*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS; }
+
+  int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+ private:
+  Expression** found_;
+};
+
+// Find a shortcut expression.
+
+int
+Find_shortcut::expression(Expression** pexpr)
+{
+  Expression* expr = *pexpr;
+  Binary_expression* be = expr->binary_expression();
+  if (be == NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  Operator op = be->op();
+  if (op != OPERATOR_OROR && op != OPERATOR_ANDAND)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  go_assert(this->found_ == NULL);
+  this->found_ = pexpr;
+  return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+}
+
+// A traversal class used to turn shortcut operators into explicit if
+// statements.
+
+class Shortcuts : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Shortcuts(Gogo* gogo)
+    : Traverse(traverse_variables
+              | traverse_statements),
+      gogo_(gogo)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  variable(Named_object*);
+
+  int
+  statement(Block*, size_t*, Statement*);
+
+ private:
+  // Convert a shortcut operator.
+  Statement*
+  convert_shortcut(Block* enclosing, Expression** pshortcut);
+
+  // The IR.
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+};
+
+// Remove shortcut operators in a single statement.
+
+int
+Shortcuts::statement(Block* block, size_t* pindex, Statement* s)
+{
+  // FIXME: This approach doesn't work for switch statements, because
+  // we add the new statements before the whole switch when we need to
+  // instead add them just before the switch expression.  The right
+  // fix is probably to lower switch statements with nonconstant cases
+  // to a series of conditionals.
+  if (s->switch_statement() != NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+  while (true)
+    {
+      Find_shortcut find_shortcut;
+
+      // If S is a variable declaration, then ordinary traversal won't
+      // do anything.  We want to explicitly traverse the
+      // initialization expression if there is one.
+      Variable_declaration_statement* vds = s->variable_declaration_statement();
+      Expression* init = NULL;
+      if (vds == NULL)
+       s->traverse_contents(&find_shortcut);
+      else
+       {
+         init = vds->var()->var_value()->init();
+         if (init == NULL)
+           return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+         init->traverse(&init, &find_shortcut);
+       }
+      Expression** pshortcut = find_shortcut.found();
+      if (pshortcut == NULL)
+       return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+      Statement* snew = this->convert_shortcut(block, pshortcut);
+      block->insert_statement_before(*pindex, snew);
+      ++*pindex;
+
+      if (pshortcut == &init)
+       vds->var()->var_value()->set_init(init);
+    }
+}
+
+// Remove shortcut operators in the initializer of a global variable.
+
+int
+Shortcuts::variable(Named_object* no)
+{
+  if (no->is_result_variable())
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  Variable* var = no->var_value();
+  Expression* init = var->init();
+  if (!var->is_global() || init == NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+  while (true)
+    {
+      Find_shortcut find_shortcut;
+      init->traverse(&init, &find_shortcut);
+      Expression** pshortcut = find_shortcut.found();
+      if (pshortcut == NULL)
+       return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+      Statement* snew = this->convert_shortcut(NULL, pshortcut);
+      var->add_preinit_statement(this->gogo_, snew);
+      if (pshortcut == &init)
+       var->set_init(init);
+    }
+}
+
+// Given an expression which uses a shortcut operator, return a
+// statement which implements it, and update *PSHORTCUT accordingly.
+
+Statement*
+Shortcuts::convert_shortcut(Block* enclosing, Expression** pshortcut)
+{
+  Binary_expression* shortcut = (*pshortcut)->binary_expression();
+  Expression* left = shortcut->left();
+  Expression* right = shortcut->right();
+  source_location loc = shortcut->location();
+
+  Block* retblock = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+  retblock->set_end_location(loc);
+
+  Temporary_statement* ts = Statement::make_temporary(Type::lookup_bool_type(),
+                                                     left, loc);
+  retblock->add_statement(ts);
+
+  Block* block = new Block(retblock, loc);
+  block->set_end_location(loc);
+  Expression* tmpref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(ts, loc);
+  Statement* assign = Statement::make_assignment(tmpref, right, loc);
+  block->add_statement(assign);
+
+  Expression* cond = Expression::make_temporary_reference(ts, loc);
+  if (shortcut->binary_expression()->op() == OPERATOR_OROR)
+    cond = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_NOT, cond, loc);
+
+  Statement* if_statement = Statement::make_if_statement(cond, block, NULL,
+                                                        loc);
+  retblock->add_statement(if_statement);
+
+  *pshortcut = Expression::make_temporary_reference(ts, loc);
+
+  delete shortcut;
+
+  // Now convert any shortcut operators in LEFT and RIGHT.
+  Shortcuts shortcuts(this->gogo_);
+  retblock->traverse(&shortcuts);
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(retblock, loc);
+}
+
+// Turn shortcut operators into explicit if statements.  Doing this
+// considerably simplifies the order of evaluation rules.
+
+void
+Gogo::remove_shortcuts()
+{
+  Shortcuts shortcuts(this);
+  this->traverse(&shortcuts);
+}
+
+// A traversal class which finds all the expressions which must be
+// evaluated in order within a statement or larger expression.  This
+// is used to implement the rules about order of evaluation.
+
+class Find_eval_ordering : public Traverse
+{
+ private:
+  typedef std::vector<Expression**> Expression_pointers;
+
+ public:
+  Find_eval_ordering()
+    : Traverse(traverse_blocks
+              | traverse_statements
+              | traverse_expressions),
+      exprs_()
+  { }
+
+  size_t
+  size() const
+  { return this->exprs_.size(); }
+
+  typedef Expression_pointers::const_iterator const_iterator;
+
+  const_iterator
+  begin() const
+  { return this->exprs_.begin(); }
+
+  const_iterator
+  end() const
+  { return this->exprs_.end(); }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  block(Block*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS; }
+
+  int
+  statement(Block*, size_t*, Statement*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS; }
+
+  int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+ private:
+  // A list of pointers to expressions with side-effects.
+  Expression_pointers exprs_;
+};
+
+// If an expression must be evaluated in order, put it on the list.
+
+int
+Find_eval_ordering::expression(Expression** expression_pointer)
+{
+  // We have to look at subexpressions before this one.
+  if ((*expression_pointer)->traverse_subexpressions(this) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if ((*expression_pointer)->must_eval_in_order())
+    this->exprs_.push_back(expression_pointer);
+  return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+}
+
+// A traversal class for ordering evaluations.
+
+class Order_eval : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Order_eval(Gogo* gogo)
+    : Traverse(traverse_variables
+              | traverse_statements),
+      gogo_(gogo)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  variable(Named_object*);
+
+  int
+  statement(Block*, size_t*, Statement*);
+
+ private:
+  // The IR.
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+};
+
+// Implement the order of evaluation rules for a statement.
+
+int
+Order_eval::statement(Block* block, size_t* pindex, Statement* s)
+{
+  // FIXME: This approach doesn't work for switch statements, because
+  // we add the new statements before the whole switch when we need to
+  // instead add them just before the switch expression.  The right
+  // fix is probably to lower switch statements with nonconstant cases
+  // to a series of conditionals.
+  if (s->switch_statement() != NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+  Find_eval_ordering find_eval_ordering;
+
+  // If S is a variable declaration, then ordinary traversal won't do
+  // anything.  We want to explicitly traverse the initialization
+  // expression if there is one.
+  Variable_declaration_statement* vds = s->variable_declaration_statement();
+  Expression* init = NULL;
+  Expression* orig_init = NULL;
+  if (vds == NULL)
+    s->traverse_contents(&find_eval_ordering);
+  else
+    {
+      init = vds->var()->var_value()->init();
+      if (init == NULL)
+       return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+      orig_init = init;
+
+      // It might seem that this could be
+      // init->traverse_subexpressions.  Unfortunately that can fail
+      // in a case like
+      //   var err os.Error
+      //   newvar, err := call(arg())
+      // Here newvar will have an init of call result 0 of
+      // call(arg()).  If we only traverse subexpressions, we will
+      // only find arg(), and we won't bother to move anything out.
+      // Then we get to the assignment to err, we will traverse the
+      // whole statement, and this time we will find both call() and
+      // arg(), and so we will move them out.  This will cause them to
+      // be put into temporary variables before the assignment to err
+      // but after the declaration of newvar.  To avoid that problem,
+      // we traverse the entire expression here.
+      Expression::traverse(&init, &find_eval_ordering);
+    }
+
+  if (find_eval_ordering.size() <= 1)
+    {
+      // If there is only one expression with a side-effect, we can
+      // leave it in place.
+      return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    }
+
+  bool is_thunk = s->thunk_statement() != NULL;
+  for (Find_eval_ordering::const_iterator p = find_eval_ordering.begin();
+       p != find_eval_ordering.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Expression** pexpr = *p;
+
+      // The last expression in a thunk will be the call passed to go
+      // or defer, which we must not evaluate early.
+      if (is_thunk && p + 1 == find_eval_ordering.end())
+       break;
+
+      source_location loc = (*pexpr)->location();
+      Temporary_statement* ts = Statement::make_temporary(NULL, *pexpr, loc);
+      block->insert_statement_before(*pindex, ts);
+      ++*pindex;
+
+      *pexpr = Expression::make_temporary_reference(ts, loc);
+    }
+
+  if (init != orig_init)
+    vds->var()->var_value()->set_init(init);
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Implement the order of evaluation rules for the initializer of a
+// global variable.
+
+int
+Order_eval::variable(Named_object* no)
+{
+  if (no->is_result_variable())
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  Variable* var = no->var_value();
+  Expression* init = var->init();
+  if (!var->is_global() || init == NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+  Find_eval_ordering find_eval_ordering;
+  init->traverse_subexpressions(&find_eval_ordering);
+
+  if (find_eval_ordering.size() <= 1)
+    {
+      // If there is only one expression with a side-effect, we can
+      // leave it in place.
+      return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+    }
+
+  for (Find_eval_ordering::const_iterator p = find_eval_ordering.begin();
+       p != find_eval_ordering.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Expression** pexpr = *p;
+      source_location loc = (*pexpr)->location();
+      Temporary_statement* ts = Statement::make_temporary(NULL, *pexpr, loc);
+      var->add_preinit_statement(this->gogo_, ts);
+      *pexpr = Expression::make_temporary_reference(ts, loc);
+    }
+
+  return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+}
+
+// Use temporary variables to implement the order of evaluation rules.
+
+void
+Gogo::order_evaluations()
+{
+  Order_eval order_eval(this);
+  this->traverse(&order_eval);
+}
+
+// Traversal to convert calls to the predeclared recover function to
+// pass in an argument indicating whether it can recover from a panic
+// or not.
+
+class Convert_recover : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Convert_recover(Named_object* arg)
+    : Traverse(traverse_expressions),
+      arg_(arg)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+ private:
+  // The argument to pass to the function.
+  Named_object* arg_;
+};
+
+// Convert calls to recover.
+
+int
+Convert_recover::expression(Expression** pp)
+{
+  Call_expression* ce = (*pp)->call_expression();
+  if (ce != NULL && ce->is_recover_call())
+    ce->set_recover_arg(Expression::make_var_reference(this->arg_,
+                                                      ce->location()));
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Traversal for build_recover_thunks.
+
+class Build_recover_thunks : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Build_recover_thunks(Gogo* gogo)
+    : Traverse(traverse_functions),
+      gogo_(gogo)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  function(Named_object*);
+
+ private:
+  Expression*
+  can_recover_arg(source_location);
+
+  // General IR.
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+};
+
+// If this function calls recover, turn it into a thunk.
+
+int
+Build_recover_thunks::function(Named_object* orig_no)
+{
+  Function* orig_func = orig_no->func_value();
+  if (!orig_func->calls_recover()
+      || orig_func->is_recover_thunk()
+      || orig_func->has_recover_thunk())
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+  Gogo* gogo = this->gogo_;
+  source_location location = orig_func->location();
+
+  static int count;
+  char buf[50];
+
+  Function_type* orig_fntype = orig_func->type();
+  Typed_identifier_list* new_params = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  std::string receiver_name;
+  if (orig_fntype->is_method())
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier* receiver = orig_fntype->receiver();
+      snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "rt.%u", count);
+      ++count;
+      receiver_name = buf;
+      new_params->push_back(Typed_identifier(receiver_name, receiver->type(),
+                                            receiver->location()));
+    }
+  const Typed_identifier_list* orig_params = orig_fntype->parameters();
+  if (orig_params != NULL && !orig_params->empty())
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = orig_params->begin();
+          p != orig_params->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "pt.%u", count);
+         ++count;
+         new_params->push_back(Typed_identifier(buf, p->type(),
+                                                p->location()));
+       }
+    }
+  snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "pr.%u", count);
+  ++count;
+  std::string can_recover_name = buf;
+  new_params->push_back(Typed_identifier(can_recover_name,
+                                        Type::lookup_bool_type(),
+                                        orig_fntype->location()));
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* orig_results = orig_fntype->results();
+  Typed_identifier_list* new_results;
+  if (orig_results == NULL || orig_results->empty())
+    new_results = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      new_results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = orig_results->begin();
+          p != orig_results->end();
+          ++p)
+       new_results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", p->type(), p->location()));
+    }
+
+  Function_type *new_fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, new_params,
+                                                      new_results,
+                                                      orig_fntype->location());
+  if (orig_fntype->is_varargs())
+    new_fntype->set_is_varargs();
+
+  std::string name = orig_no->name() + "$recover";
+  Named_object *new_no = gogo->start_function(name, new_fntype, false,
+                                             location);
+  Function *new_func = new_no->func_value();
+  if (orig_func->enclosing() != NULL)
+    new_func->set_enclosing(orig_func->enclosing());
+
+  // We build the code for the original function attached to the new
+  // function, and then swap the original and new function bodies.
+  // This means that existing references to the original function will
+  // then refer to the new function.  That makes this code a little
+  // confusing, in that the reference to NEW_NO really refers to the
+  // other function, not the one we are building.
+
+  Expression* closure = NULL;
+  if (orig_func->needs_closure())
+    {
+      Named_object* orig_closure_no = orig_func->closure_var();
+      Variable* orig_closure_var = orig_closure_no->var_value();
+      Variable* new_var = new Variable(orig_closure_var->type(), NULL, false,
+                                      true, false, location);
+      snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "closure.%u", count);
+      ++count;
+      Named_object* new_closure_no = Named_object::make_variable(buf, NULL,
+                                                                new_var);
+      new_func->set_closure_var(new_closure_no);
+      closure = Expression::make_var_reference(new_closure_no, location);
+    }
+
+  Expression* fn = Expression::make_func_reference(new_no, closure, location);
+
+  Expression_list* args = new Expression_list();
+  if (new_params != NULL)
+    {
+      // Note that we skip the last parameter, which is the boolean
+      // indicating whether recover can succed.
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = new_params->begin();
+          p + 1 != new_params->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         Named_object* p_no = gogo->lookup(p->name(), NULL);
+         go_assert(p_no != NULL
+                    && p_no->is_variable()
+                    && p_no->var_value()->is_parameter());
+         args->push_back(Expression::make_var_reference(p_no, location));
+       }
+    }
+  args->push_back(this->can_recover_arg(location));
+
+  Call_expression* call = Expression::make_call(fn, args, false, location);
+
+  Statement* s;
+  if (orig_fntype->results() == NULL || orig_fntype->results()->empty())
+    s = Statement::make_statement(call);
+  else
+    {
+      Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+      size_t rc = orig_fntype->results()->size();
+      if (rc == 1)
+       vals->push_back(call);
+      else
+       {
+         for (size_t i = 0; i < rc; ++i)
+           vals->push_back(Expression::make_call_result(call, i));
+       }
+      s = Statement::make_return_statement(vals, location);
+    }
+  s->determine_types();
+  gogo->add_statement(s);
+
+  gogo->finish_function(location);
+
+  // Swap the function bodies and types.
+  new_func->swap_for_recover(orig_func);
+  orig_func->set_is_recover_thunk();
+  new_func->set_calls_recover();
+  new_func->set_has_recover_thunk();
+
+  Bindings* orig_bindings = orig_func->block()->bindings();
+  Bindings* new_bindings = new_func->block()->bindings();
+  if (orig_fntype->is_method())
+    {
+      // We changed the receiver to be a regular parameter.  We have
+      // to update the binding accordingly in both functions.
+      Named_object* orig_rec_no = orig_bindings->lookup_local(receiver_name);
+      go_assert(orig_rec_no != NULL
+                && orig_rec_no->is_variable()
+                && !orig_rec_no->var_value()->is_receiver());
+      orig_rec_no->var_value()->set_is_receiver();
+
+      const std::string& new_receiver_name(orig_fntype->receiver()->name());
+      Named_object* new_rec_no = new_bindings->lookup_local(new_receiver_name);
+      if (new_rec_no == NULL)
+       go_assert(saw_errors());
+      else
+       {
+         go_assert(new_rec_no->is_variable()
+                    && new_rec_no->var_value()->is_receiver());
+         new_rec_no->var_value()->set_is_not_receiver();
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Because we flipped blocks but not types, the can_recover
+  // parameter appears in the (now) old bindings as a parameter.
+  // Change it to a local variable, whereupon it will be discarded.
+  Named_object* can_recover_no = orig_bindings->lookup_local(can_recover_name);
+  go_assert(can_recover_no != NULL
+            && can_recover_no->is_variable()
+            && can_recover_no->var_value()->is_parameter());
+  orig_bindings->remove_binding(can_recover_no);
+
+  // Add the can_recover argument to the (now) new bindings, and
+  // attach it to any recover statements.
+  Variable* can_recover_var = new Variable(Type::lookup_bool_type(), NULL,
+                                          false, true, false, location);
+  can_recover_no = new_bindings->add_variable(can_recover_name, NULL,
+                                             can_recover_var);
+  Convert_recover convert_recover(can_recover_no);
+  new_func->traverse(&convert_recover);
+
+  // Update the function pointers in any named results.
+  new_func->update_result_variables();
+  orig_func->update_result_variables();
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Return the expression to pass for the .can_recover parameter to the
+// new function.  This indicates whether a call to recover may return
+// non-nil.  The expression is
+// __go_can_recover(__builtin_return_address()).
+
+Expression*
+Build_recover_thunks::can_recover_arg(source_location location)
+{
+  static Named_object* builtin_return_address;
+  if (builtin_return_address == NULL)
+    {
+      const source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+      Typed_identifier_list* param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      Type* uint_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uint");
+      param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("l", uint_type, bloc));
+
+      Typed_identifier_list* return_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      Type* voidptr_type = Type::make_pointer_type(Type::make_void_type());
+      return_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("", voidptr_type, bloc));
+
+      Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types,
+                                                      return_types, bloc);
+      builtin_return_address =
+       Named_object::make_function_declaration("__builtin_return_address",
+                                               NULL, fntype, bloc);
+      const char* n = "__builtin_return_address";
+      builtin_return_address->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(n);
+    }
+
+  static Named_object* can_recover;
+  if (can_recover == NULL)
+    {
+      const source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+      Typed_identifier_list* param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      Type* voidptr_type = Type::make_pointer_type(Type::make_void_type());
+      param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("a", voidptr_type, bloc));
+      Type* boolean_type = Type::lookup_bool_type();
+      Typed_identifier_list* results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", boolean_type, bloc));
+      Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types,
+                                                      results, bloc);
+      can_recover = Named_object::make_function_declaration("__go_can_recover",
+                                                           NULL, fntype,
+                                                           bloc);
+      can_recover->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name("__go_can_recover");
+    }
+
+  Expression* fn = Expression::make_func_reference(builtin_return_address,
+                                                  NULL, location);
+
+  mpz_t zval;
+  mpz_init_set_ui(zval, 0UL);
+  Expression* zexpr = Expression::make_integer(&zval, NULL, location);
+  mpz_clear(zval);
+  Expression_list *args = new Expression_list();
+  args->push_back(zexpr);
+
+  Expression* call = Expression::make_call(fn, args, false, location);
+
+  args = new Expression_list();
+  args->push_back(call);
+
+  fn = Expression::make_func_reference(can_recover, NULL, location);
+  return Expression::make_call(fn, args, false, location);
+}
+
+// Build thunks for functions which call recover.  We build a new
+// function with an extra parameter, which is whether a call to
+// recover can succeed.  We then move the body of this function to
+// that one.  We then turn this function into a thunk which calls the
+// new one, passing the value of
+// __go_can_recover(__builtin_return_address()).  The function will be
+// marked as not splitting the stack.  This will cooperate with the
+// implementation of defer to make recover do the right thing.
+
+void
+Gogo::build_recover_thunks()
+{
+  Build_recover_thunks build_recover_thunks(this);
+  this->traverse(&build_recover_thunks);
+}
+
+// Look for named types to see whether we need to create an interface
+// method table.
+
+class Build_method_tables : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Build_method_tables(Gogo* gogo,
+                     const std::vector<Interface_type*>& interfaces)
+    : Traverse(traverse_types),
+      gogo_(gogo), interfaces_(interfaces)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  type(Type*);
+
+ private:
+  // The IR.
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+  // A list of locally defined interfaces which have hidden methods.
+  const std::vector<Interface_type*>& interfaces_;
+};
+
+// Build all required interface method tables for types.  We need to
+// ensure that we have an interface method table for every interface
+// which has a hidden method, for every named type which implements
+// that interface.  Normally we can just build interface method tables
+// as we need them.  However, in some cases we can require an
+// interface method table for an interface defined in a different
+// package for a type defined in that package.  If that interface and
+// type both use a hidden method, that is OK.  However, we will not be
+// able to build that interface method table when we need it, because
+// the type's hidden method will be static.  So we have to build it
+// here, and just refer it from other packages as needed.
+
+void
+Gogo::build_interface_method_tables()
+{
+  std::vector<Interface_type*> hidden_interfaces;
+  hidden_interfaces.reserve(this->interface_types_.size());
+  for (std::vector<Interface_type*>::const_iterator pi =
+        this->interface_types_.begin();
+       pi != this->interface_types_.end();
+       ++pi)
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier_list* methods = (*pi)->methods();
+      if (methods == NULL)
+       continue;
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pm = methods->begin();
+          pm != methods->end();
+          ++pm)
+       {
+         if (Gogo::is_hidden_name(pm->name()))
+           {
+             hidden_interfaces.push_back(*pi);
+             break;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (!hidden_interfaces.empty())
+    {
+      // Now traverse the tree looking for all named types.
+      Build_method_tables bmt(this, hidden_interfaces);
+      this->traverse(&bmt);
+    }
+
+  // We no longer need the list of interfaces.
+
+  this->interface_types_.clear();
+}
+
+// This is called for each type.  For a named type, for each of the
+// interfaces with hidden methods that it implements, create the
+// method table.
+
+int
+Build_method_tables::type(Type* type)
+{
+  Named_type* nt = type->named_type();
+  if (nt != NULL)
+    {
+      for (std::vector<Interface_type*>::const_iterator p =
+            this->interfaces_.begin();
+          p != this->interfaces_.end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         // We ask whether a pointer to the named type implements the
+         // interface, because a pointer can implement more methods
+         // than a value.
+         if ((*p)->implements_interface(Type::make_pointer_type(nt), NULL))
+           {
+             nt->interface_method_table(this->gogo_, *p, false);
+             nt->interface_method_table(this->gogo_, *p, true);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Traversal class used to check for return statements.
+
+class Check_return_statements_traverse : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Check_return_statements_traverse()
+    : Traverse(traverse_functions)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  function(Named_object*);
+};
+
+// Check that a function has a return statement if it needs one.
+
+int
+Check_return_statements_traverse::function(Named_object* no)
+{
+  Function* func = no->func_value();
+  const Function_type* fntype = func->type();
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = fntype->results();
+
+  // We only need a return statement if there is a return value.
+  if (results == NULL || results->empty())
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+  if (func->block()->may_fall_through())
+    error_at(func->location(), "control reaches end of non-void function");
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check return statements.
+
+void
+Gogo::check_return_statements()
+{
+  Check_return_statements_traverse traverse;
+  this->traverse(&traverse);
+}
+
+// Get the unique prefix to use before all exported symbols.  This
+// must be unique across the entire link.
+
+const std::string&
+Gogo::unique_prefix() const
+{
+  go_assert(!this->unique_prefix_.empty());
+  return this->unique_prefix_;
+}
+
+// Set the unique prefix to use before all exported symbols.  This
+// comes from the command line option -fgo-prefix=XXX.
+
+void
+Gogo::set_unique_prefix(const std::string& arg)
+{
+  go_assert(this->unique_prefix_.empty());
+  this->unique_prefix_ = arg;
+  this->unique_prefix_specified_ = true;
+}
+
+// Work out the package priority.  It is one more than the maximum
+// priority of an imported package.
+
+int
+Gogo::package_priority() const
+{
+  int priority = 0;
+  for (Packages::const_iterator p = this->packages_.begin();
+       p != this->packages_.end();
+       ++p)
+    if (p->second->priority() > priority)
+      priority = p->second->priority();
+  return priority + 1;
+}
+
+// Export identifiers as requested.
+
+void
+Gogo::do_exports()
+{
+  // For now we always stream to a section.  Later we may want to
+  // support streaming to a separate file.
+  Stream_to_section stream;
+
+  Export exp(&stream);
+  exp.register_builtin_types(this);
+  exp.export_globals(this->package_name(),
+                    this->unique_prefix(),
+                    this->package_priority(),
+                    (this->need_init_fn_ && !this->is_main_package()
+                     ? this->get_init_fn_name()
+                     : ""),
+                    this->imported_init_fns_,
+                    this->package_->bindings());
+}
+
+// Find the blocks in order to convert named types defined in blocks.
+
+class Convert_named_types : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Convert_named_types(Gogo* gogo)
+    : Traverse(traverse_blocks),
+      gogo_(gogo)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  block(Block* block);
+
+ private:
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+};
+
+int
+Convert_named_types::block(Block* block)
+{
+  this->gogo_->convert_named_types_in_bindings(block->bindings());
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Convert all named types to the backend representation.  Since named
+// types can refer to other types, this needs to be done in the right
+// sequence, which is handled by Named_type::convert.  Here we arrange
+// to call that for each named type.
+
+void
+Gogo::convert_named_types()
+{
+  this->convert_named_types_in_bindings(this->globals_);
+  for (Packages::iterator p = this->packages_.begin();
+       p != this->packages_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Package* package = p->second;
+      this->convert_named_types_in_bindings(package->bindings());
+    }
+
+  Convert_named_types cnt(this);
+  this->traverse(&cnt);
+
+  // Make all the builtin named types used for type descriptors, and
+  // then convert them.  They will only be written out if they are
+  // needed.
+  Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+  Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+  Function_type::make_function_type_descriptor_type();
+  Pointer_type::make_pointer_type_descriptor_type();
+  Struct_type::make_struct_type_descriptor_type();
+  Array_type::make_array_type_descriptor_type();
+  Array_type::make_slice_type_descriptor_type();
+  Map_type::make_map_type_descriptor_type();
+  Channel_type::make_chan_type_descriptor_type();
+  Interface_type::make_interface_type_descriptor_type();
+  Type::convert_builtin_named_types(this);
+
+  Runtime::convert_types(this);
+
+  this->named_types_are_converted_ = true;
+}
+
+// Convert all names types in a set of bindings.
+
+void
+Gogo::convert_named_types_in_bindings(Bindings* bindings)
+{
+  for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator p = bindings->begin_definitions();
+       p != bindings->end_definitions();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if ((*p)->is_type())
+       (*p)->type_value()->convert(this);
+    }
+}
+
+// Class Function.
+
+Function::Function(Function_type* type, Function* enclosing, Block* block,
+                  source_location location)
+  : type_(type), enclosing_(enclosing), results_(NULL),
+    closure_var_(NULL), block_(block), location_(location), fndecl_(NULL),
+    defer_stack_(NULL), results_are_named_(false), calls_recover_(false),
+    is_recover_thunk_(false), has_recover_thunk_(false)
+{
+}
+
+// Create the named result variables.
+
+void
+Function::create_result_variables(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = this->type_->results();
+  if (results == NULL || results->empty())
+    return;
+
+  if (!results->front().name().empty())
+    this->results_are_named_ = true;
+
+  this->results_ = new Results();
+  this->results_->reserve(results->size());
+
+  Block* block = this->block_;
+  int index = 0;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = results->begin();
+       p != results->end();
+       ++p, ++index)
+    {
+      std::string name = p->name();
+      if (name.empty() || Gogo::is_sink_name(name))
+       {
+         static int result_counter;
+         char buf[100];
+         snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "$ret%d", result_counter);
+         ++result_counter;
+         name = gogo->pack_hidden_name(buf, false);
+       }
+      Result_variable* result = new Result_variable(p->type(), this, index,
+                                                   p->location());
+      Named_object* no = block->bindings()->add_result_variable(name, result);
+      if (no->is_result_variable())
+       this->results_->push_back(no);
+      else
+       {
+         static int dummy_result_count;
+         char buf[100];
+         snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "$dret%d", dummy_result_count);
+         ++dummy_result_count;
+         name = gogo->pack_hidden_name(buf, false);
+         no = block->bindings()->add_result_variable(name, result);
+         go_assert(no->is_result_variable());
+         this->results_->push_back(no);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Update the named result variables when cloning a function which
+// calls recover.
+
+void
+Function::update_result_variables()
+{
+  if (this->results_ == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  for (Results::iterator p = this->results_->begin();
+       p != this->results_->end();
+       ++p)
+    (*p)->result_var_value()->set_function(this);
+}
+
+// Return the closure variable, creating it if necessary.
+
+Named_object*
+Function::closure_var()
+{
+  if (this->closure_var_ == NULL)
+    {
+      // We don't know the type of the variable yet.  We add fields as
+      // we find them.
+      source_location loc = this->type_->location();
+      Struct_field_list* sfl = new Struct_field_list;
+      Type* struct_type = Type::make_struct_type(sfl, loc);
+      Variable* var = new Variable(Type::make_pointer_type(struct_type),
+                                  NULL, false, true, false, loc);
+      this->closure_var_ = Named_object::make_variable("closure", NULL, var);
+      // Note that the new variable is not in any binding contour.
+    }
+  return this->closure_var_;
+}
+
+// Set the type of the closure variable.
+
+void
+Function::set_closure_type()
+{
+  if (this->closure_var_ == NULL)
+    return;
+  Named_object* closure = this->closure_var_;
+  Struct_type* st = closure->var_value()->type()->deref()->struct_type();
+  unsigned int index = 0;
+  for (Closure_fields::const_iterator p = this->closure_fields_.begin();
+       p != this->closure_fields_.end();
+       ++p, ++index)
+    {
+      Named_object* no = p->first;
+      char buf[20];
+      snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%u", index);
+      std::string n = no->name() + buf;
+      Type* var_type;
+      if (no->is_variable())
+       var_type = no->var_value()->type();
+      else
+       var_type = no->result_var_value()->type();
+      Type* field_type = Type::make_pointer_type(var_type);
+      st->push_field(Struct_field(Typed_identifier(n, field_type, p->second)));
+    }
+}
+
+// Return whether this function is a method.
+
+bool
+Function::is_method() const
+{
+  return this->type_->is_method();
+}
+
+// Add a label definition.
+
+Label*
+Function::add_label_definition(const std::string& label_name,
+                              source_location location)
+{
+  Label* lnull = NULL;
+  std::pair<Labels::iterator, bool> ins =
+    this->labels_.insert(std::make_pair(label_name, lnull));
+  if (ins.second)
+    {
+      // This is a new label.
+      Label* label = new Label(label_name);
+      label->define(location);
+      ins.first->second = label;
+      return label;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // The label was already in the hash table.
+      Label* label = ins.first->second;
+      if (!label->is_defined())
+       {
+         label->define(location);
+         return label;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(location, "label %qs already defined",
+                  Gogo::message_name(label_name).c_str());
+         inform(label->location(), "previous definition of %qs was here",
+                Gogo::message_name(label_name).c_str());
+         return new Label(label_name);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Add a reference to a label.
+
+Label*
+Function::add_label_reference(const std::string& label_name)
+{
+  Label* lnull = NULL;
+  std::pair<Labels::iterator, bool> ins =
+    this->labels_.insert(std::make_pair(label_name, lnull));
+  if (!ins.second)
+    {
+      // The label was already in the hash table.
+      Label* label = ins.first->second;
+      label->set_is_used();
+      return label;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      go_assert(ins.first->second == NULL);
+      Label* label = new Label(label_name);
+      ins.first->second = label;
+      label->set_is_used();
+      return label;
+    }
+}
+
+// Warn about labels that are defined but not used.
+
+void
+Function::check_labels() const
+{
+  for (Labels::const_iterator p = this->labels_.begin();
+       p != this->labels_.end();
+       p++)
+    {
+      Label* label = p->second;
+      if (!label->is_used())
+       error_at(label->location(), "label %qs defined and not used",
+                Gogo::message_name(label->name()).c_str());
+    }
+}
+
+// Swap one function with another.  This is used when building the
+// thunk we use to call a function which calls recover.  It may not
+// work for any other case.
+
+void
+Function::swap_for_recover(Function *x)
+{
+  go_assert(this->enclosing_ == x->enclosing_);
+  std::swap(this->results_, x->results_);
+  std::swap(this->closure_var_, x->closure_var_);
+  std::swap(this->block_, x->block_);
+  go_assert(this->location_ == x->location_);
+  go_assert(this->fndecl_ == NULL && x->fndecl_ == NULL);
+  go_assert(this->defer_stack_ == NULL && x->defer_stack_ == NULL);
+}
+
+// Traverse the tree.
+
+int
+Function::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  unsigned int traverse_mask = traverse->traverse_mask();
+
+  if ((traverse_mask
+       & (Traverse::traverse_types | Traverse::traverse_expressions))
+      != 0)
+    {
+      if (Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+
+  // FIXME: We should check traverse_functions here if nested
+  // functions are stored in block bindings.
+  if (this->block_ != NULL
+      && (traverse_mask
+         & (Traverse::traverse_variables
+            | Traverse::traverse_constants
+            | Traverse::traverse_blocks
+            | Traverse::traverse_statements
+            | Traverse::traverse_expressions
+            | Traverse::traverse_types)) != 0)
+    {
+      if (this->block_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Work out types for unspecified variables and constants.
+
+void
+Function::determine_types()
+{
+  if (this->block_ != NULL)
+    this->block_->determine_types();
+}
+
+// Get a pointer to the variable holding the defer stack for this
+// function, making it if necessary.  At least at present, the value
+// of this variable is not used.  However, a pointer to this variable
+// is used as a marker for the functions on the defer stack associated
+// with this function.  Doing things this way permits inlining a
+// function which uses defer.
+
+Expression*
+Function::defer_stack(source_location location)
+{
+  Type* t = Type::make_pointer_type(Type::make_void_type());
+  if (this->defer_stack_ == NULL)
+    {
+      Expression* n = Expression::make_nil(location);
+      this->defer_stack_ = Statement::make_temporary(t, n, location);
+      this->defer_stack_->set_is_address_taken();
+    }
+  Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(this->defer_stack_,
+                                                        location);
+  Expression* addr = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, location);
+  return Expression::make_unsafe_cast(t, addr, location);
+}
+
+// Export the function.
+
+void
+Function::export_func(Export* exp, const std::string& name) const
+{
+  Function::export_func_with_type(exp, name, this->type_);
+}
+
+// Export a function with a type.
+
+void
+Function::export_func_with_type(Export* exp, const std::string& name,
+                               const Function_type* fntype)
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("func ");
+
+  if (fntype->is_method())
+    {
+      exp->write_c_string("(");
+      exp->write_type(fntype->receiver()->type());
+      exp->write_c_string(") ");
+    }
+
+  exp->write_string(name);
+
+  exp->write_c_string(" (");
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parameters = fntype->parameters();
+  if (parameters != NULL)
+    {
+      bool is_varargs = fntype->is_varargs();
+      bool first = true;
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = parameters->begin();
+          p != parameters->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (first)
+           first = false;
+         else
+           exp->write_c_string(", ");
+         if (!is_varargs || p + 1 != parameters->end())
+           exp->write_type(p->type());
+         else
+           {
+             exp->write_c_string("...");
+             exp->write_type(p->type()->array_type()->element_type());
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  exp->write_c_string(")");
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = fntype->results();
+  if (results != NULL)
+    {
+      if (results->size() == 1)
+       {
+         exp->write_c_string(" ");
+         exp->write_type(results->begin()->type());
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         exp->write_c_string(" (");
+         bool first = true;
+         for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = results->begin();
+              p != results->end();
+              ++p)
+           {
+             if (first)
+               first = false;
+             else
+               exp->write_c_string(", ");
+             exp->write_type(p->type());
+           }
+         exp->write_c_string(")");
+       }
+    }
+  exp->write_c_string(";\n");
+}
+
+// Import a function.
+
+void
+Function::import_func(Import* imp, std::string* pname,
+                     Typed_identifier** preceiver,
+                     Typed_identifier_list** pparameters,
+                     Typed_identifier_list** presults,
+                     bool* is_varargs)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("func ");
+
+  *preceiver = NULL;
+  if (imp->peek_char() == '(')
+    {
+      imp->require_c_string("(");
+      Type* rtype = imp->read_type();
+      *preceiver = new Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker, rtype,
+                                       imp->location());
+      imp->require_c_string(") ");
+    }
+
+  *pname = imp->read_identifier();
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* parameters;
+  *is_varargs = false;
+  imp->require_c_string(" (");
+  if (imp->peek_char() == ')')
+    parameters = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      parameters = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      while (true)
+       {
+         if (imp->match_c_string("..."))
+           {
+             imp->advance(3);
+             *is_varargs = true;
+           }
+
+         Type* ptype = imp->read_type();
+         if (*is_varargs)
+           ptype = Type::make_array_type(ptype, NULL);
+         parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker,
+                                                ptype, imp->location()));
+         if (imp->peek_char() != ',')
+           break;
+         go_assert(!*is_varargs);
+         imp->require_c_string(", ");
+       }
+    }
+  imp->require_c_string(")");
+  *pparameters = parameters;
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* results;
+  if (imp->peek_char() != ' ')
+    results = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      imp->require_c_string(" ");
+      if (imp->peek_char() != '(')
+       {
+         Type* rtype = imp->read_type();
+         results->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker, rtype,
+                                             imp->location()));
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         imp->require_c_string("(");
+         while (true)
+           {
+             Type* rtype = imp->read_type();
+             results->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker,
+                                                 rtype, imp->location()));
+             if (imp->peek_char() != ',')
+               break;
+             imp->require_c_string(", ");
+           }
+         imp->require_c_string(")");
+       }
+    }
+  imp->require_c_string(";\n");
+  *presults = results;
+}
+
+// Class Block.
+
+Block::Block(Block* enclosing, source_location location)
+  : enclosing_(enclosing), statements_(),
+    bindings_(new Bindings(enclosing == NULL
+                          ? NULL
+                          : enclosing->bindings())),
+    start_location_(location),
+    end_location_(UNKNOWN_LOCATION)
+{
+}
+
+// Add a statement to a block.
+
+void
+Block::add_statement(Statement* statement)
+{
+  this->statements_.push_back(statement);
+}
+
+// Add a statement to the front of a block.  This is slow but is only
+// used for reference counts of parameters.
+
+void
+Block::add_statement_at_front(Statement* statement)
+{
+  this->statements_.insert(this->statements_.begin(), statement);
+}
+
+// Replace a statement in a block.
+
+void
+Block::replace_statement(size_t index, Statement* s)
+{
+  go_assert(index < this->statements_.size());
+  this->statements_[index] = s;
+}
+
+// Add a statement before another statement.
+
+void
+Block::insert_statement_before(size_t index, Statement* s)
+{
+  go_assert(index < this->statements_.size());
+  this->statements_.insert(this->statements_.begin() + index, s);
+}
+
+// Add a statement after another statement.
+
+void
+Block::insert_statement_after(size_t index, Statement* s)
+{
+  go_assert(index < this->statements_.size());
+  this->statements_.insert(this->statements_.begin() + index + 1, s);
+}
+
+// Traverse the tree.
+
+int
+Block::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  unsigned int traverse_mask = traverse->traverse_mask();
+
+  if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_blocks) != 0)
+    {
+      int t = traverse->block(this);
+      if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+      else if (t == TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS)
+       return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    }
+
+  if ((traverse_mask
+       & (Traverse::traverse_variables
+         | Traverse::traverse_constants
+         | Traverse::traverse_expressions
+         | Traverse::traverse_types)) != 0)
+    {
+      for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator pb =
+            this->bindings_->begin_definitions();
+          pb != this->bindings_->end_definitions();
+          ++pb)
+       {
+         switch ((*pb)->classification())
+           {
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+             if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_constants) != 0)
+               {
+                 if (traverse->constant(*pb, false) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+             if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0
+                 || (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0)
+               {
+                 Type* t = (*pb)->const_value()->type();
+                 if (t != NULL
+                     && Type::traverse(t, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+             if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0
+                 || (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0)
+               {
+                 if ((*pb)->const_value()->traverse_expression(traverse)
+                     == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+             break;
+
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR:
+             if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_variables) != 0)
+               {
+                 if (traverse->variable(*pb) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+             if (((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0
+                  || (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0)
+                 && ((*pb)->is_result_variable()
+                     || (*pb)->var_value()->has_type()))
+               {
+                 Type* t = ((*pb)->is_variable()
+                            ? (*pb)->var_value()->type()
+                            : (*pb)->result_var_value()->type());
+                 if (t != NULL
+                     && Type::traverse(t, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+             if ((*pb)->is_variable()
+                 && ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0
+                     || (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0))
+               {
+                 if ((*pb)->var_value()->traverse_expression(traverse)
+                     == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+             break;
+
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION:
+             // FIXME: Where will nested functions be found?
+             go_unreachable();
+
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE:
+             if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0
+                 || (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0)
+               {
+                 if (Type::traverse((*pb)->type_value(), traverse)
+                     == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+             break;
+
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION:
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN:
+             break;
+
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE:
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_SINK:
+             go_unreachable();
+
+           default:
+             go_unreachable();
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  // No point in checking traverse_mask here--if we got here we always
+  // want to walk the statements.  The traversal can insert new
+  // statements before or after the current statement.  Inserting
+  // statements before the current statement requires updating I via
+  // the pointer; those statements will not be traversed.  Any new
+  // statements inserted after the current statement will be traversed
+  // in their turn.
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < this->statements_.size(); ++i)
+    {
+      if (this->statements_[i]->traverse(this, &i, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Work out types for unspecified variables and constants.
+
+void
+Block::determine_types()
+{
+  for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator pb =
+        this->bindings_->begin_definitions();
+       pb != this->bindings_->end_definitions();
+       ++pb)
+    {
+      if ((*pb)->is_variable())
+       (*pb)->var_value()->determine_type();
+      else if ((*pb)->is_const())
+       (*pb)->const_value()->determine_type();
+    }
+
+  for (std::vector<Statement*>::const_iterator ps = this->statements_.begin();
+       ps != this->statements_.end();
+       ++ps)
+    (*ps)->determine_types();
+}
+
+// Return true if the statements in this block may fall through.
+
+bool
+Block::may_fall_through() const
+{
+  if (this->statements_.empty())
+    return true;
+  return this->statements_.back()->may_fall_through();
+}
+
+// Convert a block to the backend representation.
+
+Bblock*
+Block::get_backend(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  Named_object* function = context->function();
+  std::vector<Bvariable*> vars;
+  vars.reserve(this->bindings_->size_definitions());
+  for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator pv =
+        this->bindings_->begin_definitions();
+       pv != this->bindings_->end_definitions();
+       ++pv)
+    {
+      if ((*pv)->is_variable() && !(*pv)->var_value()->is_parameter())
+       vars.push_back((*pv)->get_backend_variable(gogo, function));
+    }
+
+  // FIXME: Permitting FUNCTION to be NULL here is a temporary measure
+  // until we have a proper representation of the init function.
+  Bfunction* bfunction;
+  if (function == NULL)
+    bfunction = NULL;
+  else
+    bfunction = tree_to_function(function->func_value()->get_decl());
+  Bblock* ret = context->backend()->block(bfunction, context->bblock(),
+                                         vars, this->start_location_,
+                                         this->end_location_);
+
+  Translate_context subcontext(gogo, function, this, ret);
+  std::vector<Bstatement*> bstatements;
+  bstatements.reserve(this->statements_.size());
+  for (std::vector<Statement*>::const_iterator p = this->statements_.begin();
+       p != this->statements_.end();
+       ++p)
+    bstatements.push_back((*p)->get_backend(&subcontext));
+
+  context->backend()->block_add_statements(ret, bstatements);
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Class Variable.
+
+Variable::Variable(Type* type, Expression* init, bool is_global,
+                  bool is_parameter, bool is_receiver,
+                  source_location location)
+  : type_(type), init_(init), preinit_(NULL), location_(location),
+    backend_(NULL), is_global_(is_global), is_parameter_(is_parameter),
+    is_receiver_(is_receiver), is_varargs_parameter_(false),
+    is_address_taken_(false), seen_(false), init_is_lowered_(false),
+    type_from_init_tuple_(false), type_from_range_index_(false),
+    type_from_range_value_(false), type_from_chan_element_(false),
+    is_type_switch_var_(false), determined_type_(false)
+{
+  go_assert(type != NULL || init != NULL);
+  go_assert(!is_parameter || init == NULL);
+}
+
+// Traverse the initializer expression.
+
+int
+Variable::traverse_expression(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->preinit_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->preinit_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  if (this->init_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (Expression::traverse(&this->init_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lower the initialization expression after parsing is complete.
+
+void
+Variable::lower_init_expression(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function)
+{
+  if (this->init_ != NULL && !this->init_is_lowered_)
+    {
+      if (this->seen_)
+       {
+         // We will give an error elsewhere, this is just to prevent
+         // an infinite loop.
+         return;
+       }
+      this->seen_ = true;
+
+      gogo->lower_expression(function, &this->init_);
+
+      this->seen_ = false;
+
+      this->init_is_lowered_ = true;
+    }
+}
+
+// Get the preinit block.
+
+Block*
+Variable::preinit_block(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  go_assert(this->is_global_);
+  if (this->preinit_ == NULL)
+    this->preinit_ = new Block(NULL, this->location());
+
+  // If a global variable has a preinitialization statement, then we
+  // need to have an initialization function.
+  gogo->set_need_init_fn();
+
+  return this->preinit_;
+}
+
+// Add a statement to be run before the initialization expression.
+
+void
+Variable::add_preinit_statement(Gogo* gogo, Statement* s)
+{
+  Block* b = this->preinit_block(gogo);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+  b->set_end_location(s->location());
+}
+
+// In an assignment which sets a variable to a tuple of EXPR, return
+// the type of the first element of the tuple.
+
+Type*
+Variable::type_from_tuple(Expression* expr, bool report_error) const
+{
+  if (expr->map_index_expression() != NULL)
+    {
+      Map_type* mt = expr->map_index_expression()->get_map_type();
+      if (mt == NULL)
+       return Type::make_error_type();
+      return mt->val_type();
+    }
+  else if (expr->receive_expression() != NULL)
+    {
+      Expression* channel = expr->receive_expression()->channel();
+      Type* channel_type = channel->type();
+      if (channel_type->channel_type() == NULL)
+       return Type::make_error_type();
+      return channel_type->channel_type()->element_type();
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (report_error)
+       error_at(this->location(), "invalid tuple definition");
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+}
+
+// Given EXPR used in a range clause, return either the index type or
+// the value type of the range, depending upon GET_INDEX_TYPE.
+
+Type*
+Variable::type_from_range(Expression* expr, bool get_index_type,
+                         bool report_error) const
+{
+  Type* t = expr->type();
+  if (t->array_type() != NULL
+      || (t->points_to() != NULL
+         && t->points_to()->array_type() != NULL
+         && !t->points_to()->is_open_array_type()))
+    {
+      if (get_index_type)
+       return Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+      else
+       return t->deref()->array_type()->element_type();
+    }
+  else if (t->is_string_type())
+    return Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+  else if (t->map_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (get_index_type)
+       return t->map_type()->key_type();
+      else
+       return t->map_type()->val_type();
+    }
+  else if (t->channel_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (get_index_type)
+       return t->channel_type()->element_type();
+      else
+       {
+         if (report_error)
+           error_at(this->location(),
+                    "invalid definition of value variable for channel range");
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (report_error)
+       error_at(this->location(), "invalid type for range clause");
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+}
+
+// EXPR should be a channel.  Return the channel's element type.
+
+Type*
+Variable::type_from_chan_element(Expression* expr, bool report_error) const
+{
+  Type* t = expr->type();
+  if (t->channel_type() != NULL)
+    return t->channel_type()->element_type();
+  else
+    {
+      if (report_error)
+       error_at(this->location(), "expected channel");
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return the type of the Variable.  This may be called before
+// Variable::determine_type is called, which means that we may need to
+// get the type from the initializer.  FIXME: If we combine lowering
+// with type determination, then this should be unnecessary.
+
+Type*
+Variable::type()
+{
+  // A variable in a type switch with a nil case will have the wrong
+  // type here.  This gets fixed up in determine_type, below.
+  Type* type = this->type_;
+  Expression* init = this->init_;
+  if (this->is_type_switch_var_
+      && this->type_->is_nil_constant_as_type())
+    {
+      Type_guard_expression* tge = this->init_->type_guard_expression();
+      go_assert(tge != NULL);
+      init = tge->expr();
+      type = NULL;
+    }
+
+  if (this->seen_)
+    {
+      if (this->type_ == NULL || !this->type_->is_error_type())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location_, "variable initializer refers to itself");
+         this->type_ = Type::make_error_type();
+       }
+      return this->type_;
+    }
+
+  this->seen_ = true;
+
+  if (type != NULL)
+    ;
+  else if (this->type_from_init_tuple_)
+    type = this->type_from_tuple(init, false);
+  else if (this->type_from_range_index_ || this->type_from_range_value_)
+    type = this->type_from_range(init, this->type_from_range_index_, false);
+  else if (this->type_from_chan_element_)
+    type = this->type_from_chan_element(init, false);
+  else
+    {
+      go_assert(init != NULL);
+      type = init->type();
+      go_assert(type != NULL);
+
+      // Variables should not have abstract types.
+      if (type->is_abstract())
+       type = type->make_non_abstract_type();
+
+      if (type->is_void_type())
+       type = Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+
+  this->seen_ = false;
+
+  return type;
+}
+
+// Fetch the type from a const pointer, in which case it should have
+// been set already.
+
+Type*
+Variable::type() const
+{
+  go_assert(this->type_ != NULL);
+  return this->type_;
+}
+
+// Set the type if necessary.
+
+void
+Variable::determine_type()
+{
+  if (this->determined_type_)
+    return;
+  this->determined_type_ = true;
+
+  if (this->preinit_ != NULL)
+    this->preinit_->determine_types();
+
+  // A variable in a type switch with a nil case will have the wrong
+  // type here.  It will have an initializer which is a type guard.
+  // We want to initialize it to the value without the type guard, and
+  // use the type of that value as well.
+  if (this->is_type_switch_var_ && this->type_->is_nil_constant_as_type())
+    {
+      Type_guard_expression* tge = this->init_->type_guard_expression();
+      go_assert(tge != NULL);
+      this->type_ = NULL;
+      this->init_ = tge->expr();
+    }
+
+  if (this->init_ == NULL)
+    go_assert(this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract());
+  else if (this->type_from_init_tuple_)
+    {
+      Expression *init = this->init_;
+      init->determine_type_no_context();
+      this->type_ = this->type_from_tuple(init, true);
+      this->init_ = NULL;
+    }
+  else if (this->type_from_range_index_ || this->type_from_range_value_)
+    {
+      Expression* init = this->init_;
+      init->determine_type_no_context();
+      this->type_ = this->type_from_range(init, this->type_from_range_index_,
+                                         true);
+      this->init_ = NULL;
+    }
+  else if (this->type_from_chan_element_)
+    {
+      Expression* init = this->init_;
+      init->determine_type_no_context();
+      this->type_ = this->type_from_chan_element(init, true);
+      this->init_ = NULL;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Type_context context(this->type_, false);
+      this->init_->determine_type(&context);
+      if (this->type_ == NULL)
+       {
+         Type* type = this->init_->type();
+         go_assert(type != NULL);
+         if (type->is_abstract())
+           type = type->make_non_abstract_type();
+
+         if (type->is_void_type())
+           {
+             error_at(this->location_, "variable has no type");
+             type = Type::make_error_type();
+           }
+         else if (type->is_nil_type())
+           {
+             error_at(this->location_, "variable defined to nil type");
+             type = Type::make_error_type();
+           }
+         else if (type->is_call_multiple_result_type())
+           {
+             error_at(this->location_,
+                      "single variable set to multiple value function call");
+             type = Type::make_error_type();
+           }
+
+         this->type_ = type;
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Export the variable
+
+void
+Variable::export_var(Export* exp, const std::string& name) const
+{
+  go_assert(this->is_global_);
+  exp->write_c_string("var ");
+  exp->write_string(name);
+  exp->write_c_string(" ");
+  exp->write_type(this->type());
+  exp->write_c_string(";\n");
+}
+
+// Import a variable.
+
+void
+Variable::import_var(Import* imp, std::string* pname, Type** ptype)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("var ");
+  *pname = imp->read_identifier();
+  imp->require_c_string(" ");
+  *ptype = imp->read_type();
+  imp->require_c_string(";\n");
+}
+
+// Convert a variable to the backend representation.
+
+Bvariable*
+Variable::get_backend_variable(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function,
+                              const Package* package, const std::string& name)
+{
+  if (this->backend_ == NULL)
+    {
+      Backend* backend = gogo->backend();
+      Type* type = this->type_;
+      if (type->is_error_type()
+         || (type->is_undefined()
+             && (!this->is_global_ || package == NULL)))
+       this->backend_ = backend->error_variable();
+      else
+       {
+         bool is_parameter = this->is_parameter_;
+         if (this->is_receiver_ && type->points_to() == NULL)
+           is_parameter = false;
+         if (this->is_in_heap())
+           {
+             is_parameter = false;
+             type = Type::make_pointer_type(type);
+           }
+
+         std::string n = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(name);
+         Btype* btype = tree_to_type(type->get_tree(gogo));
+
+         Bvariable* bvar;
+         if (this->is_global_)
+           bvar = backend->global_variable((package == NULL
+                                            ? gogo->package_name()
+                                            : package->name()),
+                                           (package == NULL
+                                            ? gogo->unique_prefix()
+                                            : package->unique_prefix()),
+                                           n,
+                                           btype,
+                                           package != NULL,
+                                           Gogo::is_hidden_name(name),
+                                           this->location_);
+         else
+           {
+             tree fndecl = function->func_value()->get_decl();
+             Bfunction* bfunction = tree_to_function(fndecl);
+             if (is_parameter)
+               bvar = backend->parameter_variable(bfunction, n, btype,
+                                                  this->location_);
+             else
+               bvar = backend->local_variable(bfunction, n, btype,
+                                              this->location_);
+           }
+         this->backend_ = bvar;
+       }
+    }
+  return this->backend_;
+}
+
+// Class Result_variable.
+
+// Convert a result variable to the backend representation.
+
+Bvariable*
+Result_variable::get_backend_variable(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function,
+                                     const std::string& name)
+{
+  if (this->backend_ == NULL)
+    {
+      Backend* backend = gogo->backend();
+      Type* type = this->type_;
+      if (type->is_error())
+       this->backend_ = backend->error_variable();
+      else
+       {
+         if (this->is_in_heap())
+           type = Type::make_pointer_type(type);
+         Btype* btype = tree_to_type(type->get_tree(gogo));
+         tree fndecl = function->func_value()->get_decl();
+         Bfunction* bfunction = tree_to_function(fndecl);
+         std::string n = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(name);
+         this->backend_ = backend->local_variable(bfunction, n, btype,
+                                                  this->location_);
+       }
+    }
+  return this->backend_;
+}
+
+// Class Named_constant.
+
+// Traverse the initializer expression.
+
+int
+Named_constant::traverse_expression(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  return Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse);
+}
+
+// Determine the type of the constant.
+
+void
+Named_constant::determine_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    {
+      Type_context context(this->type_, false);
+      this->expr_->determine_type(&context);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // A constant may have an abstract type.
+      Type_context context(NULL, true);
+      this->expr_->determine_type(&context);
+      this->type_ = this->expr_->type();
+      go_assert(this->type_ != NULL);
+    }
+}
+
+// Indicate that we found and reported an error for this constant.
+
+void
+Named_constant::set_error()
+{
+  this->type_ = Type::make_error_type();
+  this->expr_ = Expression::make_error(this->location_);
+}
+
+// Export a constant.
+
+void
+Named_constant::export_const(Export* exp, const std::string& name) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("const ");
+  exp->write_string(name);
+  exp->write_c_string(" ");
+  if (!this->type_->is_abstract())
+    {
+      exp->write_type(this->type_);
+      exp->write_c_string(" ");
+    }
+  exp->write_c_string("= ");
+  this->expr()->export_expression(exp);
+  exp->write_c_string(";\n");
+}
+
+// Import a constant.
+
+void
+Named_constant::import_const(Import* imp, std::string* pname, Type** ptype,
+                            Expression** pexpr)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("const ");
+  *pname = imp->read_identifier();
+  imp->require_c_string(" ");
+  if (imp->peek_char() == '=')
+    *ptype = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      *ptype = imp->read_type();
+      imp->require_c_string(" ");
+    }
+  imp->require_c_string("= ");
+  *pexpr = Expression::import_expression(imp);
+  imp->require_c_string(";\n");
+}
+
+// Add a method.
+
+Named_object*
+Type_declaration::add_method(const std::string& name, Function* function)
+{
+  Named_object* ret = Named_object::make_function(name, NULL, function);
+  this->methods_.push_back(ret);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Add a method declaration.
+
+Named_object*
+Type_declaration::add_method_declaration(const std::string&  name,
+                                        Function_type* type,
+                                        source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* ret = Named_object::make_function_declaration(name, NULL, type,
+                                                             location);
+  this->methods_.push_back(ret);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return whether any methods ere defined.
+
+bool
+Type_declaration::has_methods() const
+{
+  return !this->methods_.empty();
+}
+
+// Define methods for the real type.
+
+void
+Type_declaration::define_methods(Named_type* nt)
+{
+  for (Methods::const_iterator p = this->methods_.begin();
+       p != this->methods_.end();
+       ++p)
+    nt->add_existing_method(*p);
+}
+
+// We are using the type.  Return true if we should issue a warning.
+
+bool
+Type_declaration::using_type()
+{
+  bool ret = !this->issued_warning_;
+  this->issued_warning_ = true;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Class Unknown_name.
+
+// Set the real named object.
+
+void
+Unknown_name::set_real_named_object(Named_object* no)
+{
+  go_assert(this->real_named_object_ == NULL);
+  go_assert(!no->is_unknown());
+  this->real_named_object_ = no;
+}
+
+// Class Named_object.
+
+Named_object::Named_object(const std::string& name,
+                          const Package* package,
+                          Classification classification)
+  : name_(name), package_(package), classification_(classification),
+    tree_(NULL)
+{
+  if (Gogo::is_sink_name(name))
+    go_assert(classification == NAMED_OBJECT_SINK);
+}
+
+// Make an unknown name.  This is used by the parser.  The name must
+// be resolved later.  Unknown names are only added in the current
+// package.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_unknown_name(const std::string& name,
+                               source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(name, NULL,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN);
+  Unknown_name* value = new Unknown_name(location);
+  named_object->u_.unknown_value = value;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Make a constant.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_constant(const Typed_identifier& tid,
+                           const Package* package, Expression* expr,
+                           int iota_value)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(tid.name(), package,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_CONST);
+  Named_constant* named_constant = new Named_constant(tid.type(), expr,
+                                                     iota_value,
+                                                     tid.location());
+  named_object->u_.const_value = named_constant;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Make a named type.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_type(const std::string& name, const Package* package,
+                       Type* type, source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(name, package,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE);
+  Named_type* named_type = Type::make_named_type(named_object, type, location);
+  named_object->u_.type_value = named_type;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Make a type declaration.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_type_declaration(const std::string& name,
+                                   const Package* package,
+                                   source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(name, package,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION);
+  Type_declaration* type_declaration = new Type_declaration(location);
+  named_object->u_.type_declaration = type_declaration;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Make a variable.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_variable(const std::string& name, const Package* package,
+                           Variable* variable)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(name, package,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_VAR);
+  named_object->u_.var_value = variable;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Make a result variable.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_result_variable(const std::string& name,
+                                  Result_variable* result)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(name, NULL,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR);
+  named_object->u_.result_var_value = result;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Make a sink.  This is used for the special blank identifier _.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_sink()
+{
+  return new Named_object("_", NULL, NAMED_OBJECT_SINK);
+}
+
+// Make a named function.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_function(const std::string& name, const Package* package,
+                           Function* function)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(name, package,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC);
+  named_object->u_.func_value = function;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Make a function declaration.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_function_declaration(const std::string& name,
+                                       const Package* package,
+                                       Function_type* fntype,
+                                       source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(name, package,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION);
+  Function_declaration *func_decl = new Function_declaration(fntype, location);
+  named_object->u_.func_declaration_value = func_decl;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Make a package.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_package(const std::string& alias, Package* package)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(alias, NULL,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE);
+  named_object->u_.package_value = package;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Return the name to use in an error message.
+
+std::string
+Named_object::message_name() const
+{
+  if (this->package_ == NULL)
+    return Gogo::message_name(this->name_);
+  std::string ret = Gogo::message_name(this->package_->name());
+  ret += '.';
+  ret += Gogo::message_name(this->name_);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Set the type when a declaration is defined.
+
+void
+Named_object::set_type_value(Named_type* named_type)
+{
+  go_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION);
+  Type_declaration* td = this->u_.type_declaration;
+  td->define_methods(named_type);
+  Named_object* in_function = td->in_function();
+  if (in_function != NULL)
+    named_type->set_in_function(in_function);
+  delete td;
+  this->classification_ = NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE;
+  this->u_.type_value = named_type;
+}
+
+// Define a function which was previously declared.
+
+void
+Named_object::set_function_value(Function* function)
+{
+  go_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION);
+  this->classification_ = NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC;
+  // FIXME: We should free the old value.
+  this->u_.func_value = function;
+}
+
+// Declare an unknown object as a type declaration.
+
+void
+Named_object::declare_as_type()
+{
+  go_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN);
+  Unknown_name* unk = this->u_.unknown_value;
+  this->classification_ = NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION;
+  this->u_.type_declaration = new Type_declaration(unk->location());
+  delete unk;
+}
+
+// Return the location of a named object.
+
+source_location
+Named_object::location() const
+{
+  switch (this->classification_)
+    {
+    default:
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_UNINITIALIZED:
+      go_unreachable();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN:
+      return this->unknown_value()->location();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+      return this->const_value()->location();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE:
+      return this->type_value()->location();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION:
+      return this->type_declaration_value()->location();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+      return this->var_value()->location();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR:
+      return this->result_var_value()->location();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_SINK:
+      go_unreachable();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+      return this->func_value()->location();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION:
+      return this->func_declaration_value()->location();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE:
+      return this->package_value()->location();
+    }
+}
+
+// Export a named object.
+
+void
+Named_object::export_named_object(Export* exp) const
+{
+  switch (this->classification_)
+    {
+    default:
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_UNINITIALIZED:
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN:
+      go_unreachable();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+      this->const_value()->export_const(exp, this->name_);
+      break;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE:
+      this->type_value()->export_named_type(exp, this->name_);
+      break;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION:
+      error_at(this->type_declaration_value()->location(),
+              "attempt to export %<%s%> which was declared but not defined",
+              this->message_name().c_str());
+      break;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION:
+      this->func_declaration_value()->export_func(exp, this->name_);
+      break;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+      this->var_value()->export_var(exp, this->name_);
+      break;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR:
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_SINK:
+      go_unreachable();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+      this->func_value()->export_func(exp, this->name_);
+      break;
+    }
+}
+
+// Convert a variable to the backend representation.
+
+Bvariable*
+Named_object::get_backend_variable(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function)
+{
+  if (this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_VAR)
+    return this->var_value()->get_backend_variable(gogo, function,
+                                                  this->package_, this->name_);
+  else if (this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR)
+    return this->result_var_value()->get_backend_variable(gogo, function,
+                                                         this->name_);
+  else
+    go_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Class Bindings.
+
+Bindings::Bindings(Bindings* enclosing)
+  : enclosing_(enclosing), named_objects_(), bindings_()
+{
+}
+
+// Clear imports.
+
+void
+Bindings::clear_file_scope()
+{
+  Contour::iterator p = this->bindings_.begin();
+  while (p != this->bindings_.end())
+    {
+      bool keep;
+      if (p->second->package() != NULL)
+       keep = false;
+      else if (p->second->is_package())
+       keep = false;
+      else if (p->second->is_function()
+              && !p->second->func_value()->type()->is_method()
+              && Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->second->name()) == "init")
+       keep = false;
+      else
+       keep = true;
+
+      if (keep)
+       ++p;
+      else
+       p = this->bindings_.erase(p);
+    }
+}
+
+// Look up a symbol.
+
+Named_object*
+Bindings::lookup(const std::string& name) const
+{
+  Contour::const_iterator p = this->bindings_.find(name);
+  if (p != this->bindings_.end())
+    return p->second->resolve();
+  else if (this->enclosing_ != NULL)
+    return this->enclosing_->lookup(name);
+  else
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+// Look up a symbol locally.
+
+Named_object*
+Bindings::lookup_local(const std::string& name) const
+{
+  Contour::const_iterator p = this->bindings_.find(name);
+  if (p == this->bindings_.end())
+    return NULL;
+  return p->second;
+}
+
+// Remove an object from a set of bindings.  This is used for a
+// special case in thunks for functions which call recover.
+
+void
+Bindings::remove_binding(Named_object* no)
+{
+  Contour::iterator pb = this->bindings_.find(no->name());
+  go_assert(pb != this->bindings_.end());
+  this->bindings_.erase(pb);
+  for (std::vector<Named_object*>::iterator pn = this->named_objects_.begin();
+       pn != this->named_objects_.end();
+       ++pn)
+    {
+      if (*pn == no)
+       {
+         this->named_objects_.erase(pn);
+         return;
+       }
+    }
+  go_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Add a method to the list of objects.  This is not added to the
+// lookup table.  This is so that we have a single list of objects
+// declared at the top level, which we walk through when it's time to
+// convert to trees.
+
+void
+Bindings::add_method(Named_object* method)
+{
+  this->named_objects_.push_back(method);
+}
+
+// Add a generic Named_object to a Contour.
+
+Named_object*
+Bindings::add_named_object_to_contour(Contour* contour,
+                                     Named_object* named_object)
+{
+  go_assert(named_object == named_object->resolve());
+  const std::string& name(named_object->name());
+  go_assert(!Gogo::is_sink_name(name));
+
+  std::pair<Contour::iterator, bool> ins =
+    contour->insert(std::make_pair(name, named_object));
+  if (!ins.second)
+    {
+      // The name was already there.
+      if (named_object->package() != NULL
+         && ins.first->second->package() == named_object->package()
+         && (ins.first->second->classification()
+             == named_object->classification()))
+       {
+         // This is a second import of the same object.
+         return ins.first->second;
+       }
+      ins.first->second = this->new_definition(ins.first->second,
+                                              named_object);
+      return ins.first->second;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // Don't push declarations on the list.  We push them on when
+      // and if we find the definitions.  That way we genericize the
+      // functions in order.
+      if (!named_object->is_type_declaration()
+         && !named_object->is_function_declaration()
+         && !named_object->is_unknown())
+       this->named_objects_.push_back(named_object);
+      return named_object;
+    }
+}
+
+// We had an existing named object OLD_OBJECT, and we've seen a new
+// one NEW_OBJECT with the same name.  FIXME: This does not free the
+// new object when we don't need it.
+
+Named_object*
+Bindings::new_definition(Named_object* old_object, Named_object* new_object)
+{
+  std::string reason;
+  switch (old_object->classification())
+    {
+    default:
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_UNINITIALIZED:
+      go_unreachable();
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN:
+      {
+       Named_object* real = old_object->unknown_value()->real_named_object();
+       if (real != NULL)
+         return this->new_definition(real, new_object);
+       go_assert(!new_object->is_unknown());
+       old_object->unknown_value()->set_real_named_object(new_object);
+       if (!new_object->is_type_declaration()
+           && !new_object->is_function_declaration())
+         this->named_objects_.push_back(new_object);
+       return new_object;
+      }
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+      break;
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE:
+      if (new_object->is_type_declaration())
+       return old_object;
+      break;
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION:
+      if (new_object->is_type_declaration())
+       return old_object;
+      if (new_object->is_type())
+       {
+         old_object->set_type_value(new_object->type_value());
+         new_object->type_value()->set_named_object(old_object);
+         this->named_objects_.push_back(old_object);
+         return old_object;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR:
+      break;
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_SINK:
+      go_unreachable();
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+      if (new_object->is_function_declaration())
+       {
+         if (!new_object->func_declaration_value()->asm_name().empty())
+           sorry("__asm__ for function definitions");
+         Function_type* old_type = old_object->func_value()->type();
+         Function_type* new_type =
+           new_object->func_declaration_value()->type();
+         if (old_type->is_valid_redeclaration(new_type, &reason))
+           return old_object;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION:
+      {
+       Function_type* old_type = old_object->func_declaration_value()->type();
+       if (new_object->is_function_declaration())
+         {
+           Function_type* new_type =
+             new_object->func_declaration_value()->type();
+           if (old_type->is_valid_redeclaration(new_type, &reason))
+             return old_object;
+         }
+       if (new_object->is_function())
+         {
+           Function_type* new_type = new_object->func_value()->type();
+           if (old_type->is_valid_redeclaration(new_type, &reason))
+             {
+               if (!old_object->func_declaration_value()->asm_name().empty())
+                 sorry("__asm__ for function definitions");
+               old_object->set_function_value(new_object->func_value());
+               this->named_objects_.push_back(old_object);
+               return old_object;
+             }
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE:
+      if (new_object->is_package()
+         && (old_object->package_value()->name()
+             == new_object->package_value()->name()))
+       return old_object;
+
+      break;
+    }
+
+  std::string n = old_object->message_name();
+  if (reason.empty())
+    error_at(new_object->location(), "redefinition of %qs", n.c_str());
+  else
+    error_at(new_object->location(), "redefinition of %qs: %s", n.c_str(),
+            reason.c_str());
+
+  inform(old_object->location(), "previous definition of %qs was here",
+        n.c_str());
+
+  return old_object;
+}
+
+// Add a named type.
+
+Named_object*
+Bindings::add_named_type(Named_type* named_type)
+{
+  return this->add_named_object(named_type->named_object());
+}
+
+// Add a function.
+
+Named_object*
+Bindings::add_function(const std::string& name, const Package* package,
+                      Function* function)
+{
+  return this->add_named_object(Named_object::make_function(name, package,
+                                                           function));
+}
+
+// Add a function declaration.
+
+Named_object*
+Bindings::add_function_declaration(const std::string& name,
+                                  const Package* package,
+                                  Function_type* type,
+                                  source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* no = Named_object::make_function_declaration(name, package,
+                                                            type, location);
+  return this->add_named_object(no);
+}
+
+// Define a type which was previously declared.
+
+void
+Bindings::define_type(Named_object* no, Named_type* type)
+{
+  no->set_type_value(type);
+  this->named_objects_.push_back(no);
+}
+
+// Traverse bindings.
+
+int
+Bindings::traverse(Traverse* traverse, bool is_global)
+{
+  unsigned int traverse_mask = traverse->traverse_mask();
+
+  // We don't use an iterator because we permit the traversal to add
+  // new global objects.
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < this->named_objects_.size(); ++i)
+    {
+      Named_object* p = this->named_objects_[i];
+      switch (p->classification())
+       {
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+         if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_constants) != 0)
+           {
+             if (traverse->constant(p, is_global) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+           }
+         if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0
+             || (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0)
+           {
+             Type* t = p->const_value()->type();
+             if (t != NULL
+                 && Type::traverse(t, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+             if (p->const_value()->traverse_expression(traverse)
+                 == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+           }
+         break;
+
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR:
+         if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_variables) != 0)
+           {
+             if (traverse->variable(p) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+           }
+         if (((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0
+              || (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0)
+             && (p->is_result_variable()
+                 || p->var_value()->has_type()))
+           {
+             Type* t = (p->is_variable()
+                        ? p->var_value()->type()
+                        : p->result_var_value()->type());
+             if (t != NULL
+                 && Type::traverse(t, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+           }
+         if (p->is_variable()
+             && ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0
+                 || (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0))
+           {
+             if (p->var_value()->traverse_expression(traverse)
+                 == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+           }
+         break;
+
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+         if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_functions) != 0)
+           {
+             int t = traverse->function(p);
+             if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+             else if (t == TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS)
+               break;
+           }
+
+         if ((traverse_mask
+              & (Traverse::traverse_variables
+                 | Traverse::traverse_constants
+                 | Traverse::traverse_functions
+                 | Traverse::traverse_blocks
+                 | Traverse::traverse_statements
+                 | Traverse::traverse_expressions
+                 | Traverse::traverse_types)) != 0)
+           {
+             if (p->func_value()->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+           }
+         break;
+
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE:
+         // These are traversed in Gogo::traverse.
+         go_assert(is_global);
+         break;
+
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE:
+         if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0
+             || (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0)
+           {
+             if (Type::traverse(p->type_value(), traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+           }
+         break;
+
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION:
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION:
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN:
+         break;
+
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_SINK:
+       default:
+         go_unreachable();
+       }
+    }
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Class Label.
+
+// Get the backend representation for a label.
+
+Blabel*
+Label::get_backend_label(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->blabel_ == NULL)
+    {
+      Function* function = context->function()->func_value();
+      tree fndecl = function->get_decl();
+      Bfunction* bfunction = tree_to_function(fndecl);
+      this->blabel_ = context->backend()->label(bfunction, this->name_,
+                                               this->location_);
+    }
+  return this->blabel_;
+}
+
+// Return an expression for the address of this label.
+
+Bexpression*
+Label::get_addr(Translate_context* context, source_location location)
+{
+  Blabel* label = this->get_backend_label(context);
+  return context->backend()->label_address(label, location);
+}
+
+// Class Unnamed_label.
+
+// Get the backend representation for an unnamed label.
+
+Blabel*
+Unnamed_label::get_blabel(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->blabel_ == NULL)
+    {
+      Function* function = context->function()->func_value();
+      tree fndecl = function->get_decl();
+      Bfunction* bfunction = tree_to_function(fndecl);
+      this->blabel_ = context->backend()->label(bfunction, "",
+                                               this->location_);
+    }
+  return this->blabel_;
+}
+
+// Return a statement which defines this unnamed label.
+
+Bstatement*
+Unnamed_label::get_definition(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Blabel* blabel = this->get_blabel(context);
+  return context->backend()->label_definition_statement(blabel);
+}
+
+// Return a goto statement to this unnamed label.
+
+Bstatement*
+Unnamed_label::get_goto(Translate_context* context, source_location location)
+{
+  Blabel* blabel = this->get_blabel(context);
+  return context->backend()->goto_statement(blabel, location);
+}
+
+// Class Package.
+
+Package::Package(const std::string& name, const std::string& unique_prefix,
+                source_location location)
+  : name_(name), unique_prefix_(unique_prefix), bindings_(new Bindings(NULL)),
+    priority_(0), location_(location), used_(false), is_imported_(false),
+    uses_sink_alias_(false)
+{
+  go_assert(!name.empty() && !unique_prefix.empty());
+}
+
+// Set the priority.  We may see multiple priorities for an imported
+// package; we want to use the largest one.
+
+void
+Package::set_priority(int priority)
+{
+  if (priority > this->priority_)
+    this->priority_ = priority;
+}
+
+// Determine types of constants.  Everything else in a package
+// (variables, function declarations) should already have a fixed
+// type.  Constants may have abstract types.
+
+void
+Package::determine_types()
+{
+  Bindings* bindings = this->bindings_;
+  for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator p = bindings->begin_definitions();
+       p != bindings->end_definitions();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if ((*p)->is_const())
+       (*p)->const_value()->determine_type();
+    }
+}
+
+// Class Traverse.
+
+// Destructor.
+
+Traverse::~Traverse()
+{
+  if (this->types_seen_ != NULL)
+    delete this->types_seen_;
+  if (this->expressions_seen_ != NULL)
+    delete this->expressions_seen_;
+}
+
+// Record that we are looking at a type, and return true if we have
+// already seen it.
+
+bool
+Traverse::remember_type(const Type* type)
+{
+  if (type->is_error_type())
+    return true;
+  go_assert((this->traverse_mask() & traverse_types) != 0
+            || (this->traverse_mask() & traverse_expressions) != 0);
+  // We only have to remember named types, as they are the only ones
+  // we can see multiple times in a traversal.
+  if (type->classification() != Type::TYPE_NAMED)
+    return false;
+  if (this->types_seen_ == NULL)
+    this->types_seen_ = new Types_seen();
+  std::pair<Types_seen::iterator, bool> ins = this->types_seen_->insert(type);
+  return !ins.second;
+}
+
+// Record that we are looking at an expression, and return true if we
+// have already seen it.
+
+bool
+Traverse::remember_expression(const Expression* expression)
+{
+  go_assert((this->traverse_mask() & traverse_types) != 0
+            || (this->traverse_mask() & traverse_expressions) != 0);
+  if (this->expressions_seen_ == NULL)
+    this->expressions_seen_ = new Expressions_seen();
+  std::pair<Expressions_seen::iterator, bool> ins =
+    this->expressions_seen_->insert(expression);
+  return !ins.second;
+}
+
+// The default versions of these functions should never be called: the
+// traversal mask indicates which functions may be called.
+
+int
+Traverse::variable(Named_object*)
+{
+  go_unreachable();
+}
+
+int
+Traverse::constant(Named_object*, bool)
+{
+  go_unreachable();
+}
+
+int
+Traverse::function(Named_object*)
+{
+  go_unreachable();
+}
+
+int
+Traverse::block(Block*)
+{
+  go_unreachable();
+}
+
+int
+Traverse::statement(Block*, size_t*, Statement*)
+{
+  go_unreachable();
+}
+
+int
+Traverse::expression(Expression**)
+{
+  go_unreachable();
+}
+
+int
+Traverse::type(Type*)
+{
+  go_unreachable();
+}
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo.cc.working b/gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo.cc.working
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..a6411d3
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,4514 @@
+// gogo.cc -- Go frontend parsed representation.
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "go-system.h"
+
+#include "go-c.h"
+#include "go-dump.h"
+#include "lex.h"
+#include "types.h"
+#include "statements.h"
+#include "expressions.h"
+#include "dataflow.h"
+#include "import.h"
+#include "export.h"
+#include "gogo.h"
+
+// Class Gogo.
+
+Gogo::Gogo(int int_type_size, int pointer_size)
+  : package_(NULL),
+    functions_(),
+    globals_(new Bindings(NULL)),
+    imports_(),
+    imported_unsafe_(false),
+    packages_(),
+    map_descriptors_(NULL),
+    type_descriptor_decls_(NULL),
+    init_functions_(),
+    need_init_fn_(false),
+    init_fn_name_(),
+    imported_init_fns_(),
+    unique_prefix_(),
+    unique_prefix_specified_(false),
+    interface_types_(),
+    named_types_are_converted_(false)
+{
+  const source_location loc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Named_type* uint8_type = Type::make_integer_type("uint8", true, 8,
+                                                  RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_UINT8);
+  this->add_named_type(uint8_type);
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("uint16", true,  16,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_UINT16));
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("uint32", true,  32,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_UINT32));
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("uint64", true,  64,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_UINT64));
+
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("int8",  false,   8,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_INT8));
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("int16", false,  16,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_INT16));
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("int32", false,  32,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_INT32));
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("int64", false,  64,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_INT64));
+
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_float_type("float32", 32,
+                                            RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_FLOAT32));
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_float_type("float64", 64,
+                                            RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_FLOAT64));
+
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_complex_type("complex64", 64,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_COMPLEX64));
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_complex_type("complex128", 128,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_COMPLEX128));
+
+  if (int_type_size < 32)
+    int_type_size = 32;
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("uint", true,
+                                              int_type_size,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_UINT));
+  Named_type* int_type = Type::make_integer_type("int", false, int_type_size,
+                                                RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_INT);
+  this->add_named_type(int_type);
+
+  // "byte" is an alias for "uint8".  Construct a Named_object which
+  // points to UINT8_TYPE.  Note that this breaks the normal pairing
+  // in which a Named_object points to a Named_type which points back
+  // to the same Named_object.
+  Named_object* byte_type = this->declare_type("byte", loc);
+  byte_type->set_type_value(uint8_type);
+
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_integer_type("uintptr", true,
+                                              pointer_size,
+                                              RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_UINTPTR));
+
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_named_bool_type());
+
+  this->add_named_type(Type::make_named_string_type());
+
+  this->globals_->add_constant(Typed_identifier("true",
+                                               Type::make_boolean_type(),
+                                               loc),
+                              NULL,
+                              Expression::make_boolean(true, loc),
+                              0);
+  this->globals_->add_constant(Typed_identifier("false",
+                                               Type::make_boolean_type(),
+                                               loc),
+                              NULL,
+                              Expression::make_boolean(false, loc),
+                              0);
+
+  this->globals_->add_constant(Typed_identifier("nil", Type::make_nil_type(),
+                                               loc),
+                              NULL,
+                              Expression::make_nil(loc),
+                              0);
+
+  Type* abstract_int_type = Type::make_abstract_integer_type();
+  this->globals_->add_constant(Typed_identifier("iota", abstract_int_type,
+                                               loc),
+                              NULL,
+                              Expression::make_iota(),
+                              0);
+
+  Function_type* new_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  new_type->set_is_varargs();
+  new_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("new", NULL, new_type, loc);
+
+  Function_type* make_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  make_type->set_is_varargs();
+  make_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("make", NULL, make_type, loc);
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* len_result = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  len_result->push_back(Typed_identifier("", int_type, loc));
+  Function_type* len_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, len_result,
+                                                    loc);
+  len_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("len", NULL, len_type, loc);
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* cap_result = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  cap_result->push_back(Typed_identifier("", int_type, loc));
+  Function_type* cap_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, len_result,
+                                                    loc);
+  cap_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("cap", NULL, cap_type, loc);
+
+  Function_type* print_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  print_type->set_is_varargs();
+  print_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("print", NULL, print_type, loc);
+
+  print_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  print_type->set_is_varargs();
+  print_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("println", NULL, print_type, loc);
+
+  Type *empty = Type::make_interface_type(NULL, loc);
+  Typed_identifier_list* panic_parms = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  panic_parms->push_back(Typed_identifier("e", empty, loc));
+  Function_type *panic_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, panic_parms,
+                                                      NULL, loc);
+  panic_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("panic", NULL, panic_type, loc);
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* recover_result = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  recover_result->push_back(Typed_identifier("", empty, loc));
+  Function_type* recover_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL,
+                                                        recover_result,
+                                                        loc);
+  recover_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("recover", NULL, recover_type, loc);
+
+  Function_type* close_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  close_type->set_is_varargs();
+  close_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("close", NULL, close_type, loc);
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* copy_result = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  copy_result->push_back(Typed_identifier("", int_type, loc));
+  Function_type* copy_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL,
+                                                     copy_result, loc);
+  copy_type->set_is_varargs();
+  copy_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("copy", NULL, copy_type, loc);
+
+  Function_type* append_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  append_type->set_is_varargs();
+  append_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("append", NULL, append_type, loc);
+
+  Function_type* complex_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  complex_type->set_is_varargs();
+  complex_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("complex", NULL, complex_type, loc);
+
+  Function_type* real_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  real_type->set_is_varargs();
+  real_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("real", NULL, real_type, loc);
+
+  Function_type* imag_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, loc);
+  imag_type->set_is_varargs();
+  imag_type->set_is_builtin();
+  this->globals_->add_function_declaration("imag", NULL, imag_type, loc);
+
+  this->define_builtin_function_trees();
+}
+
+// Munge name for use in an error message.
+
+std::string
+Gogo::message_name(const std::string& name)
+{
+  return go_localize_identifier(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(name).c_str());
+}
+
+// Get the package name.
+
+const std::string&
+Gogo::package_name() const
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->package_ != NULL);
+  return this->package_->name();
+}
+
+// Set the package name.
+
+void
+Gogo::set_package_name(const std::string& package_name,
+                      source_location location)
+{
+  if (this->package_ != NULL && this->package_->name() != package_name)
+    {
+      error_at(location, "expected package %<%s%>",
+              Gogo::message_name(this->package_->name()).c_str());
+      return;
+    }
+
+  // If the user did not specify a unique prefix, we always use "go".
+  // This in effect requires that the package name be unique.
+  if (this->unique_prefix_.empty())
+    this->unique_prefix_ = "go";
+
+  this->package_ = this->register_package(package_name, this->unique_prefix_,
+                                         location);
+
+  // We used to permit people to qualify symbols with the current
+  // package name (e.g., P.x), but we no longer do.
+  // this->globals_->add_package(package_name, this->package_);
+
+  if (this->is_main_package())
+    {
+      // Declare "main" as a function which takes no parameters and
+      // returns no value.
+      this->declare_function("main",
+                            Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL,
+                                                     BUILTINS_LOCATION),
+                            BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+    }
+}
+
+// Return whether this is the "main" package.  This is not true if
+// -fgo-prefix was used.
+
+bool
+Gogo::is_main_package() const
+{
+  return this->package_name() == "main" && !this->unique_prefix_specified_;
+}
+
+// Import a package.
+
+void
+Gogo::import_package(const std::string& filename,
+                    const std::string& local_name,
+                    bool is_local_name_exported,
+                    source_location location)
+{
+  if (filename == "unsafe")
+    {
+      this->import_unsafe(local_name, is_local_name_exported, location);
+      return;
+    }
+
+  Imports::const_iterator p = this->imports_.find(filename);
+  if (p != this->imports_.end())
+    {
+      Package* package = p->second;
+      package->set_location(location);
+      package->set_is_imported();
+      std::string ln = local_name;
+      bool is_ln_exported = is_local_name_exported;
+      if (ln.empty())
+       {
+         ln = package->name();
+         is_ln_exported = Lex::is_exported_name(ln);
+       }
+      if (ln == ".")
+       {
+         Bindings* bindings = package->bindings();
+         for (Bindings::const_declarations_iterator p =
+                bindings->begin_declarations();
+              p != bindings->end_declarations();
+              ++p)
+           this->add_named_object(p->second);
+       }
+      else if (ln == "_")
+       package->set_uses_sink_alias();
+      else
+       {
+         ln = this->pack_hidden_name(ln, is_ln_exported);
+         this->package_->bindings()->add_package(ln, package);
+       }
+      return;
+    }
+
+  Import::Stream* stream = Import::open_package(filename, location);
+  if (stream == NULL)
+    {
+      error_at(location, "import file %qs not found", filename.c_str());
+      return;
+    }
+
+  Import imp(stream, location);
+  imp.register_builtin_types(this);
+  Package* package = imp.import(this, local_name, is_local_name_exported);
+  if (package != NULL)
+    {
+      if (package->name() == this->package_name()
+         && package->unique_prefix() == this->unique_prefix())
+       error_at(location,
+                ("imported package uses same package name and prefix "
+                 "as package being compiled (see -fgo-prefix option)"));
+
+      this->imports_.insert(std::make_pair(filename, package));
+      package->set_is_imported();
+    }
+
+  delete stream;
+}
+
+// Add an import control function for an imported package to the list.
+
+void
+Gogo::add_import_init_fn(const std::string& package_name,
+                        const std::string& init_name, int prio)
+{
+  for (std::set<Import_init>::const_iterator p =
+        this->imported_init_fns_.begin();
+       p != this->imported_init_fns_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->init_name() == init_name
+         && (p->package_name() != package_name || p->priority() != prio))
+       {
+         error("duplicate package initialization name %qs",
+               Gogo::message_name(init_name).c_str());
+         inform(UNKNOWN_LOCATION, "used by package %qs at priority %d",
+                Gogo::message_name(p->package_name()).c_str(),
+                p->priority());
+         inform(UNKNOWN_LOCATION, " and by package %qs at priority %d",
+                Gogo::message_name(package_name).c_str(), prio);
+         return;
+       }
+    }
+
+  this->imported_init_fns_.insert(Import_init(package_name, init_name,
+                                             prio));
+}
+
+// Return whether we are at the global binding level.
+
+bool
+Gogo::in_global_scope() const
+{
+  return this->functions_.empty();
+}
+
+// Return the current binding contour.
+
+Bindings*
+Gogo::current_bindings()
+{
+  if (!this->functions_.empty())
+    return this->functions_.back().blocks.back()->bindings();
+  else if (this->package_ != NULL)
+    return this->package_->bindings();
+  else
+    return this->globals_;
+}
+
+const Bindings*
+Gogo::current_bindings() const
+{
+  if (!this->functions_.empty())
+    return this->functions_.back().blocks.back()->bindings();
+  else if (this->package_ != NULL)
+    return this->package_->bindings();
+  else
+    return this->globals_;
+}
+
+// Return the current block.
+
+Block*
+Gogo::current_block()
+{
+  if (this->functions_.empty())
+    return NULL;
+  else
+    return this->functions_.back().blocks.back();
+}
+
+// Look up a name in the current binding contour.  If PFUNCTION is not
+// NULL, set it to the function in which the name is defined, or NULL
+// if the name is defined in global scope.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::lookup(const std::string& name, Named_object** pfunction) const
+{
+  if (pfunction != NULL)
+    *pfunction = NULL;
+
+  if (Gogo::is_sink_name(name))
+    return Named_object::make_sink();
+
+  for (Open_functions::const_reverse_iterator p = this->functions_.rbegin();
+       p != this->functions_.rend();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Named_object* ret = p->blocks.back()->bindings()->lookup(name);
+      if (ret != NULL)
+       {
+         if (pfunction != NULL)
+           *pfunction = p->function;
+         return ret;
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (this->package_ != NULL)
+    {
+      Named_object* ret = this->package_->bindings()->lookup(name);
+      if (ret != NULL)
+       {
+         if (ret->package() != NULL)
+           ret->package()->set_used();
+         return ret;
+       }
+    }
+
+  // We do not look in the global namespace.  If we did, the global
+  // namespace would effectively hide names which were defined in
+  // package scope which we have not yet seen.  Instead,
+  // define_global_names is called after parsing is over to connect
+  // undefined names at package scope with names defined at global
+  // scope.
+
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+// Look up a name in the current block, without searching enclosing
+// blocks.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::lookup_in_block(const std::string& name) const
+{
+  gcc_assert(!this->functions_.empty());
+  gcc_assert(!this->functions_.back().blocks.empty());
+  return this->functions_.back().blocks.back()->bindings()->lookup_local(name);
+}
+
+// Look up a name in the global namespace.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::lookup_global(const char* name) const
+{
+  return this->globals_->lookup(name);
+}
+
+// Add an imported package.
+
+Package*
+Gogo::add_imported_package(const std::string& real_name,
+                          const std::string& alias_arg,
+                          bool is_alias_exported,
+                          const std::string& unique_prefix,
+                          source_location location,
+                          bool* padd_to_globals)
+{
+  // FIXME: Now that we compile packages as a whole, should we permit
+  // importing the current package?
+  if (this->package_name() == real_name
+      && this->unique_prefix() == unique_prefix)
+    {
+      *padd_to_globals = false;
+      if (!alias_arg.empty() && alias_arg != ".")
+       {
+         std::string alias = this->pack_hidden_name(alias_arg,
+                                                    is_alias_exported);
+         this->package_->bindings()->add_package(alias, this->package_);
+       }
+      return this->package_;
+    }
+  else if (alias_arg == ".")
+    {
+      *padd_to_globals = true;
+      return this->register_package(real_name, unique_prefix, location);
+    }
+  else if (alias_arg == "_")
+    {
+      Package* ret = this->register_package(real_name, unique_prefix, location);
+      ret->set_uses_sink_alias();
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      *padd_to_globals = false;
+      std::string alias = alias_arg;
+      if (alias.empty())
+       {
+         alias = real_name;
+         is_alias_exported = Lex::is_exported_name(alias);
+       }
+      alias = this->pack_hidden_name(alias, is_alias_exported);
+      Named_object* no = this->add_package(real_name, alias, unique_prefix,
+                                          location);
+      if (!no->is_package())
+       return NULL;
+      return no->package_value();
+    }
+}
+
+// Add a package.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::add_package(const std::string& real_name, const std::string& alias,
+                 const std::string& unique_prefix, source_location location)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->in_global_scope());
+
+  // Register the package.  Note that we might have already seen it in
+  // an earlier import.
+  Package* package = this->register_package(real_name, unique_prefix, location);
+
+  return this->package_->bindings()->add_package(alias, package);
+}
+
+// Register a package.  This package may or may not be imported.  This
+// returns the Package structure for the package, creating if it
+// necessary.
+
+Package*
+Gogo::register_package(const std::string& package_name,
+                      const std::string& unique_prefix,
+                      source_location location)
+{
+  gcc_assert(!unique_prefix.empty() && !package_name.empty());
+  std::string name = unique_prefix + '.' + package_name;
+  Package* package = NULL;
+  std::pair<Packages::iterator, bool> ins =
+    this->packages_.insert(std::make_pair(name, package));
+  if (!ins.second)
+    {
+      // We have seen this package name before.
+      package = ins.first->second;
+      gcc_assert(package != NULL);
+      gcc_assert(package->name() == package_name
+                && package->unique_prefix() == unique_prefix);
+      if (package->location() == UNKNOWN_LOCATION)
+       package->set_location(location);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // First time we have seen this package name.
+      package = new Package(package_name, unique_prefix, location);
+      gcc_assert(ins.first->second == NULL);
+      ins.first->second = package;
+    }
+
+  return package;
+}
+
+// Start compiling a function.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::start_function(const std::string& name, Function_type* type,
+                    bool add_method_to_type, source_location location)
+{
+  bool at_top_level = this->functions_.empty();
+
+  Block* block = new Block(NULL, location);
+
+  Function* enclosing = (at_top_level
+                        ? NULL
+                        : this->functions_.back().function->func_value());
+
+  Function* function = new Function(type, enclosing, block, location);
+
+  if (type->is_method())
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier* receiver = type->receiver();
+      Variable* this_param = new Variable(receiver->type(), NULL, false,
+                                         true, true, location);
+      std::string name = receiver->name();
+      if (name.empty())
+       {
+         // We need to give receivers a name since they wind up in
+         // DECL_ARGUMENTS.  FIXME.
+         static unsigned int count;
+         char buf[50];
+         snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "r.%u", count);
+         ++count;
+         name = buf;
+       }
+      block->bindings()->add_variable(name, NULL, this_param);
+    }
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parameters = type->parameters();
+  bool is_varargs = type->is_varargs();
+  if (parameters != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = parameters->begin();
+          p != parameters->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         Variable* param = new Variable(p->type(), NULL, false, true, false,
+                                        location);
+         if (is_varargs && p + 1 == parameters->end())
+           param->set_is_varargs_parameter();
+
+         std::string name = p->name();
+         if (name.empty() || Gogo::is_sink_name(name))
+           {
+             // We need to give parameters a name since they wind up
+             // in DECL_ARGUMENTS.  FIXME.
+             static unsigned int count;
+             char buf[50];
+             snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "p.%u", count);
+             ++count;
+             name = buf;
+           }
+         block->bindings()->add_variable(name, NULL, param);
+       }
+    }
+
+  function->create_named_result_variables(this);
+
+  const std::string* pname;
+  std::string nested_name;
+  bool is_init = false;
+  if (Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(name) == "init" && !type->is_method())
+    {
+      if ((type->parameters() != NULL && !type->parameters()->empty())
+         || (type->results() != NULL && !type->results()->empty()))
+       error_at(location,
+                "func init must have no arguments and no return values");
+      // There can be multiple "init" functions, so give them each a
+      // different name.
+      static int init_count;
+      char buf[30];
+      snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, ".$init%d", init_count);
+      ++init_count;
+      nested_name = buf;
+      pname = &nested_name;
+      is_init = true;
+    }
+  else if (!name.empty())
+    pname = &name;
+  else
+    {
+      // Invent a name for a nested function.
+      static int nested_count;
+      char buf[30];
+      snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, ".$nested%d", nested_count);
+      ++nested_count;
+      nested_name = buf;
+      pname = &nested_name;
+    }
+
+  Named_object* ret;
+  if (Gogo::is_sink_name(*pname))
+    {
+      static int sink_count;
+      char buf[30];
+      snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, ".$sink%d", sink_count);
+      ++sink_count;
+      ret = Named_object::make_function(buf, NULL, function);
+    }
+  else if (!type->is_method())
+    {
+      ret = this->package_->bindings()->add_function(*pname, NULL, function);
+      if (!ret->is_function() || ret->func_value() != function)
+       {
+         // Redefinition error.  Invent a name to avoid knockon
+         // errors.
+         static int redefinition_count;
+         char buf[30];
+         snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, ".$redefined%d", redefinition_count);
+         ++redefinition_count;
+         ret = this->package_->bindings()->add_function(buf, NULL, function);
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (!add_method_to_type)
+       ret = Named_object::make_function(name, NULL, function);
+      else
+       {
+         gcc_assert(at_top_level);
+         Type* rtype = type->receiver()->type();
+
+         // We want to look through the pointer created by the
+         // parser, without getting an error if the type is not yet
+         // defined.
+         if (rtype->classification() == Type::TYPE_POINTER)
+           rtype = rtype->points_to();
+
+         if (rtype->is_error_type())
+           ret = Named_object::make_function(name, NULL, function);
+         else if (rtype->named_type() != NULL)
+           {
+             ret = rtype->named_type()->add_method(name, function);
+             if (!ret->is_function())
+               {
+                 // Redefinition error.
+                 ret = Named_object::make_function(name, NULL, function);
+               }
+           }
+         else if (rtype->forward_declaration_type() != NULL)
+           {
+             Named_object* type_no =
+               rtype->forward_declaration_type()->named_object();
+             if (type_no->is_unknown())
+               {
+                 // If we are seeing methods it really must be a
+                 // type.  Declare it as such.  An alternative would
+                 // be to support lists of methods for unknown
+                 // expressions.  Either way the error messages if
+                 // this is not a type are going to get confusing.
+                 Named_object* declared =
+                   this->declare_package_type(type_no->name(),
+                                              type_no->location());
+                 gcc_assert(declared
+                            == type_no->unknown_value()->real_named_object());
+               }
+             ret = rtype->forward_declaration_type()->add_method(name,
+                                                                 function);
+           }
+         else
+           gcc_unreachable();
+       }
+      this->package_->bindings()->add_method(ret);
+    }
+
+  this->functions_.resize(this->functions_.size() + 1);
+  Open_function& of(this->functions_.back());
+  of.function = ret;
+  of.blocks.push_back(block);
+
+  if (is_init)
+    {
+      this->init_functions_.push_back(ret);
+      this->need_init_fn_ = true;
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Finish compiling a function.
+
+void
+Gogo::finish_function(source_location location)
+{
+  this->finish_block(location);
+  gcc_assert(this->functions_.back().blocks.empty());
+  this->functions_.pop_back();
+}
+
+// Return the current function.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::current_function() const
+{
+  gcc_assert(!this->functions_.empty());
+  return this->functions_.back().function;
+}
+
+// Start a new block.
+
+void
+Gogo::start_block(source_location location)
+{
+  gcc_assert(!this->functions_.empty());
+  Block* block = new Block(this->current_block(), location);
+  this->functions_.back().blocks.push_back(block);
+}
+
+// Finish a block.
+
+Block*
+Gogo::finish_block(source_location location)
+{
+  gcc_assert(!this->functions_.empty());
+  gcc_assert(!this->functions_.back().blocks.empty());
+  Block* block = this->functions_.back().blocks.back();
+  this->functions_.back().blocks.pop_back();
+  block->set_end_location(location);
+  return block;
+}
+
+// Add an unknown name.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::add_unknown_name(const std::string& name, source_location location)
+{
+  return this->package_->bindings()->add_unknown_name(name, location);
+}
+
+// Declare a function.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::declare_function(const std::string& name, Function_type* type,
+                      source_location location)
+{
+  if (!type->is_method())
+    return this->current_bindings()->add_function_declaration(name, NULL, type,
+                                                             location);
+  else
+    {
+      // We don't bother to add this to the list of global
+      // declarations.
+      Type* rtype = type->receiver()->type();
+
+      // We want to look through the pointer created by the
+      // parser, without getting an error if the type is not yet
+      // defined.
+      if (rtype->classification() == Type::TYPE_POINTER)
+       rtype = rtype->points_to();
+
+      if (rtype->is_error_type())
+       return NULL;
+      else if (rtype->named_type() != NULL)
+       return rtype->named_type()->add_method_declaration(name, NULL, type,
+                                                          location);
+      else if (rtype->forward_declaration_type() != NULL)
+       {
+         Forward_declaration_type* ftype = rtype->forward_declaration_type();
+         return ftype->add_method_declaration(name, type, location);
+       }
+      else
+       gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Add a label definition.
+
+Label*
+Gogo::add_label_definition(const std::string& label_name,
+                          source_location location)
+{
+  gcc_assert(!this->functions_.empty());
+  Function* func = this->functions_.back().function->func_value();
+  Label* label = func->add_label_definition(label_name, location);
+  this->add_statement(Statement::make_label_statement(label, location));
+  return label;
+}
+
+// Add a label reference.
+
+Label*
+Gogo::add_label_reference(const std::string& label_name)
+{
+  gcc_assert(!this->functions_.empty());
+  Function* func = this->functions_.back().function->func_value();
+  return func->add_label_reference(label_name);
+}
+
+// Add a statement.
+
+void
+Gogo::add_statement(Statement* statement)
+{
+  gcc_assert(!this->functions_.empty()
+            && !this->functions_.back().blocks.empty());
+  this->functions_.back().blocks.back()->add_statement(statement);
+}
+
+// Add a block.
+
+void
+Gogo::add_block(Block* block, source_location location)
+{
+  gcc_assert(!this->functions_.empty()
+            && !this->functions_.back().blocks.empty());
+  Statement* statement = Statement::make_block_statement(block, location);
+  this->functions_.back().blocks.back()->add_statement(statement);
+}
+
+// Add a constant.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::add_constant(const Typed_identifier& tid, Expression* expr,
+                  int iota_value)
+{
+  return this->current_bindings()->add_constant(tid, NULL, expr, iota_value);
+}
+
+// Add a type.
+
+void
+Gogo::add_type(const std::string& name, Type* type, source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* no = this->current_bindings()->add_type(name, NULL, type,
+                                                       location);
+  if (!this->in_global_scope() && no->is_type())
+    no->type_value()->set_in_function(this->functions_.back().function);
+}
+
+// Add a named type.
+
+void
+Gogo::add_named_type(Named_type* type)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->in_global_scope());
+  this->current_bindings()->add_named_type(type);
+}
+
+// Declare a type.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::declare_type(const std::string& name, source_location location)
+{
+  Bindings* bindings = this->current_bindings();
+  Named_object* no = bindings->add_type_declaration(name, NULL, location);
+  if (!this->in_global_scope() && no->is_type_declaration())
+    {
+      Named_object* f = this->functions_.back().function;
+      no->type_declaration_value()->set_in_function(f);
+    }
+  return no;
+}
+
+// Declare a type at the package level.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::declare_package_type(const std::string& name, source_location location)
+{
+  return this->package_->bindings()->add_type_declaration(name, NULL, location);
+}
+
+// Define a type which was already declared.
+
+void
+Gogo::define_type(Named_object* no, Named_type* type)
+{
+  this->current_bindings()->define_type(no, type);
+}
+
+// Add a variable.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::add_variable(const std::string& name, Variable* variable)
+{
+  Named_object* no = this->current_bindings()->add_variable(name, NULL,
+                                                           variable);
+
+  // In a function the middle-end wants to see a DECL_EXPR node.
+  if (no != NULL
+      && no->is_variable()
+      && !no->var_value()->is_parameter()
+      && !this->functions_.empty())
+    this->add_statement(Statement::make_variable_declaration(no));
+
+  return no;
+}
+
+// Add a sink--a reference to the blank identifier _.
+
+Named_object*
+Gogo::add_sink()
+{
+  return Named_object::make_sink();
+}
+
+// Add a named object.
+
+void
+Gogo::add_named_object(Named_object* no)
+{
+  this->current_bindings()->add_named_object(no);
+}
+
+// Record that we've seen an interface type.
+
+void
+Gogo::record_interface_type(Interface_type* itype)
+{
+  this->interface_types_.push_back(itype);
+}
+
+// Return a name for a thunk object.
+
+std::string
+Gogo::thunk_name()
+{
+  static int thunk_count;
+  char thunk_name[50];
+  snprintf(thunk_name, sizeof thunk_name, "$thunk%d", thunk_count);
+  ++thunk_count;
+  return thunk_name;
+}
+
+// Return whether a function is a thunk.
+
+bool
+Gogo::is_thunk(const Named_object* no)
+{
+  return no->name().compare(0, 6, "$thunk") == 0;
+}
+
+// Define the global names.  We do this only after parsing all the
+// input files, because the program might define the global names
+// itself.
+
+void
+Gogo::define_global_names()
+{
+  for (Bindings::const_declarations_iterator p =
+        this->globals_->begin_declarations();
+       p != this->globals_->end_declarations();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Named_object* global_no = p->second;
+      std::string name(Gogo::pack_hidden_name(global_no->name(), false));
+      Named_object* no = this->package_->bindings()->lookup(name);
+      if (no == NULL)
+       continue;
+      no = no->resolve();
+      if (no->is_type_declaration())
+       {
+         if (global_no->is_type())
+           {
+             if (no->type_declaration_value()->has_methods())
+               error_at(no->location(),
+                        "may not define methods for global type");
+             no->set_type_value(global_no->type_value());
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             error_at(no->location(), "expected type");
+             Type* errtype = Type::make_error_type();
+             Named_object* err = Named_object::make_type("error", NULL,
+                                                         errtype,
+                                                         BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+             no->set_type_value(err->type_value());
+           }
+       }
+      else if (no->is_unknown())
+       no->unknown_value()->set_real_named_object(global_no);
+    }
+}
+
+// Clear out names in file scope.
+
+void
+Gogo::clear_file_scope()
+{
+  this->package_->bindings()->clear_file_scope();
+
+  // Warn about packages which were imported but not used.
+  for (Packages::iterator p = this->packages_.begin();
+       p != this->packages_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Package* package = p->second;
+      if (package != this->package_
+         && package->is_imported()
+         && !package->used()
+         && !package->uses_sink_alias()
+         && !saw_errors())
+       error_at(package->location(), "imported and not used: %s",
+                Gogo::message_name(package->name()).c_str());
+      package->clear_is_imported();
+      package->clear_uses_sink_alias();
+      package->clear_used();
+    }
+}
+
+// Traverse the tree.
+
+void
+Gogo::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  // Traverse the current package first for consistency.  The other
+  // packages will only contain imported types, constants, and
+  // declarations.
+  if (this->package_->bindings()->traverse(traverse, true) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return;
+  for (Packages::const_iterator p = this->packages_.begin();
+       p != this->packages_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->second != this->package_)
+       {
+         if (p->second->bindings()->traverse(traverse, true) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+           break;
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Traversal class used to verify types.
+
+class Verify_types : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Verify_types()
+    : Traverse(traverse_types)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  type(Type*);
+};
+
+// Verify that a type is correct.
+
+int
+Verify_types::type(Type* t)
+{
+  if (!t->verify())
+    return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Verify that all types are correct.
+
+void
+Gogo::verify_types()
+{
+  Verify_types traverse;
+  this->traverse(&traverse);
+}
+
+// Traversal class used to lower parse tree.
+
+class Lower_parse_tree : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Lower_parse_tree(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function)
+    : Traverse(traverse_variables
+              | traverse_constants
+              | traverse_functions
+              | traverse_statements
+              | traverse_expressions),
+      gogo_(gogo), function_(function), iota_value_(-1)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  variable(Named_object*);
+
+  int
+  constant(Named_object*, bool);
+
+  int
+  function(Named_object*);
+
+  int
+  statement(Block*, size_t* pindex, Statement*);
+
+  int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+ private:
+  // General IR.
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+  // The function we are traversing.
+  Named_object* function_;
+  // Value to use for the predeclared constant iota.
+  int iota_value_;
+};
+
+// Lower variables.  We handle variables specially to break loops in
+// which a variable initialization expression refers to itself.  The
+// loop breaking is in lower_init_expression.
+
+int
+Lower_parse_tree::variable(Named_object* no)
+{
+  if (no->is_variable())
+    no->var_value()->lower_init_expression(this->gogo_, this->function_);
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lower constants.  We handle constants specially so that we can set
+// the right value for the predeclared constant iota.  This works in
+// conjunction with the way we lower Const_expression objects.
+
+int
+Lower_parse_tree::constant(Named_object* no, bool)
+{
+  Named_constant* nc = no->const_value();
+
+  // Don't get into trouble if the constant's initializer expression
+  // refers to the constant itself.
+  if (nc->lowering())
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  nc->set_lowering();
+
+  gcc_assert(this->iota_value_ == -1);
+  this->iota_value_ = nc->iota_value();
+  nc->traverse_expression(this);
+  this->iota_value_ = -1;
+
+  nc->clear_lowering();
+
+  // We will traverse the expression a second time, but that will be
+  // fast.
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lower function closure types.  Record the function while lowering
+// it, so that we can pass it down when lowering an expression.
+
+int
+Lower_parse_tree::function(Named_object* no)
+{
+  no->func_value()->set_closure_type();
+
+  gcc_assert(this->function_ == NULL);
+  this->function_ = no;
+  int t = no->func_value()->traverse(this);
+  this->function_ = NULL;
+
+  if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return t;
+  return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+}
+
+// Lower statement parse trees.
+
+int
+Lower_parse_tree::statement(Block* block, size_t* pindex, Statement* sorig)
+{
+  // Lower the expressions first.
+  int t = sorig->traverse_contents(this);
+  if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return t;
+
+  // Keep lowering until nothing changes.
+  Statement* s = sorig;
+  while (true)
+    {
+      Statement* snew = s->lower(this->gogo_, this->function_, block);
+      if (snew == s)
+       break;
+      s = snew;
+      t = s->traverse_contents(this);
+      if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return t;
+    }
+
+  if (s != sorig)
+    block->replace_statement(*pindex, s);
+
+  return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+}
+
+// Lower expression parse trees.
+
+int
+Lower_parse_tree::expression(Expression** pexpr)
+{
+  // We have to lower all subexpressions first, so that we can get
+  // their type if necessary.  This is awkward, because we don't have
+  // a postorder traversal pass.
+  if ((*pexpr)->traverse_subexpressions(this) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  // Keep lowering until nothing changes.
+  while (true)
+    {
+      Expression* e = *pexpr;
+      Expression* enew = e->lower(this->gogo_, this->function_,
+                                 this->iota_value_);
+      if (enew == e)
+       break;
+      *pexpr = enew;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+}
+
+// Lower the parse tree.  This is called after the parse is complete,
+// when all names should be resolved.
+
+void
+Gogo::lower_parse_tree()
+{
+  Lower_parse_tree lower_parse_tree(this, NULL);
+  this->traverse(&lower_parse_tree);
+}
+
+// Lower a block.
+
+void
+Gogo::lower_block(Named_object* function, Block* block)
+{
+  Lower_parse_tree lower_parse_tree(this, function);
+  block->traverse(&lower_parse_tree);
+}
+
+// Lower an expression.
+
+void
+Gogo::lower_expression(Named_object* function, Expression** pexpr)
+{
+  Lower_parse_tree lower_parse_tree(this, function);
+  lower_parse_tree.expression(pexpr);
+}
+
+// Lower a constant.  This is called when lowering a reference to a
+// constant.  We have to make sure that the constant has already been
+// lowered.
+
+void
+Gogo::lower_constant(Named_object* no)
+{
+  gcc_assert(no->is_const());
+  Lower_parse_tree lower(this, NULL);
+  lower.constant(no, false);
+}
+
+// Look for interface types to finalize methods of inherited
+// interfaces.
+
+class Finalize_methods : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Finalize_methods(Gogo* gogo)
+    : Traverse(traverse_types),
+      gogo_(gogo)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  type(Type*);
+
+ private:
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+};
+
+// Finalize the methods of an interface type.
+
+int
+Finalize_methods::type(Type* t)
+{
+  // Check the classification so that we don't finalize the methods
+  // twice for a named interface type.
+  switch (t->classification())
+    {
+    case Type::TYPE_INTERFACE:
+      t->interface_type()->finalize_methods();
+      break;
+
+    case Type::TYPE_NAMED:
+      {
+       // We have to finalize the methods of the real type first.
+       // But if the real type is a struct type, then we only want to
+       // finalize the methods of the field types, not of the struct
+       // type itself.  We don't want to add methods to the struct,
+       // since it has a name.
+       Type* rt = t->named_type()->real_type();
+       if (rt->classification() != Type::TYPE_STRUCT)
+         {
+           if (Type::traverse(rt, this) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+             return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           if (rt->struct_type()->traverse_field_types(this) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+             return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+         }
+
+       t->named_type()->finalize_methods(this->gogo_);
+
+       return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+      }
+
+    case Type::TYPE_STRUCT:
+      t->struct_type()->finalize_methods(this->gogo_);
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Finalize method lists and build stub methods for types.
+
+void
+Gogo::finalize_methods()
+{
+  Finalize_methods finalize(this);
+  this->traverse(&finalize);
+}
+
+// Set types for unspecified variables and constants.
+
+void
+Gogo::determine_types()
+{
+  Bindings* bindings = this->current_bindings();
+  for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator p = bindings->begin_definitions();
+       p != bindings->end_definitions();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if ((*p)->is_function())
+       (*p)->func_value()->determine_types();
+      else if ((*p)->is_variable())
+       (*p)->var_value()->determine_type();
+      else if ((*p)->is_const())
+       (*p)->const_value()->determine_type();
+
+      // See if a variable requires us to build an initialization
+      // function.  We know that we will see all global variables
+      // here.
+      if (!this->need_init_fn_ && (*p)->is_variable())
+       {
+         Variable* variable = (*p)->var_value();
+
+         // If this is a global variable which requires runtime
+         // initialization, we need an initialization function.
+         if (!variable->is_global())
+           ;
+         else if (variable->init() == NULL)
+           ;
+         else if (variable->type()->interface_type() != NULL)
+           this->need_init_fn_ = true;
+         else if (variable->init()->is_constant())
+           ;
+         else if (!variable->init()->is_composite_literal())
+           this->need_init_fn_ = true;
+         else if (variable->init()->is_nonconstant_composite_literal())
+           this->need_init_fn_ = true;
+
+         // If this is a global variable which holds a pointer value,
+         // then we need an initialization function to register it as a
+         // GC root.
+         if (variable->is_global() && variable->type()->has_pointer())
+           this->need_init_fn_ = true;
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Determine the types of constants in packages.
+  for (Packages::const_iterator p = this->packages_.begin();
+       p != this->packages_.end();
+       ++p)
+    p->second->determine_types();
+}
+
+// Traversal class used for type checking.
+
+class Check_types_traverse : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Check_types_traverse(Gogo* gogo)
+    : Traverse(traverse_variables
+              | traverse_constants
+              | traverse_statements
+              | traverse_expressions),
+      gogo_(gogo)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  variable(Named_object*);
+
+  int
+  constant(Named_object*, bool);
+
+  int
+  statement(Block*, size_t* pindex, Statement*);
+
+  int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+ private:
+  // General IR.
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+};
+
+// Check that a variable initializer has the right type.
+
+int
+Check_types_traverse::variable(Named_object* named_object)
+{
+  if (named_object->is_variable())
+    {
+      Variable* var = named_object->var_value();
+      Expression* init = var->init();
+      std::string reason;
+      if (init != NULL
+         && !Type::are_assignable(var->type(), init->type(), &reason))
+       {
+         if (reason.empty())
+           error_at(var->location(), "incompatible type in initialization");
+         else
+           error_at(var->location(),
+                    "incompatible type in initialization (%s)",
+                    reason.c_str());
+         var->clear_init();
+       }
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check that a constant initializer has the right type.
+
+int
+Check_types_traverse::constant(Named_object* named_object, bool)
+{
+  Named_constant* constant = named_object->const_value();
+  Type* ctype = constant->type();
+  if (ctype->integer_type() == NULL
+      && ctype->float_type() == NULL
+      && ctype->complex_type() == NULL
+      && !ctype->is_boolean_type()
+      && !ctype->is_string_type())
+    {
+      if (!ctype->is_error_type())
+       error_at(constant->location(), "invalid constant type");
+      constant->set_error();
+    }
+  else if (!constant->expr()->is_constant())
+    {
+      error_at(constant->expr()->location(), "expression is not constant");
+      constant->set_error();
+    }
+  else if (!Type::are_assignable(constant->type(), constant->expr()->type(),
+                                NULL))
+    {
+      error_at(constant->location(),
+              "initialization expression has wrong type");
+      constant->set_error();
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check that types are valid in a statement.
+
+int
+Check_types_traverse::statement(Block*, size_t*, Statement* s)
+{
+  s->check_types(this->gogo_);
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check that types are valid in an expression.
+
+int
+Check_types_traverse::expression(Expression** expr)
+{
+  (*expr)->check_types(this->gogo_);
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check that types are valid.
+
+void
+Gogo::check_types()
+{
+  Check_types_traverse traverse(this);
+  this->traverse(&traverse);
+}
+
+// Check the types in a single block.
+
+void
+Gogo::check_types_in_block(Block* block)
+{
+  Check_types_traverse traverse(this);
+  block->traverse(&traverse);
+}
+
+// A traversal class used to find a single shortcut operator within an
+// expression.
+
+class Find_shortcut : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Find_shortcut()
+    : Traverse(traverse_blocks
+              | traverse_statements
+              | traverse_expressions),
+      found_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  // A pointer to the expression which was found, or NULL if none was
+  // found.
+  Expression**
+  found() const
+  { return this->found_; }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  block(Block*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS; }
+
+  int
+  statement(Block*, size_t*, Statement*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS; }
+
+  int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+ private:
+  Expression** found_;
+};
+
+// Find a shortcut expression.
+
+int
+Find_shortcut::expression(Expression** pexpr)
+{
+  Expression* expr = *pexpr;
+  Binary_expression* be = expr->binary_expression();
+  if (be == NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  Operator op = be->op();
+  if (op != OPERATOR_OROR && op != OPERATOR_ANDAND)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  gcc_assert(this->found_ == NULL);
+  this->found_ = pexpr;
+  return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+}
+
+// A traversal class used to turn shortcut operators into explicit if
+// statements.
+
+class Shortcuts : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Shortcuts(Gogo* gogo)
+    : Traverse(traverse_variables
+              | traverse_statements),
+      gogo_(gogo)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  variable(Named_object*);
+
+  int
+  statement(Block*, size_t*, Statement*);
+
+ private:
+  // Convert a shortcut operator.
+  Statement*
+  convert_shortcut(Block* enclosing, Expression** pshortcut);
+
+  // The IR.
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+};
+
+// Remove shortcut operators in a single statement.
+
+int
+Shortcuts::statement(Block* block, size_t* pindex, Statement* s)
+{
+  // FIXME: This approach doesn't work for switch statements, because
+  // we add the new statements before the whole switch when we need to
+  // instead add them just before the switch expression.  The right
+  // fix is probably to lower switch statements with nonconstant cases
+  // to a series of conditionals.
+  if (s->switch_statement() != NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+  while (true)
+    {
+      Find_shortcut find_shortcut;
+
+      // If S is a variable declaration, then ordinary traversal won't
+      // do anything.  We want to explicitly traverse the
+      // initialization expression if there is one.
+      Variable_declaration_statement* vds = s->variable_declaration_statement();
+      Expression* init = NULL;
+      if (vds == NULL)
+       s->traverse_contents(&find_shortcut);
+      else
+       {
+         init = vds->var()->var_value()->init();
+         if (init == NULL)
+           return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+         init->traverse(&init, &find_shortcut);
+       }
+      Expression** pshortcut = find_shortcut.found();
+      if (pshortcut == NULL)
+       return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+      Statement* snew = this->convert_shortcut(block, pshortcut);
+      block->insert_statement_before(*pindex, snew);
+      ++*pindex;
+
+      if (pshortcut == &init)
+       vds->var()->var_value()->set_init(init);
+    }
+}
+
+// Remove shortcut operators in the initializer of a global variable.
+
+int
+Shortcuts::variable(Named_object* no)
+{
+  if (no->is_result_variable())
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  Variable* var = no->var_value();
+  Expression* init = var->init();
+  if (!var->is_global() || init == NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+  while (true)
+    {
+      Find_shortcut find_shortcut;
+      init->traverse(&init, &find_shortcut);
+      Expression** pshortcut = find_shortcut.found();
+      if (pshortcut == NULL)
+       return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+      Statement* snew = this->convert_shortcut(NULL, pshortcut);
+      var->add_preinit_statement(this->gogo_, snew);
+      if (pshortcut == &init)
+       var->set_init(init);
+    }
+}
+
+// Given an expression which uses a shortcut operator, return a
+// statement which implements it, and update *PSHORTCUT accordingly.
+
+Statement*
+Shortcuts::convert_shortcut(Block* enclosing, Expression** pshortcut)
+{
+  Binary_expression* shortcut = (*pshortcut)->binary_expression();
+  Expression* left = shortcut->left();
+  Expression* right = shortcut->right();
+  source_location loc = shortcut->location();
+
+  Block* retblock = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+  retblock->set_end_location(loc);
+
+  Temporary_statement* ts = Statement::make_temporary(Type::lookup_bool_type(),
+                                                     left, loc);
+  retblock->add_statement(ts);
+
+  Block* block = new Block(retblock, loc);
+  block->set_end_location(loc);
+  Expression* tmpref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(ts, loc);
+  Statement* assign = Statement::make_assignment(tmpref, right, loc);
+  block->add_statement(assign);
+
+  Expression* cond = Expression::make_temporary_reference(ts, loc);
+  if (shortcut->binary_expression()->op() == OPERATOR_OROR)
+    cond = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_NOT, cond, loc);
+
+  Statement* if_statement = Statement::make_if_statement(cond, block, NULL,
+                                                        loc);
+  retblock->add_statement(if_statement);
+
+  *pshortcut = Expression::make_temporary_reference(ts, loc);
+
+  delete shortcut;
+
+  // Now convert any shortcut operators in LEFT and RIGHT.
+  Shortcuts shortcuts(this->gogo_);
+  retblock->traverse(&shortcuts);
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(retblock, loc);
+}
+
+// Turn shortcut operators into explicit if statements.  Doing this
+// considerably simplifies the order of evaluation rules.
+
+void
+Gogo::remove_shortcuts()
+{
+  Shortcuts shortcuts(this);
+  this->traverse(&shortcuts);
+}
+
+// A traversal class which finds all the expressions which must be
+// evaluated in order within a statement or larger expression.  This
+// is used to implement the rules about order of evaluation.
+
+class Find_eval_ordering : public Traverse
+{
+ private:
+  typedef std::vector<Expression**> Expression_pointers;
+
+ public:
+  Find_eval_ordering()
+    : Traverse(traverse_blocks
+              | traverse_statements
+              | traverse_expressions),
+      exprs_()
+  { }
+
+  size_t
+  size() const
+  { return this->exprs_.size(); }
+
+  typedef Expression_pointers::const_iterator const_iterator;
+
+  const_iterator
+  begin() const
+  { return this->exprs_.begin(); }
+
+  const_iterator
+  end() const
+  { return this->exprs_.end(); }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  block(Block*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS; }
+
+  int
+  statement(Block*, size_t*, Statement*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS; }
+
+  int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+ private:
+  // A list of pointers to expressions with side-effects.
+  Expression_pointers exprs_;
+};
+
+// If an expression must be evaluated in order, put it on the list.
+
+int
+Find_eval_ordering::expression(Expression** expression_pointer)
+{
+  // We have to look at subexpressions before this one.
+  if ((*expression_pointer)->traverse_subexpressions(this) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if ((*expression_pointer)->must_eval_in_order())
+    this->exprs_.push_back(expression_pointer);
+  return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+}
+
+// A traversal class for ordering evaluations.
+
+class Order_eval : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Order_eval(Gogo* gogo)
+    : Traverse(traverse_variables
+              | traverse_statements),
+      gogo_(gogo)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  variable(Named_object*);
+
+  int
+  statement(Block*, size_t*, Statement*);
+
+ private:
+  // The IR.
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+};
+
+// Implement the order of evaluation rules for a statement.
+
+int
+Order_eval::statement(Block* block, size_t* pindex, Statement* s)
+{
+  // FIXME: This approach doesn't work for switch statements, because
+  // we add the new statements before the whole switch when we need to
+  // instead add them just before the switch expression.  The right
+  // fix is probably to lower switch statements with nonconstant cases
+  // to a series of conditionals.
+  if (s->switch_statement() != NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+  Find_eval_ordering find_eval_ordering;
+
+  // If S is a variable declaration, then ordinary traversal won't do
+  // anything.  We want to explicitly traverse the initialization
+  // expression if there is one.
+  Variable_declaration_statement* vds = s->variable_declaration_statement();
+  Expression* init = NULL;
+  Expression* orig_init = NULL;
+  if (vds == NULL)
+    s->traverse_contents(&find_eval_ordering);
+  else
+    {
+      init = vds->var()->var_value()->init();
+      if (init == NULL)
+       return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+      orig_init = init;
+
+      // It might seem that this could be
+      // init->traverse_subexpressions.  Unfortunately that can fail
+      // in a case like
+      //   var err os.Error
+      //   newvar, err := call(arg())
+      // Here newvar will have an init of call result 0 of
+      // call(arg()).  If we only traverse subexpressions, we will
+      // only find arg(), and we won't bother to move anything out.
+      // Then we get to the assignment to err, we will traverse the
+      // whole statement, and this time we will find both call() and
+      // arg(), and so we will move them out.  This will cause them to
+      // be put into temporary variables before the assignment to err
+      // but after the declaration of newvar.  To avoid that problem,
+      // we traverse the entire expression here.
+      Expression::traverse(&init, &find_eval_ordering);
+    }
+
+  if (find_eval_ordering.size() <= 1)
+    {
+      // If there is only one expression with a side-effect, we can
+      // leave it in place.
+      return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    }
+
+  bool is_thunk = s->thunk_statement() != NULL;
+  for (Find_eval_ordering::const_iterator p = find_eval_ordering.begin();
+       p != find_eval_ordering.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Expression** pexpr = *p;
+
+      // The last expression in a thunk will be the call passed to go
+      // or defer, which we must not evaluate early.
+      if (is_thunk && p + 1 == find_eval_ordering.end())
+       break;
+
+      source_location loc = (*pexpr)->location();
+      Temporary_statement* ts = Statement::make_temporary(NULL, *pexpr, loc);
+      block->insert_statement_before(*pindex, ts);
+      ++*pindex;
+
+      *pexpr = Expression::make_temporary_reference(ts, loc);
+    }
+
+  if (init != orig_init)
+    vds->var()->var_value()->set_init(init);
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Implement the order of evaluation rules for the initializer of a
+// global variable.
+
+int
+Order_eval::variable(Named_object* no)
+{
+  if (no->is_result_variable())
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  Variable* var = no->var_value();
+  Expression* init = var->init();
+  if (!var->is_global() || init == NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+  Find_eval_ordering find_eval_ordering;
+  init->traverse_subexpressions(&find_eval_ordering);
+
+  if (find_eval_ordering.size() <= 1)
+    {
+      // If there is only one expression with a side-effect, we can
+      // leave it in place.
+      return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+    }
+
+  for (Find_eval_ordering::const_iterator p = find_eval_ordering.begin();
+       p != find_eval_ordering.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Expression** pexpr = *p;
+      source_location loc = (*pexpr)->location();
+      Temporary_statement* ts = Statement::make_temporary(NULL, *pexpr, loc);
+      var->add_preinit_statement(this->gogo_, ts);
+      *pexpr = Expression::make_temporary_reference(ts, loc);
+    }
+
+  return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+}
+
+// Use temporary variables to implement the order of evaluation rules.
+
+void
+Gogo::order_evaluations()
+{
+  Order_eval order_eval(this);
+  this->traverse(&order_eval);
+}
+
+// Traversal to convert calls to the predeclared recover function to
+// pass in an argument indicating whether it can recover from a panic
+// or not.
+
+class Convert_recover : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Convert_recover(Named_object* arg)
+    : Traverse(traverse_expressions),
+      arg_(arg)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+ private:
+  // The argument to pass to the function.
+  Named_object* arg_;
+};
+
+// Convert calls to recover.
+
+int
+Convert_recover::expression(Expression** pp)
+{
+  Call_expression* ce = (*pp)->call_expression();
+  if (ce != NULL && ce->is_recover_call())
+    ce->set_recover_arg(Expression::make_var_reference(this->arg_,
+                                                      ce->location()));
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Traversal for build_recover_thunks.
+
+class Build_recover_thunks : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Build_recover_thunks(Gogo* gogo)
+    : Traverse(traverse_functions),
+      gogo_(gogo)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  function(Named_object*);
+
+ private:
+  Expression*
+  can_recover_arg(source_location);
+
+  // General IR.
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+};
+
+// If this function calls recover, turn it into a thunk.
+
+int
+Build_recover_thunks::function(Named_object* orig_no)
+{
+  Function* orig_func = orig_no->func_value();
+  if (!orig_func->calls_recover()
+      || orig_func->is_recover_thunk()
+      || orig_func->has_recover_thunk())
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+  Gogo* gogo = this->gogo_;
+  source_location location = orig_func->location();
+
+  static int count;
+  char buf[50];
+
+  Function_type* orig_fntype = orig_func->type();
+  Typed_identifier_list* new_params = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  std::string receiver_name;
+  if (orig_fntype->is_method())
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier* receiver = orig_fntype->receiver();
+      snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "rt.%u", count);
+      ++count;
+      receiver_name = buf;
+      new_params->push_back(Typed_identifier(receiver_name, receiver->type(),
+                                            receiver->location()));
+    }
+  const Typed_identifier_list* orig_params = orig_fntype->parameters();
+  if (orig_params != NULL && !orig_params->empty())
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = orig_params->begin();
+          p != orig_params->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "pt.%u", count);
+         ++count;
+         new_params->push_back(Typed_identifier(buf, p->type(),
+                                                p->location()));
+       }
+    }
+  snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "pr.%u", count);
+  ++count;
+  std::string can_recover_name = buf;
+  new_params->push_back(Typed_identifier(can_recover_name,
+                                        Type::lookup_bool_type(),
+                                        orig_fntype->location()));
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* orig_results = orig_fntype->results();
+  Typed_identifier_list* new_results;
+  if (orig_results == NULL || orig_results->empty())
+    new_results = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      new_results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = orig_results->begin();
+          p != orig_results->end();
+          ++p)
+       new_results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", p->type(), p->location()));
+    }
+
+  Function_type *new_fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, new_params,
+                                                      new_results,
+                                                      orig_fntype->location());
+  if (orig_fntype->is_varargs())
+    new_fntype->set_is_varargs();
+
+  std::string name = orig_no->name() + "$recover";
+  Named_object *new_no = gogo->start_function(name, new_fntype, false,
+                                             location);
+  Function *new_func = new_no->func_value();
+  if (orig_func->enclosing() != NULL)
+    new_func->set_enclosing(orig_func->enclosing());
+
+  // We build the code for the original function attached to the new
+  // function, and then swap the original and new function bodies.
+  // This means that existing references to the original function will
+  // then refer to the new function.  That makes this code a little
+  // confusing, in that the reference to NEW_NO really refers to the
+  // other function, not the one we are building.
+
+  Expression* closure = NULL;
+  if (orig_func->needs_closure())
+    {
+      Named_object* orig_closure_no = orig_func->closure_var();
+      Variable* orig_closure_var = orig_closure_no->var_value();
+      Variable* new_var = new Variable(orig_closure_var->type(), NULL, false,
+                                      true, false, location);
+      snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "closure.%u", count);
+      ++count;
+      Named_object* new_closure_no = Named_object::make_variable(buf, NULL,
+                                                                new_var);
+      new_func->set_closure_var(new_closure_no);
+      closure = Expression::make_var_reference(new_closure_no, location);
+    }
+
+  Expression* fn = Expression::make_func_reference(new_no, closure, location);
+
+  Expression_list* args = new Expression_list();
+  if (new_params != NULL)
+    {
+      // Note that we skip the last parameter, which is the boolean
+      // indicating whether recover can succed.
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = new_params->begin();
+          p + 1 != new_params->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         Named_object* p_no = gogo->lookup(p->name(), NULL);
+         gcc_assert(p_no != NULL
+                    && p_no->is_variable()
+                    && p_no->var_value()->is_parameter());
+         args->push_back(Expression::make_var_reference(p_no, location));
+       }
+    }
+  args->push_back(this->can_recover_arg(location));
+
+  Call_expression* call = Expression::make_call(fn, args, false, location);
+
+  Statement* s;
+  if (orig_fntype->results() == NULL || orig_fntype->results()->empty())
+    s = Statement::make_statement(call);
+  else
+    {
+      Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+      size_t rc = orig_fntype->results()->size();
+      if (rc == 1)
+       vals->push_back(call);
+      else
+       {
+         for (size_t i = 0; i < rc; ++i)
+           vals->push_back(Expression::make_call_result(call, i));
+       }
+      s = Statement::make_return_statement(new_func->type()->results(),
+                                          vals, location);
+    }
+  s->determine_types();
+  gogo->add_statement(s);
+
+  gogo->finish_function(location);
+
+  // Swap the function bodies and types.
+  new_func->swap_for_recover(orig_func);
+  orig_func->set_is_recover_thunk();
+  new_func->set_calls_recover();
+  new_func->set_has_recover_thunk();
+
+  Bindings* orig_bindings = orig_func->block()->bindings();
+  Bindings* new_bindings = new_func->block()->bindings();
+  if (orig_fntype->is_method())
+    {
+      // We changed the receiver to be a regular parameter.  We have
+      // to update the binding accordingly in both functions.
+      Named_object* orig_rec_no = orig_bindings->lookup_local(receiver_name);
+      gcc_assert(orig_rec_no != NULL
+                && orig_rec_no->is_variable()
+                && !orig_rec_no->var_value()->is_receiver());
+      orig_rec_no->var_value()->set_is_receiver();
+
+      const std::string& new_receiver_name(orig_fntype->receiver()->name());
+      Named_object* new_rec_no = new_bindings->lookup_local(new_receiver_name);
+      if (new_rec_no == NULL)
+       gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+      else
+       {
+         gcc_assert(new_rec_no->is_variable()
+                    && new_rec_no->var_value()->is_receiver());
+         new_rec_no->var_value()->set_is_not_receiver();
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Because we flipped blocks but not types, the can_recover
+  // parameter appears in the (now) old bindings as a parameter.
+  // Change it to a local variable, whereupon it will be discarded.
+  Named_object* can_recover_no = orig_bindings->lookup_local(can_recover_name);
+  gcc_assert(can_recover_no != NULL
+            && can_recover_no->is_variable()
+            && can_recover_no->var_value()->is_parameter());
+  orig_bindings->remove_binding(can_recover_no);
+
+  // Add the can_recover argument to the (now) new bindings, and
+  // attach it to any recover statements.
+  Variable* can_recover_var = new Variable(Type::lookup_bool_type(), NULL,
+                                          false, true, false, location);
+  can_recover_no = new_bindings->add_variable(can_recover_name, NULL,
+                                             can_recover_var);
+  Convert_recover convert_recover(can_recover_no);
+  new_func->traverse(&convert_recover);
+
+  // Update the function pointers in any named results.
+  new_func->update_named_result_variables();
+  orig_func->update_named_result_variables();
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Return the expression to pass for the .can_recover parameter to the
+// new function.  This indicates whether a call to recover may return
+// non-nil.  The expression is
+// __go_can_recover(__builtin_return_address()).
+
+Expression*
+Build_recover_thunks::can_recover_arg(source_location location)
+{
+  static Named_object* builtin_return_address;
+  if (builtin_return_address == NULL)
+    {
+      const source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+      Typed_identifier_list* param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      Type* uint_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uint");
+      param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("l", uint_type, bloc));
+
+      Typed_identifier_list* return_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      Type* voidptr_type = Type::make_pointer_type(Type::make_void_type());
+      return_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("", voidptr_type, bloc));
+
+      Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types,
+                                                      return_types, bloc);
+      builtin_return_address =
+       Named_object::make_function_declaration("__builtin_return_address",
+                                               NULL, fntype, bloc);
+      const char* n = "__builtin_return_address";
+      builtin_return_address->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(n);
+    }
+
+  static Named_object* can_recover;
+  if (can_recover == NULL)
+    {
+      const source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+      Typed_identifier_list* param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      Type* voidptr_type = Type::make_pointer_type(Type::make_void_type());
+      param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("a", voidptr_type, bloc));
+      Type* boolean_type = Type::lookup_bool_type();
+      Typed_identifier_list* results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", boolean_type, bloc));
+      Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types,
+                                                      results, bloc);
+      can_recover = Named_object::make_function_declaration("__go_can_recover",
+                                                           NULL, fntype,
+                                                           bloc);
+      can_recover->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name("__go_can_recover");
+    }
+
+  Expression* fn = Expression::make_func_reference(builtin_return_address,
+                                                  NULL, location);
+
+  mpz_t zval;
+  mpz_init_set_ui(zval, 0UL);
+  Expression* zexpr = Expression::make_integer(&zval, NULL, location);
+  mpz_clear(zval);
+  Expression_list *args = new Expression_list();
+  args->push_back(zexpr);
+
+  Expression* call = Expression::make_call(fn, args, false, location);
+
+  args = new Expression_list();
+  args->push_back(call);
+
+  fn = Expression::make_func_reference(can_recover, NULL, location);
+  return Expression::make_call(fn, args, false, location);
+}
+
+// Build thunks for functions which call recover.  We build a new
+// function with an extra parameter, which is whether a call to
+// recover can succeed.  We then move the body of this function to
+// that one.  We then turn this function into a thunk which calls the
+// new one, passing the value of
+// __go_can_recover(__builtin_return_address()).  The function will be
+// marked as not splitting the stack.  This will cooperate with the
+// implementation of defer to make recover do the right thing.
+
+void
+Gogo::build_recover_thunks()
+{
+  Build_recover_thunks build_recover_thunks(this);
+  this->traverse(&build_recover_thunks);
+}
+
+// Look for named types to see whether we need to create an interface
+// method table.
+
+class Build_method_tables : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Build_method_tables(Gogo* gogo,
+                     const std::vector<Interface_type*>& interfaces)
+    : Traverse(traverse_types),
+      gogo_(gogo), interfaces_(interfaces)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  type(Type*);
+
+ private:
+  // The IR.
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+  // A list of locally defined interfaces which have hidden methods.
+  const std::vector<Interface_type*>& interfaces_;
+};
+
+// Build all required interface method tables for types.  We need to
+// ensure that we have an interface method table for every interface
+// which has a hidden method, for every named type which implements
+// that interface.  Normally we can just build interface method tables
+// as we need them.  However, in some cases we can require an
+// interface method table for an interface defined in a different
+// package for a type defined in that package.  If that interface and
+// type both use a hidden method, that is OK.  However, we will not be
+// able to build that interface method table when we need it, because
+// the type's hidden method will be static.  So we have to build it
+// here, and just refer it from other packages as needed.
+
+void
+Gogo::build_interface_method_tables()
+{
+  std::vector<Interface_type*> hidden_interfaces;
+  hidden_interfaces.reserve(this->interface_types_.size());
+  for (std::vector<Interface_type*>::const_iterator pi =
+        this->interface_types_.begin();
+       pi != this->interface_types_.end();
+       ++pi)
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier_list* methods = (*pi)->methods();
+      if (methods == NULL)
+       continue;
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pm = methods->begin();
+          pm != methods->end();
+          ++pm)
+       {
+         if (Gogo::is_hidden_name(pm->name()))
+           {
+             hidden_interfaces.push_back(*pi);
+             break;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (!hidden_interfaces.empty())
+    {
+      // Now traverse the tree looking for all named types.
+      Build_method_tables bmt(this, hidden_interfaces);
+      this->traverse(&bmt);
+    }
+
+  // We no longer need the list of interfaces.
+
+  this->interface_types_.clear();
+}
+
+// This is called for each type.  For a named type, for each of the
+// interfaces with hidden methods that it implements, create the
+// method table.
+
+int
+Build_method_tables::type(Type* type)
+{
+  Named_type* nt = type->named_type();
+  if (nt != NULL)
+    {
+      for (std::vector<Interface_type*>::const_iterator p =
+            this->interfaces_.begin();
+          p != this->interfaces_.end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         // We ask whether a pointer to the named type implements the
+         // interface, because a pointer can implement more methods
+         // than a value.
+         if ((*p)->implements_interface(Type::make_pointer_type(nt), NULL))
+           {
+             nt->interface_method_table(this->gogo_, *p, false);
+             nt->interface_method_table(this->gogo_, *p, true);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Traversal class used to check for return statements.
+
+class Check_return_statements_traverse : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Check_return_statements_traverse()
+    : Traverse(traverse_functions)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  function(Named_object*);
+};
+
+// Check that a function has a return statement if it needs one.
+
+int
+Check_return_statements_traverse::function(Named_object* no)
+{
+  Function* func = no->func_value();
+  const Function_type* fntype = func->type();
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = fntype->results();
+
+  // We only need a return statement if there is a return value.
+  if (results == NULL || results->empty())
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+  if (func->block()->may_fall_through())
+    error_at(func->location(), "control reaches end of non-void function");
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check return statements.
+
+void
+Gogo::check_return_statements()
+{
+  Check_return_statements_traverse traverse;
+  this->traverse(&traverse);
+}
+
+// Get the unique prefix to use before all exported symbols.  This
+// must be unique across the entire link.
+
+const std::string&
+Gogo::unique_prefix() const
+{
+  gcc_assert(!this->unique_prefix_.empty());
+  return this->unique_prefix_;
+}
+
+// Set the unique prefix to use before all exported symbols.  This
+// comes from the command line option -fgo-prefix=XXX.
+
+void
+Gogo::set_unique_prefix(const std::string& arg)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->unique_prefix_.empty());
+  this->unique_prefix_ = arg;
+  this->unique_prefix_specified_ = true;
+}
+
+// Work out the package priority.  It is one more than the maximum
+// priority of an imported package.
+
+int
+Gogo::package_priority() const
+{
+  int priority = 0;
+  for (Packages::const_iterator p = this->packages_.begin();
+       p != this->packages_.end();
+       ++p)
+    if (p->second->priority() > priority)
+      priority = p->second->priority();
+  return priority + 1;
+}
+
+// Export identifiers as requested.
+
+void
+Gogo::do_exports()
+{
+  // For now we always stream to a section.  Later we may want to
+  // support streaming to a separate file.
+  Stream_to_section stream;
+
+  Export exp(&stream);
+  exp.register_builtin_types(this);
+  exp.export_globals(this->package_name(),
+                    this->unique_prefix(),
+                    this->package_priority(),
+                    (this->need_init_fn_ && !this->is_main_package()
+                     ? this->get_init_fn_name()
+                     : ""),
+                    this->imported_init_fns_,
+                    this->package_->bindings());
+}
+
+// Find the blocks in order to convert named types defined in blocks.
+
+class Convert_named_types : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Convert_named_types(Gogo* gogo)
+    : Traverse(traverse_blocks),
+      gogo_(gogo)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  block(Block* block);
+
+ private:
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+};
+
+int
+Convert_named_types::block(Block* block)
+{
+  this->gogo_->convert_named_types_in_bindings(block->bindings());
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Convert all named types to the backend representation.  Since named
+// types can refer to other types, this needs to be done in the right
+// sequence, which is handled by Named_type::convert.  Here we arrange
+// to call that for each named type.
+
+void
+Gogo::convert_named_types()
+{
+  this->convert_named_types_in_bindings(this->globals_);
+  for (Packages::iterator p = this->packages_.begin();
+       p != this->packages_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Package* package = p->second;
+      this->convert_named_types_in_bindings(package->bindings());
+    }
+
+  Convert_named_types cnt(this);
+  this->traverse(&cnt);
+
+  // Make all the builtin named types used for type descriptors, and
+  // then convert them.  They will only be written out if they are
+  // needed.
+  Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+  Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+  Function_type::make_function_type_descriptor_type();
+  Pointer_type::make_pointer_type_descriptor_type();
+  Struct_type::make_struct_type_descriptor_type();
+  Array_type::make_array_type_descriptor_type();
+  Array_type::make_slice_type_descriptor_type();
+  Map_type::make_map_type_descriptor_type();
+  Channel_type::make_chan_type_descriptor_type();
+  Interface_type::make_interface_type_descriptor_type();
+  Type::convert_builtin_named_types(this);
+
+  this->named_types_are_converted_ = true;
+}
+
+// Convert all names types in a set of bindings.
+
+void
+Gogo::convert_named_types_in_bindings(Bindings* bindings)
+{
+  for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator p = bindings->begin_definitions();
+       p != bindings->end_definitions();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if ((*p)->is_type())
+       (*p)->type_value()->convert(this);
+    }
+}
+
+// Class Function.
+
+Function::Function(Function_type* type, Function* enclosing, Block* block,
+                  source_location location)
+  : type_(type), enclosing_(enclosing), named_results_(NULL),
+    closure_var_(NULL), block_(block), location_(location), fndecl_(NULL),
+    defer_stack_(NULL), calls_recover_(false), is_recover_thunk_(false),
+    has_recover_thunk_(false)
+{
+}
+
+// Create the named result variables.
+
+void
+Function::create_named_result_variables(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = this->type_->results();
+  if (results == NULL
+      || results->empty()
+      || results->front().name().empty())
+    return;
+
+  this->named_results_ = new Named_results();
+  this->named_results_->reserve(results->size());
+
+  Block* block = this->block_;
+  int index = 0;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = results->begin();
+       p != results->end();
+       ++p, ++index)
+    {
+      std::string name = p->name();
+      if (Gogo::is_sink_name(name))
+       {
+         static int unnamed_result_counter;
+         char buf[100];
+         snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "_$%d", unnamed_result_counter);
+         ++unnamed_result_counter;
+         name = gogo->pack_hidden_name(buf, false);
+       }
+      Result_variable* result = new Result_variable(p->type(), this, index);
+      Named_object* no = block->bindings()->add_result_variable(name, result);
+      if (no->is_result_variable())
+       this->named_results_->push_back(no);
+    }
+}
+
+// Update the named result variables when cloning a function which
+// calls recover.
+
+void
+Function::update_named_result_variables()
+{
+  if (this->named_results_ == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  for (Named_results::iterator p = this->named_results_->begin();
+       p != this->named_results_->end();
+       ++p)
+    (*p)->result_var_value()->set_function(this);
+}
+
+// Return the closure variable, creating it if necessary.
+
+Named_object*
+Function::closure_var()
+{
+  if (this->closure_var_ == NULL)
+    {
+      // We don't know the type of the variable yet.  We add fields as
+      // we find them.
+      source_location loc = this->type_->location();
+      Struct_field_list* sfl = new Struct_field_list;
+      Type* struct_type = Type::make_struct_type(sfl, loc);
+      Variable* var = new Variable(Type::make_pointer_type(struct_type),
+                                  NULL, false, true, false, loc);
+      this->closure_var_ = Named_object::make_variable("closure", NULL, var);
+      // Note that the new variable is not in any binding contour.
+    }
+  return this->closure_var_;
+}
+
+// Set the type of the closure variable.
+
+void
+Function::set_closure_type()
+{
+  if (this->closure_var_ == NULL)
+    return;
+  Named_object* closure = this->closure_var_;
+  Struct_type* st = closure->var_value()->type()->deref()->struct_type();
+  unsigned int index = 0;
+  for (Closure_fields::const_iterator p = this->closure_fields_.begin();
+       p != this->closure_fields_.end();
+       ++p, ++index)
+    {
+      Named_object* no = p->first;
+      char buf[20];
+      snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%u", index);
+      std::string n = no->name() + buf;
+      Type* var_type;
+      if (no->is_variable())
+       var_type = no->var_value()->type();
+      else
+       var_type = no->result_var_value()->type();
+      Type* field_type = Type::make_pointer_type(var_type);
+      st->push_field(Struct_field(Typed_identifier(n, field_type, p->second)));
+    }
+}
+
+// Return whether this function is a method.
+
+bool
+Function::is_method() const
+{
+  return this->type_->is_method();
+}
+
+// Add a label definition.
+
+Label*
+Function::add_label_definition(const std::string& label_name,
+                              source_location location)
+{
+  Label* lnull = NULL;
+  std::pair<Labels::iterator, bool> ins =
+    this->labels_.insert(std::make_pair(label_name, lnull));
+  if (ins.second)
+    {
+      // This is a new label.
+      Label* label = new Label(label_name);
+      label->define(location);
+      ins.first->second = label;
+      return label;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // The label was already in the hash table.
+      Label* label = ins.first->second;
+      if (!label->is_defined())
+       {
+         label->define(location);
+         return label;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(location, "redefinition of label %qs",
+                  Gogo::message_name(label_name).c_str());
+         inform(label->location(), "previous definition of %qs was here",
+                Gogo::message_name(label_name).c_str());
+         return new Label(label_name);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Add a reference to a label.
+
+Label*
+Function::add_label_reference(const std::string& label_name)
+{
+  Label* lnull = NULL;
+  std::pair<Labels::iterator, bool> ins =
+    this->labels_.insert(std::make_pair(label_name, lnull));
+  if (!ins.second)
+    {
+      // The label was already in the hash table.
+      return ins.first->second;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      gcc_assert(ins.first->second == NULL);
+      Label* label = new Label(label_name);
+      ins.first->second = label;
+      return label;
+    }
+}
+
+// Swap one function with another.  This is used when building the
+// thunk we use to call a function which calls recover.  It may not
+// work for any other case.
+
+void
+Function::swap_for_recover(Function *x)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->enclosing_ == x->enclosing_);
+  std::swap(this->named_results_, x->named_results_);
+  std::swap(this->closure_var_, x->closure_var_);
+  std::swap(this->block_, x->block_);
+  gcc_assert(this->location_ == x->location_);
+  gcc_assert(this->fndecl_ == NULL && x->fndecl_ == NULL);
+  gcc_assert(this->defer_stack_ == NULL && x->defer_stack_ == NULL);
+}
+
+// Traverse the tree.
+
+int
+Function::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  unsigned int traverse_mask = traverse->traverse_mask();
+
+  if ((traverse_mask
+       & (Traverse::traverse_types | Traverse::traverse_expressions))
+      != 0)
+    {
+      if (Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+
+  // FIXME: We should check traverse_functions here if nested
+  // functions are stored in block bindings.
+  if (this->block_ != NULL
+      && (traverse_mask
+         & (Traverse::traverse_variables
+            | Traverse::traverse_constants
+            | Traverse::traverse_blocks
+            | Traverse::traverse_statements
+            | Traverse::traverse_expressions
+            | Traverse::traverse_types)) != 0)
+    {
+      if (this->block_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Work out types for unspecified variables and constants.
+
+void
+Function::determine_types()
+{
+  if (this->block_ != NULL)
+    this->block_->determine_types();
+}
+
+// Export the function.
+
+void
+Function::export_func(Export* exp, const std::string& name) const
+{
+  Function::export_func_with_type(exp, name, this->type_);
+}
+
+// Export a function with a type.
+
+void
+Function::export_func_with_type(Export* exp, const std::string& name,
+                               const Function_type* fntype)
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("func ");
+
+  if (fntype->is_method())
+    {
+      exp->write_c_string("(");
+      exp->write_type(fntype->receiver()->type());
+      exp->write_c_string(") ");
+    }
+
+  exp->write_string(name);
+
+  exp->write_c_string(" (");
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parameters = fntype->parameters();
+  if (parameters != NULL)
+    {
+      bool is_varargs = fntype->is_varargs();
+      bool first = true;
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = parameters->begin();
+          p != parameters->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (first)
+           first = false;
+         else
+           exp->write_c_string(", ");
+         if (!is_varargs || p + 1 != parameters->end())
+           exp->write_type(p->type());
+         else
+           {
+             exp->write_c_string("...");
+             exp->write_type(p->type()->array_type()->element_type());
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  exp->write_c_string(")");
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = fntype->results();
+  if (results != NULL)
+    {
+      if (results->size() == 1)
+       {
+         exp->write_c_string(" ");
+         exp->write_type(results->begin()->type());
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         exp->write_c_string(" (");
+         bool first = true;
+         for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = results->begin();
+              p != results->end();
+              ++p)
+           {
+             if (first)
+               first = false;
+             else
+               exp->write_c_string(", ");
+             exp->write_type(p->type());
+           }
+         exp->write_c_string(")");
+       }
+    }
+  exp->write_c_string(";\n");
+}
+
+// Import a function.
+
+void
+Function::import_func(Import* imp, std::string* pname,
+                     Typed_identifier** preceiver,
+                     Typed_identifier_list** pparameters,
+                     Typed_identifier_list** presults,
+                     bool* is_varargs)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("func ");
+
+  *preceiver = NULL;
+  if (imp->peek_char() == '(')
+    {
+      imp->require_c_string("(");
+      Type* rtype = imp->read_type();
+      *preceiver = new Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker, rtype,
+                                       imp->location());
+      imp->require_c_string(") ");
+    }
+
+  *pname = imp->read_identifier();
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* parameters;
+  *is_varargs = false;
+  imp->require_c_string(" (");
+  if (imp->peek_char() == ')')
+    parameters = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      parameters = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      while (true)
+       {
+         if (imp->match_c_string("..."))
+           {
+             imp->advance(3);
+             *is_varargs = true;
+           }
+
+         Type* ptype = imp->read_type();
+         if (*is_varargs)
+           ptype = Type::make_array_type(ptype, NULL);
+         parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker,
+                                                ptype, imp->location()));
+         if (imp->peek_char() != ',')
+           break;
+         gcc_assert(!*is_varargs);
+         imp->require_c_string(", ");
+       }
+    }
+  imp->require_c_string(")");
+  *pparameters = parameters;
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* results;
+  if (imp->peek_char() != ' ')
+    results = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      imp->require_c_string(" ");
+      if (imp->peek_char() != '(')
+       {
+         Type* rtype = imp->read_type();
+         results->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker, rtype,
+                                             imp->location()));
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         imp->require_c_string("(");
+         while (true)
+           {
+             Type* rtype = imp->read_type();
+             results->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker,
+                                                 rtype, imp->location()));
+             if (imp->peek_char() != ',')
+               break;
+             imp->require_c_string(", ");
+           }
+         imp->require_c_string(")");
+       }
+    }
+  imp->require_c_string(";\n");
+  *presults = results;
+}
+
+// Class Block.
+
+Block::Block(Block* enclosing, source_location location)
+  : enclosing_(enclosing), statements_(),
+    bindings_(new Bindings(enclosing == NULL
+                          ? NULL
+                          : enclosing->bindings())),
+    start_location_(location),
+    end_location_(UNKNOWN_LOCATION)
+{
+}
+
+// Add a statement to a block.
+
+void
+Block::add_statement(Statement* statement)
+{
+  this->statements_.push_back(statement);
+}
+
+// Add a statement to the front of a block.  This is slow but is only
+// used for reference counts of parameters.
+
+void
+Block::add_statement_at_front(Statement* statement)
+{
+  this->statements_.insert(this->statements_.begin(), statement);
+}
+
+// Replace a statement in a block.
+
+void
+Block::replace_statement(size_t index, Statement* s)
+{
+  gcc_assert(index < this->statements_.size());
+  this->statements_[index] = s;
+}
+
+// Add a statement before another statement.
+
+void
+Block::insert_statement_before(size_t index, Statement* s)
+{
+  gcc_assert(index < this->statements_.size());
+  this->statements_.insert(this->statements_.begin() + index, s);
+}
+
+// Add a statement after another statement.
+
+void
+Block::insert_statement_after(size_t index, Statement* s)
+{
+  gcc_assert(index < this->statements_.size());
+  this->statements_.insert(this->statements_.begin() + index + 1, s);
+}
+
+// Traverse the tree.
+
+int
+Block::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  unsigned int traverse_mask = traverse->traverse_mask();
+
+  if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_blocks) != 0)
+    {
+      int t = traverse->block(this);
+      if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+      else if (t == TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS)
+       return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    }
+
+  if ((traverse_mask
+       & (Traverse::traverse_variables
+         | Traverse::traverse_constants
+         | Traverse::traverse_expressions
+         | Traverse::traverse_types)) != 0)
+    {
+      for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator pb =
+            this->bindings_->begin_definitions();
+          pb != this->bindings_->end_definitions();
+          ++pb)
+       {
+         switch ((*pb)->classification())
+           {
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+             if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_constants) != 0)
+               {
+                 if (traverse->constant(*pb, false) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+             if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0
+                 || (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0)
+               {
+                 Type* t = (*pb)->const_value()->type();
+                 if (t != NULL
+                     && Type::traverse(t, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+             if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0
+                 || (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0)
+               {
+                 if ((*pb)->const_value()->traverse_expression(traverse)
+                     == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+             break;
+
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR:
+             if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_variables) != 0)
+               {
+                 if (traverse->variable(*pb) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+             if (((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0
+                  || (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0)
+                 && ((*pb)->is_result_variable()
+                     || (*pb)->var_value()->has_type()))
+               {
+                 Type* t = ((*pb)->is_variable()
+                            ? (*pb)->var_value()->type()
+                            : (*pb)->result_var_value()->type());
+                 if (t != NULL
+                     && Type::traverse(t, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+             if ((*pb)->is_variable()
+                 && ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0
+                     || (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0))
+               {
+                 if ((*pb)->var_value()->traverse_expression(traverse)
+                     == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+             break;
+
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION:
+             // FIXME: Where will nested functions be found?
+             gcc_unreachable();
+
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE:
+             if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0
+                 || (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0)
+               {
+                 if (Type::traverse((*pb)->type_value(), traverse)
+                     == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+             break;
+
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION:
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN:
+             break;
+
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE:
+           case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_SINK:
+             gcc_unreachable();
+
+           default:
+             gcc_unreachable();
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  // No point in checking traverse_mask here--if we got here we always
+  // want to walk the statements.  The traversal can insert new
+  // statements before or after the current statement.  Inserting
+  // statements before the current statement requires updating I via
+  // the pointer; those statements will not be traversed.  Any new
+  // statements inserted after the current statement will be traversed
+  // in their turn.
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < this->statements_.size(); ++i)
+    {
+      if (this->statements_[i]->traverse(this, &i, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Work out types for unspecified variables and constants.
+
+void
+Block::determine_types()
+{
+  for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator pb =
+        this->bindings_->begin_definitions();
+       pb != this->bindings_->end_definitions();
+       ++pb)
+    {
+      if ((*pb)->is_variable())
+       (*pb)->var_value()->determine_type();
+      else if ((*pb)->is_const())
+       (*pb)->const_value()->determine_type();
+    }
+
+  for (std::vector<Statement*>::const_iterator ps = this->statements_.begin();
+       ps != this->statements_.end();
+       ++ps)
+    (*ps)->determine_types();
+}
+
+// Return true if the statements in this block may fall through.
+
+bool
+Block::may_fall_through() const
+{
+  if (this->statements_.empty())
+    return true;
+  return this->statements_.back()->may_fall_through();
+}
+
+// Class Variable.
+
+Variable::Variable(Type* type, Expression* init, bool is_global,
+                  bool is_parameter, bool is_receiver,
+                  source_location location)
+  : type_(type), init_(init), preinit_(NULL), location_(location),
+    is_global_(is_global), is_parameter_(is_parameter),
+    is_receiver_(is_receiver), is_varargs_parameter_(false),
+    is_address_taken_(false), seen_(false), init_is_lowered_(false),
+    type_from_init_tuple_(false), type_from_range_index_(false),
+    type_from_range_value_(false), type_from_chan_element_(false),
+    is_type_switch_var_(false), determined_type_(false)
+{
+  gcc_assert(type != NULL || init != NULL);
+  gcc_assert(!is_parameter || init == NULL);
+}
+
+// Traverse the initializer expression.
+
+int
+Variable::traverse_expression(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->preinit_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->preinit_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  if (this->init_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (Expression::traverse(&this->init_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lower the initialization expression after parsing is complete.
+
+void
+Variable::lower_init_expression(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function)
+{
+  if (this->init_ != NULL && !this->init_is_lowered_)
+    {
+      if (this->seen_)
+       {
+         // We will give an error elsewhere, this is just to prevent
+         // an infinite loop.
+         return;
+       }
+      this->seen_ = true;
+
+      gogo->lower_expression(function, &this->init_);
+
+      this->seen_ = false;
+
+      this->init_is_lowered_ = true;
+    }
+}
+
+// Get the preinit block.
+
+Block*
+Variable::preinit_block(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->is_global_);
+  if (this->preinit_ == NULL)
+    this->preinit_ = new Block(NULL, this->location());
+
+  // If a global variable has a preinitialization statement, then we
+  // need to have an initialization function.
+  gogo->set_need_init_fn();
+
+  return this->preinit_;
+}
+
+// Add a statement to be run before the initialization expression.
+
+void
+Variable::add_preinit_statement(Gogo* gogo, Statement* s)
+{
+  Block* b = this->preinit_block(gogo);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+  b->set_end_location(s->location());
+}
+
+// In an assignment which sets a variable to a tuple of EXPR, return
+// the type of the first element of the tuple.
+
+Type*
+Variable::type_from_tuple(Expression* expr, bool report_error) const
+{
+  if (expr->map_index_expression() != NULL)
+    {
+      Map_type* mt = expr->map_index_expression()->get_map_type();
+      if (mt == NULL)
+       return Type::make_error_type();
+      return mt->val_type();
+    }
+  else if (expr->receive_expression() != NULL)
+    {
+      Expression* channel = expr->receive_expression()->channel();
+      Type* channel_type = channel->type();
+      if (channel_type->channel_type() == NULL)
+       return Type::make_error_type();
+      return channel_type->channel_type()->element_type();
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (report_error)
+       error_at(this->location(), "invalid tuple definition");
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+}
+
+// Given EXPR used in a range clause, return either the index type or
+// the value type of the range, depending upon GET_INDEX_TYPE.
+
+Type*
+Variable::type_from_range(Expression* expr, bool get_index_type,
+                         bool report_error) const
+{
+  Type* t = expr->type();
+  if (t->array_type() != NULL
+      || (t->points_to() != NULL
+         && t->points_to()->array_type() != NULL
+         && !t->points_to()->is_open_array_type()))
+    {
+      if (get_index_type)
+       return Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+      else
+       return t->deref()->array_type()->element_type();
+    }
+  else if (t->is_string_type())
+    return Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+  else if (t->map_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (get_index_type)
+       return t->map_type()->key_type();
+      else
+       return t->map_type()->val_type();
+    }
+  else if (t->channel_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (get_index_type)
+       return t->channel_type()->element_type();
+      else
+       {
+         if (report_error)
+           error_at(this->location(),
+                    "invalid definition of value variable for channel range");
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (report_error)
+       error_at(this->location(), "invalid type for range clause");
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+}
+
+// EXPR should be a channel.  Return the channel's element type.
+
+Type*
+Variable::type_from_chan_element(Expression* expr, bool report_error) const
+{
+  Type* t = expr->type();
+  if (t->channel_type() != NULL)
+    return t->channel_type()->element_type();
+  else
+    {
+      if (report_error)
+       error_at(this->location(), "expected channel");
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return the type of the Variable.  This may be called before
+// Variable::determine_type is called, which means that we may need to
+// get the type from the initializer.  FIXME: If we combine lowering
+// with type determination, then this should be unnecessary.
+
+Type*
+Variable::type()
+{
+  // A variable in a type switch with a nil case will have the wrong
+  // type here.  This gets fixed up in determine_type, below.
+  Type* type = this->type_;
+  Expression* init = this->init_;
+  if (this->is_type_switch_var_
+      && this->type_->is_nil_constant_as_type())
+    {
+      Type_guard_expression* tge = this->init_->type_guard_expression();
+      gcc_assert(tge != NULL);
+      init = tge->expr();
+      type = NULL;
+    }
+
+  if (this->seen_)
+    {
+      if (this->type_ == NULL || !this->type_->is_error_type())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location_, "variable initializer refers to itself");
+         this->type_ = Type::make_error_type();
+       }
+      return this->type_;
+    }
+
+  this->seen_ = true;
+
+  if (type != NULL)
+    ;
+  else if (this->type_from_init_tuple_)
+    type = this->type_from_tuple(init, false);
+  else if (this->type_from_range_index_ || this->type_from_range_value_)
+    type = this->type_from_range(init, this->type_from_range_index_, false);
+  else if (this->type_from_chan_element_)
+    type = this->type_from_chan_element(init, false);
+  else
+    {
+      gcc_assert(init != NULL);
+      type = init->type();
+      gcc_assert(type != NULL);
+
+      // Variables should not have abstract types.
+      if (type->is_abstract())
+       type = type->make_non_abstract_type();
+
+      if (type->is_void_type())
+       type = Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+
+  this->seen_ = false;
+
+  return type;
+}
+
+// Fetch the type from a const pointer, in which case it should have
+// been set already.
+
+Type*
+Variable::type() const
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->type_ != NULL);
+  return this->type_;
+}
+
+// Set the type if necessary.
+
+void
+Variable::determine_type()
+{
+  if (this->determined_type_)
+    return;
+  this->determined_type_ = true;
+
+  if (this->preinit_ != NULL)
+    this->preinit_->determine_types();
+
+  // A variable in a type switch with a nil case will have the wrong
+  // type here.  It will have an initializer which is a type guard.
+  // We want to initialize it to the value without the type guard, and
+  // use the type of that value as well.
+  if (this->is_type_switch_var_ && this->type_->is_nil_constant_as_type())
+    {
+      Type_guard_expression* tge = this->init_->type_guard_expression();
+      gcc_assert(tge != NULL);
+      this->type_ = NULL;
+      this->init_ = tge->expr();
+    }
+
+  if (this->init_ == NULL)
+    gcc_assert(this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract());
+  else if (this->type_from_init_tuple_)
+    {
+      Expression *init = this->init_;
+      init->determine_type_no_context();
+      this->type_ = this->type_from_tuple(init, true);
+      this->init_ = NULL;
+    }
+  else if (this->type_from_range_index_ || this->type_from_range_value_)
+    {
+      Expression* init = this->init_;
+      init->determine_type_no_context();
+      this->type_ = this->type_from_range(init, this->type_from_range_index_,
+                                         true);
+      this->init_ = NULL;
+    }
+  else if (this->type_from_chan_element_)
+    {
+      Expression* init = this->init_;
+      init->determine_type_no_context();
+      this->type_ = this->type_from_chan_element(init, true);
+      this->init_ = NULL;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Type_context context(this->type_, false);
+      this->init_->determine_type(&context);
+      if (this->type_ == NULL)
+       {
+         Type* type = this->init_->type();
+         gcc_assert(type != NULL);
+         if (type->is_abstract())
+           type = type->make_non_abstract_type();
+
+         if (type->is_void_type())
+           {
+             error_at(this->location_, "variable has no type");
+             type = Type::make_error_type();
+           }
+         else if (type->is_nil_type())
+           {
+             error_at(this->location_, "variable defined to nil type");
+             type = Type::make_error_type();
+           }
+         else if (type->is_call_multiple_result_type())
+           {
+             error_at(this->location_,
+                      "single variable set to multiple value function call");
+             type = Type::make_error_type();
+           }
+
+         this->type_ = type;
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Export the variable
+
+void
+Variable::export_var(Export* exp, const std::string& name) const
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->is_global_);
+  exp->write_c_string("var ");
+  exp->write_string(name);
+  exp->write_c_string(" ");
+  exp->write_type(this->type());
+  exp->write_c_string(";\n");
+}
+
+// Import a variable.
+
+void
+Variable::import_var(Import* imp, std::string* pname, Type** ptype)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("var ");
+  *pname = imp->read_identifier();
+  imp->require_c_string(" ");
+  *ptype = imp->read_type();
+  imp->require_c_string(";\n");
+}
+
+// Class Named_constant.
+
+// Traverse the initializer expression.
+
+int
+Named_constant::traverse_expression(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  return Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse);
+}
+
+// Determine the type of the constant.
+
+void
+Named_constant::determine_type()
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL)
+    {
+      Type_context context(this->type_, false);
+      this->expr_->determine_type(&context);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // A constant may have an abstract type.
+      Type_context context(NULL, true);
+      this->expr_->determine_type(&context);
+      this->type_ = this->expr_->type();
+      gcc_assert(this->type_ != NULL);
+    }
+}
+
+// Indicate that we found and reported an error for this constant.
+
+void
+Named_constant::set_error()
+{
+  this->type_ = Type::make_error_type();
+  this->expr_ = Expression::make_error(this->location_);
+}
+
+// Export a constant.
+
+void
+Named_constant::export_const(Export* exp, const std::string& name) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("const ");
+  exp->write_string(name);
+  exp->write_c_string(" ");
+  if (!this->type_->is_abstract())
+    {
+      exp->write_type(this->type_);
+      exp->write_c_string(" ");
+    }
+  exp->write_c_string("= ");
+  this->expr()->export_expression(exp);
+  exp->write_c_string(";\n");
+}
+
+// Import a constant.
+
+void
+Named_constant::import_const(Import* imp, std::string* pname, Type** ptype,
+                            Expression** pexpr)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("const ");
+  *pname = imp->read_identifier();
+  imp->require_c_string(" ");
+  if (imp->peek_char() == '=')
+    *ptype = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      *ptype = imp->read_type();
+      imp->require_c_string(" ");
+    }
+  imp->require_c_string("= ");
+  *pexpr = Expression::import_expression(imp);
+  imp->require_c_string(";\n");
+}
+
+// Add a method.
+
+Named_object*
+Type_declaration::add_method(const std::string& name, Function* function)
+{
+  Named_object* ret = Named_object::make_function(name, NULL, function);
+  this->methods_.push_back(ret);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Add a method declaration.
+
+Named_object*
+Type_declaration::add_method_declaration(const std::string&  name,
+                                        Function_type* type,
+                                        source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* ret = Named_object::make_function_declaration(name, NULL, type,
+                                                             location);
+  this->methods_.push_back(ret);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return whether any methods ere defined.
+
+bool
+Type_declaration::has_methods() const
+{
+  return !this->methods_.empty();
+}
+
+// Define methods for the real type.
+
+void
+Type_declaration::define_methods(Named_type* nt)
+{
+  for (Methods::const_iterator p = this->methods_.begin();
+       p != this->methods_.end();
+       ++p)
+    nt->add_existing_method(*p);
+}
+
+// We are using the type.  Return true if we should issue a warning.
+
+bool
+Type_declaration::using_type()
+{
+  bool ret = !this->issued_warning_;
+  this->issued_warning_ = true;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Class Unknown_name.
+
+// Set the real named object.
+
+void
+Unknown_name::set_real_named_object(Named_object* no)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->real_named_object_ == NULL);
+  gcc_assert(!no->is_unknown());
+  this->real_named_object_ = no;
+}
+
+// Class Named_object.
+
+Named_object::Named_object(const std::string& name,
+                          const Package* package,
+                          Classification classification)
+  : name_(name), package_(package), classification_(classification),
+    tree_(NULL)
+{
+  if (Gogo::is_sink_name(name))
+    gcc_assert(classification == NAMED_OBJECT_SINK);
+}
+
+// Make an unknown name.  This is used by the parser.  The name must
+// be resolved later.  Unknown names are only added in the current
+// package.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_unknown_name(const std::string& name,
+                               source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(name, NULL,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN);
+  Unknown_name* value = new Unknown_name(location);
+  named_object->u_.unknown_value = value;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Make a constant.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_constant(const Typed_identifier& tid,
+                           const Package* package, Expression* expr,
+                           int iota_value)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(tid.name(), package,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_CONST);
+  Named_constant* named_constant = new Named_constant(tid.type(), expr,
+                                                     iota_value,
+                                                     tid.location());
+  named_object->u_.const_value = named_constant;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Make a named type.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_type(const std::string& name, const Package* package,
+                       Type* type, source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(name, package,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE);
+  Named_type* named_type = Type::make_named_type(named_object, type, location);
+  named_object->u_.type_value = named_type;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Make a type declaration.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_type_declaration(const std::string& name,
+                                   const Package* package,
+                                   source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(name, package,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION);
+  Type_declaration* type_declaration = new Type_declaration(location);
+  named_object->u_.type_declaration = type_declaration;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Make a variable.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_variable(const std::string& name, const Package* package,
+                           Variable* variable)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(name, package,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_VAR);
+  named_object->u_.var_value = variable;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Make a result variable.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_result_variable(const std::string& name,
+                                  Result_variable* result)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(name, NULL,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR);
+  named_object->u_.result_var_value = result;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Make a sink.  This is used for the special blank identifier _.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_sink()
+{
+  return new Named_object("_", NULL, NAMED_OBJECT_SINK);
+}
+
+// Make a named function.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_function(const std::string& name, const Package* package,
+                           Function* function)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(name, package,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC);
+  named_object->u_.func_value = function;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Make a function declaration.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_function_declaration(const std::string& name,
+                                       const Package* package,
+                                       Function_type* fntype,
+                                       source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(name, package,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION);
+  Function_declaration *func_decl = new Function_declaration(fntype, location);
+  named_object->u_.func_declaration_value = func_decl;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Make a package.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_object::make_package(const std::string& alias, Package* package)
+{
+  Named_object* named_object = new Named_object(alias, NULL,
+                                               NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE);
+  named_object->u_.package_value = package;
+  return named_object;
+}
+
+// Return the name to use in an error message.
+
+std::string
+Named_object::message_name() const
+{
+  if (this->package_ == NULL)
+    return Gogo::message_name(this->name_);
+  std::string ret = Gogo::message_name(this->package_->name());
+  ret += '.';
+  ret += Gogo::message_name(this->name_);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Set the type when a declaration is defined.
+
+void
+Named_object::set_type_value(Named_type* named_type)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION);
+  Type_declaration* td = this->u_.type_declaration;
+  td->define_methods(named_type);
+  Named_object* in_function = td->in_function();
+  if (in_function != NULL)
+    named_type->set_in_function(in_function);
+  delete td;
+  this->classification_ = NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE;
+  this->u_.type_value = named_type;
+}
+
+// Define a function which was previously declared.
+
+void
+Named_object::set_function_value(Function* function)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION);
+  this->classification_ = NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC;
+  // FIXME: We should free the old value.
+  this->u_.func_value = function;
+}
+
+// Declare an unknown object as a type declaration.
+
+void
+Named_object::declare_as_type()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN);
+  Unknown_name* unk = this->u_.unknown_value;
+  this->classification_ = NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION;
+  this->u_.type_declaration = new Type_declaration(unk->location());
+  delete unk;
+}
+
+// Return the location of a named object.
+
+source_location
+Named_object::location() const
+{
+  switch (this->classification_)
+    {
+    default:
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_UNINITIALIZED:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN:
+      return this->unknown_value()->location();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+      return this->const_value()->location();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE:
+      return this->type_value()->location();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION:
+      return this->type_declaration_value()->location();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+      return this->var_value()->location();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR:
+      return this->result_var_value()->function()->location();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_SINK:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+      return this->func_value()->location();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION:
+      return this->func_declaration_value()->location();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE:
+      return this->package_value()->location();
+    }
+}
+
+// Export a named object.
+
+void
+Named_object::export_named_object(Export* exp) const
+{
+  switch (this->classification_)
+    {
+    default:
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_UNINITIALIZED:
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+      this->const_value()->export_const(exp, this->name_);
+      break;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE:
+      this->type_value()->export_named_type(exp, this->name_);
+      break;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION:
+      error_at(this->type_declaration_value()->location(),
+              "attempt to export %<%s%> which was declared but not defined",
+              this->message_name().c_str());
+      break;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION:
+      this->func_declaration_value()->export_func(exp, this->name_);
+      break;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+      this->var_value()->export_var(exp, this->name_);
+      break;
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR:
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_SINK:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+
+    case NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+      this->func_value()->export_func(exp, this->name_);
+      break;
+    }
+}
+
+// Class Bindings.
+
+Bindings::Bindings(Bindings* enclosing)
+  : enclosing_(enclosing), named_objects_(), bindings_()
+{
+}
+
+// Clear imports.
+
+void
+Bindings::clear_file_scope()
+{
+  Contour::iterator p = this->bindings_.begin();
+  while (p != this->bindings_.end())
+    {
+      bool keep;
+      if (p->second->package() != NULL)
+       keep = false;
+      else if (p->second->is_package())
+       keep = false;
+      else if (p->second->is_function()
+              && !p->second->func_value()->type()->is_method()
+              && Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->second->name()) == "init")
+       keep = false;
+      else
+       keep = true;
+
+      if (keep)
+       ++p;
+      else
+       p = this->bindings_.erase(p);
+    }
+}
+
+// Look up a symbol.
+
+Named_object*
+Bindings::lookup(const std::string& name) const
+{
+  Contour::const_iterator p = this->bindings_.find(name);
+  if (p != this->bindings_.end())
+    return p->second->resolve();
+  else if (this->enclosing_ != NULL)
+    return this->enclosing_->lookup(name);
+  else
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+// Look up a symbol locally.
+
+Named_object*
+Bindings::lookup_local(const std::string& name) const
+{
+  Contour::const_iterator p = this->bindings_.find(name);
+  if (p == this->bindings_.end())
+    return NULL;
+  return p->second;
+}
+
+// Remove an object from a set of bindings.  This is used for a
+// special case in thunks for functions which call recover.
+
+void
+Bindings::remove_binding(Named_object* no)
+{
+  Contour::iterator pb = this->bindings_.find(no->name());
+  gcc_assert(pb != this->bindings_.end());
+  this->bindings_.erase(pb);
+  for (std::vector<Named_object*>::iterator pn = this->named_objects_.begin();
+       pn != this->named_objects_.end();
+       ++pn)
+    {
+      if (*pn == no)
+       {
+         this->named_objects_.erase(pn);
+         return;
+       }
+    }
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Add a method to the list of objects.  This is not added to the
+// lookup table.  This is so that we have a single list of objects
+// declared at the top level, which we walk through when it's time to
+// convert to trees.
+
+void
+Bindings::add_method(Named_object* method)
+{
+  this->named_objects_.push_back(method);
+}
+
+// Add a generic Named_object to a Contour.
+
+Named_object*
+Bindings::add_named_object_to_contour(Contour* contour,
+                                     Named_object* named_object)
+{
+  gcc_assert(named_object == named_object->resolve());
+  const std::string& name(named_object->name());
+  gcc_assert(!Gogo::is_sink_name(name));
+
+  std::pair<Contour::iterator, bool> ins =
+    contour->insert(std::make_pair(name, named_object));
+  if (!ins.second)
+    {
+      // The name was already there.
+      if (named_object->package() != NULL
+         && ins.first->second->package() == named_object->package()
+         && (ins.first->second->classification()
+             == named_object->classification()))
+       {
+         // This is a second import of the same object.
+         return ins.first->second;
+       }
+      ins.first->second = this->new_definition(ins.first->second,
+                                              named_object);
+      return ins.first->second;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // Don't push declarations on the list.  We push them on when
+      // and if we find the definitions.  That way we genericize the
+      // functions in order.
+      if (!named_object->is_type_declaration()
+         && !named_object->is_function_declaration()
+         && !named_object->is_unknown())
+       this->named_objects_.push_back(named_object);
+      return named_object;
+    }
+}
+
+// We had an existing named object OLD_OBJECT, and we've seen a new
+// one NEW_OBJECT with the same name.  FIXME: This does not free the
+// new object when we don't need it.
+
+Named_object*
+Bindings::new_definition(Named_object* old_object, Named_object* new_object)
+{
+  std::string reason;
+  switch (old_object->classification())
+    {
+    default:
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_UNINITIALIZED:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN:
+      {
+       Named_object* real = old_object->unknown_value()->real_named_object();
+       if (real != NULL)
+         return this->new_definition(real, new_object);
+       gcc_assert(!new_object->is_unknown());
+       old_object->unknown_value()->set_real_named_object(new_object);
+       if (!new_object->is_type_declaration()
+           && !new_object->is_function_declaration())
+         this->named_objects_.push_back(new_object);
+       return new_object;
+      }
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+      break;
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE:
+      if (new_object->is_type_declaration())
+       return old_object;
+      break;
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION:
+      if (new_object->is_type_declaration())
+       return old_object;
+      if (new_object->is_type())
+       {
+         old_object->set_type_value(new_object->type_value());
+         new_object->type_value()->set_named_object(old_object);
+         this->named_objects_.push_back(old_object);
+         return old_object;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR:
+      break;
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_SINK:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+      if (new_object->is_function_declaration())
+       {
+         if (!new_object->func_declaration_value()->asm_name().empty())
+           sorry("__asm__ for function definitions");
+         Function_type* old_type = old_object->func_value()->type();
+         Function_type* new_type =
+           new_object->func_declaration_value()->type();
+         if (old_type->is_valid_redeclaration(new_type, &reason))
+           return old_object;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION:
+      {
+       Function_type* old_type = old_object->func_declaration_value()->type();
+       if (new_object->is_function_declaration())
+         {
+           Function_type* new_type =
+             new_object->func_declaration_value()->type();
+           if (old_type->is_valid_redeclaration(new_type, &reason))
+             return old_object;
+         }
+       if (new_object->is_function())
+         {
+           Function_type* new_type = new_object->func_value()->type();
+           if (old_type->is_valid_redeclaration(new_type, &reason))
+             {
+               if (!old_object->func_declaration_value()->asm_name().empty())
+                 sorry("__asm__ for function definitions");
+               old_object->set_function_value(new_object->func_value());
+               this->named_objects_.push_back(old_object);
+               return old_object;
+             }
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE:
+      if (new_object->is_package()
+         && (old_object->package_value()->name()
+             == new_object->package_value()->name()))
+       return old_object;
+
+      break;
+    }
+
+  std::string n = old_object->message_name();
+  if (reason.empty())
+    error_at(new_object->location(), "redefinition of %qs", n.c_str());
+  else
+    error_at(new_object->location(), "redefinition of %qs: %s", n.c_str(),
+            reason.c_str());
+
+  inform(old_object->location(), "previous definition of %qs was here",
+        n.c_str());
+
+  return old_object;
+}
+
+// Add a named type.
+
+Named_object*
+Bindings::add_named_type(Named_type* named_type)
+{
+  return this->add_named_object(named_type->named_object());
+}
+
+// Add a function.
+
+Named_object*
+Bindings::add_function(const std::string& name, const Package* package,
+                      Function* function)
+{
+  return this->add_named_object(Named_object::make_function(name, package,
+                                                           function));
+}
+
+// Add a function declaration.
+
+Named_object*
+Bindings::add_function_declaration(const std::string& name,
+                                  const Package* package,
+                                  Function_type* type,
+                                  source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* no = Named_object::make_function_declaration(name, package,
+                                                            type, location);
+  return this->add_named_object(no);
+}
+
+// Define a type which was previously declared.
+
+void
+Bindings::define_type(Named_object* no, Named_type* type)
+{
+  no->set_type_value(type);
+  this->named_objects_.push_back(no);
+}
+
+// Traverse bindings.
+
+int
+Bindings::traverse(Traverse* traverse, bool is_global)
+{
+  unsigned int traverse_mask = traverse->traverse_mask();
+
+  // We don't use an iterator because we permit the traversal to add
+  // new global objects.
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < this->named_objects_.size(); ++i)
+    {
+      Named_object* p = this->named_objects_[i];
+      switch (p->classification())
+       {
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+         if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_constants) != 0)
+           {
+             if (traverse->constant(p, is_global) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+           }
+         if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0
+             || (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0)
+           {
+             Type* t = p->const_value()->type();
+             if (t != NULL
+                 && Type::traverse(t, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+             if (p->const_value()->traverse_expression(traverse)
+                 == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+           }
+         break;
+
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR:
+         if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_variables) != 0)
+           {
+             if (traverse->variable(p) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+           }
+         if (((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0
+              || (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0)
+             && (p->is_result_variable()
+                 || p->var_value()->has_type()))
+           {
+             Type* t = (p->is_variable()
+                        ? p->var_value()->type()
+                        : p->result_var_value()->type());
+             if (t != NULL
+                 && Type::traverse(t, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+           }
+         if (p->is_variable()
+             && ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0
+                 || (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0))
+           {
+             if (p->var_value()->traverse_expression(traverse)
+                 == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+           }
+         break;
+
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+         if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_functions) != 0)
+           {
+             int t = traverse->function(p);
+             if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+             else if (t == TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS)
+               break;
+           }
+
+         if ((traverse_mask
+              & (Traverse::traverse_variables
+                 | Traverse::traverse_constants
+                 | Traverse::traverse_functions
+                 | Traverse::traverse_blocks
+                 | Traverse::traverse_statements
+                 | Traverse::traverse_expressions
+                 | Traverse::traverse_types)) != 0)
+           {
+             if (p->func_value()->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+           }
+         break;
+
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE:
+         // These are traversed in Gogo::traverse.
+         gcc_assert(is_global);
+         break;
+
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE:
+         if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0
+             || (traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0)
+           {
+             if (Type::traverse(p->type_value(), traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+               return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+           }
+         break;
+
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION:
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION:
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN:
+         break;
+
+       case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_SINK:
+       default:
+         gcc_unreachable();
+       }
+    }
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Class Package.
+
+Package::Package(const std::string& name, const std::string& unique_prefix,
+                source_location location)
+  : name_(name), unique_prefix_(unique_prefix), bindings_(new Bindings(NULL)),
+    priority_(0), location_(location), used_(false), is_imported_(false),
+    uses_sink_alias_(false)
+{
+  gcc_assert(!name.empty() && !unique_prefix.empty());
+}
+
+// Set the priority.  We may see multiple priorities for an imported
+// package; we want to use the largest one.
+
+void
+Package::set_priority(int priority)
+{
+  if (priority > this->priority_)
+    this->priority_ = priority;
+}
+
+// Determine types of constants.  Everything else in a package
+// (variables, function declarations) should already have a fixed
+// type.  Constants may have abstract types.
+
+void
+Package::determine_types()
+{
+  Bindings* bindings = this->bindings_;
+  for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator p = bindings->begin_definitions();
+       p != bindings->end_definitions();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if ((*p)->is_const())
+       (*p)->const_value()->determine_type();
+    }
+}
+
+// Class Traverse.
+
+// Destructor.
+
+Traverse::~Traverse()
+{
+  if (this->types_seen_ != NULL)
+    delete this->types_seen_;
+  if (this->expressions_seen_ != NULL)
+    delete this->expressions_seen_;
+}
+
+// Record that we are looking at a type, and return true if we have
+// already seen it.
+
+bool
+Traverse::remember_type(const Type* type)
+{
+  if (type->is_error_type())
+    return true;
+  gcc_assert((this->traverse_mask() & traverse_types) != 0
+            || (this->traverse_mask() & traverse_expressions) != 0);
+  // We only have to remember named types, as they are the only ones
+  // we can see multiple times in a traversal.
+  if (type->classification() != Type::TYPE_NAMED)
+    return false;
+  if (this->types_seen_ == NULL)
+    this->types_seen_ = new Types_seen();
+  std::pair<Types_seen::iterator, bool> ins = this->types_seen_->insert(type);
+  return !ins.second;
+}
+
+// Record that we are looking at an expression, and return true if we
+// have already seen it.
+
+bool
+Traverse::remember_expression(const Expression* expression)
+{
+  gcc_assert((this->traverse_mask() & traverse_types) != 0
+            || (this->traverse_mask() & traverse_expressions) != 0);
+  if (this->expressions_seen_ == NULL)
+    this->expressions_seen_ = new Expressions_seen();
+  std::pair<Expressions_seen::iterator, bool> ins =
+    this->expressions_seen_->insert(expression);
+  return !ins.second;
+}
+
+// The default versions of these functions should never be called: the
+// traversal mask indicates which functions may be called.
+
+int
+Traverse::variable(Named_object*)
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+int
+Traverse::constant(Named_object*, bool)
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+int
+Traverse::function(Named_object*)
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+int
+Traverse::block(Block*)
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+int
+Traverse::statement(Block*, size_t*, Statement*)
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+int
+Traverse::expression(Expression**)
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+int
+Traverse::type(Type*)
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo.h.merge-left.r167407 b/gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo.h.merge-left.r167407
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..d0cfa1e
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,2484 @@
+// gogo.h -- Go frontend parsed representation.     -*- C++ -*-
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#ifndef GO_GOGO_H
+#define GO_GOGO_H
+
+class Traverse;
+class Type;
+class Type_hash_identical;
+class Type_equal;
+class Type_identical;
+class Typed_identifier;
+class Typed_identifier_list;
+class Function_type;
+class Expression;
+class Statement;
+class Block;
+class Function;
+class Bindings;
+class Package;
+class Variable;
+class Pointer_type;
+class Struct_type;
+class Struct_field;
+class Struct_field_list;
+class Array_type;
+class Map_type;
+class Channel_type;
+class Interface_type;
+class Named_type;
+class Forward_declaration_type;
+class Method;
+class Methods;
+class Named_object;
+class Label;
+class Translate_context;
+class Export;
+class Import;
+
+// This file declares the basic classes used to hold the internal
+// representation of Go which is built by the parser.
+
+// An initialization function for an imported package.  This is a
+// magic function which initializes variables and runs the "init"
+// function.
+
+class Import_init
+{
+ public:
+  Import_init(const std::string& package_name, const std::string& init_name,
+             int priority)
+    : package_name_(package_name), init_name_(init_name), priority_(priority)
+  { }
+
+  // The name of the package being imported.
+  const std::string&
+  package_name() const
+  { return this->package_name_; }
+
+  // The name of the package's init function.
+  const std::string&
+  init_name() const
+  { return this->init_name_; }
+
+  // The priority of the initialization function.  Functions with a
+  // lower priority number must be run first.
+  int
+  priority() const
+  { return this->priority_; }
+
+ private:
+  // The name of the package being imported.
+  std::string package_name_;
+  // The name of the package's init function.
+  std::string init_name_;
+  // The priority.
+  int priority_;
+};
+
+// For sorting purposes.
+
+inline bool
+operator<(const Import_init& i1, const Import_init& i2)
+{
+  if (i1.priority() < i2.priority())
+    return true;
+  if (i1.priority() > i2.priority())
+    return false;
+  if (i1.package_name() != i2.package_name())
+    return i1.package_name() < i2.package_name();
+  return i1.init_name() < i2.init_name();
+}
+
+// The holder for the internal representation of the entire
+// compilation unit.
+
+class Gogo
+{
+ public:
+  // Create the IR, passing in the sizes of the types "int", "float",
+  // and "uintptr" in bits.
+  Gogo(int int_type_size, int float_type_size, int pointer_size);
+
+  // Get the package name.
+  const std::string&
+  package_name() const;
+
+  // Set the package name.
+  void
+  set_package_name(const std::string&, source_location);
+
+  // If necessary, adjust the name to use for a hidden symbol.  We add
+  // a prefix of the package name, so that hidden symbols in different
+  // packages do not collide.
+  std::string
+  pack_hidden_name(const std::string& name, bool is_exported) const
+  {
+    return (is_exported
+           ? name
+           : ('.' + this->unique_prefix()
+              + '.' + this->package_name()
+              + '.' + name));
+  }
+
+  // Unpack a name which may have been hidden.  Returns the
+  // user-visible name of the object.
+  static std::string
+  unpack_hidden_name(const std::string& name)
+  { return name[0] != '.' ? name : name.substr(name.rfind('.') + 1); }
+
+  // Return whether a possibly packed name is hidden.
+  static bool
+  is_hidden_name(const std::string& name)
+  { return name[0] == '.'; }
+
+  // Return the package prefix of a hidden name.
+  static std::string
+  hidden_name_prefix(const std::string& name)
+  {
+    gcc_assert(Gogo::is_hidden_name(name));
+    return name.substr(1, name.rfind('.') - 1);
+  }
+
+  // Given a name which may or may not have been hidden, return the
+  // name to use in an error message.
+  static std::string
+  message_name(const std::string& name);
+
+  // Return whether a name is the blank identifier _.
+  static bool
+  is_sink_name(const std::string& name)
+  {
+    return (name[0] == '.'
+           && name[name.length() - 1] == '_'
+           && name[name.length() - 2] == '.');
+  }
+
+  // Return the unique prefix to use for all exported symbols.
+  const std::string&
+  unique_prefix() const;
+
+  // Set the unique prefix.
+  void
+  set_unique_prefix(const std::string&);
+
+  // Return the priority to use for the package we are compiling.
+  // This is two more than the largest priority of any package we
+  // import.
+  int
+  package_priority() const;
+
+  // Import a package.  FILENAME is the file name argument, LOCAL_NAME
+  // is the local name to give to the package.  If LOCAL_NAME is empty
+  // the declarations are added to the global scope.
+  void
+  import_package(const std::string& filename, const std::string& local_name,
+                bool is_local_name_exported, source_location);
+
+  // Whether we are the global binding level.
+  bool
+  in_global_scope() const;
+
+  // Look up a name in the current binding contours.
+  Named_object*
+  lookup(const std::string&, Named_object** pfunction) const;
+
+  // Look up a name in the current block.
+  Named_object*
+  lookup_in_block(const std::string&) const;
+
+  // Look up a name in the global namespace--the universal scope.
+  Named_object*
+  lookup_global(const char*) const;
+
+  // Add a new imported package.  REAL_NAME is the real name of the
+  // package.  ALIAS is the alias of the package; this may be the same
+  // as REAL_NAME.  This sets *PADD_TO_GLOBALS if symbols added to
+  // this package should be added to the global namespace; this is
+  // true if the alias is ".".  LOCATION is the location of the import
+  // statement.  This returns the new package, or NULL on error.
+  Package*
+  add_imported_package(const std::string& real_name, const std::string& alias,
+                      bool is_alias_exported,
+                      const std::string& unique_prefix,
+                      source_location location,
+                      bool* padd_to_globals);
+
+  // Register a package.  This package may or may not be imported.
+  // This returns the Package structure for the package, creating if
+  // it necessary.
+  Package*
+  register_package(const std::string& name, const std::string& unique_prefix,
+                  source_location);
+
+  // Start compiling a function.  ADD_METHOD_TO_TYPE is true if a
+  // method function should be added to the type of its receiver.
+  Named_object*
+  start_function(const std::string& name, Function_type* type,
+                bool add_method_to_type, source_location);
+
+  // Finish compiling a function.
+  void
+  finish_function(source_location);
+
+  // Return the current function.
+  Named_object*
+  current_function() const;
+
+  // Start a new block.  This is not initially associated with a
+  // function.
+  void
+  start_block(source_location);
+
+  // Finish the current block and return it.
+  Block*
+  finish_block(source_location);
+
+  // Declare an unknown name.  This is used while parsing.  The name
+  // must be resolved by the end of the parse.  Unknown names are
+  // always added at the package level.
+  Named_object*
+  add_unknown_name(const std::string& name, source_location);
+
+  // Declare a function.
+  Named_object*
+  declare_function(const std::string&, Function_type*, source_location);
+
+  // Add a label.
+  Label*
+  add_label_definition(const std::string&, source_location);
+
+  // Add a label reference.
+  Label*
+  add_label_reference(const std::string&);
+
+  // Add a statement to the current block.
+  void
+  add_statement(Statement*);
+
+  // Add a block to the current block.
+  void
+  add_block(Block*, source_location);
+
+  // Add a constant.
+  Named_object*
+  add_constant(const Typed_identifier&, Expression*, int iota_value);
+
+  // Add a type.
+  void
+  add_type(const std::string&, Type*, source_location);
+
+  // Add a named type.  This is used for builtin types, and to add an
+  // imported type to the global scope.
+  void
+  add_named_type(Named_type*);
+
+  // Declare a type.
+  Named_object*
+  declare_type(const std::string&, source_location);
+
+  // Declare a type at the package level.  This is used when the
+  // parser sees an unknown name where a type name is required.
+  Named_object*
+  declare_package_type(const std::string&, source_location);
+
+  // Define a type which was already declared.
+  void
+  define_type(Named_object*, Named_type*);
+
+  // Add a variable.
+  Named_object*
+  add_variable(const std::string&, Variable*);
+
+  // Add a sink--a reference to the blank identifier _.
+  Named_object*
+  add_sink();
+
+  // Add a named object to the current namespace.  This is used for
+  // import . "package".
+  void
+  add_named_object(Named_object*);
+
+  // Return a name to use for a thunk function.  A thunk function is
+  // one we create during the compilation, for a go statement or a
+  // defer statement or a method expression.
+  static std::string
+  thunk_name();
+
+  // Return whether an object is a thunk.
+  static bool
+  is_thunk(const Named_object*);
+
+  // Note that we've seen an interface type.  This is used to build
+  // all required interface method tables.
+  void
+  record_interface_type(Interface_type*);
+
+  // Clear out all names in file scope.  This is called when we start
+  // parsing a new file.
+  void
+  clear_file_scope();
+
+  // Traverse the tree.  See the Traverse class.
+  void
+  traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  // Define the predeclared global names.
+  void
+  define_global_names();
+
+  // Verify and complete all types.
+  void
+  verify_types();
+
+  // Lower the parse tree.
+  void
+  lower_parse_tree();
+
+  // Lower an expression.
+  void
+  lower_expression(Named_object* function, Expression**);
+
+  // Lower a constant.
+  void
+  lower_constant(Named_object*);
+
+  // Finalize the method lists and build stub methods for named types.
+  void
+  finalize_methods();
+
+  // Work out the types to use for unspecified variables and
+  // constants.
+  void
+  determine_types();
+
+  // Type check the program.
+  void
+  check_types();
+
+  // Check the types in a single block.  This is used for complicated
+  // go statements.
+  void
+  check_types_in_block(Block*);
+
+  // Check for return statements.
+  void
+  check_return_statements();
+
+  // Do all exports.
+  void
+  do_exports();
+
+  // Add an import control function for an imported package to the
+  // list.
+  void
+  add_import_init_fn(const std::string& package_name,
+                    const std::string& init_name, int prio);
+
+  // Turn short-cut operators (&&, ||) into explicit if statements.
+  void
+  remove_shortcuts();
+
+  // Use temporary variables to force order of evaluation.
+  void
+  order_evaluations();
+
+  // Build thunks for functions which call recover.
+  void
+  build_recover_thunks();
+
+  // Simplify statements which might use thunks: go and defer
+  // statements.
+  void
+  simplify_thunk_statements();
+
+  // Write out the global values.
+  void
+  write_globals();
+
+  // Build a call to a builtin function.  PDECL should point to a NULL
+  // initialized static pointer which will hold the fndecl.  NAME is
+  // the name of the function.  NARGS is the number of arguments.
+  // RETTYPE is the return type.  It is followed by NARGS pairs of
+  // type and argument (both trees).
+  static tree
+  call_builtin(tree* pdecl, source_location, const char* name, int nargs,
+              tree rettype, ...);
+
+  // Build a call to the runtime error function.
+  static tree
+  runtime_error(int code, source_location);
+
+  // Build a builtin struct with a list of fields.
+  static tree
+  builtin_struct(tree* ptype, const char* struct_name, tree struct_type,
+                int nfields, ...);
+
+  // Mark a function declaration as a builtin library function.
+  static void
+  mark_fndecl_as_builtin_library(tree fndecl);
+
+  // Build the type of the struct that holds a slice for the given
+  // element type.
+  tree
+  slice_type_tree(tree element_type_tree);
+
+  // Given a tree for a slice type, return the tree for the element
+  // type.
+  static tree
+  slice_element_type_tree(tree slice_type_tree);
+
+  // Build a constructor for a slice.  SLICE_TYPE_TREE is the type of
+  // the slice.  VALUES points to the values.  COUNT is the size,
+  // CAPACITY is the capacity.  If CAPACITY is NULL, it is set to
+  // COUNT.
+  static tree
+  slice_constructor(tree slice_type_tree, tree values, tree count,
+                   tree capacity);
+
+  // Build a constructor for an empty slice.  SLICE_TYPE_TREE is the
+  // type of the slice.
+  static tree
+  empty_slice_constructor(tree slice_type_tree);
+
+  // Build a map descriptor.
+  tree
+  map_descriptor(Map_type*);
+
+  // Return a tree for the type of a map descriptor.  This is struct
+  // __go_map_descriptor in libgo/runtime/map.h.  This is the same for
+  // all map types.
+  tree
+  map_descriptor_type();
+
+  // Build a type descriptor for TYPE using INITIALIZER as the type
+  // descriptor.  This builds a new decl stored in *PDECL.
+  void
+  build_type_descriptor_decl(const Type*, Expression* initializer,
+                            tree* pdecl);
+
+  // Build required interface method tables.
+  void
+  build_interface_method_tables();
+
+  // Build an interface method table for a type: a list of function
+  // pointers, one for each interface method.  This returns a decl.
+  tree
+  interface_method_table_for_type(const Interface_type*, Named_type*,
+                                 bool is_pointer);
+
+  // Return a tree which allocate SIZE bytes to hold values of type
+  // TYPE.
+  tree
+  allocate_memory(Type *type, tree size, source_location);
+
+  // Return a type to use for pointer to const char.
+  static tree
+  const_char_pointer_type_tree();
+
+  // Build a string constant with the right type.
+  static tree
+  string_constant_tree(const std::string&);
+
+  // Build a Go string constant.  This returns a pointer to the
+  // constant.
+  tree
+  go_string_constant_tree(const std::string&);
+
+  // Send a value on a channel.
+  static tree
+  send_on_channel(tree channel, tree val, bool blocking, bool for_select,
+                 source_location);
+
+  // Receive a value from a channel.
+  static tree
+  receive_from_channel(tree type_tree, tree channel, bool for_select,
+                      source_location);
+
+  // Return a tree for receiving an integer on a channel.
+  static tree
+  receive_as_64bit_integer(tree type, tree channel, bool blocking,
+                          bool for_select);
+
+
+  // Make a trampoline which calls FNADDR passing CLOSURE.
+  tree
+  make_trampoline(tree fnaddr, tree closure, source_location);
+
+ private:
+  // During parsing, we keep a stack of functions.  Each function on
+  // the stack is one that we are currently parsing.  For each
+  // function, we keep track of the current stack of blocks.
+  struct Open_function
+  {
+    // The function.
+    Named_object* function;
+    // The stack of active blocks in the function.
+    std::vector<Block*> blocks;
+  };
+
+  // The stack of functions.
+  typedef std::vector<Open_function> Open_functions;
+
+  // Create trees for implicit builtin functions.
+  void
+  define_builtin_function_trees();
+
+  // Set up the built-in unsafe package.
+  void
+  import_unsafe(const std::string&, bool is_exported, source_location);
+
+  // Add a new imported package.
+  Named_object*
+  add_package(const std::string& real_name, const std::string& alias,
+             const std::string& unique_prefix, source_location location);
+
+  // Return the current binding contour.
+  Bindings*
+  current_bindings();
+
+  const Bindings*
+  current_bindings() const;
+
+  // Return the current block.
+  Block*
+  current_block();
+
+  // Get the name of the magic initialization function.
+  const std::string&
+  get_init_fn_name();
+
+  // Get the decl for the magic initialization function.
+  tree
+  initialization_function_decl();
+
+  // Write the magic initialization function.
+  void
+  write_initialization_function(tree fndecl, tree init_stmt_list);
+
+  // Initialize imported packages.
+  void
+  init_imports(tree*);
+
+  // Register variables with the garbage collector.
+  void
+  register_gc_vars(const std::vector<Named_object*>&, tree*);
+
+  // Build a pointer to a Go string constant.  This returns a pointer
+  // to the pointer.
+  tree
+  ptr_go_string_constant_tree(const std::string&);
+
+  // Return the name to use for a type descriptor decl for an unnamed
+  // type.
+  std::string
+  unnamed_type_descriptor_decl_name(const Type* type);
+
+  // Return the name to use for a type descriptor decl for a type
+  // named NO, defined in IN_FUNCTION.
+  std::string
+  type_descriptor_decl_name(const Named_object* no,
+                           const Named_object* in_function);
+
+  // Where a type descriptor should be defined.
+  enum Type_descriptor_location
+    {
+      // Defined in this file.
+      TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_DEFINED,
+      // Defined in some other file.
+      TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_UNDEFINED,
+      // Common definition which may occur in multiple files.
+      TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_COMMON
+    };
+
+  // Return where the decl for TYPE should be defined.
+  Type_descriptor_location
+  type_descriptor_location(const Type* type);
+
+  // Return the type of a trampoline.
+  static tree
+  trampoline_type_tree();
+
+  // Type used to map import names to packages.
+  typedef std::map<std::string, Package*> Imports;
+
+  // Type used to map package names to packages.
+  typedef std::map<std::string, Package*> Packages;
+
+  // Type used to map special names in the sys package.
+  typedef std::map<std::string, std::string> Sys_names;
+
+  // Hash table mapping map types to map descriptor decls.
+  typedef Unordered_map_hash(const Map_type*, tree, Type_hash_identical,
+                            Type_identical) Map_descriptors;
+
+  // Map unnamed types to type descriptor decls.
+  typedef Unordered_map_hash(const Type*, tree, Type_hash_identical,
+                            Type_identical) Type_descriptor_decls;
+
+  // The package we are compiling.
+  Package* package_;
+  // The list of currently open functions during parsing.
+  Open_functions functions_;
+  // The global binding contour.  This includes the builtin functions
+  // and the package we are compiling.
+  Bindings* globals_;
+  // Mapping from import file names to packages.
+  Imports imports_;
+  // Whether the magic unsafe package was imported.
+  bool imported_unsafe_;
+  // Mapping from package names we have seen to packages.  This does
+  // not include the package we are compiling.
+  Packages packages_;
+  // Mapping from map types to map descriptors.
+  Map_descriptors* map_descriptors_;
+  // Mapping from unnamed types to type descriptor decls.
+  Type_descriptor_decls* type_descriptor_decls_;
+  // The functions named "init", if there are any.
+  std::vector<Named_object*> init_functions_;
+  // Whether we need a magic initialization function.
+  bool need_init_fn_;
+  // The name of the magic initialization function.
+  std::string init_fn_name_;
+  // A list of import control variables for packages that we import.
+  std::set<Import_init> imported_init_fns_;
+  // The unique prefix used for all global symbols.
+  std::string unique_prefix_;
+  // A list of interface types defined while parsing.
+  std::vector<Interface_type*> interface_types_;
+};
+
+// A block of statements.
+
+class Block
+{
+ public:
+  Block(Block* enclosing, source_location);
+
+  // Return the enclosing block.
+  const Block*
+  enclosing() const
+  { return this->enclosing_; }
+
+  // Return the bindings of the block.
+  Bindings*
+  bindings()
+  { return this->bindings_; }
+
+  const Bindings*
+  bindings() const
+  { return this->bindings_; }
+
+  // Look at the block's statements.
+  const std::vector<Statement*>*
+  statements() const
+  { return &this->statements_; }
+
+  // Return the start location.  This is normally the location of the
+  // left curly brace which starts the block.
+  source_location
+  start_location() const
+  { return this->start_location_; }
+
+  // Return the end location.  This is normally the location of the
+  // right curly brace which ends the block.
+  source_location
+  end_location() const
+  { return this->end_location_; }
+
+  // Add a statement to the block.
+  void
+  add_statement(Statement*);
+
+  // Add a statement to the front of the block.
+  void
+  add_statement_at_front(Statement*);
+
+  // Replace a statement in a block.
+  void
+  replace_statement(size_t index, Statement*);
+
+  // Add a Statement before statement number INDEX.
+  void
+  insert_statement_before(size_t index, Statement*);
+
+  // Add a Statement after statement number INDEX.
+  void
+  insert_statement_after(size_t index, Statement*);
+
+  // Set the end location of the block.
+  void
+  set_end_location(source_location location)
+  { this->end_location_ = location; }
+
+  // Traverse the tree.
+  int
+  traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  // Set final types for unspecified variables and constants.
+  void
+  determine_types();
+
+  // Return true if execution of this block may fall through to the
+  // next block.
+  bool
+  may_fall_through() const;
+
+  // Return a tree of the code in this block.
+  tree
+  get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+  // Iterate over statements.
+
+  typedef std::vector<Statement*>::iterator iterator;
+
+  iterator
+  begin()
+  { return this->statements_.begin(); }
+
+  iterator
+  end()
+  { return this->statements_.end(); }
+
+ private:
+  // Enclosing block.
+  Block* enclosing_;
+  // Statements in the block.
+  std::vector<Statement*> statements_;
+  // Binding contour.
+  Bindings* bindings_;
+  // Location of start of block.
+  source_location start_location_;
+  // Location of end of block.
+  source_location end_location_;
+};
+
+// A function.
+
+class Function
+{
+ public:
+  Function(Function_type* type, Function*, Block*, source_location);
+
+  // Return the function's type.
+  Function_type*
+  type() const
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  // Return the enclosing function if there is one.
+  Function*
+  enclosing()
+  { return this->enclosing_; }
+
+  // Set the enclosing function.  This is used when building thunks
+  // for functions which call recover.
+  void
+  set_enclosing(Function* enclosing)
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->enclosing_ == NULL);
+    this->enclosing_ = enclosing;
+  }
+
+  // Create the named result variables in the outer block.
+  void
+  create_named_result_variables();
+
+  // Add a new field to the closure variable.
+  void
+  add_closure_field(Named_object* var, source_location loc)
+  { this->closure_fields_.push_back(std::make_pair(var, loc)); }
+
+  // Whether this function needs a closure.
+  bool
+  needs_closure() const
+  { return !this->closure_fields_.empty(); }
+
+  // Return the closure variable, creating it if necessary.  This is
+  // passed to the function as a static chain parameter.
+  Named_object*
+  closure_var();
+
+  // Set the closure variable.  This is used when building thunks for
+  // functions which call recover.
+  void
+  set_closure_var(Named_object* v)
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->closure_var_ == NULL);
+    this->closure_var_ = v;
+  }
+
+  // Return the variable for a reference to field INDEX in the closure
+  // variable.
+  Named_object*
+  enclosing_var(unsigned int index)
+  {
+    gcc_assert(index < this->closure_fields_.size());
+    return closure_fields_[index].first;
+  }
+
+  // Set the type of the closure variable if there is one.
+  void
+  set_closure_type();
+
+  // Get the block of statements associated with the function.
+  Block*
+  block() const
+  { return this->block_; }
+
+  // Get the location of the start of the function.
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Return whether this function is actually a method.
+  bool
+  is_method() const;
+
+  // Add a label definition to the function.
+  Label*
+  add_label_definition(const std::string& label_name, source_location);
+
+  // Add a label reference to a function.
+  Label*
+  add_label_reference(const std::string& label_name);
+
+  // Whether this function calls the predeclared recover function.
+  bool
+  calls_recover() const
+  { return this->calls_recover_; }
+
+  // Record that this function calls the predeclared recover function.
+  // This is set during the lowering pass.
+  void
+  set_calls_recover()
+  { this->calls_recover_ = true; }
+
+  // Whether this is a recover thunk function.
+  bool
+  is_recover_thunk() const
+  { return this->is_recover_thunk_; }
+
+  // Record that this is a thunk built for a function which calls
+  // recover.
+  void
+  set_is_recover_thunk()
+  { this->is_recover_thunk_ = true; }
+
+  // Whether this function already has a recover thunk.
+  bool
+  has_recover_thunk() const
+  { return this->has_recover_thunk_; }
+
+  // Record that this function already has a recover thunk.
+  void
+  set_has_recover_thunk()
+  { this->has_recover_thunk_ = true; }
+
+  // Swap with another function.  Used only for the thunk which calls
+  // recover.
+  void
+  swap_for_recover(Function *);
+
+  // Traverse the tree.
+  int
+  traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  // Determine types in the function.
+  void
+  determine_types();
+
+  // Return the function's decl given an identifier.
+  tree
+  get_or_make_decl(Gogo*, Named_object*, tree id);
+
+  // Return the function's decl after it has been built.
+  tree
+  get_decl() const
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->fndecl_ != NULL);
+    return this->fndecl_;
+  }
+
+  // Set the function decl to hold a tree of the function code.
+  void
+  build_tree(Gogo*, Named_object*);
+
+  // Get the value to return when not explicitly specified.  May also
+  // add statements to execute first to STMT_LIST.
+  tree
+  return_value(Gogo*, Named_object*, source_location, tree* stmt_list) const;
+
+  // Get a tree for the variable holding the defer stack.
+  tree
+  defer_stack(source_location);
+
+  // Export the function.
+  void
+  export_func(Export*, const std::string& name) const;
+
+  // Export a function with a type.
+  static void
+  export_func_with_type(Export*, const std::string& name,
+                       const Function_type*);
+
+  // Import a function.
+  static void
+  import_func(Import*, std::string* pname, Typed_identifier** receiver,
+             Typed_identifier_list** pparameters,
+             Typed_identifier_list** presults, bool* is_varargs);
+
+ private:
+  // Type for mapping from label names to Label objects.
+  typedef Unordered_map(std::string, Label*) Labels;
+
+  tree
+  make_receiver_parm_decl(Gogo*, Named_object*, tree);
+
+  tree
+  copy_parm_to_heap(Gogo*, Named_object*, tree);
+
+  void
+  build_defer_wrapper(Gogo*, Named_object*, tree*, tree*);
+
+  typedef std::vector<Named_object*> Named_results;
+
+  typedef std::vector<std::pair<Named_object*,
+                               source_location> > Closure_fields;
+
+  // The function's type.
+  Function_type* type_;
+  // The enclosing function.  This is NULL when there isn't one, which
+  // is the normal case.
+  Function* enclosing_;
+  // The named result variables, if any.
+  Named_results* named_results_;
+  // If there is a closure, this is the list of variables which appear
+  // in the closure.  This is created by the parser, and then resolved
+  // to a real type when we lower parse trees.
+  Closure_fields closure_fields_;
+  // The closure variable, passed as a parameter using the static
+  // chain parameter.  Normally NULL.
+  Named_object* closure_var_;
+  // The outer block of statements in the function.
+  Block* block_;
+  // The source location of the start of the function.
+  source_location location_;
+  // Labels defined or referenced in the function.
+  Labels labels_;
+  // The function decl.
+  tree fndecl_;
+  // A variable holding the defer stack variable.  This is NULL unless
+  // we actually need a defer stack.
+  tree defer_stack_;
+  // True if this function calls the predeclared recover function.
+  bool calls_recover_;
+  // True if this a thunk built for a function which calls recover.
+  bool is_recover_thunk_;
+  // True if this function already has a recover thunk.
+  bool has_recover_thunk_;
+};
+
+// A function declaration.
+
+class Function_declaration
+{
+ public:
+  Function_declaration(Function_type* fntype, source_location location)
+    : fntype_(fntype), location_(location), asm_name_(), fndecl_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  Function_type*
+  type() const
+  { return this->fntype_; }
+
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  const std::string&
+  asm_name() const
+  { return this->asm_name_; }
+
+  // Set the assembler name.
+  void
+  set_asm_name(const std::string& asm_name)
+  { this->asm_name_ = asm_name; }
+
+  // Return a decl for the function given an identifier.
+  tree
+  get_or_make_decl(Gogo*, Named_object*, tree id);
+
+  // Export a function declaration.
+  void
+  export_func(Export* exp, const std::string& name) const
+  { Function::export_func_with_type(exp, name, this->fntype_); }
+
+ private:
+  // The type of the function.
+  Function_type* fntype_;
+  // The location of the declaration.
+  source_location location_;
+  // The assembler name: this is the name to use in references to the
+  // function.  This is normally empty.
+  std::string asm_name_;
+  // The function decl if needed.
+  tree fndecl_;
+};
+
+// A variable.
+
+class Variable
+{
+ public:
+  Variable(Type*, Expression*, bool is_global, bool is_parameter,
+          bool is_receiver, source_location);
+
+  // Get the type of the variable.
+  Type*
+  type() const;
+
+  // Return whether the type is defined yet.
+  bool
+  has_type() const
+  { return this->type_ != NULL; }
+
+  // Get the initial value.
+  Expression*
+  init() const
+  { return this->init_; }
+
+  // Return whether there are any preinit statements.
+  bool
+  has_pre_init() const
+  { return this->preinit_ != NULL; }
+
+  // Return the preinit statements if any.
+  Block*
+  preinit() const
+  { return this->preinit_; }
+
+  // Return whether this is a global variable.
+  bool
+  is_global() const
+  { return this->is_global_; }
+
+  // Return whether this is a function parameter.
+  bool
+  is_parameter() const
+  { return this->is_parameter_; }
+
+  // Return whether this is the receiver parameter of a method.
+  bool
+  is_receiver() const
+  { return this->is_receiver_; }
+
+  // Change this parameter to be a receiver.  This is used when
+  // creating the thunks created for functions which call recover.
+  void
+  set_is_receiver()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->is_parameter_);
+    this->is_receiver_ = true;
+  }
+
+  // Change this parameter to not be a receiver.  This is used when
+  // creating the thunks created for functions which call recover.
+  void
+  set_is_not_receiver()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->is_parameter_);
+    this->is_receiver_ = false;
+  }
+
+  // Return whether this is the varargs parameter of a function.
+  bool
+  is_varargs_parameter() const
+  { return this->is_varargs_parameter_; }
+
+  // Whether this variable's address is taken.
+  bool
+  is_address_taken() const
+  { return this->is_address_taken_; }
+
+  // Whether this variable should live in the heap.
+  bool
+  is_in_heap() const
+  { return this->is_address_taken_ && !this->is_global_; }
+
+  // Get the source location of the variable's declaration.
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Record that this is the varargs parameter of a function.
+  void
+  set_is_varargs_parameter()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->is_parameter_);
+    this->is_varargs_parameter_ = true;
+  }
+
+  // Clear the initial value; used for error handling.
+  void
+  clear_init()
+  { this->init_ = NULL; }
+
+  // Set the initial value; used for converting shortcuts.
+  void
+  set_init(Expression* init)
+  { this->init_ = init; }
+
+  // Get the preinit block, a block of statements to be run before the
+  // initialization expression.
+  Block*
+  preinit_block();
+
+  // Add a statement to be run before the initialization expression.
+  // This is only used for global variables.
+  void
+  add_preinit_statement(Statement*);
+
+  // Lower the initialization expression after parsing is complete.
+  void
+  lower_init_expression(Gogo*, Named_object*);
+
+  // A special case: the init value is used only to determine the
+  // type.  This is used if the variable is defined using := with the
+  // comma-ok form of a map index or a receive expression.  The init
+  // value is actually the map index expression or receive expression.
+  // We use this because we may not know the right type at parse time.
+  void
+  set_type_from_init_tuple()
+  { this->type_from_init_tuple_ = true; }
+
+  // Another special case: the init value is used only to determine
+  // the type.  This is used if the variable is defined using := with
+  // a range clause.  The init value is the range expression.  The
+  // type of the variable is the index type of the range expression
+  // (i.e., the first value returned by a range).
+  void
+  set_type_from_range_index()
+  { this->type_from_range_index_ = true; }
+
+  // Another special case: like set_type_from_range_index, but the
+  // type is the value type of the range expression (i.e., the second
+  // value returned by a range).
+  void
+  set_type_from_range_value()
+  { this->type_from_range_value_ = true; }
+
+  // Another special case: the init value is used only to determine
+  // the type.  This is used if the variable is defined using := with
+  // a case in a select statement.  The init value is the channel.
+  // The type of the variable is the channel's element type.
+  void
+  set_type_from_chan_element()
+  { this->type_from_chan_element_ = true; }
+
+  // After we lower the select statement, we once again set the type
+  // from the initialization expression.
+  void
+  clear_type_from_chan_element()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->type_from_chan_element_);
+    this->type_from_chan_element_ = false;
+  }
+
+  // Note that this variable was created for a type switch clause.
+  void
+  set_is_type_switch_var()
+  { this->is_type_switch_var_ = true; }
+
+  // Traverse the initializer expression.
+  int
+  traverse_expression(Traverse*);
+
+  // Determine the type of the variable if necessary.
+  void
+  determine_type();
+
+  // Note that something takes the address of this variable.
+  void
+  set_address_taken()
+  { this->is_address_taken_ = true; }
+
+  // Get the initial value of the variable as a tree.  This may only
+  // be called if has_pre_init() returns false.
+  tree
+  get_init_tree(Gogo*, Named_object* function);
+
+  // Return a series of statements which sets the value of the
+  // variable in DECL.  This should only be called is has_pre_init()
+  // returns true.  DECL may be NULL for a sink variable.
+  tree
+  get_init_block(Gogo*, Named_object* function, tree decl);
+
+  // Export the variable.
+  void
+  export_var(Export*, const std::string& name) const;
+
+  // Import a variable.
+  static void
+  import_var(Import*, std::string* pname, Type** ptype);
+
+ private:
+  // The type of a tuple.
+  Type*
+  type_from_tuple(Expression*, bool) const;
+
+  // The type of a range.
+  Type*
+  type_from_range(Expression*, bool, bool) const;
+
+  // The element type of a channel.
+  Type*
+  type_from_chan_element(Expression*, bool) const;
+
+  // The variable's type.  This may be NULL if the type is set from
+  // the expression.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The initial value.  This may be NULL if the variable should be
+  // initialized to the default value for the type.
+  Expression* init_;
+  // Statements to run before the init statement.
+  Block* preinit_;
+  // Location of variable definition.
+  source_location location_;
+  // Whether this is a global variable.
+  bool is_global_ : 1;
+  // Whether this is a function parameter.
+  bool is_parameter_ : 1;
+  // Whether this is the receiver parameter of a method.
+  bool is_receiver_ : 1;
+  // Whether this is the varargs parameter of a function.
+  bool is_varargs_parameter_ : 1;
+  // Whether something takes the address of this variable.
+  bool is_address_taken_ : 1;
+  // True if we have lowered the initialization expression.
+  bool init_is_lowered_ : 1;
+  // True if init is a tuple used to set the type.
+  bool type_from_init_tuple_ : 1;
+  // True if init is a range clause and the type is the index type.
+  bool type_from_range_index_ : 1;
+  // True if init is a range clause and the type is the value type.
+  bool type_from_range_value_ : 1;
+  // True if init is a channel and the type is the channel's element type.
+  bool type_from_chan_element_ : 1;
+  // True if this is a variable created for a type switch case.
+  bool is_type_switch_var_ : 1;
+};
+
+// A variable which is really the name for a function return value, or
+// part of one.
+
+class Result_variable
+{
+ public:
+  Result_variable(Type* type, Function* function, int index)
+    : type_(type), function_(function), index_(index),
+      is_address_taken_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Get the type of the result variable.
+  Type*
+  type() const
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  // Get the function that this is associated with.
+  Function*
+  function() const
+  { return this->function_; }
+
+  // Index in the list of function results.
+  int
+  index() const
+  { return this->index_; }
+
+  // Whether this variable's address is taken.
+  bool
+  is_address_taken() const
+  { return this->is_address_taken_; }
+
+  // Note that something takes the address of this variable.
+  void
+  set_address_taken()
+  { this->is_address_taken_ = true; }
+
+  // Whether this variable should live in the heap.
+  bool
+  is_in_heap() const
+  { return this->is_address_taken_; }
+
+ private:
+  // Type of result variable.
+  Type* type_;
+  // Function with which this is associated.
+  Function* function_;
+  // Index in list of results.
+  int index_;
+  // Whether something takes the address of this variable.
+  bool is_address_taken_;
+};
+
+// The value we keep for a named constant.  This lets us hold a type
+// and an expression.
+
+class Named_constant
+{
+ public:
+  Named_constant(Type* type, Expression* expr, int iota_value,
+                source_location location)
+    : type_(type), expr_(expr), iota_value_(iota_value), location_(location),
+      lowering_(false)
+  { }
+
+  Type*
+  type() const
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  Expression*
+  expr() const
+  { return this->expr_; }
+
+  int
+  iota_value() const
+  { return this->iota_value_; }
+
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Whether we are lowering.
+  bool
+  lowering() const
+  { return this->lowering_; }
+
+  // Set that we are lowering.
+  void
+  set_lowering()
+  { this->lowering_ = true; }
+
+  // We are no longer lowering.
+  void
+  clear_lowering()
+  { this->lowering_ = false; }
+
+  // Traverse the expression.
+  int
+  traverse_expression(Traverse*);
+
+  // Determine the type of the constant if necessary.
+  void
+  determine_type();
+
+  // Indicate that we found and reported an error for this constant.
+  void
+  set_error();
+
+  // Export the constant.
+  void
+  export_const(Export*, const std::string& name) const;
+
+  // Import a constant.
+  static void
+  import_const(Import*, std::string*, Type**, Expression**);
+
+ private:
+  // The type of the constant.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The expression for the constant.
+  Expression* expr_;
+  // If the predeclared constant iota is used in EXPR_, this is the
+  // value it will have.  We do this because at parse time we don't
+  // know whether the name "iota" will refer to the predeclared
+  // constant or to something else.  We put in the right value in when
+  // we lower.
+  int iota_value_;
+  // The location of the definition.
+  source_location location_;
+  // Whether we are currently lowering this constant.
+  bool lowering_;
+};
+
+// A type declaration.
+
+class Type_declaration
+{
+ public:
+  Type_declaration(source_location location)
+    : location_(location), in_function_(NULL), methods_(),
+      issued_warning_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Return the location.
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Return the function in which this type is declared.  This will
+  // return NULL for a type declared in global scope.
+  Named_object*
+  in_function()
+  { return this->in_function_; }
+
+  // Set the function in which this type is declared.
+  void
+  set_in_function(Named_object* f)
+  { this->in_function_ = f; }
+
+  // Add a method to this type.  This is used when methods are defined
+  // before the type.
+  Named_object*
+  add_method(const std::string& name, Function* function);
+
+  // Add a method declaration to this type.
+  Named_object*
+  add_method_declaration(const std::string& name, Function_type* type,
+                        source_location location);
+
+  // Return whether any methods were defined.
+  bool
+  has_methods() const;
+
+  // Define methods when the real type is known.
+  void
+  define_methods(Named_type*);
+
+  // This is called if we are trying to use this type.  It returns
+  // true if we should issue a warning.
+  bool
+  using_type();
+
+ private:
+  typedef std::vector<Named_object*> Methods;
+
+  // The location of the type declaration.
+  source_location location_;
+  // If this type is declared in a function, a pointer back to the
+  // function in which it is defined.
+  Named_object* in_function_;
+  // Methods defined before the type is defined.
+  Methods methods_;
+  // True if we have issued a warning about a use of this type
+  // declaration when it is undefined.
+  bool issued_warning_;
+};
+
+// An unknown object.  These are created by the parser for forward
+// references to names which have not been seen before.  In a correct
+// program, these will always point to a real definition by the end of
+// the parse.  Because they point to another Named_object, these may
+// only be referenced by Unknown_expression objects.
+
+class Unknown_name
+{
+ public:
+  Unknown_name(source_location location)
+    : location_(location), real_named_object_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  // Return the location where this name was first seen.
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Return the real named object that this points to, or NULL if it
+  // was never resolved.
+  Named_object*
+  real_named_object() const
+  { return this->real_named_object_; }
+
+  // Set the real named object that this points to.
+  void
+  set_real_named_object(Named_object* no);
+
+ private:
+  // The location where this name was first seen.
+  source_location location_;
+  // The real named object when it is known.
+  Named_object*
+  real_named_object_;
+};
+
+// A named object named.  This is the result of a declaration.  We
+// don't use a superclass because they all have to be handled
+// differently.
+
+class Named_object
+{
+ public:
+  enum Classification
+  {
+    // An uninitialized Named_object.  We should never see this.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_UNINITIALIZED,
+    // An unknown name.  This is used for forward references.  In a
+    // correct program, these will all be resolved by the end of the
+    // parse.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN,
+    // A const.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_CONST,
+    // A type.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE,
+    // A forward type declaration.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION,
+    // A var.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_VAR,
+    // A result variable in a function.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR,
+    // The blank identifier--the special variable named _.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_SINK,
+    // A func.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC,
+    // A forward func declaration.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION,
+    // A package.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE
+  };
+
+  // Return the classification.
+  Classification
+  classification() const
+  { return this->classification_; }
+
+  // Classifiers.
+
+  bool
+  is_unknown() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN; }
+
+  bool
+  is_const() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_CONST; }
+
+  bool
+  is_type() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE; }
+
+  bool
+  is_type_declaration() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION; }
+
+  bool
+  is_variable() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_VAR; }
+
+  bool
+  is_result_variable() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR; }
+
+  bool
+  is_sink() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_SINK; }
+
+  bool
+  is_function() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC; }
+
+  bool
+  is_function_declaration() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION; }
+
+  bool
+  is_package() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE; }
+
+  // Creators.
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_unknown_name(const std::string& name, source_location);
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_constant(const Typed_identifier&, const Package*, Expression*,
+               int iota_value);
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_type(const std::string&, const Package*, Type*, source_location);
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_type_declaration(const std::string&, const Package*, source_location);
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_variable(const std::string&, const Package*, Variable*);
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_result_variable(const std::string&, Result_variable*);
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_sink();
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_function(const std::string&, const Package*, Function*);
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_function_declaration(const std::string&, const Package*, Function_type*,
+                           source_location);
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_package(const std::string& alias, Package* package);
+
+  // Getters.
+
+  Unknown_name*
+  unknown_value()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN);
+    return this->u_.unknown_value;
+  }
+
+  const Unknown_name*
+  unknown_value() const
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN);
+    return this->u_.unknown_value;
+  }
+
+  Named_constant*
+  const_value()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_CONST);
+    return this->u_.const_value;
+  }
+
+  const Named_constant*
+  const_value() const
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_CONST);
+    return this->u_.const_value;
+  }
+
+  Named_type*
+  type_value()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE);
+    return this->u_.type_value;
+  }
+
+  const Named_type*
+  type_value() const
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE);
+    return this->u_.type_value;
+  }
+
+  Type_declaration*
+  type_declaration_value()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION);
+    return this->u_.type_declaration;
+  }
+
+  const Type_declaration*
+  type_declaration_value() const
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION);
+    return this->u_.type_declaration;
+  }
+
+  Variable*
+  var_value()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_VAR);
+    return this->u_.var_value;
+  }
+
+  const Variable*
+  var_value() const
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_VAR);
+    return this->u_.var_value;
+  }
+
+  Result_variable*
+  result_var_value()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR);
+    return this->u_.result_var_value;
+  }
+
+  const Result_variable*
+  result_var_value() const
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR);
+    return this->u_.result_var_value;
+  }
+
+  Function*
+  func_value()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC);
+    return this->u_.func_value;
+  }
+
+  const Function*
+  func_value() const
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC);
+    return this->u_.func_value;
+  }
+
+  Function_declaration*
+  func_declaration_value()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION);
+    return this->u_.func_declaration_value;
+  }
+
+  const Function_declaration*
+  func_declaration_value() const
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION);
+    return this->u_.func_declaration_value;
+  }
+
+  Package*
+  package_value()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE);
+    return this->u_.package_value;
+  }
+
+  const Package*
+  package_value() const
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE);
+    return this->u_.package_value;
+  }
+
+  const std::string&
+  name() const
+  { return this->name_; }
+
+  // Return the name to use in an error message.  The difference is
+  // that if this Named_object is defined in a different package, this
+  // will return PACKAGE.NAME.
+  std::string
+  message_name() const;
+
+  const Package*
+  package() const
+  { return this->package_; }
+
+  // Resolve an unknown value if possible.  This returns the same
+  // Named_object or a new one.
+  Named_object*
+  resolve()
+  {
+    Named_object* ret = this;
+    if (this->is_unknown())
+      {
+       Named_object* r = this->unknown_value()->real_named_object();
+       if (r != NULL)
+         ret = r;
+      }
+    return ret;
+  }
+
+  const Named_object*
+  resolve() const
+  {
+    const Named_object* ret = this;
+    if (this->is_unknown())
+      {
+       const Named_object* r = this->unknown_value()->real_named_object();
+       if (r != NULL)
+         ret = r;
+      }
+    return ret;
+  }
+
+  // The location where this object was defined or referenced.
+  source_location
+  location() const;
+
+  // Return a tree for the external identifier for this object.
+  tree
+  get_id(Gogo*);
+
+  // Return a tree representing this object.
+  tree
+  get_tree(Gogo*, Named_object* function);
+
+  // Define a type declaration.
+  void
+  set_type_value(Named_type*);
+
+  // Define a function declaration.
+  void
+  set_function_value(Function*);
+
+  // Export this object.
+  void
+  export_named_object(Export*) const;
+
+ private:
+  Named_object(const std::string&, const Package*, Classification);
+
+  // The name of the object.
+  std::string name_;
+  // The package that this object is in.  This is NULL if it is in the
+  // file we are compiling.
+  const Package* package_;
+  // The type of object this is.
+  Classification classification_;
+  // The real data.
+  union
+  {
+    Unknown_name* unknown_value;
+    Named_constant* const_value;
+    Named_type* type_value;
+    Type_declaration* type_declaration;
+    Variable* var_value;
+    Result_variable* result_var_value;
+    Function* func_value;
+    Function_declaration* func_declaration_value;
+    Package* package_value;
+  } u_;
+  // The DECL tree for this object if we have already converted it.
+  tree tree_;
+};
+
+// A binding contour.  This binds names to objects.
+
+class Bindings
+{
+ public:
+  // Type for mapping from names to objects.
+  typedef Unordered_map(std::string, Named_object*) Contour;
+
+  Bindings(Bindings* enclosing);
+
+  // Add an unknown name.
+  Named_object*
+  add_unknown_name(const std::string& name, source_location location)
+  {
+    return this->add_named_object(Named_object::make_unknown_name(name,
+                                                                 location));
+  }
+
+  // Add a constant.
+  Named_object*
+  add_constant(const Typed_identifier& tid, const Package* package,
+              Expression* expr, int iota_value)
+  {
+    return this->add_named_object(Named_object::make_constant(tid, package,
+                                                             expr,
+                                                             iota_value));
+  }
+
+  // Add a type.
+  Named_object*
+  add_type(const std::string& name, const Package* package, Type* type,
+          source_location location)
+  {
+    return this->add_named_object(Named_object::make_type(name, package, type,
+                                                         location));
+  }
+
+  // Add a named type.  This is used for builtin types, and to add an
+  // imported type to the global scope.
+  Named_object*
+  add_named_type(Named_type* named_type);
+
+  // Add a type declaration.
+  Named_object*
+  add_type_declaration(const std::string& name, const Package* package,
+                      source_location location)
+  {
+    Named_object* no = Named_object::make_type_declaration(name, package,
+                                                          location);
+    return this->add_named_object(no);
+  }
+
+  // Add a variable.
+  Named_object*
+  add_variable(const std::string& name, const Package* package,
+              Variable* variable)
+  {
+    return this->add_named_object(Named_object::make_variable(name, package,
+                                                             variable));
+  }
+
+  // Add a result variable.
+  Named_object*
+  add_result_variable(const std::string& name, Result_variable* result)
+  {
+    return this->add_named_object(Named_object::make_result_variable(name,
+                                                                    result));
+  }
+
+  // Add a function.
+  Named_object*
+  add_function(const std::string& name, const Package*, Function* function);
+
+  // Add a function declaration.
+  Named_object*
+  add_function_declaration(const std::string& name, const Package* package,
+                          Function_type* type, source_location location);
+
+  // Add a package.  The location is the location of the import
+  // statement.
+  Named_object*
+  add_package(const std::string& alias, Package* package)
+  {
+    Named_object* no = Named_object::make_package(alias, package);
+    return this->add_named_object(no);
+  }
+
+  // Define a type which was already declared.
+  void
+  define_type(Named_object*, Named_type*);
+
+  // Add a method to the list of objects.  This is not added to the
+  // lookup table.
+  void
+  add_method(Named_object*);
+
+  // Add a named object to this binding.
+  Named_object*
+  add_named_object(Named_object* no)
+  { return this->add_named_object_to_contour(&this->bindings_, no); }
+
+  // Clear all names in file scope from the bindings.
+  void
+  clear_file_scope();
+
+  // Look up a name in this binding contour and in any enclosing
+  // binding contours.  This returns NULL if the name is not found.
+  Named_object*
+  lookup(const std::string&) const;
+
+  // Look up a name in this binding contour without looking in any
+  // enclosing binding contours.  Returns NULL if the name is not found.
+  Named_object*
+  lookup_local(const std::string&) const;
+
+  // Remove a name.
+  void
+  remove_binding(Named_object*);
+
+  // Traverse the tree.  See the Traverse class.
+  int
+  traverse(Traverse*, bool is_global);
+
+  // Iterate over definitions.  This does not include things which
+  // were only declared.
+
+  typedef std::vector<Named_object*>::const_iterator
+    const_definitions_iterator;
+
+  const_definitions_iterator
+  begin_definitions() const
+  { return this->named_objects_.begin(); }
+
+  const_definitions_iterator
+  end_definitions() const
+  { return this->named_objects_.end(); }
+
+  // Return the number of definitions.
+  size_t
+  size_definitions() const
+  { return this->named_objects_.size(); }
+
+  // Return whether there are no definitions.
+  bool
+  empty_definitions() const
+  { return this->named_objects_.empty(); }
+
+  // Iterate over declarations.  This is everything that has been
+  // declared, which includes everything which has been defined.
+
+  typedef Contour::const_iterator const_declarations_iterator;
+
+  const_declarations_iterator
+  begin_declarations() const
+  { return this->bindings_.begin(); }
+
+  const_declarations_iterator
+  end_declarations() const
+  { return this->bindings_.end(); }
+
+  // Return the number of declarations.
+  size_t
+  size_declarations() const
+  { return this->bindings_.size(); }
+
+  // Return whether there are no declarations.
+  bool
+  empty_declarations() const
+  { return this->bindings_.empty(); }
+
+  // Return the first declaration.
+  Named_object*
+  first_declaration()
+  { return this->bindings_.empty() ? NULL : this->bindings_.begin()->second; }
+
+ private:
+  Named_object*
+  add_named_object_to_contour(Contour*, Named_object*);
+
+  Named_object*
+  new_definition(Named_object*, Named_object*);
+
+  // Enclosing bindings.
+  Bindings* enclosing_;
+  // The list of objects.
+  std::vector<Named_object*> named_objects_;
+  // The mapping from names to objects.
+  Contour bindings_;
+};
+
+// A label.
+
+class Label
+{
+ public:
+  Label(const std::string& name)
+    : name_(name), location_(0), decl_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  // Return the label's name.
+  const std::string&
+  name() const
+  { return this->name_; }
+
+  // Return whether the label has been defined.
+  bool
+  is_defined() const
+  { return this->location_ != 0; }
+
+  // Return the location of the definition.
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Define the label at LOCATION.
+  void
+  define(source_location location)
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->location_ == 0);
+    this->location_ = location;
+  }
+
+  // Return the LABEL_DECL for this decl.
+  tree
+  get_decl();
+
+  // Return an expression for the address of this label.
+  tree
+  get_addr(source_location location);
+
+ private:
+  // The name of the label.
+  std::string name_;
+  // The location of the definition.  This is 0 if the label has not
+  // yet been defined.
+  source_location location_;
+  // The LABEL_DECL.
+  tree decl_;
+};
+
+// An unnamed label.  These are used when lowering loops.
+
+class Unnamed_label
+{
+ public:
+  Unnamed_label(source_location location)
+    : location_(location), decl_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  // Get the location where the label is defined.
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Set the location where the label is defined.
+  void
+  set_location(source_location location)
+  { this->location_ = location; }
+
+  // Return a statement which defines this label.
+  tree
+  get_definition();
+
+  // Return a goto to this label from LOCATION.
+  tree
+  get_goto(source_location location);
+
+ private:
+  // Return the LABEL_DECL to use with GOTO_EXPR.
+  tree
+  get_decl();
+
+  // The location where the label is defined.
+  source_location location_;
+  // The LABEL_DECL.
+  tree decl_;
+};
+
+// An imported package.
+
+class Package
+{
+ public:
+  Package(const std::string& name, const std::string& unique_prefix,
+         source_location location);
+
+  // The real name of this package.  This may be different from the
+  // name in the associated Named_object if the import statement used
+  // an alias.
+  const std::string&
+  name() const
+  { return this->name_; }
+
+  // Return the location of the import statement.
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Get the unique prefix used for all symbols exported from this
+  // package.
+  const std::string&
+  unique_prefix() const
+  {
+    gcc_assert(!this->unique_prefix_.empty());
+    return this->unique_prefix_;
+  }
+
+  // The priority of this package.  The init function of packages with
+  // lower priority must be run before the init function of packages
+  // with higher priority.
+  int
+  priority() const
+  { return this->priority_; }
+
+  // Set the priority.
+  void
+  set_priority(int priority);
+
+  // Return the bindings.
+  Bindings*
+  bindings()
+  { return this->bindings_; }
+
+  // Whether some symbol from the package was used.
+  bool
+  used() const
+  { return this->used_; }
+
+  // Note that some symbol from this package was used.
+  void
+  set_used() const
+  { this->used_ = true; }
+
+  // Clear the used field for the next file.
+  void
+  clear_used()
+  { this->used_ = false; }
+
+  // Whether this package was imported in the current file.
+  bool
+  is_imported() const
+  { return this->is_imported_; }
+
+  // Note that this package was imported in the current file.
+  void
+  set_is_imported()
+  { this->is_imported_ = true; }
+
+  // Clear the imported field for the next file.
+  void
+  clear_is_imported()
+  { this->is_imported_ = false; }
+
+  // Whether this package was imported with a name of "_".
+  bool
+  uses_sink_alias() const
+  { return this->uses_sink_alias_; }
+
+  // Note that this package was imported with a name of "_".
+  void
+  set_uses_sink_alias()
+  { this->uses_sink_alias_ = true; }
+
+  // Clear the sink alias field for the next file.
+  void
+  clear_uses_sink_alias()
+  { this->uses_sink_alias_ = false; }
+
+  // Look up a name in the package.  Returns NULL if the name is not
+  // found.
+  Named_object*
+  lookup(const std::string& name) const
+  { return this->bindings_->lookup(name); }
+
+  // Set the location of the package.  This is used if it is seen in a
+  // different import before it is really imported.
+  void
+  set_location(source_location location)
+  { this->location_ = location; }
+
+  // Add a constant to the package.
+  Named_object*
+  add_constant(const Typed_identifier& tid, Expression* expr)
+  { return this->bindings_->add_constant(tid, this, expr, 0); }
+
+  // Add a type to the package.
+  Named_object*
+  add_type(const std::string& name, Type* type, source_location location)
+  { return this->bindings_->add_type(name, this, type, location); }
+
+  // Add a type declaration to the package.
+  Named_object*
+  add_type_declaration(const std::string& name, source_location location)
+  { return this->bindings_->add_type_declaration(name, this, location); }
+
+  // Add a variable to the package.
+  Named_object*
+  add_variable(const std::string& name, Variable* variable)
+  { return this->bindings_->add_variable(name, this, variable); }
+
+  // Add a function declaration to the package.
+  Named_object*
+  add_function_declaration(const std::string& name, Function_type* type,
+                          source_location loc)
+  { return this->bindings_->add_function_declaration(name, this, type, loc); }
+
+  // Determine types of constants.
+  void
+  determine_types();
+
+ private:
+  // The real name of this package.
+  std::string name_;
+  // The unique prefix for all exported global symbols.
+  std::string unique_prefix_;
+  // The names in this package.
+  Bindings* bindings_;
+  // The priority of this package.  A package has a priority higher
+  // than the priority of all of the packages that it imports.  This
+  // is used to run init functions in the right order.
+  int priority_;
+  // The location of the import statement.
+  source_location location_;
+  // True if some name from this package was used.  This is mutable
+  // because we can use a package even if we have a const pointer to
+  // it.
+  mutable bool used_;
+  // True if this package was imported in the current file.
+  bool is_imported_;
+  // True if this package was imported with a name of "_".
+  bool uses_sink_alias_;
+};
+
+// Return codes for the traversal functions.  This is not an enum
+// because we want to be able to declare traversal functions in other
+// header files without including this one.
+
+// Continue traversal as usual.
+const int TRAVERSE_CONTINUE = -1;
+
+// Exit traversal.
+const int TRAVERSE_EXIT = 0;
+
+// Continue traversal, but skip components of the current object.
+// E.g., if this is returned by Traverse::statement, we do not
+// traverse the expressions in the statement even if
+// traverse_expressions is set in the traverse_mask.
+const int TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS = 1;
+
+// This class is used when traversing the parse tree.  The caller uses
+// a subclass which overrides functions as desired.
+
+class Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  // These bitmasks say what to traverse.
+  static const unsigned int traverse_variables =    0x1;
+  static const unsigned int traverse_constants =    0x2;
+  static const unsigned int traverse_functions =    0x4;
+  static const unsigned int traverse_blocks =       0x8;
+  static const unsigned int traverse_statements =  0x10;
+  static const unsigned int traverse_expressions = 0x20;
+  static const unsigned int traverse_types =       0x40;
+
+  Traverse(unsigned int traverse_mask)
+    : traverse_mask_(traverse_mask), types_seen_(NULL), expressions_seen_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  virtual ~Traverse();
+
+  // The bitmask of what to traverse.
+  unsigned int
+  traverse_mask() const
+  { return this->traverse_mask_; }
+
+  // Record that we are going to traverse a type.  This returns true
+  // if the type has already been seen in this traversal.  This is
+  // required because types, unlike expressions, can form a circular
+  // graph.
+  bool
+  remember_type(const Type*);
+
+  // Record that we are going to see an expression.  This returns true
+  // if the expression has already been seen in this traversal.  This
+  // is only needed for cases where multiple expressions can point to
+  // a single one.
+  bool
+  remember_expression(const Expression*);
+
+  // These functions return one of the TRAVERSE codes defined above.
+
+  // If traverse_variables is set in the mask, this is called for
+  // every variable in the tree.
+  virtual int
+  variable(Named_object*);
+
+  // If traverse_constants is set in the mask, this is called for
+  // every named constant in the tree.  The bool parameter is true for
+  // a global constant.
+  virtual int
+  constant(Named_object*, bool);
+
+  // If traverse_functions is set in the mask, this is called for
+  // every function in the tree.
+  virtual int
+  function(Named_object*);
+
+  // If traverse_blocks is set in the mask, this is called for every
+  // block in the tree.
+  virtual int
+  block(Block*);
+
+  // If traverse_statements is set in the mask, this is called for
+  // every statement in the tree.
+  virtual int
+  statement(Block*, size_t* index, Statement*);
+
+  // If traverse_expressions is set in the mask, this is called for
+  // every expression in the tree.
+  virtual int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+  // If traverse_types is set in the mask, this is called for every
+  // type in the tree.
+  virtual int
+  type(Type*);
+
+ private:
+  typedef Unordered_set_hash(const Type*, Type_hash_identical,
+                            Type_identical) Types_seen;
+
+  typedef Unordered_set(const Expression*) Expressions_seen;
+
+  // Bitmask of what sort of objects to traverse.
+  unsigned int traverse_mask_;
+  // Types which have been seen in this traversal.
+  Types_seen* types_seen_;
+  // Expressions which have been seen in this traversal.
+  Expressions_seen* expressions_seen_;
+};
+
+// When translating the gogo IR into trees, this is the context we
+// pass down the blocks and statements.
+
+class Translate_context
+{
+ public:
+  Translate_context(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function, Block* block,
+                   tree block_tree)
+    : gogo_(gogo), function_(function), block_(block), block_tree_(block_tree),
+      is_const_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Accessors.
+
+  Gogo*
+  gogo()
+  { return this->gogo_; }
+
+  Named_object*
+  function()
+  { return this->function_; }
+
+  Block*
+  block()
+  { return this->block_; }
+
+  tree
+  block_tree()
+  { return this->block_tree_; }
+
+  bool
+  is_const()
+  { return this->is_const_; }
+
+  // Make a constant context.
+  void
+  set_is_const()
+  { this->is_const_ = true; }
+
+ private:
+  // The IR for the entire compilation unit.
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+  // The function we are currently translating.
+  Named_object* function_;
+  // The block we are currently translating.
+  Block *block_;
+  // The BLOCK node for the current block.
+  tree block_tree_;
+  // Whether this is being evaluated in a constant context.  This is
+  // used for type descriptor initializers.
+  bool is_const_;
+};
+
+// Runtime error codes.  These must match the values in
+// libgo/runtime/go-runtime-error.c.
+
+// Slice index out of bounds: negative or larger than the length of
+// the slice.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_SLICE_INDEX_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 0;
+
+// Array index out of bounds.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_ARRAY_INDEX_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 1;
+
+// String index out of bounds.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_STRING_INDEX_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 2;
+
+// Slice slice out of bounds: negative or larger than the length of
+// the slice or high bound less than low bound.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_SLICE_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 3;
+
+// Array slice out of bounds.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_ARRAY_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 4;
+
+// String slice out of bounds.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_STRING_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 5;
+
+// Dereference of nil pointer.  This is used when there is a
+// dereference of a pointer to a very large struct or array, to ensure
+// that a gigantic array is not used a proxy to access random memory
+// locations.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_NIL_DEREFERENCE = 6;
+
+// Slice length or capacity out of bounds in make: negative or
+// overflow or length greater than capacity.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_MAKE_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 7;
+
+// Map capacity out of bounds in make: negative or overflow.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_MAKE_MAP_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 8;
+
+// Channel capacity out of bounds in make: negative or overflow.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_MAKE_CHAN_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 9;
+
+// This is used by some of the langhooks.
+extern Gogo* go_get_gogo();
+
+// Whether we have seen any errors.  FIXME: Replace with a backend
+// interface.
+extern bool saw_errors();
+
+#endif // !defined(GO_GOGO_H)
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo.h.merge-right.r172891 b/gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo.h.merge-right.r172891
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..788c80a
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,2612 @@
+// gogo.h -- Go frontend parsed representation.     -*- C++ -*-
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#ifndef GO_GOGO_H
+#define GO_GOGO_H
+
+class Traverse;
+class Type;
+class Type_hash_identical;
+class Type_equal;
+class Type_identical;
+class Typed_identifier;
+class Typed_identifier_list;
+class Function_type;
+class Expression;
+class Statement;
+class Temporary_statement;
+class Block;
+class Function;
+class Bindings;
+class Package;
+class Variable;
+class Pointer_type;
+class Struct_type;
+class Struct_field;
+class Struct_field_list;
+class Array_type;
+class Map_type;
+class Channel_type;
+class Interface_type;
+class Named_type;
+class Forward_declaration_type;
+class Method;
+class Methods;
+class Named_object;
+class Label;
+class Translate_context;
+class Backend;
+class Export;
+class Import;
+class Bexpression;
+class Bstatement;
+class Bblock;
+class Bvariable;
+class Blabel;
+
+// This file declares the basic classes used to hold the internal
+// representation of Go which is built by the parser.
+
+// An initialization function for an imported package.  This is a
+// magic function which initializes variables and runs the "init"
+// function.
+
+class Import_init
+{
+ public:
+  Import_init(const std::string& package_name, const std::string& init_name,
+             int priority)
+    : package_name_(package_name), init_name_(init_name), priority_(priority)
+  { }
+
+  // The name of the package being imported.
+  const std::string&
+  package_name() const
+  { return this->package_name_; }
+
+  // The name of the package's init function.
+  const std::string&
+  init_name() const
+  { return this->init_name_; }
+
+  // The priority of the initialization function.  Functions with a
+  // lower priority number must be run first.
+  int
+  priority() const
+  { return this->priority_; }
+
+ private:
+  // The name of the package being imported.
+  std::string package_name_;
+  // The name of the package's init function.
+  std::string init_name_;
+  // The priority.
+  int priority_;
+};
+
+// For sorting purposes.
+
+inline bool
+operator<(const Import_init& i1, const Import_init& i2)
+{
+  if (i1.priority() < i2.priority())
+    return true;
+  if (i1.priority() > i2.priority())
+    return false;
+  if (i1.package_name() != i2.package_name())
+    return i1.package_name() < i2.package_name();
+  return i1.init_name() < i2.init_name();
+}
+
+// The holder for the internal representation of the entire
+// compilation unit.
+
+class Gogo
+{
+ public:
+  // Create the IR, passing in the sizes of the types "int" and
+  // "uintptr" in bits.
+  Gogo(Backend* backend, int int_type_size, int pointer_size);
+
+  // Get the backend generator.
+  Backend*
+  backend()
+  { return this->backend_; }
+
+  // Get the package name.
+  const std::string&
+  package_name() const;
+
+  // Set the package name.
+  void
+  set_package_name(const std::string&, source_location);
+
+  // Return whether this is the "main" package.
+  bool
+  is_main_package() const;
+
+  // If necessary, adjust the name to use for a hidden symbol.  We add
+  // a prefix of the package name, so that hidden symbols in different
+  // packages do not collide.
+  std::string
+  pack_hidden_name(const std::string& name, bool is_exported) const
+  {
+    return (is_exported
+           ? name
+           : ('.' + this->unique_prefix()
+              + '.' + this->package_name()
+              + '.' + name));
+  }
+
+  // Unpack a name which may have been hidden.  Returns the
+  // user-visible name of the object.
+  static std::string
+  unpack_hidden_name(const std::string& name)
+  { return name[0] != '.' ? name : name.substr(name.rfind('.') + 1); }
+
+  // Return whether a possibly packed name is hidden.
+  static bool
+  is_hidden_name(const std::string& name)
+  { return name[0] == '.'; }
+
+  // Return the package prefix of a hidden name.
+  static std::string
+  hidden_name_prefix(const std::string& name)
+  {
+    go_assert(Gogo::is_hidden_name(name));
+    return name.substr(1, name.rfind('.') - 1);
+  }
+
+  // Given a name which may or may not have been hidden, return the
+  // name to use in an error message.
+  static std::string
+  message_name(const std::string& name);
+
+  // Return whether a name is the blank identifier _.
+  static bool
+  is_sink_name(const std::string& name)
+  {
+    return (name[0] == '.'
+           && name[name.length() - 1] == '_'
+           && name[name.length() - 2] == '.');
+  }
+
+  // Return the unique prefix to use for all exported symbols.
+  const std::string&
+  unique_prefix() const;
+
+  // Set the unique prefix.
+  void
+  set_unique_prefix(const std::string&);
+
+  // Return the priority to use for the package we are compiling.
+  // This is two more than the largest priority of any package we
+  // import.
+  int
+  package_priority() const;
+
+  // Import a package.  FILENAME is the file name argument, LOCAL_NAME
+  // is the local name to give to the package.  If LOCAL_NAME is empty
+  // the declarations are added to the global scope.
+  void
+  import_package(const std::string& filename, const std::string& local_name,
+                bool is_local_name_exported, source_location);
+
+  // Whether we are the global binding level.
+  bool
+  in_global_scope() const;
+
+  // Look up a name in the current binding contours.
+  Named_object*
+  lookup(const std::string&, Named_object** pfunction) const;
+
+  // Look up a name in the current block.
+  Named_object*
+  lookup_in_block(const std::string&) const;
+
+  // Look up a name in the global namespace--the universal scope.
+  Named_object*
+  lookup_global(const char*) const;
+
+  // Add a new imported package.  REAL_NAME is the real name of the
+  // package.  ALIAS is the alias of the package; this may be the same
+  // as REAL_NAME.  This sets *PADD_TO_GLOBALS if symbols added to
+  // this package should be added to the global namespace; this is
+  // true if the alias is ".".  LOCATION is the location of the import
+  // statement.  This returns the new package, or NULL on error.
+  Package*
+  add_imported_package(const std::string& real_name, const std::string& alias,
+                      bool is_alias_exported,
+                      const std::string& unique_prefix,
+                      source_location location,
+                      bool* padd_to_globals);
+
+  // Register a package.  This package may or may not be imported.
+  // This returns the Package structure for the package, creating if
+  // it necessary.
+  Package*
+  register_package(const std::string& name, const std::string& unique_prefix,
+                  source_location);
+
+  // Start compiling a function.  ADD_METHOD_TO_TYPE is true if a
+  // method function should be added to the type of its receiver.
+  Named_object*
+  start_function(const std::string& name, Function_type* type,
+                bool add_method_to_type, source_location);
+
+  // Finish compiling a function.
+  void
+  finish_function(source_location);
+
+  // Return the current function.
+  Named_object*
+  current_function() const;
+
+  // Start a new block.  This is not initially associated with a
+  // function.
+  void
+  start_block(source_location);
+
+  // Finish the current block and return it.
+  Block*
+  finish_block(source_location);
+
+  // Declare an unknown name.  This is used while parsing.  The name
+  // must be resolved by the end of the parse.  Unknown names are
+  // always added at the package level.
+  Named_object*
+  add_unknown_name(const std::string& name, source_location);
+
+  // Declare a function.
+  Named_object*
+  declare_function(const std::string&, Function_type*, source_location);
+
+  // Add a label.
+  Label*
+  add_label_definition(const std::string&, source_location);
+
+  // Add a label reference.
+  Label*
+  add_label_reference(const std::string&);
+
+  // Add a statement to the current block.
+  void
+  add_statement(Statement*);
+
+  // Add a block to the current block.
+  void
+  add_block(Block*, source_location);
+
+  // Add a constant.
+  Named_object*
+  add_constant(const Typed_identifier&, Expression*, int iota_value);
+
+  // Add a type.
+  void
+  add_type(const std::string&, Type*, source_location);
+
+  // Add a named type.  This is used for builtin types, and to add an
+  // imported type to the global scope.
+  void
+  add_named_type(Named_type*);
+
+  // Declare a type.
+  Named_object*
+  declare_type(const std::string&, source_location);
+
+  // Declare a type at the package level.  This is used when the
+  // parser sees an unknown name where a type name is required.
+  Named_object*
+  declare_package_type(const std::string&, source_location);
+
+  // Define a type which was already declared.
+  void
+  define_type(Named_object*, Named_type*);
+
+  // Add a variable.
+  Named_object*
+  add_variable(const std::string&, Variable*);
+
+  // Add a sink--a reference to the blank identifier _.
+  Named_object*
+  add_sink();
+
+  // Add a named object to the current namespace.  This is used for
+  // import . "package".
+  void
+  add_named_object(Named_object*);
+
+  // Return a name to use for a thunk function.  A thunk function is
+  // one we create during the compilation, for a go statement or a
+  // defer statement or a method expression.
+  static std::string
+  thunk_name();
+
+  // Return whether an object is a thunk.
+  static bool
+  is_thunk(const Named_object*);
+
+  // Note that we've seen an interface type.  This is used to build
+  // all required interface method tables.
+  void
+  record_interface_type(Interface_type*);
+
+  // Note that we need an initialization function.
+  void
+  set_need_init_fn()
+  { this->need_init_fn_ = true; }
+
+  // Clear out all names in file scope.  This is called when we start
+  // parsing a new file.
+  void
+  clear_file_scope();
+
+  // Traverse the tree.  See the Traverse class.
+  void
+  traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  // Define the predeclared global names.
+  void
+  define_global_names();
+
+  // Verify and complete all types.
+  void
+  verify_types();
+
+  // Lower the parse tree.
+  void
+  lower_parse_tree();
+
+  // Lower all the statements in a block.
+  void
+  lower_block(Named_object* function, Block*);
+
+  // Lower an expression.
+  void
+  lower_expression(Named_object* function, Expression**);
+
+  // Lower a constant.
+  void
+  lower_constant(Named_object*);
+
+  // Finalize the method lists and build stub methods for named types.
+  void
+  finalize_methods();
+
+  // Work out the types to use for unspecified variables and
+  // constants.
+  void
+  determine_types();
+
+  // Type check the program.
+  void
+  check_types();
+
+  // Check the types in a single block.  This is used for complicated
+  // go statements.
+  void
+  check_types_in_block(Block*);
+
+  // Check for return statements.
+  void
+  check_return_statements();
+
+  // Do all exports.
+  void
+  do_exports();
+
+  // Add an import control function for an imported package to the
+  // list.
+  void
+  add_import_init_fn(const std::string& package_name,
+                    const std::string& init_name, int prio);
+
+  // Turn short-cut operators (&&, ||) into explicit if statements.
+  void
+  remove_shortcuts();
+
+  // Use temporary variables to force order of evaluation.
+  void
+  order_evaluations();
+
+  // Build thunks for functions which call recover.
+  void
+  build_recover_thunks();
+
+  // Simplify statements which might use thunks: go and defer
+  // statements.
+  void
+  simplify_thunk_statements();
+
+  // Convert named types to the backend representation.
+  void
+  convert_named_types();
+
+  // Convert named types in a list of bindings.
+  void
+  convert_named_types_in_bindings(Bindings*);
+
+  // True if named types have been converted to the backend
+  // representation.
+  bool
+  named_types_are_converted() const
+  { return this->named_types_are_converted_; }
+
+  // Write out the global values.
+  void
+  write_globals();
+
+  // Build a call to a builtin function.  PDECL should point to a NULL
+  // initialized static pointer which will hold the fndecl.  NAME is
+  // the name of the function.  NARGS is the number of arguments.
+  // RETTYPE is the return type.  It is followed by NARGS pairs of
+  // type and argument (both trees).
+  static tree
+  call_builtin(tree* pdecl, source_location, const char* name, int nargs,
+              tree rettype, ...);
+
+  // Build a call to the runtime error function.
+  static tree
+  runtime_error(int code, source_location);
+
+  // Build a builtin struct with a list of fields.
+  static tree
+  builtin_struct(tree* ptype, const char* struct_name, tree struct_type,
+                int nfields, ...);
+
+  // Mark a function declaration as a builtin library function.
+  static void
+  mark_fndecl_as_builtin_library(tree fndecl);
+
+  // Build the type of the struct that holds a slice for the given
+  // element type.
+  tree
+  slice_type_tree(tree element_type_tree);
+
+  // Given a tree for a slice type, return the tree for the element
+  // type.
+  static tree
+  slice_element_type_tree(tree slice_type_tree);
+
+  // Build a constructor for a slice.  SLICE_TYPE_TREE is the type of
+  // the slice.  VALUES points to the values.  COUNT is the size,
+  // CAPACITY is the capacity.  If CAPACITY is NULL, it is set to
+  // COUNT.
+  static tree
+  slice_constructor(tree slice_type_tree, tree values, tree count,
+                   tree capacity);
+
+  // Build a constructor for an empty slice.  SLICE_TYPE_TREE is the
+  // type of the slice.
+  static tree
+  empty_slice_constructor(tree slice_type_tree);
+
+  // Build a map descriptor.
+  tree
+  map_descriptor(Map_type*);
+
+  // Return a tree for the type of a map descriptor.  This is struct
+  // __go_map_descriptor in libgo/runtime/map.h.  This is the same for
+  // all map types.
+  tree
+  map_descriptor_type();
+
+  // Build a type descriptor for TYPE using INITIALIZER as the type
+  // descriptor.  This builds a new decl stored in *PDECL.
+  void
+  build_type_descriptor_decl(const Type*, Expression* initializer,
+                            tree* pdecl);
+
+  // Build required interface method tables.
+  void
+  build_interface_method_tables();
+
+  // Build an interface method table for a type: a list of function
+  // pointers, one for each interface method.  This returns a decl.
+  tree
+  interface_method_table_for_type(const Interface_type*, Named_type*,
+                                 bool is_pointer);
+
+  // Return a tree which allocate SIZE bytes to hold values of type
+  // TYPE.
+  tree
+  allocate_memory(Type *type, tree size, source_location);
+
+  // Return a type to use for pointer to const char.
+  static tree
+  const_char_pointer_type_tree();
+
+  // Build a string constant with the right type.
+  static tree
+  string_constant_tree(const std::string&);
+
+  // Build a Go string constant.  This returns a pointer to the
+  // constant.
+  tree
+  go_string_constant_tree(const std::string&);
+
+  // Receive a value from a channel.
+  static tree
+  receive_from_channel(tree type_tree, tree channel, bool for_select,
+                      source_location);
+
+  // Return a tree for receiving an integer on a channel.
+  static tree
+  receive_as_64bit_integer(tree type, tree channel, bool blocking,
+                          bool for_select);
+
+
+  // Make a trampoline which calls FNADDR passing CLOSURE.
+  tree
+  make_trampoline(tree fnaddr, tree closure, source_location);
+
+ private:
+  // During parsing, we keep a stack of functions.  Each function on
+  // the stack is one that we are currently parsing.  For each
+  // function, we keep track of the current stack of blocks.
+  struct Open_function
+  {
+    // The function.
+    Named_object* function;
+    // The stack of active blocks in the function.
+    std::vector<Block*> blocks;
+  };
+
+  // The stack of functions.
+  typedef std::vector<Open_function> Open_functions;
+
+  // Create trees for implicit builtin functions.
+  void
+  define_builtin_function_trees();
+
+  // Set up the built-in unsafe package.
+  void
+  import_unsafe(const std::string&, bool is_exported, source_location);
+
+  // Add a new imported package.
+  Named_object*
+  add_package(const std::string& real_name, const std::string& alias,
+             const std::string& unique_prefix, source_location location);
+
+  // Return the current binding contour.
+  Bindings*
+  current_bindings();
+
+  const Bindings*
+  current_bindings() const;
+
+  // Return the current block.
+  Block*
+  current_block();
+
+  // Get the name of the magic initialization function.
+  const std::string&
+  get_init_fn_name();
+
+  // Get the decl for the magic initialization function.
+  tree
+  initialization_function_decl();
+
+  // Write the magic initialization function.
+  void
+  write_initialization_function(tree fndecl, tree init_stmt_list);
+
+  // Initialize imported packages.
+  void
+  init_imports(tree*);
+
+  // Register variables with the garbage collector.
+  void
+  register_gc_vars(const std::vector<Named_object*>&, tree*);
+
+  // Build a pointer to a Go string constant.  This returns a pointer
+  // to the pointer.
+  tree
+  ptr_go_string_constant_tree(const std::string&);
+
+  // Return the name to use for a type descriptor decl for an unnamed
+  // type.
+  std::string
+  unnamed_type_descriptor_decl_name(const Type* type);
+
+  // Return the name to use for a type descriptor decl for a type
+  // named NO, defined in IN_FUNCTION.
+  std::string
+  type_descriptor_decl_name(const Named_object* no,
+                           const Named_object* in_function);
+
+  // Where a type descriptor should be defined.
+  enum Type_descriptor_location
+    {
+      // Defined in this file.
+      TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_DEFINED,
+      // Defined in some other file.
+      TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_UNDEFINED,
+      // Common definition which may occur in multiple files.
+      TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_COMMON
+    };
+
+  // Return where the decl for TYPE should be defined.
+  Type_descriptor_location
+  type_descriptor_location(const Type* type);
+
+  // Return the type of a trampoline.
+  static tree
+  trampoline_type_tree();
+
+  // Type used to map import names to packages.
+  typedef std::map<std::string, Package*> Imports;
+
+  // Type used to map package names to packages.
+  typedef std::map<std::string, Package*> Packages;
+
+  // Type used to map special names in the sys package.
+  typedef std::map<std::string, std::string> Sys_names;
+
+  // Hash table mapping map types to map descriptor decls.
+  typedef Unordered_map_hash(const Map_type*, tree, Type_hash_identical,
+                            Type_identical) Map_descriptors;
+
+  // Map unnamed types to type descriptor decls.
+  typedef Unordered_map_hash(const Type*, tree, Type_hash_identical,
+                            Type_identical) Type_descriptor_decls;
+
+  // The backend generator.
+  Backend* backend_;
+  // The package we are compiling.
+  Package* package_;
+  // The list of currently open functions during parsing.
+  Open_functions functions_;
+  // The global binding contour.  This includes the builtin functions
+  // and the package we are compiling.
+  Bindings* globals_;
+  // Mapping from import file names to packages.
+  Imports imports_;
+  // Whether the magic unsafe package was imported.
+  bool imported_unsafe_;
+  // Mapping from package names we have seen to packages.  This does
+  // not include the package we are compiling.
+  Packages packages_;
+  // Mapping from map types to map descriptors.
+  Map_descriptors* map_descriptors_;
+  // Mapping from unnamed types to type descriptor decls.
+  Type_descriptor_decls* type_descriptor_decls_;
+  // The functions named "init", if there are any.
+  std::vector<Named_object*> init_functions_;
+  // Whether we need a magic initialization function.
+  bool need_init_fn_;
+  // The name of the magic initialization function.
+  std::string init_fn_name_;
+  // A list of import control variables for packages that we import.
+  std::set<Import_init> imported_init_fns_;
+  // The unique prefix used for all global symbols.
+  std::string unique_prefix_;
+  // Whether an explicit unique prefix was set by -fgo-prefix.
+  bool unique_prefix_specified_;
+  // A list of interface types defined while parsing.
+  std::vector<Interface_type*> interface_types_;
+  // Whether named types have been converted.
+  bool named_types_are_converted_;
+};
+
+// A block of statements.
+
+class Block
+{
+ public:
+  Block(Block* enclosing, source_location);
+
+  // Return the enclosing block.
+  const Block*
+  enclosing() const
+  { return this->enclosing_; }
+
+  // Return the bindings of the block.
+  Bindings*
+  bindings()
+  { return this->bindings_; }
+
+  const Bindings*
+  bindings() const
+  { return this->bindings_; }
+
+  // Look at the block's statements.
+  const std::vector<Statement*>*
+  statements() const
+  { return &this->statements_; }
+
+  // Return the start location.  This is normally the location of the
+  // left curly brace which starts the block.
+  source_location
+  start_location() const
+  { return this->start_location_; }
+
+  // Return the end location.  This is normally the location of the
+  // right curly brace which ends the block.
+  source_location
+  end_location() const
+  { return this->end_location_; }
+
+  // Add a statement to the block.
+  void
+  add_statement(Statement*);
+
+  // Add a statement to the front of the block.
+  void
+  add_statement_at_front(Statement*);
+
+  // Replace a statement in a block.
+  void
+  replace_statement(size_t index, Statement*);
+
+  // Add a Statement before statement number INDEX.
+  void
+  insert_statement_before(size_t index, Statement*);
+
+  // Add a Statement after statement number INDEX.
+  void
+  insert_statement_after(size_t index, Statement*);
+
+  // Set the end location of the block.
+  void
+  set_end_location(source_location location)
+  { this->end_location_ = location; }
+
+  // Traverse the tree.
+  int
+  traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  // Set final types for unspecified variables and constants.
+  void
+  determine_types();
+
+  // Return true if execution of this block may fall through to the
+  // next block.
+  bool
+  may_fall_through() const;
+
+  // Convert the block to the backend representation.
+  Bblock*
+  get_backend(Translate_context*);
+
+  // Iterate over statements.
+
+  typedef std::vector<Statement*>::iterator iterator;
+
+  iterator
+  begin()
+  { return this->statements_.begin(); }
+
+  iterator
+  end()
+  { return this->statements_.end(); }
+
+ private:
+  // Enclosing block.
+  Block* enclosing_;
+  // Statements in the block.
+  std::vector<Statement*> statements_;
+  // Binding contour.
+  Bindings* bindings_;
+  // Location of start of block.
+  source_location start_location_;
+  // Location of end of block.
+  source_location end_location_;
+};
+
+// A function.
+
+class Function
+{
+ public:
+  Function(Function_type* type, Function*, Block*, source_location);
+
+  // Return the function's type.
+  Function_type*
+  type() const
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  // Return the enclosing function if there is one.
+  Function*
+  enclosing()
+  { return this->enclosing_; }
+
+  // Set the enclosing function.  This is used when building thunks
+  // for functions which call recover.
+  void
+  set_enclosing(Function* enclosing)
+  {
+    go_assert(this->enclosing_ == NULL);
+    this->enclosing_ = enclosing;
+  }
+
+  // The result variables.
+  typedef std::vector<Named_object*> Results;
+
+  // Create the result variables in the outer block.
+  void
+  create_result_variables(Gogo*);
+
+  // Update the named result variables when cloning a function which
+  // calls recover.
+  void
+  update_result_variables();
+
+  // Return the result variables.
+  Results*
+  result_variables()
+  { return this->results_; }
+
+  // Whether the result variables have names.
+  bool
+  results_are_named() const
+  { return this->results_are_named_; }
+
+  // Add a new field to the closure variable.
+  void
+  add_closure_field(Named_object* var, source_location loc)
+  { this->closure_fields_.push_back(std::make_pair(var, loc)); }
+
+  // Whether this function needs a closure.
+  bool
+  needs_closure() const
+  { return !this->closure_fields_.empty(); }
+
+  // Return the closure variable, creating it if necessary.  This is
+  // passed to the function as a static chain parameter.
+  Named_object*
+  closure_var();
+
+  // Set the closure variable.  This is used when building thunks for
+  // functions which call recover.
+  void
+  set_closure_var(Named_object* v)
+  {
+    go_assert(this->closure_var_ == NULL);
+    this->closure_var_ = v;
+  }
+
+  // Return the variable for a reference to field INDEX in the closure
+  // variable.
+  Named_object*
+  enclosing_var(unsigned int index)
+  {
+    go_assert(index < this->closure_fields_.size());
+    return closure_fields_[index].first;
+  }
+
+  // Set the type of the closure variable if there is one.
+  void
+  set_closure_type();
+
+  // Get the block of statements associated with the function.
+  Block*
+  block() const
+  { return this->block_; }
+
+  // Get the location of the start of the function.
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Return whether this function is actually a method.
+  bool
+  is_method() const;
+
+  // Add a label definition to the function.
+  Label*
+  add_label_definition(const std::string& label_name, source_location);
+
+  // Add a label reference to a function.
+  Label*
+  add_label_reference(const std::string& label_name);
+
+  // Warn about labels that are defined but not used.
+  void
+  check_labels() const;
+
+  // Whether this function calls the predeclared recover function.
+  bool
+  calls_recover() const
+  { return this->calls_recover_; }
+
+  // Record that this function calls the predeclared recover function.
+  // This is set during the lowering pass.
+  void
+  set_calls_recover()
+  { this->calls_recover_ = true; }
+
+  // Whether this is a recover thunk function.
+  bool
+  is_recover_thunk() const
+  { return this->is_recover_thunk_; }
+
+  // Record that this is a thunk built for a function which calls
+  // recover.
+  void
+  set_is_recover_thunk()
+  { this->is_recover_thunk_ = true; }
+
+  // Whether this function already has a recover thunk.
+  bool
+  has_recover_thunk() const
+  { return this->has_recover_thunk_; }
+
+  // Record that this function already has a recover thunk.
+  void
+  set_has_recover_thunk()
+  { this->has_recover_thunk_ = true; }
+
+  // Swap with another function.  Used only for the thunk which calls
+  // recover.
+  void
+  swap_for_recover(Function *);
+
+  // Traverse the tree.
+  int
+  traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  // Determine types in the function.
+  void
+  determine_types();
+
+  // Return the function's decl given an identifier.
+  tree
+  get_or_make_decl(Gogo*, Named_object*, tree id);
+
+  // Return the function's decl after it has been built.
+  tree
+  get_decl() const
+  {
+    go_assert(this->fndecl_ != NULL);
+    return this->fndecl_;
+  }
+
+  // Set the function decl to hold a tree of the function code.
+  void
+  build_tree(Gogo*, Named_object*);
+
+  // Get the value to return when not explicitly specified.  May also
+  // add statements to execute first to STMT_LIST.
+  tree
+  return_value(Gogo*, Named_object*, source_location, tree* stmt_list) const;
+
+  // Get a tree for the variable holding the defer stack.
+  Expression*
+  defer_stack(source_location);
+
+  // Export the function.
+  void
+  export_func(Export*, const std::string& name) const;
+
+  // Export a function with a type.
+  static void
+  export_func_with_type(Export*, const std::string& name,
+                       const Function_type*);
+
+  // Import a function.
+  static void
+  import_func(Import*, std::string* pname, Typed_identifier** receiver,
+             Typed_identifier_list** pparameters,
+             Typed_identifier_list** presults, bool* is_varargs);
+
+ private:
+  // Type for mapping from label names to Label objects.
+  typedef Unordered_map(std::string, Label*) Labels;
+
+  tree
+  make_receiver_parm_decl(Gogo*, Named_object*, tree);
+
+  tree
+  copy_parm_to_heap(Gogo*, Named_object*, tree);
+
+  void
+  build_defer_wrapper(Gogo*, Named_object*, tree*, tree*);
+
+  typedef std::vector<std::pair<Named_object*,
+                               source_location> > Closure_fields;
+
+  // The function's type.
+  Function_type* type_;
+  // The enclosing function.  This is NULL when there isn't one, which
+  // is the normal case.
+  Function* enclosing_;
+  // The result variables, if any.
+  Results* results_;
+  // If there is a closure, this is the list of variables which appear
+  // in the closure.  This is created by the parser, and then resolved
+  // to a real type when we lower parse trees.
+  Closure_fields closure_fields_;
+  // The closure variable, passed as a parameter using the static
+  // chain parameter.  Normally NULL.
+  Named_object* closure_var_;
+  // The outer block of statements in the function.
+  Block* block_;
+  // The source location of the start of the function.
+  source_location location_;
+  // Labels defined or referenced in the function.
+  Labels labels_;
+  // The function decl.
+  tree fndecl_;
+  // The defer stack variable.  A pointer to this variable is used to
+  // distinguish the defer stack for one function from another.  This
+  // is NULL unless we actually need a defer stack.
+  Temporary_statement* defer_stack_;
+  // True if the result variables are named.
+  bool results_are_named_;
+  // True if this function calls the predeclared recover function.
+  bool calls_recover_;
+  // True if this a thunk built for a function which calls recover.
+  bool is_recover_thunk_;
+  // True if this function already has a recover thunk.
+  bool has_recover_thunk_;
+};
+
+// A function declaration.
+
+class Function_declaration
+{
+ public:
+  Function_declaration(Function_type* fntype, source_location location)
+    : fntype_(fntype), location_(location), asm_name_(), fndecl_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  Function_type*
+  type() const
+  { return this->fntype_; }
+
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  const std::string&
+  asm_name() const
+  { return this->asm_name_; }
+
+  // Set the assembler name.
+  void
+  set_asm_name(const std::string& asm_name)
+  { this->asm_name_ = asm_name; }
+
+  // Return a decl for the function given an identifier.
+  tree
+  get_or_make_decl(Gogo*, Named_object*, tree id);
+
+  // Export a function declaration.
+  void
+  export_func(Export* exp, const std::string& name) const
+  { Function::export_func_with_type(exp, name, this->fntype_); }
+
+ private:
+  // The type of the function.
+  Function_type* fntype_;
+  // The location of the declaration.
+  source_location location_;
+  // The assembler name: this is the name to use in references to the
+  // function.  This is normally empty.
+  std::string asm_name_;
+  // The function decl if needed.
+  tree fndecl_;
+};
+
+// A variable.
+
+class Variable
+{
+ public:
+  Variable(Type*, Expression*, bool is_global, bool is_parameter,
+          bool is_receiver, source_location);
+
+  // Get the type of the variable.
+  Type*
+  type();
+
+  Type*
+  type() const;
+
+  // Return whether the type is defined yet.
+  bool
+  has_type() const
+  { return this->type_ != NULL; }
+
+  // Get the initial value.
+  Expression*
+  init() const
+  { return this->init_; }
+
+  // Return whether there are any preinit statements.
+  bool
+  has_pre_init() const
+  { return this->preinit_ != NULL; }
+
+  // Return the preinit statements if any.
+  Block*
+  preinit() const
+  { return this->preinit_; }
+
+  // Return whether this is a global variable.
+  bool
+  is_global() const
+  { return this->is_global_; }
+
+  // Return whether this is a function parameter.
+  bool
+  is_parameter() const
+  { return this->is_parameter_; }
+
+  // Return whether this is the receiver parameter of a method.
+  bool
+  is_receiver() const
+  { return this->is_receiver_; }
+
+  // Change this parameter to be a receiver.  This is used when
+  // creating the thunks created for functions which call recover.
+  void
+  set_is_receiver()
+  {
+    go_assert(this->is_parameter_);
+    this->is_receiver_ = true;
+  }
+
+  // Change this parameter to not be a receiver.  This is used when
+  // creating the thunks created for functions which call recover.
+  void
+  set_is_not_receiver()
+  {
+    go_assert(this->is_parameter_);
+    this->is_receiver_ = false;
+  }
+
+  // Return whether this is the varargs parameter of a function.
+  bool
+  is_varargs_parameter() const
+  { return this->is_varargs_parameter_; }
+
+  // Whether this variable's address is taken.
+  bool
+  is_address_taken() const
+  { return this->is_address_taken_; }
+
+  // Whether this variable should live in the heap.
+  bool
+  is_in_heap() const
+  { return this->is_address_taken_ && !this->is_global_; }
+
+  // Get the source location of the variable's declaration.
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Record that this is the varargs parameter of a function.
+  void
+  set_is_varargs_parameter()
+  {
+    go_assert(this->is_parameter_);
+    this->is_varargs_parameter_ = true;
+  }
+
+  // Clear the initial value; used for error handling.
+  void
+  clear_init()
+  { this->init_ = NULL; }
+
+  // Set the initial value; used for converting shortcuts.
+  void
+  set_init(Expression* init)
+  { this->init_ = init; }
+
+  // Get the preinit block, a block of statements to be run before the
+  // initialization expression.
+  Block*
+  preinit_block(Gogo*);
+
+  // Add a statement to be run before the initialization expression.
+  // This is only used for global variables.
+  void
+  add_preinit_statement(Gogo*, Statement*);
+
+  // Lower the initialization expression after parsing is complete.
+  void
+  lower_init_expression(Gogo*, Named_object*);
+
+  // A special case: the init value is used only to determine the
+  // type.  This is used if the variable is defined using := with the
+  // comma-ok form of a map index or a receive expression.  The init
+  // value is actually the map index expression or receive expression.
+  // We use this because we may not know the right type at parse time.
+  void
+  set_type_from_init_tuple()
+  { this->type_from_init_tuple_ = true; }
+
+  // Another special case: the init value is used only to determine
+  // the type.  This is used if the variable is defined using := with
+  // a range clause.  The init value is the range expression.  The
+  // type of the variable is the index type of the range expression
+  // (i.e., the first value returned by a range).
+  void
+  set_type_from_range_index()
+  { this->type_from_range_index_ = true; }
+
+  // Another special case: like set_type_from_range_index, but the
+  // type is the value type of the range expression (i.e., the second
+  // value returned by a range).
+  void
+  set_type_from_range_value()
+  { this->type_from_range_value_ = true; }
+
+  // Another special case: the init value is used only to determine
+  // the type.  This is used if the variable is defined using := with
+  // a case in a select statement.  The init value is the channel.
+  // The type of the variable is the channel's element type.
+  void
+  set_type_from_chan_element()
+  { this->type_from_chan_element_ = true; }
+
+  // After we lower the select statement, we once again set the type
+  // from the initialization expression.
+  void
+  clear_type_from_chan_element()
+  {
+    go_assert(this->type_from_chan_element_);
+    this->type_from_chan_element_ = false;
+  }
+
+  // Note that this variable was created for a type switch clause.
+  void
+  set_is_type_switch_var()
+  { this->is_type_switch_var_ = true; }
+
+  // Traverse the initializer expression.
+  int
+  traverse_expression(Traverse*);
+
+  // Determine the type of the variable if necessary.
+  void
+  determine_type();
+
+  // Note that something takes the address of this variable.
+  void
+  set_address_taken()
+  { this->is_address_taken_ = true; }
+
+  // Get the backend representation of the variable.
+  Bvariable*
+  get_backend_variable(Gogo*, Named_object*, const Package*,
+                      const std::string&);
+
+  // Get the initial value of the variable as a tree.  This may only
+  // be called if has_pre_init() returns false.
+  tree
+  get_init_tree(Gogo*, Named_object* function);
+
+  // Return a series of statements which sets the value of the
+  // variable in DECL.  This should only be called is has_pre_init()
+  // returns true.  DECL may be NULL for a sink variable.
+  tree
+  get_init_block(Gogo*, Named_object* function, tree decl);
+
+  // Export the variable.
+  void
+  export_var(Export*, const std::string& name) const;
+
+  // Import a variable.
+  static void
+  import_var(Import*, std::string* pname, Type** ptype);
+
+ private:
+  // The type of a tuple.
+  Type*
+  type_from_tuple(Expression*, bool) const;
+
+  // The type of a range.
+  Type*
+  type_from_range(Expression*, bool, bool) const;
+
+  // The element type of a channel.
+  Type*
+  type_from_chan_element(Expression*, bool) const;
+
+  // The variable's type.  This may be NULL if the type is set from
+  // the expression.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The initial value.  This may be NULL if the variable should be
+  // initialized to the default value for the type.
+  Expression* init_;
+  // Statements to run before the init statement.
+  Block* preinit_;
+  // Location of variable definition.
+  source_location location_;
+  // Backend representation.
+  Bvariable* backend_;
+  // Whether this is a global variable.
+  bool is_global_ : 1;
+  // Whether this is a function parameter.
+  bool is_parameter_ : 1;
+  // Whether this is the receiver parameter of a method.
+  bool is_receiver_ : 1;
+  // Whether this is the varargs parameter of a function.
+  bool is_varargs_parameter_ : 1;
+  // Whether something takes the address of this variable.
+  bool is_address_taken_ : 1;
+  // True if we have seen this variable in a traversal.
+  bool seen_ : 1;
+  // True if we have lowered the initialization expression.
+  bool init_is_lowered_ : 1;
+  // True if init is a tuple used to set the type.
+  bool type_from_init_tuple_ : 1;
+  // True if init is a range clause and the type is the index type.
+  bool type_from_range_index_ : 1;
+  // True if init is a range clause and the type is the value type.
+  bool type_from_range_value_ : 1;
+  // True if init is a channel and the type is the channel's element type.
+  bool type_from_chan_element_ : 1;
+  // True if this is a variable created for a type switch case.
+  bool is_type_switch_var_ : 1;
+  // True if we have determined types.
+  bool determined_type_ : 1;
+};
+
+// A variable which is really the name for a function return value, or
+// part of one.
+
+class Result_variable
+{
+ public:
+  Result_variable(Type* type, Function* function, int index,
+                 source_location location)
+    : type_(type), function_(function), index_(index), location_(location),
+      backend_(NULL), is_address_taken_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Get the type of the result variable.
+  Type*
+  type() const
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  // Get the function that this is associated with.
+  Function*
+  function() const
+  { return this->function_; }
+
+  // Index in the list of function results.
+  int
+  index() const
+  { return this->index_; }
+
+  // The location of the variable definition.
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Whether this variable's address is taken.
+  bool
+  is_address_taken() const
+  { return this->is_address_taken_; }
+
+  // Note that something takes the address of this variable.
+  void
+  set_address_taken()
+  { this->is_address_taken_ = true; }
+
+  // Whether this variable should live in the heap.
+  bool
+  is_in_heap() const
+  { return this->is_address_taken_; }
+
+  // Set the function.  This is used when cloning functions which call
+  // recover.
+  void
+  set_function(Function* function)
+  { this->function_ = function; }
+
+  // Get the backend representation of the variable.
+  Bvariable*
+  get_backend_variable(Gogo*, Named_object*, const std::string&);
+
+ private:
+  // Type of result variable.
+  Type* type_;
+  // Function with which this is associated.
+  Function* function_;
+  // Index in list of results.
+  int index_;
+  // Where the result variable is defined.
+  source_location location_;
+  // Backend representation.
+  Bvariable* backend_;
+  // Whether something takes the address of this variable.
+  bool is_address_taken_;
+};
+
+// The value we keep for a named constant.  This lets us hold a type
+// and an expression.
+
+class Named_constant
+{
+ public:
+  Named_constant(Type* type, Expression* expr, int iota_value,
+                source_location location)
+    : type_(type), expr_(expr), iota_value_(iota_value), location_(location),
+      lowering_(false)
+  { }
+
+  Type*
+  type() const
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  Expression*
+  expr() const
+  { return this->expr_; }
+
+  int
+  iota_value() const
+  { return this->iota_value_; }
+
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Whether we are lowering.
+  bool
+  lowering() const
+  { return this->lowering_; }
+
+  // Set that we are lowering.
+  void
+  set_lowering()
+  { this->lowering_ = true; }
+
+  // We are no longer lowering.
+  void
+  clear_lowering()
+  { this->lowering_ = false; }
+
+  // Traverse the expression.
+  int
+  traverse_expression(Traverse*);
+
+  // Determine the type of the constant if necessary.
+  void
+  determine_type();
+
+  // Indicate that we found and reported an error for this constant.
+  void
+  set_error();
+
+  // Export the constant.
+  void
+  export_const(Export*, const std::string& name) const;
+
+  // Import a constant.
+  static void
+  import_const(Import*, std::string*, Type**, Expression**);
+
+ private:
+  // The type of the constant.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The expression for the constant.
+  Expression* expr_;
+  // If the predeclared constant iota is used in EXPR_, this is the
+  // value it will have.  We do this because at parse time we don't
+  // know whether the name "iota" will refer to the predeclared
+  // constant or to something else.  We put in the right value in when
+  // we lower.
+  int iota_value_;
+  // The location of the definition.
+  source_location location_;
+  // Whether we are currently lowering this constant.
+  bool lowering_;
+};
+
+// A type declaration.
+
+class Type_declaration
+{
+ public:
+  Type_declaration(source_location location)
+    : location_(location), in_function_(NULL), methods_(),
+      issued_warning_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Return the location.
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Return the function in which this type is declared.  This will
+  // return NULL for a type declared in global scope.
+  Named_object*
+  in_function()
+  { return this->in_function_; }
+
+  // Set the function in which this type is declared.
+  void
+  set_in_function(Named_object* f)
+  { this->in_function_ = f; }
+
+  // Add a method to this type.  This is used when methods are defined
+  // before the type.
+  Named_object*
+  add_method(const std::string& name, Function* function);
+
+  // Add a method declaration to this type.
+  Named_object*
+  add_method_declaration(const std::string& name, Function_type* type,
+                        source_location location);
+
+  // Return whether any methods were defined.
+  bool
+  has_methods() const;
+
+  // Define methods when the real type is known.
+  void
+  define_methods(Named_type*);
+
+  // This is called if we are trying to use this type.  It returns
+  // true if we should issue a warning.
+  bool
+  using_type();
+
+ private:
+  typedef std::vector<Named_object*> Methods;
+
+  // The location of the type declaration.
+  source_location location_;
+  // If this type is declared in a function, a pointer back to the
+  // function in which it is defined.
+  Named_object* in_function_;
+  // Methods defined before the type is defined.
+  Methods methods_;
+  // True if we have issued a warning about a use of this type
+  // declaration when it is undefined.
+  bool issued_warning_;
+};
+
+// An unknown object.  These are created by the parser for forward
+// references to names which have not been seen before.  In a correct
+// program, these will always point to a real definition by the end of
+// the parse.  Because they point to another Named_object, these may
+// only be referenced by Unknown_expression objects.
+
+class Unknown_name
+{
+ public:
+  Unknown_name(source_location location)
+    : location_(location), real_named_object_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  // Return the location where this name was first seen.
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Return the real named object that this points to, or NULL if it
+  // was never resolved.
+  Named_object*
+  real_named_object() const
+  { return this->real_named_object_; }
+
+  // Set the real named object that this points to.
+  void
+  set_real_named_object(Named_object* no);
+
+ private:
+  // The location where this name was first seen.
+  source_location location_;
+  // The real named object when it is known.
+  Named_object*
+  real_named_object_;
+};
+
+// A named object named.  This is the result of a declaration.  We
+// don't use a superclass because they all have to be handled
+// differently.
+
+class Named_object
+{
+ public:
+  enum Classification
+  {
+    // An uninitialized Named_object.  We should never see this.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_UNINITIALIZED,
+    // An unknown name.  This is used for forward references.  In a
+    // correct program, these will all be resolved by the end of the
+    // parse.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN,
+    // A const.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_CONST,
+    // A type.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE,
+    // A forward type declaration.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION,
+    // A var.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_VAR,
+    // A result variable in a function.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR,
+    // The blank identifier--the special variable named _.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_SINK,
+    // A func.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC,
+    // A forward func declaration.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION,
+    // A package.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE
+  };
+
+  // Return the classification.
+  Classification
+  classification() const
+  { return this->classification_; }
+
+  // Classifiers.
+
+  bool
+  is_unknown() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN; }
+
+  bool
+  is_const() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_CONST; }
+
+  bool
+  is_type() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE; }
+
+  bool
+  is_type_declaration() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION; }
+
+  bool
+  is_variable() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_VAR; }
+
+  bool
+  is_result_variable() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR; }
+
+  bool
+  is_sink() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_SINK; }
+
+  bool
+  is_function() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC; }
+
+  bool
+  is_function_declaration() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION; }
+
+  bool
+  is_package() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE; }
+
+  // Creators.
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_unknown_name(const std::string& name, source_location);
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_constant(const Typed_identifier&, const Package*, Expression*,
+               int iota_value);
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_type(const std::string&, const Package*, Type*, source_location);
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_type_declaration(const std::string&, const Package*, source_location);
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_variable(const std::string&, const Package*, Variable*);
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_result_variable(const std::string&, Result_variable*);
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_sink();
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_function(const std::string&, const Package*, Function*);
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_function_declaration(const std::string&, const Package*, Function_type*,
+                           source_location);
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_package(const std::string& alias, Package* package);
+
+  // Getters.
+
+  Unknown_name*
+  unknown_value()
+  {
+    go_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN);
+    return this->u_.unknown_value;
+  }
+
+  const Unknown_name*
+  unknown_value() const
+  {
+    go_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN);
+    return this->u_.unknown_value;
+  }
+
+  Named_constant*
+  const_value()
+  {
+    go_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_CONST);
+    return this->u_.const_value;
+  }
+
+  const Named_constant*
+  const_value() const
+  {
+    go_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_CONST);
+    return this->u_.const_value;
+  }
+
+  Named_type*
+  type_value()
+  {
+    go_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE);
+    return this->u_.type_value;
+  }
+
+  const Named_type*
+  type_value() const
+  {
+    go_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE);
+    return this->u_.type_value;
+  }
+
+  Type_declaration*
+  type_declaration_value()
+  {
+    go_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION);
+    return this->u_.type_declaration;
+  }
+
+  const Type_declaration*
+  type_declaration_value() const
+  {
+    go_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION);
+    return this->u_.type_declaration;
+  }
+
+  Variable*
+  var_value()
+  {
+    go_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_VAR);
+    return this->u_.var_value;
+  }
+
+  const Variable*
+  var_value() const
+  {
+    go_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_VAR);
+    return this->u_.var_value;
+  }
+
+  Result_variable*
+  result_var_value()
+  {
+    go_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR);
+    return this->u_.result_var_value;
+  }
+
+  const Result_variable*
+  result_var_value() const
+  {
+    go_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR);
+    return this->u_.result_var_value;
+  }
+
+  Function*
+  func_value()
+  {
+    go_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC);
+    return this->u_.func_value;
+  }
+
+  const Function*
+  func_value() const
+  {
+    go_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC);
+    return this->u_.func_value;
+  }
+
+  Function_declaration*
+  func_declaration_value()
+  {
+    go_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION);
+    return this->u_.func_declaration_value;
+  }
+
+  const Function_declaration*
+  func_declaration_value() const
+  {
+    go_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION);
+    return this->u_.func_declaration_value;
+  }
+
+  Package*
+  package_value()
+  {
+    go_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE);
+    return this->u_.package_value;
+  }
+
+  const Package*
+  package_value() const
+  {
+    go_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE);
+    return this->u_.package_value;
+  }
+
+  const std::string&
+  name() const
+  { return this->name_; }
+
+  // Return the name to use in an error message.  The difference is
+  // that if this Named_object is defined in a different package, this
+  // will return PACKAGE.NAME.
+  std::string
+  message_name() const;
+
+  const Package*
+  package() const
+  { return this->package_; }
+
+  // Resolve an unknown value if possible.  This returns the same
+  // Named_object or a new one.
+  Named_object*
+  resolve()
+  {
+    Named_object* ret = this;
+    if (this->is_unknown())
+      {
+       Named_object* r = this->unknown_value()->real_named_object();
+       if (r != NULL)
+         ret = r;
+      }
+    return ret;
+  }
+
+  const Named_object*
+  resolve() const
+  {
+    const Named_object* ret = this;
+    if (this->is_unknown())
+      {
+       const Named_object* r = this->unknown_value()->real_named_object();
+       if (r != NULL)
+         ret = r;
+      }
+    return ret;
+  }
+
+  // The location where this object was defined or referenced.
+  source_location
+  location() const;
+
+  // Convert a variable to the backend representation.
+  Bvariable*
+  get_backend_variable(Gogo*, Named_object* function);
+
+  // Return a tree for the external identifier for this object.
+  tree
+  get_id(Gogo*);
+
+  // Return a tree representing this object.
+  tree
+  get_tree(Gogo*, Named_object* function);
+
+  // Define a type declaration.
+  void
+  set_type_value(Named_type*);
+
+  // Define a function declaration.
+  void
+  set_function_value(Function*);
+
+  // Declare an unknown name as a type declaration.
+  void
+  declare_as_type();
+
+  // Export this object.
+  void
+  export_named_object(Export*) const;
+
+ private:
+  Named_object(const std::string&, const Package*, Classification);
+
+  // The name of the object.
+  std::string name_;
+  // The package that this object is in.  This is NULL if it is in the
+  // file we are compiling.
+  const Package* package_;
+  // The type of object this is.
+  Classification classification_;
+  // The real data.
+  union
+  {
+    Unknown_name* unknown_value;
+    Named_constant* const_value;
+    Named_type* type_value;
+    Type_declaration* type_declaration;
+    Variable* var_value;
+    Result_variable* result_var_value;
+    Function* func_value;
+    Function_declaration* func_declaration_value;
+    Package* package_value;
+  } u_;
+  // The DECL tree for this object if we have already converted it.
+  tree tree_;
+};
+
+// A binding contour.  This binds names to objects.
+
+class Bindings
+{
+ public:
+  // Type for mapping from names to objects.
+  typedef Unordered_map(std::string, Named_object*) Contour;
+
+  Bindings(Bindings* enclosing);
+
+  // Add an unknown name.
+  Named_object*
+  add_unknown_name(const std::string& name, source_location location)
+  {
+    return this->add_named_object(Named_object::make_unknown_name(name,
+                                                                 location));
+  }
+
+  // Add a constant.
+  Named_object*
+  add_constant(const Typed_identifier& tid, const Package* package,
+              Expression* expr, int iota_value)
+  {
+    return this->add_named_object(Named_object::make_constant(tid, package,
+                                                             expr,
+                                                             iota_value));
+  }
+
+  // Add a type.
+  Named_object*
+  add_type(const std::string& name, const Package* package, Type* type,
+          source_location location)
+  {
+    return this->add_named_object(Named_object::make_type(name, package, type,
+                                                         location));
+  }
+
+  // Add a named type.  This is used for builtin types, and to add an
+  // imported type to the global scope.
+  Named_object*
+  add_named_type(Named_type* named_type);
+
+  // Add a type declaration.
+  Named_object*
+  add_type_declaration(const std::string& name, const Package* package,
+                      source_location location)
+  {
+    Named_object* no = Named_object::make_type_declaration(name, package,
+                                                          location);
+    return this->add_named_object(no);
+  }
+
+  // Add a variable.
+  Named_object*
+  add_variable(const std::string& name, const Package* package,
+              Variable* variable)
+  {
+    return this->add_named_object(Named_object::make_variable(name, package,
+                                                             variable));
+  }
+
+  // Add a result variable.
+  Named_object*
+  add_result_variable(const std::string& name, Result_variable* result)
+  {
+    return this->add_named_object(Named_object::make_result_variable(name,
+                                                                    result));
+  }
+
+  // Add a function.
+  Named_object*
+  add_function(const std::string& name, const Package*, Function* function);
+
+  // Add a function declaration.
+  Named_object*
+  add_function_declaration(const std::string& name, const Package* package,
+                          Function_type* type, source_location location);
+
+  // Add a package.  The location is the location of the import
+  // statement.
+  Named_object*
+  add_package(const std::string& alias, Package* package)
+  {
+    Named_object* no = Named_object::make_package(alias, package);
+    return this->add_named_object(no);
+  }
+
+  // Define a type which was already declared.
+  void
+  define_type(Named_object*, Named_type*);
+
+  // Add a method to the list of objects.  This is not added to the
+  // lookup table.
+  void
+  add_method(Named_object*);
+
+  // Add a named object to this binding.
+  Named_object*
+  add_named_object(Named_object* no)
+  { return this->add_named_object_to_contour(&this->bindings_, no); }
+
+  // Clear all names in file scope from the bindings.
+  void
+  clear_file_scope();
+
+  // Look up a name in this binding contour and in any enclosing
+  // binding contours.  This returns NULL if the name is not found.
+  Named_object*
+  lookup(const std::string&) const;
+
+  // Look up a name in this binding contour without looking in any
+  // enclosing binding contours.  Returns NULL if the name is not found.
+  Named_object*
+  lookup_local(const std::string&) const;
+
+  // Remove a name.
+  void
+  remove_binding(Named_object*);
+
+  // Traverse the tree.  See the Traverse class.
+  int
+  traverse(Traverse*, bool is_global);
+
+  // Iterate over definitions.  This does not include things which
+  // were only declared.
+
+  typedef std::vector<Named_object*>::const_iterator
+    const_definitions_iterator;
+
+  const_definitions_iterator
+  begin_definitions() const
+  { return this->named_objects_.begin(); }
+
+  const_definitions_iterator
+  end_definitions() const
+  { return this->named_objects_.end(); }
+
+  // Return the number of definitions.
+  size_t
+  size_definitions() const
+  { return this->named_objects_.size(); }
+
+  // Return whether there are no definitions.
+  bool
+  empty_definitions() const
+  { return this->named_objects_.empty(); }
+
+  // Iterate over declarations.  This is everything that has been
+  // declared, which includes everything which has been defined.
+
+  typedef Contour::const_iterator const_declarations_iterator;
+
+  const_declarations_iterator
+  begin_declarations() const
+  { return this->bindings_.begin(); }
+
+  const_declarations_iterator
+  end_declarations() const
+  { return this->bindings_.end(); }
+
+  // Return the number of declarations.
+  size_t
+  size_declarations() const
+  { return this->bindings_.size(); }
+
+  // Return whether there are no declarations.
+  bool
+  empty_declarations() const
+  { return this->bindings_.empty(); }
+
+  // Return the first declaration.
+  Named_object*
+  first_declaration()
+  { return this->bindings_.empty() ? NULL : this->bindings_.begin()->second; }
+
+ private:
+  Named_object*
+  add_named_object_to_contour(Contour*, Named_object*);
+
+  Named_object*
+  new_definition(Named_object*, Named_object*);
+
+  // Enclosing bindings.
+  Bindings* enclosing_;
+  // The list of objects.
+  std::vector<Named_object*> named_objects_;
+  // The mapping from names to objects.
+  Contour bindings_;
+};
+
+// A label.
+
+class Label
+{
+ public:
+  Label(const std::string& name)
+    : name_(name), location_(0), is_used_(false), blabel_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  // Return the label's name.
+  const std::string&
+  name() const
+  { return this->name_; }
+
+  // Return whether the label has been defined.
+  bool
+  is_defined() const
+  { return this->location_ != 0; }
+
+  // Return whether the label has been used.
+  bool
+  is_used() const
+  { return this->is_used_; }
+
+  // Record that the label is used.
+  void
+  set_is_used()
+  { this->is_used_ = true; }
+
+  // Return the location of the definition.
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Define the label at LOCATION.
+  void
+  define(source_location location)
+  {
+    go_assert(this->location_ == 0);
+    this->location_ = location;
+  }
+
+  // Return the backend representation for this label.
+  Blabel*
+  get_backend_label(Translate_context*);
+
+  // Return an expression for the address of this label.  This is used
+  // to get the return address of a deferred function to see whether
+  // the function may call recover.
+  Bexpression*
+  get_addr(Translate_context*, source_location location);
+
+ private:
+  // The name of the label.
+  std::string name_;
+  // The location of the definition.  This is 0 if the label has not
+  // yet been defined.
+  source_location location_;
+  // Whether the label has been used.
+  bool is_used_;
+  // The backend representation.
+  Blabel* blabel_;
+};
+
+// An unnamed label.  These are used when lowering loops.
+
+class Unnamed_label
+{
+ public:
+  Unnamed_label(source_location location)
+    : location_(location), blabel_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  // Get the location where the label is defined.
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Set the location where the label is defined.
+  void
+  set_location(source_location location)
+  { this->location_ = location; }
+
+  // Return a statement which defines this label.
+  Bstatement*
+  get_definition(Translate_context*);
+
+  // Return a goto to this label from LOCATION.
+  Bstatement*
+  get_goto(Translate_context*, source_location location);
+
+ private:
+  // Return the backend representation.
+  Blabel*
+  get_blabel(Translate_context*);
+
+  // The location where the label is defined.
+  source_location location_;
+  // The backend representation of this label.
+  Blabel* blabel_;
+};
+
+// An imported package.
+
+class Package
+{
+ public:
+  Package(const std::string& name, const std::string& unique_prefix,
+         source_location location);
+
+  // The real name of this package.  This may be different from the
+  // name in the associated Named_object if the import statement used
+  // an alias.
+  const std::string&
+  name() const
+  { return this->name_; }
+
+  // Return the location of the import statement.
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Get the unique prefix used for all symbols exported from this
+  // package.
+  const std::string&
+  unique_prefix() const
+  {
+    go_assert(!this->unique_prefix_.empty());
+    return this->unique_prefix_;
+  }
+
+  // The priority of this package.  The init function of packages with
+  // lower priority must be run before the init function of packages
+  // with higher priority.
+  int
+  priority() const
+  { return this->priority_; }
+
+  // Set the priority.
+  void
+  set_priority(int priority);
+
+  // Return the bindings.
+  Bindings*
+  bindings()
+  { return this->bindings_; }
+
+  // Whether some symbol from the package was used.
+  bool
+  used() const
+  { return this->used_; }
+
+  // Note that some symbol from this package was used.
+  void
+  set_used() const
+  { this->used_ = true; }
+
+  // Clear the used field for the next file.
+  void
+  clear_used()
+  { this->used_ = false; }
+
+  // Whether this package was imported in the current file.
+  bool
+  is_imported() const
+  { return this->is_imported_; }
+
+  // Note that this package was imported in the current file.
+  void
+  set_is_imported()
+  { this->is_imported_ = true; }
+
+  // Clear the imported field for the next file.
+  void
+  clear_is_imported()
+  { this->is_imported_ = false; }
+
+  // Whether this package was imported with a name of "_".
+  bool
+  uses_sink_alias() const
+  { return this->uses_sink_alias_; }
+
+  // Note that this package was imported with a name of "_".
+  void
+  set_uses_sink_alias()
+  { this->uses_sink_alias_ = true; }
+
+  // Clear the sink alias field for the next file.
+  void
+  clear_uses_sink_alias()
+  { this->uses_sink_alias_ = false; }
+
+  // Look up a name in the package.  Returns NULL if the name is not
+  // found.
+  Named_object*
+  lookup(const std::string& name) const
+  { return this->bindings_->lookup(name); }
+
+  // Set the location of the package.  This is used if it is seen in a
+  // different import before it is really imported.
+  void
+  set_location(source_location location)
+  { this->location_ = location; }
+
+  // Add a constant to the package.
+  Named_object*
+  add_constant(const Typed_identifier& tid, Expression* expr)
+  { return this->bindings_->add_constant(tid, this, expr, 0); }
+
+  // Add a type to the package.
+  Named_object*
+  add_type(const std::string& name, Type* type, source_location location)
+  { return this->bindings_->add_type(name, this, type, location); }
+
+  // Add a type declaration to the package.
+  Named_object*
+  add_type_declaration(const std::string& name, source_location location)
+  { return this->bindings_->add_type_declaration(name, this, location); }
+
+  // Add a variable to the package.
+  Named_object*
+  add_variable(const std::string& name, Variable* variable)
+  { return this->bindings_->add_variable(name, this, variable); }
+
+  // Add a function declaration to the package.
+  Named_object*
+  add_function_declaration(const std::string& name, Function_type* type,
+                          source_location loc)
+  { return this->bindings_->add_function_declaration(name, this, type, loc); }
+
+  // Determine types of constants.
+  void
+  determine_types();
+
+ private:
+  // The real name of this package.
+  std::string name_;
+  // The unique prefix for all exported global symbols.
+  std::string unique_prefix_;
+  // The names in this package.
+  Bindings* bindings_;
+  // The priority of this package.  A package has a priority higher
+  // than the priority of all of the packages that it imports.  This
+  // is used to run init functions in the right order.
+  int priority_;
+  // The location of the import statement.
+  source_location location_;
+  // True if some name from this package was used.  This is mutable
+  // because we can use a package even if we have a const pointer to
+  // it.
+  mutable bool used_;
+  // True if this package was imported in the current file.
+  bool is_imported_;
+  // True if this package was imported with a name of "_".
+  bool uses_sink_alias_;
+};
+
+// Return codes for the traversal functions.  This is not an enum
+// because we want to be able to declare traversal functions in other
+// header files without including this one.
+
+// Continue traversal as usual.
+const int TRAVERSE_CONTINUE = -1;
+
+// Exit traversal.
+const int TRAVERSE_EXIT = 0;
+
+// Continue traversal, but skip components of the current object.
+// E.g., if this is returned by Traverse::statement, we do not
+// traverse the expressions in the statement even if
+// traverse_expressions is set in the traverse_mask.
+const int TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS = 1;
+
+// This class is used when traversing the parse tree.  The caller uses
+// a subclass which overrides functions as desired.
+
+class Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  // These bitmasks say what to traverse.
+  static const unsigned int traverse_variables =    0x1;
+  static const unsigned int traverse_constants =    0x2;
+  static const unsigned int traverse_functions =    0x4;
+  static const unsigned int traverse_blocks =       0x8;
+  static const unsigned int traverse_statements =  0x10;
+  static const unsigned int traverse_expressions = 0x20;
+  static const unsigned int traverse_types =       0x40;
+
+  Traverse(unsigned int traverse_mask)
+    : traverse_mask_(traverse_mask), types_seen_(NULL), expressions_seen_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  virtual ~Traverse();
+
+  // The bitmask of what to traverse.
+  unsigned int
+  traverse_mask() const
+  { return this->traverse_mask_; }
+
+  // Record that we are going to traverse a type.  This returns true
+  // if the type has already been seen in this traversal.  This is
+  // required because types, unlike expressions, can form a circular
+  // graph.
+  bool
+  remember_type(const Type*);
+
+  // Record that we are going to see an expression.  This returns true
+  // if the expression has already been seen in this traversal.  This
+  // is only needed for cases where multiple expressions can point to
+  // a single one.
+  bool
+  remember_expression(const Expression*);
+
+  // These functions return one of the TRAVERSE codes defined above.
+
+  // If traverse_variables is set in the mask, this is called for
+  // every variable in the tree.
+  virtual int
+  variable(Named_object*);
+
+  // If traverse_constants is set in the mask, this is called for
+  // every named constant in the tree.  The bool parameter is true for
+  // a global constant.
+  virtual int
+  constant(Named_object*, bool);
+
+  // If traverse_functions is set in the mask, this is called for
+  // every function in the tree.
+  virtual int
+  function(Named_object*);
+
+  // If traverse_blocks is set in the mask, this is called for every
+  // block in the tree.
+  virtual int
+  block(Block*);
+
+  // If traverse_statements is set in the mask, this is called for
+  // every statement in the tree.
+  virtual int
+  statement(Block*, size_t* index, Statement*);
+
+  // If traverse_expressions is set in the mask, this is called for
+  // every expression in the tree.
+  virtual int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+  // If traverse_types is set in the mask, this is called for every
+  // type in the tree.
+  virtual int
+  type(Type*);
+
+ private:
+  typedef Unordered_set_hash(const Type*, Type_hash_identical,
+                            Type_identical) Types_seen;
+
+  typedef Unordered_set(const Expression*) Expressions_seen;
+
+  // Bitmask of what sort of objects to traverse.
+  unsigned int traverse_mask_;
+  // Types which have been seen in this traversal.
+  Types_seen* types_seen_;
+  // Expressions which have been seen in this traversal.
+  Expressions_seen* expressions_seen_;
+};
+
+// When translating the gogo IR into the backend data structure, this
+// is the context we pass down the blocks and statements.
+
+class Translate_context
+{
+ public:
+  Translate_context(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function, Block* block,
+                   Bblock* bblock)
+    : gogo_(gogo), backend_(gogo->backend()), function_(function),
+      block_(block), bblock_(bblock), is_const_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Accessors.
+
+  Gogo*
+  gogo()
+  { return this->gogo_; }
+
+  Backend*
+  backend()
+  { return this->backend_; }
+
+  Named_object*
+  function()
+  { return this->function_; }
+
+  Block*
+  block()
+  { return this->block_; }
+
+  Bblock*
+  bblock()
+  { return this->bblock_; }
+
+  bool
+  is_const()
+  { return this->is_const_; }
+
+  // Make a constant context.
+  void
+  set_is_const()
+  { this->is_const_ = true; }
+
+ private:
+  // The IR for the entire compilation unit.
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+  // The generator for the backend data structures.
+  Backend* backend_;
+  // The function we are currently translating.  NULL if not in a
+  // function, e.g., the initializer of a global variable.
+  Named_object* function_;
+  // The block we are currently translating.  NULL if not in a
+  // function.
+  Block *block_;
+  // The backend representation of the current block.  NULL if block_
+  // is NULL.
+  Bblock* bblock_;
+  // Whether this is being evaluated in a constant context.  This is
+  // used for type descriptor initializers.
+  bool is_const_;
+};
+
+// Runtime error codes.  These must match the values in
+// libgo/runtime/go-runtime-error.c.
+
+// Slice index out of bounds: negative or larger than the length of
+// the slice.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_SLICE_INDEX_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 0;
+
+// Array index out of bounds.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_ARRAY_INDEX_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 1;
+
+// String index out of bounds.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_STRING_INDEX_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 2;
+
+// Slice slice out of bounds: negative or larger than the length of
+// the slice or high bound less than low bound.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_SLICE_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 3;
+
+// Array slice out of bounds.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_ARRAY_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 4;
+
+// String slice out of bounds.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_STRING_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 5;
+
+// Dereference of nil pointer.  This is used when there is a
+// dereference of a pointer to a very large struct or array, to ensure
+// that a gigantic array is not used a proxy to access random memory
+// locations.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_NIL_DEREFERENCE = 6;
+
+// Slice length or capacity out of bounds in make: negative or
+// overflow or length greater than capacity.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_MAKE_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 7;
+
+// Map capacity out of bounds in make: negative or overflow.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_MAKE_MAP_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 8;
+
+// Channel capacity out of bounds in make: negative or overflow.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_MAKE_CHAN_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 9;
+
+// This is used by some of the langhooks.
+extern Gogo* go_get_gogo();
+
+// Whether we have seen any errors.  FIXME: Replace with a backend
+// interface.
+extern bool saw_errors();
+
+#endif // !defined(GO_GOGO_H)
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo.h.working b/gcc/go/gofrontend/gogo.h.working
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..7a887a5
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,2537 @@
+// gogo.h -- Go frontend parsed representation.     -*- C++ -*-
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#ifndef GO_GOGO_H
+#define GO_GOGO_H
+
+class Traverse;
+class Type;
+class Type_hash_identical;
+class Type_equal;
+class Type_identical;
+class Typed_identifier;
+class Typed_identifier_list;
+class Function_type;
+class Expression;
+class Statement;
+class Block;
+class Function;
+class Bindings;
+class Package;
+class Variable;
+class Pointer_type;
+class Struct_type;
+class Struct_field;
+class Struct_field_list;
+class Array_type;
+class Map_type;
+class Channel_type;
+class Interface_type;
+class Named_type;
+class Forward_declaration_type;
+class Method;
+class Methods;
+class Named_object;
+class Label;
+class Translate_context;
+class Export;
+class Import;
+
+// This file declares the basic classes used to hold the internal
+// representation of Go which is built by the parser.
+
+// An initialization function for an imported package.  This is a
+// magic function which initializes variables and runs the "init"
+// function.
+
+class Import_init
+{
+ public:
+  Import_init(const std::string& package_name, const std::string& init_name,
+             int priority)
+    : package_name_(package_name), init_name_(init_name), priority_(priority)
+  { }
+
+  // The name of the package being imported.
+  const std::string&
+  package_name() const
+  { return this->package_name_; }
+
+  // The name of the package's init function.
+  const std::string&
+  init_name() const
+  { return this->init_name_; }
+
+  // The priority of the initialization function.  Functions with a
+  // lower priority number must be run first.
+  int
+  priority() const
+  { return this->priority_; }
+
+ private:
+  // The name of the package being imported.
+  std::string package_name_;
+  // The name of the package's init function.
+  std::string init_name_;
+  // The priority.
+  int priority_;
+};
+
+// For sorting purposes.
+
+inline bool
+operator<(const Import_init& i1, const Import_init& i2)
+{
+  if (i1.priority() < i2.priority())
+    return true;
+  if (i1.priority() > i2.priority())
+    return false;
+  if (i1.package_name() != i2.package_name())
+    return i1.package_name() < i2.package_name();
+  return i1.init_name() < i2.init_name();
+}
+
+// The holder for the internal representation of the entire
+// compilation unit.
+
+class Gogo
+{
+ public:
+  // Create the IR, passing in the sizes of the types "int" and
+  // "uintptr" in bits.
+  Gogo(int int_type_size, int pointer_size);
+
+  // Get the package name.
+  const std::string&
+  package_name() const;
+
+  // Set the package name.
+  void
+  set_package_name(const std::string&, source_location);
+
+  // Return whether this is the "main" package.
+  bool
+  is_main_package() const;
+
+  // If necessary, adjust the name to use for a hidden symbol.  We add
+  // a prefix of the package name, so that hidden symbols in different
+  // packages do not collide.
+  std::string
+  pack_hidden_name(const std::string& name, bool is_exported) const
+  {
+    return (is_exported
+           ? name
+           : ('.' + this->unique_prefix()
+              + '.' + this->package_name()
+              + '.' + name));
+  }
+
+  // Unpack a name which may have been hidden.  Returns the
+  // user-visible name of the object.
+  static std::string
+  unpack_hidden_name(const std::string& name)
+  { return name[0] != '.' ? name : name.substr(name.rfind('.') + 1); }
+
+  // Return whether a possibly packed name is hidden.
+  static bool
+  is_hidden_name(const std::string& name)
+  { return name[0] == '.'; }
+
+  // Return the package prefix of a hidden name.
+  static std::string
+  hidden_name_prefix(const std::string& name)
+  {
+    gcc_assert(Gogo::is_hidden_name(name));
+    return name.substr(1, name.rfind('.') - 1);
+  }
+
+  // Given a name which may or may not have been hidden, return the
+  // name to use in an error message.
+  static std::string
+  message_name(const std::string& name);
+
+  // Return whether a name is the blank identifier _.
+  static bool
+  is_sink_name(const std::string& name)
+  {
+    return (name[0] == '.'
+           && name[name.length() - 1] == '_'
+           && name[name.length() - 2] == '.');
+  }
+
+  // Return the unique prefix to use for all exported symbols.
+  const std::string&
+  unique_prefix() const;
+
+  // Set the unique prefix.
+  void
+  set_unique_prefix(const std::string&);
+
+  // Return the priority to use for the package we are compiling.
+  // This is two more than the largest priority of any package we
+  // import.
+  int
+  package_priority() const;
+
+  // Import a package.  FILENAME is the file name argument, LOCAL_NAME
+  // is the local name to give to the package.  If LOCAL_NAME is empty
+  // the declarations are added to the global scope.
+  void
+  import_package(const std::string& filename, const std::string& local_name,
+                bool is_local_name_exported, source_location);
+
+  // Whether we are the global binding level.
+  bool
+  in_global_scope() const;
+
+  // Look up a name in the current binding contours.
+  Named_object*
+  lookup(const std::string&, Named_object** pfunction) const;
+
+  // Look up a name in the current block.
+  Named_object*
+  lookup_in_block(const std::string&) const;
+
+  // Look up a name in the global namespace--the universal scope.
+  Named_object*
+  lookup_global(const char*) const;
+
+  // Add a new imported package.  REAL_NAME is the real name of the
+  // package.  ALIAS is the alias of the package; this may be the same
+  // as REAL_NAME.  This sets *PADD_TO_GLOBALS if symbols added to
+  // this package should be added to the global namespace; this is
+  // true if the alias is ".".  LOCATION is the location of the import
+  // statement.  This returns the new package, or NULL on error.
+  Package*
+  add_imported_package(const std::string& real_name, const std::string& alias,
+                      bool is_alias_exported,
+                      const std::string& unique_prefix,
+                      source_location location,
+                      bool* padd_to_globals);
+
+  // Register a package.  This package may or may not be imported.
+  // This returns the Package structure for the package, creating if
+  // it necessary.
+  Package*
+  register_package(const std::string& name, const std::string& unique_prefix,
+                  source_location);
+
+  // Start compiling a function.  ADD_METHOD_TO_TYPE is true if a
+  // method function should be added to the type of its receiver.
+  Named_object*
+  start_function(const std::string& name, Function_type* type,
+                bool add_method_to_type, source_location);
+
+  // Finish compiling a function.
+  void
+  finish_function(source_location);
+
+  // Return the current function.
+  Named_object*
+  current_function() const;
+
+  // Start a new block.  This is not initially associated with a
+  // function.
+  void
+  start_block(source_location);
+
+  // Finish the current block and return it.
+  Block*
+  finish_block(source_location);
+
+  // Declare an unknown name.  This is used while parsing.  The name
+  // must be resolved by the end of the parse.  Unknown names are
+  // always added at the package level.
+  Named_object*
+  add_unknown_name(const std::string& name, source_location);
+
+  // Declare a function.
+  Named_object*
+  declare_function(const std::string&, Function_type*, source_location);
+
+  // Add a label.
+  Label*
+  add_label_definition(const std::string&, source_location);
+
+  // Add a label reference.
+  Label*
+  add_label_reference(const std::string&);
+
+  // Add a statement to the current block.
+  void
+  add_statement(Statement*);
+
+  // Add a block to the current block.
+  void
+  add_block(Block*, source_location);
+
+  // Add a constant.
+  Named_object*
+  add_constant(const Typed_identifier&, Expression*, int iota_value);
+
+  // Add a type.
+  void
+  add_type(const std::string&, Type*, source_location);
+
+  // Add a named type.  This is used for builtin types, and to add an
+  // imported type to the global scope.
+  void
+  add_named_type(Named_type*);
+
+  // Declare a type.
+  Named_object*
+  declare_type(const std::string&, source_location);
+
+  // Declare a type at the package level.  This is used when the
+  // parser sees an unknown name where a type name is required.
+  Named_object*
+  declare_package_type(const std::string&, source_location);
+
+  // Define a type which was already declared.
+  void
+  define_type(Named_object*, Named_type*);
+
+  // Add a variable.
+  Named_object*
+  add_variable(const std::string&, Variable*);
+
+  // Add a sink--a reference to the blank identifier _.
+  Named_object*
+  add_sink();
+
+  // Add a named object to the current namespace.  This is used for
+  // import . "package".
+  void
+  add_named_object(Named_object*);
+
+  // Return a name to use for a thunk function.  A thunk function is
+  // one we create during the compilation, for a go statement or a
+  // defer statement or a method expression.
+  static std::string
+  thunk_name();
+
+  // Return whether an object is a thunk.
+  static bool
+  is_thunk(const Named_object*);
+
+  // Note that we've seen an interface type.  This is used to build
+  // all required interface method tables.
+  void
+  record_interface_type(Interface_type*);
+
+  // Note that we need an initialization function.
+  void
+  set_need_init_fn()
+  { this->need_init_fn_ = true; }
+
+  // Clear out all names in file scope.  This is called when we start
+  // parsing a new file.
+  void
+  clear_file_scope();
+
+  // Traverse the tree.  See the Traverse class.
+  void
+  traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  // Define the predeclared global names.
+  void
+  define_global_names();
+
+  // Verify and complete all types.
+  void
+  verify_types();
+
+  // Lower the parse tree.
+  void
+  lower_parse_tree();
+
+  // Lower all the statements in a block.
+  void
+  lower_block(Named_object* function, Block*);
+
+  // Lower an expression.
+  void
+  lower_expression(Named_object* function, Expression**);
+
+  // Lower a constant.
+  void
+  lower_constant(Named_object*);
+
+  // Finalize the method lists and build stub methods for named types.
+  void
+  finalize_methods();
+
+  // Work out the types to use for unspecified variables and
+  // constants.
+  void
+  determine_types();
+
+  // Type check the program.
+  void
+  check_types();
+
+  // Check the types in a single block.  This is used for complicated
+  // go statements.
+  void
+  check_types_in_block(Block*);
+
+  // Check for return statements.
+  void
+  check_return_statements();
+
+  // Do all exports.
+  void
+  do_exports();
+
+  // Add an import control function for an imported package to the
+  // list.
+  void
+  add_import_init_fn(const std::string& package_name,
+                    const std::string& init_name, int prio);
+
+  // Turn short-cut operators (&&, ||) into explicit if statements.
+  void
+  remove_shortcuts();
+
+  // Use temporary variables to force order of evaluation.
+  void
+  order_evaluations();
+
+  // Build thunks for functions which call recover.
+  void
+  build_recover_thunks();
+
+  // Simplify statements which might use thunks: go and defer
+  // statements.
+  void
+  simplify_thunk_statements();
+
+  // Convert named types to the backend representation.
+  void
+  convert_named_types();
+
+  // Convert named types in a list of bindings.
+  void
+  convert_named_types_in_bindings(Bindings*);
+
+  // True if named types have been converted to the backend
+  // representation.
+  bool
+  named_types_are_converted() const
+  { return this->named_types_are_converted_; }
+
+  // Write out the global values.
+  void
+  write_globals();
+
+  // Build a call to a builtin function.  PDECL should point to a NULL
+  // initialized static pointer which will hold the fndecl.  NAME is
+  // the name of the function.  NARGS is the number of arguments.
+  // RETTYPE is the return type.  It is followed by NARGS pairs of
+  // type and argument (both trees).
+  static tree
+  call_builtin(tree* pdecl, source_location, const char* name, int nargs,
+              tree rettype, ...);
+
+  // Build a call to the runtime error function.
+  static tree
+  runtime_error(int code, source_location);
+
+  // Build a builtin struct with a list of fields.
+  static tree
+  builtin_struct(tree* ptype, const char* struct_name, tree struct_type,
+                int nfields, ...);
+
+  // Mark a function declaration as a builtin library function.
+  static void
+  mark_fndecl_as_builtin_library(tree fndecl);
+
+  // Build the type of the struct that holds a slice for the given
+  // element type.
+  tree
+  slice_type_tree(tree element_type_tree);
+
+  // Given a tree for a slice type, return the tree for the element
+  // type.
+  static tree
+  slice_element_type_tree(tree slice_type_tree);
+
+  // Build a constructor for a slice.  SLICE_TYPE_TREE is the type of
+  // the slice.  VALUES points to the values.  COUNT is the size,
+  // CAPACITY is the capacity.  If CAPACITY is NULL, it is set to
+  // COUNT.
+  static tree
+  slice_constructor(tree slice_type_tree, tree values, tree count,
+                   tree capacity);
+
+  // Build a constructor for an empty slice.  SLICE_TYPE_TREE is the
+  // type of the slice.
+  static tree
+  empty_slice_constructor(tree slice_type_tree);
+
+  // Build a map descriptor.
+  tree
+  map_descriptor(Map_type*);
+
+  // Return a tree for the type of a map descriptor.  This is struct
+  // __go_map_descriptor in libgo/runtime/map.h.  This is the same for
+  // all map types.
+  tree
+  map_descriptor_type();
+
+  // Build a type descriptor for TYPE using INITIALIZER as the type
+  // descriptor.  This builds a new decl stored in *PDECL.
+  void
+  build_type_descriptor_decl(const Type*, Expression* initializer,
+                            tree* pdecl);
+
+  // Build required interface method tables.
+  void
+  build_interface_method_tables();
+
+  // Build an interface method table for a type: a list of function
+  // pointers, one for each interface method.  This returns a decl.
+  tree
+  interface_method_table_for_type(const Interface_type*, Named_type*,
+                                 bool is_pointer);
+
+  // Return a tree which allocate SIZE bytes to hold values of type
+  // TYPE.
+  tree
+  allocate_memory(Type *type, tree size, source_location);
+
+  // Return a type to use for pointer to const char.
+  static tree
+  const_char_pointer_type_tree();
+
+  // Build a string constant with the right type.
+  static tree
+  string_constant_tree(const std::string&);
+
+  // Build a Go string constant.  This returns a pointer to the
+  // constant.
+  tree
+  go_string_constant_tree(const std::string&);
+
+  // Send a value on a channel.
+  static tree
+  send_on_channel(tree channel, tree val, bool blocking, bool for_select,
+                 source_location);
+
+  // Receive a value from a channel.
+  static tree
+  receive_from_channel(tree type_tree, tree channel, bool for_select,
+                      source_location);
+
+  // Return a tree for receiving an integer on a channel.
+  static tree
+  receive_as_64bit_integer(tree type, tree channel, bool blocking,
+                          bool for_select);
+
+
+  // Make a trampoline which calls FNADDR passing CLOSURE.
+  tree
+  make_trampoline(tree fnaddr, tree closure, source_location);
+
+ private:
+  // During parsing, we keep a stack of functions.  Each function on
+  // the stack is one that we are currently parsing.  For each
+  // function, we keep track of the current stack of blocks.
+  struct Open_function
+  {
+    // The function.
+    Named_object* function;
+    // The stack of active blocks in the function.
+    std::vector<Block*> blocks;
+  };
+
+  // The stack of functions.
+  typedef std::vector<Open_function> Open_functions;
+
+  // Create trees for implicit builtin functions.
+  void
+  define_builtin_function_trees();
+
+  // Set up the built-in unsafe package.
+  void
+  import_unsafe(const std::string&, bool is_exported, source_location);
+
+  // Add a new imported package.
+  Named_object*
+  add_package(const std::string& real_name, const std::string& alias,
+             const std::string& unique_prefix, source_location location);
+
+  // Return the current binding contour.
+  Bindings*
+  current_bindings();
+
+  const Bindings*
+  current_bindings() const;
+
+  // Return the current block.
+  Block*
+  current_block();
+
+  // Get the name of the magic initialization function.
+  const std::string&
+  get_init_fn_name();
+
+  // Get the decl for the magic initialization function.
+  tree
+  initialization_function_decl();
+
+  // Write the magic initialization function.
+  void
+  write_initialization_function(tree fndecl, tree init_stmt_list);
+
+  // Initialize imported packages.
+  void
+  init_imports(tree*);
+
+  // Register variables with the garbage collector.
+  void
+  register_gc_vars(const std::vector<Named_object*>&, tree*);
+
+  // Build a pointer to a Go string constant.  This returns a pointer
+  // to the pointer.
+  tree
+  ptr_go_string_constant_tree(const std::string&);
+
+  // Return the name to use for a type descriptor decl for an unnamed
+  // type.
+  std::string
+  unnamed_type_descriptor_decl_name(const Type* type);
+
+  // Return the name to use for a type descriptor decl for a type
+  // named NO, defined in IN_FUNCTION.
+  std::string
+  type_descriptor_decl_name(const Named_object* no,
+                           const Named_object* in_function);
+
+  // Where a type descriptor should be defined.
+  enum Type_descriptor_location
+    {
+      // Defined in this file.
+      TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_DEFINED,
+      // Defined in some other file.
+      TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_UNDEFINED,
+      // Common definition which may occur in multiple files.
+      TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_COMMON
+    };
+
+  // Return where the decl for TYPE should be defined.
+  Type_descriptor_location
+  type_descriptor_location(const Type* type);
+
+  // Return the type of a trampoline.
+  static tree
+  trampoline_type_tree();
+
+  // Type used to map import names to packages.
+  typedef std::map<std::string, Package*> Imports;
+
+  // Type used to map package names to packages.
+  typedef std::map<std::string, Package*> Packages;
+
+  // Type used to map special names in the sys package.
+  typedef std::map<std::string, std::string> Sys_names;
+
+  // Hash table mapping map types to map descriptor decls.
+  typedef Unordered_map_hash(const Map_type*, tree, Type_hash_identical,
+                            Type_identical) Map_descriptors;
+
+  // Map unnamed types to type descriptor decls.
+  typedef Unordered_map_hash(const Type*, tree, Type_hash_identical,
+                            Type_identical) Type_descriptor_decls;
+
+  // The package we are compiling.
+  Package* package_;
+  // The list of currently open functions during parsing.
+  Open_functions functions_;
+  // The global binding contour.  This includes the builtin functions
+  // and the package we are compiling.
+  Bindings* globals_;
+  // Mapping from import file names to packages.
+  Imports imports_;
+  // Whether the magic unsafe package was imported.
+  bool imported_unsafe_;
+  // Mapping from package names we have seen to packages.  This does
+  // not include the package we are compiling.
+  Packages packages_;
+  // Mapping from map types to map descriptors.
+  Map_descriptors* map_descriptors_;
+  // Mapping from unnamed types to type descriptor decls.
+  Type_descriptor_decls* type_descriptor_decls_;
+  // The functions named "init", if there are any.
+  std::vector<Named_object*> init_functions_;
+  // Whether we need a magic initialization function.
+  bool need_init_fn_;
+  // The name of the magic initialization function.
+  std::string init_fn_name_;
+  // A list of import control variables for packages that we import.
+  std::set<Import_init> imported_init_fns_;
+  // The unique prefix used for all global symbols.
+  std::string unique_prefix_;
+  // Whether an explicit unique prefix was set by -fgo-prefix.
+  bool unique_prefix_specified_;
+  // A list of interface types defined while parsing.
+  std::vector<Interface_type*> interface_types_;
+  // Whether named types have been converted.
+  bool named_types_are_converted_;
+};
+
+// A block of statements.
+
+class Block
+{
+ public:
+  Block(Block* enclosing, source_location);
+
+  // Return the enclosing block.
+  const Block*
+  enclosing() const
+  { return this->enclosing_; }
+
+  // Return the bindings of the block.
+  Bindings*
+  bindings()
+  { return this->bindings_; }
+
+  const Bindings*
+  bindings() const
+  { return this->bindings_; }
+
+  // Look at the block's statements.
+  const std::vector<Statement*>*
+  statements() const
+  { return &this->statements_; }
+
+  // Return the start location.  This is normally the location of the
+  // left curly brace which starts the block.
+  source_location
+  start_location() const
+  { return this->start_location_; }
+
+  // Return the end location.  This is normally the location of the
+  // right curly brace which ends the block.
+  source_location
+  end_location() const
+  { return this->end_location_; }
+
+  // Add a statement to the block.
+  void
+  add_statement(Statement*);
+
+  // Add a statement to the front of the block.
+  void
+  add_statement_at_front(Statement*);
+
+  // Replace a statement in a block.
+  void
+  replace_statement(size_t index, Statement*);
+
+  // Add a Statement before statement number INDEX.
+  void
+  insert_statement_before(size_t index, Statement*);
+
+  // Add a Statement after statement number INDEX.
+  void
+  insert_statement_after(size_t index, Statement*);
+
+  // Set the end location of the block.
+  void
+  set_end_location(source_location location)
+  { this->end_location_ = location; }
+
+  // Traverse the tree.
+  int
+  traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  // Set final types for unspecified variables and constants.
+  void
+  determine_types();
+
+  // Return true if execution of this block may fall through to the
+  // next block.
+  bool
+  may_fall_through() const;
+
+  // Return a tree of the code in this block.
+  tree
+  get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+  // Iterate over statements.
+
+  typedef std::vector<Statement*>::iterator iterator;
+
+  iterator
+  begin()
+  { return this->statements_.begin(); }
+
+  iterator
+  end()
+  { return this->statements_.end(); }
+
+ private:
+  // Enclosing block.
+  Block* enclosing_;
+  // Statements in the block.
+  std::vector<Statement*> statements_;
+  // Binding contour.
+  Bindings* bindings_;
+  // Location of start of block.
+  source_location start_location_;
+  // Location of end of block.
+  source_location end_location_;
+};
+
+// A function.
+
+class Function
+{
+ public:
+  Function(Function_type* type, Function*, Block*, source_location);
+
+  // Return the function's type.
+  Function_type*
+  type() const
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  // Return the enclosing function if there is one.
+  Function*
+  enclosing()
+  { return this->enclosing_; }
+
+  // Set the enclosing function.  This is used when building thunks
+  // for functions which call recover.
+  void
+  set_enclosing(Function* enclosing)
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->enclosing_ == NULL);
+    this->enclosing_ = enclosing;
+  }
+
+  // Create the named result variables in the outer block.
+  void
+  create_named_result_variables(Gogo*);
+
+  // Update the named result variables when cloning a function which
+  // calls recover.
+  void
+  update_named_result_variables();
+
+  // Add a new field to the closure variable.
+  void
+  add_closure_field(Named_object* var, source_location loc)
+  { this->closure_fields_.push_back(std::make_pair(var, loc)); }
+
+  // Whether this function needs a closure.
+  bool
+  needs_closure() const
+  { return !this->closure_fields_.empty(); }
+
+  // Return the closure variable, creating it if necessary.  This is
+  // passed to the function as a static chain parameter.
+  Named_object*
+  closure_var();
+
+  // Set the closure variable.  This is used when building thunks for
+  // functions which call recover.
+  void
+  set_closure_var(Named_object* v)
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->closure_var_ == NULL);
+    this->closure_var_ = v;
+  }
+
+  // Return the variable for a reference to field INDEX in the closure
+  // variable.
+  Named_object*
+  enclosing_var(unsigned int index)
+  {
+    gcc_assert(index < this->closure_fields_.size());
+    return closure_fields_[index].first;
+  }
+
+  // Set the type of the closure variable if there is one.
+  void
+  set_closure_type();
+
+  // Get the block of statements associated with the function.
+  Block*
+  block() const
+  { return this->block_; }
+
+  // Get the location of the start of the function.
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Return whether this function is actually a method.
+  bool
+  is_method() const;
+
+  // Add a label definition to the function.
+  Label*
+  add_label_definition(const std::string& label_name, source_location);
+
+  // Add a label reference to a function.
+  Label*
+  add_label_reference(const std::string& label_name);
+
+  // Whether this function calls the predeclared recover function.
+  bool
+  calls_recover() const
+  { return this->calls_recover_; }
+
+  // Record that this function calls the predeclared recover function.
+  // This is set during the lowering pass.
+  void
+  set_calls_recover()
+  { this->calls_recover_ = true; }
+
+  // Whether this is a recover thunk function.
+  bool
+  is_recover_thunk() const
+  { return this->is_recover_thunk_; }
+
+  // Record that this is a thunk built for a function which calls
+  // recover.
+  void
+  set_is_recover_thunk()
+  { this->is_recover_thunk_ = true; }
+
+  // Whether this function already has a recover thunk.
+  bool
+  has_recover_thunk() const
+  { return this->has_recover_thunk_; }
+
+  // Record that this function already has a recover thunk.
+  void
+  set_has_recover_thunk()
+  { this->has_recover_thunk_ = true; }
+
+  // Swap with another function.  Used only for the thunk which calls
+  // recover.
+  void
+  swap_for_recover(Function *);
+
+  // Traverse the tree.
+  int
+  traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  // Determine types in the function.
+  void
+  determine_types();
+
+  // Return the function's decl given an identifier.
+  tree
+  get_or_make_decl(Gogo*, Named_object*, tree id);
+
+  // Return the function's decl after it has been built.
+  tree
+  get_decl() const
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->fndecl_ != NULL);
+    return this->fndecl_;
+  }
+
+  // Set the function decl to hold a tree of the function code.
+  void
+  build_tree(Gogo*, Named_object*);
+
+  // Get the value to return when not explicitly specified.  May also
+  // add statements to execute first to STMT_LIST.
+  tree
+  return_value(Gogo*, Named_object*, source_location, tree* stmt_list) const;
+
+  // Get a tree for the variable holding the defer stack.
+  tree
+  defer_stack(source_location);
+
+  // Export the function.
+  void
+  export_func(Export*, const std::string& name) const;
+
+  // Export a function with a type.
+  static void
+  export_func_with_type(Export*, const std::string& name,
+                       const Function_type*);
+
+  // Import a function.
+  static void
+  import_func(Import*, std::string* pname, Typed_identifier** receiver,
+             Typed_identifier_list** pparameters,
+             Typed_identifier_list** presults, bool* is_varargs);
+
+ private:
+  // Type for mapping from label names to Label objects.
+  typedef Unordered_map(std::string, Label*) Labels;
+
+  tree
+  make_receiver_parm_decl(Gogo*, Named_object*, tree);
+
+  tree
+  copy_parm_to_heap(Gogo*, Named_object*, tree);
+
+  void
+  build_defer_wrapper(Gogo*, Named_object*, tree*, tree*);
+
+  typedef std::vector<Named_object*> Named_results;
+
+  typedef std::vector<std::pair<Named_object*,
+                               source_location> > Closure_fields;
+
+  // The function's type.
+  Function_type* type_;
+  // The enclosing function.  This is NULL when there isn't one, which
+  // is the normal case.
+  Function* enclosing_;
+  // The named result variables, if any.
+  Named_results* named_results_;
+  // If there is a closure, this is the list of variables which appear
+  // in the closure.  This is created by the parser, and then resolved
+  // to a real type when we lower parse trees.
+  Closure_fields closure_fields_;
+  // The closure variable, passed as a parameter using the static
+  // chain parameter.  Normally NULL.
+  Named_object* closure_var_;
+  // The outer block of statements in the function.
+  Block* block_;
+  // The source location of the start of the function.
+  source_location location_;
+  // Labels defined or referenced in the function.
+  Labels labels_;
+  // The function decl.
+  tree fndecl_;
+  // A variable holding the defer stack variable.  This is NULL unless
+  // we actually need a defer stack.
+  tree defer_stack_;
+  // True if this function calls the predeclared recover function.
+  bool calls_recover_;
+  // True if this a thunk built for a function which calls recover.
+  bool is_recover_thunk_;
+  // True if this function already has a recover thunk.
+  bool has_recover_thunk_;
+};
+
+// A function declaration.
+
+class Function_declaration
+{
+ public:
+  Function_declaration(Function_type* fntype, source_location location)
+    : fntype_(fntype), location_(location), asm_name_(), fndecl_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  Function_type*
+  type() const
+  { return this->fntype_; }
+
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  const std::string&
+  asm_name() const
+  { return this->asm_name_; }
+
+  // Set the assembler name.
+  void
+  set_asm_name(const std::string& asm_name)
+  { this->asm_name_ = asm_name; }
+
+  // Return a decl for the function given an identifier.
+  tree
+  get_or_make_decl(Gogo*, Named_object*, tree id);
+
+  // Export a function declaration.
+  void
+  export_func(Export* exp, const std::string& name) const
+  { Function::export_func_with_type(exp, name, this->fntype_); }
+
+ private:
+  // The type of the function.
+  Function_type* fntype_;
+  // The location of the declaration.
+  source_location location_;
+  // The assembler name: this is the name to use in references to the
+  // function.  This is normally empty.
+  std::string asm_name_;
+  // The function decl if needed.
+  tree fndecl_;
+};
+
+// A variable.
+
+class Variable
+{
+ public:
+  Variable(Type*, Expression*, bool is_global, bool is_parameter,
+          bool is_receiver, source_location);
+
+  // Get the type of the variable.
+  Type*
+  type();
+
+  Type*
+  type() const;
+
+  // Return whether the type is defined yet.
+  bool
+  has_type() const
+  { return this->type_ != NULL; }
+
+  // Get the initial value.
+  Expression*
+  init() const
+  { return this->init_; }
+
+  // Return whether there are any preinit statements.
+  bool
+  has_pre_init() const
+  { return this->preinit_ != NULL; }
+
+  // Return the preinit statements if any.
+  Block*
+  preinit() const
+  { return this->preinit_; }
+
+  // Return whether this is a global variable.
+  bool
+  is_global() const
+  { return this->is_global_; }
+
+  // Return whether this is a function parameter.
+  bool
+  is_parameter() const
+  { return this->is_parameter_; }
+
+  // Return whether this is the receiver parameter of a method.
+  bool
+  is_receiver() const
+  { return this->is_receiver_; }
+
+  // Change this parameter to be a receiver.  This is used when
+  // creating the thunks created for functions which call recover.
+  void
+  set_is_receiver()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->is_parameter_);
+    this->is_receiver_ = true;
+  }
+
+  // Change this parameter to not be a receiver.  This is used when
+  // creating the thunks created for functions which call recover.
+  void
+  set_is_not_receiver()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->is_parameter_);
+    this->is_receiver_ = false;
+  }
+
+  // Return whether this is the varargs parameter of a function.
+  bool
+  is_varargs_parameter() const
+  { return this->is_varargs_parameter_; }
+
+  // Whether this variable's address is taken.
+  bool
+  is_address_taken() const
+  { return this->is_address_taken_; }
+
+  // Whether this variable should live in the heap.
+  bool
+  is_in_heap() const
+  { return this->is_address_taken_ && !this->is_global_; }
+
+  // Get the source location of the variable's declaration.
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Record that this is the varargs parameter of a function.
+  void
+  set_is_varargs_parameter()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->is_parameter_);
+    this->is_varargs_parameter_ = true;
+  }
+
+  // Clear the initial value; used for error handling.
+  void
+  clear_init()
+  { this->init_ = NULL; }
+
+  // Set the initial value; used for converting shortcuts.
+  void
+  set_init(Expression* init)
+  { this->init_ = init; }
+
+  // Get the preinit block, a block of statements to be run before the
+  // initialization expression.
+  Block*
+  preinit_block(Gogo*);
+
+  // Add a statement to be run before the initialization expression.
+  // This is only used for global variables.
+  void
+  add_preinit_statement(Gogo*, Statement*);
+
+  // Lower the initialization expression after parsing is complete.
+  void
+  lower_init_expression(Gogo*, Named_object*);
+
+  // A special case: the init value is used only to determine the
+  // type.  This is used if the variable is defined using := with the
+  // comma-ok form of a map index or a receive expression.  The init
+  // value is actually the map index expression or receive expression.
+  // We use this because we may not know the right type at parse time.
+  void
+  set_type_from_init_tuple()
+  { this->type_from_init_tuple_ = true; }
+
+  // Another special case: the init value is used only to determine
+  // the type.  This is used if the variable is defined using := with
+  // a range clause.  The init value is the range expression.  The
+  // type of the variable is the index type of the range expression
+  // (i.e., the first value returned by a range).
+  void
+  set_type_from_range_index()
+  { this->type_from_range_index_ = true; }
+
+  // Another special case: like set_type_from_range_index, but the
+  // type is the value type of the range expression (i.e., the second
+  // value returned by a range).
+  void
+  set_type_from_range_value()
+  { this->type_from_range_value_ = true; }
+
+  // Another special case: the init value is used only to determine
+  // the type.  This is used if the variable is defined using := with
+  // a case in a select statement.  The init value is the channel.
+  // The type of the variable is the channel's element type.
+  void
+  set_type_from_chan_element()
+  { this->type_from_chan_element_ = true; }
+
+  // After we lower the select statement, we once again set the type
+  // from the initialization expression.
+  void
+  clear_type_from_chan_element()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->type_from_chan_element_);
+    this->type_from_chan_element_ = false;
+  }
+
+  // Note that this variable was created for a type switch clause.
+  void
+  set_is_type_switch_var()
+  { this->is_type_switch_var_ = true; }
+
+  // Traverse the initializer expression.
+  int
+  traverse_expression(Traverse*);
+
+  // Determine the type of the variable if necessary.
+  void
+  determine_type();
+
+  // Note that something takes the address of this variable.
+  void
+  set_address_taken()
+  { this->is_address_taken_ = true; }
+
+  // Get the initial value of the variable as a tree.  This may only
+  // be called if has_pre_init() returns false.
+  tree
+  get_init_tree(Gogo*, Named_object* function);
+
+  // Return a series of statements which sets the value of the
+  // variable in DECL.  This should only be called is has_pre_init()
+  // returns true.  DECL may be NULL for a sink variable.
+  tree
+  get_init_block(Gogo*, Named_object* function, tree decl);
+
+  // Export the variable.
+  void
+  export_var(Export*, const std::string& name) const;
+
+  // Import a variable.
+  static void
+  import_var(Import*, std::string* pname, Type** ptype);
+
+ private:
+  // The type of a tuple.
+  Type*
+  type_from_tuple(Expression*, bool) const;
+
+  // The type of a range.
+  Type*
+  type_from_range(Expression*, bool, bool) const;
+
+  // The element type of a channel.
+  Type*
+  type_from_chan_element(Expression*, bool) const;
+
+  // The variable's type.  This may be NULL if the type is set from
+  // the expression.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The initial value.  This may be NULL if the variable should be
+  // initialized to the default value for the type.
+  Expression* init_;
+  // Statements to run before the init statement.
+  Block* preinit_;
+  // Location of variable definition.
+  source_location location_;
+  // Whether this is a global variable.
+  bool is_global_ : 1;
+  // Whether this is a function parameter.
+  bool is_parameter_ : 1;
+  // Whether this is the receiver parameter of a method.
+  bool is_receiver_ : 1;
+  // Whether this is the varargs parameter of a function.
+  bool is_varargs_parameter_ : 1;
+  // Whether something takes the address of this variable.
+  bool is_address_taken_ : 1;
+  // True if we have seen this variable in a traversal.
+  bool seen_ : 1;
+  // True if we have lowered the initialization expression.
+  bool init_is_lowered_ : 1;
+  // True if init is a tuple used to set the type.
+  bool type_from_init_tuple_ : 1;
+  // True if init is a range clause and the type is the index type.
+  bool type_from_range_index_ : 1;
+  // True if init is a range clause and the type is the value type.
+  bool type_from_range_value_ : 1;
+  // True if init is a channel and the type is the channel's element type.
+  bool type_from_chan_element_ : 1;
+  // True if this is a variable created for a type switch case.
+  bool is_type_switch_var_ : 1;
+  // True if we have determined types.
+  bool determined_type_ : 1;
+};
+
+// A variable which is really the name for a function return value, or
+// part of one.
+
+class Result_variable
+{
+ public:
+  Result_variable(Type* type, Function* function, int index)
+    : type_(type), function_(function), index_(index),
+      is_address_taken_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Get the type of the result variable.
+  Type*
+  type() const
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  // Get the function that this is associated with.
+  Function*
+  function() const
+  { return this->function_; }
+
+  // Index in the list of function results.
+  int
+  index() const
+  { return this->index_; }
+
+  // Whether this variable's address is taken.
+  bool
+  is_address_taken() const
+  { return this->is_address_taken_; }
+
+  // Note that something takes the address of this variable.
+  void
+  set_address_taken()
+  { this->is_address_taken_ = true; }
+
+  // Whether this variable should live in the heap.
+  bool
+  is_in_heap() const
+  { return this->is_address_taken_; }
+
+  // Set the function.  This is used when cloning functions which call
+  // recover.
+  void
+  set_function(Function* function)
+  { this->function_ = function; }
+
+ private:
+  // Type of result variable.
+  Type* type_;
+  // Function with which this is associated.
+  Function* function_;
+  // Index in list of results.
+  int index_;
+  // Whether something takes the address of this variable.
+  bool is_address_taken_;
+};
+
+// The value we keep for a named constant.  This lets us hold a type
+// and an expression.
+
+class Named_constant
+{
+ public:
+  Named_constant(Type* type, Expression* expr, int iota_value,
+                source_location location)
+    : type_(type), expr_(expr), iota_value_(iota_value), location_(location),
+      lowering_(false)
+  { }
+
+  Type*
+  type() const
+  { return this->type_; }
+
+  Expression*
+  expr() const
+  { return this->expr_; }
+
+  int
+  iota_value() const
+  { return this->iota_value_; }
+
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Whether we are lowering.
+  bool
+  lowering() const
+  { return this->lowering_; }
+
+  // Set that we are lowering.
+  void
+  set_lowering()
+  { this->lowering_ = true; }
+
+  // We are no longer lowering.
+  void
+  clear_lowering()
+  { this->lowering_ = false; }
+
+  // Traverse the expression.
+  int
+  traverse_expression(Traverse*);
+
+  // Determine the type of the constant if necessary.
+  void
+  determine_type();
+
+  // Indicate that we found and reported an error for this constant.
+  void
+  set_error();
+
+  // Export the constant.
+  void
+  export_const(Export*, const std::string& name) const;
+
+  // Import a constant.
+  static void
+  import_const(Import*, std::string*, Type**, Expression**);
+
+ private:
+  // The type of the constant.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The expression for the constant.
+  Expression* expr_;
+  // If the predeclared constant iota is used in EXPR_, this is the
+  // value it will have.  We do this because at parse time we don't
+  // know whether the name "iota" will refer to the predeclared
+  // constant or to something else.  We put in the right value in when
+  // we lower.
+  int iota_value_;
+  // The location of the definition.
+  source_location location_;
+  // Whether we are currently lowering this constant.
+  bool lowering_;
+};
+
+// A type declaration.
+
+class Type_declaration
+{
+ public:
+  Type_declaration(source_location location)
+    : location_(location), in_function_(NULL), methods_(),
+      issued_warning_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Return the location.
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Return the function in which this type is declared.  This will
+  // return NULL for a type declared in global scope.
+  Named_object*
+  in_function()
+  { return this->in_function_; }
+
+  // Set the function in which this type is declared.
+  void
+  set_in_function(Named_object* f)
+  { this->in_function_ = f; }
+
+  // Add a method to this type.  This is used when methods are defined
+  // before the type.
+  Named_object*
+  add_method(const std::string& name, Function* function);
+
+  // Add a method declaration to this type.
+  Named_object*
+  add_method_declaration(const std::string& name, Function_type* type,
+                        source_location location);
+
+  // Return whether any methods were defined.
+  bool
+  has_methods() const;
+
+  // Define methods when the real type is known.
+  void
+  define_methods(Named_type*);
+
+  // This is called if we are trying to use this type.  It returns
+  // true if we should issue a warning.
+  bool
+  using_type();
+
+ private:
+  typedef std::vector<Named_object*> Methods;
+
+  // The location of the type declaration.
+  source_location location_;
+  // If this type is declared in a function, a pointer back to the
+  // function in which it is defined.
+  Named_object* in_function_;
+  // Methods defined before the type is defined.
+  Methods methods_;
+  // True if we have issued a warning about a use of this type
+  // declaration when it is undefined.
+  bool issued_warning_;
+};
+
+// An unknown object.  These are created by the parser for forward
+// references to names which have not been seen before.  In a correct
+// program, these will always point to a real definition by the end of
+// the parse.  Because they point to another Named_object, these may
+// only be referenced by Unknown_expression objects.
+
+class Unknown_name
+{
+ public:
+  Unknown_name(source_location location)
+    : location_(location), real_named_object_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  // Return the location where this name was first seen.
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Return the real named object that this points to, or NULL if it
+  // was never resolved.
+  Named_object*
+  real_named_object() const
+  { return this->real_named_object_; }
+
+  // Set the real named object that this points to.
+  void
+  set_real_named_object(Named_object* no);
+
+ private:
+  // The location where this name was first seen.
+  source_location location_;
+  // The real named object when it is known.
+  Named_object*
+  real_named_object_;
+};
+
+// A named object named.  This is the result of a declaration.  We
+// don't use a superclass because they all have to be handled
+// differently.
+
+class Named_object
+{
+ public:
+  enum Classification
+  {
+    // An uninitialized Named_object.  We should never see this.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_UNINITIALIZED,
+    // An unknown name.  This is used for forward references.  In a
+    // correct program, these will all be resolved by the end of the
+    // parse.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN,
+    // A const.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_CONST,
+    // A type.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE,
+    // A forward type declaration.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION,
+    // A var.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_VAR,
+    // A result variable in a function.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR,
+    // The blank identifier--the special variable named _.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_SINK,
+    // A func.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC,
+    // A forward func declaration.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION,
+    // A package.
+    NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE
+  };
+
+  // Return the classification.
+  Classification
+  classification() const
+  { return this->classification_; }
+
+  // Classifiers.
+
+  bool
+  is_unknown() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN; }
+
+  bool
+  is_const() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_CONST; }
+
+  bool
+  is_type() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE; }
+
+  bool
+  is_type_declaration() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION; }
+
+  bool
+  is_variable() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_VAR; }
+
+  bool
+  is_result_variable() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR; }
+
+  bool
+  is_sink() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_SINK; }
+
+  bool
+  is_function() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC; }
+
+  bool
+  is_function_declaration() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION; }
+
+  bool
+  is_package() const
+  { return this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE; }
+
+  // Creators.
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_unknown_name(const std::string& name, source_location);
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_constant(const Typed_identifier&, const Package*, Expression*,
+               int iota_value);
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_type(const std::string&, const Package*, Type*, source_location);
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_type_declaration(const std::string&, const Package*, source_location);
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_variable(const std::string&, const Package*, Variable*);
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_result_variable(const std::string&, Result_variable*);
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_sink();
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_function(const std::string&, const Package*, Function*);
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_function_declaration(const std::string&, const Package*, Function_type*,
+                           source_location);
+
+  static Named_object*
+  make_package(const std::string& alias, Package* package);
+
+  // Getters.
+
+  Unknown_name*
+  unknown_value()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN);
+    return this->u_.unknown_value;
+  }
+
+  const Unknown_name*
+  unknown_value() const
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN);
+    return this->u_.unknown_value;
+  }
+
+  Named_constant*
+  const_value()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_CONST);
+    return this->u_.const_value;
+  }
+
+  const Named_constant*
+  const_value() const
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_CONST);
+    return this->u_.const_value;
+  }
+
+  Named_type*
+  type_value()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE);
+    return this->u_.type_value;
+  }
+
+  const Named_type*
+  type_value() const
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE);
+    return this->u_.type_value;
+  }
+
+  Type_declaration*
+  type_declaration_value()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION);
+    return this->u_.type_declaration;
+  }
+
+  const Type_declaration*
+  type_declaration_value() const
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION);
+    return this->u_.type_declaration;
+  }
+
+  Variable*
+  var_value()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_VAR);
+    return this->u_.var_value;
+  }
+
+  const Variable*
+  var_value() const
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_VAR);
+    return this->u_.var_value;
+  }
+
+  Result_variable*
+  result_var_value()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR);
+    return this->u_.result_var_value;
+  }
+
+  const Result_variable*
+  result_var_value() const
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR);
+    return this->u_.result_var_value;
+  }
+
+  Function*
+  func_value()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC);
+    return this->u_.func_value;
+  }
+
+  const Function*
+  func_value() const
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC);
+    return this->u_.func_value;
+  }
+
+  Function_declaration*
+  func_declaration_value()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION);
+    return this->u_.func_declaration_value;
+  }
+
+  const Function_declaration*
+  func_declaration_value() const
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION);
+    return this->u_.func_declaration_value;
+  }
+
+  Package*
+  package_value()
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE);
+    return this->u_.package_value;
+  }
+
+  const Package*
+  package_value() const
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE);
+    return this->u_.package_value;
+  }
+
+  const std::string&
+  name() const
+  { return this->name_; }
+
+  // Return the name to use in an error message.  The difference is
+  // that if this Named_object is defined in a different package, this
+  // will return PACKAGE.NAME.
+  std::string
+  message_name() const;
+
+  const Package*
+  package() const
+  { return this->package_; }
+
+  // Resolve an unknown value if possible.  This returns the same
+  // Named_object or a new one.
+  Named_object*
+  resolve()
+  {
+    Named_object* ret = this;
+    if (this->is_unknown())
+      {
+       Named_object* r = this->unknown_value()->real_named_object();
+       if (r != NULL)
+         ret = r;
+      }
+    return ret;
+  }
+
+  const Named_object*
+  resolve() const
+  {
+    const Named_object* ret = this;
+    if (this->is_unknown())
+      {
+       const Named_object* r = this->unknown_value()->real_named_object();
+       if (r != NULL)
+         ret = r;
+      }
+    return ret;
+  }
+
+  // The location where this object was defined or referenced.
+  source_location
+  location() const;
+
+  // Return a tree for the external identifier for this object.
+  tree
+  get_id(Gogo*);
+
+  // Return a tree representing this object.
+  tree
+  get_tree(Gogo*, Named_object* function);
+
+  // Define a type declaration.
+  void
+  set_type_value(Named_type*);
+
+  // Define a function declaration.
+  void
+  set_function_value(Function*);
+
+  // Declare an unknown name as a type declaration.
+  void
+  declare_as_type();
+
+  // Export this object.
+  void
+  export_named_object(Export*) const;
+
+ private:
+  Named_object(const std::string&, const Package*, Classification);
+
+  // The name of the object.
+  std::string name_;
+  // The package that this object is in.  This is NULL if it is in the
+  // file we are compiling.
+  const Package* package_;
+  // The type of object this is.
+  Classification classification_;
+  // The real data.
+  union
+  {
+    Unknown_name* unknown_value;
+    Named_constant* const_value;
+    Named_type* type_value;
+    Type_declaration* type_declaration;
+    Variable* var_value;
+    Result_variable* result_var_value;
+    Function* func_value;
+    Function_declaration* func_declaration_value;
+    Package* package_value;
+  } u_;
+  // The DECL tree for this object if we have already converted it.
+  tree tree_;
+};
+
+// A binding contour.  This binds names to objects.
+
+class Bindings
+{
+ public:
+  // Type for mapping from names to objects.
+  typedef Unordered_map(std::string, Named_object*) Contour;
+
+  Bindings(Bindings* enclosing);
+
+  // Add an unknown name.
+  Named_object*
+  add_unknown_name(const std::string& name, source_location location)
+  {
+    return this->add_named_object(Named_object::make_unknown_name(name,
+                                                                 location));
+  }
+
+  // Add a constant.
+  Named_object*
+  add_constant(const Typed_identifier& tid, const Package* package,
+              Expression* expr, int iota_value)
+  {
+    return this->add_named_object(Named_object::make_constant(tid, package,
+                                                             expr,
+                                                             iota_value));
+  }
+
+  // Add a type.
+  Named_object*
+  add_type(const std::string& name, const Package* package, Type* type,
+          source_location location)
+  {
+    return this->add_named_object(Named_object::make_type(name, package, type,
+                                                         location));
+  }
+
+  // Add a named type.  This is used for builtin types, and to add an
+  // imported type to the global scope.
+  Named_object*
+  add_named_type(Named_type* named_type);
+
+  // Add a type declaration.
+  Named_object*
+  add_type_declaration(const std::string& name, const Package* package,
+                      source_location location)
+  {
+    Named_object* no = Named_object::make_type_declaration(name, package,
+                                                          location);
+    return this->add_named_object(no);
+  }
+
+  // Add a variable.
+  Named_object*
+  add_variable(const std::string& name, const Package* package,
+              Variable* variable)
+  {
+    return this->add_named_object(Named_object::make_variable(name, package,
+                                                             variable));
+  }
+
+  // Add a result variable.
+  Named_object*
+  add_result_variable(const std::string& name, Result_variable* result)
+  {
+    return this->add_named_object(Named_object::make_result_variable(name,
+                                                                    result));
+  }
+
+  // Add a function.
+  Named_object*
+  add_function(const std::string& name, const Package*, Function* function);
+
+  // Add a function declaration.
+  Named_object*
+  add_function_declaration(const std::string& name, const Package* package,
+                          Function_type* type, source_location location);
+
+  // Add a package.  The location is the location of the import
+  // statement.
+  Named_object*
+  add_package(const std::string& alias, Package* package)
+  {
+    Named_object* no = Named_object::make_package(alias, package);
+    return this->add_named_object(no);
+  }
+
+  // Define a type which was already declared.
+  void
+  define_type(Named_object*, Named_type*);
+
+  // Add a method to the list of objects.  This is not added to the
+  // lookup table.
+  void
+  add_method(Named_object*);
+
+  // Add a named object to this binding.
+  Named_object*
+  add_named_object(Named_object* no)
+  { return this->add_named_object_to_contour(&this->bindings_, no); }
+
+  // Clear all names in file scope from the bindings.
+  void
+  clear_file_scope();
+
+  // Look up a name in this binding contour and in any enclosing
+  // binding contours.  This returns NULL if the name is not found.
+  Named_object*
+  lookup(const std::string&) const;
+
+  // Look up a name in this binding contour without looking in any
+  // enclosing binding contours.  Returns NULL if the name is not found.
+  Named_object*
+  lookup_local(const std::string&) const;
+
+  // Remove a name.
+  void
+  remove_binding(Named_object*);
+
+  // Traverse the tree.  See the Traverse class.
+  int
+  traverse(Traverse*, bool is_global);
+
+  // Iterate over definitions.  This does not include things which
+  // were only declared.
+
+  typedef std::vector<Named_object*>::const_iterator
+    const_definitions_iterator;
+
+  const_definitions_iterator
+  begin_definitions() const
+  { return this->named_objects_.begin(); }
+
+  const_definitions_iterator
+  end_definitions() const
+  { return this->named_objects_.end(); }
+
+  // Return the number of definitions.
+  size_t
+  size_definitions() const
+  { return this->named_objects_.size(); }
+
+  // Return whether there are no definitions.
+  bool
+  empty_definitions() const
+  { return this->named_objects_.empty(); }
+
+  // Iterate over declarations.  This is everything that has been
+  // declared, which includes everything which has been defined.
+
+  typedef Contour::const_iterator const_declarations_iterator;
+
+  const_declarations_iterator
+  begin_declarations() const
+  { return this->bindings_.begin(); }
+
+  const_declarations_iterator
+  end_declarations() const
+  { return this->bindings_.end(); }
+
+  // Return the number of declarations.
+  size_t
+  size_declarations() const
+  { return this->bindings_.size(); }
+
+  // Return whether there are no declarations.
+  bool
+  empty_declarations() const
+  { return this->bindings_.empty(); }
+
+  // Return the first declaration.
+  Named_object*
+  first_declaration()
+  { return this->bindings_.empty() ? NULL : this->bindings_.begin()->second; }
+
+ private:
+  Named_object*
+  add_named_object_to_contour(Contour*, Named_object*);
+
+  Named_object*
+  new_definition(Named_object*, Named_object*);
+
+  // Enclosing bindings.
+  Bindings* enclosing_;
+  // The list of objects.
+  std::vector<Named_object*> named_objects_;
+  // The mapping from names to objects.
+  Contour bindings_;
+};
+
+// A label.
+
+class Label
+{
+ public:
+  Label(const std::string& name)
+    : name_(name), location_(0), decl_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  // Return the label's name.
+  const std::string&
+  name() const
+  { return this->name_; }
+
+  // Return whether the label has been defined.
+  bool
+  is_defined() const
+  { return this->location_ != 0; }
+
+  // Return the location of the definition.
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Define the label at LOCATION.
+  void
+  define(source_location location)
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->location_ == 0);
+    this->location_ = location;
+  }
+
+  // Return the LABEL_DECL for this decl.
+  tree
+  get_decl();
+
+  // Return an expression for the address of this label.
+  tree
+  get_addr(source_location location);
+
+ private:
+  // The name of the label.
+  std::string name_;
+  // The location of the definition.  This is 0 if the label has not
+  // yet been defined.
+  source_location location_;
+  // The LABEL_DECL.
+  tree decl_;
+};
+
+// An unnamed label.  These are used when lowering loops.
+
+class Unnamed_label
+{
+ public:
+  Unnamed_label(source_location location)
+    : location_(location), decl_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  // Get the location where the label is defined.
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Set the location where the label is defined.
+  void
+  set_location(source_location location)
+  { this->location_ = location; }
+
+  // Return a statement which defines this label.
+  tree
+  get_definition();
+
+  // Return a goto to this label from LOCATION.
+  tree
+  get_goto(source_location location);
+
+ private:
+  // Return the LABEL_DECL to use with GOTO_EXPR.
+  tree
+  get_decl();
+
+  // The location where the label is defined.
+  source_location location_;
+  // The LABEL_DECL.
+  tree decl_;
+};
+
+// An imported package.
+
+class Package
+{
+ public:
+  Package(const std::string& name, const std::string& unique_prefix,
+         source_location location);
+
+  // The real name of this package.  This may be different from the
+  // name in the associated Named_object if the import statement used
+  // an alias.
+  const std::string&
+  name() const
+  { return this->name_; }
+
+  // Return the location of the import statement.
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Get the unique prefix used for all symbols exported from this
+  // package.
+  const std::string&
+  unique_prefix() const
+  {
+    gcc_assert(!this->unique_prefix_.empty());
+    return this->unique_prefix_;
+  }
+
+  // The priority of this package.  The init function of packages with
+  // lower priority must be run before the init function of packages
+  // with higher priority.
+  int
+  priority() const
+  { return this->priority_; }
+
+  // Set the priority.
+  void
+  set_priority(int priority);
+
+  // Return the bindings.
+  Bindings*
+  bindings()
+  { return this->bindings_; }
+
+  // Whether some symbol from the package was used.
+  bool
+  used() const
+  { return this->used_; }
+
+  // Note that some symbol from this package was used.
+  void
+  set_used() const
+  { this->used_ = true; }
+
+  // Clear the used field for the next file.
+  void
+  clear_used()
+  { this->used_ = false; }
+
+  // Whether this package was imported in the current file.
+  bool
+  is_imported() const
+  { return this->is_imported_; }
+
+  // Note that this package was imported in the current file.
+  void
+  set_is_imported()
+  { this->is_imported_ = true; }
+
+  // Clear the imported field for the next file.
+  void
+  clear_is_imported()
+  { this->is_imported_ = false; }
+
+  // Whether this package was imported with a name of "_".
+  bool
+  uses_sink_alias() const
+  { return this->uses_sink_alias_; }
+
+  // Note that this package was imported with a name of "_".
+  void
+  set_uses_sink_alias()
+  { this->uses_sink_alias_ = true; }
+
+  // Clear the sink alias field for the next file.
+  void
+  clear_uses_sink_alias()
+  { this->uses_sink_alias_ = false; }
+
+  // Look up a name in the package.  Returns NULL if the name is not
+  // found.
+  Named_object*
+  lookup(const std::string& name) const
+  { return this->bindings_->lookup(name); }
+
+  // Set the location of the package.  This is used if it is seen in a
+  // different import before it is really imported.
+  void
+  set_location(source_location location)
+  { this->location_ = location; }
+
+  // Add a constant to the package.
+  Named_object*
+  add_constant(const Typed_identifier& tid, Expression* expr)
+  { return this->bindings_->add_constant(tid, this, expr, 0); }
+
+  // Add a type to the package.
+  Named_object*
+  add_type(const std::string& name, Type* type, source_location location)
+  { return this->bindings_->add_type(name, this, type, location); }
+
+  // Add a type declaration to the package.
+  Named_object*
+  add_type_declaration(const std::string& name, source_location location)
+  { return this->bindings_->add_type_declaration(name, this, location); }
+
+  // Add a variable to the package.
+  Named_object*
+  add_variable(const std::string& name, Variable* variable)
+  { return this->bindings_->add_variable(name, this, variable); }
+
+  // Add a function declaration to the package.
+  Named_object*
+  add_function_declaration(const std::string& name, Function_type* type,
+                          source_location loc)
+  { return this->bindings_->add_function_declaration(name, this, type, loc); }
+
+  // Determine types of constants.
+  void
+  determine_types();
+
+ private:
+  // The real name of this package.
+  std::string name_;
+  // The unique prefix for all exported global symbols.
+  std::string unique_prefix_;
+  // The names in this package.
+  Bindings* bindings_;
+  // The priority of this package.  A package has a priority higher
+  // than the priority of all of the packages that it imports.  This
+  // is used to run init functions in the right order.
+  int priority_;
+  // The location of the import statement.
+  source_location location_;
+  // True if some name from this package was used.  This is mutable
+  // because we can use a package even if we have a const pointer to
+  // it.
+  mutable bool used_;
+  // True if this package was imported in the current file.
+  bool is_imported_;
+  // True if this package was imported with a name of "_".
+  bool uses_sink_alias_;
+};
+
+// Return codes for the traversal functions.  This is not an enum
+// because we want to be able to declare traversal functions in other
+// header files without including this one.
+
+// Continue traversal as usual.
+const int TRAVERSE_CONTINUE = -1;
+
+// Exit traversal.
+const int TRAVERSE_EXIT = 0;
+
+// Continue traversal, but skip components of the current object.
+// E.g., if this is returned by Traverse::statement, we do not
+// traverse the expressions in the statement even if
+// traverse_expressions is set in the traverse_mask.
+const int TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS = 1;
+
+// This class is used when traversing the parse tree.  The caller uses
+// a subclass which overrides functions as desired.
+
+class Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  // These bitmasks say what to traverse.
+  static const unsigned int traverse_variables =    0x1;
+  static const unsigned int traverse_constants =    0x2;
+  static const unsigned int traverse_functions =    0x4;
+  static const unsigned int traverse_blocks =       0x8;
+  static const unsigned int traverse_statements =  0x10;
+  static const unsigned int traverse_expressions = 0x20;
+  static const unsigned int traverse_types =       0x40;
+
+  Traverse(unsigned int traverse_mask)
+    : traverse_mask_(traverse_mask), types_seen_(NULL), expressions_seen_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  virtual ~Traverse();
+
+  // The bitmask of what to traverse.
+  unsigned int
+  traverse_mask() const
+  { return this->traverse_mask_; }
+
+  // Record that we are going to traverse a type.  This returns true
+  // if the type has already been seen in this traversal.  This is
+  // required because types, unlike expressions, can form a circular
+  // graph.
+  bool
+  remember_type(const Type*);
+
+  // Record that we are going to see an expression.  This returns true
+  // if the expression has already been seen in this traversal.  This
+  // is only needed for cases where multiple expressions can point to
+  // a single one.
+  bool
+  remember_expression(const Expression*);
+
+  // These functions return one of the TRAVERSE codes defined above.
+
+  // If traverse_variables is set in the mask, this is called for
+  // every variable in the tree.
+  virtual int
+  variable(Named_object*);
+
+  // If traverse_constants is set in the mask, this is called for
+  // every named constant in the tree.  The bool parameter is true for
+  // a global constant.
+  virtual int
+  constant(Named_object*, bool);
+
+  // If traverse_functions is set in the mask, this is called for
+  // every function in the tree.
+  virtual int
+  function(Named_object*);
+
+  // If traverse_blocks is set in the mask, this is called for every
+  // block in the tree.
+  virtual int
+  block(Block*);
+
+  // If traverse_statements is set in the mask, this is called for
+  // every statement in the tree.
+  virtual int
+  statement(Block*, size_t* index, Statement*);
+
+  // If traverse_expressions is set in the mask, this is called for
+  // every expression in the tree.
+  virtual int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+  // If traverse_types is set in the mask, this is called for every
+  // type in the tree.
+  virtual int
+  type(Type*);
+
+ private:
+  typedef Unordered_set_hash(const Type*, Type_hash_identical,
+                            Type_identical) Types_seen;
+
+  typedef Unordered_set(const Expression*) Expressions_seen;
+
+  // Bitmask of what sort of objects to traverse.
+  unsigned int traverse_mask_;
+  // Types which have been seen in this traversal.
+  Types_seen* types_seen_;
+  // Expressions which have been seen in this traversal.
+  Expressions_seen* expressions_seen_;
+};
+
+// When translating the gogo IR into trees, this is the context we
+// pass down the blocks and statements.
+
+class Translate_context
+{
+ public:
+  Translate_context(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function, Block* block,
+                   tree block_tree)
+    : gogo_(gogo), function_(function), block_(block), block_tree_(block_tree),
+      is_const_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Accessors.
+
+  Gogo*
+  gogo()
+  { return this->gogo_; }
+
+  Named_object*
+  function()
+  { return this->function_; }
+
+  Block*
+  block()
+  { return this->block_; }
+
+  tree
+  block_tree()
+  { return this->block_tree_; }
+
+  bool
+  is_const()
+  { return this->is_const_; }
+
+  // Make a constant context.
+  void
+  set_is_const()
+  { this->is_const_ = true; }
+
+ private:
+  // The IR for the entire compilation unit.
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+  // The function we are currently translating.
+  Named_object* function_;
+  // The block we are currently translating.
+  Block *block_;
+  // The BLOCK node for the current block.
+  tree block_tree_;
+  // Whether this is being evaluated in a constant context.  This is
+  // used for type descriptor initializers.
+  bool is_const_;
+};
+
+// Runtime error codes.  These must match the values in
+// libgo/runtime/go-runtime-error.c.
+
+// Slice index out of bounds: negative or larger than the length of
+// the slice.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_SLICE_INDEX_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 0;
+
+// Array index out of bounds.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_ARRAY_INDEX_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 1;
+
+// String index out of bounds.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_STRING_INDEX_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 2;
+
+// Slice slice out of bounds: negative or larger than the length of
+// the slice or high bound less than low bound.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_SLICE_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 3;
+
+// Array slice out of bounds.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_ARRAY_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 4;
+
+// String slice out of bounds.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_STRING_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 5;
+
+// Dereference of nil pointer.  This is used when there is a
+// dereference of a pointer to a very large struct or array, to ensure
+// that a gigantic array is not used a proxy to access random memory
+// locations.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_NIL_DEREFERENCE = 6;
+
+// Slice length or capacity out of bounds in make: negative or
+// overflow or length greater than capacity.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_MAKE_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 7;
+
+// Map capacity out of bounds in make: negative or overflow.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_MAKE_MAP_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 8;
+
+// Channel capacity out of bounds in make: negative or overflow.
+static const int RUNTIME_ERROR_MAKE_CHAN_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 9;
+
+// This is used by some of the langhooks.
+extern Gogo* go_get_gogo();
+
+// Whether we have seen any errors.  FIXME: Replace with a backend
+// interface.
+extern bool saw_errors();
+
+#endif // !defined(GO_GOGO_H)
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/parse.cc.merge-left.r167407 b/gcc/go/gofrontend/parse.cc.merge-left.r167407
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..c8b55c5
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,4730 @@
+// parse.cc -- Go frontend parser.
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "go-system.h"
+
+#include "lex.h"
+#include "gogo.h"
+#include "types.h"
+#include "statements.h"
+#include "expressions.h"
+#include "parse.h"
+
+// Struct Parse::Enclosing_var_comparison.
+
+// Return true if v1 should be considered to be less than v2.
+
+bool
+Parse::Enclosing_var_comparison::operator()(const Enclosing_var& v1,
+                                           const Enclosing_var& v2)
+{
+  if (v1.var() == v2.var())
+    return false;
+
+  const std::string& n1(v1.var()->name());
+  const std::string& n2(v2.var()->name());
+  int i = n1.compare(n2);
+  if (i < 0)
+    return true;
+  else if (i > 0)
+    return false;
+
+  // If we get here it means that a single nested function refers to
+  // two different variables defined in enclosing functions, and both
+  // variables have the same name.  I think this is impossible.
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Class Parse.
+
+Parse::Parse(Lex* lex, Gogo* gogo)
+  : lex_(lex),
+    token_(Token::make_invalid_token(0)),
+    unget_token_(Token::make_invalid_token(0)),
+    unget_token_valid_(false),
+    gogo_(gogo),
+    break_stack_(),
+    continue_stack_(),
+    iota_(0),
+    enclosing_vars_()
+{
+}
+
+// Return the current token.
+
+const Token*
+Parse::peek_token()
+{
+  if (this->unget_token_valid_)
+    return &this->unget_token_;
+  if (this->token_.is_invalid())
+    this->token_ = this->lex_->next_token();
+  return &this->token_;
+}
+
+// Advance to the next token and return it.
+
+const Token*
+Parse::advance_token()
+{
+  if (this->unget_token_valid_)
+    {
+      this->unget_token_valid_ = false;
+      if (!this->token_.is_invalid())
+       return &this->token_;
+    }
+  this->token_ = this->lex_->next_token();
+  return &this->token_;
+}
+
+// Push a token back on the input stream.
+
+void
+Parse::unget_token(const Token& token)
+{
+  gcc_assert(!this->unget_token_valid_);
+  this->unget_token_ = token;
+  this->unget_token_valid_ = true;
+}
+
+// The location of the current token.
+
+source_location
+Parse::location()
+{
+  return this->peek_token()->location();
+}
+
+// IdentifierList = identifier { "," identifier } .
+
+void
+Parse::identifier_list(Typed_identifier_list* til)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  while (true)
+    {
+      if (!token->is_identifier())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected identifier");
+         return;
+       }
+      std::string name =
+       this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(token->identifier(),
+                                     token->is_identifier_exported());
+      til->push_back(Typed_identifier(name, NULL, token->location()));
+      token = this->advance_token();
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       return;
+      token = this->advance_token();
+    }
+}
+
+// ExpressionList = Expression { "," Expression } .
+
+// If MAY_BE_SINK is true, the expressions in the list may be "_".
+
+Expression_list*
+Parse::expression_list(Expression* first, bool may_be_sink)
+{
+  Expression_list* ret = new Expression_list();
+  if (first != NULL)
+    ret->push_back(first);
+  while (true)
+    {
+      ret->push_back(this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, may_be_sink, true,
+                                     NULL));
+
+      const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       return ret;
+
+      // Most expression lists permit a trailing comma.
+      source_location location = token->location();
+      this->advance_token();
+      if (!this->expression_may_start_here())
+       {
+         this->unget_token(Token::make_operator_token(OPERATOR_COMMA,
+                                                      location));
+         return ret;
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// QualifiedIdent = [ PackageName "." ] identifier .
+// PackageName = identifier .
+
+// This sets *PNAME to the identifier and sets *PPACKAGE to the
+// package or NULL if there isn't one.  This returns true on success,
+// false on failure in which case it will have emitted an error
+// message.
+
+bool
+Parse::qualified_ident(std::string* pname, Named_object** ppackage)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected identifier");
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  std::string name = token->identifier();
+  bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+  name = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(name, is_exported);
+
+  token = this->advance_token();
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT))
+    {
+      *pname = name;
+      *ppackage = NULL;
+      return true;
+    }
+
+  Named_object* package = this->gogo_->lookup(name, NULL);
+  if (package == NULL || !package->is_package())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected package");
+      // We expect . IDENTIFIER; skip both.
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_identifier())
+       this->advance_token();
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  package->package_value()->set_used();
+
+  token = this->advance_token();
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected identifier");
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  name = token->identifier();
+
+  if (name == "_")
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "invalid use of %<_%>");
+      name = "blank";
+    }
+
+  if (package->name() == this->gogo_->package_name())
+    name = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(name,
+                                        token->is_identifier_exported());
+
+  *pname = name;
+  *ppackage = package;
+
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Type = TypeName | TypeLit | "(" Type ")" .
+// TypeLit =
+//     ArrayType | StructType | PointerType | FunctionType | InterfaceType |
+//     SliceType | MapType | ChannelType .
+
+Type*
+Parse::type()
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (token->is_identifier())
+    return this->type_name(true);
+  else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LSQUARE))
+    return this->array_type(false);
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CHAN)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+    return this->channel_type();
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_INTERFACE))
+    return this->interface_type();
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FUNC))
+    {
+      source_location location = token->location();
+      this->advance_token();
+      return this->signature(NULL, location);
+    }
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_MAP))
+    return this->map_type();
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_STRUCT))
+    return this->struct_type();
+  else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_MULT))
+    return this->pointer_type();
+  else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      Type* ret = this->type();
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+       this->advance_token();
+      else
+       {
+         if (!ret->is_error_type())
+           error_at(this->location(), "expected %<)%>");
+       }
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(token->location(), "expected type");
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+}
+
+bool
+Parse::type_may_start_here()
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  return (token->is_identifier()
+         || token->is_op(OPERATOR_LSQUARE)
+         || token->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP)
+         || token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CHAN)
+         || token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_INTERFACE)
+         || token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FUNC)
+         || token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_MAP)
+         || token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_STRUCT)
+         || token->is_op(OPERATOR_MULT)
+         || token->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN));
+}
+
+// TypeName = QualifiedIdent .
+
+// If MAY_BE_NIL is true, then an identifier with the value of the
+// predefined constant nil is accepted, returning the nil type.
+
+Type*
+Parse::type_name(bool issue_error)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  std::string name;
+  Named_object* package;
+  if (!this->qualified_ident(&name, &package))
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+
+  Named_object* named_object;
+  if (package == NULL)
+    named_object = this->gogo_->lookup(name, NULL);
+  else
+    {
+      named_object = package->package_value()->lookup(name);
+      if (named_object == NULL
+         && issue_error
+         && package->name() != this->gogo_->package_name())
+       {
+         // Check whether the name is there but hidden.
+         std::string s = ('.' + package->package_value()->unique_prefix()
+                          + '.' + package->package_value()->name()
+                          + '.' + name);
+         named_object = package->package_value()->lookup(s);
+         if (named_object != NULL)
+           {
+             const std::string& packname(package->package_value()->name());
+             error_at(location, "invalid reference to hidden type %<%s.%s%>",
+                      Gogo::message_name(packname).c_str(),
+                      Gogo::message_name(name).c_str());
+             issue_error = false;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  bool ok = true;
+  if (named_object == NULL)
+    {
+      if (package != NULL)
+       ok = false;
+      else
+       named_object = this->gogo_->add_unknown_name(name, location);
+    }
+  else if (named_object->is_type())
+    {
+      if (!named_object->type_value()->is_visible())
+       ok = false;
+    }
+  else if (named_object->is_unknown() || named_object->is_type_declaration())
+    ;
+  else
+    ok = false;
+
+  if (!ok)
+    {
+      if (issue_error)
+       error_at(location, "expected type");
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+
+  if (named_object->is_type())
+    return named_object->type_value();
+  else if (named_object->is_unknown() || named_object->is_type_declaration())
+    return Type::make_forward_declaration(named_object);
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// ArrayType = "[" [ ArrayLength ] "]" ElementType .
+// ArrayLength = Expression .
+// ElementType = CompleteType .
+
+Type*
+Parse::array_type(bool may_use_ellipsis)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LSQUARE));
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+
+  Expression* length = NULL;
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_RSQUARE))
+    this->advance_token();
+  else
+    {
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_ELLIPSIS))
+       length = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+      else if (may_use_ellipsis)
+       {
+         // An ellipsis is used in composite literals to represent a
+         // fixed array of the size of the number of elements.  We
+         // use a length of nil to represent this, and change the
+         // length when parsing the composite literal.
+         length = Expression::make_nil(this->location());
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(),
+                  "use of %<[...]%> outside of array literal");
+         length = Expression::make_error(this->location());
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RSQUARE))
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<]%>");
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       }
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  Type* element_type = this->type();
+
+  return Type::make_array_type(element_type, length);
+}
+
+// MapType = "map" "[" KeyType "]" ValueType .
+// KeyType = CompleteType .
+// ValueType = CompleteType .
+
+Type*
+Parse::map_type()
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_MAP));
+  if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LSQUARE))
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected %<[%>");
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Type* key_type = this->type();
+
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RSQUARE))
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected %<]%>");
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Type* value_type = this->type();
+
+  if (key_type->is_error_type() || value_type->is_error_type())
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+
+  return Type::make_map_type(key_type, value_type, location);
+}
+
+// StructType     = "struct" "{" { FieldDecl ";" } "}" .
+
+Type*
+Parse::struct_type()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_STRUCT));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      source_location token_loc = this->location();
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+         && this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       error_at(token_loc, "unexpected semicolon or newline before %<{%>");
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<{%>");
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       }
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Struct_field_list* sfl = new Struct_field_list;
+  while (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+    {
+      this->field_decl(sfl);
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       this->advance_token();
+      else if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<;%> or %<}%> or newline");
+         if (!this->skip_past_error(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+           return Type::make_error_type();
+       }
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pi = sfl->begin();
+       pi != sfl->end();
+       ++pi)
+    {
+      if (pi->type()->is_error_type())
+       return pi->type();
+      for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pj = pi + 1;
+          pj != sfl->end();
+          ++pj)
+       {
+         if (pi->field_name() == pj->field_name()
+             && !Gogo::is_sink_name(pi->field_name()))
+           error_at(pi->location(), "duplicate field name %<%s%>",
+                    Gogo::message_name(pi->field_name()).c_str());
+       }
+    }
+
+  return Type::make_struct_type(sfl, location);
+}
+
+// FieldDecl = (IdentifierList CompleteType | TypeName) [ Tag ] .
+// Tag = string_lit .
+
+void
+Parse::field_decl(Struct_field_list* sfl)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  source_location location = token->location();
+  bool is_anonymous;
+  bool is_anonymous_pointer;
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_MULT))
+    {
+      is_anonymous = true;
+      is_anonymous_pointer = true;
+    }
+  else if (token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      std::string id = token->identifier();
+      bool is_id_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+      source_location id_location = token->location();
+      token = this->advance_token();
+      is_anonymous = (token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+                     || token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY)
+                     || token->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT)
+                     || token->is_string());
+      is_anonymous_pointer = false;
+      this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(id, is_id_exported,
+                                                    id_location));
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected field name");
+      while (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+            && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY)
+            && !token->is_eof())
+       token = this->advance_token();
+      return;
+    }
+
+  if (is_anonymous)
+    {
+      if (is_anonymous_pointer)
+       {
+         this->advance_token();
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_identifier())
+           {
+             error_at(this->location(), "expected field name");
+             while (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+                    && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY)
+                    && !token->is_eof())
+               token = this->advance_token();
+             return;
+           }
+       }
+      Type* type = this->type_name(true);
+
+      std::string tag;
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_string())
+       {
+         tag = this->peek_token()->string_value();
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+
+      if (!type->is_error_type())
+       {
+         if (is_anonymous_pointer)
+           type = Type::make_pointer_type(type);
+         sfl->push_back(Struct_field(Typed_identifier("", type, location)));
+         if (!tag.empty())
+           sfl->back().set_tag(tag);
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Typed_identifier_list til;
+      while (true)
+       {
+         token = this->peek_token();
+         if (!token->is_identifier())
+           {
+             error_at(this->location(), "expected identifier");
+             return;
+           }
+         std::string name =
+           this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(token->identifier(),
+                                         token->is_identifier_exported());
+         til.push_back(Typed_identifier(name, NULL, token->location()));
+         if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+           break;
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+
+      Type* type = this->type();
+
+      std::string tag;
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_string())
+       {
+         tag = this->peek_token()->string_value();
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::iterator p = til.begin();
+          p != til.end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         p->set_type(type);
+         sfl->push_back(Struct_field(*p));
+         if (!tag.empty())
+           sfl->back().set_tag(tag);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// PointerType = "*" Type .
+
+Type*
+Parse::pointer_type()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_MULT));
+  this->advance_token();
+  Type* type = this->type();
+  if (type->is_error_type())
+    return type;
+  return Type::make_pointer_type(type);
+}
+
+// ChannelType   = Channel | SendChannel | RecvChannel .
+// Channel       = "chan" ElementType .
+// SendChannel   = "chan" "<-" ElementType .
+// RecvChannel   = "<-" "chan" ElementType .
+
+Type*
+Parse::channel_type()
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  bool send = true;
+  bool receive = true;
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+    {
+      if (!this->advance_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CHAN))
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<chan%>");
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       }
+      send = false;
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      gcc_assert(token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CHAN));
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+       {
+         receive = false;
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+    }
+  Type* element_type = this->type();
+  return Type::make_channel_type(send, receive, element_type);
+}
+
+// Signature      = Parameters [ Result ] .
+
+// RECEIVER is the receiver if there is one, or NULL.  LOCATION is the
+// location of the start of the type.
+
+Function_type*
+Parse::signature(Typed_identifier* receiver, source_location location)
+{
+  bool is_varargs = false;
+  Typed_identifier_list* params = this->parameters(&is_varargs);
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* result = NULL;
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN)
+      || this->type_may_start_here())
+    result = this->result();
+
+  Function_type* ret = Type::make_function_type(receiver, params, result,
+                                               location);
+  if (is_varargs)
+    ret->set_is_varargs();
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Parameters     = "(" [ ParameterList [ "," ] ] ")" .
+
+Typed_identifier_list*
+Parse::parameters(bool* is_varargs)
+{
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected %<(%>");
+      return NULL;
+    }
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* params = NULL;
+
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+    {
+      params = this->parameter_list(is_varargs);
+      token = this->peek_token();
+    }
+
+  // The optional trailing comma is picked up in parameter_list.
+
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+    error_at(this->location(), "expected %<)%>");
+  else
+    this->advance_token();
+
+  return params;
+}
+
+// ParameterList  = ParameterDecl { "," ParameterDecl } .
+
+// This sets *IS_VARARGS if the list ends with an ellipsis.
+// IS_VARARGS will be NULL if varargs are not permitted.
+
+// We pick up an optional trailing comma.
+
+Typed_identifier_list*
+Parse::parameter_list(bool* is_varargs)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  Typed_identifier_list* ret = new Typed_identifier_list();
+
+  // If we see an identifier and then a comma, then we don't know
+  // whether we are looking at a list of identifiers followed by a
+  // type, or a list of types given by name.  We have to do an
+  // arbitrary lookahead to figure it out.
+
+  bool parameters_have_names;
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      // This must be a type which starts with something like '*'.
+      parameters_have_names = false;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      std::string name = token->identifier();
+      bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+      source_location location = token->location();
+      token = this->advance_token();
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       {
+         if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT))
+           {
+             // This is a qualified identifier, which must turn out
+             // to be a type.
+             parameters_have_names = false;
+           }
+         else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+           {
+             // A single identifier followed by a parenthesis must be
+             // a type name.
+             parameters_have_names = false;
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             // An identifier followed by something other than a
+             // comma or a dot or a right parenthesis must be a
+             // parameter name followed by a type.
+             parameters_have_names = true;
+           }
+
+         this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(name, is_exported,
+                                                        location));
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // An identifier followed by a comma may be the first in a
+         // list of parameter names followed by a type, or it may be
+         // the first in a list of types without parameter names.  To
+         // find out we gather as many identifiers separated by
+         // commas as we can.
+         std::string id_name = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(name,
+                                                             is_exported);
+         ret->push_back(Typed_identifier(id_name, NULL, location));
+         bool just_saw_comma = true;
+         while (this->advance_token()->is_identifier())
+           {
+             name = this->peek_token()->identifier();
+             is_exported = this->peek_token()->is_identifier_exported();
+             location = this->peek_token()->location();
+             id_name = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(name, is_exported);
+             ret->push_back(Typed_identifier(id_name, NULL, location));
+             if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+               {
+                 just_saw_comma = false;
+                 break;
+               }
+           }
+
+         if (just_saw_comma)
+           {
+             // We saw ID1 "," ID2 "," followed by something which
+             // was not an identifier.  We must be seeing the start
+             // of a type, and ID1 and ID2 must be types, and the
+             // parameters don't have names.
+             parameters_have_names = false;
+           }
+         else if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+           {
+             // We saw ID1 "," ID2 ")".  ID1 and ID2 must be types,
+             // and the parameters don't have names.
+             parameters_have_names = false;
+           }
+         else if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT))
+           {
+             // We saw ID1 "," ID2 ".".  ID2 must be a package name,
+             // ID1 must be a type, and the parameters don't have
+             // names.
+             parameters_have_names = false;
+             this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(name, is_exported,
+                                                            location));
+             ret->pop_back();
+             just_saw_comma = true;
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             // We saw ID1 "," ID2 followed by something other than
+             // ",", ".", or ")".  We must be looking at the start of
+             // a type, and ID1 and ID2 must be parameter names.
+             parameters_have_names = true;
+           }
+
+         if (parameters_have_names)
+           {
+             gcc_assert(!just_saw_comma);
+             // We have just seen ID1, ID2 xxx.
+             Type* type;
+             if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_ELLIPSIS))
+               type = this->type();
+             else
+               {
+                 error_at(this->location(), "%<...%> only permits one name");
+                 this->advance_token();
+                 type = this->type();
+               }
+             for (size_t i = 0; i < ret->size(); ++i)
+               ret->set_type(i, type);
+             if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+               return ret;
+             if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+               return ret;
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             Typed_identifier_list* tret = new Typed_identifier_list();
+             for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = ret->begin();
+                  p != ret->end();
+                  ++p)
+               {
+                 Named_object* no = this->gogo_->lookup(p->name(), NULL);
+                 Type* type;
+                 if (no == NULL)
+                   no = this->gogo_->add_unknown_name(p->name(),
+                                                      p->location());
+
+                 if (no->is_type())
+                   type = no->type_value();
+                 else if (no->is_unknown() || no->is_type_declaration())
+                   type = Type::make_forward_declaration(no);
+                 else
+                   {
+                     error_at(p->location(), "expected %<%s%> to be a type",
+                              Gogo::message_name(p->name()).c_str());
+                     type = Type::make_error_type();
+                   }
+                 tret->push_back(Typed_identifier("", type, p->location()));
+               }
+             delete ret;
+             ret = tret;
+             if (!just_saw_comma
+                 || this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+               return ret;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  bool mix_error = false;
+  this->parameter_decl(parameters_have_names, ret, is_varargs, &mix_error);
+  while (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+    {
+      if (is_varargs != NULL && *is_varargs)
+       error_at(this->location(), "%<...%> must be last parameter");
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+       break;
+      this->parameter_decl(parameters_have_names, ret, is_varargs, &mix_error);
+    }
+  if (mix_error)
+    error_at(location, "invalid named/anonymous mix");
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// ParameterDecl  = [ IdentifierList ] [ "..." ] Type .
+
+void
+Parse::parameter_decl(bool parameters_have_names,
+                     Typed_identifier_list* til,
+                     bool* is_varargs,
+                     bool* mix_error)
+{
+  if (!parameters_have_names)
+    {
+      Type* type;
+      source_location location = this->location();
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_identifier())
+       {
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_ELLIPSIS))
+           type = this->type();
+         else
+           {
+             if (is_varargs == NULL)
+               error_at(this->location(), "invalid use of %<...%>");
+             else
+               *is_varargs = true;
+             this->advance_token();
+             if (is_varargs == NULL
+                 && this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+               type = Type::make_error_type();
+             else
+               {
+                 Type* element_type = this->type();
+                 type = Type::make_array_type(element_type, NULL);
+               }
+           }
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         type = this->type_name(false);
+         if (type->is_error_type()
+             || (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA)
+                 && !this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN)))
+           {
+             *mix_error = true;
+             while (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA)
+                    && !this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+               this->advance_token();
+           }
+       }
+      if (!type->is_error_type())
+       til->push_back(Typed_identifier("", type, location));
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      size_t orig_count = til->size();
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_identifier())
+       this->identifier_list(til);
+      else
+       *mix_error = true;
+      size_t new_count = til->size();
+
+      Type* type;
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_ELLIPSIS))
+       type = this->type();
+      else
+       {
+         if (is_varargs == NULL)
+           error_at(this->location(), "invalid use of %<...%>");
+         else if (new_count > orig_count + 1)
+           error_at(this->location(), "%<...%> only permits one name");
+         else
+           *is_varargs = true;
+         this->advance_token();
+         Type* element_type = this->type();
+         type = Type::make_array_type(element_type, NULL);
+       }
+      for (size_t i = orig_count; i < new_count; ++i)
+       til->set_type(i, type);
+    }
+}
+
+// Result         = Parameters | Type .
+
+Typed_identifier_list*
+Parse::result()
+{
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+    return this->parameters(NULL);
+  else
+    {
+      source_location location = this->location();
+      Typed_identifier_list* til = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      Type* type = this->type();
+      til->push_back(Typed_identifier("", type, location));
+      return til;
+    }
+}
+
+// Block = "{" [ StatementList ] "}" .
+
+// Returns the location of the closing brace.
+
+source_location
+Parse::block()
+{
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      source_location loc = this->location();
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+         && this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       error_at(loc, "unexpected semicolon or newline before %<{%>");
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<{%>");
+         return UNKNOWN_LOCATION;
+       }
+    }
+
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+    {
+      this->statement_list();
+      token = this->peek_token();
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+       {
+         if (!token->is_eof() || !saw_errors())
+           error_at(this->location(), "expected %<}%>");
+
+         // Skip ahead to the end of the block, in hopes of avoiding
+         // lots of meaningless errors.
+         source_location ret = token->location();
+         int nest = 0;
+         while (!token->is_eof())
+           {
+             if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+               ++nest;
+             else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+               {
+                 --nest;
+                 if (nest < 0)
+                   {
+                     this->advance_token();
+                     break;
+                   }
+               }
+             token = this->advance_token();
+             ret = token->location();
+           }
+         return ret;
+       }
+    }
+
+  source_location ret = token->location();
+  this->advance_token();
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// InterfaceType      = "interface" "{" [ MethodSpecList ] "}" .
+// MethodSpecList     = MethodSpec { ";" MethodSpec } [ ";" ] .
+
+Type*
+Parse::interface_type()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_INTERFACE));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      source_location token_loc = this->location();
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+         && this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       error_at(token_loc, "unexpected semicolon or newline before %<{%>");
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<{%>");
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       }
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* methods = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+    {
+      this->method_spec(methods);
+      while (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       {
+         if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+           break;
+         this->method_spec(methods);
+       }
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<}%>");
+         while (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+           {
+             if (this->peek_token()->is_eof())
+               return Type::make_error_type();
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  if (methods->empty())
+    {
+      delete methods;
+      methods = NULL;
+    }
+
+  Interface_type* ret = Type::make_interface_type(methods, location);
+  this->gogo_->record_interface_type(ret);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// MethodSpec         = MethodName Signature | InterfaceTypeName .
+// MethodName         = identifier .
+// InterfaceTypeName  = TypeName .
+
+bool
+Parse::method_spec(Typed_identifier_list* methods)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected identifier");
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  std::string name = token->identifier();
+  bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+  source_location location = token->location();
+
+  if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+    {
+      // This is a MethodName.
+      name = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(name, is_exported);
+      Function_type* type = this->signature(NULL, location);
+      methods->push_back(Typed_identifier(name, type, location));
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(name, is_exported,
+                                                    location));
+      Type* type = this->type_name(false);
+      if (type->is_error_type()
+         || (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+             && !this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY)))
+       {
+         if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+           error_at(this->location(),
+                    "name list not allowed in interface type");
+         else
+           error_at(location, "expected signature or type name");
+         token = this->peek_token();
+         while (!token->is_eof()
+                && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+                && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+           token = this->advance_token();
+         return false;
+       }
+      // This must be an interface type, but we can't check that now.
+      // We check it and pull out the methods in
+      // Interface_type::do_verify.
+      methods->push_back(Typed_identifier("", type, location));
+    }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Declaration = ConstDecl | TypeDecl | VarDecl | FunctionDecl | MethodDecl .
+
+void
+Parse::declaration()
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CONST))
+    this->const_decl();
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_TYPE))
+    this->type_decl();
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_VAR))
+    this->var_decl();
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FUNC))
+    this->function_decl();
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected declaration");
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+}
+
+bool
+Parse::declaration_may_start_here()
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  return (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CONST)
+         || token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_TYPE)
+         || token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_VAR)
+         || token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FUNC));
+}
+
+// Decl<P> = P | "(" [ List<P> ] ")" .
+
+void
+Parse::decl(void (Parse::*pfn)(void*), void* varg)
+{
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+    (this->*pfn)(varg);
+  else
+    {
+      if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+       {
+         this->list(pfn, varg, true);
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+           {
+             error_at(this->location(), "missing %<)%>");
+             while (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+               {
+                 if (this->peek_token()->is_eof())
+                   return;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+}
+
+// List<P> = P { ";" P } [ ";" ] .
+
+// In order to pick up the trailing semicolon we need to know what
+// might follow.  This is either a '}' or a ')'.
+
+void
+Parse::list(void (Parse::*pfn)(void*), void* varg, bool follow_is_paren)
+{
+  (this->*pfn)(varg);
+  Operator follow = follow_is_paren ? OPERATOR_RPAREN : OPERATOR_RCURLY;
+  while (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+        || this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+    {
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       error_at(this->location(), "unexpected comma");
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_op(follow))
+       break;
+      (this->*pfn)(varg);
+    }
+}
+
+// ConstDecl      = "const" ( ConstSpec | "(" { ConstSpec ";" } ")" ) .
+
+void
+Parse::const_decl()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CONST));
+  this->advance_token();
+  this->reset_iota();
+
+  Type* last_type = NULL;
+  Expression_list* last_expr_list = NULL;
+
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+    this->const_spec(&last_type, &last_expr_list);
+  else
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      while (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+       {
+         this->const_spec(&last_type, &last_expr_list);
+         if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+           this->advance_token();
+         else if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+           {
+             error_at(this->location(), "expected %<;%> or %<)%> or newline");
+             if (!this->skip_past_error(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+               return;
+           }
+       }
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  if (last_expr_list != NULL)
+    delete last_expr_list;
+}
+
+// ConstSpec = IdentifierList [ [ CompleteType ] "=" ExpressionList ] .
+
+void
+Parse::const_spec(Type** last_type, Expression_list** last_expr_list)
+{
+  Typed_identifier_list til;
+  this->identifier_list(&til);
+
+  Type* type = NULL;
+  if (this->type_may_start_here())
+    {
+      type = this->type();
+      *last_type = NULL;
+      *last_expr_list = NULL;
+    }
+
+  Expression_list *expr_list;
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_EQ))
+    {
+      if (*last_expr_list == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<=%>");
+         return;
+       }
+      type = *last_type;
+      expr_list = new Expression_list;
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = (*last_expr_list)->begin();
+          p != (*last_expr_list)->end();
+          ++p)
+       expr_list->push_back((*p)->copy());
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      expr_list = this->expression_list(NULL, false);
+      *last_type = type;
+      if (*last_expr_list != NULL)
+       delete *last_expr_list;
+      *last_expr_list = expr_list;
+    }
+
+  Expression_list::const_iterator pe = expr_list->begin();
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::iterator pi = til.begin();
+       pi != til.end();
+       ++pi, ++pe)
+    {
+      if (pe == expr_list->end())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "not enough initializers");
+         return;
+       }
+      if (type != NULL)
+       pi->set_type(type);
+
+      if (!Gogo::is_sink_name(pi->name()))
+       this->gogo_->add_constant(*pi, *pe, this->iota_value());
+    }
+  if (pe != expr_list->end())
+    error_at(this->location(), "too many initializers");
+
+  this->increment_iota();
+
+  return;
+}
+
+// TypeDecl = "type" Decl<TypeSpec> .
+
+void
+Parse::type_decl()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_TYPE));
+  this->advance_token();
+  this->decl(&Parse::type_spec, NULL);
+}
+
+// TypeSpec = identifier Type .
+
+void
+Parse::type_spec(void*)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected identifier");
+      return;
+    }
+  std::string name = token->identifier();
+  bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+  source_location location = token->location();
+  token = this->advance_token();
+
+  // The scope of the type name starts at the point where the
+  // identifier appears in the source code.  We implement this by
+  // declaring the type before we read the type definition.
+  Named_object* named_type = NULL;
+  if (name != "_")
+    {
+      name = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(name, is_exported);
+      named_type = this->gogo_->declare_type(name, location);
+    }
+
+  Type* type;
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+    type = this->type();
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(),
+              "unexpected semicolon or newline in type declaration");
+      type = Type::make_error_type();
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  if (type->is_error_type())
+    {
+      while (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+            && !this->peek_token()->is_eof())
+       this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  if (name != "_")
+    {
+      if (named_type->is_type_declaration())
+       {
+         Type* ftype = type->forwarded();
+         if (ftype->forward_declaration_type() != NULL
+             && (ftype->forward_declaration_type()->named_object()
+                 == named_type))
+           {
+             error_at(location, "invalid recursive type");
+             type = Type::make_error_type();
+           }
+
+         this->gogo_->define_type(named_type,
+                                  Type::make_named_type(named_type, type,
+                                                        location));
+         gcc_assert(named_type->package() == NULL);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // This will probably give a redefinition error.
+         this->gogo_->add_type(name, type, location);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// VarDecl = "var" Decl<VarSpec> .
+
+void
+Parse::var_decl()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_VAR));
+  this->advance_token();
+  this->decl(&Parse::var_spec, NULL);
+}
+
+// VarSpec = IdentifierList
+//             ( CompleteType [ "=" ExpressionList ] | "=" ExpressionList ) .
+
+void
+Parse::var_spec(void*)
+{
+  // Get the variable names.
+  Typed_identifier_list til;
+  this->identifier_list(&til);
+
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  Type* type = NULL;
+  Expression_list* init = NULL;
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_EQ))
+    {
+      type = this->type();
+      if (type->is_error_type())
+       {
+         while (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_EQ)
+                && !this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+                && !this->peek_token()->is_eof())
+           this->advance_token();
+       }
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_EQ))
+       {
+         this->advance_token();
+         init = this->expression_list(NULL, false);
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      init = this->expression_list(NULL, false);
+    }
+
+  this->init_vars(&til, type, init, false, location);
+
+  if (init != NULL)
+    delete init;
+}
+
+// Create variables.  TIL is a list of variable names.  If TYPE is not
+// NULL, it is the type of all the variables.  If INIT is not NULL, it
+// is an initializer list for the variables.
+
+void
+Parse::init_vars(const Typed_identifier_list* til, Type* type,
+                Expression_list* init, bool is_coloneq,
+                source_location location)
+{
+  // Check for an initialization which can yield multiple values.
+  if (init != NULL && init->size() == 1 && til->size() > 1)
+    {
+      if (this->init_vars_from_call(til, type, *init->begin(), is_coloneq,
+                                   location))
+       return;
+      if (this->init_vars_from_map(til, type, *init->begin(), is_coloneq,
+                                  location))
+       return;
+      if (this->init_vars_from_receive(til, type, *init->begin(), is_coloneq,
+                                      location))
+       return;
+      if (this->init_vars_from_type_guard(til, type, *init->begin(),
+                                         is_coloneq, location))
+       return;
+    }
+
+  if (init != NULL && init->size() != til->size())
+    {
+      if (init->empty() || !init->front()->is_error_expression())
+       error_at(location, "wrong number of initializations");
+      init = NULL;
+      if (type == NULL)
+       type = Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+
+  // Note that INIT was already parsed with the old name bindings, so
+  // we don't have to worry that it will accidentally refer to the
+  // newly declared variables.
+
+  Expression_list::const_iterator pexpr;
+  if (init != NULL)
+    pexpr = init->begin();
+  bool any_new = false;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = til->begin();
+       p != til->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (init != NULL)
+       gcc_assert(pexpr != init->end());
+      this->init_var(*p, type, init == NULL ? NULL : *pexpr, is_coloneq,
+                    false, &any_new);
+      if (init != NULL)
+       ++pexpr;
+    }
+  if (init != NULL)
+    gcc_assert(pexpr == init->end());
+  if (is_coloneq && !any_new)
+    error_at(location, "variables redeclared but no variable is new");
+}
+
+// See if we need to initialize a list of variables from a function
+// call.  This returns true if we have set up the variables and the
+// initialization.
+
+bool
+Parse::init_vars_from_call(const Typed_identifier_list* vars, Type* type,
+                          Expression* expr, bool is_coloneq,
+                          source_location location)
+{
+  Call_expression* call = expr->call_expression();
+  if (call == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  // This is a function call.  We can't check here whether it returns
+  // the right number of values, but it might.  Declare the variables,
+  // and then assign the results of the call to them.
+
+  unsigned int index = 0;
+  bool any_new = false;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pv = vars->begin();
+       pv != vars->end();
+       ++pv, ++index)
+    {
+      Expression* init = Expression::make_call_result(call, index);
+      this->init_var(*pv, type, init, is_coloneq, false, &any_new);
+    }
+
+  if (is_coloneq && !any_new)
+    error_at(location, "variables redeclared but no variable is new");
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// See if we need to initialize a pair of values from a map index
+// expression.  This returns true if we have set up the variables and
+// the initialization.
+
+bool
+Parse::init_vars_from_map(const Typed_identifier_list* vars, Type* type,
+                         Expression* expr, bool is_coloneq,
+                         source_location location)
+{
+  Index_expression* index = expr->index_expression();
+  if (index == NULL)
+    return false;
+  if (vars->size() != 2)
+    return false;
+
+  // This is an index which is being assigned to two variables.  It
+  // must be a map index.  Declare the variables, and then assign the
+  // results of the map index.
+  bool any_new = false;
+  Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = vars->begin();
+  Expression* init = type == NULL ? index : NULL;
+  Named_object* val_no = this->init_var(*p, type, init, is_coloneq,
+                                       type == NULL, &any_new);
+  if (type == NULL && any_new && val_no->is_variable())
+    val_no->var_value()->set_type_from_init_tuple();
+  Expression* val_var = Expression::make_var_reference(val_no, location);
+
+  ++p;
+  Type* var_type = type;
+  if (var_type == NULL)
+    var_type = Type::lookup_bool_type();
+  Named_object* no = this->init_var(*p, var_type, NULL, is_coloneq, false,
+                                   &any_new);
+  Expression* present_var = Expression::make_var_reference(no, location);
+
+  if (is_coloneq && !any_new)
+    error_at(location, "variables redeclared but no variable is new");
+
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_map_assignment(val_var, present_var,
+                                                     index, location);
+
+  if (!this->gogo_->in_global_scope())
+    this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+  else
+    val_no->var_value()->add_preinit_statement(s);
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// See if we need to initialize a pair of values from a receive
+// expression.  This returns true if we have set up the variables and
+// the initialization.
+
+bool
+Parse::init_vars_from_receive(const Typed_identifier_list* vars, Type* type,
+                             Expression* expr, bool is_coloneq,
+                             source_location location)
+{
+  Receive_expression* receive = expr->receive_expression();
+  if (receive == NULL)
+    return false;
+  if (vars->size() != 2)
+    return false;
+
+  // This is a receive expression which is being assigned to two
+  // variables.  Declare the variables, and then assign the results of
+  // the receive.
+  bool any_new = false;
+  Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = vars->begin();
+  Expression* init = type == NULL ? receive : NULL;
+  Named_object* val_no = this->init_var(*p, type, init, is_coloneq,
+                                       type == NULL, &any_new);
+  if (type == NULL && any_new && val_no->is_variable())
+    val_no->var_value()->set_type_from_init_tuple();
+  Expression* val_var = Expression::make_var_reference(val_no, location);
+
+  ++p;
+  Type* var_type = type;
+  if (var_type == NULL)
+    var_type = Type::lookup_bool_type();
+  Named_object* no = this->init_var(*p, var_type, NULL, is_coloneq, false,
+                                   &any_new);
+  Expression* received_var = Expression::make_var_reference(no, location);
+
+  if (is_coloneq && !any_new)
+    error_at(location, "variables redeclared but no variable is new");
+
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_receive_assignment(val_var,
+                                                         received_var,
+                                                         receive->channel(),
+                                                         location);
+
+  if (!this->gogo_->in_global_scope())
+    this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+  else
+    val_no->var_value()->add_preinit_statement(s);
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// See if we need to initialize a pair of values from a type guard
+// expression.  This returns true if we have set up the variables and
+// the initialization.
+
+bool
+Parse::init_vars_from_type_guard(const Typed_identifier_list* vars,
+                                Type* type, Expression* expr,
+                                bool is_coloneq, source_location location)
+{
+  Type_guard_expression* type_guard = expr->type_guard_expression();
+  if (type_guard == NULL)
+    return false;
+  if (vars->size() != 2)
+    return false;
+
+  // This is a type guard expression which is being assigned to two
+  // variables.  Declare the variables, and then assign the results of
+  // the type guard.
+  bool any_new = false;
+  Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = vars->begin();
+  Type* var_type = type;
+  if (var_type == NULL)
+    var_type = type_guard->type();
+  Named_object* val_no = this->init_var(*p, var_type, NULL, is_coloneq, false,
+                                       &any_new);
+  Expression* val_var = Expression::make_var_reference(val_no, location);
+
+  ++p;
+  var_type = type;
+  if (var_type == NULL)
+    var_type = Type::lookup_bool_type();
+  Named_object* no = this->init_var(*p, var_type, NULL, is_coloneq, false,
+                                   &any_new);
+  Expression* ok_var = Expression::make_var_reference(no, location);
+
+  Expression* texpr = type_guard->expr();
+  Type* t = type_guard->type();
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_type_guard_assignment(val_var, ok_var,
+                                                            texpr, t,
+                                                            location);
+
+  if (is_coloneq && !any_new)
+    error_at(location, "variables redeclared but no variable is new");
+
+  if (!this->gogo_->in_global_scope())
+    this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+  else
+    val_no->var_value()->add_preinit_statement(s);
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Create a single variable.  If IS_COLONEQ is true, we permit
+// redeclarations in the same block, and we set *IS_NEW when we find a
+// new variable which is not a redeclaration.
+
+Named_object*
+Parse::init_var(const Typed_identifier& tid, Type* type, Expression* init,
+               bool is_coloneq, bool type_from_init, bool* is_new)
+{
+  source_location location = tid.location();
+
+  if (Gogo::is_sink_name(tid.name()))
+    {
+      if (!type_from_init && init != NULL)
+       {
+         if (!this->gogo_->in_global_scope())
+           this->gogo_->add_statement(Statement::make_statement(init));
+         else
+           {
+             // Create a dummy global variable to force the
+             // initializer to be run in the right place.
+             Variable* var = new Variable(type, init, true, false, false,
+                                          location);
+             static int count;
+             char buf[30];
+             snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "_.%d", count);
+             ++count;
+             return this->gogo_->add_variable(buf, var);
+           }
+       }
+      return this->gogo_->add_sink();
+    }
+
+  if (is_coloneq)
+    {
+      Named_object* no = this->gogo_->lookup_in_block(tid.name());
+      if (no != NULL
+         && (no->is_variable() || no->is_result_variable()))
+       {
+         // INIT may be NULL even when IS_COLONEQ is true for cases
+         // like v, ok := x.(int).
+         if (!type_from_init && init != NULL)
+           {
+             Expression *v = Expression::make_var_reference(no, location);
+             Statement *s = Statement::make_assignment(v, init, location);
+             this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+           }
+         return no;
+       }
+    }
+  *is_new = true;
+  Variable* var = new Variable(type, init, this->gogo_->in_global_scope(),
+                              false, false, location);
+  return this->gogo_->add_variable(tid.name(), var);
+}
+
+// SimpleVarDecl = identifier ":=" Expression .
+
+// We've already seen the identifier.
+
+// FIXME: We also have to implement
+//  IdentifierList ":=" ExpressionList
+// In order to support both "a, b := 1, 0" and "a, b = 1, 0" we accept
+// tuple assignments here as well.
+
+// If P_RANGE_CLAUSE is not NULL, then this will recognize a
+// RangeClause.
+
+// If P_TYPE_SWITCH is not NULL, this will recognize a type switch
+// guard (var := expr.("type") using the literal keyword "type").
+
+void
+Parse::simple_var_decl_or_assignment(const std::string& name,
+                                    source_location location,
+                                    Range_clause* p_range_clause,
+                                    Type_switch* p_type_switch)
+{
+  Typed_identifier_list til;
+  til.push_back(Typed_identifier(name, NULL, location));
+
+  // We've seen one identifier.  If we see a comma now, this could be
+  // "a, *p = 1, 2".
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+    {
+      gcc_assert(p_type_switch == NULL);
+      while (true)
+       {
+         const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+         if (!token->is_identifier())
+           break;
+
+         std::string id = token->identifier();
+         bool is_id_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+         source_location id_location = token->location();
+
+         token = this->advance_token();
+         if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+           {
+             if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_COLONEQ))
+               {
+                 id = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(id, is_id_exported);
+                 til.push_back(Typed_identifier(id, NULL, location));
+               }
+             else
+               this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(id,
+                                                              is_id_exported,
+                                                              id_location));
+             break;
+           }
+
+         id = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(id, is_id_exported);
+         til.push_back(Typed_identifier(id, NULL, location));
+       }
+
+      // We have a comma separated list of identifiers in TIL.  If the
+      // next token is COLONEQ, then this is a simple var decl, and we
+      // have the complete list of identifiers.  If the next token is
+      // not COLONEQ, then the only valid parse is a tuple assignment.
+      // The list of identifiers we have so far is really a list of
+      // expressions.  There are more expressions following.
+
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COLONEQ))
+       {
+         Expression_list* exprs = new Expression_list;
+         for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = til.begin();
+              p != til.end();
+              ++p)
+           exprs->push_back(this->id_to_expression(p->name(),
+                                                   p->location()));
+
+         Expression_list* more_exprs = this->expression_list(NULL, true);
+         for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = more_exprs->begin();
+              p != more_exprs->end();
+              ++p)
+           exprs->push_back(*p);
+         delete more_exprs;
+
+         this->tuple_assignment(exprs, p_range_clause);
+         return;
+       }
+    }
+
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COLONEQ));
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+
+  if (p_range_clause != NULL && token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_RANGE))
+    {
+      this->range_clause_decl(&til, p_range_clause);
+      return;
+    }
+
+  Expression_list* init;
+  if (p_type_switch == NULL)
+    init = this->expression_list(NULL, false);
+  else
+    {
+      bool is_type_switch = false;
+      Expression* expr = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true,
+                                         &is_type_switch);
+      if (is_type_switch)
+       {
+         p_type_switch->found = true;
+         p_type_switch->name = name;
+         p_type_switch->location = location;
+         p_type_switch->expr = expr;
+         return;
+       }
+
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       {
+         init = new Expression_list();
+         init->push_back(expr);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         this->advance_token();
+         init = this->expression_list(expr, false);
+       }
+    }
+
+  this->init_vars(&til, NULL, init, true, location);
+}
+
+// FunctionDecl = "func" identifier Signature [ Block ] .
+// MethodDecl = "func" Receiver identifier Signature [ Block ] .
+
+// gcc extension:
+//   FunctionDecl = "func" identifier Signature
+//                    __asm__ "(" string_lit ")" .
+// This extension means a function whose real name is the identifier
+// inside the asm.
+
+void
+Parse::function_decl()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FUNC));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+
+  Typed_identifier* rec = NULL;
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+    {
+      rec = this->receiver();
+      token = this->peek_token();
+    }
+
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected function name");
+      return;
+    }
+
+  std::string name =
+    this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(token->identifier(),
+                                 token->is_identifier_exported());
+
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Function_type* fntype = this->signature(rec, this->location());
+
+  Named_object* named_object = NULL;
+
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_ASM))
+    {
+      if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<(%>");
+         return;
+       }
+      token = this->advance_token();
+      if (!token->is_string())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected string");
+         return;
+       }
+      std::string asm_name = token->string_value();
+      if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<)%>");
+         return;
+       }
+      this->advance_token();
+      named_object = this->gogo_->declare_function(name, fntype, location);
+      if (named_object->is_function_declaration())
+       named_object->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(asm_name);
+    }
+
+  // Check for the easy error of a newline before the opening brace.
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+    {
+      source_location semi_loc = this->location();
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       error_at(this->location(),
+                "unexpected semicolon or newline before %<{%>");
+      else
+       this->unget_token(Token::make_operator_token(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON,
+                                                    semi_loc));
+    }
+
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      if (named_object == NULL)
+       named_object = this->gogo_->declare_function(name, fntype, location);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      this->gogo_->start_function(name, fntype, true, location);
+      source_location end_loc = this->block();
+      this->gogo_->finish_function(end_loc);
+    }
+}
+
+// Receiver     = "(" [ identifier ] [ "*" ] BaseTypeName ")" .
+// BaseTypeName = identifier .
+
+Typed_identifier*
+Parse::receiver()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN));
+
+  std::string name;
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+  source_location location = token->location();
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_MULT))
+    {
+      if (!token->is_identifier())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "method has no receiver");
+         while (!token->is_eof() && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+           token = this->advance_token();
+         if (!token->is_eof())
+           this->advance_token();
+         return NULL;
+       }
+      name = token->identifier();
+      bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+      token = this->advance_token();
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT) && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+       {
+         // An identifier followed by something other than a dot or a
+         // right parenthesis must be a receiver name followed by a
+         // type.
+         name = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(name, is_exported);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // This must be a type name.
+         this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(name, is_exported,
+                                                        location));
+         token = this->peek_token();
+         name.clear();
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Here the receiver name is in NAME (it is empty if the receiver is
+  // unnamed) and TOKEN is the first token in the type.
+
+  bool is_pointer = false;
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_MULT))
+    {
+      is_pointer = true;
+      token = this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected receiver name or type");
+      int c = token->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN) ? 1 : 0;
+      while (!token->is_eof())
+       {
+         token = this->advance_token();
+         if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+           ++c;
+         else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+           {
+             if (c == 0)
+               break;
+             --c;
+           }
+       }
+      if (!token->is_eof())
+       this->advance_token();
+      return NULL;
+    }
+
+  Type* type = this->type_name(true);
+
+  if (is_pointer && !type->is_error_type())
+    type = Type::make_pointer_type(type);
+
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+    this->advance_token();
+  else
+    {
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       error_at(this->location(), "method has multiple receivers");
+      else
+       error_at(this->location(), "expected %<)%>");
+      while (!token->is_eof() && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+       token = this->advance_token();
+      if (!token->is_eof())
+       this->advance_token();
+      return NULL;
+    }
+
+  return new Typed_identifier(name, type, location);
+}
+
+// Operand    = Literal | QualifiedIdent | MethodExpr | "(" Expression ")" .
+// Literal    = BasicLit | CompositeLit | FunctionLit .
+// BasicLit   = int_lit | float_lit | imaginary_lit | char_lit | string_lit .
+
+// If MAY_BE_SINK is true, this operand may be "_".
+
+Expression*
+Parse::operand(bool may_be_sink)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  Expression* ret;
+  switch (token->classification())
+    {
+    case Token::TOKEN_IDENTIFIER:
+      {
+       source_location location = token->location();
+       std::string id = token->identifier();
+       bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+       std::string packed = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(id, is_exported);
+
+       Named_object* in_function;
+       Named_object* named_object = this->gogo_->lookup(packed, &in_function);
+
+       Package* package = NULL;
+       if (named_object != NULL && named_object->is_package())
+         {
+           if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT)
+               || !this->advance_token()->is_identifier())
+             {
+               error_at(location, "unexpected reference to package");
+               return Expression::make_error(location);
+             }
+           package = named_object->package_value();
+           package->set_used();
+           id = this->peek_token()->identifier();
+           is_exported = this->peek_token()->is_identifier_exported();
+           packed = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(id, is_exported);
+           named_object = package->lookup(packed);
+           location = this->location();
+           gcc_assert(in_function == NULL);
+         }
+
+       this->advance_token();
+
+       if (named_object != NULL
+           && named_object->is_type()
+           && !named_object->type_value()->is_visible())
+         {
+           gcc_assert(package != NULL);
+           error_at(location, "invalid reference to hidden type %<%s.%s%>",
+                    Gogo::message_name(package->name()).c_str(),
+                    Gogo::message_name(id).c_str());
+           return Expression::make_error(location);
+         }
+
+
+       if (named_object == NULL)
+         {
+           if (package != NULL)
+             {
+               std::string n1 = Gogo::message_name(package->name());
+               std::string n2 = Gogo::message_name(id);
+               if (!is_exported)
+                 error_at(location,
+                          ("invalid reference to unexported identifier "
+                           "%<%s.%s%>"),
+                          n1.c_str(), n2.c_str());
+               else
+                 error_at(location,
+                          "reference to undefined identifier %<%s.%s%>",
+                          n1.c_str(), n2.c_str());
+               return Expression::make_error(location);
+             }
+
+           named_object = this->gogo_->add_unknown_name(packed, location);
+         }
+
+       if (in_function != NULL
+           && in_function != this->gogo_->current_function()
+           && (named_object->is_variable()
+               || named_object->is_result_variable()))
+         return this->enclosing_var_reference(in_function, named_object,
+                                              location);
+
+       switch (named_object->classification())
+         {
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+           return Expression::make_const_reference(named_object, location);
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE:
+           return Expression::make_type(named_object->type_value(), location);
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION:
+           {
+             Type* t = Type::make_forward_declaration(named_object);
+             return Expression::make_type(t, location);
+           }
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR:
+           return Expression::make_var_reference(named_object, location);
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_SINK:
+           if (may_be_sink)
+             return Expression::make_sink(location);
+           else
+             {
+               error_at(location, "cannot use _ as value");
+               return Expression::make_error(location);
+             }
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION:
+           return Expression::make_func_reference(named_object, NULL,
+                                                  location);
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN:
+           return Expression::make_unknown_reference(named_object, location);
+         default:
+           gcc_unreachable();
+         }
+      }
+      gcc_unreachable();
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_STRING:
+      ret = Expression::make_string(token->string_value(), token->location());
+      this->advance_token();
+      return ret;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_INTEGER:
+      ret = Expression::make_integer(token->integer_value(), NULL,
+                                    token->location());
+      this->advance_token();
+      return ret;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_FLOAT:
+      ret = Expression::make_float(token->float_value(), NULL,
+                                  token->location());
+      this->advance_token();
+      return ret;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_IMAGINARY:
+      {
+       mpfr_t zero;
+       mpfr_init_set_ui(zero, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+       ret = Expression::make_complex(&zero, token->imaginary_value(),
+                                      NULL, token->location());
+       mpfr_clear(zero);
+       this->advance_token();
+       return ret;
+      }
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_KEYWORD:
+      switch (token->keyword())
+       {
+       case KEYWORD_FUNC:
+         return this->function_lit();
+       case KEYWORD_CHAN:
+       case KEYWORD_INTERFACE:
+       case KEYWORD_MAP:
+       case KEYWORD_STRUCT:
+         {
+           source_location location = token->location();
+           return Expression::make_type(this->type(), location);
+         }
+       default:
+         break;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_OPERATOR:
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+       {
+         this->advance_token();
+         ret = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+           error_at(this->location(), "missing %<)%>");
+         else
+           this->advance_token();
+         return ret;
+       }
+      else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LSQUARE))
+       {
+         // Here we call array_type directly, as this is the only
+         // case where an ellipsis is permitted for an array type.
+         source_location location = token->location();
+         return Expression::make_type(this->array_type(true), location);
+       }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+
+  error_at(this->location(), "expected operand");
+  return Expression::make_error(this->location());
+}
+
+// Handle a reference to a variable in an enclosing function.  We add
+// it to a list of such variables.  We return a reference to a field
+// in a struct which will be passed on the static chain when calling
+// the current function.
+
+Expression*
+Parse::enclosing_var_reference(Named_object* in_function, Named_object* var,
+                              source_location location)
+{
+  gcc_assert(var->is_variable() || var->is_result_variable());
+
+  Named_object* this_function = this->gogo_->current_function();
+  Named_object* closure = this_function->func_value()->closure_var();
+
+  Enclosing_var ev(var, in_function, this->enclosing_vars_.size());
+  std::pair<Enclosing_vars::iterator, bool> ins =
+    this->enclosing_vars_.insert(ev);
+  if (ins.second)
+    {
+      // This is a variable we have not seen before.  Add a new field
+      // to the closure type.
+      this_function->func_value()->add_closure_field(var, location);
+    }
+
+  Expression* closure_ref = Expression::make_var_reference(closure,
+                                                          location);
+  closure_ref = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, closure_ref, location);
+
+  // The closure structure holds pointers to the variables, so we need
+  // to introduce an indirection.
+  Expression* e = Expression::make_field_reference(closure_ref,
+                                                  ins.first->index(),
+                                                  location);
+  e = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, e, location);
+  return e;
+}
+
+// CompositeLit  = LiteralType LiteralValue .
+// LiteralType   = StructType | ArrayType | "[" "..." "]" ElementType |
+//                 SliceType | MapType | TypeName .
+// LiteralValue  = "{" [ ElementList [ "," ] ] "}" .
+// ElementList   = Element { "," Element } .
+// Element       = [ Key ":" ] Value .
+// Key           = Expression .
+// Value         = Expression | LiteralValue .
+
+// We have already seen the type if there is one, and we are now
+// looking at the LiteralValue.  The case "[" "..."  "]" ElementType
+// will be seen here as an array type whose length is "nil".  The
+// DEPTH parameter is non-zero if this is an embedded composite
+// literal and the type was omitted.  It gives the number of steps up
+// to the type which was provided.  E.g., in [][]int{{1}} it will be
+// 1.  In [][][]int{{{1}}} it will be 2.
+
+Expression*
+Parse::composite_lit(Type* type, int depth, source_location location)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY));
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      return Expression::make_composite_literal(type, depth, false, NULL,
+                                               location);
+    }
+
+  bool has_keys = false;
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list;
+  while (true)
+    {
+      Expression* val;
+      bool is_type_omitted = false;
+
+      const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       val = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+      else
+       {
+         // This must be a composite literal inside another composite
+         // literal, with the type omitted for the inner one.
+         val = this->composite_lit(type, depth + 1, token->location());
+         is_type_omitted = true;
+       }
+
+      token = this->peek_token();
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_COLON))
+       {
+         if (has_keys)
+           vals->push_back(NULL);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         if (is_type_omitted && !val->is_error_expression())
+           {
+             error_at(this->location(), "unexpected %<:%>");
+             val = Expression::make_error(this->location());
+           }
+
+         this->advance_token();
+
+         if (!has_keys && !vals->empty())
+           {
+             Expression_list* newvals = new Expression_list;
+             for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = vals->begin();
+                  p != vals->end();
+                  ++p)
+               {
+                 newvals->push_back(NULL);
+                 newvals->push_back(*p);
+               }
+             delete vals;
+             vals = newvals;
+           }
+         has_keys = true;
+
+         if (val->unknown_expression() != NULL)
+           val->unknown_expression()->set_is_composite_literal_key();
+
+         vals->push_back(val);
+
+         if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+           val = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+         else
+           {
+             // This must be a composite literal inside another
+             // composite literal, with the type omitted for the
+             // inner one.
+             val = this->composite_lit(type, depth + 1, token->location());
+           }
+
+         token = this->peek_token();
+       }
+
+      vals->push_back(val);
+
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       {
+         if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+           {
+             this->advance_token();
+             break;
+           }
+       }
+      else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+       {
+         this->advance_token();
+         break;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<,%> or %<}%>");
+
+         int depth = 0;
+         while (!token->is_eof()
+                && (depth > 0 || !token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY)))
+           {
+             if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+               ++depth;
+             else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+               --depth;
+             token = this->advance_token();
+           }
+         if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+           this->advance_token();
+
+         return Expression::make_error(location);
+       }
+    }
+
+  return Expression::make_composite_literal(type, depth, has_keys, vals,
+                                           location);
+}
+
+// FunctionLit = "func" Signature Block .
+
+Expression*
+Parse::function_lit()
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FUNC));
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Enclosing_vars hold_enclosing_vars;
+  hold_enclosing_vars.swap(this->enclosing_vars_);
+
+  Function_type* type = this->signature(NULL, location);
+
+  // For a function literal, the next token must be a '{'.  If we
+  // don't see that, then we may have a type expression.
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    return Expression::make_type(type, location);
+
+  Named_object* no = this->gogo_->start_function("", type, true, location);
+
+  source_location end_loc = this->block();
+
+  this->gogo_->finish_function(end_loc);
+
+  hold_enclosing_vars.swap(this->enclosing_vars_);
+
+  Expression* closure = this->create_closure(no, &hold_enclosing_vars,
+                                            location);
+
+  return Expression::make_func_reference(no, closure, location);
+}
+
+// Create a closure for the nested function FUNCTION.  This is based
+// on ENCLOSING_VARS, which is a list of all variables defined in
+// enclosing functions and referenced from FUNCTION.  A closure is the
+// address of a struct which contains the addresses of all the
+// referenced variables.  This returns NULL if no closure is required.
+
+Expression*
+Parse::create_closure(Named_object* function, Enclosing_vars* enclosing_vars,
+                     source_location location)
+{
+  if (enclosing_vars->empty())
+    return NULL;
+
+  // Get the variables in order by their field index.
+
+  size_t enclosing_var_count = enclosing_vars->size();
+  std::vector<Enclosing_var> ev(enclosing_var_count);
+  for (Enclosing_vars::const_iterator p = enclosing_vars->begin();
+       p != enclosing_vars->end();
+       ++p)
+    ev[p->index()] = *p;
+
+  // Build an initializer for a composite literal of the closure's
+  // type.
+
+  Named_object* enclosing_function = this->gogo_->current_function();
+  Expression_list* initializer = new Expression_list;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < enclosing_var_count; ++i)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(ev[i].index() == i);
+      Named_object* var = ev[i].var();
+      Expression* ref;
+      if (ev[i].in_function() == enclosing_function)
+       ref = Expression::make_var_reference(var, location);
+      else
+       ref = this->enclosing_var_reference(ev[i].in_function(), var,
+                                           location);
+      Expression* refaddr = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref,
+                                                  location);
+      initializer->push_back(refaddr);
+    }
+
+  Named_object* closure_var = function->func_value()->closure_var();
+  Struct_type* st = closure_var->var_value()->type()->deref()->struct_type();
+  Expression* cv = Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(st, initializer,
+                                                            location);
+  return Expression::make_heap_composite(cv, location);
+}
+
+// PrimaryExpr = Operand { Selector | Index | Slice | TypeGuard | Call } .
+
+// If MAY_BE_SINK is true, this expression may be "_".
+
+// If MAY_BE_COMPOSITE_LIT is true, this expression may be a composite
+// literal.
+
+// If IS_TYPE_SWITCH is not NULL, this will recognize a type switch
+// guard (var := expr.("type") using the literal keyword "type").
+
+Expression*
+Parse::primary_expr(bool may_be_sink, bool may_be_composite_lit,
+                   bool* is_type_switch)
+{
+  source_location start_loc = this->location();
+  bool is_parenthesized = this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN);
+
+  Expression* ret = this->operand(may_be_sink);
+
+  // An unknown name followed by a curly brace must be a composite
+  // literal, and the unknown name must be a type.
+  if (may_be_composite_lit
+      && !is_parenthesized
+      && ret->unknown_expression() != NULL
+      && this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      Named_object* no = ret->unknown_expression()->named_object();
+      Type* type = Type::make_forward_declaration(no);
+      ret = Expression::make_type(type, ret->location());
+    }
+
+  // We handle composite literals and type casts here, as it is the
+  // easiest way to handle types which are in parentheses, as in
+  // "((uint))(1)".
+  if (ret->is_type_expression())
+    {
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       {
+         if (is_parenthesized)
+           error_at(start_loc,
+                    "cannot parenthesize type in composite literal");
+         ret = this->composite_lit(ret->type(), 0, ret->location());
+       }
+      else if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+       {
+         source_location loc = this->location();
+         this->advance_token();
+         Expression* expr = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true,
+                                             NULL);
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+           error_at(this->location(), "expected %<)%>");
+         else
+           this->advance_token();
+         if (expr->is_error_expression())
+           return expr;
+         ret = Expression::make_cast(ret->type(), expr, loc);
+       }
+    }
+
+  while (true)
+    {
+      const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+       ret = this->call(this->verify_not_sink(ret));
+      else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT))
+       {
+         ret = this->selector(this->verify_not_sink(ret), is_type_switch);
+         if (is_type_switch != NULL && *is_type_switch)
+           break;
+       }
+      else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LSQUARE))
+       ret = this->index(this->verify_not_sink(ret));
+      else
+       break;
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Selector = "." identifier .
+// TypeGuard = "." "(" QualifiedIdent ")" .
+
+// Note that Operand can expand to QualifiedIdent, which contains a
+// ".".  That is handled directly in operand when it sees a package
+// name.
+
+// If IS_TYPE_SWITCH is not NULL, this will recognize a type switch
+// guard (var := expr.("type") using the literal keyword "type").
+
+Expression*
+Parse::selector(Expression* left, bool* is_type_switch)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+  if (token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      // This could be a field in a struct, or a method in an
+      // interface, or a method associated with a type.  We can't know
+      // which until we have seen all the types.
+      std::string name =
+       this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(token->identifier(),
+                                     token->is_identifier_exported());
+      if (token->identifier() == "_")
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "invalid use of %<_%>");
+         name = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name("blank", false);
+       }
+      this->advance_token();
+      return Expression::make_selector(left, name, location);
+    }
+  else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      Type* type = NULL;
+      if (is_type_switch == NULL
+         || !this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_TYPE))
+       type = this->type();
+      else
+       {
+         *is_type_switch = true;
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+       error_at(this->location(), "missing %<)%>");
+      else
+       this->advance_token();
+      if (is_type_switch != NULL && *is_type_switch)
+       return left;
+      return Expression::make_type_guard(left, type, location);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected identifier or %<(%>");
+      return left;
+    }
+}
+
+// Index          = "[" Expression "]" .
+// Slice          = "[" Expression ":" [ Expression ] "]" .
+
+Expression*
+Parse::index(Expression* expr)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LSQUARE));
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Expression* start;
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COLON))
+    start = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+  else
+    {
+      mpz_t zero;
+      mpz_init_set_ui(zero, 0);
+      start = Expression::make_integer(&zero, NULL, location);
+      mpz_clear(zero);
+    }
+
+  Expression* end = NULL;
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COLON))
+    {
+      // We use nil to indicate a missing high expression.
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RSQUARE))
+       end = Expression::make_nil(this->location());
+      else
+       end = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+    }
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RSQUARE))
+    error_at(this->location(), "missing %<]%>");
+  else
+    this->advance_token();
+  return Expression::make_index(expr, start, end, location);
+}
+
+// Call           = "(" [ ArgumentList [ "," ] ] ")" .
+// ArgumentList   = ExpressionList [ "..." ] .
+
+Expression*
+Parse::call(Expression* func)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN));
+  Expression_list* args = NULL;
+  bool is_varargs = false;
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+    {
+      args = this->expression_list(NULL, false);
+      token = this->peek_token();
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_ELLIPSIS))
+       {
+         is_varargs = true;
+         token = this->advance_token();
+       }
+    }
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+    token = this->advance_token();
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+    error_at(this->location(), "missing %<)%>");
+  else
+    this->advance_token();
+  if (func->is_error_expression())
+    return func;
+  return Expression::make_call(func, args, is_varargs, func->location());
+}
+
+// Return an expression for a single unqualified identifier.
+
+Expression*
+Parse::id_to_expression(const std::string& name, source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* in_function;
+  Named_object* named_object = this->gogo_->lookup(name, &in_function);
+  if (named_object == NULL)
+    named_object = this->gogo_->add_unknown_name(name, location);
+
+  if (in_function != NULL
+      && in_function != this->gogo_->current_function()
+      && (named_object->is_variable() || named_object->is_result_variable()))
+    return this->enclosing_var_reference(in_function, named_object,
+                                        location);
+
+  switch (named_object->classification())
+    {
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+      return Expression::make_const_reference(named_object, location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR:
+      return Expression::make_var_reference(named_object, location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_SINK:
+      return Expression::make_sink(location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION:
+      return Expression::make_func_reference(named_object, NULL, location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN:
+      return Expression::make_unknown_reference(named_object, location);
+    default:
+      error_at(this->location(), "unexpected type of identifier");
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    }
+}
+
+// Expression = UnaryExpr { binary_op Expression } .
+
+// PRECEDENCE is the precedence of the current operator.
+
+// If MAY_BE_SINK is true, this expression may be "_".
+
+// If MAY_BE_COMPOSITE_LIT is true, this expression may be a composite
+// literal.
+
+// If IS_TYPE_SWITCH is not NULL, this will recognize a type switch
+// guard (var := expr.("type") using the literal keyword "type").
+
+Expression*
+Parse::expression(Precedence precedence, bool may_be_sink,
+                 bool may_be_composite_lit, bool* is_type_switch)
+{
+  Expression* left = this->unary_expr(may_be_sink, may_be_composite_lit,
+                                     is_type_switch);
+
+  while (true)
+    {
+      if (is_type_switch != NULL && *is_type_switch)
+       return left;
+
+      const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+      if (token->classification() != Token::TOKEN_OPERATOR)
+       {
+         // Not a binary_op.
+         return left;
+       }
+
+      Precedence right_precedence;
+      switch (token->op())
+       {
+       case OPERATOR_OROR:
+         right_precedence = PRECEDENCE_OROR;
+         break;
+       case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
+         right_precedence = PRECEDENCE_ANDAND;
+         break;
+       case OPERATOR_CHANOP:
+         right_precedence = PRECEDENCE_CHANOP;
+         break;
+       case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+       case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+       case OPERATOR_LT:
+       case OPERATOR_LE:
+       case OPERATOR_GT:
+       case OPERATOR_GE:
+         right_precedence = PRECEDENCE_RELOP;
+         break;
+       case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+       case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+       case OPERATOR_OR:
+       case OPERATOR_XOR:
+         right_precedence = PRECEDENCE_ADDOP;
+         break;
+       case OPERATOR_MULT:
+       case OPERATOR_DIV:
+       case OPERATOR_MOD:
+       case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
+       case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
+       case OPERATOR_AND:
+       case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
+         right_precedence = PRECEDENCE_MULOP;
+         break;
+       default:
+         right_precedence = PRECEDENCE_INVALID;
+         break;
+       }
+
+      if (right_precedence == PRECEDENCE_INVALID)
+       {
+         // Not a binary_op.
+         return left;
+       }
+
+      Operator op = token->op();
+      source_location binop_location = token->location();
+
+      if (precedence >= right_precedence)
+       {
+         // We've already seen A * B, and we see + C.  We want to
+         // return so that A * B becomes a group.
+         return left;
+       }
+
+      this->advance_token();
+
+      left = this->verify_not_sink(left);
+      Expression* right = this->expression(right_precedence, false,
+                                          may_be_composite_lit,
+                                          is_type_switch);
+      if (op == OPERATOR_CHANOP)
+       left = Expression::make_send(left, right, binop_location);
+      else
+       left = Expression::make_binary(op, left, right, binop_location);
+    }
+}
+
+bool
+Parse::expression_may_start_here()
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  switch (token->classification())
+    {
+    case Token::TOKEN_INVALID:
+    case Token::TOKEN_EOF:
+      return false;
+    case Token::TOKEN_KEYWORD:
+      switch (token->keyword())
+       {
+       case KEYWORD_CHAN:
+       case KEYWORD_FUNC:
+       case KEYWORD_MAP:
+       case KEYWORD_STRUCT:
+       case KEYWORD_INTERFACE:
+         return true;
+       default:
+         return false;
+       }
+    case Token::TOKEN_IDENTIFIER:
+      return true;
+    case Token::TOKEN_STRING:
+      return true;
+    case Token::TOKEN_OPERATOR:
+      switch (token->op())
+       {
+       case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+       case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+       case OPERATOR_NOT:
+       case OPERATOR_XOR:
+       case OPERATOR_MULT:
+       case OPERATOR_CHANOP:
+       case OPERATOR_AND:
+       case OPERATOR_LPAREN:
+       case OPERATOR_LSQUARE:
+         return true;
+       default:
+         return false;
+       }
+    case Token::TOKEN_INTEGER:
+    case Token::TOKEN_FLOAT:
+    case Token::TOKEN_IMAGINARY:
+      return true;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// UnaryExpr = unary_op UnaryExpr | PrimaryExpr .
+
+// If MAY_BE_SINK is true, this expression may be "_".
+
+// If MAY_BE_COMPOSITE_LIT is true, this expression may be a composite
+// literal.
+
+// If IS_TYPE_SWITCH is not NULL, this will recognize a type switch
+// guard (var := expr.("type") using the literal keyword "type").
+
+Expression*
+Parse::unary_expr(bool may_be_sink, bool may_be_composite_lit,
+                 bool* is_type_switch)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_PLUS)
+      || token->is_op(OPERATOR_MINUS)
+      || token->is_op(OPERATOR_NOT)
+      || token->is_op(OPERATOR_XOR)
+      || token->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP)
+      || token->is_op(OPERATOR_MULT)
+      || token->is_op(OPERATOR_AND))
+    {
+      source_location location = token->location();
+      Operator op = token->op();
+      this->advance_token();
+
+      if (op == OPERATOR_CHANOP
+         && this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CHAN))
+       {
+         // This is "<- chan" which must be the start of a type.
+         this->unget_token(Token::make_operator_token(op, location));
+         return Expression::make_type(this->type(), location);
+       }
+
+      Expression* expr = this->unary_expr(false, may_be_composite_lit,
+                                         is_type_switch);
+      if (expr->is_error_expression())
+       ;
+      else if (op == OPERATOR_MULT && expr->is_type_expression())
+       expr = Expression::make_type(Type::make_pointer_type(expr->type()),
+                                    location);
+      else if (op == OPERATOR_AND && expr->is_composite_literal())
+       expr = Expression::make_heap_composite(expr, location);
+      else if (op != OPERATOR_CHANOP)
+       expr = Expression::make_unary(op, expr, location);
+      else
+       expr = Expression::make_receive(expr, location);
+      return expr;
+    }
+  else
+    return this->primary_expr(may_be_sink, may_be_composite_lit,
+                             is_type_switch);
+}
+
+// Statement =
+//     Declaration | LabeledStmt | SimpleStmt |
+//     GoStmt | ReturnStmt | BreakStmt | ContinueStmt | GotoStmt |
+//     FallthroughStmt | Block | IfStmt | SwitchStmt | SelectStmt | ForStmt |
+//     DeferStmt .
+
+// LABEL is the label of this statement if it has one.
+
+void
+Parse::statement(const Label* label)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  switch (token->classification())
+    {
+    case Token::TOKEN_KEYWORD:
+      {
+       switch (token->keyword())
+         {
+         case KEYWORD_CONST:
+         case KEYWORD_TYPE:
+         case KEYWORD_VAR:
+           this->declaration();
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_FUNC:
+         case KEYWORD_MAP:
+         case KEYWORD_STRUCT:
+         case KEYWORD_INTERFACE:
+           this->simple_stat(true, false, NULL, NULL);
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_GO:
+         case KEYWORD_DEFER:
+           this->go_or_defer_stat();
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_RETURN:
+           this->return_stat();
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_BREAK:
+           this->break_stat();
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_CONTINUE:
+           this->continue_stat();
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_GOTO:
+           this->goto_stat();
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_IF:
+           this->if_stat();
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_SWITCH:
+           this->switch_stat(label);
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_SELECT:
+           this->select_stat(label);
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_FOR:
+           this->for_stat(label);
+           break;
+         default:
+           error_at(this->location(), "expected statement");
+           this->advance_token();
+           break;
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_IDENTIFIER:
+      {
+       std::string identifier = token->identifier();
+       bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+       source_location location = token->location();
+       if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COLON))
+         {
+           this->advance_token();
+           this->labeled_stmt(identifier, location);
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(identifier,
+                                                          is_exported,
+                                                          location));
+           this->simple_stat(true, false, NULL, NULL);
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_OPERATOR:
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       {
+         source_location location = token->location();
+         this->gogo_->start_block(location);
+         source_location end_loc = this->block();
+         this->gogo_->add_block(this->gogo_->finish_block(end_loc),
+                                location);
+       }
+      else if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       this->simple_stat(true, false, NULL, NULL);
+      break;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_STRING:
+    case Token::TOKEN_INTEGER:
+    case Token::TOKEN_FLOAT:
+    case Token::TOKEN_IMAGINARY:
+      this->simple_stat(true, false, NULL, NULL);
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected statement");
+      this->advance_token();
+      break;
+    }
+}
+
+bool
+Parse::statement_may_start_here()
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  switch (token->classification())
+    {
+    case Token::TOKEN_KEYWORD:
+      {
+       switch (token->keyword())
+         {
+         case KEYWORD_CONST:
+         case KEYWORD_TYPE:
+         case KEYWORD_VAR:
+         case KEYWORD_FUNC:
+         case KEYWORD_MAP:
+         case KEYWORD_STRUCT:
+         case KEYWORD_INTERFACE:
+         case KEYWORD_GO:
+         case KEYWORD_DEFER:
+         case KEYWORD_RETURN:
+         case KEYWORD_BREAK:
+         case KEYWORD_CONTINUE:
+         case KEYWORD_GOTO:
+         case KEYWORD_IF:
+         case KEYWORD_SWITCH:
+         case KEYWORD_SELECT:
+         case KEYWORD_FOR:
+           return true;
+
+         default:
+           return false;
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_IDENTIFIER:
+      return true;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_OPERATOR:
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY)
+         || token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       return true;
+      else
+       return this->expression_may_start_here();
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_STRING:
+    case Token::TOKEN_INTEGER:
+    case Token::TOKEN_FLOAT:
+    case Token::TOKEN_IMAGINARY:
+      return true;
+
+    default:
+      return false;
+    }
+}
+
+// LabeledStmt = Label ":" Statement .
+// Label       = identifier .
+
+void
+Parse::labeled_stmt(const std::string& label_name, source_location location)
+{
+  Label* label = this->gogo_->add_label_definition(label_name, location);
+
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+    {
+      // This is a label at the end of a block.  A program is
+      // permitted to omit a semicolon here.
+      return;
+    }
+
+  if (!this->statement_may_start_here())
+    {
+      error_at(location, "missing statement after label");
+      this->unget_token(Token::make_operator_token(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON,
+                                                  location));
+      return;
+    }
+
+  this->statement(label);
+}
+
+// SimpleStat =
+//   ExpressionStat | IncDecStat | Assignment | SimpleVarDecl .
+
+// In order to make this work for if and switch statements, if
+// RETURN_EXP is true, and we see an ExpressionStat, we return the
+// expression rather than adding an expression statement to the
+// current block.  If we see something other than an ExpressionStat,
+// we add the statement and return NULL.
+
+// If P_RANGE_CLAUSE is not NULL, then this will recognize a
+// RangeClause.
+
+// If P_TYPE_SWITCH is not NULL, this will recognize a type switch
+// guard (var := expr.("type") using the literal keyword "type").
+
+Expression*
+Parse::simple_stat(bool may_be_composite_lit, bool return_exp,
+                  Range_clause* p_range_clause, Type_switch* p_type_switch)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+
+  // An identifier follow by := is a SimpleVarDecl.
+  if (token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      std::string identifier = token->identifier();
+      bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+      source_location location = token->location();
+
+      token = this->advance_token();
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_COLONEQ)
+         || token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       {
+         identifier = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(identifier, is_exported);
+         this->simple_var_decl_or_assignment(identifier, location,
+                                             p_range_clause,
+                                             (token->is_op(OPERATOR_COLONEQ)
+                                              ? p_type_switch
+                                              : NULL));
+         return NULL;
+       }
+
+      this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(identifier, is_exported,
+                                                    location));
+    }
+
+  Expression* exp = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, true,
+                                    may_be_composite_lit,
+                                    (p_type_switch == NULL
+                                     ? NULL
+                                     : &p_type_switch->found));
+  if (p_type_switch != NULL && p_type_switch->found)
+    {
+      p_type_switch->name.clear();
+      p_type_switch->location = exp->location();
+      p_type_switch->expr = this->verify_not_sink(exp);
+      return NULL;
+    }
+  token = this->peek_token();
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_PLUSPLUS) || token->is_op(OPERATOR_MINUSMINUS))
+    this->inc_dec_stat(this->verify_not_sink(exp));
+  else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_EQ))
+    this->assignment(exp, p_range_clause);
+  else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_PLUSEQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_MINUSEQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_OREQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_XOREQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_MULTEQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_DIVEQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_MODEQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_LSHIFTEQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_RSHIFTEQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_ANDEQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_BITCLEAREQ))
+    this->assignment(this->verify_not_sink(exp), p_range_clause);
+  else if (return_exp)
+    return this->verify_not_sink(exp);
+  else
+    this->expression_stat(this->verify_not_sink(exp));
+
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+bool
+Parse::simple_stat_may_start_here()
+{
+  return this->expression_may_start_here();
+}
+
+// Parse { Statement ";" } which is used in a few places.  The list of
+// statements may end with a right curly brace, in which case the
+// semicolon may be omitted.
+
+void
+Parse::statement_list()
+{
+  while (this->statement_may_start_here())
+    {
+      this->statement(NULL);
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       this->advance_token();
+      else if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+       break;
+      else
+       {
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_eof() || !saw_errors())
+           error_at(this->location(), "expected %<;%> or %<}%> or newline");
+         if (!this->skip_past_error(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+           return;
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+bool
+Parse::statement_list_may_start_here()
+{
+  return this->statement_may_start_here();
+}
+
+// ExpressionStat = Expression .
+
+void
+Parse::expression_stat(Expression* exp)
+{
+  exp->discarding_value();
+  this->gogo_->add_statement(Statement::make_statement(exp));
+}
+
+// IncDecStat = Expression ( "++" | "--" ) .
+
+void
+Parse::inc_dec_stat(Expression* exp)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+
+  // Lvalue maps require special handling.
+  if (exp->index_expression() != NULL)
+    exp->index_expression()->set_is_lvalue();
+
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_PLUSPLUS))
+    this->gogo_->add_statement(Statement::make_inc_statement(exp));
+  else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_MINUSMINUS))
+    this->gogo_->add_statement(Statement::make_dec_statement(exp));
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+  this->advance_token();
+}
+
+// Assignment = ExpressionList assign_op ExpressionList .
+
+// EXP is an expression that we have already parsed.
+
+// If RANGE_CLAUSE is not NULL, then this will recognize a
+// RangeClause.
+
+void
+Parse::assignment(Expression* expr, Range_clause* p_range_clause)
+{
+  Expression_list* vars;
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+    {
+      vars = new Expression_list();
+      vars->push_back(expr);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      vars = this->expression_list(expr, true);
+    }
+
+  this->tuple_assignment(vars, p_range_clause);
+}
+
+// An assignment statement.  LHS is the list of expressions which
+// appear on the left hand side.
+
+// If RANGE_CLAUSE is not NULL, then this will recognize a
+// RangeClause.
+
+void
+Parse::tuple_assignment(Expression_list* lhs, Range_clause* p_range_clause)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_EQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_PLUSEQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_MINUSEQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_OREQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_XOREQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_MULTEQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_DIVEQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_MODEQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_LSHIFTEQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_RSHIFTEQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_ANDEQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_BITCLEAREQ))
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected assignment operator");
+      return;
+    }
+  Operator op = token->op();
+  source_location location = token->location();
+
+  token = this->advance_token();
+
+  if (p_range_clause != NULL && token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_RANGE))
+    {
+      if (op != OPERATOR_EQ)
+       error_at(this->location(), "range clause requires %<=%>");
+      this->range_clause_expr(lhs, p_range_clause);
+      return;
+    }
+
+  Expression_list* vals = this->expression_list(NULL, false);
+
+  // We've parsed everything; check for errors.
+  if (lhs == NULL || vals == NULL)
+    return;
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pe = lhs->begin();
+       pe != lhs->end();
+       ++pe)
+    {
+      if ((*pe)->is_error_expression())
+       return;
+      if (op != OPERATOR_EQ && (*pe)->is_sink_expression())
+       error_at((*pe)->location(), "cannot use _ as value");
+    }
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pe = vals->begin();
+       pe != vals->end();
+       ++pe)
+    {
+      if ((*pe)->is_error_expression())
+       return;
+    }
+
+  // Map expressions act differently when they are lvalues.
+  for (Expression_list::iterator plv = lhs->begin();
+       plv != lhs->end();
+       ++plv)
+    if ((*plv)->index_expression() != NULL)
+      (*plv)->index_expression()->set_is_lvalue();
+
+  Call_expression* call;
+  Index_expression* map_index;
+  Receive_expression* receive;
+  Type_guard_expression* type_guard;
+  if (lhs->size() == vals->size())
+    {
+      Statement* s;
+      if (lhs->size() > 1)
+       {
+         if (op != OPERATOR_EQ)
+           error_at(location, "multiple values only permitted with %<=%>");
+         s = Statement::make_tuple_assignment(lhs, vals, location);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         if (op == OPERATOR_EQ)
+           s = Statement::make_assignment(lhs->front(), vals->front(),
+                                          location);
+         else
+           s = Statement::make_assignment_operation(op, lhs->front(),
+                                                    vals->front(), location);
+         delete lhs;
+         delete vals;
+       }
+      this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+    }
+  else if (vals->size() == 1
+          && (call = (*vals->begin())->call_expression()) != NULL)
+    {
+      if (op != OPERATOR_EQ)
+       error_at(location, "multiple results only permitted with %<=%>");
+      delete vals;
+      vals = new Expression_list;
+      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < lhs->size(); ++i)
+       vals->push_back(Expression::make_call_result(call, i));
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_assignment(lhs, vals, location);
+      this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+    }
+  else if (lhs->size() == 2
+          && vals->size() == 1
+          && (map_index = (*vals->begin())->index_expression()) != NULL)
+    {
+      if (op != OPERATOR_EQ)
+       error_at(location, "two values from map requires %<=%>");
+      Expression* val = lhs->front();
+      Expression* present = lhs->back();
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_map_assignment(val, present,
+                                                         map_index, location);
+      this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+    }
+  else if (lhs->size() == 1
+          && vals->size() == 2
+          && (map_index = lhs->front()->index_expression()) != NULL)
+    {
+      if (op != OPERATOR_EQ)
+       error_at(location, "assigning tuple to map index requires %<=%>");
+      Expression* val = vals->front();
+      Expression* should_set = vals->back();
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_map_assignment(map_index, val, should_set,
+                                                   location);
+      this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+    }
+  else if (lhs->size() == 2
+          && vals->size() == 1
+          && (receive = (*vals->begin())->receive_expression()) != NULL)
+    {
+      if (op != OPERATOR_EQ)
+       error_at(location, "two values from receive requires %<=%>");
+      Expression* val = lhs->front();
+      Expression* success = lhs->back();
+      Expression* channel = receive->channel();
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_receive_assignment(val, success,
+                                                             channel,
+                                                             location);
+      this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+    }
+  else if (lhs->size() == 2
+          && vals->size() == 1
+          && (type_guard = (*vals->begin())->type_guard_expression()) != NULL)
+    {
+      if (op != OPERATOR_EQ)
+       error_at(location, "two values from type guard requires %<=%>");
+      Expression* val = lhs->front();
+      Expression* ok = lhs->back();
+      Expression* expr = type_guard->expr();
+      Type* type = type_guard->type();
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_type_guard_assignment(val, ok,
+                                                                expr, type,
+                                                                location);
+      this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(location, "number of variables does not match number of values");
+    }
+}
+
+// GoStat = "go" Expression .
+// DeferStat = "defer" Expression .
+
+void
+Parse::go_or_defer_stat()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_GO)
+            || this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_DEFER));
+  bool is_go = this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_GO);
+  source_location stat_location = this->location();
+  this->advance_token();
+  source_location expr_location = this->location();
+  Expression* expr = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+  Call_expression* call_expr = expr->call_expression();
+  if (call_expr == NULL)
+    {
+      error_at(expr_location, "expected call expression");
+      return;
+    }
+
+  // Make it easier to simplify go/defer statements by putting every
+  // statement in its own block.
+  this->gogo_->start_block(stat_location);
+  Statement* stat;
+  if (is_go)
+    stat = Statement::make_go_statement(call_expr, stat_location);
+  else
+    stat = Statement::make_defer_statement(call_expr, stat_location);
+  this->gogo_->add_statement(stat);
+  this->gogo_->add_block(this->gogo_->finish_block(stat_location),
+                        stat_location);
+}
+
+// ReturnStat = "return" [ ExpressionList ] .
+
+void
+Parse::return_stat()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_RETURN));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  this->advance_token();
+  Expression_list* vals = NULL;
+  if (this->expression_may_start_here())
+    vals = this->expression_list(NULL, false);
+  const Function* function = this->gogo_->current_function()->func_value();
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = function->type()->results();
+  this->gogo_->add_statement(Statement::make_return_statement(results, vals,
+                                                             location));
+}
+
+// IfStat = "if" [ [ SimpleStat ] ";" ] [ Condition ]
+//             Block [ "else" Statement ] .
+
+void
+Parse::if_stat()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_IF));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  this->gogo_->start_block(location);
+
+  Expression* cond = NULL;
+  if (this->simple_stat_may_start_here())
+    cond = this->simple_stat(false, true, NULL, NULL);
+  if (cond != NULL && this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+    {
+      // The SimpleStat is an expression statement.
+      this->expression_stat(cond);
+      cond = NULL;
+    }
+  if (cond == NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       this->advance_token();
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       cond = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, false, NULL);
+    }
+
+  this->gogo_->start_block(this->location());
+  source_location end_loc = this->block();
+  Block* then_block = this->gogo_->finish_block(end_loc);
+
+  // Check for the easy error of a newline before "else".
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+    {
+      source_location semi_loc = this->location();
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_ELSE))
+       error_at(this->location(),
+                "unexpected semicolon or newline before %<else%>");
+      else
+       this->unget_token(Token::make_operator_token(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON,
+                                                    semi_loc));
+    }
+
+  Block* else_block = NULL;
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_ELSE))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      // We create a block to gather the statement.
+      this->gogo_->start_block(this->location());
+      this->statement(NULL);
+      else_block = this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location());
+    }
+
+  this->gogo_->add_statement(Statement::make_if_statement(cond, then_block,
+                                                         else_block,
+                                                         location));
+
+  this->gogo_->add_block(this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location()),
+                        location);
+}
+
+// SwitchStmt = ExprSwitchStmt | TypeSwitchStmt .
+// ExprSwitchStmt = "switch" [ [ SimpleStat ] ";" ] [ Expression ]
+//                     "{" { ExprCaseClause } "}" .
+// TypeSwitchStmt  = "switch" [ [ SimpleStat ] ";" ] TypeSwitchGuard
+//                     "{" { TypeCaseClause } "}" .
+// TypeSwitchGuard = [ identifier ":=" ] Expression "." "(" "type" ")" .
+
+void
+Parse::switch_stat(const Label* label)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_SWITCH));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  this->gogo_->start_block(location);
+
+  Expression* switch_val = NULL;
+  Type_switch type_switch;
+  if (this->simple_stat_may_start_here())
+    switch_val = this->simple_stat(false, true, NULL, &type_switch);
+  if (switch_val != NULL && this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+    {
+      // The SimpleStat is an expression statement.
+      this->expression_stat(switch_val);
+      switch_val = NULL;
+    }
+  if (switch_val == NULL && !type_switch.found)
+    {
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       this->advance_token();
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       {
+         if (this->peek_token()->is_identifier())
+           {
+             const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+             std::string identifier = token->identifier();
+             bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+             source_location id_loc = token->location();
+
+             token = this->advance_token();
+             bool is_coloneq = token->is_op(OPERATOR_COLONEQ);
+             this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(identifier,
+                                                            is_exported,
+                                                            id_loc));
+             if (is_coloneq)
+               {
+                 // This must be a TypeSwitchGuard.
+                 switch_val = this->simple_stat(false, true, NULL,
+                                                &type_switch);
+                 if (!type_switch.found
+                     && !switch_val->is_error_expression())
+                   {
+                     error_at(id_loc, "expected type switch assignment");
+                     switch_val = Expression::make_error(id_loc);
+                   }
+               }
+           }
+         if (switch_val == NULL && !type_switch.found)
+           {
+             switch_val = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, false,
+                                           &type_switch.found);
+             if (type_switch.found)
+               {
+                 type_switch.name.clear();
+                 type_switch.expr = switch_val;
+                 type_switch.location = switch_val->location();
+               }
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      source_location token_loc = this->location();
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+         && this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       error_at(token_loc, "unexpected semicolon or newline before %<{%>");
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<{%>");
+         this->gogo_->add_block(this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location()),
+                                location);
+         return;
+       }
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Statement* statement;
+  if (type_switch.found)
+    statement = this->type_switch_body(label, type_switch, location);
+  else
+    statement = this->expr_switch_body(label, switch_val, location);
+
+  if (statement != NULL)
+    this->gogo_->add_statement(statement);
+
+  this->gogo_->add_block(this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location()),
+                        location);
+}
+
+// The body of an expression switch.
+//   "{" { ExprCaseClause } "}"
+
+Statement*
+Parse::expr_switch_body(const Label* label, Expression* switch_val,
+                       source_location location)
+{
+  Switch_statement* statement = Statement::make_switch_statement(switch_val,
+                                                                location);
+
+  this->push_break_statement(statement, label);
+
+  Case_clauses* case_clauses = new Case_clauses();
+  while (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+    {
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_eof())
+       {
+         if (!saw_errors())
+           error_at(this->location(), "missing %<}%>");
+         return NULL;
+       }
+      this->expr_case_clause(case_clauses);
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  statement->add_clauses(case_clauses);
+
+  this->pop_break_statement();
+
+  return statement;
+}
+
+// ExprCaseClause = ExprSwitchCase ":" [ StatementList ] .
+// FallthroughStat = "fallthrough" .
+
+void
+Parse::expr_case_clause(Case_clauses* clauses)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  bool is_default = false;
+  Expression_list* vals = this->expr_switch_case(&is_default);
+
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COLON))
+    {
+      if (!saw_errors())
+       error_at(this->location(), "expected %<:%>");
+      return;
+    }
+  else
+    this->advance_token();
+
+  Block* statements = NULL;
+  if (this->statement_list_may_start_here())
+    {
+      this->gogo_->start_block(this->location());
+      this->statement_list();
+      statements = this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location());
+    }
+
+  bool is_fallthrough = false;
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FALLTHROUGH))
+    {
+      is_fallthrough = true;
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  if (is_default || vals != NULL)
+    clauses->add(vals, is_default, statements, is_fallthrough, location);
+}
+
+// ExprSwitchCase = "case" ExpressionList | "default" .
+
+Expression_list*
+Parse::expr_switch_case(bool* is_default)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CASE))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      return this->expression_list(NULL, false);
+    }
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_DEFAULT))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      *is_default = true;
+      return NULL;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (!saw_errors())
+       error_at(this->location(), "expected %<case%> or %<default%>");
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+       this->advance_token();
+      return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+// The body of a type switch.
+//   "{" { TypeCaseClause } "}" .
+
+Statement*
+Parse::type_switch_body(const Label* label, const Type_switch& type_switch,
+                       source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* switch_no = NULL;
+  if (!type_switch.name.empty())
+    {
+      Variable* switch_var = new Variable(NULL, type_switch.expr, false, false,
+                                         false, type_switch.location);
+      switch_no = this->gogo_->add_variable(type_switch.name, switch_var);
+    }
+
+  Type_switch_statement* statement =
+    Statement::make_type_switch_statement(switch_no,
+                                         (switch_no == NULL
+                                          ? type_switch.expr
+                                          : NULL),
+                                         location);
+
+  this->push_break_statement(statement, label);
+
+  Type_case_clauses* case_clauses = new Type_case_clauses();
+  while (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+    {
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_eof())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "missing %<}%>");
+         return NULL;
+       }
+      this->type_case_clause(switch_no, case_clauses);
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  statement->add_clauses(case_clauses);
+
+  this->pop_break_statement();
+
+  return statement;
+}
+
+// TypeCaseClause  = TypeSwitchCase ":" [ StatementList ] .
+
+void
+Parse::type_case_clause(Named_object* switch_no, Type_case_clauses* clauses)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  std::vector<Type*> types;
+  bool is_default = false;
+  this->type_switch_case(&types, &is_default);
+
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COLON))
+    error_at(this->location(), "expected %<:%>");
+  else
+    this->advance_token();
+
+  Block* statements = NULL;
+  if (this->statement_list_may_start_here())
+    {
+      this->gogo_->start_block(this->location());
+      if (switch_no != NULL && types.size() == 1)
+       {
+         Type* type = types.front();
+         Expression* init = Expression::make_var_reference(switch_no,
+                                                           location);
+         init = Expression::make_type_guard(init, type, location);
+         Variable* v = new Variable(type, init, false, false, false,
+                                    location);
+         v->set_is_type_switch_var();
+         this->gogo_->add_variable(switch_no->name(), v);
+       }
+      this->statement_list();
+      statements = this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location());
+    }
+
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FALLTHROUGH))
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(),
+              "fallthrough is not permitted in a type switch");
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  if (is_default)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(types.empty());
+      clauses->add(NULL, false, true, statements, location);
+    }
+  else if (!types.empty())
+    {
+      for (std::vector<Type*>::const_iterator p = types.begin();
+          p + 1 != types.end();
+          ++p)
+       clauses->add(*p, true, false, NULL, location);
+      clauses->add(types.back(), false, false, statements, location);
+    }
+}
+
+// TypeSwitchCase  = "case" type | "default"
+
+// We accept a comma separated list of types.
+
+void
+Parse::type_switch_case(std::vector<Type*>* types, bool* is_default)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CASE))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      while (true)
+       {
+         Type* t = this->type();
+         if (!t->is_error_type())
+           types->push_back(t);
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+           break;
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+    }
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_DEFAULT))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      *is_default = true;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected %<case%> or %<default%>");
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+       this->advance_token();
+    }
+}
+
+// SelectStat = "select" "{" { CommClause } "}" .
+
+void
+Parse::select_stat(const Label* label)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_SELECT));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      source_location token_loc = token->location();
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+         && this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       error_at(token_loc, "unexpected semicolon or newline before %<{%>");
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<{%>");
+         return;
+       }
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Select_statement* statement = Statement::make_select_statement(location);
+
+  this->push_break_statement(statement, label);
+
+  Select_clauses* select_clauses = new Select_clauses();
+  while (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+    {
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_eof())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<}%>");
+         return;
+       }
+      this->comm_clause(select_clauses);
+    }
+
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  statement->add_clauses(select_clauses);
+
+  this->pop_break_statement();
+
+  this->gogo_->add_statement(statement);
+}
+
+// CommClause = CommCase [ StatementList ] .
+
+void
+Parse::comm_clause(Select_clauses* clauses)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  bool is_send = false;
+  Expression* channel = NULL;
+  Expression* val = NULL;
+  std::string varname;
+  bool is_default = false;
+  bool got_case = this->comm_case(&is_send, &channel, &val, &varname,
+                                 &is_default);
+
+  Block* statements = NULL;
+  Named_object* var = NULL;
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+    this->advance_token();
+  else if (this->statement_list_may_start_here())
+    {
+      this->gogo_->start_block(this->location());
+
+      if (!varname.empty())
+       {
+         // FIXME: LOCATION is slightly wrong here.
+         Variable* v = new Variable(NULL, channel, false, false, false,
+                                    location);
+         v->set_type_from_chan_element();
+         var = this->gogo_->add_variable(varname, v);
+       }
+
+      this->statement_list();
+      statements = this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location());
+    }
+
+  if (got_case)
+    clauses->add(is_send, channel, val, var, is_default, statements, location);
+}
+
+// CommCase = ( "default" | ( "case" ( SendExpr | RecvExpr) ) ) ":" .
+
+bool
+Parse::comm_case(bool* is_send, Expression** channel, Expression** val,
+                std::string* varname, bool* is_default)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_DEFAULT))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      *is_default = true;
+    }
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CASE))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      if (!this->send_or_recv_expr(is_send, channel, val, varname))
+       return false;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected %<case%> or %<default%>");
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+       this->advance_token();
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COLON))
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected colon");
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// SendExpr = Expression "<-" Expression .
+// RecvExpr =  [ Expression ( "=" | ":=" ) ] "<-" Expression .
+
+bool
+Parse::send_or_recv_expr(bool* is_send, Expression** channel, Expression** val,
+                        std::string* varname)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  source_location location = token->location();
+  if (token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      std::string recv_var = token->identifier();
+      bool is_var_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+      if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COLONEQ))
+       this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(recv_var,
+                                                      is_var_exported,
+                                                      location));
+      else
+       {
+         if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+           {
+             error_at(this->location(), "expected %<<-%>");
+             return false;
+           }
+         *is_send = false;
+         *varname = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(recv_var, is_var_exported);
+         this->advance_token();
+         *channel = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+         return true;
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+    {
+      *is_send = false;
+      this->advance_token();
+      *channel = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Expression* left = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_CHANOP, true, true, NULL);
+
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_EQ))
+       {
+         if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+           {
+             error_at(this->location(), "missing %<<-%>");
+             return false;
+           }
+         *is_send = false;
+         *val = left;
+         this->advance_token();
+         *channel = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+       }
+      else if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+       {
+         *is_send = true;
+         *channel = this->verify_not_sink(left);
+         this->advance_token();
+         *val = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<<-%> or %<=%>");
+         return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// ForStat = "for" [ Condition | ForClause | RangeClause ] Block .
+// Condition = Expression .
+
+void
+Parse::for_stat(const Label* label)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FOR));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+
+  // Open a block to hold any variables defined in the init statement
+  // of the for statement.
+  this->gogo_->start_block(location);
+
+  Block* init = NULL;
+  Expression* cond = NULL;
+  Block* post = NULL;
+  Range_clause range_clause;
+
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_VAR))
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(),
+                  "var declaration not allowed in for initializer");
+         this->var_decl();
+       }
+
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       this->for_clause(&cond, &post);
+      else
+       {
+         // We might be looking at a Condition, an InitStat, or a
+         // RangeClause.
+         cond = this->simple_stat(false, true, &range_clause, NULL);
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+           {
+             if (cond == NULL && !range_clause.found)
+               error_at(this->location(), "parse error in for statement");
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             if (range_clause.found)
+               error_at(this->location(), "parse error after range clause");
+
+             if (cond != NULL)
+               {
+                 // COND is actually an expression statement for
+                 // InitStat at the start of a ForClause.
+                 this->expression_stat(cond);
+                 cond = NULL;
+               }
+
+             this->for_clause(&cond, &post);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Build the For_statement and note that it is the current target
+  // for break and continue statements.
+
+  For_statement* sfor;
+  For_range_statement* srange;
+  Statement* s;
+  if (!range_clause.found)
+    {
+      sfor = Statement::make_for_statement(init, cond, post, location);
+      s = sfor;
+      srange = NULL;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      srange = Statement::make_for_range_statement(range_clause.index,
+                                                  range_clause.value,
+                                                  range_clause.range,
+                                                  location);
+      s = srange;
+      sfor = NULL;
+    }
+
+  this->push_break_statement(s, label);
+  this->push_continue_statement(s, label);
+
+  // Gather the block of statements in the loop and add them to the
+  // For_statement.
+
+  this->gogo_->start_block(this->location());
+  source_location end_loc = this->block();
+  Block* statements = this->gogo_->finish_block(end_loc);
+
+  if (sfor != NULL)
+    sfor->add_statements(statements);
+  else
+    srange->add_statements(statements);
+
+  // This is no longer the break/continue target.
+  this->pop_break_statement();
+  this->pop_continue_statement();
+
+  // Add the For_statement to the list of statements, and close out
+  // the block we started to hold any variables defined in the for
+  // statement.
+
+  this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+
+  this->gogo_->add_block(this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location()),
+                        location);
+}
+
+// ForClause = [ InitStat ] ";" [ Condition ] ";" [ PostStat ] .
+// InitStat = SimpleStat .
+// PostStat = SimpleStat .
+
+// We have already read InitStat at this point.
+
+void
+Parse::for_clause(Expression** cond, Block** post)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON));
+  this->advance_token();
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+    *cond = NULL;
+  else if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(),
+              "unexpected semicolon or newline before %<{%>");
+      *cond = NULL;
+      *post = NULL;
+      return;
+    }
+  else
+    *cond = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+    error_at(this->location(), "expected semicolon");
+  else
+    this->advance_token();
+
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    *post = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      this->gogo_->start_block(this->location());
+      this->simple_stat(false, false, NULL, NULL);
+      *post = this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location());
+    }
+}
+
+// RangeClause = IdentifierList ( "=" | ":=" ) "range" Expression .
+
+// This is the := version.  It is called with a list of identifiers.
+
+void
+Parse::range_clause_decl(const Typed_identifier_list* til,
+                        Range_clause* p_range_clause)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_RANGE));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  p_range_clause->found = true;
+
+  gcc_assert(til->size() >= 1);
+  if (til->size() > 2)
+    error_at(this->location(), "too many variables for range clause");
+
+  this->advance_token();
+  Expression* expr = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, false, NULL);
+  p_range_clause->range = expr;
+
+  bool any_new = false;
+
+  const Typed_identifier* pti = &til->front();
+  Named_object* no = this->init_var(*pti, NULL, expr, true, true, &any_new);
+  if (any_new && no->is_variable())
+    no->var_value()->set_type_from_range_index();
+  p_range_clause->index = Expression::make_var_reference(no, location);
+
+  if (til->size() == 1)
+    p_range_clause->value = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      pti = &til->back();
+      bool is_new = false;
+      no = this->init_var(*pti, NULL, expr, true, true, &is_new);
+      if (is_new && no->is_variable())
+       no->var_value()->set_type_from_range_value();
+      if (is_new)
+       any_new = true;
+      p_range_clause->value = Expression::make_var_reference(no, location);
+    }
+
+  if (!any_new)
+    error_at(location, "variables redeclared but no variable is new");
+}
+
+// The = version of RangeClause.  This is called with a list of
+// expressions.
+
+void
+Parse::range_clause_expr(const Expression_list* vals,
+                        Range_clause* p_range_clause)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_RANGE));
+
+  p_range_clause->found = true;
+
+  gcc_assert(vals->size() >= 1);
+  if (vals->size() > 2)
+    error_at(this->location(), "too many variables for range clause");
+
+  this->advance_token();
+  p_range_clause->range = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, false,
+                                          NULL);
+
+  p_range_clause->index = vals->front();
+  if (vals->size() == 1)
+    p_range_clause->value = NULL;
+  else
+    p_range_clause->value = vals->back();
+}
+
+// Push a statement on the break stack.
+
+void
+Parse::push_break_statement(Statement* enclosing, const Label* label)
+{
+  this->break_stack_.push_back(std::make_pair(enclosing, label));
+}
+
+// Push a statement on the continue stack.
+
+void
+Parse::push_continue_statement(Statement* enclosing, const Label* label)
+{
+  this->continue_stack_.push_back(std::make_pair(enclosing, label));
+}
+
+// Pop the break stack.
+
+void
+Parse::pop_break_statement()
+{
+  this->break_stack_.pop_back();
+}
+
+// Pop the continue stack.
+
+void
+Parse::pop_continue_statement()
+{
+  this->continue_stack_.pop_back();
+}
+
+// Find a break or continue statement given a label name.
+
+Statement*
+Parse::find_bc_statement(const Bc_stack* bc_stack, const std::string& label)
+{
+  for (Bc_stack::const_reverse_iterator p = bc_stack->rbegin();
+       p != bc_stack->rend();
+       ++p)
+    if (p->second != NULL && p->second->name() == label)
+      return p->first;
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+// BreakStat = "break" [ identifier ] .
+
+void
+Parse::break_stat()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_BREAK));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+  Statement* enclosing;
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      if (this->break_stack_.empty())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(),
+                  "break statement not within for or switch or select");
+         return;
+       }
+      enclosing = this->break_stack_.back().first;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      enclosing = this->find_bc_statement(&this->break_stack_,
+                                         token->identifier());
+      if (enclosing == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(token->location(),
+                  ("break label %qs not associated with "
+                   "for or switch or select"),
+                  Gogo::message_name(token->identifier()).c_str());
+         this->advance_token();
+         return;
+       }
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  Unnamed_label* label;
+  if (enclosing->classification() == Statement::STATEMENT_FOR)
+    label = enclosing->for_statement()->break_label();
+  else if (enclosing->classification() == Statement::STATEMENT_FOR_RANGE)
+    label = enclosing->for_range_statement()->break_label();
+  else if (enclosing->classification() == Statement::STATEMENT_SWITCH)
+    label = enclosing->switch_statement()->break_label();
+  else if (enclosing->classification() == Statement::STATEMENT_TYPE_SWITCH)
+    label = enclosing->type_switch_statement()->break_label();
+  else if (enclosing->classification() == Statement::STATEMENT_SELECT)
+    label = enclosing->select_statement()->break_label();
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+
+  this->gogo_->add_statement(Statement::make_break_statement(label,
+                                                            location));
+}
+
+// ContinueStat = "continue" [ identifier ] .
+
+void
+Parse::continue_stat()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CONTINUE));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+  Statement* enclosing;
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      if (this->continue_stack_.empty())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "continue statement not within for");
+         return;
+       }
+      enclosing = this->continue_stack_.back().first;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      enclosing = this->find_bc_statement(&this->continue_stack_,
+                                         token->identifier());
+      if (enclosing == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(token->location(),
+                  "continue label %qs not associated with for",
+                  Gogo::message_name(token->identifier()).c_str());
+         this->advance_token();
+         return;
+       }
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  Unnamed_label* label;
+  if (enclosing->classification() == Statement::STATEMENT_FOR)
+    label = enclosing->for_statement()->continue_label();
+  else if (enclosing->classification() == Statement::STATEMENT_FOR_RANGE)
+    label = enclosing->for_range_statement()->continue_label();
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+
+  this->gogo_->add_statement(Statement::make_continue_statement(label,
+                                                               location));
+}
+
+// GotoStat = "goto" identifier .
+
+void
+Parse::goto_stat()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_GOTO));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    error_at(this->location(), "expected label for goto");
+  else
+    {
+      Label* label = this->gogo_->add_label_reference(token->identifier());
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_goto_statement(label, location);
+      this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+}
+
+// PackageClause = "package" PackageName .
+
+void
+Parse::package_clause()
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  source_location location = token->location();
+  std::string name;
+  if (!token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_PACKAGE))
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "program must start with package clause");
+      name = "ERROR";
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      token = this->advance_token();
+      if (token->is_identifier())
+       {
+         name = token->identifier();
+         if (name == "_")
+           {
+             error_at(this->location(), "invalid package name _");
+             name = "blank";
+           }
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "package name must be an identifier");
+         name = "ERROR";
+       }
+    }
+  this->gogo_->set_package_name(name, location);
+}
+
+// ImportDecl = "import" Decl<ImportSpec> .
+
+void
+Parse::import_decl()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_IMPORT));
+  this->advance_token();
+  this->decl(&Parse::import_spec, NULL);
+}
+
+// ImportSpec = [ "." | PackageName ] PackageFileName .
+
+void
+Parse::import_spec(void*)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  source_location location = token->location();
+
+  std::string local_name;
+  bool is_local_name_exported = false;
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT))
+    {
+      local_name = ".";
+      token = this->advance_token();
+    }
+  else if (token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      local_name = token->identifier();
+      is_local_name_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+      token = this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  if (!token->is_string())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "missing import package name");
+      return;
+    }
+
+  this->gogo_->import_package(token->string_value(), local_name,
+                             is_local_name_exported, location);
+
+  this->advance_token();
+}
+
+// SourceFile       = PackageClause ";" { ImportDecl ";" }
+//                     { TopLevelDecl ";" } .
+
+void
+Parse::program()
+{
+  this->package_clause();
+
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+    token = this->advance_token();
+  else
+    error_at(this->location(),
+            "expected %<;%> or newline after package clause");
+
+  while (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_IMPORT))
+    {
+      this->import_decl();
+      token = this->peek_token();
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       token = this->advance_token();
+      else
+       error_at(this->location(),
+                "expected %<;%> or newline after import declaration");
+    }
+
+  while (!token->is_eof())
+    {
+      if (this->declaration_may_start_here())
+       this->declaration();
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected declaration");
+         do
+           this->advance_token();
+         while (!this->peek_token()->is_eof()
+                && !this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+                && !this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY));
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_eof()
+             && !this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+           this->advance_token();
+       }
+      token = this->peek_token();
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       token = this->advance_token();
+      else if (!token->is_eof() || !saw_errors())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(),
+                  "expected %<;%> or newline after top level declaration");
+         this->skip_past_error(OPERATOR_INVALID);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Reset the current iota value.
+
+void
+Parse::reset_iota()
+{
+  this->iota_ = 0;
+}
+
+// Return the current iota value.
+
+int
+Parse::iota_value()
+{
+  return this->iota_;
+}
+
+// Increment the current iota value.
+
+void
+Parse::increment_iota()
+{
+  ++this->iota_;
+}
+
+// Skip forward to a semicolon or OP.  OP will normally be
+// OPERATOR_RPAREN or OPERATOR_RCURLY.  If we find a semicolon, move
+// past it and return.  If we find OP, it will be the next token to
+// read.  Return true if we are OK, false if we found EOF.
+
+bool
+Parse::skip_past_error(Operator op)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  while (!token->is_op(op))
+    {
+      if (token->is_eof())
+       return false;
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       {
+         this->advance_token();
+         return true;
+       }
+      token = this->advance_token();
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Check that an expression is not a sink.
+
+Expression*
+Parse::verify_not_sink(Expression* expr)
+{
+  if (expr->is_sink_expression())
+    {
+      error_at(expr->location(), "cannot use _ as value");
+      expr = Expression::make_error(expr->location());
+    }
+  return expr;
+}
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/parse.cc.merge-right.r172891 b/gcc/go/gofrontend/parse.cc.merge-right.r172891
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..eeb4f5d
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,5131 @@
+// parse.cc -- Go frontend parser.
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "go-system.h"
+
+#include "lex.h"
+#include "gogo.h"
+#include "types.h"
+#include "statements.h"
+#include "expressions.h"
+#include "parse.h"
+
+// Struct Parse::Enclosing_var_comparison.
+
+// Return true if v1 should be considered to be less than v2.
+
+bool
+Parse::Enclosing_var_comparison::operator()(const Enclosing_var& v1,
+                                           const Enclosing_var& v2)
+{
+  if (v1.var() == v2.var())
+    return false;
+
+  const std::string& n1(v1.var()->name());
+  const std::string& n2(v2.var()->name());
+  int i = n1.compare(n2);
+  if (i < 0)
+    return true;
+  else if (i > 0)
+    return false;
+
+  // If we get here it means that a single nested function refers to
+  // two different variables defined in enclosing functions, and both
+  // variables have the same name.  I think this is impossible.
+  go_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Class Parse.
+
+Parse::Parse(Lex* lex, Gogo* gogo)
+  : lex_(lex),
+    token_(Token::make_invalid_token(0)),
+    unget_token_(Token::make_invalid_token(0)),
+    unget_token_valid_(false),
+    gogo_(gogo),
+    break_stack_(NULL),
+    continue_stack_(NULL),
+    iota_(0),
+    enclosing_vars_()
+{
+}
+
+// Return the current token.
+
+const Token*
+Parse::peek_token()
+{
+  if (this->unget_token_valid_)
+    return &this->unget_token_;
+  if (this->token_.is_invalid())
+    this->token_ = this->lex_->next_token();
+  return &this->token_;
+}
+
+// Advance to the next token and return it.
+
+const Token*
+Parse::advance_token()
+{
+  if (this->unget_token_valid_)
+    {
+      this->unget_token_valid_ = false;
+      if (!this->token_.is_invalid())
+       return &this->token_;
+    }
+  this->token_ = this->lex_->next_token();
+  return &this->token_;
+}
+
+// Push a token back on the input stream.
+
+void
+Parse::unget_token(const Token& token)
+{
+  go_assert(!this->unget_token_valid_);
+  this->unget_token_ = token;
+  this->unget_token_valid_ = true;
+}
+
+// The location of the current token.
+
+source_location
+Parse::location()
+{
+  return this->peek_token()->location();
+}
+
+// IdentifierList = identifier { "," identifier } .
+
+void
+Parse::identifier_list(Typed_identifier_list* til)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  while (true)
+    {
+      if (!token->is_identifier())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected identifier");
+         return;
+       }
+      std::string name =
+       this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(token->identifier(),
+                                     token->is_identifier_exported());
+      til->push_back(Typed_identifier(name, NULL, token->location()));
+      token = this->advance_token();
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       return;
+      token = this->advance_token();
+    }
+}
+
+// ExpressionList = Expression { "," Expression } .
+
+// If MAY_BE_SINK is true, the expressions in the list may be "_".
+
+Expression_list*
+Parse::expression_list(Expression* first, bool may_be_sink)
+{
+  Expression_list* ret = new Expression_list();
+  if (first != NULL)
+    ret->push_back(first);
+  while (true)
+    {
+      ret->push_back(this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, may_be_sink, true,
+                                     NULL));
+
+      const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       return ret;
+
+      // Most expression lists permit a trailing comma.
+      source_location location = token->location();
+      this->advance_token();
+      if (!this->expression_may_start_here())
+       {
+         this->unget_token(Token::make_operator_token(OPERATOR_COMMA,
+                                                      location));
+         return ret;
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// QualifiedIdent = [ PackageName "." ] identifier .
+// PackageName = identifier .
+
+// This sets *PNAME to the identifier and sets *PPACKAGE to the
+// package or NULL if there isn't one.  This returns true on success,
+// false on failure in which case it will have emitted an error
+// message.
+
+bool
+Parse::qualified_ident(std::string* pname, Named_object** ppackage)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected identifier");
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  std::string name = token->identifier();
+  bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+  name = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(name, is_exported);
+
+  token = this->advance_token();
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT))
+    {
+      *pname = name;
+      *ppackage = NULL;
+      return true;
+    }
+
+  Named_object* package = this->gogo_->lookup(name, NULL);
+  if (package == NULL || !package->is_package())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected package");
+      // We expect . IDENTIFIER; skip both.
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_identifier())
+       this->advance_token();
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  package->package_value()->set_used();
+
+  token = this->advance_token();
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected identifier");
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  name = token->identifier();
+
+  if (name == "_")
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "invalid use of %<_%>");
+      name = "blank";
+    }
+
+  if (package->name() == this->gogo_->package_name())
+    name = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(name,
+                                        token->is_identifier_exported());
+
+  *pname = name;
+  *ppackage = package;
+
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Type = TypeName | TypeLit | "(" Type ")" .
+// TypeLit =
+//     ArrayType | StructType | PointerType | FunctionType | InterfaceType |
+//     SliceType | MapType | ChannelType .
+
+Type*
+Parse::type()
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (token->is_identifier())
+    return this->type_name(true);
+  else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LSQUARE))
+    return this->array_type(false);
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CHAN)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+    return this->channel_type();
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_INTERFACE))
+    return this->interface_type();
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FUNC))
+    {
+      source_location location = token->location();
+      this->advance_token();
+      Type* type = this->signature(NULL, location);
+      if (type == NULL)
+       return Type::make_error_type();
+      return type;
+    }
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_MAP))
+    return this->map_type();
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_STRUCT))
+    return this->struct_type();
+  else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_MULT))
+    return this->pointer_type();
+  else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      Type* ret = this->type();
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+       this->advance_token();
+      else
+       {
+         if (!ret->is_error_type())
+           error_at(this->location(), "expected %<)%>");
+       }
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(token->location(), "expected type");
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+}
+
+bool
+Parse::type_may_start_here()
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  return (token->is_identifier()
+         || token->is_op(OPERATOR_LSQUARE)
+         || token->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP)
+         || token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CHAN)
+         || token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_INTERFACE)
+         || token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FUNC)
+         || token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_MAP)
+         || token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_STRUCT)
+         || token->is_op(OPERATOR_MULT)
+         || token->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN));
+}
+
+// TypeName = QualifiedIdent .
+
+// If MAY_BE_NIL is true, then an identifier with the value of the
+// predefined constant nil is accepted, returning the nil type.
+
+Type*
+Parse::type_name(bool issue_error)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  std::string name;
+  Named_object* package;
+  if (!this->qualified_ident(&name, &package))
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+
+  Named_object* named_object;
+  if (package == NULL)
+    named_object = this->gogo_->lookup(name, NULL);
+  else
+    {
+      named_object = package->package_value()->lookup(name);
+      if (named_object == NULL
+         && issue_error
+         && package->name() != this->gogo_->package_name())
+       {
+         // Check whether the name is there but hidden.
+         std::string s = ('.' + package->package_value()->unique_prefix()
+                          + '.' + package->package_value()->name()
+                          + '.' + name);
+         named_object = package->package_value()->lookup(s);
+         if (named_object != NULL)
+           {
+             const std::string& packname(package->package_value()->name());
+             error_at(location, "invalid reference to hidden type %<%s.%s%>",
+                      Gogo::message_name(packname).c_str(),
+                      Gogo::message_name(name).c_str());
+             issue_error = false;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  bool ok = true;
+  if (named_object == NULL)
+    {
+      if (package != NULL)
+       ok = false;
+      else
+       named_object = this->gogo_->add_unknown_name(name, location);
+    }
+  else if (named_object->is_type())
+    {
+      if (!named_object->type_value()->is_visible())
+       ok = false;
+    }
+  else if (named_object->is_unknown() || named_object->is_type_declaration())
+    ;
+  else
+    ok = false;
+
+  if (!ok)
+    {
+      if (issue_error)
+       error_at(location, "expected type");
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+
+  if (named_object->is_type())
+    return named_object->type_value();
+  else if (named_object->is_unknown() || named_object->is_type_declaration())
+    return Type::make_forward_declaration(named_object);
+  else
+    go_unreachable();
+}
+
+// ArrayType = "[" [ ArrayLength ] "]" ElementType .
+// ArrayLength = Expression .
+// ElementType = CompleteType .
+
+Type*
+Parse::array_type(bool may_use_ellipsis)
+{
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LSQUARE));
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+
+  Expression* length = NULL;
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_RSQUARE))
+    this->advance_token();
+  else
+    {
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_ELLIPSIS))
+       length = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+      else if (may_use_ellipsis)
+       {
+         // An ellipsis is used in composite literals to represent a
+         // fixed array of the size of the number of elements.  We
+         // use a length of nil to represent this, and change the
+         // length when parsing the composite literal.
+         length = Expression::make_nil(this->location());
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(),
+                  "use of %<[...]%> outside of array literal");
+         length = Expression::make_error(this->location());
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RSQUARE))
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<]%>");
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       }
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  Type* element_type = this->type();
+
+  return Type::make_array_type(element_type, length);
+}
+
+// MapType = "map" "[" KeyType "]" ValueType .
+// KeyType = CompleteType .
+// ValueType = CompleteType .
+
+Type*
+Parse::map_type()
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_MAP));
+  if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LSQUARE))
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected %<[%>");
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Type* key_type = this->type();
+
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RSQUARE))
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected %<]%>");
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Type* value_type = this->type();
+
+  if (key_type->is_error_type() || value_type->is_error_type())
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+
+  return Type::make_map_type(key_type, value_type, location);
+}
+
+// StructType     = "struct" "{" { FieldDecl ";" } "}" .
+
+Type*
+Parse::struct_type()
+{
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_STRUCT));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      source_location token_loc = this->location();
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+         && this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       error_at(token_loc, "unexpected semicolon or newline before %<{%>");
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<{%>");
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       }
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Struct_field_list* sfl = new Struct_field_list;
+  while (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+    {
+      this->field_decl(sfl);
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       this->advance_token();
+      else if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<;%> or %<}%> or newline");
+         if (!this->skip_past_error(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+           return Type::make_error_type();
+       }
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pi = sfl->begin();
+       pi != sfl->end();
+       ++pi)
+    {
+      if (pi->type()->is_error_type())
+       return pi->type();
+      for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pj = pi + 1;
+          pj != sfl->end();
+          ++pj)
+       {
+         if (pi->field_name() == pj->field_name()
+             && !Gogo::is_sink_name(pi->field_name()))
+           error_at(pi->location(), "duplicate field name %<%s%>",
+                    Gogo::message_name(pi->field_name()).c_str());
+       }
+    }
+
+  return Type::make_struct_type(sfl, location);
+}
+
+// FieldDecl = (IdentifierList CompleteType | TypeName) [ Tag ] .
+// Tag = string_lit .
+
+void
+Parse::field_decl(Struct_field_list* sfl)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  source_location location = token->location();
+  bool is_anonymous;
+  bool is_anonymous_pointer;
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_MULT))
+    {
+      is_anonymous = true;
+      is_anonymous_pointer = true;
+    }
+  else if (token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      std::string id = token->identifier();
+      bool is_id_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+      source_location id_location = token->location();
+      token = this->advance_token();
+      is_anonymous = (token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+                     || token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY)
+                     || token->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT)
+                     || token->is_string());
+      is_anonymous_pointer = false;
+      this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(id, is_id_exported,
+                                                    id_location));
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected field name");
+      while (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+            && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY)
+            && !token->is_eof())
+       token = this->advance_token();
+      return;
+    }
+
+  if (is_anonymous)
+    {
+      if (is_anonymous_pointer)
+       {
+         this->advance_token();
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_identifier())
+           {
+             error_at(this->location(), "expected field name");
+             while (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+                    && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY)
+                    && !token->is_eof())
+               token = this->advance_token();
+             return;
+           }
+       }
+      Type* type = this->type_name(true);
+
+      std::string tag;
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_string())
+       {
+         tag = this->peek_token()->string_value();
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+
+      if (!type->is_error_type())
+       {
+         if (is_anonymous_pointer)
+           type = Type::make_pointer_type(type);
+         sfl->push_back(Struct_field(Typed_identifier("", type, location)));
+         if (!tag.empty())
+           sfl->back().set_tag(tag);
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Typed_identifier_list til;
+      while (true)
+       {
+         token = this->peek_token();
+         if (!token->is_identifier())
+           {
+             error_at(this->location(), "expected identifier");
+             return;
+           }
+         std::string name =
+           this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(token->identifier(),
+                                         token->is_identifier_exported());
+         til.push_back(Typed_identifier(name, NULL, token->location()));
+         if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+           break;
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+
+      Type* type = this->type();
+
+      std::string tag;
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_string())
+       {
+         tag = this->peek_token()->string_value();
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::iterator p = til.begin();
+          p != til.end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         p->set_type(type);
+         sfl->push_back(Struct_field(*p));
+         if (!tag.empty())
+           sfl->back().set_tag(tag);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// PointerType = "*" Type .
+
+Type*
+Parse::pointer_type()
+{
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_MULT));
+  this->advance_token();
+  Type* type = this->type();
+  if (type->is_error_type())
+    return type;
+  return Type::make_pointer_type(type);
+}
+
+// ChannelType   = Channel | SendChannel | RecvChannel .
+// Channel       = "chan" ElementType .
+// SendChannel   = "chan" "<-" ElementType .
+// RecvChannel   = "<-" "chan" ElementType .
+
+Type*
+Parse::channel_type()
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  bool send = true;
+  bool receive = true;
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+    {
+      if (!this->advance_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CHAN))
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<chan%>");
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       }
+      send = false;
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      go_assert(token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CHAN));
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+       {
+         receive = false;
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Better error messages for the common error of omitting the
+  // channel element type.
+  if (!this->type_may_start_here())
+    {
+      token = this->peek_token();
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+       error_at(this->location(), "unexpected %<}%> in channel type");
+      else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+       error_at(this->location(), "unexpected %<)%> in channel type");
+      else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       error_at(this->location(), "unexpected comma in channel type");
+      else
+       error_at(this->location(), "expected channel element type");
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+
+  Type* element_type = this->type();
+  return Type::make_channel_type(send, receive, element_type);
+}
+
+// Signature      = Parameters [ Result ] .
+
+// RECEIVER is the receiver if there is one, or NULL.  LOCATION is the
+// location of the start of the type.
+
+// This returns NULL on a parse error.
+
+Function_type*
+Parse::signature(Typed_identifier* receiver, source_location location)
+{
+  bool is_varargs = false;
+  Typed_identifier_list* params;
+  bool params_ok = this->parameters(&params, &is_varargs);
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* result = NULL;
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN)
+      || this->type_may_start_here())
+    {
+      if (!this->result(&result))
+       return NULL;
+    }
+
+  if (!params_ok)
+    return NULL;
+
+  Function_type* ret = Type::make_function_type(receiver, params, result,
+                                               location);
+  if (is_varargs)
+    ret->set_is_varargs();
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Parameters     = "(" [ ParameterList [ "," ] ] ")" .
+
+// This returns false on a parse error.
+
+bool
+Parse::parameters(Typed_identifier_list** pparams, bool* is_varargs)
+{
+  *pparams = NULL;
+
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected %<(%>");
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* params = NULL;
+  bool saw_error = false;
+
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+    {
+      params = this->parameter_list(is_varargs);
+      if (params == NULL)
+       saw_error = true;
+      token = this->peek_token();
+    }
+
+  // The optional trailing comma is picked up in parameter_list.
+
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+    error_at(this->location(), "expected %<)%>");
+  else
+    this->advance_token();
+
+  if (saw_error)
+    return false;
+
+  *pparams = params;
+  return true;
+}
+
+// ParameterList  = ParameterDecl { "," ParameterDecl } .
+
+// This sets *IS_VARARGS if the list ends with an ellipsis.
+// IS_VARARGS will be NULL if varargs are not permitted.
+
+// We pick up an optional trailing comma.
+
+// This returns NULL if some error is seen.
+
+Typed_identifier_list*
+Parse::parameter_list(bool* is_varargs)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  Typed_identifier_list* ret = new Typed_identifier_list();
+
+  bool saw_error = false;
+
+  // If we see an identifier and then a comma, then we don't know
+  // whether we are looking at a list of identifiers followed by a
+  // type, or a list of types given by name.  We have to do an
+  // arbitrary lookahead to figure it out.
+
+  bool parameters_have_names;
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      // This must be a type which starts with something like '*'.
+      parameters_have_names = false;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      std::string name = token->identifier();
+      bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+      source_location location = token->location();
+      token = this->advance_token();
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       {
+         if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT))
+           {
+             // This is a qualified identifier, which must turn out
+             // to be a type.
+             parameters_have_names = false;
+           }
+         else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+           {
+             // A single identifier followed by a parenthesis must be
+             // a type name.
+             parameters_have_names = false;
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             // An identifier followed by something other than a
+             // comma or a dot or a right parenthesis must be a
+             // parameter name followed by a type.
+             parameters_have_names = true;
+           }
+
+         this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(name, is_exported,
+                                                        location));
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // An identifier followed by a comma may be the first in a
+         // list of parameter names followed by a type, or it may be
+         // the first in a list of types without parameter names.  To
+         // find out we gather as many identifiers separated by
+         // commas as we can.
+         std::string id_name = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(name,
+                                                             is_exported);
+         ret->push_back(Typed_identifier(id_name, NULL, location));
+         bool just_saw_comma = true;
+         while (this->advance_token()->is_identifier())
+           {
+             name = this->peek_token()->identifier();
+             is_exported = this->peek_token()->is_identifier_exported();
+             location = this->peek_token()->location();
+             id_name = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(name, is_exported);
+             ret->push_back(Typed_identifier(id_name, NULL, location));
+             if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+               {
+                 just_saw_comma = false;
+                 break;
+               }
+           }
+
+         if (just_saw_comma)
+           {
+             // We saw ID1 "," ID2 "," followed by something which
+             // was not an identifier.  We must be seeing the start
+             // of a type, and ID1 and ID2 must be types, and the
+             // parameters don't have names.
+             parameters_have_names = false;
+           }
+         else if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+           {
+             // We saw ID1 "," ID2 ")".  ID1 and ID2 must be types,
+             // and the parameters don't have names.
+             parameters_have_names = false;
+           }
+         else if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT))
+           {
+             // We saw ID1 "," ID2 ".".  ID2 must be a package name,
+             // ID1 must be a type, and the parameters don't have
+             // names.
+             parameters_have_names = false;
+             this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(name, is_exported,
+                                                            location));
+             ret->pop_back();
+             just_saw_comma = true;
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             // We saw ID1 "," ID2 followed by something other than
+             // ",", ".", or ")".  We must be looking at the start of
+             // a type, and ID1 and ID2 must be parameter names.
+             parameters_have_names = true;
+           }
+
+         if (parameters_have_names)
+           {
+             go_assert(!just_saw_comma);
+             // We have just seen ID1, ID2 xxx.
+             Type* type;
+             if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_ELLIPSIS))
+               type = this->type();
+             else
+               {
+                 error_at(this->location(), "%<...%> only permits one name");
+                 saw_error = true;
+                 this->advance_token();
+                 type = this->type();
+               }
+             for (size_t i = 0; i < ret->size(); ++i)
+               ret->set_type(i, type);
+             if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+               return saw_error ? NULL : ret;
+             if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+               return saw_error ? NULL : ret;
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             Typed_identifier_list* tret = new Typed_identifier_list();
+             for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = ret->begin();
+                  p != ret->end();
+                  ++p)
+               {
+                 Named_object* no = this->gogo_->lookup(p->name(), NULL);
+                 Type* type;
+                 if (no == NULL)
+                   no = this->gogo_->add_unknown_name(p->name(),
+                                                      p->location());
+
+                 if (no->is_type())
+                   type = no->type_value();
+                 else if (no->is_unknown() || no->is_type_declaration())
+                   type = Type::make_forward_declaration(no);
+                 else
+                   {
+                     error_at(p->location(), "expected %<%s%> to be a type",
+                              Gogo::message_name(p->name()).c_str());
+                     saw_error = true;
+                     type = Type::make_error_type();
+                   }
+                 tret->push_back(Typed_identifier("", type, p->location()));
+               }
+             delete ret;
+             ret = tret;
+             if (!just_saw_comma
+                 || this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+               return saw_error ? NULL : ret;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  bool mix_error = false;
+  this->parameter_decl(parameters_have_names, ret, is_varargs, &mix_error);
+  while (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+    {
+      if (is_varargs != NULL && *is_varargs)
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "%<...%> must be last parameter");
+         saw_error = true;
+       }
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+       break;
+      this->parameter_decl(parameters_have_names, ret, is_varargs, &mix_error);
+    }
+  if (mix_error)
+    {
+      error_at(location, "invalid named/anonymous mix");
+      saw_error = true;
+    }
+  if (saw_error)
+    {
+      delete ret;
+      return NULL;
+    }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// ParameterDecl  = [ IdentifierList ] [ "..." ] Type .
+
+void
+Parse::parameter_decl(bool parameters_have_names,
+                     Typed_identifier_list* til,
+                     bool* is_varargs,
+                     bool* mix_error)
+{
+  if (!parameters_have_names)
+    {
+      Type* type;
+      source_location location = this->location();
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_identifier())
+       {
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_ELLIPSIS))
+           type = this->type();
+         else
+           {
+             if (is_varargs == NULL)
+               error_at(this->location(), "invalid use of %<...%>");
+             else
+               *is_varargs = true;
+             this->advance_token();
+             if (is_varargs == NULL
+                 && this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+               type = Type::make_error_type();
+             else
+               {
+                 Type* element_type = this->type();
+                 type = Type::make_array_type(element_type, NULL);
+               }
+           }
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         type = this->type_name(false);
+         if (type->is_error_type()
+             || (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA)
+                 && !this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN)))
+           {
+             *mix_error = true;
+             while (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA)
+                    && !this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+               this->advance_token();
+           }
+       }
+      if (!type->is_error_type())
+       til->push_back(Typed_identifier("", type, location));
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      size_t orig_count = til->size();
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_identifier())
+       this->identifier_list(til);
+      else
+       *mix_error = true;
+      size_t new_count = til->size();
+
+      Type* type;
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_ELLIPSIS))
+       type = this->type();
+      else
+       {
+         if (is_varargs == NULL)
+           error_at(this->location(), "invalid use of %<...%>");
+         else if (new_count > orig_count + 1)
+           error_at(this->location(), "%<...%> only permits one name");
+         else
+           *is_varargs = true;
+         this->advance_token();
+         Type* element_type = this->type();
+         type = Type::make_array_type(element_type, NULL);
+       }
+      for (size_t i = orig_count; i < new_count; ++i)
+       til->set_type(i, type);
+    }
+}
+
+// Result         = Parameters | Type .
+
+// This returns false on a parse error.
+
+bool
+Parse::result(Typed_identifier_list** presults)
+{
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+    return this->parameters(presults, NULL);
+  else
+    {
+      source_location location = this->location();
+      Type* type = this->type();
+      if (type->is_error_type())
+       {
+         *presults = NULL;
+         return false;
+       }
+      Typed_identifier_list* til = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      til->push_back(Typed_identifier("", type, location));
+      *presults = til;
+      return true;
+    }
+}
+
+// Block = "{" [ StatementList ] "}" .
+
+// Returns the location of the closing brace.
+
+source_location
+Parse::block()
+{
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      source_location loc = this->location();
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+         && this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       error_at(loc, "unexpected semicolon or newline before %<{%>");
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<{%>");
+         return UNKNOWN_LOCATION;
+       }
+    }
+
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+    {
+      this->statement_list();
+      token = this->peek_token();
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+       {
+         if (!token->is_eof() || !saw_errors())
+           error_at(this->location(), "expected %<}%>");
+
+         // Skip ahead to the end of the block, in hopes of avoiding
+         // lots of meaningless errors.
+         source_location ret = token->location();
+         int nest = 0;
+         while (!token->is_eof())
+           {
+             if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+               ++nest;
+             else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+               {
+                 --nest;
+                 if (nest < 0)
+                   {
+                     this->advance_token();
+                     break;
+                   }
+               }
+             token = this->advance_token();
+             ret = token->location();
+           }
+         return ret;
+       }
+    }
+
+  source_location ret = token->location();
+  this->advance_token();
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// InterfaceType      = "interface" "{" [ MethodSpecList ] "}" .
+// MethodSpecList     = MethodSpec { ";" MethodSpec } [ ";" ] .
+
+Type*
+Parse::interface_type()
+{
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_INTERFACE));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      source_location token_loc = this->location();
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+         && this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       error_at(token_loc, "unexpected semicolon or newline before %<{%>");
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<{%>");
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       }
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* methods = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+    {
+      this->method_spec(methods);
+      while (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       {
+         if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+           break;
+         this->method_spec(methods);
+       }
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<}%>");
+         while (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+           {
+             if (this->peek_token()->is_eof())
+               return Type::make_error_type();
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  if (methods->empty())
+    {
+      delete methods;
+      methods = NULL;
+    }
+
+  Interface_type* ret = Type::make_interface_type(methods, location);
+  this->gogo_->record_interface_type(ret);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// MethodSpec         = MethodName Signature | InterfaceTypeName .
+// MethodName         = identifier .
+// InterfaceTypeName  = TypeName .
+
+void
+Parse::method_spec(Typed_identifier_list* methods)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected identifier");
+      return;
+    }
+
+  std::string name = token->identifier();
+  bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+  source_location location = token->location();
+
+  if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+    {
+      // This is a MethodName.
+      name = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(name, is_exported);
+      Type* type = this->signature(NULL, location);
+      if (type == NULL)
+       return;
+      methods->push_back(Typed_identifier(name, type, location));
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(name, is_exported,
+                                                    location));
+      Type* type = this->type_name(false);
+      if (type->is_error_type()
+         || (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+             && !this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY)))
+       {
+         if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+           error_at(this->location(),
+                    "name list not allowed in interface type");
+         else
+           error_at(location, "expected signature or type name");
+         token = this->peek_token();
+         while (!token->is_eof()
+                && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+                && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+           token = this->advance_token();
+         return;
+       }
+      // This must be an interface type, but we can't check that now.
+      // We check it and pull out the methods in
+      // Interface_type::do_verify.
+      methods->push_back(Typed_identifier("", type, location));
+    }
+}
+
+// Declaration = ConstDecl | TypeDecl | VarDecl | FunctionDecl | MethodDecl .
+
+void
+Parse::declaration()
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CONST))
+    this->const_decl();
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_TYPE))
+    this->type_decl();
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_VAR))
+    this->var_decl();
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FUNC))
+    this->function_decl();
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected declaration");
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+}
+
+bool
+Parse::declaration_may_start_here()
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  return (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CONST)
+         || token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_TYPE)
+         || token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_VAR)
+         || token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FUNC));
+}
+
+// Decl<P> = P | "(" [ List<P> ] ")" .
+
+void
+Parse::decl(void (Parse::*pfn)(void*), void* varg)
+{
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+    (this->*pfn)(varg);
+  else
+    {
+      if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+       {
+         this->list(pfn, varg, true);
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+           {
+             error_at(this->location(), "missing %<)%>");
+             while (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+               {
+                 if (this->peek_token()->is_eof())
+                   return;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+}
+
+// List<P> = P { ";" P } [ ";" ] .
+
+// In order to pick up the trailing semicolon we need to know what
+// might follow.  This is either a '}' or a ')'.
+
+void
+Parse::list(void (Parse::*pfn)(void*), void* varg, bool follow_is_paren)
+{
+  (this->*pfn)(varg);
+  Operator follow = follow_is_paren ? OPERATOR_RPAREN : OPERATOR_RCURLY;
+  while (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+        || this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+    {
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       error_at(this->location(), "unexpected comma");
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_op(follow))
+       break;
+      (this->*pfn)(varg);
+    }
+}
+
+// ConstDecl      = "const" ( ConstSpec | "(" { ConstSpec ";" } ")" ) .
+
+void
+Parse::const_decl()
+{
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CONST));
+  this->advance_token();
+  this->reset_iota();
+
+  Type* last_type = NULL;
+  Expression_list* last_expr_list = NULL;
+
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+    this->const_spec(&last_type, &last_expr_list);
+  else
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      while (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+       {
+         this->const_spec(&last_type, &last_expr_list);
+         if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+           this->advance_token();
+         else if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+           {
+             error_at(this->location(), "expected %<;%> or %<)%> or newline");
+             if (!this->skip_past_error(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+               return;
+           }
+       }
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  if (last_expr_list != NULL)
+    delete last_expr_list;
+}
+
+// ConstSpec = IdentifierList [ [ CompleteType ] "=" ExpressionList ] .
+
+void
+Parse::const_spec(Type** last_type, Expression_list** last_expr_list)
+{
+  Typed_identifier_list til;
+  this->identifier_list(&til);
+
+  Type* type = NULL;
+  if (this->type_may_start_here())
+    {
+      type = this->type();
+      *last_type = NULL;
+      *last_expr_list = NULL;
+    }
+
+  Expression_list *expr_list;
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_EQ))
+    {
+      if (*last_expr_list == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<=%>");
+         return;
+       }
+      type = *last_type;
+      expr_list = new Expression_list;
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = (*last_expr_list)->begin();
+          p != (*last_expr_list)->end();
+          ++p)
+       expr_list->push_back((*p)->copy());
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      expr_list = this->expression_list(NULL, false);
+      *last_type = type;
+      if (*last_expr_list != NULL)
+       delete *last_expr_list;
+      *last_expr_list = expr_list;
+    }
+
+  Expression_list::const_iterator pe = expr_list->begin();
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::iterator pi = til.begin();
+       pi != til.end();
+       ++pi, ++pe)
+    {
+      if (pe == expr_list->end())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "not enough initializers");
+         return;
+       }
+      if (type != NULL)
+       pi->set_type(type);
+
+      if (!Gogo::is_sink_name(pi->name()))
+       this->gogo_->add_constant(*pi, *pe, this->iota_value());
+    }
+  if (pe != expr_list->end())
+    error_at(this->location(), "too many initializers");
+
+  this->increment_iota();
+
+  return;
+}
+
+// TypeDecl = "type" Decl<TypeSpec> .
+
+void
+Parse::type_decl()
+{
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_TYPE));
+  this->advance_token();
+  this->decl(&Parse::type_spec, NULL);
+}
+
+// TypeSpec = identifier Type .
+
+void
+Parse::type_spec(void*)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected identifier");
+      return;
+    }
+  std::string name = token->identifier();
+  bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+  source_location location = token->location();
+  token = this->advance_token();
+
+  // The scope of the type name starts at the point where the
+  // identifier appears in the source code.  We implement this by
+  // declaring the type before we read the type definition.
+  Named_object* named_type = NULL;
+  if (name != "_")
+    {
+      name = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(name, is_exported);
+      named_type = this->gogo_->declare_type(name, location);
+    }
+
+  Type* type;
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+    type = this->type();
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(),
+              "unexpected semicolon or newline in type declaration");
+      type = Type::make_error_type();
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  if (type->is_error_type())
+    {
+      while (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+            && !this->peek_token()->is_eof())
+       this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  if (name != "_")
+    {
+      if (named_type->is_type_declaration())
+       {
+         Type* ftype = type->forwarded();
+         if (ftype->forward_declaration_type() != NULL
+             && (ftype->forward_declaration_type()->named_object()
+                 == named_type))
+           {
+             error_at(location, "invalid recursive type");
+             type = Type::make_error_type();
+           }
+
+         this->gogo_->define_type(named_type,
+                                  Type::make_named_type(named_type, type,
+                                                        location));
+         go_assert(named_type->package() == NULL);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // This will probably give a redefinition error.
+         this->gogo_->add_type(name, type, location);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// VarDecl = "var" Decl<VarSpec> .
+
+void
+Parse::var_decl()
+{
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_VAR));
+  this->advance_token();
+  this->decl(&Parse::var_spec, NULL);
+}
+
+// VarSpec = IdentifierList
+//             ( CompleteType [ "=" ExpressionList ] | "=" ExpressionList ) .
+
+void
+Parse::var_spec(void*)
+{
+  // Get the variable names.
+  Typed_identifier_list til;
+  this->identifier_list(&til);
+
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  Type* type = NULL;
+  Expression_list* init = NULL;
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_EQ))
+    {
+      type = this->type();
+      if (type->is_error_type())
+       {
+         while (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_EQ)
+                && !this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+                && !this->peek_token()->is_eof())
+           this->advance_token();
+       }
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_EQ))
+       {
+         this->advance_token();
+         init = this->expression_list(NULL, false);
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      init = this->expression_list(NULL, false);
+    }
+
+  this->init_vars(&til, type, init, false, location);
+
+  if (init != NULL)
+    delete init;
+}
+
+// Create variables.  TIL is a list of variable names.  If TYPE is not
+// NULL, it is the type of all the variables.  If INIT is not NULL, it
+// is an initializer list for the variables.
+
+void
+Parse::init_vars(const Typed_identifier_list* til, Type* type,
+                Expression_list* init, bool is_coloneq,
+                source_location location)
+{
+  // Check for an initialization which can yield multiple values.
+  if (init != NULL && init->size() == 1 && til->size() > 1)
+    {
+      if (this->init_vars_from_call(til, type, *init->begin(), is_coloneq,
+                                   location))
+       return;
+      if (this->init_vars_from_map(til, type, *init->begin(), is_coloneq,
+                                  location))
+       return;
+      if (this->init_vars_from_receive(til, type, *init->begin(), is_coloneq,
+                                      location))
+       return;
+      if (this->init_vars_from_type_guard(til, type, *init->begin(),
+                                         is_coloneq, location))
+       return;
+    }
+
+  if (init != NULL && init->size() != til->size())
+    {
+      if (init->empty() || !init->front()->is_error_expression())
+       error_at(location, "wrong number of initializations");
+      init = NULL;
+      if (type == NULL)
+       type = Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+
+  // Note that INIT was already parsed with the old name bindings, so
+  // we don't have to worry that it will accidentally refer to the
+  // newly declared variables.
+
+  Expression_list::const_iterator pexpr;
+  if (init != NULL)
+    pexpr = init->begin();
+  bool any_new = false;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = til->begin();
+       p != til->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (init != NULL)
+       go_assert(pexpr != init->end());
+      this->init_var(*p, type, init == NULL ? NULL : *pexpr, is_coloneq,
+                    false, &any_new);
+      if (init != NULL)
+       ++pexpr;
+    }
+  if (init != NULL)
+    go_assert(pexpr == init->end());
+  if (is_coloneq && !any_new)
+    error_at(location, "variables redeclared but no variable is new");
+}
+
+// See if we need to initialize a list of variables from a function
+// call.  This returns true if we have set up the variables and the
+// initialization.
+
+bool
+Parse::init_vars_from_call(const Typed_identifier_list* vars, Type* type,
+                          Expression* expr, bool is_coloneq,
+                          source_location location)
+{
+  Call_expression* call = expr->call_expression();
+  if (call == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  // This is a function call.  We can't check here whether it returns
+  // the right number of values, but it might.  Declare the variables,
+  // and then assign the results of the call to them.
+
+  unsigned int index = 0;
+  bool any_new = false;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pv = vars->begin();
+       pv != vars->end();
+       ++pv, ++index)
+    {
+      Expression* init = Expression::make_call_result(call, index);
+      this->init_var(*pv, type, init, is_coloneq, false, &any_new);
+    }
+
+  if (is_coloneq && !any_new)
+    error_at(location, "variables redeclared but no variable is new");
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// See if we need to initialize a pair of values from a map index
+// expression.  This returns true if we have set up the variables and
+// the initialization.
+
+bool
+Parse::init_vars_from_map(const Typed_identifier_list* vars, Type* type,
+                         Expression* expr, bool is_coloneq,
+                         source_location location)
+{
+  Index_expression* index = expr->index_expression();
+  if (index == NULL)
+    return false;
+  if (vars->size() != 2)
+    return false;
+
+  // This is an index which is being assigned to two variables.  It
+  // must be a map index.  Declare the variables, and then assign the
+  // results of the map index.
+  bool any_new = false;
+  Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = vars->begin();
+  Expression* init = type == NULL ? index : NULL;
+  Named_object* val_no = this->init_var(*p, type, init, is_coloneq,
+                                       type == NULL, &any_new);
+  if (type == NULL && any_new && val_no->is_variable())
+    val_no->var_value()->set_type_from_init_tuple();
+  Expression* val_var = Expression::make_var_reference(val_no, location);
+
+  ++p;
+  Type* var_type = type;
+  if (var_type == NULL)
+    var_type = Type::lookup_bool_type();
+  Named_object* no = this->init_var(*p, var_type, NULL, is_coloneq, false,
+                                   &any_new);
+  Expression* present_var = Expression::make_var_reference(no, location);
+
+  if (is_coloneq && !any_new)
+    error_at(location, "variables redeclared but no variable is new");
+
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_map_assignment(val_var, present_var,
+                                                     index, location);
+
+  if (!this->gogo_->in_global_scope())
+    this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+  else if (!val_no->is_sink())
+    {
+      if (val_no->is_variable())
+       val_no->var_value()->add_preinit_statement(this->gogo_, s);
+    }
+  else if (!no->is_sink())
+    {
+      if (no->is_variable())
+       no->var_value()->add_preinit_statement(this->gogo_, s);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // Execute the map index expression just so that we can fail if
+      // the map is nil.
+      Named_object* dummy = this->create_dummy_global(Type::lookup_bool_type(),
+                                                     NULL, location);
+      dummy->var_value()->add_preinit_statement(this->gogo_, s);
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// See if we need to initialize a pair of values from a receive
+// expression.  This returns true if we have set up the variables and
+// the initialization.
+
+bool
+Parse::init_vars_from_receive(const Typed_identifier_list* vars, Type* type,
+                             Expression* expr, bool is_coloneq,
+                             source_location location)
+{
+  Receive_expression* receive = expr->receive_expression();
+  if (receive == NULL)
+    return false;
+  if (vars->size() != 2)
+    return false;
+
+  // This is a receive expression which is being assigned to two
+  // variables.  Declare the variables, and then assign the results of
+  // the receive.
+  bool any_new = false;
+  Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = vars->begin();
+  Expression* init = type == NULL ? receive : NULL;
+  Named_object* val_no = this->init_var(*p, type, init, is_coloneq,
+                                       type == NULL, &any_new);
+  if (type == NULL && any_new && val_no->is_variable())
+    val_no->var_value()->set_type_from_init_tuple();
+  Expression* val_var = Expression::make_var_reference(val_no, location);
+
+  ++p;
+  Type* var_type = type;
+  if (var_type == NULL)
+    var_type = Type::lookup_bool_type();
+  Named_object* no = this->init_var(*p, var_type, NULL, is_coloneq, false,
+                                   &any_new);
+  Expression* received_var = Expression::make_var_reference(no, location);
+
+  if (is_coloneq && !any_new)
+    error_at(location, "variables redeclared but no variable is new");
+
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_receive_assignment(val_var,
+                                                         received_var,
+                                                         receive->channel(),
+                                                         false,
+                                                         location);
+
+  if (!this->gogo_->in_global_scope())
+    this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+  else if (!val_no->is_sink())
+    {
+      if (val_no->is_variable())
+       val_no->var_value()->add_preinit_statement(this->gogo_, s);
+    }
+  else if (!no->is_sink())
+    {
+      if (no->is_variable())
+       no->var_value()->add_preinit_statement(this->gogo_, s);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Named_object* dummy = this->create_dummy_global(Type::lookup_bool_type(),
+                                                     NULL, location);
+      dummy->var_value()->add_preinit_statement(this->gogo_, s);
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// See if we need to initialize a pair of values from a type guard
+// expression.  This returns true if we have set up the variables and
+// the initialization.
+
+bool
+Parse::init_vars_from_type_guard(const Typed_identifier_list* vars,
+                                Type* type, Expression* expr,
+                                bool is_coloneq, source_location location)
+{
+  Type_guard_expression* type_guard = expr->type_guard_expression();
+  if (type_guard == NULL)
+    return false;
+  if (vars->size() != 2)
+    return false;
+
+  // This is a type guard expression which is being assigned to two
+  // variables.  Declare the variables, and then assign the results of
+  // the type guard.
+  bool any_new = false;
+  Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = vars->begin();
+  Type* var_type = type;
+  if (var_type == NULL)
+    var_type = type_guard->type();
+  Named_object* val_no = this->init_var(*p, var_type, NULL, is_coloneq, false,
+                                       &any_new);
+  Expression* val_var = Expression::make_var_reference(val_no, location);
+
+  ++p;
+  var_type = type;
+  if (var_type == NULL)
+    var_type = Type::lookup_bool_type();
+  Named_object* no = this->init_var(*p, var_type, NULL, is_coloneq, false,
+                                   &any_new);
+  Expression* ok_var = Expression::make_var_reference(no, location);
+
+  Expression* texpr = type_guard->expr();
+  Type* t = type_guard->type();
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_type_guard_assignment(val_var, ok_var,
+                                                            texpr, t,
+                                                            location);
+
+  if (is_coloneq && !any_new)
+    error_at(location, "variables redeclared but no variable is new");
+
+  if (!this->gogo_->in_global_scope())
+    this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+  else if (!val_no->is_sink())
+    {
+      if (val_no->is_variable())
+       val_no->var_value()->add_preinit_statement(this->gogo_, s);
+    }
+  else if (!no->is_sink())
+    {
+      if (no->is_variable())
+       no->var_value()->add_preinit_statement(this->gogo_, s);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Named_object* dummy = this->create_dummy_global(type, NULL, location);
+      dummy->var_value()->add_preinit_statement(this->gogo_, s);
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Create a single variable.  If IS_COLONEQ is true, we permit
+// redeclarations in the same block, and we set *IS_NEW when we find a
+// new variable which is not a redeclaration.
+
+Named_object*
+Parse::init_var(const Typed_identifier& tid, Type* type, Expression* init,
+               bool is_coloneq, bool type_from_init, bool* is_new)
+{
+  source_location location = tid.location();
+
+  if (Gogo::is_sink_name(tid.name()))
+    {
+      if (!type_from_init && init != NULL)
+       {
+         if (!this->gogo_->in_global_scope())
+           this->gogo_->add_statement(Statement::make_statement(init));
+         else
+           return this->create_dummy_global(type, init, location);
+       }
+      return this->gogo_->add_sink();
+    }
+
+  if (is_coloneq)
+    {
+      Named_object* no = this->gogo_->lookup_in_block(tid.name());
+      if (no != NULL
+         && (no->is_variable() || no->is_result_variable()))
+       {
+         // INIT may be NULL even when IS_COLONEQ is true for cases
+         // like v, ok := x.(int).
+         if (!type_from_init && init != NULL)
+           {
+             Expression *v = Expression::make_var_reference(no, location);
+             Statement *s = Statement::make_assignment(v, init, location);
+             this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+           }
+         return no;
+       }
+    }
+  *is_new = true;
+  Variable* var = new Variable(type, init, this->gogo_->in_global_scope(),
+                              false, false, location);
+  Named_object* no = this->gogo_->add_variable(tid.name(), var);
+  if (!no->is_variable())
+    {
+      // The name is already defined, so we just gave an error.
+      return this->gogo_->add_sink();
+    }
+  return no;
+}
+
+// Create a dummy global variable to force an initializer to be run in
+// the right place.  This is used when a sink variable is initialized
+// at global scope.
+
+Named_object*
+Parse::create_dummy_global(Type* type, Expression* init,
+                          source_location location)
+{
+  if (type == NULL && init == NULL)
+    type = Type::lookup_bool_type();
+  Variable* var = new Variable(type, init, true, false, false, location);
+  static int count;
+  char buf[30];
+  snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "_.%d", count);
+  ++count;
+  return this->gogo_->add_variable(buf, var);
+}
+
+// SimpleVarDecl = identifier ":=" Expression .
+
+// We've already seen the identifier.
+
+// FIXME: We also have to implement
+//  IdentifierList ":=" ExpressionList
+// In order to support both "a, b := 1, 0" and "a, b = 1, 0" we accept
+// tuple assignments here as well.
+
+// If P_RANGE_CLAUSE is not NULL, then this will recognize a
+// RangeClause.
+
+// If P_TYPE_SWITCH is not NULL, this will recognize a type switch
+// guard (var := expr.("type") using the literal keyword "type").
+
+void
+Parse::simple_var_decl_or_assignment(const std::string& name,
+                                    source_location location,
+                                    Range_clause* p_range_clause,
+                                    Type_switch* p_type_switch)
+{
+  Typed_identifier_list til;
+  til.push_back(Typed_identifier(name, NULL, location));
+
+  // We've seen one identifier.  If we see a comma now, this could be
+  // "a, *p = 1, 2".
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+    {
+      go_assert(p_type_switch == NULL);
+      while (true)
+       {
+         const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+         if (!token->is_identifier())
+           break;
+
+         std::string id = token->identifier();
+         bool is_id_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+         source_location id_location = token->location();
+
+         token = this->advance_token();
+         if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+           {
+             if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_COLONEQ))
+               {
+                 id = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(id, is_id_exported);
+                 til.push_back(Typed_identifier(id, NULL, location));
+               }
+             else
+               this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(id,
+                                                              is_id_exported,
+                                                              id_location));
+             break;
+           }
+
+         id = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(id, is_id_exported);
+         til.push_back(Typed_identifier(id, NULL, location));
+       }
+
+      // We have a comma separated list of identifiers in TIL.  If the
+      // next token is COLONEQ, then this is a simple var decl, and we
+      // have the complete list of identifiers.  If the next token is
+      // not COLONEQ, then the only valid parse is a tuple assignment.
+      // The list of identifiers we have so far is really a list of
+      // expressions.  There are more expressions following.
+
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COLONEQ))
+       {
+         Expression_list* exprs = new Expression_list;
+         for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = til.begin();
+              p != til.end();
+              ++p)
+           exprs->push_back(this->id_to_expression(p->name(),
+                                                   p->location()));
+
+         Expression_list* more_exprs = this->expression_list(NULL, true);
+         for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = more_exprs->begin();
+              p != more_exprs->end();
+              ++p)
+           exprs->push_back(*p);
+         delete more_exprs;
+
+         this->tuple_assignment(exprs, p_range_clause);
+         return;
+       }
+    }
+
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COLONEQ));
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+
+  if (p_range_clause != NULL && token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_RANGE))
+    {
+      this->range_clause_decl(&til, p_range_clause);
+      return;
+    }
+
+  Expression_list* init;
+  if (p_type_switch == NULL)
+    init = this->expression_list(NULL, false);
+  else
+    {
+      bool is_type_switch = false;
+      Expression* expr = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true,
+                                         &is_type_switch);
+      if (is_type_switch)
+       {
+         p_type_switch->found = true;
+         p_type_switch->name = name;
+         p_type_switch->location = location;
+         p_type_switch->expr = expr;
+         return;
+       }
+
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       {
+         init = new Expression_list();
+         init->push_back(expr);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         this->advance_token();
+         init = this->expression_list(expr, false);
+       }
+    }
+
+  this->init_vars(&til, NULL, init, true, location);
+}
+
+// FunctionDecl = "func" identifier Signature [ Block ] .
+// MethodDecl = "func" Receiver identifier Signature [ Block ] .
+
+// gcc extension:
+//   FunctionDecl = "func" identifier Signature
+//                    __asm__ "(" string_lit ")" .
+// This extension means a function whose real name is the identifier
+// inside the asm.
+
+void
+Parse::function_decl()
+{
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FUNC));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+
+  Typed_identifier* rec = NULL;
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+    {
+      rec = this->receiver();
+      token = this->peek_token();
+    }
+
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected function name");
+      return;
+    }
+
+  std::string name =
+    this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(token->identifier(),
+                                 token->is_identifier_exported());
+
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Function_type* fntype = this->signature(rec, this->location());
+  if (fntype == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  Named_object* named_object = NULL;
+
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_ASM))
+    {
+      if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<(%>");
+         return;
+       }
+      token = this->advance_token();
+      if (!token->is_string())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected string");
+         return;
+       }
+      std::string asm_name = token->string_value();
+      if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<)%>");
+         return;
+       }
+      this->advance_token();
+      if (!Gogo::is_sink_name(name))
+       {
+         named_object = this->gogo_->declare_function(name, fntype, location);
+         if (named_object->is_function_declaration())
+           named_object->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(asm_name);
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Check for the easy error of a newline before the opening brace.
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+    {
+      source_location semi_loc = this->location();
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       error_at(this->location(),
+                "unexpected semicolon or newline before %<{%>");
+      else
+       this->unget_token(Token::make_operator_token(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON,
+                                                    semi_loc));
+    }
+
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      if (named_object == NULL && !Gogo::is_sink_name(name))
+       this->gogo_->declare_function(name, fntype, location);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      this->gogo_->start_function(name, fntype, true, location);
+      source_location end_loc = this->block();
+      this->gogo_->finish_function(end_loc);
+    }
+}
+
+// Receiver     = "(" [ identifier ] [ "*" ] BaseTypeName ")" .
+// BaseTypeName = identifier .
+
+Typed_identifier*
+Parse::receiver()
+{
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN));
+
+  std::string name;
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+  source_location location = token->location();
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_MULT))
+    {
+      if (!token->is_identifier())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "method has no receiver");
+         while (!token->is_eof() && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+           token = this->advance_token();
+         if (!token->is_eof())
+           this->advance_token();
+         return NULL;
+       }
+      name = token->identifier();
+      bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+      token = this->advance_token();
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT) && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+       {
+         // An identifier followed by something other than a dot or a
+         // right parenthesis must be a receiver name followed by a
+         // type.
+         name = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(name, is_exported);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // This must be a type name.
+         this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(name, is_exported,
+                                                        location));
+         token = this->peek_token();
+         name.clear();
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Here the receiver name is in NAME (it is empty if the receiver is
+  // unnamed) and TOKEN is the first token in the type.
+
+  bool is_pointer = false;
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_MULT))
+    {
+      is_pointer = true;
+      token = this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected receiver name or type");
+      int c = token->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN) ? 1 : 0;
+      while (!token->is_eof())
+       {
+         token = this->advance_token();
+         if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+           ++c;
+         else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+           {
+             if (c == 0)
+               break;
+             --c;
+           }
+       }
+      if (!token->is_eof())
+       this->advance_token();
+      return NULL;
+    }
+
+  Type* type = this->type_name(true);
+
+  if (is_pointer && !type->is_error_type())
+    type = Type::make_pointer_type(type);
+
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+    this->advance_token();
+  else
+    {
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       error_at(this->location(), "method has multiple receivers");
+      else
+       error_at(this->location(), "expected %<)%>");
+      while (!token->is_eof() && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+       token = this->advance_token();
+      if (!token->is_eof())
+       this->advance_token();
+      return NULL;
+    }
+
+  return new Typed_identifier(name, type, location);
+}
+
+// Operand    = Literal | QualifiedIdent | MethodExpr | "(" Expression ")" .
+// Literal    = BasicLit | CompositeLit | FunctionLit .
+// BasicLit   = int_lit | float_lit | imaginary_lit | char_lit | string_lit .
+
+// If MAY_BE_SINK is true, this operand may be "_".
+
+Expression*
+Parse::operand(bool may_be_sink)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  Expression* ret;
+  switch (token->classification())
+    {
+    case Token::TOKEN_IDENTIFIER:
+      {
+       source_location location = token->location();
+       std::string id = token->identifier();
+       bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+       std::string packed = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(id, is_exported);
+
+       Named_object* in_function;
+       Named_object* named_object = this->gogo_->lookup(packed, &in_function);
+
+       Package* package = NULL;
+       if (named_object != NULL && named_object->is_package())
+         {
+           if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT)
+               || !this->advance_token()->is_identifier())
+             {
+               error_at(location, "unexpected reference to package");
+               return Expression::make_error(location);
+             }
+           package = named_object->package_value();
+           package->set_used();
+           id = this->peek_token()->identifier();
+           is_exported = this->peek_token()->is_identifier_exported();
+           packed = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(id, is_exported);
+           named_object = package->lookup(packed);
+           location = this->location();
+           go_assert(in_function == NULL);
+         }
+
+       this->advance_token();
+
+       if (named_object != NULL
+           && named_object->is_type()
+           && !named_object->type_value()->is_visible())
+         {
+           go_assert(package != NULL);
+           error_at(location, "invalid reference to hidden type %<%s.%s%>",
+                    Gogo::message_name(package->name()).c_str(),
+                    Gogo::message_name(id).c_str());
+           return Expression::make_error(location);
+         }
+
+
+       if (named_object == NULL)
+         {
+           if (package != NULL)
+             {
+               std::string n1 = Gogo::message_name(package->name());
+               std::string n2 = Gogo::message_name(id);
+               if (!is_exported)
+                 error_at(location,
+                          ("invalid reference to unexported identifier "
+                           "%<%s.%s%>"),
+                          n1.c_str(), n2.c_str());
+               else
+                 error_at(location,
+                          "reference to undefined identifier %<%s.%s%>",
+                          n1.c_str(), n2.c_str());
+               return Expression::make_error(location);
+             }
+
+           named_object = this->gogo_->add_unknown_name(packed, location);
+         }
+
+       if (in_function != NULL
+           && in_function != this->gogo_->current_function()
+           && (named_object->is_variable()
+               || named_object->is_result_variable()))
+         return this->enclosing_var_reference(in_function, named_object,
+                                              location);
+
+       switch (named_object->classification())
+         {
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+           return Expression::make_const_reference(named_object, location);
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE:
+           return Expression::make_type(named_object->type_value(), location);
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION:
+           {
+             Type* t = Type::make_forward_declaration(named_object);
+             return Expression::make_type(t, location);
+           }
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR:
+           return Expression::make_var_reference(named_object, location);
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_SINK:
+           if (may_be_sink)
+             return Expression::make_sink(location);
+           else
+             {
+               error_at(location, "cannot use _ as value");
+               return Expression::make_error(location);
+             }
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION:
+           return Expression::make_func_reference(named_object, NULL,
+                                                  location);
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN:
+           return Expression::make_unknown_reference(named_object, location);
+         default:
+           go_unreachable();
+         }
+      }
+      go_unreachable();
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_STRING:
+      ret = Expression::make_string(token->string_value(), token->location());
+      this->advance_token();
+      return ret;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_INTEGER:
+      ret = Expression::make_integer(token->integer_value(), NULL,
+                                    token->location());
+      this->advance_token();
+      return ret;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_FLOAT:
+      ret = Expression::make_float(token->float_value(), NULL,
+                                  token->location());
+      this->advance_token();
+      return ret;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_IMAGINARY:
+      {
+       mpfr_t zero;
+       mpfr_init_set_ui(zero, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+       ret = Expression::make_complex(&zero, token->imaginary_value(),
+                                      NULL, token->location());
+       mpfr_clear(zero);
+       this->advance_token();
+       return ret;
+      }
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_KEYWORD:
+      switch (token->keyword())
+       {
+       case KEYWORD_FUNC:
+         return this->function_lit();
+       case KEYWORD_CHAN:
+       case KEYWORD_INTERFACE:
+       case KEYWORD_MAP:
+       case KEYWORD_STRUCT:
+         {
+           source_location location = token->location();
+           return Expression::make_type(this->type(), location);
+         }
+       default:
+         break;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_OPERATOR:
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+       {
+         this->advance_token();
+         ret = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+           error_at(this->location(), "missing %<)%>");
+         else
+           this->advance_token();
+         return ret;
+       }
+      else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LSQUARE))
+       {
+         // Here we call array_type directly, as this is the only
+         // case where an ellipsis is permitted for an array type.
+         source_location location = token->location();
+         return Expression::make_type(this->array_type(true), location);
+       }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+
+  error_at(this->location(), "expected operand");
+  return Expression::make_error(this->location());
+}
+
+// Handle a reference to a variable in an enclosing function.  We add
+// it to a list of such variables.  We return a reference to a field
+// in a struct which will be passed on the static chain when calling
+// the current function.
+
+Expression*
+Parse::enclosing_var_reference(Named_object* in_function, Named_object* var,
+                              source_location location)
+{
+  go_assert(var->is_variable() || var->is_result_variable());
+
+  Named_object* this_function = this->gogo_->current_function();
+  Named_object* closure = this_function->func_value()->closure_var();
+
+  Enclosing_var ev(var, in_function, this->enclosing_vars_.size());
+  std::pair<Enclosing_vars::iterator, bool> ins =
+    this->enclosing_vars_.insert(ev);
+  if (ins.second)
+    {
+      // This is a variable we have not seen before.  Add a new field
+      // to the closure type.
+      this_function->func_value()->add_closure_field(var, location);
+    }
+
+  Expression* closure_ref = Expression::make_var_reference(closure,
+                                                          location);
+  closure_ref = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, closure_ref, location);
+
+  // The closure structure holds pointers to the variables, so we need
+  // to introduce an indirection.
+  Expression* e = Expression::make_field_reference(closure_ref,
+                                                  ins.first->index(),
+                                                  location);
+  e = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, e, location);
+  return e;
+}
+
+// CompositeLit  = LiteralType LiteralValue .
+// LiteralType   = StructType | ArrayType | "[" "..." "]" ElementType |
+//                 SliceType | MapType | TypeName .
+// LiteralValue  = "{" [ ElementList [ "," ] ] "}" .
+// ElementList   = Element { "," Element } .
+// Element       = [ Key ":" ] Value .
+// Key           = Expression .
+// Value         = Expression | LiteralValue .
+
+// We have already seen the type if there is one, and we are now
+// looking at the LiteralValue.  The case "[" "..."  "]" ElementType
+// will be seen here as an array type whose length is "nil".  The
+// DEPTH parameter is non-zero if this is an embedded composite
+// literal and the type was omitted.  It gives the number of steps up
+// to the type which was provided.  E.g., in [][]int{{1}} it will be
+// 1.  In [][][]int{{{1}}} it will be 2.
+
+Expression*
+Parse::composite_lit(Type* type, int depth, source_location location)
+{
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY));
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      return Expression::make_composite_literal(type, depth, false, NULL,
+                                               location);
+    }
+
+  bool has_keys = false;
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list;
+  while (true)
+    {
+      Expression* val;
+      bool is_type_omitted = false;
+
+      const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       val = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+      else
+       {
+         // This must be a composite literal inside another composite
+         // literal, with the type omitted for the inner one.
+         val = this->composite_lit(type, depth + 1, token->location());
+         is_type_omitted = true;
+       }
+
+      token = this->peek_token();
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_COLON))
+       {
+         if (has_keys)
+           vals->push_back(NULL);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         if (is_type_omitted && !val->is_error_expression())
+           {
+             error_at(this->location(), "unexpected %<:%>");
+             val = Expression::make_error(this->location());
+           }
+
+         this->advance_token();
+
+         if (!has_keys && !vals->empty())
+           {
+             Expression_list* newvals = new Expression_list;
+             for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = vals->begin();
+                  p != vals->end();
+                  ++p)
+               {
+                 newvals->push_back(NULL);
+                 newvals->push_back(*p);
+               }
+             delete vals;
+             vals = newvals;
+           }
+         has_keys = true;
+
+         if (val->unknown_expression() != NULL)
+           val->unknown_expression()->set_is_composite_literal_key();
+
+         vals->push_back(val);
+
+         if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+           val = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+         else
+           {
+             // This must be a composite literal inside another
+             // composite literal, with the type omitted for the
+             // inner one.
+             val = this->composite_lit(type, depth + 1, token->location());
+           }
+
+         token = this->peek_token();
+       }
+
+      vals->push_back(val);
+
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       {
+         if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+           {
+             this->advance_token();
+             break;
+           }
+       }
+      else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+       {
+         this->advance_token();
+         break;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<,%> or %<}%>");
+
+         int depth = 0;
+         while (!token->is_eof()
+                && (depth > 0 || !token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY)))
+           {
+             if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+               ++depth;
+             else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+               --depth;
+             token = this->advance_token();
+           }
+         if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+           this->advance_token();
+
+         return Expression::make_error(location);
+       }
+    }
+
+  return Expression::make_composite_literal(type, depth, has_keys, vals,
+                                           location);
+}
+
+// FunctionLit = "func" Signature Block .
+
+Expression*
+Parse::function_lit()
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FUNC));
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Enclosing_vars hold_enclosing_vars;
+  hold_enclosing_vars.swap(this->enclosing_vars_);
+
+  Function_type* type = this->signature(NULL, location);
+  if (type == NULL)
+    type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, location);
+
+  // For a function literal, the next token must be a '{'.  If we
+  // don't see that, then we may have a type expression.
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    return Expression::make_type(type, location);
+
+  Bc_stack* hold_break_stack = this->break_stack_;
+  Bc_stack* hold_continue_stack = this->continue_stack_;
+  this->break_stack_ = NULL;
+  this->continue_stack_ = NULL;
+
+  Named_object* no = this->gogo_->start_function("", type, true, location);
+
+  source_location end_loc = this->block();
+
+  this->gogo_->finish_function(end_loc);
+
+  if (this->break_stack_ != NULL)
+    delete this->break_stack_;
+  if (this->continue_stack_ != NULL)
+    delete this->continue_stack_;
+  this->break_stack_ = hold_break_stack;
+  this->continue_stack_ = hold_continue_stack;
+
+  hold_enclosing_vars.swap(this->enclosing_vars_);
+
+  Expression* closure = this->create_closure(no, &hold_enclosing_vars,
+                                            location);
+
+  return Expression::make_func_reference(no, closure, location);
+}
+
+// Create a closure for the nested function FUNCTION.  This is based
+// on ENCLOSING_VARS, which is a list of all variables defined in
+// enclosing functions and referenced from FUNCTION.  A closure is the
+// address of a struct which contains the addresses of all the
+// referenced variables.  This returns NULL if no closure is required.
+
+Expression*
+Parse::create_closure(Named_object* function, Enclosing_vars* enclosing_vars,
+                     source_location location)
+{
+  if (enclosing_vars->empty())
+    return NULL;
+
+  // Get the variables in order by their field index.
+
+  size_t enclosing_var_count = enclosing_vars->size();
+  std::vector<Enclosing_var> ev(enclosing_var_count);
+  for (Enclosing_vars::const_iterator p = enclosing_vars->begin();
+       p != enclosing_vars->end();
+       ++p)
+    ev[p->index()] = *p;
+
+  // Build an initializer for a composite literal of the closure's
+  // type.
+
+  Named_object* enclosing_function = this->gogo_->current_function();
+  Expression_list* initializer = new Expression_list;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < enclosing_var_count; ++i)
+    {
+      go_assert(ev[i].index() == i);
+      Named_object* var = ev[i].var();
+      Expression* ref;
+      if (ev[i].in_function() == enclosing_function)
+       ref = Expression::make_var_reference(var, location);
+      else
+       ref = this->enclosing_var_reference(ev[i].in_function(), var,
+                                           location);
+      Expression* refaddr = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref,
+                                                  location);
+      initializer->push_back(refaddr);
+    }
+
+  Named_object* closure_var = function->func_value()->closure_var();
+  Struct_type* st = closure_var->var_value()->type()->deref()->struct_type();
+  Expression* cv = Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(st, initializer,
+                                                            location);
+  return Expression::make_heap_composite(cv, location);
+}
+
+// PrimaryExpr = Operand { Selector | Index | Slice | TypeGuard | Call } .
+
+// If MAY_BE_SINK is true, this expression may be "_".
+
+// If MAY_BE_COMPOSITE_LIT is true, this expression may be a composite
+// literal.
+
+// If IS_TYPE_SWITCH is not NULL, this will recognize a type switch
+// guard (var := expr.("type") using the literal keyword "type").
+
+Expression*
+Parse::primary_expr(bool may_be_sink, bool may_be_composite_lit,
+                   bool* is_type_switch)
+{
+  source_location start_loc = this->location();
+  bool is_parenthesized = this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN);
+
+  Expression* ret = this->operand(may_be_sink);
+
+  // An unknown name followed by a curly brace must be a composite
+  // literal, and the unknown name must be a type.
+  if (may_be_composite_lit
+      && !is_parenthesized
+      && ret->unknown_expression() != NULL
+      && this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      Named_object* no = ret->unknown_expression()->named_object();
+      Type* type = Type::make_forward_declaration(no);
+      ret = Expression::make_type(type, ret->location());
+    }
+
+  // We handle composite literals and type casts here, as it is the
+  // easiest way to handle types which are in parentheses, as in
+  // "((uint))(1)".
+  if (ret->is_type_expression())
+    {
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       {
+         if (is_parenthesized)
+           error_at(start_loc,
+                    "cannot parenthesize type in composite literal");
+         ret = this->composite_lit(ret->type(), 0, ret->location());
+       }
+      else if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+       {
+         source_location loc = this->location();
+         this->advance_token();
+         Expression* expr = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true,
+                                             NULL);
+         if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_ELLIPSIS))
+           {
+             error_at(this->location(),
+                      "invalid use of %<...%> in type conversion");
+             this->advance_token();
+           }
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+           error_at(this->location(), "expected %<)%>");
+         else
+           this->advance_token();
+         if (expr->is_error_expression())
+           return expr;
+         ret = Expression::make_cast(ret->type(), expr, loc);
+       }
+    }
+
+  while (true)
+    {
+      const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+       ret = this->call(this->verify_not_sink(ret));
+      else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT))
+       {
+         ret = this->selector(this->verify_not_sink(ret), is_type_switch);
+         if (is_type_switch != NULL && *is_type_switch)
+           break;
+       }
+      else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LSQUARE))
+       ret = this->index(this->verify_not_sink(ret));
+      else
+       break;
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Selector = "." identifier .
+// TypeGuard = "." "(" QualifiedIdent ")" .
+
+// Note that Operand can expand to QualifiedIdent, which contains a
+// ".".  That is handled directly in operand when it sees a package
+// name.
+
+// If IS_TYPE_SWITCH is not NULL, this will recognize a type switch
+// guard (var := expr.("type") using the literal keyword "type").
+
+Expression*
+Parse::selector(Expression* left, bool* is_type_switch)
+{
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+  if (token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      // This could be a field in a struct, or a method in an
+      // interface, or a method associated with a type.  We can't know
+      // which until we have seen all the types.
+      std::string name =
+       this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(token->identifier(),
+                                     token->is_identifier_exported());
+      if (token->identifier() == "_")
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "invalid use of %<_%>");
+         name = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name("blank", false);
+       }
+      this->advance_token();
+      return Expression::make_selector(left, name, location);
+    }
+  else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      Type* type = NULL;
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_TYPE))
+       type = this->type();
+      else
+       {
+         if (is_type_switch != NULL)
+           *is_type_switch = true;
+         else
+           {
+             error_at(this->location(),
+                      "use of %<.(type)%> outside type switch");
+             type = Type::make_error_type();
+           }
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+       error_at(this->location(), "missing %<)%>");
+      else
+       this->advance_token();
+      if (is_type_switch != NULL && *is_type_switch)
+       return left;
+      return Expression::make_type_guard(left, type, location);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected identifier or %<(%>");
+      return left;
+    }
+}
+
+// Index          = "[" Expression "]" .
+// Slice          = "[" Expression ":" [ Expression ] "]" .
+
+Expression*
+Parse::index(Expression* expr)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LSQUARE));
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Expression* start;
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COLON))
+    start = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+  else
+    {
+      mpz_t zero;
+      mpz_init_set_ui(zero, 0);
+      start = Expression::make_integer(&zero, NULL, location);
+      mpz_clear(zero);
+    }
+
+  Expression* end = NULL;
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COLON))
+    {
+      // We use nil to indicate a missing high expression.
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RSQUARE))
+       end = Expression::make_nil(this->location());
+      else
+       end = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+    }
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RSQUARE))
+    error_at(this->location(), "missing %<]%>");
+  else
+    this->advance_token();
+  return Expression::make_index(expr, start, end, location);
+}
+
+// Call           = "(" [ ArgumentList [ "," ] ] ")" .
+// ArgumentList   = ExpressionList [ "..." ] .
+
+Expression*
+Parse::call(Expression* func)
+{
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN));
+  Expression_list* args = NULL;
+  bool is_varargs = false;
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+    {
+      args = this->expression_list(NULL, false);
+      token = this->peek_token();
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_ELLIPSIS))
+       {
+         is_varargs = true;
+         token = this->advance_token();
+       }
+    }
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+    token = this->advance_token();
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+    error_at(this->location(), "missing %<)%>");
+  else
+    this->advance_token();
+  if (func->is_error_expression())
+    return func;
+  return Expression::make_call(func, args, is_varargs, func->location());
+}
+
+// Return an expression for a single unqualified identifier.
+
+Expression*
+Parse::id_to_expression(const std::string& name, source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* in_function;
+  Named_object* named_object = this->gogo_->lookup(name, &in_function);
+  if (named_object == NULL)
+    named_object = this->gogo_->add_unknown_name(name, location);
+
+  if (in_function != NULL
+      && in_function != this->gogo_->current_function()
+      && (named_object->is_variable() || named_object->is_result_variable()))
+    return this->enclosing_var_reference(in_function, named_object,
+                                        location);
+
+  switch (named_object->classification())
+    {
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+      return Expression::make_const_reference(named_object, location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR:
+      return Expression::make_var_reference(named_object, location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_SINK:
+      return Expression::make_sink(location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION:
+      return Expression::make_func_reference(named_object, NULL, location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN:
+      return Expression::make_unknown_reference(named_object, location);
+    default:
+      error_at(this->location(), "unexpected type of identifier");
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    }
+}
+
+// Expression = UnaryExpr { binary_op Expression } .
+
+// PRECEDENCE is the precedence of the current operator.
+
+// If MAY_BE_SINK is true, this expression may be "_".
+
+// If MAY_BE_COMPOSITE_LIT is true, this expression may be a composite
+// literal.
+
+// If IS_TYPE_SWITCH is not NULL, this will recognize a type switch
+// guard (var := expr.("type") using the literal keyword "type").
+
+Expression*
+Parse::expression(Precedence precedence, bool may_be_sink,
+                 bool may_be_composite_lit, bool* is_type_switch)
+{
+  Expression* left = this->unary_expr(may_be_sink, may_be_composite_lit,
+                                     is_type_switch);
+
+  while (true)
+    {
+      if (is_type_switch != NULL && *is_type_switch)
+       return left;
+
+      const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+      if (token->classification() != Token::TOKEN_OPERATOR)
+       {
+         // Not a binary_op.
+         return left;
+       }
+
+      Precedence right_precedence;
+      switch (token->op())
+       {
+       case OPERATOR_OROR:
+         right_precedence = PRECEDENCE_OROR;
+         break;
+       case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
+         right_precedence = PRECEDENCE_ANDAND;
+         break;
+       case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+       case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+       case OPERATOR_LT:
+       case OPERATOR_LE:
+       case OPERATOR_GT:
+       case OPERATOR_GE:
+         right_precedence = PRECEDENCE_RELOP;
+         break;
+       case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+       case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+       case OPERATOR_OR:
+       case OPERATOR_XOR:
+         right_precedence = PRECEDENCE_ADDOP;
+         break;
+       case OPERATOR_MULT:
+       case OPERATOR_DIV:
+       case OPERATOR_MOD:
+       case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
+       case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
+       case OPERATOR_AND:
+       case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
+         right_precedence = PRECEDENCE_MULOP;
+         break;
+       default:
+         right_precedence = PRECEDENCE_INVALID;
+         break;
+       }
+
+      if (right_precedence == PRECEDENCE_INVALID)
+       {
+         // Not a binary_op.
+         return left;
+       }
+
+      Operator op = token->op();
+      source_location binop_location = token->location();
+
+      if (precedence >= right_precedence)
+       {
+         // We've already seen A * B, and we see + C.  We want to
+         // return so that A * B becomes a group.
+         return left;
+       }
+
+      this->advance_token();
+
+      left = this->verify_not_sink(left);
+      Expression* right = this->expression(right_precedence, false,
+                                          may_be_composite_lit,
+                                          NULL);
+      left = Expression::make_binary(op, left, right, binop_location);
+    }
+}
+
+bool
+Parse::expression_may_start_here()
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  switch (token->classification())
+    {
+    case Token::TOKEN_INVALID:
+    case Token::TOKEN_EOF:
+      return false;
+    case Token::TOKEN_KEYWORD:
+      switch (token->keyword())
+       {
+       case KEYWORD_CHAN:
+       case KEYWORD_FUNC:
+       case KEYWORD_MAP:
+       case KEYWORD_STRUCT:
+       case KEYWORD_INTERFACE:
+         return true;
+       default:
+         return false;
+       }
+    case Token::TOKEN_IDENTIFIER:
+      return true;
+    case Token::TOKEN_STRING:
+      return true;
+    case Token::TOKEN_OPERATOR:
+      switch (token->op())
+       {
+       case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+       case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+       case OPERATOR_NOT:
+       case OPERATOR_XOR:
+       case OPERATOR_MULT:
+       case OPERATOR_CHANOP:
+       case OPERATOR_AND:
+       case OPERATOR_LPAREN:
+       case OPERATOR_LSQUARE:
+         return true;
+       default:
+         return false;
+       }
+    case Token::TOKEN_INTEGER:
+    case Token::TOKEN_FLOAT:
+    case Token::TOKEN_IMAGINARY:
+      return true;
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// UnaryExpr = unary_op UnaryExpr | PrimaryExpr .
+
+// If MAY_BE_SINK is true, this expression may be "_".
+
+// If MAY_BE_COMPOSITE_LIT is true, this expression may be a composite
+// literal.
+
+// If IS_TYPE_SWITCH is not NULL, this will recognize a type switch
+// guard (var := expr.("type") using the literal keyword "type").
+
+Expression*
+Parse::unary_expr(bool may_be_sink, bool may_be_composite_lit,
+                 bool* is_type_switch)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_PLUS)
+      || token->is_op(OPERATOR_MINUS)
+      || token->is_op(OPERATOR_NOT)
+      || token->is_op(OPERATOR_XOR)
+      || token->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP)
+      || token->is_op(OPERATOR_MULT)
+      || token->is_op(OPERATOR_AND))
+    {
+      source_location location = token->location();
+      Operator op = token->op();
+      this->advance_token();
+
+      if (op == OPERATOR_CHANOP
+         && this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CHAN))
+       {
+         // This is "<- chan" which must be the start of a type.
+         this->unget_token(Token::make_operator_token(op, location));
+         return Expression::make_type(this->type(), location);
+       }
+
+      Expression* expr = this->unary_expr(false, may_be_composite_lit, NULL);
+      if (expr->is_error_expression())
+       ;
+      else if (op == OPERATOR_MULT && expr->is_type_expression())
+       expr = Expression::make_type(Type::make_pointer_type(expr->type()),
+                                    location);
+      else if (op == OPERATOR_AND && expr->is_composite_literal())
+       expr = Expression::make_heap_composite(expr, location);
+      else if (op != OPERATOR_CHANOP)
+       expr = Expression::make_unary(op, expr, location);
+      else
+       expr = Expression::make_receive(expr, location);
+      return expr;
+    }
+  else
+    return this->primary_expr(may_be_sink, may_be_composite_lit,
+                             is_type_switch);
+}
+
+// Statement =
+//     Declaration | LabeledStmt | SimpleStmt |
+//     GoStmt | ReturnStmt | BreakStmt | ContinueStmt | GotoStmt |
+//     FallthroughStmt | Block | IfStmt | SwitchStmt | SelectStmt | ForStmt |
+//     DeferStmt .
+
+// LABEL is the label of this statement if it has one.
+
+void
+Parse::statement(Label* label)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  switch (token->classification())
+    {
+    case Token::TOKEN_KEYWORD:
+      {
+       switch (token->keyword())
+         {
+         case KEYWORD_CONST:
+         case KEYWORD_TYPE:
+         case KEYWORD_VAR:
+           this->declaration();
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_FUNC:
+         case KEYWORD_MAP:
+         case KEYWORD_STRUCT:
+         case KEYWORD_INTERFACE:
+           this->simple_stat(true, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_GO:
+         case KEYWORD_DEFER:
+           this->go_or_defer_stat();
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_RETURN:
+           this->return_stat();
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_BREAK:
+           this->break_stat();
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_CONTINUE:
+           this->continue_stat();
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_GOTO:
+           this->goto_stat();
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_IF:
+           this->if_stat();
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_SWITCH:
+           this->switch_stat(label);
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_SELECT:
+           this->select_stat(label);
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_FOR:
+           this->for_stat(label);
+           break;
+         default:
+           error_at(this->location(), "expected statement");
+           this->advance_token();
+           break;
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_IDENTIFIER:
+      {
+       std::string identifier = token->identifier();
+       bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+       source_location location = token->location();
+       if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COLON))
+         {
+           this->advance_token();
+           this->labeled_stmt(identifier, location);
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(identifier,
+                                                          is_exported,
+                                                          location));
+           this->simple_stat(true, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_OPERATOR:
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       {
+         source_location location = token->location();
+         this->gogo_->start_block(location);
+         source_location end_loc = this->block();
+         this->gogo_->add_block(this->gogo_->finish_block(end_loc),
+                                location);
+       }
+      else if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       this->simple_stat(true, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+      break;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_STRING:
+    case Token::TOKEN_INTEGER:
+    case Token::TOKEN_FLOAT:
+    case Token::TOKEN_IMAGINARY:
+      this->simple_stat(true, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected statement");
+      this->advance_token();
+      break;
+    }
+}
+
+bool
+Parse::statement_may_start_here()
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  switch (token->classification())
+    {
+    case Token::TOKEN_KEYWORD:
+      {
+       switch (token->keyword())
+         {
+         case KEYWORD_CONST:
+         case KEYWORD_TYPE:
+         case KEYWORD_VAR:
+         case KEYWORD_FUNC:
+         case KEYWORD_MAP:
+         case KEYWORD_STRUCT:
+         case KEYWORD_INTERFACE:
+         case KEYWORD_GO:
+         case KEYWORD_DEFER:
+         case KEYWORD_RETURN:
+         case KEYWORD_BREAK:
+         case KEYWORD_CONTINUE:
+         case KEYWORD_GOTO:
+         case KEYWORD_IF:
+         case KEYWORD_SWITCH:
+         case KEYWORD_SELECT:
+         case KEYWORD_FOR:
+           return true;
+
+         default:
+           return false;
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_IDENTIFIER:
+      return true;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_OPERATOR:
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY)
+         || token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       return true;
+      else
+       return this->expression_may_start_here();
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_STRING:
+    case Token::TOKEN_INTEGER:
+    case Token::TOKEN_FLOAT:
+    case Token::TOKEN_IMAGINARY:
+      return true;
+
+    default:
+      return false;
+    }
+}
+
+// LabeledStmt = Label ":" Statement .
+// Label       = identifier .
+
+void
+Parse::labeled_stmt(const std::string& label_name, source_location location)
+{
+  Label* label = this->gogo_->add_label_definition(label_name, location);
+
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+    {
+      // This is a label at the end of a block.  A program is
+      // permitted to omit a semicolon here.
+      return;
+    }
+
+  if (!this->statement_may_start_here())
+    {
+      // Mark the label as used to avoid a useless error about an
+      // unused label.
+      label->set_is_used();
+
+      error_at(location, "missing statement after label");
+      this->unget_token(Token::make_operator_token(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON,
+                                                  location));
+      return;
+    }
+
+  this->statement(label);
+}
+
+// SimpleStmt = EmptyStmt | ExpressionStmt | SendStmt | IncDecStmt |
+//     Assignment | ShortVarDecl .
+
+// EmptyStmt was handled in Parse::statement.
+
+// In order to make this work for if and switch statements, if
+// RETURN_EXP is not NULL, and we see an ExpressionStat, we return the
+// expression rather than adding an expression statement to the
+// current block.  If we see something other than an ExpressionStat,
+// we add the statement, set *RETURN_EXP to true if we saw a send
+// statement, and return NULL.  The handling of send statements is for
+// better error messages.
+
+// If P_RANGE_CLAUSE is not NULL, then this will recognize a
+// RangeClause.
+
+// If P_TYPE_SWITCH is not NULL, this will recognize a type switch
+// guard (var := expr.("type") using the literal keyword "type").
+
+Expression*
+Parse::simple_stat(bool may_be_composite_lit, bool* return_exp,
+                  Range_clause* p_range_clause, Type_switch* p_type_switch)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+
+  // An identifier follow by := is a SimpleVarDecl.
+  if (token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      std::string identifier = token->identifier();
+      bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+      source_location location = token->location();
+
+      token = this->advance_token();
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_COLONEQ)
+         || token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       {
+         identifier = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(identifier, is_exported);
+         this->simple_var_decl_or_assignment(identifier, location,
+                                             p_range_clause,
+                                             (token->is_op(OPERATOR_COLONEQ)
+                                              ? p_type_switch
+                                              : NULL));
+         return NULL;
+       }
+
+      this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(identifier, is_exported,
+                                                    location));
+    }
+
+  Expression* exp = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, true,
+                                    may_be_composite_lit,
+                                    (p_type_switch == NULL
+                                     ? NULL
+                                     : &p_type_switch->found));
+  if (p_type_switch != NULL && p_type_switch->found)
+    {
+      p_type_switch->name.clear();
+      p_type_switch->location = exp->location();
+      p_type_switch->expr = this->verify_not_sink(exp);
+      return NULL;
+    }
+  token = this->peek_token();
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+    {
+      this->send_stmt(this->verify_not_sink(exp));
+      if (return_exp != NULL)
+       *return_exp = true;
+    }
+  else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_PLUSPLUS)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_MINUSMINUS))
+    this->inc_dec_stat(this->verify_not_sink(exp));
+  else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_EQ))
+    this->assignment(exp, p_range_clause);
+  else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_PLUSEQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_MINUSEQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_OREQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_XOREQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_MULTEQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_DIVEQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_MODEQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_LSHIFTEQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_RSHIFTEQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_ANDEQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_BITCLEAREQ))
+    this->assignment(this->verify_not_sink(exp), p_range_clause);
+  else if (return_exp != NULL)
+    return this->verify_not_sink(exp);
+  else
+    this->expression_stat(this->verify_not_sink(exp));
+
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+bool
+Parse::simple_stat_may_start_here()
+{
+  return this->expression_may_start_here();
+}
+
+// Parse { Statement ";" } which is used in a few places.  The list of
+// statements may end with a right curly brace, in which case the
+// semicolon may be omitted.
+
+void
+Parse::statement_list()
+{
+  while (this->statement_may_start_here())
+    {
+      this->statement(NULL);
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       this->advance_token();
+      else if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+       break;
+      else
+       {
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_eof() || !saw_errors())
+           error_at(this->location(), "expected %<;%> or %<}%> or newline");
+         if (!this->skip_past_error(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+           return;
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+bool
+Parse::statement_list_may_start_here()
+{
+  return this->statement_may_start_here();
+}
+
+// ExpressionStat = Expression .
+
+void
+Parse::expression_stat(Expression* exp)
+{
+  exp->discarding_value();
+  this->gogo_->add_statement(Statement::make_statement(exp));
+}
+
+// SendStmt = Channel "&lt;-" Expression .
+// Channel  = Expression .
+
+void
+Parse::send_stmt(Expression* channel)
+{
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP));
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+  this->advance_token();
+  Expression* val = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_send_statement(channel, val, loc);
+  this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+}
+
+// IncDecStat = Expression ( "++" | "--" ) .
+
+void
+Parse::inc_dec_stat(Expression* exp)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+
+  // Lvalue maps require special handling.
+  if (exp->index_expression() != NULL)
+    exp->index_expression()->set_is_lvalue();
+
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_PLUSPLUS))
+    this->gogo_->add_statement(Statement::make_inc_statement(exp));
+  else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_MINUSMINUS))
+    this->gogo_->add_statement(Statement::make_dec_statement(exp));
+  else
+    go_unreachable();
+  this->advance_token();
+}
+
+// Assignment = ExpressionList assign_op ExpressionList .
+
+// EXP is an expression that we have already parsed.
+
+// If RANGE_CLAUSE is not NULL, then this will recognize a
+// RangeClause.
+
+void
+Parse::assignment(Expression* expr, Range_clause* p_range_clause)
+{
+  Expression_list* vars;
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+    {
+      vars = new Expression_list();
+      vars->push_back(expr);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      vars = this->expression_list(expr, true);
+    }
+
+  this->tuple_assignment(vars, p_range_clause);
+}
+
+// An assignment statement.  LHS is the list of expressions which
+// appear on the left hand side.
+
+// If RANGE_CLAUSE is not NULL, then this will recognize a
+// RangeClause.
+
+void
+Parse::tuple_assignment(Expression_list* lhs, Range_clause* p_range_clause)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_EQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_PLUSEQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_MINUSEQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_OREQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_XOREQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_MULTEQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_DIVEQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_MODEQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_LSHIFTEQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_RSHIFTEQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_ANDEQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_BITCLEAREQ))
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected assignment operator");
+      return;
+    }
+  Operator op = token->op();
+  source_location location = token->location();
+
+  token = this->advance_token();
+
+  if (p_range_clause != NULL && token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_RANGE))
+    {
+      if (op != OPERATOR_EQ)
+       error_at(this->location(), "range clause requires %<=%>");
+      this->range_clause_expr(lhs, p_range_clause);
+      return;
+    }
+
+  Expression_list* vals = this->expression_list(NULL, false);
+
+  // We've parsed everything; check for errors.
+  if (lhs == NULL || vals == NULL)
+    return;
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pe = lhs->begin();
+       pe != lhs->end();
+       ++pe)
+    {
+      if ((*pe)->is_error_expression())
+       return;
+      if (op != OPERATOR_EQ && (*pe)->is_sink_expression())
+       error_at((*pe)->location(), "cannot use _ as value");
+    }
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pe = vals->begin();
+       pe != vals->end();
+       ++pe)
+    {
+      if ((*pe)->is_error_expression())
+       return;
+    }
+
+  // Map expressions act differently when they are lvalues.
+  for (Expression_list::iterator plv = lhs->begin();
+       plv != lhs->end();
+       ++plv)
+    if ((*plv)->index_expression() != NULL)
+      (*plv)->index_expression()->set_is_lvalue();
+
+  Call_expression* call;
+  Index_expression* map_index;
+  Receive_expression* receive;
+  Type_guard_expression* type_guard;
+  if (lhs->size() == vals->size())
+    {
+      Statement* s;
+      if (lhs->size() > 1)
+       {
+         if (op != OPERATOR_EQ)
+           error_at(location, "multiple values only permitted with %<=%>");
+         s = Statement::make_tuple_assignment(lhs, vals, location);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         if (op == OPERATOR_EQ)
+           s = Statement::make_assignment(lhs->front(), vals->front(),
+                                          location);
+         else
+           s = Statement::make_assignment_operation(op, lhs->front(),
+                                                    vals->front(), location);
+         delete lhs;
+         delete vals;
+       }
+      this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+    }
+  else if (vals->size() == 1
+          && (call = (*vals->begin())->call_expression()) != NULL)
+    {
+      if (op != OPERATOR_EQ)
+       error_at(location, "multiple results only permitted with %<=%>");
+      delete vals;
+      vals = new Expression_list;
+      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < lhs->size(); ++i)
+       vals->push_back(Expression::make_call_result(call, i));
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_assignment(lhs, vals, location);
+      this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+    }
+  else if (lhs->size() == 2
+          && vals->size() == 1
+          && (map_index = (*vals->begin())->index_expression()) != NULL)
+    {
+      if (op != OPERATOR_EQ)
+       error_at(location, "two values from map requires %<=%>");
+      Expression* val = lhs->front();
+      Expression* present = lhs->back();
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_map_assignment(val, present,
+                                                         map_index, location);
+      this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+    }
+  else if (lhs->size() == 1
+          && vals->size() == 2
+          && (map_index = lhs->front()->index_expression()) != NULL)
+    {
+      if (op != OPERATOR_EQ)
+       error_at(location, "assigning tuple to map index requires %<=%>");
+      Expression* val = vals->front();
+      Expression* should_set = vals->back();
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_map_assignment(map_index, val, should_set,
+                                                   location);
+      this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+    }
+  else if (lhs->size() == 2
+          && vals->size() == 1
+          && (receive = (*vals->begin())->receive_expression()) != NULL)
+    {
+      if (op != OPERATOR_EQ)
+       error_at(location, "two values from receive requires %<=%>");
+      Expression* val = lhs->front();
+      Expression* success = lhs->back();
+      Expression* channel = receive->channel();
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_receive_assignment(val, success,
+                                                             channel,
+                                                             false,
+                                                             location);
+      this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+    }
+  else if (lhs->size() == 2
+          && vals->size() == 1
+          && (type_guard = (*vals->begin())->type_guard_expression()) != NULL)
+    {
+      if (op != OPERATOR_EQ)
+       error_at(location, "two values from type guard requires %<=%>");
+      Expression* val = lhs->front();
+      Expression* ok = lhs->back();
+      Expression* expr = type_guard->expr();
+      Type* type = type_guard->type();
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_type_guard_assignment(val, ok,
+                                                                expr, type,
+                                                                location);
+      this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(location, "number of variables does not match number of values");
+    }
+}
+
+// GoStat = "go" Expression .
+// DeferStat = "defer" Expression .
+
+void
+Parse::go_or_defer_stat()
+{
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_GO)
+            || this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_DEFER));
+  bool is_go = this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_GO);
+  source_location stat_location = this->location();
+  this->advance_token();
+  source_location expr_location = this->location();
+  Expression* expr = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+  Call_expression* call_expr = expr->call_expression();
+  if (call_expr == NULL)
+    {
+      error_at(expr_location, "expected call expression");
+      return;
+    }
+
+  // Make it easier to simplify go/defer statements by putting every
+  // statement in its own block.
+  this->gogo_->start_block(stat_location);
+  Statement* stat;
+  if (is_go)
+    stat = Statement::make_go_statement(call_expr, stat_location);
+  else
+    stat = Statement::make_defer_statement(call_expr, stat_location);
+  this->gogo_->add_statement(stat);
+  this->gogo_->add_block(this->gogo_->finish_block(stat_location),
+                        stat_location);
+}
+
+// ReturnStat = "return" [ ExpressionList ] .
+
+void
+Parse::return_stat()
+{
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_RETURN));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  this->advance_token();
+  Expression_list* vals = NULL;
+  if (this->expression_may_start_here())
+    vals = this->expression_list(NULL, false);
+  this->gogo_->add_statement(Statement::make_return_statement(vals, location));
+}
+
+// IfStmt    = "if" [ SimpleStmt ";" ] Expression Block [ "else" Statement ] .
+
+void
+Parse::if_stat()
+{
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_IF));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  this->gogo_->start_block(location);
+
+  bool saw_simple_stat = false;
+  Expression* cond = NULL;
+  bool saw_send_stmt;
+  if (this->simple_stat_may_start_here())
+    {
+      cond = this->simple_stat(false, &saw_send_stmt, NULL, NULL);
+      saw_simple_stat = true;
+    }
+  if (cond != NULL && this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+    {
+      // The SimpleStat is an expression statement.
+      this->expression_stat(cond);
+      cond = NULL;
+    }
+  if (cond == NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       this->advance_token();
+      else if (saw_simple_stat)
+       {
+         if (saw_send_stmt)
+           error_at(this->location(),
+                    ("send statement used as value; "
+                     "use select for non-blocking send"));
+         else
+           error_at(this->location(),
+                    "expected %<;%> after statement in if expression");
+         if (!this->expression_may_start_here())
+           cond = Expression::make_error(this->location());
+       }
+      if (cond == NULL && this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(),
+                  "missing condition in if statement");
+         cond = Expression::make_error(this->location());
+       }
+      if (cond == NULL)
+       cond = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, false, NULL);
+    }
+
+  this->gogo_->start_block(this->location());
+  source_location end_loc = this->block();
+  Block* then_block = this->gogo_->finish_block(end_loc);
+
+  // Check for the easy error of a newline before "else".
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+    {
+      source_location semi_loc = this->location();
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_ELSE))
+       error_at(this->location(),
+                "unexpected semicolon or newline before %<else%>");
+      else
+       this->unget_token(Token::make_operator_token(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON,
+                                                    semi_loc));
+    }
+
+  Block* else_block = NULL;
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_ELSE))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      // We create a block to gather the statement.
+      this->gogo_->start_block(this->location());
+      this->statement(NULL);
+      else_block = this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location());
+    }
+
+  this->gogo_->add_statement(Statement::make_if_statement(cond, then_block,
+                                                         else_block,
+                                                         location));
+
+  this->gogo_->add_block(this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location()),
+                        location);
+}
+
+// SwitchStmt = ExprSwitchStmt | TypeSwitchStmt .
+// ExprSwitchStmt = "switch" [ [ SimpleStat ] ";" ] [ Expression ]
+//                     "{" { ExprCaseClause } "}" .
+// TypeSwitchStmt  = "switch" [ [ SimpleStat ] ";" ] TypeSwitchGuard
+//                     "{" { TypeCaseClause } "}" .
+// TypeSwitchGuard = [ identifier ":=" ] Expression "." "(" "type" ")" .
+
+void
+Parse::switch_stat(Label* label)
+{
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_SWITCH));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  this->gogo_->start_block(location);
+
+  bool saw_simple_stat = false;
+  Expression* switch_val = NULL;
+  bool saw_send_stmt;
+  Type_switch type_switch;
+  if (this->simple_stat_may_start_here())
+    {
+      switch_val = this->simple_stat(false, &saw_send_stmt, NULL,
+                                    &type_switch);
+      saw_simple_stat = true;
+    }
+  if (switch_val != NULL && this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+    {
+      // The SimpleStat is an expression statement.
+      this->expression_stat(switch_val);
+      switch_val = NULL;
+    }
+  if (switch_val == NULL && !type_switch.found)
+    {
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       this->advance_token();
+      else if (saw_simple_stat)
+       {
+         if (saw_send_stmt)
+           error_at(this->location(),
+                    ("send statement used as value; "
+                     "use select for non-blocking send"));
+         else
+           error_at(this->location(),
+                    "expected %<;%> after statement in switch expression");
+       }
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       {
+         if (this->peek_token()->is_identifier())
+           {
+             const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+             std::string identifier = token->identifier();
+             bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+             source_location id_loc = token->location();
+
+             token = this->advance_token();
+             bool is_coloneq = token->is_op(OPERATOR_COLONEQ);
+             this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(identifier,
+                                                            is_exported,
+                                                            id_loc));
+             if (is_coloneq)
+               {
+                 // This must be a TypeSwitchGuard.
+                 switch_val = this->simple_stat(false, &saw_send_stmt, NULL,
+                                                &type_switch);
+                 if (!type_switch.found)
+                   {
+                     if (switch_val == NULL
+                         || !switch_val->is_error_expression())
+                       {
+                         error_at(id_loc, "expected type switch assignment");
+                         switch_val = Expression::make_error(id_loc);
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+           }
+         if (switch_val == NULL && !type_switch.found)
+           {
+             switch_val = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, false,
+                                           &type_switch.found);
+             if (type_switch.found)
+               {
+                 type_switch.name.clear();
+                 type_switch.expr = switch_val;
+                 type_switch.location = switch_val->location();
+               }
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      source_location token_loc = this->location();
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+         && this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       error_at(token_loc, "unexpected semicolon or newline before %<{%>");
+      else if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COLONEQ))
+       {
+         error_at(token_loc, "invalid variable name");
+         this->advance_token();
+         this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, false,
+                          &type_switch.found);
+         if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+           this->advance_token();
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+           return;
+         if (type_switch.found)
+           type_switch.expr = Expression::make_error(location);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<{%>");
+         this->gogo_->add_block(this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location()),
+                                location);
+         return;
+       }
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Statement* statement;
+  if (type_switch.found)
+    statement = this->type_switch_body(label, type_switch, location);
+  else
+    statement = this->expr_switch_body(label, switch_val, location);
+
+  if (statement != NULL)
+    this->gogo_->add_statement(statement);
+
+  this->gogo_->add_block(this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location()),
+                        location);
+}
+
+// The body of an expression switch.
+//   "{" { ExprCaseClause } "}"
+
+Statement*
+Parse::expr_switch_body(Label* label, Expression* switch_val,
+                       source_location location)
+{
+  Switch_statement* statement = Statement::make_switch_statement(switch_val,
+                                                                location);
+
+  this->push_break_statement(statement, label);
+
+  Case_clauses* case_clauses = new Case_clauses();
+  bool saw_default = false;
+  while (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+    {
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_eof())
+       {
+         if (!saw_errors())
+           error_at(this->location(), "missing %<}%>");
+         return NULL;
+       }
+      this->expr_case_clause(case_clauses, &saw_default);
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  statement->add_clauses(case_clauses);
+
+  this->pop_break_statement();
+
+  return statement;
+}
+
+// ExprCaseClause = ExprSwitchCase ":" [ StatementList ] .
+// FallthroughStat = "fallthrough" .
+
+void
+Parse::expr_case_clause(Case_clauses* clauses, bool* saw_default)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  bool is_default = false;
+  Expression_list* vals = this->expr_switch_case(&is_default);
+
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COLON))
+    {
+      if (!saw_errors())
+       error_at(this->location(), "expected %<:%>");
+      return;
+    }
+  else
+    this->advance_token();
+
+  Block* statements = NULL;
+  if (this->statement_list_may_start_here())
+    {
+      this->gogo_->start_block(this->location());
+      this->statement_list();
+      statements = this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location());
+    }
+
+  bool is_fallthrough = false;
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FALLTHROUGH))
+    {
+      is_fallthrough = true;
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  if (is_default)
+    {
+      if (*saw_default)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "multiple defaults in switch");
+         return;
+       }
+      *saw_default = true;
+    }
+
+  if (is_default || vals != NULL)
+    clauses->add(vals, is_default, statements, is_fallthrough, location);
+}
+
+// ExprSwitchCase = "case" ExpressionList | "default" .
+
+Expression_list*
+Parse::expr_switch_case(bool* is_default)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CASE))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      return this->expression_list(NULL, false);
+    }
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_DEFAULT))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      *is_default = true;
+      return NULL;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (!saw_errors())
+       error_at(this->location(), "expected %<case%> or %<default%>");
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+       this->advance_token();
+      return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+// The body of a type switch.
+//   "{" { TypeCaseClause } "}" .
+
+Statement*
+Parse::type_switch_body(Label* label, const Type_switch& type_switch,
+                       source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* switch_no = NULL;
+  if (!type_switch.name.empty())
+    {
+      Variable* switch_var = new Variable(NULL, type_switch.expr, false, false,
+                                         false, type_switch.location);
+      switch_no = this->gogo_->add_variable(type_switch.name, switch_var);
+    }
+
+  Type_switch_statement* statement =
+    Statement::make_type_switch_statement(switch_no,
+                                         (switch_no == NULL
+                                          ? type_switch.expr
+                                          : NULL),
+                                         location);
+
+  this->push_break_statement(statement, label);
+
+  Type_case_clauses* case_clauses = new Type_case_clauses();
+  bool saw_default = false;
+  while (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+    {
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_eof())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "missing %<}%>");
+         return NULL;
+       }
+      this->type_case_clause(switch_no, case_clauses, &saw_default);
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  statement->add_clauses(case_clauses);
+
+  this->pop_break_statement();
+
+  return statement;
+}
+
+// TypeCaseClause  = TypeSwitchCase ":" [ StatementList ] .
+
+void
+Parse::type_case_clause(Named_object* switch_no, Type_case_clauses* clauses,
+                       bool* saw_default)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  std::vector<Type*> types;
+  bool is_default = false;
+  this->type_switch_case(&types, &is_default);
+
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COLON))
+    error_at(this->location(), "expected %<:%>");
+  else
+    this->advance_token();
+
+  Block* statements = NULL;
+  if (this->statement_list_may_start_here())
+    {
+      this->gogo_->start_block(this->location());
+      if (switch_no != NULL && types.size() == 1)
+       {
+         Type* type = types.front();
+         Expression* init = Expression::make_var_reference(switch_no,
+                                                           location);
+         init = Expression::make_type_guard(init, type, location);
+         Variable* v = new Variable(type, init, false, false, false,
+                                    location);
+         v->set_is_type_switch_var();
+         this->gogo_->add_variable(switch_no->name(), v);
+       }
+      this->statement_list();
+      statements = this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location());
+    }
+
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FALLTHROUGH))
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(),
+              "fallthrough is not permitted in a type switch");
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  if (is_default)
+    {
+      go_assert(types.empty());
+      if (*saw_default)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "multiple defaults in type switch");
+         return;
+       }
+      *saw_default = true;
+      clauses->add(NULL, false, true, statements, location);
+    }
+  else if (!types.empty())
+    {
+      for (std::vector<Type*>::const_iterator p = types.begin();
+          p + 1 != types.end();
+          ++p)
+       clauses->add(*p, true, false, NULL, location);
+      clauses->add(types.back(), false, false, statements, location);
+    }
+  else
+    clauses->add(Type::make_error_type(), false, false, statements, location);
+}
+
+// TypeSwitchCase  = "case" type | "default"
+
+// We accept a comma separated list of types.
+
+void
+Parse::type_switch_case(std::vector<Type*>* types, bool* is_default)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CASE))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      while (true)
+       {
+         Type* t = this->type();
+         if (!t->is_error_type())
+           types->push_back(t);
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+           break;
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+    }
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_DEFAULT))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      *is_default = true;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected %<case%> or %<default%>");
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+       this->advance_token();
+    }
+}
+
+// SelectStat = "select" "{" { CommClause } "}" .
+
+void
+Parse::select_stat(Label* label)
+{
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_SELECT));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      source_location token_loc = token->location();
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+         && this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       error_at(token_loc, "unexpected semicolon or newline before %<{%>");
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<{%>");
+         return;
+       }
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Select_statement* statement = Statement::make_select_statement(location);
+
+  this->push_break_statement(statement, label);
+
+  Select_clauses* select_clauses = new Select_clauses();
+  bool saw_default = false;
+  while (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+    {
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_eof())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<}%>");
+         return;
+       }
+      this->comm_clause(select_clauses, &saw_default);
+    }
+
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  statement->add_clauses(select_clauses);
+
+  this->pop_break_statement();
+
+  this->gogo_->add_statement(statement);
+}
+
+// CommClause = CommCase ":" { Statement ";" } .
+
+void
+Parse::comm_clause(Select_clauses* clauses, bool* saw_default)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  bool is_send = false;
+  Expression* channel = NULL;
+  Expression* val = NULL;
+  Expression* closed = NULL;
+  std::string varname;
+  std::string closedname;
+  bool is_default = false;
+  bool got_case = this->comm_case(&is_send, &channel, &val, &closed,
+                                 &varname, &closedname, &is_default);
+
+  if (!is_send
+      && varname.empty()
+      && closedname.empty()
+      && val != NULL
+      && val->index_expression() != NULL)
+    val->index_expression()->set_is_lvalue();
+
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COLON))
+    this->advance_token();
+  else
+    error_at(this->location(), "expected colon");
+
+  this->gogo_->start_block(this->location());
+
+  Named_object* var = NULL;
+  if (!varname.empty())
+    {
+      // FIXME: LOCATION is slightly wrong here.
+      Variable* v = new Variable(NULL, channel, false, false, false,
+                                location);
+      v->set_type_from_chan_element();
+      var = this->gogo_->add_variable(varname, v);
+    }
+
+  Named_object* closedvar = NULL;
+  if (!closedname.empty())
+    {
+      // FIXME: LOCATION is slightly wrong here.
+      Variable* v = new Variable(Type::lookup_bool_type(), NULL,
+                                false, false, false, location);
+      closedvar = this->gogo_->add_variable(closedname, v);
+    }
+
+  this->statement_list();
+
+  Block* statements = this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location());
+
+  if (is_default)
+    {
+      if (*saw_default)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "multiple defaults in select");
+         return;
+       }
+      *saw_default = true;
+    }
+
+  if (got_case)
+    clauses->add(is_send, channel, val, closed, var, closedvar, is_default,
+                statements, location);
+  else if (statements != NULL)
+    {
+      // Add the statements to make sure that any names they define
+      // are traversed.
+      this->gogo_->add_block(statements, location);
+    }
+}
+
+// CommCase   = "case" ( SendStmt | RecvStmt ) | "default" .
+
+bool
+Parse::comm_case(bool* is_send, Expression** channel, Expression** val,
+                Expression** closed, std::string* varname,
+                std::string* closedname, bool* is_default)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_DEFAULT))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      *is_default = true;
+    }
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CASE))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      if (!this->send_or_recv_stmt(is_send, channel, val, closed, varname,
+                                  closedname))
+       return false;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected %<case%> or %<default%>");
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+       this->advance_token();
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// RecvStmt   = [ Expression [ "," Expression ] ( "=" | ":=" ) ] RecvExpr .
+// RecvExpr   = Expression .
+
+bool
+Parse::send_or_recv_stmt(bool* is_send, Expression** channel, Expression** val,
+                        Expression** closed, std::string* varname,
+                        std::string* closedname)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  bool saw_comma = false;
+  bool closed_is_id = false;
+  if (token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      Gogo* gogo = this->gogo_;
+      std::string recv_var = token->identifier();
+      bool is_rv_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+      source_location recv_var_loc = token->location();
+      token = this->advance_token();
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_COLONEQ))
+       {
+         // case rv := <-c:
+         if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+           {
+             error_at(this->location(), "expected %<<-%>");
+             return false;
+           }
+         if (recv_var == "_")
+           {
+             error_at(recv_var_loc,
+                      "no new variables on left side of %<:=%>");
+             recv_var = "blank";
+           }
+         *is_send = false;
+         *varname = gogo->pack_hidden_name(recv_var, is_rv_exported);
+         this->advance_token();
+         *channel = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+         return true;
+       }
+      else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       {
+         token = this->advance_token();
+         if (token->is_identifier())
+           {
+             std::string recv_closed = token->identifier();
+             bool is_rc_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+             source_location recv_closed_loc = token->location();
+             closed_is_id = true;
+
+             token = this->advance_token();
+             if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_COLONEQ))
+               {
+                 // case rv, rc := <-c:
+                 if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+                   {
+                     error_at(this->location(), "expected %<<-%>");
+                     return false;
+                   }
+                 if (recv_var == "_" && recv_closed == "_")
+                   {
+                     error_at(recv_var_loc,
+                              "no new variables on left side of %<:=%>");
+                     recv_var = "blank";
+                   }
+                 *is_send = false;
+                 if (recv_var != "_")
+                   *varname = gogo->pack_hidden_name(recv_var,
+                                                     is_rv_exported);
+                 if (recv_closed != "_")
+                   *closedname = gogo->pack_hidden_name(recv_closed,
+                                                        is_rc_exported);
+                 this->advance_token();
+                 *channel = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true,
+                                             NULL);
+                 return true;
+               }
+
+             this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(recv_closed,
+                                                            is_rc_exported,
+                                                            recv_closed_loc));
+           }
+
+         *val = this->id_to_expression(gogo->pack_hidden_name(recv_var,
+                                                              is_rv_exported),
+                                       recv_var_loc);
+         saw_comma = true;
+       }
+      else
+       this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(recv_var,
+                                                      is_rv_exported,
+                                                      recv_var_loc));
+    }
+
+  // If SAW_COMMA is false, then we are looking at the start of the
+  // send or receive expression.  If SAW_COMMA is true, then *VAL is
+  // set and we just read a comma.
+
+  Expression* e;
+  if (saw_comma || !this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+    e = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, true, true, NULL);
+  else
+    {
+      // case <-c:
+      *is_send = false;
+      this->advance_token();
+      *channel = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+
+      // The next token should be ':'.  If it is '<-', then we have
+      // case <-c <- v:
+      // which is to say, send on a channel received from a channel.
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+       return true;
+
+      e = Expression::make_receive(*channel, (*channel)->location());
+    }
+
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_EQ))
+    {
+      if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "missing %<<-%>");
+         return false;
+       }
+      *is_send = false;
+      this->advance_token();
+      *channel = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+      if (saw_comma)
+       {
+         // case v, e = <-c:
+         // *VAL is already set.
+         if (!e->is_sink_expression())
+           *closed = e;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // case v = <-c:
+         if (!e->is_sink_expression())
+           *val = e;
+       }
+      return true;
+    }
+
+  if (saw_comma)
+    {
+      if (closed_is_id)
+       error_at(this->location(), "expected %<=%> or %<:=%>");
+      else
+       error_at(this->location(), "expected %<=%>");
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+    {
+      // case c <- v:
+      *is_send = true;
+      *channel = this->verify_not_sink(e);
+      this->advance_token();
+      *val = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+      return true;
+    }
+
+  error_at(this->location(), "expected %<<-%> or %<=%>");
+  return false;
+}
+
+// ForStat = "for" [ Condition | ForClause | RangeClause ] Block .
+// Condition = Expression .
+
+void
+Parse::for_stat(Label* label)
+{
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FOR));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+
+  // Open a block to hold any variables defined in the init statement
+  // of the for statement.
+  this->gogo_->start_block(location);
+
+  Block* init = NULL;
+  Expression* cond = NULL;
+  Block* post = NULL;
+  Range_clause range_clause;
+
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_VAR))
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(),
+                  "var declaration not allowed in for initializer");
+         this->var_decl();
+       }
+
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       this->for_clause(&cond, &post);
+      else
+       {
+         // We might be looking at a Condition, an InitStat, or a
+         // RangeClause.
+         bool saw_send_stmt;
+         cond = this->simple_stat(false, &saw_send_stmt, &range_clause, NULL);
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+           {
+             if (cond == NULL && !range_clause.found)
+               {
+                 if (saw_send_stmt)
+                   error_at(this->location(),
+                            ("send statement used as value; "
+                             "use select for non-blocking send"));
+                 else
+                   error_at(this->location(), "parse error in for statement");
+               }
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             if (range_clause.found)
+               error_at(this->location(), "parse error after range clause");
+
+             if (cond != NULL)
+               {
+                 // COND is actually an expression statement for
+                 // InitStat at the start of a ForClause.
+                 this->expression_stat(cond);
+                 cond = NULL;
+               }
+
+             this->for_clause(&cond, &post);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Build the For_statement and note that it is the current target
+  // for break and continue statements.
+
+  For_statement* sfor;
+  For_range_statement* srange;
+  Statement* s;
+  if (!range_clause.found)
+    {
+      sfor = Statement::make_for_statement(init, cond, post, location);
+      s = sfor;
+      srange = NULL;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      srange = Statement::make_for_range_statement(range_clause.index,
+                                                  range_clause.value,
+                                                  range_clause.range,
+                                                  location);
+      s = srange;
+      sfor = NULL;
+    }
+
+  this->push_break_statement(s, label);
+  this->push_continue_statement(s, label);
+
+  // Gather the block of statements in the loop and add them to the
+  // For_statement.
+
+  this->gogo_->start_block(this->location());
+  source_location end_loc = this->block();
+  Block* statements = this->gogo_->finish_block(end_loc);
+
+  if (sfor != NULL)
+    sfor->add_statements(statements);
+  else
+    srange->add_statements(statements);
+
+  // This is no longer the break/continue target.
+  this->pop_break_statement();
+  this->pop_continue_statement();
+
+  // Add the For_statement to the list of statements, and close out
+  // the block we started to hold any variables defined in the for
+  // statement.
+
+  this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+
+  this->gogo_->add_block(this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location()),
+                        location);
+}
+
+// ForClause = [ InitStat ] ";" [ Condition ] ";" [ PostStat ] .
+// InitStat = SimpleStat .
+// PostStat = SimpleStat .
+
+// We have already read InitStat at this point.
+
+void
+Parse::for_clause(Expression** cond, Block** post)
+{
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON));
+  this->advance_token();
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+    *cond = NULL;
+  else if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(),
+              "unexpected semicolon or newline before %<{%>");
+      *cond = NULL;
+      *post = NULL;
+      return;
+    }
+  else
+    *cond = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+    error_at(this->location(), "expected semicolon");
+  else
+    this->advance_token();
+
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    *post = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      this->gogo_->start_block(this->location());
+      this->simple_stat(false, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+      *post = this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location());
+    }
+}
+
+// RangeClause = IdentifierList ( "=" | ":=" ) "range" Expression .
+
+// This is the := version.  It is called with a list of identifiers.
+
+void
+Parse::range_clause_decl(const Typed_identifier_list* til,
+                        Range_clause* p_range_clause)
+{
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_RANGE));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  p_range_clause->found = true;
+
+  go_assert(til->size() >= 1);
+  if (til->size() > 2)
+    error_at(this->location(), "too many variables for range clause");
+
+  this->advance_token();
+  Expression* expr = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, false, NULL);
+  p_range_clause->range = expr;
+
+  bool any_new = false;
+
+  const Typed_identifier* pti = &til->front();
+  Named_object* no = this->init_var(*pti, NULL, expr, true, true, &any_new);
+  if (any_new && no->is_variable())
+    no->var_value()->set_type_from_range_index();
+  p_range_clause->index = Expression::make_var_reference(no, location);
+
+  if (til->size() == 1)
+    p_range_clause->value = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      pti = &til->back();
+      bool is_new = false;
+      no = this->init_var(*pti, NULL, expr, true, true, &is_new);
+      if (is_new && no->is_variable())
+       no->var_value()->set_type_from_range_value();
+      if (is_new)
+       any_new = true;
+      p_range_clause->value = Expression::make_var_reference(no, location);
+    }
+
+  if (!any_new)
+    error_at(location, "variables redeclared but no variable is new");
+}
+
+// The = version of RangeClause.  This is called with a list of
+// expressions.
+
+void
+Parse::range_clause_expr(const Expression_list* vals,
+                        Range_clause* p_range_clause)
+{
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_RANGE));
+
+  p_range_clause->found = true;
+
+  go_assert(vals->size() >= 1);
+  if (vals->size() > 2)
+    error_at(this->location(), "too many variables for range clause");
+
+  this->advance_token();
+  p_range_clause->range = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, false,
+                                          NULL);
+
+  p_range_clause->index = vals->front();
+  if (vals->size() == 1)
+    p_range_clause->value = NULL;
+  else
+    p_range_clause->value = vals->back();
+}
+
+// Push a statement on the break stack.
+
+void
+Parse::push_break_statement(Statement* enclosing, Label* label)
+{
+  if (this->break_stack_ == NULL)
+    this->break_stack_ = new Bc_stack();
+  this->break_stack_->push_back(std::make_pair(enclosing, label));
+}
+
+// Push a statement on the continue stack.
+
+void
+Parse::push_continue_statement(Statement* enclosing, Label* label)
+{
+  if (this->continue_stack_ == NULL)
+    this->continue_stack_ = new Bc_stack();
+  this->continue_stack_->push_back(std::make_pair(enclosing, label));
+}
+
+// Pop the break stack.
+
+void
+Parse::pop_break_statement()
+{
+  this->break_stack_->pop_back();
+}
+
+// Pop the continue stack.
+
+void
+Parse::pop_continue_statement()
+{
+  this->continue_stack_->pop_back();
+}
+
+// Find a break or continue statement given a label name.
+
+Statement*
+Parse::find_bc_statement(const Bc_stack* bc_stack, const std::string& label)
+{
+  if (bc_stack == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+  for (Bc_stack::const_reverse_iterator p = bc_stack->rbegin();
+       p != bc_stack->rend();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->second != NULL && p->second->name() == label)
+       {
+         p->second->set_is_used();
+         return p->first;
+       }
+    }
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+// BreakStat = "break" [ identifier ] .
+
+void
+Parse::break_stat()
+{
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_BREAK));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+  Statement* enclosing;
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      if (this->break_stack_ == NULL || this->break_stack_->empty())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(),
+                  "break statement not within for or switch or select");
+         return;
+       }
+      enclosing = this->break_stack_->back().first;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      enclosing = this->find_bc_statement(this->break_stack_,
+                                         token->identifier());
+      if (enclosing == NULL)
+       {
+         // If there is a label with this name, mark it as used to
+         // avoid a useless error about an unused label.
+         this->gogo_->add_label_reference(token->identifier());
+
+         error_at(token->location(), "invalid break label %qs",
+                  Gogo::message_name(token->identifier()).c_str());
+         this->advance_token();
+         return;
+       }
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  Unnamed_label* label;
+  if (enclosing->classification() == Statement::STATEMENT_FOR)
+    label = enclosing->for_statement()->break_label();
+  else if (enclosing->classification() == Statement::STATEMENT_FOR_RANGE)
+    label = enclosing->for_range_statement()->break_label();
+  else if (enclosing->classification() == Statement::STATEMENT_SWITCH)
+    label = enclosing->switch_statement()->break_label();
+  else if (enclosing->classification() == Statement::STATEMENT_TYPE_SWITCH)
+    label = enclosing->type_switch_statement()->break_label();
+  else if (enclosing->classification() == Statement::STATEMENT_SELECT)
+    label = enclosing->select_statement()->break_label();
+  else
+    go_unreachable();
+
+  this->gogo_->add_statement(Statement::make_break_statement(label,
+                                                            location));
+}
+
+// ContinueStat = "continue" [ identifier ] .
+
+void
+Parse::continue_stat()
+{
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CONTINUE));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+  Statement* enclosing;
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      if (this->continue_stack_ == NULL || this->continue_stack_->empty())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "continue statement not within for");
+         return;
+       }
+      enclosing = this->continue_stack_->back().first;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      enclosing = this->find_bc_statement(this->continue_stack_,
+                                         token->identifier());
+      if (enclosing == NULL)
+       {
+         // If there is a label with this name, mark it as used to
+         // avoid a useless error about an unused label.
+         this->gogo_->add_label_reference(token->identifier());
+
+         error_at(token->location(), "invalid continue label %qs",
+                  Gogo::message_name(token->identifier()).c_str());
+         this->advance_token();
+         return;
+       }
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  Unnamed_label* label;
+  if (enclosing->classification() == Statement::STATEMENT_FOR)
+    label = enclosing->for_statement()->continue_label();
+  else if (enclosing->classification() == Statement::STATEMENT_FOR_RANGE)
+    label = enclosing->for_range_statement()->continue_label();
+  else
+    go_unreachable();
+
+  this->gogo_->add_statement(Statement::make_continue_statement(label,
+                                                               location));
+}
+
+// GotoStat = "goto" identifier .
+
+void
+Parse::goto_stat()
+{
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_GOTO));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    error_at(this->location(), "expected label for goto");
+  else
+    {
+      Label* label = this->gogo_->add_label_reference(token->identifier());
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_goto_statement(label, location);
+      this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+}
+
+// PackageClause = "package" PackageName .
+
+void
+Parse::package_clause()
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  source_location location = token->location();
+  std::string name;
+  if (!token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_PACKAGE))
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "program must start with package clause");
+      name = "ERROR";
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      token = this->advance_token();
+      if (token->is_identifier())
+       {
+         name = token->identifier();
+         if (name == "_")
+           {
+             error_at(this->location(), "invalid package name _");
+             name = "blank";
+           }
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "package name must be an identifier");
+         name = "ERROR";
+       }
+    }
+  this->gogo_->set_package_name(name, location);
+}
+
+// ImportDecl = "import" Decl<ImportSpec> .
+
+void
+Parse::import_decl()
+{
+  go_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_IMPORT));
+  this->advance_token();
+  this->decl(&Parse::import_spec, NULL);
+}
+
+// ImportSpec = [ "." | PackageName ] PackageFileName .
+
+void
+Parse::import_spec(void*)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  source_location location = token->location();
+
+  std::string local_name;
+  bool is_local_name_exported = false;
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT))
+    {
+      local_name = ".";
+      token = this->advance_token();
+    }
+  else if (token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      local_name = token->identifier();
+      is_local_name_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+      token = this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  if (!token->is_string())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "missing import package name");
+      return;
+    }
+
+  this->gogo_->import_package(token->string_value(), local_name,
+                             is_local_name_exported, location);
+
+  this->advance_token();
+}
+
+// SourceFile       = PackageClause ";" { ImportDecl ";" }
+//                     { TopLevelDecl ";" } .
+
+void
+Parse::program()
+{
+  this->package_clause();
+
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+    token = this->advance_token();
+  else
+    error_at(this->location(),
+            "expected %<;%> or newline after package clause");
+
+  while (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_IMPORT))
+    {
+      this->import_decl();
+      token = this->peek_token();
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       token = this->advance_token();
+      else
+       error_at(this->location(),
+                "expected %<;%> or newline after import declaration");
+    }
+
+  while (!token->is_eof())
+    {
+      if (this->declaration_may_start_here())
+       this->declaration();
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected declaration");
+         do
+           this->advance_token();
+         while (!this->peek_token()->is_eof()
+                && !this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+                && !this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY));
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_eof()
+             && !this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+           this->advance_token();
+       }
+      token = this->peek_token();
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       token = this->advance_token();
+      else if (!token->is_eof() || !saw_errors())
+       {
+         if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+           error_at(this->location(),
+                    ("send statement used as value; "
+                     "use select for non-blocking send"));
+         else
+           error_at(this->location(),
+                    "expected %<;%> or newline after top level declaration");
+         this->skip_past_error(OPERATOR_INVALID);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Reset the current iota value.
+
+void
+Parse::reset_iota()
+{
+  this->iota_ = 0;
+}
+
+// Return the current iota value.
+
+int
+Parse::iota_value()
+{
+  return this->iota_;
+}
+
+// Increment the current iota value.
+
+void
+Parse::increment_iota()
+{
+  ++this->iota_;
+}
+
+// Skip forward to a semicolon or OP.  OP will normally be
+// OPERATOR_RPAREN or OPERATOR_RCURLY.  If we find a semicolon, move
+// past it and return.  If we find OP, it will be the next token to
+// read.  Return true if we are OK, false if we found EOF.
+
+bool
+Parse::skip_past_error(Operator op)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  while (!token->is_op(op))
+    {
+      if (token->is_eof())
+       return false;
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       {
+         this->advance_token();
+         return true;
+       }
+      token = this->advance_token();
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Check that an expression is not a sink.
+
+Expression*
+Parse::verify_not_sink(Expression* expr)
+{
+  if (expr->is_sink_expression())
+    {
+      error_at(expr->location(), "cannot use _ as value");
+      expr = Expression::make_error(expr->location());
+    }
+  return expr;
+}
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/parse.cc.working b/gcc/go/gofrontend/parse.cc.working
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..f1b9342
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,5015 @@
+// parse.cc -- Go frontend parser.
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "go-system.h"
+
+#include "lex.h"
+#include "gogo.h"
+#include "types.h"
+#include "statements.h"
+#include "expressions.h"
+#include "parse.h"
+
+// Struct Parse::Enclosing_var_comparison.
+
+// Return true if v1 should be considered to be less than v2.
+
+bool
+Parse::Enclosing_var_comparison::operator()(const Enclosing_var& v1,
+                                           const Enclosing_var& v2)
+{
+  if (v1.var() == v2.var())
+    return false;
+
+  const std::string& n1(v1.var()->name());
+  const std::string& n2(v2.var()->name());
+  int i = n1.compare(n2);
+  if (i < 0)
+    return true;
+  else if (i > 0)
+    return false;
+
+  // If we get here it means that a single nested function refers to
+  // two different variables defined in enclosing functions, and both
+  // variables have the same name.  I think this is impossible.
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Class Parse.
+
+Parse::Parse(Lex* lex, Gogo* gogo)
+  : lex_(lex),
+    token_(Token::make_invalid_token(0)),
+    unget_token_(Token::make_invalid_token(0)),
+    unget_token_valid_(false),
+    gogo_(gogo),
+    break_stack_(NULL),
+    continue_stack_(NULL),
+    iota_(0),
+    enclosing_vars_()
+{
+}
+
+// Return the current token.
+
+const Token*
+Parse::peek_token()
+{
+  if (this->unget_token_valid_)
+    return &this->unget_token_;
+  if (this->token_.is_invalid())
+    this->token_ = this->lex_->next_token();
+  return &this->token_;
+}
+
+// Advance to the next token and return it.
+
+const Token*
+Parse::advance_token()
+{
+  if (this->unget_token_valid_)
+    {
+      this->unget_token_valid_ = false;
+      if (!this->token_.is_invalid())
+       return &this->token_;
+    }
+  this->token_ = this->lex_->next_token();
+  return &this->token_;
+}
+
+// Push a token back on the input stream.
+
+void
+Parse::unget_token(const Token& token)
+{
+  gcc_assert(!this->unget_token_valid_);
+  this->unget_token_ = token;
+  this->unget_token_valid_ = true;
+}
+
+// The location of the current token.
+
+source_location
+Parse::location()
+{
+  return this->peek_token()->location();
+}
+
+// IdentifierList = identifier { "," identifier } .
+
+void
+Parse::identifier_list(Typed_identifier_list* til)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  while (true)
+    {
+      if (!token->is_identifier())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected identifier");
+         return;
+       }
+      std::string name =
+       this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(token->identifier(),
+                                     token->is_identifier_exported());
+      til->push_back(Typed_identifier(name, NULL, token->location()));
+      token = this->advance_token();
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       return;
+      token = this->advance_token();
+    }
+}
+
+// ExpressionList = Expression { "," Expression } .
+
+// If MAY_BE_SINK is true, the expressions in the list may be "_".
+
+Expression_list*
+Parse::expression_list(Expression* first, bool may_be_sink)
+{
+  Expression_list* ret = new Expression_list();
+  if (first != NULL)
+    ret->push_back(first);
+  while (true)
+    {
+      ret->push_back(this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, may_be_sink, true,
+                                     NULL));
+
+      const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       return ret;
+
+      // Most expression lists permit a trailing comma.
+      source_location location = token->location();
+      this->advance_token();
+      if (!this->expression_may_start_here())
+       {
+         this->unget_token(Token::make_operator_token(OPERATOR_COMMA,
+                                                      location));
+         return ret;
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// QualifiedIdent = [ PackageName "." ] identifier .
+// PackageName = identifier .
+
+// This sets *PNAME to the identifier and sets *PPACKAGE to the
+// package or NULL if there isn't one.  This returns true on success,
+// false on failure in which case it will have emitted an error
+// message.
+
+bool
+Parse::qualified_ident(std::string* pname, Named_object** ppackage)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected identifier");
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  std::string name = token->identifier();
+  bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+  name = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(name, is_exported);
+
+  token = this->advance_token();
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT))
+    {
+      *pname = name;
+      *ppackage = NULL;
+      return true;
+    }
+
+  Named_object* package = this->gogo_->lookup(name, NULL);
+  if (package == NULL || !package->is_package())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected package");
+      // We expect . IDENTIFIER; skip both.
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_identifier())
+       this->advance_token();
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  package->package_value()->set_used();
+
+  token = this->advance_token();
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected identifier");
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  name = token->identifier();
+
+  if (name == "_")
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "invalid use of %<_%>");
+      name = "blank";
+    }
+
+  if (package->name() == this->gogo_->package_name())
+    name = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(name,
+                                        token->is_identifier_exported());
+
+  *pname = name;
+  *ppackage = package;
+
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Type = TypeName | TypeLit | "(" Type ")" .
+// TypeLit =
+//     ArrayType | StructType | PointerType | FunctionType | InterfaceType |
+//     SliceType | MapType | ChannelType .
+
+Type*
+Parse::type()
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (token->is_identifier())
+    return this->type_name(true);
+  else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LSQUARE))
+    return this->array_type(false);
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CHAN)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+    return this->channel_type();
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_INTERFACE))
+    return this->interface_type();
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FUNC))
+    {
+      source_location location = token->location();
+      this->advance_token();
+      Type* type = this->signature(NULL, location);
+      if (type == NULL)
+       return Type::make_error_type();
+      return type;
+    }
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_MAP))
+    return this->map_type();
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_STRUCT))
+    return this->struct_type();
+  else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_MULT))
+    return this->pointer_type();
+  else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      Type* ret = this->type();
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+       this->advance_token();
+      else
+       {
+         if (!ret->is_error_type())
+           error_at(this->location(), "expected %<)%>");
+       }
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(token->location(), "expected type");
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+}
+
+bool
+Parse::type_may_start_here()
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  return (token->is_identifier()
+         || token->is_op(OPERATOR_LSQUARE)
+         || token->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP)
+         || token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CHAN)
+         || token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_INTERFACE)
+         || token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FUNC)
+         || token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_MAP)
+         || token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_STRUCT)
+         || token->is_op(OPERATOR_MULT)
+         || token->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN));
+}
+
+// TypeName = QualifiedIdent .
+
+// If MAY_BE_NIL is true, then an identifier with the value of the
+// predefined constant nil is accepted, returning the nil type.
+
+Type*
+Parse::type_name(bool issue_error)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  std::string name;
+  Named_object* package;
+  if (!this->qualified_ident(&name, &package))
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+
+  Named_object* named_object;
+  if (package == NULL)
+    named_object = this->gogo_->lookup(name, NULL);
+  else
+    {
+      named_object = package->package_value()->lookup(name);
+      if (named_object == NULL
+         && issue_error
+         && package->name() != this->gogo_->package_name())
+       {
+         // Check whether the name is there but hidden.
+         std::string s = ('.' + package->package_value()->unique_prefix()
+                          + '.' + package->package_value()->name()
+                          + '.' + name);
+         named_object = package->package_value()->lookup(s);
+         if (named_object != NULL)
+           {
+             const std::string& packname(package->package_value()->name());
+             error_at(location, "invalid reference to hidden type %<%s.%s%>",
+                      Gogo::message_name(packname).c_str(),
+                      Gogo::message_name(name).c_str());
+             issue_error = false;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  bool ok = true;
+  if (named_object == NULL)
+    {
+      if (package != NULL)
+       ok = false;
+      else
+       named_object = this->gogo_->add_unknown_name(name, location);
+    }
+  else if (named_object->is_type())
+    {
+      if (!named_object->type_value()->is_visible())
+       ok = false;
+    }
+  else if (named_object->is_unknown() || named_object->is_type_declaration())
+    ;
+  else
+    ok = false;
+
+  if (!ok)
+    {
+      if (issue_error)
+       error_at(location, "expected type");
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+
+  if (named_object->is_type())
+    return named_object->type_value();
+  else if (named_object->is_unknown() || named_object->is_type_declaration())
+    return Type::make_forward_declaration(named_object);
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// ArrayType = "[" [ ArrayLength ] "]" ElementType .
+// ArrayLength = Expression .
+// ElementType = CompleteType .
+
+Type*
+Parse::array_type(bool may_use_ellipsis)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LSQUARE));
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+
+  Expression* length = NULL;
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_RSQUARE))
+    this->advance_token();
+  else
+    {
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_ELLIPSIS))
+       length = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+      else if (may_use_ellipsis)
+       {
+         // An ellipsis is used in composite literals to represent a
+         // fixed array of the size of the number of elements.  We
+         // use a length of nil to represent this, and change the
+         // length when parsing the composite literal.
+         length = Expression::make_nil(this->location());
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(),
+                  "use of %<[...]%> outside of array literal");
+         length = Expression::make_error(this->location());
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RSQUARE))
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<]%>");
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       }
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  Type* element_type = this->type();
+
+  return Type::make_array_type(element_type, length);
+}
+
+// MapType = "map" "[" KeyType "]" ValueType .
+// KeyType = CompleteType .
+// ValueType = CompleteType .
+
+Type*
+Parse::map_type()
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_MAP));
+  if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LSQUARE))
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected %<[%>");
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Type* key_type = this->type();
+
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RSQUARE))
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected %<]%>");
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Type* value_type = this->type();
+
+  if (key_type->is_error_type() || value_type->is_error_type())
+    return Type::make_error_type();
+
+  return Type::make_map_type(key_type, value_type, location);
+}
+
+// StructType     = "struct" "{" { FieldDecl ";" } "}" .
+
+Type*
+Parse::struct_type()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_STRUCT));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      source_location token_loc = this->location();
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+         && this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       error_at(token_loc, "unexpected semicolon or newline before %<{%>");
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<{%>");
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       }
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Struct_field_list* sfl = new Struct_field_list;
+  while (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+    {
+      this->field_decl(sfl);
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       this->advance_token();
+      else if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<;%> or %<}%> or newline");
+         if (!this->skip_past_error(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+           return Type::make_error_type();
+       }
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pi = sfl->begin();
+       pi != sfl->end();
+       ++pi)
+    {
+      if (pi->type()->is_error_type())
+       return pi->type();
+      for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pj = pi + 1;
+          pj != sfl->end();
+          ++pj)
+       {
+         if (pi->field_name() == pj->field_name()
+             && !Gogo::is_sink_name(pi->field_name()))
+           error_at(pi->location(), "duplicate field name %<%s%>",
+                    Gogo::message_name(pi->field_name()).c_str());
+       }
+    }
+
+  return Type::make_struct_type(sfl, location);
+}
+
+// FieldDecl = (IdentifierList CompleteType | TypeName) [ Tag ] .
+// Tag = string_lit .
+
+void
+Parse::field_decl(Struct_field_list* sfl)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  source_location location = token->location();
+  bool is_anonymous;
+  bool is_anonymous_pointer;
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_MULT))
+    {
+      is_anonymous = true;
+      is_anonymous_pointer = true;
+    }
+  else if (token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      std::string id = token->identifier();
+      bool is_id_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+      source_location id_location = token->location();
+      token = this->advance_token();
+      is_anonymous = (token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+                     || token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY)
+                     || token->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT)
+                     || token->is_string());
+      is_anonymous_pointer = false;
+      this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(id, is_id_exported,
+                                                    id_location));
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected field name");
+      while (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+            && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY)
+            && !token->is_eof())
+       token = this->advance_token();
+      return;
+    }
+
+  if (is_anonymous)
+    {
+      if (is_anonymous_pointer)
+       {
+         this->advance_token();
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_identifier())
+           {
+             error_at(this->location(), "expected field name");
+             while (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+                    && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY)
+                    && !token->is_eof())
+               token = this->advance_token();
+             return;
+           }
+       }
+      Type* type = this->type_name(true);
+
+      std::string tag;
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_string())
+       {
+         tag = this->peek_token()->string_value();
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+
+      if (!type->is_error_type())
+       {
+         if (is_anonymous_pointer)
+           type = Type::make_pointer_type(type);
+         sfl->push_back(Struct_field(Typed_identifier("", type, location)));
+         if (!tag.empty())
+           sfl->back().set_tag(tag);
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Typed_identifier_list til;
+      while (true)
+       {
+         token = this->peek_token();
+         if (!token->is_identifier())
+           {
+             error_at(this->location(), "expected identifier");
+             return;
+           }
+         std::string name =
+           this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(token->identifier(),
+                                         token->is_identifier_exported());
+         til.push_back(Typed_identifier(name, NULL, token->location()));
+         if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+           break;
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+
+      Type* type = this->type();
+
+      std::string tag;
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_string())
+       {
+         tag = this->peek_token()->string_value();
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::iterator p = til.begin();
+          p != til.end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         p->set_type(type);
+         sfl->push_back(Struct_field(*p));
+         if (!tag.empty())
+           sfl->back().set_tag(tag);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// PointerType = "*" Type .
+
+Type*
+Parse::pointer_type()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_MULT));
+  this->advance_token();
+  Type* type = this->type();
+  if (type->is_error_type())
+    return type;
+  return Type::make_pointer_type(type);
+}
+
+// ChannelType   = Channel | SendChannel | RecvChannel .
+// Channel       = "chan" ElementType .
+// SendChannel   = "chan" "<-" ElementType .
+// RecvChannel   = "<-" "chan" ElementType .
+
+Type*
+Parse::channel_type()
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  bool send = true;
+  bool receive = true;
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+    {
+      if (!this->advance_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CHAN))
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<chan%>");
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       }
+      send = false;
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      gcc_assert(token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CHAN));
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+       {
+         receive = false;
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+    }
+  Type* element_type = this->type();
+  return Type::make_channel_type(send, receive, element_type);
+}
+
+// Signature      = Parameters [ Result ] .
+
+// RECEIVER is the receiver if there is one, or NULL.  LOCATION is the
+// location of the start of the type.
+
+// This returns NULL on a parse error.
+
+Function_type*
+Parse::signature(Typed_identifier* receiver, source_location location)
+{
+  bool is_varargs = false;
+  Typed_identifier_list* params;
+  bool params_ok = this->parameters(&params, &is_varargs);
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* result = NULL;
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN)
+      || this->type_may_start_here())
+    {
+      if (!this->result(&result))
+       return NULL;
+    }
+
+  if (!params_ok)
+    return NULL;
+
+  Function_type* ret = Type::make_function_type(receiver, params, result,
+                                               location);
+  if (is_varargs)
+    ret->set_is_varargs();
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Parameters     = "(" [ ParameterList [ "," ] ] ")" .
+
+// This returns false on a parse error.
+
+bool
+Parse::parameters(Typed_identifier_list** pparams, bool* is_varargs)
+{
+  *pparams = NULL;
+
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected %<(%>");
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* params = NULL;
+  bool saw_error = false;
+
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+    {
+      params = this->parameter_list(is_varargs);
+      if (params == NULL)
+       saw_error = true;
+      token = this->peek_token();
+    }
+
+  // The optional trailing comma is picked up in parameter_list.
+
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+    error_at(this->location(), "expected %<)%>");
+  else
+    this->advance_token();
+
+  if (saw_error)
+    return false;
+
+  *pparams = params;
+  return true;
+}
+
+// ParameterList  = ParameterDecl { "," ParameterDecl } .
+
+// This sets *IS_VARARGS if the list ends with an ellipsis.
+// IS_VARARGS will be NULL if varargs are not permitted.
+
+// We pick up an optional trailing comma.
+
+// This returns NULL if some error is seen.
+
+Typed_identifier_list*
+Parse::parameter_list(bool* is_varargs)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  Typed_identifier_list* ret = new Typed_identifier_list();
+
+  bool saw_error = false;
+
+  // If we see an identifier and then a comma, then we don't know
+  // whether we are looking at a list of identifiers followed by a
+  // type, or a list of types given by name.  We have to do an
+  // arbitrary lookahead to figure it out.
+
+  bool parameters_have_names;
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      // This must be a type which starts with something like '*'.
+      parameters_have_names = false;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      std::string name = token->identifier();
+      bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+      source_location location = token->location();
+      token = this->advance_token();
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       {
+         if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT))
+           {
+             // This is a qualified identifier, which must turn out
+             // to be a type.
+             parameters_have_names = false;
+           }
+         else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+           {
+             // A single identifier followed by a parenthesis must be
+             // a type name.
+             parameters_have_names = false;
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             // An identifier followed by something other than a
+             // comma or a dot or a right parenthesis must be a
+             // parameter name followed by a type.
+             parameters_have_names = true;
+           }
+
+         this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(name, is_exported,
+                                                        location));
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // An identifier followed by a comma may be the first in a
+         // list of parameter names followed by a type, or it may be
+         // the first in a list of types without parameter names.  To
+         // find out we gather as many identifiers separated by
+         // commas as we can.
+         std::string id_name = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(name,
+                                                             is_exported);
+         ret->push_back(Typed_identifier(id_name, NULL, location));
+         bool just_saw_comma = true;
+         while (this->advance_token()->is_identifier())
+           {
+             name = this->peek_token()->identifier();
+             is_exported = this->peek_token()->is_identifier_exported();
+             location = this->peek_token()->location();
+             id_name = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(name, is_exported);
+             ret->push_back(Typed_identifier(id_name, NULL, location));
+             if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+               {
+                 just_saw_comma = false;
+                 break;
+               }
+           }
+
+         if (just_saw_comma)
+           {
+             // We saw ID1 "," ID2 "," followed by something which
+             // was not an identifier.  We must be seeing the start
+             // of a type, and ID1 and ID2 must be types, and the
+             // parameters don't have names.
+             parameters_have_names = false;
+           }
+         else if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+           {
+             // We saw ID1 "," ID2 ")".  ID1 and ID2 must be types,
+             // and the parameters don't have names.
+             parameters_have_names = false;
+           }
+         else if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT))
+           {
+             // We saw ID1 "," ID2 ".".  ID2 must be a package name,
+             // ID1 must be a type, and the parameters don't have
+             // names.
+             parameters_have_names = false;
+             this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(name, is_exported,
+                                                            location));
+             ret->pop_back();
+             just_saw_comma = true;
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             // We saw ID1 "," ID2 followed by something other than
+             // ",", ".", or ")".  We must be looking at the start of
+             // a type, and ID1 and ID2 must be parameter names.
+             parameters_have_names = true;
+           }
+
+         if (parameters_have_names)
+           {
+             gcc_assert(!just_saw_comma);
+             // We have just seen ID1, ID2 xxx.
+             Type* type;
+             if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_ELLIPSIS))
+               type = this->type();
+             else
+               {
+                 error_at(this->location(), "%<...%> only permits one name");
+                 saw_error = true;
+                 this->advance_token();
+                 type = this->type();
+               }
+             for (size_t i = 0; i < ret->size(); ++i)
+               ret->set_type(i, type);
+             if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+               return saw_error ? NULL : ret;
+             if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+               return saw_error ? NULL : ret;
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             Typed_identifier_list* tret = new Typed_identifier_list();
+             for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = ret->begin();
+                  p != ret->end();
+                  ++p)
+               {
+                 Named_object* no = this->gogo_->lookup(p->name(), NULL);
+                 Type* type;
+                 if (no == NULL)
+                   no = this->gogo_->add_unknown_name(p->name(),
+                                                      p->location());
+
+                 if (no->is_type())
+                   type = no->type_value();
+                 else if (no->is_unknown() || no->is_type_declaration())
+                   type = Type::make_forward_declaration(no);
+                 else
+                   {
+                     error_at(p->location(), "expected %<%s%> to be a type",
+                              Gogo::message_name(p->name()).c_str());
+                     saw_error = true;
+                     type = Type::make_error_type();
+                   }
+                 tret->push_back(Typed_identifier("", type, p->location()));
+               }
+             delete ret;
+             ret = tret;
+             if (!just_saw_comma
+                 || this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+               return saw_error ? NULL : ret;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  bool mix_error = false;
+  this->parameter_decl(parameters_have_names, ret, is_varargs, &mix_error);
+  while (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+    {
+      if (is_varargs != NULL && *is_varargs)
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "%<...%> must be last parameter");
+         saw_error = true;
+       }
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+       break;
+      this->parameter_decl(parameters_have_names, ret, is_varargs, &mix_error);
+    }
+  if (mix_error)
+    {
+      error_at(location, "invalid named/anonymous mix");
+      saw_error = true;
+    }
+  if (saw_error)
+    {
+      delete ret;
+      return NULL;
+    }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// ParameterDecl  = [ IdentifierList ] [ "..." ] Type .
+
+void
+Parse::parameter_decl(bool parameters_have_names,
+                     Typed_identifier_list* til,
+                     bool* is_varargs,
+                     bool* mix_error)
+{
+  if (!parameters_have_names)
+    {
+      Type* type;
+      source_location location = this->location();
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_identifier())
+       {
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_ELLIPSIS))
+           type = this->type();
+         else
+           {
+             if (is_varargs == NULL)
+               error_at(this->location(), "invalid use of %<...%>");
+             else
+               *is_varargs = true;
+             this->advance_token();
+             if (is_varargs == NULL
+                 && this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+               type = Type::make_error_type();
+             else
+               {
+                 Type* element_type = this->type();
+                 type = Type::make_array_type(element_type, NULL);
+               }
+           }
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         type = this->type_name(false);
+         if (type->is_error_type()
+             || (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA)
+                 && !this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN)))
+           {
+             *mix_error = true;
+             while (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA)
+                    && !this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+               this->advance_token();
+           }
+       }
+      if (!type->is_error_type())
+       til->push_back(Typed_identifier("", type, location));
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      size_t orig_count = til->size();
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_identifier())
+       this->identifier_list(til);
+      else
+       *mix_error = true;
+      size_t new_count = til->size();
+
+      Type* type;
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_ELLIPSIS))
+       type = this->type();
+      else
+       {
+         if (is_varargs == NULL)
+           error_at(this->location(), "invalid use of %<...%>");
+         else if (new_count > orig_count + 1)
+           error_at(this->location(), "%<...%> only permits one name");
+         else
+           *is_varargs = true;
+         this->advance_token();
+         Type* element_type = this->type();
+         type = Type::make_array_type(element_type, NULL);
+       }
+      for (size_t i = orig_count; i < new_count; ++i)
+       til->set_type(i, type);
+    }
+}
+
+// Result         = Parameters | Type .
+
+// This returns false on a parse error.
+
+bool
+Parse::result(Typed_identifier_list** presults)
+{
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+    return this->parameters(presults, NULL);
+  else
+    {
+      source_location location = this->location();
+      Type* type = this->type();
+      if (type->is_error_type())
+       {
+         *presults = NULL;
+         return false;
+       }
+      Typed_identifier_list* til = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      til->push_back(Typed_identifier("", type, location));
+      *presults = til;
+      return true;
+    }
+}
+
+// Block = "{" [ StatementList ] "}" .
+
+// Returns the location of the closing brace.
+
+source_location
+Parse::block()
+{
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      source_location loc = this->location();
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+         && this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       error_at(loc, "unexpected semicolon or newline before %<{%>");
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<{%>");
+         return UNKNOWN_LOCATION;
+       }
+    }
+
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+    {
+      this->statement_list();
+      token = this->peek_token();
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+       {
+         if (!token->is_eof() || !saw_errors())
+           error_at(this->location(), "expected %<}%>");
+
+         // Skip ahead to the end of the block, in hopes of avoiding
+         // lots of meaningless errors.
+         source_location ret = token->location();
+         int nest = 0;
+         while (!token->is_eof())
+           {
+             if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+               ++nest;
+             else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+               {
+                 --nest;
+                 if (nest < 0)
+                   {
+                     this->advance_token();
+                     break;
+                   }
+               }
+             token = this->advance_token();
+             ret = token->location();
+           }
+         return ret;
+       }
+    }
+
+  source_location ret = token->location();
+  this->advance_token();
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// InterfaceType      = "interface" "{" [ MethodSpecList ] "}" .
+// MethodSpecList     = MethodSpec { ";" MethodSpec } [ ";" ] .
+
+Type*
+Parse::interface_type()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_INTERFACE));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      source_location token_loc = this->location();
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+         && this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       error_at(token_loc, "unexpected semicolon or newline before %<{%>");
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<{%>");
+         return Type::make_error_type();
+       }
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* methods = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+    {
+      this->method_spec(methods);
+      while (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       {
+         if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+           break;
+         this->method_spec(methods);
+       }
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<}%>");
+         while (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+           {
+             if (this->peek_token()->is_eof())
+               return Type::make_error_type();
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  if (methods->empty())
+    {
+      delete methods;
+      methods = NULL;
+    }
+
+  Interface_type* ret = Type::make_interface_type(methods, location);
+  this->gogo_->record_interface_type(ret);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// MethodSpec         = MethodName Signature | InterfaceTypeName .
+// MethodName         = identifier .
+// InterfaceTypeName  = TypeName .
+
+void
+Parse::method_spec(Typed_identifier_list* methods)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected identifier");
+      return;
+    }
+
+  std::string name = token->identifier();
+  bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+  source_location location = token->location();
+
+  if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+    {
+      // This is a MethodName.
+      name = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(name, is_exported);
+      Type* type = this->signature(NULL, location);
+      if (type == NULL)
+       return;
+      methods->push_back(Typed_identifier(name, type, location));
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(name, is_exported,
+                                                    location));
+      Type* type = this->type_name(false);
+      if (type->is_error_type()
+         || (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+             && !this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY)))
+       {
+         if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+           error_at(this->location(),
+                    "name list not allowed in interface type");
+         else
+           error_at(location, "expected signature or type name");
+         token = this->peek_token();
+         while (!token->is_eof()
+                && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+                && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+           token = this->advance_token();
+         return;
+       }
+      // This must be an interface type, but we can't check that now.
+      // We check it and pull out the methods in
+      // Interface_type::do_verify.
+      methods->push_back(Typed_identifier("", type, location));
+    }
+}
+
+// Declaration = ConstDecl | TypeDecl | VarDecl | FunctionDecl | MethodDecl .
+
+void
+Parse::declaration()
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CONST))
+    this->const_decl();
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_TYPE))
+    this->type_decl();
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_VAR))
+    this->var_decl();
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FUNC))
+    this->function_decl();
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected declaration");
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+}
+
+bool
+Parse::declaration_may_start_here()
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  return (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CONST)
+         || token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_TYPE)
+         || token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_VAR)
+         || token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FUNC));
+}
+
+// Decl<P> = P | "(" [ List<P> ] ")" .
+
+void
+Parse::decl(void (Parse::*pfn)(void*), void* varg)
+{
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+    (this->*pfn)(varg);
+  else
+    {
+      if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+       {
+         this->list(pfn, varg, true);
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+           {
+             error_at(this->location(), "missing %<)%>");
+             while (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+               {
+                 if (this->peek_token()->is_eof())
+                   return;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+}
+
+// List<P> = P { ";" P } [ ";" ] .
+
+// In order to pick up the trailing semicolon we need to know what
+// might follow.  This is either a '}' or a ')'.
+
+void
+Parse::list(void (Parse::*pfn)(void*), void* varg, bool follow_is_paren)
+{
+  (this->*pfn)(varg);
+  Operator follow = follow_is_paren ? OPERATOR_RPAREN : OPERATOR_RCURLY;
+  while (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+        || this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+    {
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       error_at(this->location(), "unexpected comma");
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_op(follow))
+       break;
+      (this->*pfn)(varg);
+    }
+}
+
+// ConstDecl      = "const" ( ConstSpec | "(" { ConstSpec ";" } ")" ) .
+
+void
+Parse::const_decl()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CONST));
+  this->advance_token();
+  this->reset_iota();
+
+  Type* last_type = NULL;
+  Expression_list* last_expr_list = NULL;
+
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+    this->const_spec(&last_type, &last_expr_list);
+  else
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      while (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+       {
+         this->const_spec(&last_type, &last_expr_list);
+         if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+           this->advance_token();
+         else if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+           {
+             error_at(this->location(), "expected %<;%> or %<)%> or newline");
+             if (!this->skip_past_error(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+               return;
+           }
+       }
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  if (last_expr_list != NULL)
+    delete last_expr_list;
+}
+
+// ConstSpec = IdentifierList [ [ CompleteType ] "=" ExpressionList ] .
+
+void
+Parse::const_spec(Type** last_type, Expression_list** last_expr_list)
+{
+  Typed_identifier_list til;
+  this->identifier_list(&til);
+
+  Type* type = NULL;
+  if (this->type_may_start_here())
+    {
+      type = this->type();
+      *last_type = NULL;
+      *last_expr_list = NULL;
+    }
+
+  Expression_list *expr_list;
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_EQ))
+    {
+      if (*last_expr_list == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<=%>");
+         return;
+       }
+      type = *last_type;
+      expr_list = new Expression_list;
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = (*last_expr_list)->begin();
+          p != (*last_expr_list)->end();
+          ++p)
+       expr_list->push_back((*p)->copy());
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      expr_list = this->expression_list(NULL, false);
+      *last_type = type;
+      if (*last_expr_list != NULL)
+       delete *last_expr_list;
+      *last_expr_list = expr_list;
+    }
+
+  Expression_list::const_iterator pe = expr_list->begin();
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::iterator pi = til.begin();
+       pi != til.end();
+       ++pi, ++pe)
+    {
+      if (pe == expr_list->end())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "not enough initializers");
+         return;
+       }
+      if (type != NULL)
+       pi->set_type(type);
+
+      if (!Gogo::is_sink_name(pi->name()))
+       this->gogo_->add_constant(*pi, *pe, this->iota_value());
+    }
+  if (pe != expr_list->end())
+    error_at(this->location(), "too many initializers");
+
+  this->increment_iota();
+
+  return;
+}
+
+// TypeDecl = "type" Decl<TypeSpec> .
+
+void
+Parse::type_decl()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_TYPE));
+  this->advance_token();
+  this->decl(&Parse::type_spec, NULL);
+}
+
+// TypeSpec = identifier Type .
+
+void
+Parse::type_spec(void*)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected identifier");
+      return;
+    }
+  std::string name = token->identifier();
+  bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+  source_location location = token->location();
+  token = this->advance_token();
+
+  // The scope of the type name starts at the point where the
+  // identifier appears in the source code.  We implement this by
+  // declaring the type before we read the type definition.
+  Named_object* named_type = NULL;
+  if (name != "_")
+    {
+      name = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(name, is_exported);
+      named_type = this->gogo_->declare_type(name, location);
+    }
+
+  Type* type;
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+    type = this->type();
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(),
+              "unexpected semicolon or newline in type declaration");
+      type = Type::make_error_type();
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  if (type->is_error_type())
+    {
+      while (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+            && !this->peek_token()->is_eof())
+       this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  if (name != "_")
+    {
+      if (named_type->is_type_declaration())
+       {
+         Type* ftype = type->forwarded();
+         if (ftype->forward_declaration_type() != NULL
+             && (ftype->forward_declaration_type()->named_object()
+                 == named_type))
+           {
+             error_at(location, "invalid recursive type");
+             type = Type::make_error_type();
+           }
+
+         this->gogo_->define_type(named_type,
+                                  Type::make_named_type(named_type, type,
+                                                        location));
+         gcc_assert(named_type->package() == NULL);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // This will probably give a redefinition error.
+         this->gogo_->add_type(name, type, location);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// VarDecl = "var" Decl<VarSpec> .
+
+void
+Parse::var_decl()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_VAR));
+  this->advance_token();
+  this->decl(&Parse::var_spec, NULL);
+}
+
+// VarSpec = IdentifierList
+//             ( CompleteType [ "=" ExpressionList ] | "=" ExpressionList ) .
+
+void
+Parse::var_spec(void*)
+{
+  // Get the variable names.
+  Typed_identifier_list til;
+  this->identifier_list(&til);
+
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  Type* type = NULL;
+  Expression_list* init = NULL;
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_EQ))
+    {
+      type = this->type();
+      if (type->is_error_type())
+       {
+         while (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_EQ)
+                && !this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+                && !this->peek_token()->is_eof())
+           this->advance_token();
+       }
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_EQ))
+       {
+         this->advance_token();
+         init = this->expression_list(NULL, false);
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      init = this->expression_list(NULL, false);
+    }
+
+  this->init_vars(&til, type, init, false, location);
+
+  if (init != NULL)
+    delete init;
+}
+
+// Create variables.  TIL is a list of variable names.  If TYPE is not
+// NULL, it is the type of all the variables.  If INIT is not NULL, it
+// is an initializer list for the variables.
+
+void
+Parse::init_vars(const Typed_identifier_list* til, Type* type,
+                Expression_list* init, bool is_coloneq,
+                source_location location)
+{
+  // Check for an initialization which can yield multiple values.
+  if (init != NULL && init->size() == 1 && til->size() > 1)
+    {
+      if (this->init_vars_from_call(til, type, *init->begin(), is_coloneq,
+                                   location))
+       return;
+      if (this->init_vars_from_map(til, type, *init->begin(), is_coloneq,
+                                  location))
+       return;
+      if (this->init_vars_from_receive(til, type, *init->begin(), is_coloneq,
+                                      location))
+       return;
+      if (this->init_vars_from_type_guard(til, type, *init->begin(),
+                                         is_coloneq, location))
+       return;
+    }
+
+  if (init != NULL && init->size() != til->size())
+    {
+      if (init->empty() || !init->front()->is_error_expression())
+       error_at(location, "wrong number of initializations");
+      init = NULL;
+      if (type == NULL)
+       type = Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+
+  // Note that INIT was already parsed with the old name bindings, so
+  // we don't have to worry that it will accidentally refer to the
+  // newly declared variables.
+
+  Expression_list::const_iterator pexpr;
+  if (init != NULL)
+    pexpr = init->begin();
+  bool any_new = false;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = til->begin();
+       p != til->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (init != NULL)
+       gcc_assert(pexpr != init->end());
+      this->init_var(*p, type, init == NULL ? NULL : *pexpr, is_coloneq,
+                    false, &any_new);
+      if (init != NULL)
+       ++pexpr;
+    }
+  if (init != NULL)
+    gcc_assert(pexpr == init->end());
+  if (is_coloneq && !any_new)
+    error_at(location, "variables redeclared but no variable is new");
+}
+
+// See if we need to initialize a list of variables from a function
+// call.  This returns true if we have set up the variables and the
+// initialization.
+
+bool
+Parse::init_vars_from_call(const Typed_identifier_list* vars, Type* type,
+                          Expression* expr, bool is_coloneq,
+                          source_location location)
+{
+  Call_expression* call = expr->call_expression();
+  if (call == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  // This is a function call.  We can't check here whether it returns
+  // the right number of values, but it might.  Declare the variables,
+  // and then assign the results of the call to them.
+
+  unsigned int index = 0;
+  bool any_new = false;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pv = vars->begin();
+       pv != vars->end();
+       ++pv, ++index)
+    {
+      Expression* init = Expression::make_call_result(call, index);
+      this->init_var(*pv, type, init, is_coloneq, false, &any_new);
+    }
+
+  if (is_coloneq && !any_new)
+    error_at(location, "variables redeclared but no variable is new");
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// See if we need to initialize a pair of values from a map index
+// expression.  This returns true if we have set up the variables and
+// the initialization.
+
+bool
+Parse::init_vars_from_map(const Typed_identifier_list* vars, Type* type,
+                         Expression* expr, bool is_coloneq,
+                         source_location location)
+{
+  Index_expression* index = expr->index_expression();
+  if (index == NULL)
+    return false;
+  if (vars->size() != 2)
+    return false;
+
+  // This is an index which is being assigned to two variables.  It
+  // must be a map index.  Declare the variables, and then assign the
+  // results of the map index.
+  bool any_new = false;
+  Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = vars->begin();
+  Expression* init = type == NULL ? index : NULL;
+  Named_object* val_no = this->init_var(*p, type, init, is_coloneq,
+                                       type == NULL, &any_new);
+  if (type == NULL && any_new && val_no->is_variable())
+    val_no->var_value()->set_type_from_init_tuple();
+  Expression* val_var = Expression::make_var_reference(val_no, location);
+
+  ++p;
+  Type* var_type = type;
+  if (var_type == NULL)
+    var_type = Type::lookup_bool_type();
+  Named_object* no = this->init_var(*p, var_type, NULL, is_coloneq, false,
+                                   &any_new);
+  Expression* present_var = Expression::make_var_reference(no, location);
+
+  if (is_coloneq && !any_new)
+    error_at(location, "variables redeclared but no variable is new");
+
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_map_assignment(val_var, present_var,
+                                                     index, location);
+
+  if (!this->gogo_->in_global_scope())
+    this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+  else if (!val_no->is_sink())
+    {
+      if (val_no->is_variable())
+       val_no->var_value()->add_preinit_statement(this->gogo_, s);
+    }
+  else if (!no->is_sink())
+    {
+      if (no->is_variable())
+       no->var_value()->add_preinit_statement(this->gogo_, s);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // Execute the map index expression just so that we can fail if
+      // the map is nil.
+      Named_object* dummy = this->create_dummy_global(Type::lookup_bool_type(),
+                                                     NULL, location);
+      dummy->var_value()->add_preinit_statement(this->gogo_, s);
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// See if we need to initialize a pair of values from a receive
+// expression.  This returns true if we have set up the variables and
+// the initialization.
+
+bool
+Parse::init_vars_from_receive(const Typed_identifier_list* vars, Type* type,
+                             Expression* expr, bool is_coloneq,
+                             source_location location)
+{
+  Receive_expression* receive = expr->receive_expression();
+  if (receive == NULL)
+    return false;
+  if (vars->size() != 2)
+    return false;
+
+  // This is a receive expression which is being assigned to two
+  // variables.  Declare the variables, and then assign the results of
+  // the receive.
+  bool any_new = false;
+  Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = vars->begin();
+  Expression* init = type == NULL ? receive : NULL;
+  Named_object* val_no = this->init_var(*p, type, init, is_coloneq,
+                                       type == NULL, &any_new);
+  if (type == NULL && any_new && val_no->is_variable())
+    val_no->var_value()->set_type_from_init_tuple();
+  Expression* val_var = Expression::make_var_reference(val_no, location);
+
+  ++p;
+  Type* var_type = type;
+  if (var_type == NULL)
+    var_type = Type::lookup_bool_type();
+  Named_object* no = this->init_var(*p, var_type, NULL, is_coloneq, false,
+                                   &any_new);
+  Expression* received_var = Expression::make_var_reference(no, location);
+
+  if (is_coloneq && !any_new)
+    error_at(location, "variables redeclared but no variable is new");
+
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_receive_assignment(val_var,
+                                                         received_var,
+                                                         receive->channel(),
+                                                         false,
+                                                         location);
+
+  if (!this->gogo_->in_global_scope())
+    this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+  else if (!val_no->is_sink())
+    {
+      if (val_no->is_variable())
+       val_no->var_value()->add_preinit_statement(this->gogo_, s);
+    }
+  else if (!no->is_sink())
+    {
+      if (no->is_variable())
+       no->var_value()->add_preinit_statement(this->gogo_, s);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Named_object* dummy = this->create_dummy_global(Type::lookup_bool_type(),
+                                                     NULL, location);
+      dummy->var_value()->add_preinit_statement(this->gogo_, s);
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// See if we need to initialize a pair of values from a type guard
+// expression.  This returns true if we have set up the variables and
+// the initialization.
+
+bool
+Parse::init_vars_from_type_guard(const Typed_identifier_list* vars,
+                                Type* type, Expression* expr,
+                                bool is_coloneq, source_location location)
+{
+  Type_guard_expression* type_guard = expr->type_guard_expression();
+  if (type_guard == NULL)
+    return false;
+  if (vars->size() != 2)
+    return false;
+
+  // This is a type guard expression which is being assigned to two
+  // variables.  Declare the variables, and then assign the results of
+  // the type guard.
+  bool any_new = false;
+  Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = vars->begin();
+  Type* var_type = type;
+  if (var_type == NULL)
+    var_type = type_guard->type();
+  Named_object* val_no = this->init_var(*p, var_type, NULL, is_coloneq, false,
+                                       &any_new);
+  Expression* val_var = Expression::make_var_reference(val_no, location);
+
+  ++p;
+  var_type = type;
+  if (var_type == NULL)
+    var_type = Type::lookup_bool_type();
+  Named_object* no = this->init_var(*p, var_type, NULL, is_coloneq, false,
+                                   &any_new);
+  Expression* ok_var = Expression::make_var_reference(no, location);
+
+  Expression* texpr = type_guard->expr();
+  Type* t = type_guard->type();
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_type_guard_assignment(val_var, ok_var,
+                                                            texpr, t,
+                                                            location);
+
+  if (is_coloneq && !any_new)
+    error_at(location, "variables redeclared but no variable is new");
+
+  if (!this->gogo_->in_global_scope())
+    this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+  else if (!val_no->is_sink())
+    {
+      if (val_no->is_variable())
+       val_no->var_value()->add_preinit_statement(this->gogo_, s);
+    }
+  else if (!no->is_sink())
+    {
+      if (no->is_variable())
+       no->var_value()->add_preinit_statement(this->gogo_, s);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Named_object* dummy = this->create_dummy_global(type, NULL, location);
+      dummy->var_value()->add_preinit_statement(this->gogo_, s);
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Create a single variable.  If IS_COLONEQ is true, we permit
+// redeclarations in the same block, and we set *IS_NEW when we find a
+// new variable which is not a redeclaration.
+
+Named_object*
+Parse::init_var(const Typed_identifier& tid, Type* type, Expression* init,
+               bool is_coloneq, bool type_from_init, bool* is_new)
+{
+  source_location location = tid.location();
+
+  if (Gogo::is_sink_name(tid.name()))
+    {
+      if (!type_from_init && init != NULL)
+       {
+         if (!this->gogo_->in_global_scope())
+           this->gogo_->add_statement(Statement::make_statement(init));
+         else
+           return this->create_dummy_global(type, init, location);
+       }
+      return this->gogo_->add_sink();
+    }
+
+  if (is_coloneq)
+    {
+      Named_object* no = this->gogo_->lookup_in_block(tid.name());
+      if (no != NULL
+         && (no->is_variable() || no->is_result_variable()))
+       {
+         // INIT may be NULL even when IS_COLONEQ is true for cases
+         // like v, ok := x.(int).
+         if (!type_from_init && init != NULL)
+           {
+             Expression *v = Expression::make_var_reference(no, location);
+             Statement *s = Statement::make_assignment(v, init, location);
+             this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+           }
+         return no;
+       }
+    }
+  *is_new = true;
+  Variable* var = new Variable(type, init, this->gogo_->in_global_scope(),
+                              false, false, location);
+  Named_object* no = this->gogo_->add_variable(tid.name(), var);
+  if (!no->is_variable())
+    {
+      // The name is already defined, so we just gave an error.
+      return this->gogo_->add_sink();
+    }
+  return no;
+}
+
+// Create a dummy global variable to force an initializer to be run in
+// the right place.  This is used when a sink variable is initialized
+// at global scope.
+
+Named_object*
+Parse::create_dummy_global(Type* type, Expression* init,
+                          source_location location)
+{
+  if (type == NULL && init == NULL)
+    type = Type::lookup_bool_type();
+  Variable* var = new Variable(type, init, true, false, false, location);
+  static int count;
+  char buf[30];
+  snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "_.%d", count);
+  ++count;
+  return this->gogo_->add_variable(buf, var);
+}
+
+// SimpleVarDecl = identifier ":=" Expression .
+
+// We've already seen the identifier.
+
+// FIXME: We also have to implement
+//  IdentifierList ":=" ExpressionList
+// In order to support both "a, b := 1, 0" and "a, b = 1, 0" we accept
+// tuple assignments here as well.
+
+// If P_RANGE_CLAUSE is not NULL, then this will recognize a
+// RangeClause.
+
+// If P_TYPE_SWITCH is not NULL, this will recognize a type switch
+// guard (var := expr.("type") using the literal keyword "type").
+
+void
+Parse::simple_var_decl_or_assignment(const std::string& name,
+                                    source_location location,
+                                    Range_clause* p_range_clause,
+                                    Type_switch* p_type_switch)
+{
+  Typed_identifier_list til;
+  til.push_back(Typed_identifier(name, NULL, location));
+
+  // We've seen one identifier.  If we see a comma now, this could be
+  // "a, *p = 1, 2".
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+    {
+      gcc_assert(p_type_switch == NULL);
+      while (true)
+       {
+         const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+         if (!token->is_identifier())
+           break;
+
+         std::string id = token->identifier();
+         bool is_id_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+         source_location id_location = token->location();
+
+         token = this->advance_token();
+         if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+           {
+             if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_COLONEQ))
+               {
+                 id = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(id, is_id_exported);
+                 til.push_back(Typed_identifier(id, NULL, location));
+               }
+             else
+               this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(id,
+                                                              is_id_exported,
+                                                              id_location));
+             break;
+           }
+
+         id = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(id, is_id_exported);
+         til.push_back(Typed_identifier(id, NULL, location));
+       }
+
+      // We have a comma separated list of identifiers in TIL.  If the
+      // next token is COLONEQ, then this is a simple var decl, and we
+      // have the complete list of identifiers.  If the next token is
+      // not COLONEQ, then the only valid parse is a tuple assignment.
+      // The list of identifiers we have so far is really a list of
+      // expressions.  There are more expressions following.
+
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COLONEQ))
+       {
+         Expression_list* exprs = new Expression_list;
+         for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = til.begin();
+              p != til.end();
+              ++p)
+           exprs->push_back(this->id_to_expression(p->name(),
+                                                   p->location()));
+
+         Expression_list* more_exprs = this->expression_list(NULL, true);
+         for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = more_exprs->begin();
+              p != more_exprs->end();
+              ++p)
+           exprs->push_back(*p);
+         delete more_exprs;
+
+         this->tuple_assignment(exprs, p_range_clause);
+         return;
+       }
+    }
+
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COLONEQ));
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+
+  if (p_range_clause != NULL && token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_RANGE))
+    {
+      this->range_clause_decl(&til, p_range_clause);
+      return;
+    }
+
+  Expression_list* init;
+  if (p_type_switch == NULL)
+    init = this->expression_list(NULL, false);
+  else
+    {
+      bool is_type_switch = false;
+      Expression* expr = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true,
+                                         &is_type_switch);
+      if (is_type_switch)
+       {
+         p_type_switch->found = true;
+         p_type_switch->name = name;
+         p_type_switch->location = location;
+         p_type_switch->expr = expr;
+         return;
+       }
+
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       {
+         init = new Expression_list();
+         init->push_back(expr);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         this->advance_token();
+         init = this->expression_list(expr, false);
+       }
+    }
+
+  this->init_vars(&til, NULL, init, true, location);
+}
+
+// FunctionDecl = "func" identifier Signature [ Block ] .
+// MethodDecl = "func" Receiver identifier Signature [ Block ] .
+
+// gcc extension:
+//   FunctionDecl = "func" identifier Signature
+//                    __asm__ "(" string_lit ")" .
+// This extension means a function whose real name is the identifier
+// inside the asm.
+
+void
+Parse::function_decl()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FUNC));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+
+  Typed_identifier* rec = NULL;
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+    {
+      rec = this->receiver();
+      token = this->peek_token();
+    }
+
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected function name");
+      return;
+    }
+
+  std::string name =
+    this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(token->identifier(),
+                                 token->is_identifier_exported());
+
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Function_type* fntype = this->signature(rec, this->location());
+  if (fntype == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  Named_object* named_object = NULL;
+
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_ASM))
+    {
+      if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<(%>");
+         return;
+       }
+      token = this->advance_token();
+      if (!token->is_string())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected string");
+         return;
+       }
+      std::string asm_name = token->string_value();
+      if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<)%>");
+         return;
+       }
+      this->advance_token();
+      if (!Gogo::is_sink_name(name))
+       {
+         named_object = this->gogo_->declare_function(name, fntype, location);
+         if (named_object->is_function_declaration())
+           named_object->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(asm_name);
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Check for the easy error of a newline before the opening brace.
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+    {
+      source_location semi_loc = this->location();
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       error_at(this->location(),
+                "unexpected semicolon or newline before %<{%>");
+      else
+       this->unget_token(Token::make_operator_token(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON,
+                                                    semi_loc));
+    }
+
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      if (named_object == NULL && !Gogo::is_sink_name(name))
+       this->gogo_->declare_function(name, fntype, location);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      this->gogo_->start_function(name, fntype, true, location);
+      source_location end_loc = this->block();
+      this->gogo_->finish_function(end_loc);
+    }
+}
+
+// Receiver     = "(" [ identifier ] [ "*" ] BaseTypeName ")" .
+// BaseTypeName = identifier .
+
+Typed_identifier*
+Parse::receiver()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN));
+
+  std::string name;
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+  source_location location = token->location();
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_MULT))
+    {
+      if (!token->is_identifier())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "method has no receiver");
+         while (!token->is_eof() && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+           token = this->advance_token();
+         if (!token->is_eof())
+           this->advance_token();
+         return NULL;
+       }
+      name = token->identifier();
+      bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+      token = this->advance_token();
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT) && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+       {
+         // An identifier followed by something other than a dot or a
+         // right parenthesis must be a receiver name followed by a
+         // type.
+         name = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(name, is_exported);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // This must be a type name.
+         this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(name, is_exported,
+                                                        location));
+         token = this->peek_token();
+         name.clear();
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Here the receiver name is in NAME (it is empty if the receiver is
+  // unnamed) and TOKEN is the first token in the type.
+
+  bool is_pointer = false;
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_MULT))
+    {
+      is_pointer = true;
+      token = this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected receiver name or type");
+      int c = token->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN) ? 1 : 0;
+      while (!token->is_eof())
+       {
+         token = this->advance_token();
+         if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+           ++c;
+         else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+           {
+             if (c == 0)
+               break;
+             --c;
+           }
+       }
+      if (!token->is_eof())
+       this->advance_token();
+      return NULL;
+    }
+
+  Type* type = this->type_name(true);
+
+  if (is_pointer && !type->is_error_type())
+    type = Type::make_pointer_type(type);
+
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+    this->advance_token();
+  else
+    {
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       error_at(this->location(), "method has multiple receivers");
+      else
+       error_at(this->location(), "expected %<)%>");
+      while (!token->is_eof() && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+       token = this->advance_token();
+      if (!token->is_eof())
+       this->advance_token();
+      return NULL;
+    }
+
+  return new Typed_identifier(name, type, location);
+}
+
+// Operand    = Literal | QualifiedIdent | MethodExpr | "(" Expression ")" .
+// Literal    = BasicLit | CompositeLit | FunctionLit .
+// BasicLit   = int_lit | float_lit | imaginary_lit | char_lit | string_lit .
+
+// If MAY_BE_SINK is true, this operand may be "_".
+
+Expression*
+Parse::operand(bool may_be_sink)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  Expression* ret;
+  switch (token->classification())
+    {
+    case Token::TOKEN_IDENTIFIER:
+      {
+       source_location location = token->location();
+       std::string id = token->identifier();
+       bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+       std::string packed = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(id, is_exported);
+
+       Named_object* in_function;
+       Named_object* named_object = this->gogo_->lookup(packed, &in_function);
+
+       Package* package = NULL;
+       if (named_object != NULL && named_object->is_package())
+         {
+           if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT)
+               || !this->advance_token()->is_identifier())
+             {
+               error_at(location, "unexpected reference to package");
+               return Expression::make_error(location);
+             }
+           package = named_object->package_value();
+           package->set_used();
+           id = this->peek_token()->identifier();
+           is_exported = this->peek_token()->is_identifier_exported();
+           packed = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(id, is_exported);
+           named_object = package->lookup(packed);
+           location = this->location();
+           gcc_assert(in_function == NULL);
+         }
+
+       this->advance_token();
+
+       if (named_object != NULL
+           && named_object->is_type()
+           && !named_object->type_value()->is_visible())
+         {
+           gcc_assert(package != NULL);
+           error_at(location, "invalid reference to hidden type %<%s.%s%>",
+                    Gogo::message_name(package->name()).c_str(),
+                    Gogo::message_name(id).c_str());
+           return Expression::make_error(location);
+         }
+
+
+       if (named_object == NULL)
+         {
+           if (package != NULL)
+             {
+               std::string n1 = Gogo::message_name(package->name());
+               std::string n2 = Gogo::message_name(id);
+               if (!is_exported)
+                 error_at(location,
+                          ("invalid reference to unexported identifier "
+                           "%<%s.%s%>"),
+                          n1.c_str(), n2.c_str());
+               else
+                 error_at(location,
+                          "reference to undefined identifier %<%s.%s%>",
+                          n1.c_str(), n2.c_str());
+               return Expression::make_error(location);
+             }
+
+           named_object = this->gogo_->add_unknown_name(packed, location);
+         }
+
+       if (in_function != NULL
+           && in_function != this->gogo_->current_function()
+           && (named_object->is_variable()
+               || named_object->is_result_variable()))
+         return this->enclosing_var_reference(in_function, named_object,
+                                              location);
+
+       switch (named_object->classification())
+         {
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+           return Expression::make_const_reference(named_object, location);
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE:
+           return Expression::make_type(named_object->type_value(), location);
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION:
+           {
+             Type* t = Type::make_forward_declaration(named_object);
+             return Expression::make_type(t, location);
+           }
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR:
+           return Expression::make_var_reference(named_object, location);
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_SINK:
+           if (may_be_sink)
+             return Expression::make_sink(location);
+           else
+             {
+               error_at(location, "cannot use _ as value");
+               return Expression::make_error(location);
+             }
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION:
+           return Expression::make_func_reference(named_object, NULL,
+                                                  location);
+         case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN:
+           return Expression::make_unknown_reference(named_object, location);
+         default:
+           gcc_unreachable();
+         }
+      }
+      gcc_unreachable();
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_STRING:
+      ret = Expression::make_string(token->string_value(), token->location());
+      this->advance_token();
+      return ret;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_INTEGER:
+      ret = Expression::make_integer(token->integer_value(), NULL,
+                                    token->location());
+      this->advance_token();
+      return ret;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_FLOAT:
+      ret = Expression::make_float(token->float_value(), NULL,
+                                  token->location());
+      this->advance_token();
+      return ret;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_IMAGINARY:
+      {
+       mpfr_t zero;
+       mpfr_init_set_ui(zero, 0, GMP_RNDN);
+       ret = Expression::make_complex(&zero, token->imaginary_value(),
+                                      NULL, token->location());
+       mpfr_clear(zero);
+       this->advance_token();
+       return ret;
+      }
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_KEYWORD:
+      switch (token->keyword())
+       {
+       case KEYWORD_FUNC:
+         return this->function_lit();
+       case KEYWORD_CHAN:
+       case KEYWORD_INTERFACE:
+       case KEYWORD_MAP:
+       case KEYWORD_STRUCT:
+         {
+           source_location location = token->location();
+           return Expression::make_type(this->type(), location);
+         }
+       default:
+         break;
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_OPERATOR:
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+       {
+         this->advance_token();
+         ret = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+           error_at(this->location(), "missing %<)%>");
+         else
+           this->advance_token();
+         return ret;
+       }
+      else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LSQUARE))
+       {
+         // Here we call array_type directly, as this is the only
+         // case where an ellipsis is permitted for an array type.
+         source_location location = token->location();
+         return Expression::make_type(this->array_type(true), location);
+       }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+
+  error_at(this->location(), "expected operand");
+  return Expression::make_error(this->location());
+}
+
+// Handle a reference to a variable in an enclosing function.  We add
+// it to a list of such variables.  We return a reference to a field
+// in a struct which will be passed on the static chain when calling
+// the current function.
+
+Expression*
+Parse::enclosing_var_reference(Named_object* in_function, Named_object* var,
+                              source_location location)
+{
+  gcc_assert(var->is_variable() || var->is_result_variable());
+
+  Named_object* this_function = this->gogo_->current_function();
+  Named_object* closure = this_function->func_value()->closure_var();
+
+  Enclosing_var ev(var, in_function, this->enclosing_vars_.size());
+  std::pair<Enclosing_vars::iterator, bool> ins =
+    this->enclosing_vars_.insert(ev);
+  if (ins.second)
+    {
+      // This is a variable we have not seen before.  Add a new field
+      // to the closure type.
+      this_function->func_value()->add_closure_field(var, location);
+    }
+
+  Expression* closure_ref = Expression::make_var_reference(closure,
+                                                          location);
+  closure_ref = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, closure_ref, location);
+
+  // The closure structure holds pointers to the variables, so we need
+  // to introduce an indirection.
+  Expression* e = Expression::make_field_reference(closure_ref,
+                                                  ins.first->index(),
+                                                  location);
+  e = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, e, location);
+  return e;
+}
+
+// CompositeLit  = LiteralType LiteralValue .
+// LiteralType   = StructType | ArrayType | "[" "..." "]" ElementType |
+//                 SliceType | MapType | TypeName .
+// LiteralValue  = "{" [ ElementList [ "," ] ] "}" .
+// ElementList   = Element { "," Element } .
+// Element       = [ Key ":" ] Value .
+// Key           = Expression .
+// Value         = Expression | LiteralValue .
+
+// We have already seen the type if there is one, and we are now
+// looking at the LiteralValue.  The case "[" "..."  "]" ElementType
+// will be seen here as an array type whose length is "nil".  The
+// DEPTH parameter is non-zero if this is an embedded composite
+// literal and the type was omitted.  It gives the number of steps up
+// to the type which was provided.  E.g., in [][]int{{1}} it will be
+// 1.  In [][][]int{{{1}}} it will be 2.
+
+Expression*
+Parse::composite_lit(Type* type, int depth, source_location location)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY));
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      return Expression::make_composite_literal(type, depth, false, NULL,
+                                               location);
+    }
+
+  bool has_keys = false;
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list;
+  while (true)
+    {
+      Expression* val;
+      bool is_type_omitted = false;
+
+      const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       val = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+      else
+       {
+         // This must be a composite literal inside another composite
+         // literal, with the type omitted for the inner one.
+         val = this->composite_lit(type, depth + 1, token->location());
+         is_type_omitted = true;
+       }
+
+      token = this->peek_token();
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_COLON))
+       {
+         if (has_keys)
+           vals->push_back(NULL);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         if (is_type_omitted && !val->is_error_expression())
+           {
+             error_at(this->location(), "unexpected %<:%>");
+             val = Expression::make_error(this->location());
+           }
+
+         this->advance_token();
+
+         if (!has_keys && !vals->empty())
+           {
+             Expression_list* newvals = new Expression_list;
+             for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = vals->begin();
+                  p != vals->end();
+                  ++p)
+               {
+                 newvals->push_back(NULL);
+                 newvals->push_back(*p);
+               }
+             delete vals;
+             vals = newvals;
+           }
+         has_keys = true;
+
+         if (val->unknown_expression() != NULL)
+           val->unknown_expression()->set_is_composite_literal_key();
+
+         vals->push_back(val);
+
+         if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+           val = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+         else
+           {
+             // This must be a composite literal inside another
+             // composite literal, with the type omitted for the
+             // inner one.
+             val = this->composite_lit(type, depth + 1, token->location());
+           }
+
+         token = this->peek_token();
+       }
+
+      vals->push_back(val);
+
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       {
+         if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+           {
+             this->advance_token();
+             break;
+           }
+       }
+      else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+       {
+         this->advance_token();
+         break;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<,%> or %<}%>");
+
+         int depth = 0;
+         while (!token->is_eof()
+                && (depth > 0 || !token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY)))
+           {
+             if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+               ++depth;
+             else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+               --depth;
+             token = this->advance_token();
+           }
+         if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+           this->advance_token();
+
+         return Expression::make_error(location);
+       }
+    }
+
+  return Expression::make_composite_literal(type, depth, has_keys, vals,
+                                           location);
+}
+
+// FunctionLit = "func" Signature Block .
+
+Expression*
+Parse::function_lit()
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FUNC));
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Enclosing_vars hold_enclosing_vars;
+  hold_enclosing_vars.swap(this->enclosing_vars_);
+
+  Function_type* type = this->signature(NULL, location);
+  if (type == NULL)
+    type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, NULL, location);
+
+  // For a function literal, the next token must be a '{'.  If we
+  // don't see that, then we may have a type expression.
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    return Expression::make_type(type, location);
+
+  Bc_stack* hold_break_stack = this->break_stack_;
+  Bc_stack* hold_continue_stack = this->continue_stack_;
+  this->break_stack_ = NULL;
+  this->continue_stack_ = NULL;
+
+  Named_object* no = this->gogo_->start_function("", type, true, location);
+
+  source_location end_loc = this->block();
+
+  this->gogo_->finish_function(end_loc);
+
+  if (this->break_stack_ != NULL)
+    delete this->break_stack_;
+  if (this->continue_stack_ != NULL)
+    delete this->continue_stack_;
+  this->break_stack_ = hold_break_stack;
+  this->continue_stack_ = hold_continue_stack;
+
+  hold_enclosing_vars.swap(this->enclosing_vars_);
+
+  Expression* closure = this->create_closure(no, &hold_enclosing_vars,
+                                            location);
+
+  return Expression::make_func_reference(no, closure, location);
+}
+
+// Create a closure for the nested function FUNCTION.  This is based
+// on ENCLOSING_VARS, which is a list of all variables defined in
+// enclosing functions and referenced from FUNCTION.  A closure is the
+// address of a struct which contains the addresses of all the
+// referenced variables.  This returns NULL if no closure is required.
+
+Expression*
+Parse::create_closure(Named_object* function, Enclosing_vars* enclosing_vars,
+                     source_location location)
+{
+  if (enclosing_vars->empty())
+    return NULL;
+
+  // Get the variables in order by their field index.
+
+  size_t enclosing_var_count = enclosing_vars->size();
+  std::vector<Enclosing_var> ev(enclosing_var_count);
+  for (Enclosing_vars::const_iterator p = enclosing_vars->begin();
+       p != enclosing_vars->end();
+       ++p)
+    ev[p->index()] = *p;
+
+  // Build an initializer for a composite literal of the closure's
+  // type.
+
+  Named_object* enclosing_function = this->gogo_->current_function();
+  Expression_list* initializer = new Expression_list;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < enclosing_var_count; ++i)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(ev[i].index() == i);
+      Named_object* var = ev[i].var();
+      Expression* ref;
+      if (ev[i].in_function() == enclosing_function)
+       ref = Expression::make_var_reference(var, location);
+      else
+       ref = this->enclosing_var_reference(ev[i].in_function(), var,
+                                           location);
+      Expression* refaddr = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref,
+                                                  location);
+      initializer->push_back(refaddr);
+    }
+
+  Named_object* closure_var = function->func_value()->closure_var();
+  Struct_type* st = closure_var->var_value()->type()->deref()->struct_type();
+  Expression* cv = Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(st, initializer,
+                                                            location);
+  return Expression::make_heap_composite(cv, location);
+}
+
+// PrimaryExpr = Operand { Selector | Index | Slice | TypeGuard | Call } .
+
+// If MAY_BE_SINK is true, this expression may be "_".
+
+// If MAY_BE_COMPOSITE_LIT is true, this expression may be a composite
+// literal.
+
+// If IS_TYPE_SWITCH is not NULL, this will recognize a type switch
+// guard (var := expr.("type") using the literal keyword "type").
+
+Expression*
+Parse::primary_expr(bool may_be_sink, bool may_be_composite_lit,
+                   bool* is_type_switch)
+{
+  source_location start_loc = this->location();
+  bool is_parenthesized = this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN);
+
+  Expression* ret = this->operand(may_be_sink);
+
+  // An unknown name followed by a curly brace must be a composite
+  // literal, and the unknown name must be a type.
+  if (may_be_composite_lit
+      && !is_parenthesized
+      && ret->unknown_expression() != NULL
+      && this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      Named_object* no = ret->unknown_expression()->named_object();
+      Type* type = Type::make_forward_declaration(no);
+      ret = Expression::make_type(type, ret->location());
+    }
+
+  // We handle composite literals and type casts here, as it is the
+  // easiest way to handle types which are in parentheses, as in
+  // "((uint))(1)".
+  if (ret->is_type_expression())
+    {
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       {
+         if (is_parenthesized)
+           error_at(start_loc,
+                    "cannot parenthesize type in composite literal");
+         ret = this->composite_lit(ret->type(), 0, ret->location());
+       }
+      else if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+       {
+         source_location loc = this->location();
+         this->advance_token();
+         Expression* expr = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true,
+                                             NULL);
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+           error_at(this->location(), "expected %<)%>");
+         else
+           this->advance_token();
+         if (expr->is_error_expression())
+           return expr;
+         ret = Expression::make_cast(ret->type(), expr, loc);
+       }
+    }
+
+  while (true)
+    {
+      const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+       ret = this->call(this->verify_not_sink(ret));
+      else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT))
+       {
+         ret = this->selector(this->verify_not_sink(ret), is_type_switch);
+         if (is_type_switch != NULL && *is_type_switch)
+           break;
+       }
+      else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LSQUARE))
+       ret = this->index(this->verify_not_sink(ret));
+      else
+       break;
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Selector = "." identifier .
+// TypeGuard = "." "(" QualifiedIdent ")" .
+
+// Note that Operand can expand to QualifiedIdent, which contains a
+// ".".  That is handled directly in operand when it sees a package
+// name.
+
+// If IS_TYPE_SWITCH is not NULL, this will recognize a type switch
+// guard (var := expr.("type") using the literal keyword "type").
+
+Expression*
+Parse::selector(Expression* left, bool* is_type_switch)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+  if (token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      // This could be a field in a struct, or a method in an
+      // interface, or a method associated with a type.  We can't know
+      // which until we have seen all the types.
+      std::string name =
+       this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(token->identifier(),
+                                     token->is_identifier_exported());
+      if (token->identifier() == "_")
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "invalid use of %<_%>");
+         name = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name("blank", false);
+       }
+      this->advance_token();
+      return Expression::make_selector(left, name, location);
+    }
+  else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      Type* type = NULL;
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_TYPE))
+       type = this->type();
+      else
+       {
+         if (is_type_switch != NULL)
+           *is_type_switch = true;
+         else
+           {
+             error_at(this->location(),
+                      "use of %<.(type)%> outside type switch");
+             type = Type::make_error_type();
+           }
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+       error_at(this->location(), "missing %<)%>");
+      else
+       this->advance_token();
+      if (is_type_switch != NULL && *is_type_switch)
+       return left;
+      return Expression::make_type_guard(left, type, location);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected identifier or %<(%>");
+      return left;
+    }
+}
+
+// Index          = "[" Expression "]" .
+// Slice          = "[" Expression ":" [ Expression ] "]" .
+
+Expression*
+Parse::index(Expression* expr)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LSQUARE));
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Expression* start;
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COLON))
+    start = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+  else
+    {
+      mpz_t zero;
+      mpz_init_set_ui(zero, 0);
+      start = Expression::make_integer(&zero, NULL, location);
+      mpz_clear(zero);
+    }
+
+  Expression* end = NULL;
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COLON))
+    {
+      // We use nil to indicate a missing high expression.
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RSQUARE))
+       end = Expression::make_nil(this->location());
+      else
+       end = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+    }
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RSQUARE))
+    error_at(this->location(), "missing %<]%>");
+  else
+    this->advance_token();
+  return Expression::make_index(expr, start, end, location);
+}
+
+// Call           = "(" [ ArgumentList [ "," ] ] ")" .
+// ArgumentList   = ExpressionList [ "..." ] .
+
+Expression*
+Parse::call(Expression* func)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LPAREN));
+  Expression_list* args = NULL;
+  bool is_varargs = false;
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+    {
+      args = this->expression_list(NULL, false);
+      token = this->peek_token();
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_ELLIPSIS))
+       {
+         is_varargs = true;
+         token = this->advance_token();
+       }
+    }
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+    token = this->advance_token();
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RPAREN))
+    error_at(this->location(), "missing %<)%>");
+  else
+    this->advance_token();
+  if (func->is_error_expression())
+    return func;
+  return Expression::make_call(func, args, is_varargs, func->location());
+}
+
+// Return an expression for a single unqualified identifier.
+
+Expression*
+Parse::id_to_expression(const std::string& name, source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* in_function;
+  Named_object* named_object = this->gogo_->lookup(name, &in_function);
+  if (named_object == NULL)
+    named_object = this->gogo_->add_unknown_name(name, location);
+
+  if (in_function != NULL
+      && in_function != this->gogo_->current_function()
+      && (named_object->is_variable() || named_object->is_result_variable()))
+    return this->enclosing_var_reference(in_function, named_object,
+                                        location);
+
+  switch (named_object->classification())
+    {
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
+      return Expression::make_const_reference(named_object, location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR:
+      return Expression::make_var_reference(named_object, location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_SINK:
+      return Expression::make_sink(location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION:
+      return Expression::make_func_reference(named_object, NULL, location);
+    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_UNKNOWN:
+      return Expression::make_unknown_reference(named_object, location);
+    default:
+      error_at(this->location(), "unexpected type of identifier");
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    }
+}
+
+// Expression = UnaryExpr { binary_op Expression } .
+
+// PRECEDENCE is the precedence of the current operator.
+
+// If MAY_BE_SINK is true, this expression may be "_".
+
+// If MAY_BE_COMPOSITE_LIT is true, this expression may be a composite
+// literal.
+
+// If IS_TYPE_SWITCH is not NULL, this will recognize a type switch
+// guard (var := expr.("type") using the literal keyword "type").
+
+Expression*
+Parse::expression(Precedence precedence, bool may_be_sink,
+                 bool may_be_composite_lit, bool* is_type_switch)
+{
+  Expression* left = this->unary_expr(may_be_sink, may_be_composite_lit,
+                                     is_type_switch);
+
+  while (true)
+    {
+      if (is_type_switch != NULL && *is_type_switch)
+       return left;
+
+      const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+      if (token->classification() != Token::TOKEN_OPERATOR)
+       {
+         // Not a binary_op.
+         return left;
+       }
+
+      Precedence right_precedence;
+      switch (token->op())
+       {
+       case OPERATOR_OROR:
+         right_precedence = PRECEDENCE_OROR;
+         break;
+       case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
+         right_precedence = PRECEDENCE_ANDAND;
+         break;
+       case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
+       case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
+       case OPERATOR_LT:
+       case OPERATOR_LE:
+       case OPERATOR_GT:
+       case OPERATOR_GE:
+         right_precedence = PRECEDENCE_RELOP;
+         break;
+       case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+       case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+       case OPERATOR_OR:
+       case OPERATOR_XOR:
+         right_precedence = PRECEDENCE_ADDOP;
+         break;
+       case OPERATOR_MULT:
+       case OPERATOR_DIV:
+       case OPERATOR_MOD:
+       case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
+       case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
+       case OPERATOR_AND:
+       case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
+         right_precedence = PRECEDENCE_MULOP;
+         break;
+       default:
+         right_precedence = PRECEDENCE_INVALID;
+         break;
+       }
+
+      if (right_precedence == PRECEDENCE_INVALID)
+       {
+         // Not a binary_op.
+         return left;
+       }
+
+      Operator op = token->op();
+      source_location binop_location = token->location();
+
+      if (precedence >= right_precedence)
+       {
+         // We've already seen A * B, and we see + C.  We want to
+         // return so that A * B becomes a group.
+         return left;
+       }
+
+      this->advance_token();
+
+      left = this->verify_not_sink(left);
+      Expression* right = this->expression(right_precedence, false,
+                                          may_be_composite_lit,
+                                          NULL);
+      left = Expression::make_binary(op, left, right, binop_location);
+    }
+}
+
+bool
+Parse::expression_may_start_here()
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  switch (token->classification())
+    {
+    case Token::TOKEN_INVALID:
+    case Token::TOKEN_EOF:
+      return false;
+    case Token::TOKEN_KEYWORD:
+      switch (token->keyword())
+       {
+       case KEYWORD_CHAN:
+       case KEYWORD_FUNC:
+       case KEYWORD_MAP:
+       case KEYWORD_STRUCT:
+       case KEYWORD_INTERFACE:
+         return true;
+       default:
+         return false;
+       }
+    case Token::TOKEN_IDENTIFIER:
+      return true;
+    case Token::TOKEN_STRING:
+      return true;
+    case Token::TOKEN_OPERATOR:
+      switch (token->op())
+       {
+       case OPERATOR_PLUS:
+       case OPERATOR_MINUS:
+       case OPERATOR_NOT:
+       case OPERATOR_XOR:
+       case OPERATOR_MULT:
+       case OPERATOR_CHANOP:
+       case OPERATOR_AND:
+       case OPERATOR_LPAREN:
+       case OPERATOR_LSQUARE:
+         return true;
+       default:
+         return false;
+       }
+    case Token::TOKEN_INTEGER:
+    case Token::TOKEN_FLOAT:
+    case Token::TOKEN_IMAGINARY:
+      return true;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// UnaryExpr = unary_op UnaryExpr | PrimaryExpr .
+
+// If MAY_BE_SINK is true, this expression may be "_".
+
+// If MAY_BE_COMPOSITE_LIT is true, this expression may be a composite
+// literal.
+
+// If IS_TYPE_SWITCH is not NULL, this will recognize a type switch
+// guard (var := expr.("type") using the literal keyword "type").
+
+Expression*
+Parse::unary_expr(bool may_be_sink, bool may_be_composite_lit,
+                 bool* is_type_switch)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_PLUS)
+      || token->is_op(OPERATOR_MINUS)
+      || token->is_op(OPERATOR_NOT)
+      || token->is_op(OPERATOR_XOR)
+      || token->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP)
+      || token->is_op(OPERATOR_MULT)
+      || token->is_op(OPERATOR_AND))
+    {
+      source_location location = token->location();
+      Operator op = token->op();
+      this->advance_token();
+
+      if (op == OPERATOR_CHANOP
+         && this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CHAN))
+       {
+         // This is "<- chan" which must be the start of a type.
+         this->unget_token(Token::make_operator_token(op, location));
+         return Expression::make_type(this->type(), location);
+       }
+
+      Expression* expr = this->unary_expr(false, may_be_composite_lit, NULL);
+      if (expr->is_error_expression())
+       ;
+      else if (op == OPERATOR_MULT && expr->is_type_expression())
+       expr = Expression::make_type(Type::make_pointer_type(expr->type()),
+                                    location);
+      else if (op == OPERATOR_AND && expr->is_composite_literal())
+       expr = Expression::make_heap_composite(expr, location);
+      else if (op != OPERATOR_CHANOP)
+       expr = Expression::make_unary(op, expr, location);
+      else
+       expr = Expression::make_receive(expr, location);
+      return expr;
+    }
+  else
+    return this->primary_expr(may_be_sink, may_be_composite_lit,
+                             is_type_switch);
+}
+
+// Statement =
+//     Declaration | LabeledStmt | SimpleStmt |
+//     GoStmt | ReturnStmt | BreakStmt | ContinueStmt | GotoStmt |
+//     FallthroughStmt | Block | IfStmt | SwitchStmt | SelectStmt | ForStmt |
+//     DeferStmt .
+
+// LABEL is the label of this statement if it has one.
+
+void
+Parse::statement(const Label* label)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  switch (token->classification())
+    {
+    case Token::TOKEN_KEYWORD:
+      {
+       switch (token->keyword())
+         {
+         case KEYWORD_CONST:
+         case KEYWORD_TYPE:
+         case KEYWORD_VAR:
+           this->declaration();
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_FUNC:
+         case KEYWORD_MAP:
+         case KEYWORD_STRUCT:
+         case KEYWORD_INTERFACE:
+           this->simple_stat(true, false, NULL, NULL);
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_GO:
+         case KEYWORD_DEFER:
+           this->go_or_defer_stat();
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_RETURN:
+           this->return_stat();
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_BREAK:
+           this->break_stat();
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_CONTINUE:
+           this->continue_stat();
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_GOTO:
+           this->goto_stat();
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_IF:
+           this->if_stat();
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_SWITCH:
+           this->switch_stat(label);
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_SELECT:
+           this->select_stat(label);
+           break;
+         case KEYWORD_FOR:
+           this->for_stat(label);
+           break;
+         default:
+           error_at(this->location(), "expected statement");
+           this->advance_token();
+           break;
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_IDENTIFIER:
+      {
+       std::string identifier = token->identifier();
+       bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+       source_location location = token->location();
+       if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COLON))
+         {
+           this->advance_token();
+           this->labeled_stmt(identifier, location);
+         }
+       else
+         {
+           this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(identifier,
+                                                          is_exported,
+                                                          location));
+           this->simple_stat(true, false, NULL, NULL);
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_OPERATOR:
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       {
+         source_location location = token->location();
+         this->gogo_->start_block(location);
+         source_location end_loc = this->block();
+         this->gogo_->add_block(this->gogo_->finish_block(end_loc),
+                                location);
+       }
+      else if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       this->simple_stat(true, false, NULL, NULL);
+      break;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_STRING:
+    case Token::TOKEN_INTEGER:
+    case Token::TOKEN_FLOAT:
+    case Token::TOKEN_IMAGINARY:
+      this->simple_stat(true, false, NULL, NULL);
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected statement");
+      this->advance_token();
+      break;
+    }
+}
+
+bool
+Parse::statement_may_start_here()
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  switch (token->classification())
+    {
+    case Token::TOKEN_KEYWORD:
+      {
+       switch (token->keyword())
+         {
+         case KEYWORD_CONST:
+         case KEYWORD_TYPE:
+         case KEYWORD_VAR:
+         case KEYWORD_FUNC:
+         case KEYWORD_MAP:
+         case KEYWORD_STRUCT:
+         case KEYWORD_INTERFACE:
+         case KEYWORD_GO:
+         case KEYWORD_DEFER:
+         case KEYWORD_RETURN:
+         case KEYWORD_BREAK:
+         case KEYWORD_CONTINUE:
+         case KEYWORD_GOTO:
+         case KEYWORD_IF:
+         case KEYWORD_SWITCH:
+         case KEYWORD_SELECT:
+         case KEYWORD_FOR:
+           return true;
+
+         default:
+           return false;
+         }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_IDENTIFIER:
+      return true;
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_OPERATOR:
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY)
+         || token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       return true;
+      else
+       return this->expression_may_start_here();
+
+    case Token::TOKEN_STRING:
+    case Token::TOKEN_INTEGER:
+    case Token::TOKEN_FLOAT:
+    case Token::TOKEN_IMAGINARY:
+      return true;
+
+    default:
+      return false;
+    }
+}
+
+// LabeledStmt = Label ":" Statement .
+// Label       = identifier .
+
+void
+Parse::labeled_stmt(const std::string& label_name, source_location location)
+{
+  Label* label = this->gogo_->add_label_definition(label_name, location);
+
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+    {
+      // This is a label at the end of a block.  A program is
+      // permitted to omit a semicolon here.
+      return;
+    }
+
+  if (!this->statement_may_start_here())
+    {
+      error_at(location, "missing statement after label");
+      this->unget_token(Token::make_operator_token(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON,
+                                                  location));
+      return;
+    }
+
+  this->statement(label);
+}
+
+// SimpleStmt = EmptyStmt | ExpressionStmt | SendStmt | IncDecStmt |
+//     Assignment | ShortVarDecl .
+
+// EmptyStmt was handled in Parse::statement.
+
+// In order to make this work for if and switch statements, if
+// RETURN_EXP is true, and we see an ExpressionStat, we return the
+// expression rather than adding an expression statement to the
+// current block.  If we see something other than an ExpressionStat,
+// we add the statement and return NULL.
+
+// If P_RANGE_CLAUSE is not NULL, then this will recognize a
+// RangeClause.
+
+// If P_TYPE_SWITCH is not NULL, this will recognize a type switch
+// guard (var := expr.("type") using the literal keyword "type").
+
+Expression*
+Parse::simple_stat(bool may_be_composite_lit, bool return_exp,
+                  Range_clause* p_range_clause, Type_switch* p_type_switch)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+
+  // An identifier follow by := is a SimpleVarDecl.
+  if (token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      std::string identifier = token->identifier();
+      bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+      source_location location = token->location();
+
+      token = this->advance_token();
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_COLONEQ)
+         || token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       {
+         identifier = this->gogo_->pack_hidden_name(identifier, is_exported);
+         this->simple_var_decl_or_assignment(identifier, location,
+                                             p_range_clause,
+                                             (token->is_op(OPERATOR_COLONEQ)
+                                              ? p_type_switch
+                                              : NULL));
+         return NULL;
+       }
+
+      this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(identifier, is_exported,
+                                                    location));
+    }
+
+  Expression* exp = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, true,
+                                    may_be_composite_lit,
+                                    (p_type_switch == NULL
+                                     ? NULL
+                                     : &p_type_switch->found));
+  if (p_type_switch != NULL && p_type_switch->found)
+    {
+      p_type_switch->name.clear();
+      p_type_switch->location = exp->location();
+      p_type_switch->expr = this->verify_not_sink(exp);
+      return NULL;
+    }
+  token = this->peek_token();
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+    this->send_stmt(this->verify_not_sink(exp));
+  else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_PLUSPLUS)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_MINUSMINUS))
+    this->inc_dec_stat(this->verify_not_sink(exp));
+  else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_EQ))
+    this->assignment(exp, p_range_clause);
+  else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_PLUSEQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_MINUSEQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_OREQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_XOREQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_MULTEQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_DIVEQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_MODEQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_LSHIFTEQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_RSHIFTEQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_ANDEQ)
+          || token->is_op(OPERATOR_BITCLEAREQ))
+    this->assignment(this->verify_not_sink(exp), p_range_clause);
+  else if (return_exp)
+    return this->verify_not_sink(exp);
+  else
+    this->expression_stat(this->verify_not_sink(exp));
+
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+bool
+Parse::simple_stat_may_start_here()
+{
+  return this->expression_may_start_here();
+}
+
+// Parse { Statement ";" } which is used in a few places.  The list of
+// statements may end with a right curly brace, in which case the
+// semicolon may be omitted.
+
+void
+Parse::statement_list()
+{
+  while (this->statement_may_start_here())
+    {
+      this->statement(NULL);
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       this->advance_token();
+      else if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+       break;
+      else
+       {
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_eof() || !saw_errors())
+           error_at(this->location(), "expected %<;%> or %<}%> or newline");
+         if (!this->skip_past_error(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+           return;
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+bool
+Parse::statement_list_may_start_here()
+{
+  return this->statement_may_start_here();
+}
+
+// ExpressionStat = Expression .
+
+void
+Parse::expression_stat(Expression* exp)
+{
+  exp->discarding_value();
+  this->gogo_->add_statement(Statement::make_statement(exp));
+}
+
+// SendStmt = Channel "&lt;-" Expression .
+// Channel  = Expression .
+
+void
+Parse::send_stmt(Expression* channel)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP));
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+  this->advance_token();
+  Expression* val = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_send_statement(channel, val, loc);
+  this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+}
+
+// IncDecStat = Expression ( "++" | "--" ) .
+
+void
+Parse::inc_dec_stat(Expression* exp)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+
+  // Lvalue maps require special handling.
+  if (exp->index_expression() != NULL)
+    exp->index_expression()->set_is_lvalue();
+
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_PLUSPLUS))
+    this->gogo_->add_statement(Statement::make_inc_statement(exp));
+  else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_MINUSMINUS))
+    this->gogo_->add_statement(Statement::make_dec_statement(exp));
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+  this->advance_token();
+}
+
+// Assignment = ExpressionList assign_op ExpressionList .
+
+// EXP is an expression that we have already parsed.
+
+// If RANGE_CLAUSE is not NULL, then this will recognize a
+// RangeClause.
+
+void
+Parse::assignment(Expression* expr, Range_clause* p_range_clause)
+{
+  Expression_list* vars;
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+    {
+      vars = new Expression_list();
+      vars->push_back(expr);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      vars = this->expression_list(expr, true);
+    }
+
+  this->tuple_assignment(vars, p_range_clause);
+}
+
+// An assignment statement.  LHS is the list of expressions which
+// appear on the left hand side.
+
+// If RANGE_CLAUSE is not NULL, then this will recognize a
+// RangeClause.
+
+void
+Parse::tuple_assignment(Expression_list* lhs, Range_clause* p_range_clause)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_EQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_PLUSEQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_MINUSEQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_OREQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_XOREQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_MULTEQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_DIVEQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_MODEQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_LSHIFTEQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_RSHIFTEQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_ANDEQ)
+      && !token->is_op(OPERATOR_BITCLEAREQ))
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected assignment operator");
+      return;
+    }
+  Operator op = token->op();
+  source_location location = token->location();
+
+  token = this->advance_token();
+
+  if (p_range_clause != NULL && token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_RANGE))
+    {
+      if (op != OPERATOR_EQ)
+       error_at(this->location(), "range clause requires %<=%>");
+      this->range_clause_expr(lhs, p_range_clause);
+      return;
+    }
+
+  Expression_list* vals = this->expression_list(NULL, false);
+
+  // We've parsed everything; check for errors.
+  if (lhs == NULL || vals == NULL)
+    return;
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pe = lhs->begin();
+       pe != lhs->end();
+       ++pe)
+    {
+      if ((*pe)->is_error_expression())
+       return;
+      if (op != OPERATOR_EQ && (*pe)->is_sink_expression())
+       error_at((*pe)->location(), "cannot use _ as value");
+    }
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pe = vals->begin();
+       pe != vals->end();
+       ++pe)
+    {
+      if ((*pe)->is_error_expression())
+       return;
+    }
+
+  // Map expressions act differently when they are lvalues.
+  for (Expression_list::iterator plv = lhs->begin();
+       plv != lhs->end();
+       ++plv)
+    if ((*plv)->index_expression() != NULL)
+      (*plv)->index_expression()->set_is_lvalue();
+
+  Call_expression* call;
+  Index_expression* map_index;
+  Receive_expression* receive;
+  Type_guard_expression* type_guard;
+  if (lhs->size() == vals->size())
+    {
+      Statement* s;
+      if (lhs->size() > 1)
+       {
+         if (op != OPERATOR_EQ)
+           error_at(location, "multiple values only permitted with %<=%>");
+         s = Statement::make_tuple_assignment(lhs, vals, location);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         if (op == OPERATOR_EQ)
+           s = Statement::make_assignment(lhs->front(), vals->front(),
+                                          location);
+         else
+           s = Statement::make_assignment_operation(op, lhs->front(),
+                                                    vals->front(), location);
+         delete lhs;
+         delete vals;
+       }
+      this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+    }
+  else if (vals->size() == 1
+          && (call = (*vals->begin())->call_expression()) != NULL)
+    {
+      if (op != OPERATOR_EQ)
+       error_at(location, "multiple results only permitted with %<=%>");
+      delete vals;
+      vals = new Expression_list;
+      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < lhs->size(); ++i)
+       vals->push_back(Expression::make_call_result(call, i));
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_assignment(lhs, vals, location);
+      this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+    }
+  else if (lhs->size() == 2
+          && vals->size() == 1
+          && (map_index = (*vals->begin())->index_expression()) != NULL)
+    {
+      if (op != OPERATOR_EQ)
+       error_at(location, "two values from map requires %<=%>");
+      Expression* val = lhs->front();
+      Expression* present = lhs->back();
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_map_assignment(val, present,
+                                                         map_index, location);
+      this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+    }
+  else if (lhs->size() == 1
+          && vals->size() == 2
+          && (map_index = lhs->front()->index_expression()) != NULL)
+    {
+      if (op != OPERATOR_EQ)
+       error_at(location, "assigning tuple to map index requires %<=%>");
+      Expression* val = vals->front();
+      Expression* should_set = vals->back();
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_map_assignment(map_index, val, should_set,
+                                                   location);
+      this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+    }
+  else if (lhs->size() == 2
+          && vals->size() == 1
+          && (receive = (*vals->begin())->receive_expression()) != NULL)
+    {
+      if (op != OPERATOR_EQ)
+       error_at(location, "two values from receive requires %<=%>");
+      Expression* val = lhs->front();
+      Expression* success = lhs->back();
+      Expression* channel = receive->channel();
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_receive_assignment(val, success,
+                                                             channel,
+                                                             false,
+                                                             location);
+      this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+    }
+  else if (lhs->size() == 2
+          && vals->size() == 1
+          && (type_guard = (*vals->begin())->type_guard_expression()) != NULL)
+    {
+      if (op != OPERATOR_EQ)
+       error_at(location, "two values from type guard requires %<=%>");
+      Expression* val = lhs->front();
+      Expression* ok = lhs->back();
+      Expression* expr = type_guard->expr();
+      Type* type = type_guard->type();
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_type_guard_assignment(val, ok,
+                                                                expr, type,
+                                                                location);
+      this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(location, "number of variables does not match number of values");
+    }
+}
+
+// GoStat = "go" Expression .
+// DeferStat = "defer" Expression .
+
+void
+Parse::go_or_defer_stat()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_GO)
+            || this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_DEFER));
+  bool is_go = this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_GO);
+  source_location stat_location = this->location();
+  this->advance_token();
+  source_location expr_location = this->location();
+  Expression* expr = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+  Call_expression* call_expr = expr->call_expression();
+  if (call_expr == NULL)
+    {
+      error_at(expr_location, "expected call expression");
+      return;
+    }
+
+  // Make it easier to simplify go/defer statements by putting every
+  // statement in its own block.
+  this->gogo_->start_block(stat_location);
+  Statement* stat;
+  if (is_go)
+    stat = Statement::make_go_statement(call_expr, stat_location);
+  else
+    stat = Statement::make_defer_statement(call_expr, stat_location);
+  this->gogo_->add_statement(stat);
+  this->gogo_->add_block(this->gogo_->finish_block(stat_location),
+                        stat_location);
+}
+
+// ReturnStat = "return" [ ExpressionList ] .
+
+void
+Parse::return_stat()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_RETURN));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  this->advance_token();
+  Expression_list* vals = NULL;
+  if (this->expression_may_start_here())
+    vals = this->expression_list(NULL, false);
+  const Function* function = this->gogo_->current_function()->func_value();
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = function->type()->results();
+  this->gogo_->add_statement(Statement::make_return_statement(results, vals,
+                                                             location));
+}
+
+// IfStmt    = "if" [ SimpleStmt ";" ] Expression Block [ "else" Statement ] .
+
+void
+Parse::if_stat()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_IF));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  this->gogo_->start_block(location);
+
+  Expression* cond = NULL;
+  if (this->simple_stat_may_start_here())
+    cond = this->simple_stat(false, true, NULL, NULL);
+  if (cond != NULL && this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+    {
+      // The SimpleStat is an expression statement.
+      this->expression_stat(cond);
+      cond = NULL;
+    }
+  if (cond == NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       this->advance_token();
+      cond = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, false, NULL);
+    }
+
+  this->gogo_->start_block(this->location());
+  source_location end_loc = this->block();
+  Block* then_block = this->gogo_->finish_block(end_loc);
+
+  // Check for the easy error of a newline before "else".
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+    {
+      source_location semi_loc = this->location();
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_ELSE))
+       error_at(this->location(),
+                "unexpected semicolon or newline before %<else%>");
+      else
+       this->unget_token(Token::make_operator_token(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON,
+                                                    semi_loc));
+    }
+
+  Block* else_block = NULL;
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_ELSE))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      // We create a block to gather the statement.
+      this->gogo_->start_block(this->location());
+      this->statement(NULL);
+      else_block = this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location());
+    }
+
+  this->gogo_->add_statement(Statement::make_if_statement(cond, then_block,
+                                                         else_block,
+                                                         location));
+
+  this->gogo_->add_block(this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location()),
+                        location);
+}
+
+// SwitchStmt = ExprSwitchStmt | TypeSwitchStmt .
+// ExprSwitchStmt = "switch" [ [ SimpleStat ] ";" ] [ Expression ]
+//                     "{" { ExprCaseClause } "}" .
+// TypeSwitchStmt  = "switch" [ [ SimpleStat ] ";" ] TypeSwitchGuard
+//                     "{" { TypeCaseClause } "}" .
+// TypeSwitchGuard = [ identifier ":=" ] Expression "." "(" "type" ")" .
+
+void
+Parse::switch_stat(const Label* label)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_SWITCH));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  this->gogo_->start_block(location);
+
+  Expression* switch_val = NULL;
+  Type_switch type_switch;
+  if (this->simple_stat_may_start_here())
+    switch_val = this->simple_stat(false, true, NULL, &type_switch);
+  if (switch_val != NULL && this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+    {
+      // The SimpleStat is an expression statement.
+      this->expression_stat(switch_val);
+      switch_val = NULL;
+    }
+  if (switch_val == NULL && !type_switch.found)
+    {
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       this->advance_token();
+      if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       {
+         if (this->peek_token()->is_identifier())
+           {
+             const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+             std::string identifier = token->identifier();
+             bool is_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+             source_location id_loc = token->location();
+
+             token = this->advance_token();
+             bool is_coloneq = token->is_op(OPERATOR_COLONEQ);
+             this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(identifier,
+                                                            is_exported,
+                                                            id_loc));
+             if (is_coloneq)
+               {
+                 // This must be a TypeSwitchGuard.
+                 switch_val = this->simple_stat(false, true, NULL,
+                                                &type_switch);
+                 if (!type_switch.found)
+                   {
+                     if (switch_val == NULL
+                         || !switch_val->is_error_expression())
+                       {
+                         error_at(id_loc, "expected type switch assignment");
+                         switch_val = Expression::make_error(id_loc);
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+           }
+         if (switch_val == NULL && !type_switch.found)
+           {
+             switch_val = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, false,
+                                           &type_switch.found);
+             if (type_switch.found)
+               {
+                 type_switch.name.clear();
+                 type_switch.expr = switch_val;
+                 type_switch.location = switch_val->location();
+               }
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      source_location token_loc = this->location();
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+         && this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       error_at(token_loc, "unexpected semicolon or newline before %<{%>");
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<{%>");
+         this->gogo_->add_block(this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location()),
+                                location);
+         return;
+       }
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Statement* statement;
+  if (type_switch.found)
+    statement = this->type_switch_body(label, type_switch, location);
+  else
+    statement = this->expr_switch_body(label, switch_val, location);
+
+  if (statement != NULL)
+    this->gogo_->add_statement(statement);
+
+  this->gogo_->add_block(this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location()),
+                        location);
+}
+
+// The body of an expression switch.
+//   "{" { ExprCaseClause } "}"
+
+Statement*
+Parse::expr_switch_body(const Label* label, Expression* switch_val,
+                       source_location location)
+{
+  Switch_statement* statement = Statement::make_switch_statement(switch_val,
+                                                                location);
+
+  this->push_break_statement(statement, label);
+
+  Case_clauses* case_clauses = new Case_clauses();
+  bool saw_default = false;
+  while (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+    {
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_eof())
+       {
+         if (!saw_errors())
+           error_at(this->location(), "missing %<}%>");
+         return NULL;
+       }
+      this->expr_case_clause(case_clauses, &saw_default);
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  statement->add_clauses(case_clauses);
+
+  this->pop_break_statement();
+
+  return statement;
+}
+
+// ExprCaseClause = ExprSwitchCase ":" [ StatementList ] .
+// FallthroughStat = "fallthrough" .
+
+void
+Parse::expr_case_clause(Case_clauses* clauses, bool* saw_default)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  bool is_default = false;
+  Expression_list* vals = this->expr_switch_case(&is_default);
+
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COLON))
+    {
+      if (!saw_errors())
+       error_at(this->location(), "expected %<:%>");
+      return;
+    }
+  else
+    this->advance_token();
+
+  Block* statements = NULL;
+  if (this->statement_list_may_start_here())
+    {
+      this->gogo_->start_block(this->location());
+      this->statement_list();
+      statements = this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location());
+    }
+
+  bool is_fallthrough = false;
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FALLTHROUGH))
+    {
+      is_fallthrough = true;
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  if (is_default)
+    {
+      if (*saw_default)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "multiple defaults in switch");
+         return;
+       }
+      *saw_default = true;
+    }
+
+  if (is_default || vals != NULL)
+    clauses->add(vals, is_default, statements, is_fallthrough, location);
+}
+
+// ExprSwitchCase = "case" ExpressionList | "default" .
+
+Expression_list*
+Parse::expr_switch_case(bool* is_default)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CASE))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      return this->expression_list(NULL, false);
+    }
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_DEFAULT))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      *is_default = true;
+      return NULL;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (!saw_errors())
+       error_at(this->location(), "expected %<case%> or %<default%>");
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+       this->advance_token();
+      return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+// The body of a type switch.
+//   "{" { TypeCaseClause } "}" .
+
+Statement*
+Parse::type_switch_body(const Label* label, const Type_switch& type_switch,
+                       source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* switch_no = NULL;
+  if (!type_switch.name.empty())
+    {
+      Variable* switch_var = new Variable(NULL, type_switch.expr, false, false,
+                                         false, type_switch.location);
+      switch_no = this->gogo_->add_variable(type_switch.name, switch_var);
+    }
+
+  Type_switch_statement* statement =
+    Statement::make_type_switch_statement(switch_no,
+                                         (switch_no == NULL
+                                          ? type_switch.expr
+                                          : NULL),
+                                         location);
+
+  this->push_break_statement(statement, label);
+
+  Type_case_clauses* case_clauses = new Type_case_clauses();
+  bool saw_default = false;
+  while (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+    {
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_eof())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "missing %<}%>");
+         return NULL;
+       }
+      this->type_case_clause(switch_no, case_clauses, &saw_default);
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  statement->add_clauses(case_clauses);
+
+  this->pop_break_statement();
+
+  return statement;
+}
+
+// TypeCaseClause  = TypeSwitchCase ":" [ StatementList ] .
+
+void
+Parse::type_case_clause(Named_object* switch_no, Type_case_clauses* clauses,
+                       bool* saw_default)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  std::vector<Type*> types;
+  bool is_default = false;
+  this->type_switch_case(&types, &is_default);
+
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COLON))
+    error_at(this->location(), "expected %<:%>");
+  else
+    this->advance_token();
+
+  Block* statements = NULL;
+  if (this->statement_list_may_start_here())
+    {
+      this->gogo_->start_block(this->location());
+      if (switch_no != NULL && types.size() == 1)
+       {
+         Type* type = types.front();
+         Expression* init = Expression::make_var_reference(switch_no,
+                                                           location);
+         init = Expression::make_type_guard(init, type, location);
+         Variable* v = new Variable(type, init, false, false, false,
+                                    location);
+         v->set_is_type_switch_var();
+         this->gogo_->add_variable(switch_no->name(), v);
+       }
+      this->statement_list();
+      statements = this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location());
+    }
+
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FALLTHROUGH))
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(),
+              "fallthrough is not permitted in a type switch");
+      if (this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  if (is_default)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(types.empty());
+      if (*saw_default)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "multiple defaults in type switch");
+         return;
+       }
+      *saw_default = true;
+      clauses->add(NULL, false, true, statements, location);
+    }
+  else if (!types.empty())
+    {
+      for (std::vector<Type*>::const_iterator p = types.begin();
+          p + 1 != types.end();
+          ++p)
+       clauses->add(*p, true, false, NULL, location);
+      clauses->add(types.back(), false, false, statements, location);
+    }
+  else
+    clauses->add(Type::make_error_type(), false, false, statements, location);
+}
+
+// TypeSwitchCase  = "case" type | "default"
+
+// We accept a comma separated list of types.
+
+void
+Parse::type_switch_case(std::vector<Type*>* types, bool* is_default)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CASE))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      while (true)
+       {
+         Type* t = this->type();
+         if (!t->is_error_type())
+           types->push_back(t);
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+           break;
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+    }
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_DEFAULT))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      *is_default = true;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected %<case%> or %<default%>");
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+       this->advance_token();
+    }
+}
+
+// SelectStat = "select" "{" { CommClause } "}" .
+
+void
+Parse::select_stat(const Label* label)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_SELECT));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      source_location token_loc = token->location();
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+         && this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+       error_at(token_loc, "unexpected semicolon or newline before %<{%>");
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<{%>");
+         return;
+       }
+    }
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  Select_statement* statement = Statement::make_select_statement(location);
+
+  this->push_break_statement(statement, label);
+
+  Select_clauses* select_clauses = new Select_clauses();
+  bool saw_default = false;
+  while (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+    {
+      if (this->peek_token()->is_eof())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected %<}%>");
+         return;
+       }
+      this->comm_clause(select_clauses, &saw_default);
+    }
+
+  this->advance_token();
+
+  statement->add_clauses(select_clauses);
+
+  this->pop_break_statement();
+
+  this->gogo_->add_statement(statement);
+}
+
+// CommClause = CommCase ":" { Statement ";" } .
+
+void
+Parse::comm_clause(Select_clauses* clauses, bool* saw_default)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  bool is_send = false;
+  Expression* channel = NULL;
+  Expression* val = NULL;
+  Expression* closed = NULL;
+  std::string varname;
+  std::string closedname;
+  bool is_default = false;
+  bool got_case = this->comm_case(&is_send, &channel, &val, &closed,
+                                 &varname, &closedname, &is_default);
+
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_COLON))
+    this->advance_token();
+  else
+    error_at(this->location(), "expected colon");
+
+  Block* statements = NULL;
+  Named_object* var = NULL;
+  Named_object* closedvar = NULL;
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+    this->advance_token();
+  else if (this->statement_list_may_start_here())
+    {
+      this->gogo_->start_block(this->location());
+
+      if (!varname.empty())
+       {
+         // FIXME: LOCATION is slightly wrong here.
+         Variable* v = new Variable(NULL, channel, false, false, false,
+                                    location);
+         v->set_type_from_chan_element();
+         var = this->gogo_->add_variable(varname, v);
+       }
+
+      if (!closedname.empty())
+       {
+         // FIXME: LOCATION is slightly wrong here.
+         Variable* v = new Variable(Type::lookup_bool_type(), NULL,
+                                    false, false, false, location);
+         closedvar = this->gogo_->add_variable(closedname, v);
+       }
+
+      this->statement_list();
+      statements = this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location());
+    }
+
+  if (is_default)
+    {
+      if (*saw_default)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "multiple defaults in select");
+         return;
+       }
+      *saw_default = true;
+    }
+
+  if (got_case)
+    clauses->add(is_send, channel, val, closed, var, closedvar, is_default,
+                statements, location);
+  else if (statements != NULL)
+    {
+      // Add the statements to make sure that any names they define
+      // are traversed.
+      this->gogo_->add_block(statements, location);
+    }
+}
+
+// CommCase   = "case" ( SendStmt | RecvStmt ) | "default" .
+
+bool
+Parse::comm_case(bool* is_send, Expression** channel, Expression** val,
+                Expression** closed, std::string* varname,
+                std::string* closedname, bool* is_default)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_DEFAULT))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      *is_default = true;
+    }
+  else if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CASE))
+    {
+      this->advance_token();
+      if (!this->send_or_recv_stmt(is_send, channel, val, closed, varname,
+                                  closedname))
+       return false;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "expected %<case%> or %<default%>");
+      if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY))
+       this->advance_token();
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// RecvStmt   = [ Expression [ "," Expression ] ( "=" | ":=" ) ] RecvExpr .
+// RecvExpr   = Expression .
+
+bool
+Parse::send_or_recv_stmt(bool* is_send, Expression** channel, Expression** val,
+                        Expression** closed, std::string* varname,
+                        std::string* closedname)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  bool saw_comma = false;
+  bool closed_is_id = false;
+  if (token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      Gogo* gogo = this->gogo_;
+      std::string recv_var = token->identifier();
+      bool is_rv_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+      source_location recv_var_loc = token->location();
+      token = this->advance_token();
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_COLONEQ))
+       {
+         // case rv := <-c:
+         if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+           {
+             error_at(this->location(), "expected %<<-%>");
+             return false;
+           }
+         if (recv_var == "_")
+           {
+             error_at(recv_var_loc,
+                      "no new variables on left side of %<:=%>");
+             recv_var = "blank";
+           }
+         *is_send = false;
+         *varname = gogo->pack_hidden_name(recv_var, is_rv_exported);
+         this->advance_token();
+         *channel = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+         return true;
+       }
+      else if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_COMMA))
+       {
+         token = this->advance_token();
+         if (token->is_identifier())
+           {
+             std::string recv_closed = token->identifier();
+             bool is_rc_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+             source_location recv_closed_loc = token->location();
+             closed_is_id = true;
+
+             token = this->advance_token();
+             if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_COLONEQ))
+               {
+                 // case rv, rc := <-c:
+                 if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+                   {
+                     error_at(this->location(), "expected %<<-%>");
+                     return false;
+                   }
+                 if (recv_var == "_" && recv_closed == "_")
+                   {
+                     error_at(recv_var_loc,
+                              "no new variables on left side of %<:=%>");
+                     recv_var = "blank";
+                   }
+                 *is_send = false;
+                 if (recv_var != "_")
+                   *varname = gogo->pack_hidden_name(recv_var,
+                                                     is_rv_exported);
+                 if (recv_closed != "_")
+                   *closedname = gogo->pack_hidden_name(recv_closed,
+                                                        is_rc_exported);
+                 this->advance_token();
+                 *channel = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true,
+                                             NULL);
+                 return true;
+               }
+
+             this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(recv_closed,
+                                                            is_rc_exported,
+                                                            recv_closed_loc));
+           }
+
+         *val = this->id_to_expression(gogo->pack_hidden_name(recv_var,
+                                                              is_rv_exported),
+                                       recv_var_loc);
+         saw_comma = true;
+       }
+      else
+       this->unget_token(Token::make_identifier_token(recv_var,
+                                                      is_rv_exported,
+                                                      recv_var_loc));
+    }
+
+  // If SAW_COMMA is false, then we are looking at the start of the
+  // send or receive expression.  If SAW_COMMA is true, then *VAL is
+  // set and we just read a comma.
+
+  if (!saw_comma && this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+    {
+      // case <-c:
+      *is_send = false;
+      this->advance_token();
+      *channel = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+      return true;
+    }
+
+  Expression* e = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, true, true, NULL);
+
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_EQ))
+    {
+      if (!this->advance_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "missing %<<-%>");
+         return false;
+       }
+      *is_send = false;
+      this->advance_token();
+      *channel = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+      if (saw_comma)
+       {
+         // case v, e = <-c:
+         // *VAL is already set.
+         if (!e->is_sink_expression())
+           *closed = e;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // case v = <-c:
+         if (!e->is_sink_expression())
+           *val = e;
+       }
+      return true;
+    }
+
+  if (saw_comma)
+    {
+      if (closed_is_id)
+       error_at(this->location(), "expected %<=%> or %<:=%>");
+      else
+       error_at(this->location(), "expected %<=%>");
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_CHANOP))
+    {
+      // case c <- v:
+      *is_send = true;
+      *channel = this->verify_not_sink(e);
+      this->advance_token();
+      *val = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+      return true;
+    }
+
+  error_at(this->location(), "expected %<<-%> or %<=%>");
+  return false;
+}
+
+// ForStat = "for" [ Condition | ForClause | RangeClause ] Block .
+// Condition = Expression .
+
+void
+Parse::for_stat(const Label* label)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_FOR));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+
+  // Open a block to hold any variables defined in the init statement
+  // of the for statement.
+  this->gogo_->start_block(location);
+
+  Block* init = NULL;
+  Expression* cond = NULL;
+  Block* post = NULL;
+  Range_clause range_clause;
+
+  if (!token->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      if (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_VAR))
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(),
+                  "var declaration not allowed in for initializer");
+         this->var_decl();
+       }
+
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       this->for_clause(&cond, &post);
+      else
+       {
+         // We might be looking at a Condition, an InitStat, or a
+         // RangeClause.
+         cond = this->simple_stat(false, true, &range_clause, NULL);
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+           {
+             if (cond == NULL && !range_clause.found)
+               error_at(this->location(), "parse error in for statement");
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             if (range_clause.found)
+               error_at(this->location(), "parse error after range clause");
+
+             if (cond != NULL)
+               {
+                 // COND is actually an expression statement for
+                 // InitStat at the start of a ForClause.
+                 this->expression_stat(cond);
+                 cond = NULL;
+               }
+
+             this->for_clause(&cond, &post);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Build the For_statement and note that it is the current target
+  // for break and continue statements.
+
+  For_statement* sfor;
+  For_range_statement* srange;
+  Statement* s;
+  if (!range_clause.found)
+    {
+      sfor = Statement::make_for_statement(init, cond, post, location);
+      s = sfor;
+      srange = NULL;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      srange = Statement::make_for_range_statement(range_clause.index,
+                                                  range_clause.value,
+                                                  range_clause.range,
+                                                  location);
+      s = srange;
+      sfor = NULL;
+    }
+
+  this->push_break_statement(s, label);
+  this->push_continue_statement(s, label);
+
+  // Gather the block of statements in the loop and add them to the
+  // For_statement.
+
+  this->gogo_->start_block(this->location());
+  source_location end_loc = this->block();
+  Block* statements = this->gogo_->finish_block(end_loc);
+
+  if (sfor != NULL)
+    sfor->add_statements(statements);
+  else
+    srange->add_statements(statements);
+
+  // This is no longer the break/continue target.
+  this->pop_break_statement();
+  this->pop_continue_statement();
+
+  // Add the For_statement to the list of statements, and close out
+  // the block we started to hold any variables defined in the for
+  // statement.
+
+  this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+
+  this->gogo_->add_block(this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location()),
+                        location);
+}
+
+// ForClause = [ InitStat ] ";" [ Condition ] ";" [ PostStat ] .
+// InitStat = SimpleStat .
+// PostStat = SimpleStat .
+
+// We have already read InitStat at this point.
+
+void
+Parse::for_clause(Expression** cond, Block** post)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON));
+  this->advance_token();
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+    *cond = NULL;
+  else if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(),
+              "unexpected semicolon or newline before %<{%>");
+      *cond = NULL;
+      *post = NULL;
+      return;
+    }
+  else
+    *cond = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, true, NULL);
+  if (!this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+    error_at(this->location(), "expected semicolon");
+  else
+    this->advance_token();
+
+  if (this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_LCURLY))
+    *post = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      this->gogo_->start_block(this->location());
+      this->simple_stat(false, false, NULL, NULL);
+      *post = this->gogo_->finish_block(this->location());
+    }
+}
+
+// RangeClause = IdentifierList ( "=" | ":=" ) "range" Expression .
+
+// This is the := version.  It is called with a list of identifiers.
+
+void
+Parse::range_clause_decl(const Typed_identifier_list* til,
+                        Range_clause* p_range_clause)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_RANGE));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  p_range_clause->found = true;
+
+  gcc_assert(til->size() >= 1);
+  if (til->size() > 2)
+    error_at(this->location(), "too many variables for range clause");
+
+  this->advance_token();
+  Expression* expr = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, false, NULL);
+  p_range_clause->range = expr;
+
+  bool any_new = false;
+
+  const Typed_identifier* pti = &til->front();
+  Named_object* no = this->init_var(*pti, NULL, expr, true, true, &any_new);
+  if (any_new && no->is_variable())
+    no->var_value()->set_type_from_range_index();
+  p_range_clause->index = Expression::make_var_reference(no, location);
+
+  if (til->size() == 1)
+    p_range_clause->value = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      pti = &til->back();
+      bool is_new = false;
+      no = this->init_var(*pti, NULL, expr, true, true, &is_new);
+      if (is_new && no->is_variable())
+       no->var_value()->set_type_from_range_value();
+      if (is_new)
+       any_new = true;
+      p_range_clause->value = Expression::make_var_reference(no, location);
+    }
+
+  if (!any_new)
+    error_at(location, "variables redeclared but no variable is new");
+}
+
+// The = version of RangeClause.  This is called with a list of
+// expressions.
+
+void
+Parse::range_clause_expr(const Expression_list* vals,
+                        Range_clause* p_range_clause)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_RANGE));
+
+  p_range_clause->found = true;
+
+  gcc_assert(vals->size() >= 1);
+  if (vals->size() > 2)
+    error_at(this->location(), "too many variables for range clause");
+
+  this->advance_token();
+  p_range_clause->range = this->expression(PRECEDENCE_NORMAL, false, false,
+                                          NULL);
+
+  p_range_clause->index = vals->front();
+  if (vals->size() == 1)
+    p_range_clause->value = NULL;
+  else
+    p_range_clause->value = vals->back();
+}
+
+// Push a statement on the break stack.
+
+void
+Parse::push_break_statement(Statement* enclosing, const Label* label)
+{
+  if (this->break_stack_ == NULL)
+    this->break_stack_ = new Bc_stack();
+  this->break_stack_->push_back(std::make_pair(enclosing, label));
+}
+
+// Push a statement on the continue stack.
+
+void
+Parse::push_continue_statement(Statement* enclosing, const Label* label)
+{
+  if (this->continue_stack_ == NULL)
+    this->continue_stack_ = new Bc_stack();
+  this->continue_stack_->push_back(std::make_pair(enclosing, label));
+}
+
+// Pop the break stack.
+
+void
+Parse::pop_break_statement()
+{
+  this->break_stack_->pop_back();
+}
+
+// Pop the continue stack.
+
+void
+Parse::pop_continue_statement()
+{
+  this->continue_stack_->pop_back();
+}
+
+// Find a break or continue statement given a label name.
+
+Statement*
+Parse::find_bc_statement(const Bc_stack* bc_stack, const std::string& label)
+{
+  if (bc_stack == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+  for (Bc_stack::const_reverse_iterator p = bc_stack->rbegin();
+       p != bc_stack->rend();
+       ++p)
+    if (p->second != NULL && p->second->name() == label)
+      return p->first;
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+// BreakStat = "break" [ identifier ] .
+
+void
+Parse::break_stat()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_BREAK));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+  Statement* enclosing;
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      if (this->break_stack_ == NULL || this->break_stack_->empty())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(),
+                  "break statement not within for or switch or select");
+         return;
+       }
+      enclosing = this->break_stack_->back().first;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      enclosing = this->find_bc_statement(this->break_stack_,
+                                         token->identifier());
+      if (enclosing == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(token->location(),
+                  ("break label %qs not associated with "
+                   "for or switch or select"),
+                  Gogo::message_name(token->identifier()).c_str());
+         this->advance_token();
+         return;
+       }
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  Unnamed_label* label;
+  if (enclosing->classification() == Statement::STATEMENT_FOR)
+    label = enclosing->for_statement()->break_label();
+  else if (enclosing->classification() == Statement::STATEMENT_FOR_RANGE)
+    label = enclosing->for_range_statement()->break_label();
+  else if (enclosing->classification() == Statement::STATEMENT_SWITCH)
+    label = enclosing->switch_statement()->break_label();
+  else if (enclosing->classification() == Statement::STATEMENT_TYPE_SWITCH)
+    label = enclosing->type_switch_statement()->break_label();
+  else if (enclosing->classification() == Statement::STATEMENT_SELECT)
+    label = enclosing->select_statement()->break_label();
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+
+  this->gogo_->add_statement(Statement::make_break_statement(label,
+                                                            location));
+}
+
+// ContinueStat = "continue" [ identifier ] .
+
+void
+Parse::continue_stat()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_CONTINUE));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+  Statement* enclosing;
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      if (this->continue_stack_ == NULL || this->continue_stack_->empty())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "continue statement not within for");
+         return;
+       }
+      enclosing = this->continue_stack_->back().first;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      enclosing = this->find_bc_statement(this->continue_stack_,
+                                         token->identifier());
+      if (enclosing == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(token->location(),
+                  "continue label %qs not associated with for",
+                  Gogo::message_name(token->identifier()).c_str());
+         this->advance_token();
+         return;
+       }
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  Unnamed_label* label;
+  if (enclosing->classification() == Statement::STATEMENT_FOR)
+    label = enclosing->for_statement()->continue_label();
+  else if (enclosing->classification() == Statement::STATEMENT_FOR_RANGE)
+    label = enclosing->for_range_statement()->continue_label();
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+
+  this->gogo_->add_statement(Statement::make_continue_statement(label,
+                                                               location));
+}
+
+// GotoStat = "goto" identifier .
+
+void
+Parse::goto_stat()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_GOTO));
+  source_location location = this->location();
+  const Token* token = this->advance_token();
+  if (!token->is_identifier())
+    error_at(this->location(), "expected label for goto");
+  else
+    {
+      Label* label = this->gogo_->add_label_reference(token->identifier());
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_goto_statement(label, location);
+      this->gogo_->add_statement(s);
+      this->advance_token();
+    }
+}
+
+// PackageClause = "package" PackageName .
+
+void
+Parse::package_clause()
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  source_location location = token->location();
+  std::string name;
+  if (!token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_PACKAGE))
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "program must start with package clause");
+      name = "ERROR";
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      token = this->advance_token();
+      if (token->is_identifier())
+       {
+         name = token->identifier();
+         if (name == "_")
+           {
+             error_at(this->location(), "invalid package name _");
+             name = "blank";
+           }
+         this->advance_token();
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "package name must be an identifier");
+         name = "ERROR";
+       }
+    }
+  this->gogo_->set_package_name(name, location);
+}
+
+// ImportDecl = "import" Decl<ImportSpec> .
+
+void
+Parse::import_decl()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->peek_token()->is_keyword(KEYWORD_IMPORT));
+  this->advance_token();
+  this->decl(&Parse::import_spec, NULL);
+}
+
+// ImportSpec = [ "." | PackageName ] PackageFileName .
+
+void
+Parse::import_spec(void*)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  source_location location = token->location();
+
+  std::string local_name;
+  bool is_local_name_exported = false;
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_DOT))
+    {
+      local_name = ".";
+      token = this->advance_token();
+    }
+  else if (token->is_identifier())
+    {
+      local_name = token->identifier();
+      is_local_name_exported = token->is_identifier_exported();
+      token = this->advance_token();
+    }
+
+  if (!token->is_string())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "missing import package name");
+      return;
+    }
+
+  this->gogo_->import_package(token->string_value(), local_name,
+                             is_local_name_exported, location);
+
+  this->advance_token();
+}
+
+// SourceFile       = PackageClause ";" { ImportDecl ";" }
+//                     { TopLevelDecl ";" } .
+
+void
+Parse::program()
+{
+  this->package_clause();
+
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+    token = this->advance_token();
+  else
+    error_at(this->location(),
+            "expected %<;%> or newline after package clause");
+
+  while (token->is_keyword(KEYWORD_IMPORT))
+    {
+      this->import_decl();
+      token = this->peek_token();
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       token = this->advance_token();
+      else
+       error_at(this->location(),
+                "expected %<;%> or newline after import declaration");
+    }
+
+  while (!token->is_eof())
+    {
+      if (this->declaration_may_start_here())
+       this->declaration();
+      else
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(), "expected declaration");
+         do
+           this->advance_token();
+         while (!this->peek_token()->is_eof()
+                && !this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON)
+                && !this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_RCURLY));
+         if (!this->peek_token()->is_eof()
+             && !this->peek_token()->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+           this->advance_token();
+       }
+      token = this->peek_token();
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       token = this->advance_token();
+      else if (!token->is_eof() || !saw_errors())
+       {
+         error_at(this->location(),
+                  "expected %<;%> or newline after top level declaration");
+         this->skip_past_error(OPERATOR_INVALID);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Reset the current iota value.
+
+void
+Parse::reset_iota()
+{
+  this->iota_ = 0;
+}
+
+// Return the current iota value.
+
+int
+Parse::iota_value()
+{
+  return this->iota_;
+}
+
+// Increment the current iota value.
+
+void
+Parse::increment_iota()
+{
+  ++this->iota_;
+}
+
+// Skip forward to a semicolon or OP.  OP will normally be
+// OPERATOR_RPAREN or OPERATOR_RCURLY.  If we find a semicolon, move
+// past it and return.  If we find OP, it will be the next token to
+// read.  Return true if we are OK, false if we found EOF.
+
+bool
+Parse::skip_past_error(Operator op)
+{
+  const Token* token = this->peek_token();
+  while (!token->is_op(op))
+    {
+      if (token->is_eof())
+       return false;
+      if (token->is_op(OPERATOR_SEMICOLON))
+       {
+         this->advance_token();
+         return true;
+       }
+      token = this->advance_token();
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Check that an expression is not a sink.
+
+Expression*
+Parse::verify_not_sink(Expression* expr)
+{
+  if (expr->is_sink_expression())
+    {
+      error_at(expr->location(), "cannot use _ as value");
+      expr = Expression::make_error(expr->location());
+    }
+  return expr;
+}
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/parse.h.merge-left.r167407 b/gcc/go/gofrontend/parse.h.merge-left.r167407
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..fc2eb12
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+// parse.h -- Go frontend parser.     -*- C++ -*-
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#ifndef GO_PARSE_H
+#define GO_PARSE_H
+
+class Set_iota_traverse;
+class Lex;
+class Gogo;
+class Named_object;
+class Type;
+class Typed_identifier;
+class Typed_identifier_list;
+class Function_type;
+class Block;
+class Expression;
+class Expression_list;
+class Struct_field_list;
+class Case_clauses;
+class Type_case_clauses;
+class Select_clauses;
+class Statement;
+class Label;
+
+// Parse the program.
+
+class Parse
+{
+ public:
+  Parse(Lex*, Gogo*);
+
+  // Parse a program.
+  void
+  program();
+
+ private:
+  // Precedence values.
+  enum Precedence
+  {
+    PRECEDENCE_INVALID = -1,
+    PRECEDENCE_NORMAL = 0,
+    PRECEDENCE_OROR,
+    PRECEDENCE_ANDAND,
+    PRECEDENCE_CHANOP,
+    PRECEDENCE_RELOP,
+    PRECEDENCE_ADDOP,
+    PRECEDENCE_MULOP
+  };
+
+  // We use this when parsing the range clause of a for statement.
+  struct Range_clause
+  {
+    // Set to true if we found a range clause.
+    bool found;
+    // The index expression.
+    Expression* index;
+    // The value expression.
+    Expression* value;
+    // The range expression.
+    Expression* range;
+
+    Range_clause()
+      : found(false), index(NULL), value(NULL), range(NULL)
+    { }
+  };
+
+  // We use this when parsing the statement at the start of a switch,
+  // in order to recognize type switches.
+  struct Type_switch
+  {
+    // Set to true if we find a type switch.
+    bool found;
+    // The variable name.
+    std::string name;
+    // The location of the variable.
+    source_location location;
+    // The expression.
+    Expression* expr;
+
+    Type_switch()
+      : found(false), name(), location(UNKNOWN_LOCATION), expr(NULL)
+    { }
+  };
+
+  // A variable defined in an enclosing function referenced by the
+  // current function.
+  class Enclosing_var
+  {
+   public:
+    Enclosing_var(Named_object* var, Named_object* in_function,
+                 unsigned int index)
+      : var_(var), in_function_(in_function), index_(index)
+    { }
+
+    // We put these in a vector, so we need a default constructor.
+    Enclosing_var()
+      : var_(NULL), in_function_(NULL), index_(-1U)
+    { }
+
+    Named_object*
+    var() const
+    { return this->var_; }
+
+    Named_object*
+    in_function() const
+    { return this->in_function_; }
+
+    unsigned int
+    index() const
+    { return this->index_; }
+
+   private:
+    // The variable which is being referred to.
+    Named_object* var_;
+    // The function where the variable is defined.
+    Named_object* in_function_;
+    // The index of the field in this function's closure struct for
+    // this variable.
+    unsigned int index_;
+  };
+
+  // We store Enclosing_var entries in a set, so we need a comparator.
+  struct Enclosing_var_comparison
+  {
+    bool
+    operator()(const Enclosing_var&, const Enclosing_var&);
+  };
+
+  // A set of Enclosing_var entries.
+  typedef std::set<Enclosing_var, Enclosing_var_comparison> Enclosing_vars;
+
+  // Peek at the current token from the lexer.
+  const Token*
+  peek_token();
+
+  // Consume the current token, return the next one.
+  const Token*
+  advance_token();
+
+  // Push a token back on the input stream.
+  void
+  unget_token(const Token&);
+
+  // The location of the current token.
+  source_location
+  location();
+
+  // For break and continue we keep a stack of statements with
+  // associated labels (if any).  The top of the stack is used for a
+  // break or continue statement with no label.
+  typedef std::vector<std::pair<Statement*, const Label*> > Bc_stack;
+
+  // Parser nonterminals.
+  void identifier_list(Typed_identifier_list*);
+  Expression_list* expression_list(Expression*, bool may_be_sink);
+  bool qualified_ident(std::string*, Named_object**);
+  Type* type();
+  bool type_may_start_here();
+  Type* type_name(bool issue_error);
+  Type* array_type(bool may_use_ellipsis);
+  Type* map_type();
+  Type* struct_type();
+  void field_decl(Struct_field_list*);
+  Type* pointer_type();
+  Type* channel_type();
+  Function_type* signature(Typed_identifier*, source_location);
+  Typed_identifier_list* parameters(bool* is_varargs);
+  Typed_identifier_list* parameter_list(bool* is_varargs);
+  void parameter_decl(bool, Typed_identifier_list*, bool*, bool*);
+  Typed_identifier_list* result();
+  source_location block();
+  Type* interface_type();
+  bool method_spec(Typed_identifier_list*);
+  void declaration();
+  bool declaration_may_start_here();
+  void decl(void (Parse::*)(void*), void*);
+  void list(void (Parse::*)(void*), void*, bool);
+  void const_decl();
+  void const_spec(Type**, Expression_list**);
+  void type_decl();
+  void type_spec(void*);
+  void var_decl();
+  void var_spec(void*);
+  void init_vars(const Typed_identifier_list*, Type*, Expression_list*,
+                bool is_coloneq, source_location);
+  bool init_vars_from_call(const Typed_identifier_list*, Type*, Expression*,
+                          bool is_coloneq, source_location);
+  bool init_vars_from_map(const Typed_identifier_list*, Type*, Expression*,
+                         bool is_coloneq, source_location);
+  bool init_vars_from_receive(const Typed_identifier_list*, Type*,
+                             Expression*, bool is_coloneq, source_location);
+  bool init_vars_from_type_guard(const Typed_identifier_list*, Type*,
+                                Expression*, bool is_coloneq,
+                                source_location);
+  Named_object* init_var(const Typed_identifier&, Type*, Expression*,
+                        bool is_coloneq, bool type_from_init, bool* is_new);
+  void simple_var_decl_or_assignment(const std::string&, source_location,
+                                    Range_clause*, Type_switch*);
+  void function_decl();
+  Typed_identifier* receiver();
+  Expression* operand(bool may_be_sink);
+  Expression* enclosing_var_reference(Named_object*, Named_object*,
+                                     source_location);
+  Expression* composite_lit(Type*, int depth, source_location);
+  Expression* function_lit();
+  Expression* create_closure(Named_object* function, Enclosing_vars*,
+                            source_location);
+  Expression* primary_expr(bool may_be_sink, bool may_be_composite_lit,
+                          bool* is_type_switch);
+  Expression* selector(Expression*, bool* is_type_switch);
+  Expression* index(Expression*);
+  Expression* call(Expression*);
+  Expression* expression(Precedence, bool may_be_sink,
+                        bool may_be_composite_lit, bool* is_type_switch);
+  bool expression_may_start_here();
+  Expression* unary_expr(bool may_be_sink, bool may_be_composite_lit,
+                        bool* is_type_switch);
+  Expression* qualified_expr(Expression*, source_location);
+  Expression* id_to_expression(const std::string&, source_location);
+  void statement(const Label*);
+  bool statement_may_start_here();
+  void labeled_stmt(const std::string&, source_location);
+  Expression* simple_stat(bool, bool, Range_clause*, Type_switch*);
+  bool simple_stat_may_start_here();
+  void statement_list();
+  bool statement_list_may_start_here();
+  void expression_stat(Expression*);
+  void inc_dec_stat(Expression*);
+  void assignment(Expression*, Range_clause*);
+  void tuple_assignment(Expression_list*, Range_clause*);
+  void send();
+  void go_or_defer_stat();
+  void return_stat();
+  void if_stat();
+  void switch_stat(const Label*);
+  Statement* expr_switch_body(const Label*, Expression*, source_location);
+  void expr_case_clause(Case_clauses*);
+  Expression_list* expr_switch_case(bool*);
+  Statement* type_switch_body(const Label*, const Type_switch&,
+                             source_location);
+  void type_case_clause(Named_object*, Type_case_clauses*);
+  void type_switch_case(std::vector<Type*>*, bool*);
+  void select_stat(const Label*);
+  void comm_clause(Select_clauses*);
+  bool comm_case(bool*, Expression**, Expression**, std::string*, bool*);
+  bool send_or_recv_expr(bool*, Expression**, Expression**, std::string*);
+  void for_stat(const Label*);
+  void for_clause(Expression**, Block**);
+  void range_clause_decl(const Typed_identifier_list*, Range_clause*);
+  void range_clause_expr(const Expression_list*, Range_clause*);
+  void push_break_statement(Statement*, const Label*);
+  void push_continue_statement(Statement*, const Label*);
+  void pop_break_statement();
+  void pop_continue_statement();
+  Statement* find_bc_statement(const Bc_stack*, const std::string&);
+  void break_stat();
+  void continue_stat();
+  void goto_stat();
+  void package_clause();
+  void import_decl();
+  void import_spec(void*);
+
+  void reset_iota();
+  int iota_value();
+  void increment_iota();
+
+  // Skip past an error looking for a semicolon or OP.  Return true if
+  // all is well, false if we found EOF.
+  bool
+  skip_past_error(Operator op);
+
+  // Verify that an expression is not a sink, and return either the
+  // expression or an error.
+  Expression*
+  verify_not_sink(Expression*);
+
+  // Return the statement associated with a label in a Bc_stack, or
+  // NULL.
+  Statement*
+  find_bc_statement(const Bc_stack*, const std::string&) const;
+
+  // The lexer output we are parsing.
+  Lex* lex_;
+  // The current token.
+  Token token_;
+  // A token pushed back on the input stream.
+  Token unget_token_;
+  // Whether unget_token_ is valid.
+  bool unget_token_valid_;
+  // The code we are generating.
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+  // A stack of statements for which break may be used.
+  Bc_stack break_stack_;
+  // A stack of statements for which continue may be used.
+  Bc_stack continue_stack_;
+  // The current iota value.
+  int iota_;
+  // References from the local function to variables defined in
+  // enclosing functions.
+  Enclosing_vars enclosing_vars_;
+};
+
+
+#endif // !defined(GO_PARSE_H)
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/parse.h.merge-right.r172891 b/gcc/go/gofrontend/parse.h.merge-right.r172891
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..f072fd3
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+// parse.h -- Go frontend parser.     -*- C++ -*-
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#ifndef GO_PARSE_H
+#define GO_PARSE_H
+
+class Set_iota_traverse;
+class Lex;
+class Gogo;
+class Named_object;
+class Type;
+class Typed_identifier;
+class Typed_identifier_list;
+class Function_type;
+class Block;
+class Expression;
+class Expression_list;
+class Struct_field_list;
+class Case_clauses;
+class Type_case_clauses;
+class Select_clauses;
+class Statement;
+class Label;
+
+// Parse the program.
+
+class Parse
+{
+ public:
+  Parse(Lex*, Gogo*);
+
+  // Parse a program.
+  void
+  program();
+
+ private:
+  // Precedence values.
+  enum Precedence
+  {
+    PRECEDENCE_INVALID = -1,
+    PRECEDENCE_NORMAL = 0,
+    PRECEDENCE_OROR,
+    PRECEDENCE_ANDAND,
+    PRECEDENCE_RELOP,
+    PRECEDENCE_ADDOP,
+    PRECEDENCE_MULOP
+  };
+
+  // We use this when parsing the range clause of a for statement.
+  struct Range_clause
+  {
+    // Set to true if we found a range clause.
+    bool found;
+    // The index expression.
+    Expression* index;
+    // The value expression.
+    Expression* value;
+    // The range expression.
+    Expression* range;
+
+    Range_clause()
+      : found(false), index(NULL), value(NULL), range(NULL)
+    { }
+  };
+
+  // We use this when parsing the statement at the start of a switch,
+  // in order to recognize type switches.
+  struct Type_switch
+  {
+    // Set to true if we find a type switch.
+    bool found;
+    // The variable name.
+    std::string name;
+    // The location of the variable.
+    source_location location;
+    // The expression.
+    Expression* expr;
+
+    Type_switch()
+      : found(false), name(), location(UNKNOWN_LOCATION), expr(NULL)
+    { }
+  };
+
+  // A variable defined in an enclosing function referenced by the
+  // current function.
+  class Enclosing_var
+  {
+   public:
+    Enclosing_var(Named_object* var, Named_object* in_function,
+                 unsigned int index)
+      : var_(var), in_function_(in_function), index_(index)
+    { }
+
+    // We put these in a vector, so we need a default constructor.
+    Enclosing_var()
+      : var_(NULL), in_function_(NULL), index_(-1U)
+    { }
+
+    Named_object*
+    var() const
+    { return this->var_; }
+
+    Named_object*
+    in_function() const
+    { return this->in_function_; }
+
+    unsigned int
+    index() const
+    { return this->index_; }
+
+   private:
+    // The variable which is being referred to.
+    Named_object* var_;
+    // The function where the variable is defined.
+    Named_object* in_function_;
+    // The index of the field in this function's closure struct for
+    // this variable.
+    unsigned int index_;
+  };
+
+  // We store Enclosing_var entries in a set, so we need a comparator.
+  struct Enclosing_var_comparison
+  {
+    bool
+    operator()(const Enclosing_var&, const Enclosing_var&);
+  };
+
+  // A set of Enclosing_var entries.
+  typedef std::set<Enclosing_var, Enclosing_var_comparison> Enclosing_vars;
+
+  // Peek at the current token from the lexer.
+  const Token*
+  peek_token();
+
+  // Consume the current token, return the next one.
+  const Token*
+  advance_token();
+
+  // Push a token back on the input stream.
+  void
+  unget_token(const Token&);
+
+  // The location of the current token.
+  source_location
+  location();
+
+  // For break and continue we keep a stack of statements with
+  // associated labels (if any).  The top of the stack is used for a
+  // break or continue statement with no label.
+  typedef std::vector<std::pair<Statement*, Label*> > Bc_stack;
+
+  // Parser nonterminals.
+  void identifier_list(Typed_identifier_list*);
+  Expression_list* expression_list(Expression*, bool may_be_sink);
+  bool qualified_ident(std::string*, Named_object**);
+  Type* type();
+  bool type_may_start_here();
+  Type* type_name(bool issue_error);
+  Type* array_type(bool may_use_ellipsis);
+  Type* map_type();
+  Type* struct_type();
+  void field_decl(Struct_field_list*);
+  Type* pointer_type();
+  Type* channel_type();
+  Function_type* signature(Typed_identifier*, source_location);
+  bool parameters(Typed_identifier_list**, bool* is_varargs);
+  Typed_identifier_list* parameter_list(bool* is_varargs);
+  void parameter_decl(bool, Typed_identifier_list*, bool*, bool*);
+  bool result(Typed_identifier_list**);
+  source_location block();
+  Type* interface_type();
+  void method_spec(Typed_identifier_list*);
+  void declaration();
+  bool declaration_may_start_here();
+  void decl(void (Parse::*)(void*), void*);
+  void list(void (Parse::*)(void*), void*, bool);
+  void const_decl();
+  void const_spec(Type**, Expression_list**);
+  void type_decl();
+  void type_spec(void*);
+  void var_decl();
+  void var_spec(void*);
+  void init_vars(const Typed_identifier_list*, Type*, Expression_list*,
+                bool is_coloneq, source_location);
+  bool init_vars_from_call(const Typed_identifier_list*, Type*, Expression*,
+                          bool is_coloneq, source_location);
+  bool init_vars_from_map(const Typed_identifier_list*, Type*, Expression*,
+                         bool is_coloneq, source_location);
+  bool init_vars_from_receive(const Typed_identifier_list*, Type*,
+                             Expression*, bool is_coloneq, source_location);
+  bool init_vars_from_type_guard(const Typed_identifier_list*, Type*,
+                                Expression*, bool is_coloneq,
+                                source_location);
+  Named_object* init_var(const Typed_identifier&, Type*, Expression*,
+                        bool is_coloneq, bool type_from_init, bool* is_new);
+  Named_object* create_dummy_global(Type*, Expression*, source_location);
+  void simple_var_decl_or_assignment(const std::string&, source_location,
+                                    Range_clause*, Type_switch*);
+  void function_decl();
+  Typed_identifier* receiver();
+  Expression* operand(bool may_be_sink);
+  Expression* enclosing_var_reference(Named_object*, Named_object*,
+                                     source_location);
+  Expression* composite_lit(Type*, int depth, source_location);
+  Expression* function_lit();
+  Expression* create_closure(Named_object* function, Enclosing_vars*,
+                            source_location);
+  Expression* primary_expr(bool may_be_sink, bool may_be_composite_lit,
+                          bool* is_type_switch);
+  Expression* selector(Expression*, bool* is_type_switch);
+  Expression* index(Expression*);
+  Expression* call(Expression*);
+  Expression* expression(Precedence, bool may_be_sink,
+                        bool may_be_composite_lit, bool* is_type_switch);
+  bool expression_may_start_here();
+  Expression* unary_expr(bool may_be_sink, bool may_be_composite_lit,
+                        bool* is_type_switch);
+  Expression* qualified_expr(Expression*, source_location);
+  Expression* id_to_expression(const std::string&, source_location);
+  void statement(Label*);
+  bool statement_may_start_here();
+  void labeled_stmt(const std::string&, source_location);
+  Expression* simple_stat(bool, bool*, Range_clause*, Type_switch*);
+  bool simple_stat_may_start_here();
+  void statement_list();
+  bool statement_list_may_start_here();
+  void expression_stat(Expression*);
+  void send_stmt(Expression*);
+  void inc_dec_stat(Expression*);
+  void assignment(Expression*, Range_clause*);
+  void tuple_assignment(Expression_list*, Range_clause*);
+  void send();
+  void go_or_defer_stat();
+  void return_stat();
+  void if_stat();
+  void switch_stat(Label*);
+  Statement* expr_switch_body(Label*, Expression*, source_location);
+  void expr_case_clause(Case_clauses*, bool* saw_default);
+  Expression_list* expr_switch_case(bool*);
+  Statement* type_switch_body(Label*, const Type_switch&, source_location);
+  void type_case_clause(Named_object*, Type_case_clauses*, bool* saw_default);
+  void type_switch_case(std::vector<Type*>*, bool*);
+  void select_stat(Label*);
+  void comm_clause(Select_clauses*, bool* saw_default);
+  bool comm_case(bool*, Expression**, Expression**, Expression**,
+                std::string*, std::string*, bool*);
+  bool send_or_recv_stmt(bool*, Expression**, Expression**, Expression**,
+                        std::string*, std::string*);
+  void for_stat(Label*);
+  void for_clause(Expression**, Block**);
+  void range_clause_decl(const Typed_identifier_list*, Range_clause*);
+  void range_clause_expr(const Expression_list*, Range_clause*);
+  void push_break_statement(Statement*, Label*);
+  void push_continue_statement(Statement*, Label*);
+  void pop_break_statement();
+  void pop_continue_statement();
+  Statement* find_bc_statement(const Bc_stack*, const std::string&);
+  void break_stat();
+  void continue_stat();
+  void goto_stat();
+  void package_clause();
+  void import_decl();
+  void import_spec(void*);
+
+  void reset_iota();
+  int iota_value();
+  void increment_iota();
+
+  // Skip past an error looking for a semicolon or OP.  Return true if
+  // all is well, false if we found EOF.
+  bool
+  skip_past_error(Operator op);
+
+  // Verify that an expression is not a sink, and return either the
+  // expression or an error.
+  Expression*
+  verify_not_sink(Expression*);
+
+  // Return the statement associated with a label in a Bc_stack, or
+  // NULL.
+  Statement*
+  find_bc_statement(const Bc_stack*, const std::string&) const;
+
+  // The lexer output we are parsing.
+  Lex* lex_;
+  // The current token.
+  Token token_;
+  // A token pushed back on the input stream.
+  Token unget_token_;
+  // Whether unget_token_ is valid.
+  bool unget_token_valid_;
+  // The code we are generating.
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+  // A stack of statements for which break may be used.
+  Bc_stack* break_stack_;
+  // A stack of statements for which continue may be used.
+  Bc_stack* continue_stack_;
+  // The current iota value.
+  int iota_;
+  // References from the local function to variables defined in
+  // enclosing functions.
+  Enclosing_vars enclosing_vars_;
+};
+
+
+#endif // !defined(GO_PARSE_H)
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/parse.h.working b/gcc/go/gofrontend/parse.h.working
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..d164414
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+// parse.h -- Go frontend parser.     -*- C++ -*-
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#ifndef GO_PARSE_H
+#define GO_PARSE_H
+
+class Set_iota_traverse;
+class Lex;
+class Gogo;
+class Named_object;
+class Type;
+class Typed_identifier;
+class Typed_identifier_list;
+class Function_type;
+class Block;
+class Expression;
+class Expression_list;
+class Struct_field_list;
+class Case_clauses;
+class Type_case_clauses;
+class Select_clauses;
+class Statement;
+class Label;
+
+// Parse the program.
+
+class Parse
+{
+ public:
+  Parse(Lex*, Gogo*);
+
+  // Parse a program.
+  void
+  program();
+
+ private:
+  // Precedence values.
+  enum Precedence
+  {
+    PRECEDENCE_INVALID = -1,
+    PRECEDENCE_NORMAL = 0,
+    PRECEDENCE_OROR,
+    PRECEDENCE_ANDAND,
+    PRECEDENCE_RELOP,
+    PRECEDENCE_ADDOP,
+    PRECEDENCE_MULOP
+  };
+
+  // We use this when parsing the range clause of a for statement.
+  struct Range_clause
+  {
+    // Set to true if we found a range clause.
+    bool found;
+    // The index expression.
+    Expression* index;
+    // The value expression.
+    Expression* value;
+    // The range expression.
+    Expression* range;
+
+    Range_clause()
+      : found(false), index(NULL), value(NULL), range(NULL)
+    { }
+  };
+
+  // We use this when parsing the statement at the start of a switch,
+  // in order to recognize type switches.
+  struct Type_switch
+  {
+    // Set to true if we find a type switch.
+    bool found;
+    // The variable name.
+    std::string name;
+    // The location of the variable.
+    source_location location;
+    // The expression.
+    Expression* expr;
+
+    Type_switch()
+      : found(false), name(), location(UNKNOWN_LOCATION), expr(NULL)
+    { }
+  };
+
+  // A variable defined in an enclosing function referenced by the
+  // current function.
+  class Enclosing_var
+  {
+   public:
+    Enclosing_var(Named_object* var, Named_object* in_function,
+                 unsigned int index)
+      : var_(var), in_function_(in_function), index_(index)
+    { }
+
+    // We put these in a vector, so we need a default constructor.
+    Enclosing_var()
+      : var_(NULL), in_function_(NULL), index_(-1U)
+    { }
+
+    Named_object*
+    var() const
+    { return this->var_; }
+
+    Named_object*
+    in_function() const
+    { return this->in_function_; }
+
+    unsigned int
+    index() const
+    { return this->index_; }
+
+   private:
+    // The variable which is being referred to.
+    Named_object* var_;
+    // The function where the variable is defined.
+    Named_object* in_function_;
+    // The index of the field in this function's closure struct for
+    // this variable.
+    unsigned int index_;
+  };
+
+  // We store Enclosing_var entries in a set, so we need a comparator.
+  struct Enclosing_var_comparison
+  {
+    bool
+    operator()(const Enclosing_var&, const Enclosing_var&);
+  };
+
+  // A set of Enclosing_var entries.
+  typedef std::set<Enclosing_var, Enclosing_var_comparison> Enclosing_vars;
+
+  // Peek at the current token from the lexer.
+  const Token*
+  peek_token();
+
+  // Consume the current token, return the next one.
+  const Token*
+  advance_token();
+
+  // Push a token back on the input stream.
+  void
+  unget_token(const Token&);
+
+  // The location of the current token.
+  source_location
+  location();
+
+  // For break and continue we keep a stack of statements with
+  // associated labels (if any).  The top of the stack is used for a
+  // break or continue statement with no label.
+  typedef std::vector<std::pair<Statement*, const Label*> > Bc_stack;
+
+  // Parser nonterminals.
+  void identifier_list(Typed_identifier_list*);
+  Expression_list* expression_list(Expression*, bool may_be_sink);
+  bool qualified_ident(std::string*, Named_object**);
+  Type* type();
+  bool type_may_start_here();
+  Type* type_name(bool issue_error);
+  Type* array_type(bool may_use_ellipsis);
+  Type* map_type();
+  Type* struct_type();
+  void field_decl(Struct_field_list*);
+  Type* pointer_type();
+  Type* channel_type();
+  Function_type* signature(Typed_identifier*, source_location);
+  bool parameters(Typed_identifier_list**, bool* is_varargs);
+  Typed_identifier_list* parameter_list(bool* is_varargs);
+  void parameter_decl(bool, Typed_identifier_list*, bool*, bool*);
+  bool result(Typed_identifier_list**);
+  source_location block();
+  Type* interface_type();
+  void method_spec(Typed_identifier_list*);
+  void declaration();
+  bool declaration_may_start_here();
+  void decl(void (Parse::*)(void*), void*);
+  void list(void (Parse::*)(void*), void*, bool);
+  void const_decl();
+  void const_spec(Type**, Expression_list**);
+  void type_decl();
+  void type_spec(void*);
+  void var_decl();
+  void var_spec(void*);
+  void init_vars(const Typed_identifier_list*, Type*, Expression_list*,
+                bool is_coloneq, source_location);
+  bool init_vars_from_call(const Typed_identifier_list*, Type*, Expression*,
+                          bool is_coloneq, source_location);
+  bool init_vars_from_map(const Typed_identifier_list*, Type*, Expression*,
+                         bool is_coloneq, source_location);
+  bool init_vars_from_receive(const Typed_identifier_list*, Type*,
+                             Expression*, bool is_coloneq, source_location);
+  bool init_vars_from_type_guard(const Typed_identifier_list*, Type*,
+                                Expression*, bool is_coloneq,
+                                source_location);
+  Named_object* init_var(const Typed_identifier&, Type*, Expression*,
+                        bool is_coloneq, bool type_from_init, bool* is_new);
+  Named_object* create_dummy_global(Type*, Expression*, source_location);
+  void simple_var_decl_or_assignment(const std::string&, source_location,
+                                    Range_clause*, Type_switch*);
+  void function_decl();
+  Typed_identifier* receiver();
+  Expression* operand(bool may_be_sink);
+  Expression* enclosing_var_reference(Named_object*, Named_object*,
+                                     source_location);
+  Expression* composite_lit(Type*, int depth, source_location);
+  Expression* function_lit();
+  Expression* create_closure(Named_object* function, Enclosing_vars*,
+                            source_location);
+  Expression* primary_expr(bool may_be_sink, bool may_be_composite_lit,
+                          bool* is_type_switch);
+  Expression* selector(Expression*, bool* is_type_switch);
+  Expression* index(Expression*);
+  Expression* call(Expression*);
+  Expression* expression(Precedence, bool may_be_sink,
+                        bool may_be_composite_lit, bool* is_type_switch);
+  bool expression_may_start_here();
+  Expression* unary_expr(bool may_be_sink, bool may_be_composite_lit,
+                        bool* is_type_switch);
+  Expression* qualified_expr(Expression*, source_location);
+  Expression* id_to_expression(const std::string&, source_location);
+  void statement(const Label*);
+  bool statement_may_start_here();
+  void labeled_stmt(const std::string&, source_location);
+  Expression* simple_stat(bool, bool, Range_clause*, Type_switch*);
+  bool simple_stat_may_start_here();
+  void statement_list();
+  bool statement_list_may_start_here();
+  void expression_stat(Expression*);
+  void send_stmt(Expression*);
+  void inc_dec_stat(Expression*);
+  void assignment(Expression*, Range_clause*);
+  void tuple_assignment(Expression_list*, Range_clause*);
+  void send();
+  void go_or_defer_stat();
+  void return_stat();
+  void if_stat();
+  void switch_stat(const Label*);
+  Statement* expr_switch_body(const Label*, Expression*, source_location);
+  void expr_case_clause(Case_clauses*, bool* saw_default);
+  Expression_list* expr_switch_case(bool*);
+  Statement* type_switch_body(const Label*, const Type_switch&,
+                             source_location);
+  void type_case_clause(Named_object*, Type_case_clauses*, bool* saw_default);
+  void type_switch_case(std::vector<Type*>*, bool*);
+  void select_stat(const Label*);
+  void comm_clause(Select_clauses*, bool* saw_default);
+  bool comm_case(bool*, Expression**, Expression**, Expression**,
+                std::string*, std::string*, bool*);
+  bool send_or_recv_stmt(bool*, Expression**, Expression**, Expression**,
+                        std::string*, std::string*);
+  void for_stat(const Label*);
+  void for_clause(Expression**, Block**);
+  void range_clause_decl(const Typed_identifier_list*, Range_clause*);
+  void range_clause_expr(const Expression_list*, Range_clause*);
+  void push_break_statement(Statement*, const Label*);
+  void push_continue_statement(Statement*, const Label*);
+  void pop_break_statement();
+  void pop_continue_statement();
+  Statement* find_bc_statement(const Bc_stack*, const std::string&);
+  void break_stat();
+  void continue_stat();
+  void goto_stat();
+  void package_clause();
+  void import_decl();
+  void import_spec(void*);
+
+  void reset_iota();
+  int iota_value();
+  void increment_iota();
+
+  // Skip past an error looking for a semicolon or OP.  Return true if
+  // all is well, false if we found EOF.
+  bool
+  skip_past_error(Operator op);
+
+  // Verify that an expression is not a sink, and return either the
+  // expression or an error.
+  Expression*
+  verify_not_sink(Expression*);
+
+  // Return the statement associated with a label in a Bc_stack, or
+  // NULL.
+  Statement*
+  find_bc_statement(const Bc_stack*, const std::string&) const;
+
+  // The lexer output we are parsing.
+  Lex* lex_;
+  // The current token.
+  Token token_;
+  // A token pushed back on the input stream.
+  Token unget_token_;
+  // Whether unget_token_ is valid.
+  bool unget_token_valid_;
+  // The code we are generating.
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+  // A stack of statements for which break may be used.
+  Bc_stack* break_stack_;
+  // A stack of statements for which continue may be used.
+  Bc_stack* continue_stack_;
+  // The current iota value.
+  int iota_;
+  // References from the local function to variables defined in
+  // enclosing functions.
+  Enclosing_vars enclosing_vars_;
+};
+
+
+#endif // !defined(GO_PARSE_H)
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/statements.cc.merge-left.r167407 b/gcc/go/gofrontend/statements.cc.merge-left.r167407
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..10fe7e4
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,5146 @@
+// statements.cc -- Go frontend statements.
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "go-system.h"
+
+#include <gmp.h>
+
+#ifndef ENABLE_BUILD_WITH_CXX
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif
+
+#include "intl.h"
+#include "tree.h"
+#include "gimple.h"
+#include "convert.h"
+#include "tree-iterator.h"
+#include "tree-flow.h"
+#include "real.h"
+
+#ifndef ENABLE_BUILD_WITH_CXX
+}
+#endif
+
+#include "go-c.h"
+#include "types.h"
+#include "expressions.h"
+#include "gogo.h"
+#include "statements.h"
+
+// Class Statement.
+
+Statement::Statement(Statement_classification classification,
+                    source_location location)
+  : classification_(classification), location_(location)
+{
+}
+
+Statement::~Statement()
+{
+}
+
+// Traverse the tree.  The work of walking the components is handled
+// by the subclasses.
+
+int
+Statement::traverse(Block* block, size_t* pindex, Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->classification_ == STATEMENT_ERROR)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+  unsigned int traverse_mask = traverse->traverse_mask();
+
+  if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_statements) != 0)
+    {
+      int t = traverse->statement(block, pindex, this);
+      if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+      else if (t == TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS)
+       return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    }
+
+  // No point in checking traverse_mask here--a statement may contain
+  // other blocks or statements, and if we got here we always want to
+  // walk them.
+  return this->do_traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Traverse the contents of a statement.
+
+int
+Statement::traverse_contents(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  return this->do_traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Traverse assignments.
+
+bool
+Statement::traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments* tassign)
+{
+  if (this->classification_ == STATEMENT_ERROR)
+    return false;
+  return this->do_traverse_assignments(tassign);
+}
+
+// Traverse an expression in a statement.  This is a helper function
+// for child classes.
+
+int
+Statement::traverse_expression(Traverse* traverse, Expression** expr)
+{
+  if ((traverse->traverse_mask()
+       & (Traverse::traverse_types | Traverse::traverse_expressions)) == 0)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  return Expression::traverse(expr, traverse);
+}
+
+// Traverse an expression list in a statement.  This is a helper
+// function for child classes.
+
+int
+Statement::traverse_expression_list(Traverse* traverse,
+                                   Expression_list* expr_list)
+{
+  if (expr_list == NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  if ((traverse->traverse_mask() & Traverse::traverse_expressions) == 0)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  return expr_list->traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Traverse a type in a statement.  This is a helper function for
+// child classes.
+
+int
+Statement::traverse_type(Traverse* traverse, Type* type)
+{
+  if ((traverse->traverse_mask()
+       & (Traverse::traverse_types | Traverse::traverse_expressions)) == 0)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  return Type::traverse(type, traverse);
+}
+
+// Set type information for unnamed constants.  This is really done by
+// the child class.
+
+void
+Statement::determine_types()
+{
+  this->do_determine_types();
+}
+
+// If this is a thunk statement, return it.
+
+Thunk_statement*
+Statement::thunk_statement()
+{
+  Thunk_statement* ret = this->convert<Thunk_statement, STATEMENT_GO>();
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    ret = this->convert<Thunk_statement, STATEMENT_DEFER>();
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a Statement.  This is really done by the child
+// class.
+
+tree
+Statement::get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->classification_ == STATEMENT_ERROR)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  return this->do_get_tree(context);
+}
+
+// Build tree nodes and set locations.
+
+tree
+Statement::build_stmt_1(int tree_code_value, tree node)
+{
+  tree ret = build1(static_cast<tree_code>(tree_code_value),
+                   void_type_node, node);
+  SET_EXPR_LOCATION(ret, this->location_);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Note that this statement is erroneous.  This is called by children
+// when they discover an error.
+
+void
+Statement::set_is_error()
+{
+  this->classification_ = STATEMENT_ERROR;
+}
+
+// For children to call to report an error conveniently.
+
+void
+Statement::report_error(const char* msg)
+{
+  error_at(this->location_, "%s", msg);
+  this->set_is_error();
+}
+
+// An error statement, used to avoid crashing after we report an
+// error.
+
+class Error_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Error_statement(source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_ERROR, location)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+};
+
+// Make an error statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_error_statement(source_location location)
+{
+  return new Error_statement(location);
+}
+
+// Class Variable_declaration_statement.
+
+Variable_declaration_statement::Variable_declaration_statement(
+    Named_object* var)
+  : Statement(STATEMENT_VARIABLE_DECLARATION, var->var_value()->location()),
+    var_(var)
+{
+}
+
+// We don't actually traverse the variable here; it was traversed
+// while traversing the Block.
+
+int
+Variable_declaration_statement::do_traverse(Traverse*)
+{
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Traverse the assignments in a variable declaration.  Note that this
+// traversal is different from the usual traversal.
+
+bool
+Variable_declaration_statement::do_traverse_assignments(
+    Traverse_assignments* tassign)
+{
+  tassign->initialize_variable(this->var_);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Return the tree for a variable declaration.
+
+tree
+Variable_declaration_statement::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree val = this->var_->get_tree(context->gogo(), context->function());
+  if (val == error_mark_node || TREE_TYPE(val) == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  Variable* variable = this->var_->var_value();
+
+  tree init = variable->get_init_tree(context->gogo(), context->function());
+  if (init == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  // If this variable lives on the heap, we need to allocate it now.
+  if (!variable->is_in_heap())
+    {
+      DECL_INITIAL(val) = init;
+      return this->build_stmt_1(DECL_EXPR, val);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(val) == INDIRECT_REF);
+      tree decl = TREE_OPERAND(val, 0);
+      gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(decl) == VAR_DECL);
+      tree type = TREE_TYPE(decl);
+      gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(type));
+      tree size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(TREE_TYPE(type));
+      tree space = context->gogo()->allocate_memory(variable->type(), size,
+                                                   this->location());
+      space = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(decl), space);
+      DECL_INITIAL(decl) = space;
+      return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                   this->build_stmt_1(DECL_EXPR, decl),
+                   build2(MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node, val, init));
+    }
+}
+
+// Make a variable declaration.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_variable_declaration(Named_object* var)
+{
+  return new Variable_declaration_statement(var);
+}
+
+// Class Temporary_statement.
+
+// Return the type of the temporary variable.
+
+Type*
+Temporary_statement::type() const
+{
+  return this->type_ != NULL ? this->type_ : this->init_->type();
+}
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Temporary_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->init_ == NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  else
+    return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->init_);
+}
+
+// Traverse assignments.
+
+bool
+Temporary_statement::do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments* tassign)
+{
+  if (this->init_ == NULL)
+    return false;
+  tassign->value(&this->init_, true, true);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Determine types.
+
+void
+Temporary_statement::do_determine_types()
+{
+  if (this->init_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->type_ == NULL)
+       this->init_->determine_type_no_context();
+      else
+       {
+         Type_context context(this->type_, false);
+         this->init_->determine_type(&context);
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    this->type_ = this->init_->type();
+
+  if (this->type_->is_abstract())
+    this->type_ = this->type_->make_non_abstract_type();
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+Temporary_statement::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && this->init_ != NULL)
+    gcc_assert(Type::are_assignable(this->type_, this->init_->type(), NULL));
+}
+
+// Return a tree.
+
+tree
+Temporary_statement::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->decl_ == NULL_TREE);
+  tree type_tree = this->type()->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    {
+      this->decl_ = error_mark_node;
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+  // We can only use create_tmp_var if the type is not addressable.
+  if (!TREE_ADDRESSABLE(type_tree))
+    {
+      this->decl_ = create_tmp_var(type_tree, "GOTMP");
+      DECL_SOURCE_LOCATION(this->decl_) = this->location();
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      gcc_assert(context->function() != NULL && context->block() != NULL);
+      tree decl = build_decl(this->location(), VAR_DECL,
+                            create_tmp_var_name("GOTMP"),
+                            type_tree);
+      DECL_ARTIFICIAL(decl) = 1;
+      DECL_IGNORED_P(decl) = 1;
+      TREE_USED(decl) = 1;
+      gcc_assert(current_function_decl != NULL_TREE);
+      DECL_CONTEXT(decl) = current_function_decl;
+
+      // We have to add this variable to the block so that it winds up
+      // in a BIND_EXPR.
+      tree block_tree = context->block_tree();
+      gcc_assert(block_tree != NULL_TREE);
+      DECL_CHAIN(decl) = BLOCK_VARS(block_tree);
+      BLOCK_VARS(block_tree) = decl;
+
+      this->decl_ = decl;
+    }
+  if (this->init_ != NULL)
+    DECL_INITIAL(this->decl_) =
+      Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, this->type(),
+                                        this->init_->type(),
+                                        this->init_->get_tree(context),
+                                        this->location());
+  if (this->is_address_taken_)
+    TREE_ADDRESSABLE(this->decl_) = 1;
+  return this->build_stmt_1(DECL_EXPR, this->decl_);
+}
+
+// Make and initialize a temporary variable in BLOCK.
+
+Temporary_statement*
+Statement::make_temporary(Type* type, Expression* init,
+                         source_location location)
+{
+  return new Temporary_statement(type, init, location);
+}
+
+// An assignment statement.
+
+class Assignment_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Assignment_statement(Expression* lhs, Expression* rhs,
+                      source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_ASSIGNMENT, location),
+      lhs_(lhs), rhs_(rhs)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*);
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types();
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // Left hand side--the lvalue.
+  Expression* lhs_;
+  // Right hand side--the rvalue.
+  Expression* rhs_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Assignment_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->lhs_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->rhs_);
+}
+
+bool
+Assignment_statement::do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments* tassign)
+{
+  tassign->assignment(&this->lhs_, &this->rhs_);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Set types for the assignment.
+
+void
+Assignment_statement::do_determine_types()
+{
+  this->lhs_->determine_type_no_context();
+  Type_context context(this->lhs_->type(), false);
+  this->rhs_->determine_type(&context);
+}
+
+// Check types for an assignment.
+
+void
+Assignment_statement::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  // The left hand side must be either addressable, a map index
+  // expression, or the blank identifier.
+  if (!this->lhs_->is_addressable()
+      && this->lhs_->map_index_expression() == NULL
+      && !this->lhs_->is_sink_expression())
+    {
+      if (!this->lhs_->type()->is_error_type())
+       this->report_error(_("invalid left hand side of assignment"));
+      return;
+    }
+
+  Type* lhs_type = this->lhs_->type();
+  Type* rhs_type = this->rhs_->type();
+  std::string reason;
+  if (!Type::are_assignable(lhs_type, rhs_type, &reason))
+    {
+      if (reason.empty())
+       error_at(this->location(), "incompatible types in assignment");
+      else
+       error_at(this->location(), "incompatible types in assignment (%s)",
+                reason.c_str());
+      this->set_is_error();
+    }
+
+  if (lhs_type->is_error_type()
+      || rhs_type->is_error_type()
+      || lhs_type->is_undefined()
+      || rhs_type->is_undefined())
+    {
+      // Make sure we get the error for an undefined type.
+      lhs_type->base();
+      rhs_type->base();
+      this->set_is_error();
+    }
+}
+
+// Build a tree for an assignment statement.
+
+tree
+Assignment_statement::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree rhs_tree = this->rhs_->get_tree(context);
+
+  if (this->lhs_->is_sink_expression())
+    return rhs_tree;
+
+  tree lhs_tree = this->lhs_->get_tree(context);
+
+  if (lhs_tree == error_mark_node || rhs_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  rhs_tree = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, this->lhs_->type(),
+                                               this->rhs_->type(), rhs_tree,
+                                               this->location());
+  if (rhs_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  return fold_build2_loc(this->location(), MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                        lhs_tree, rhs_tree);
+}
+
+// Make an assignment statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_assignment(Expression* lhs, Expression* rhs,
+                          source_location location)
+{
+  return new Assignment_statement(lhs, rhs, location);
+}
+
+// The Move_ordered_evals class is used to find any subexpressions of
+// an expression that have an evaluation order dependency.  It creates
+// temporary variables to hold them.
+
+class Move_ordered_evals : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Move_ordered_evals(Block* block)
+    : Traverse(traverse_expressions),
+      block_(block)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+ private:
+  // The block where new temporary variables should be added.
+  Block* block_;
+};
+
+int
+Move_ordered_evals::expression(Expression** pexpr)
+{
+  // We have to look at subexpressions first.
+  if ((*pexpr)->traverse_subexpressions(this) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if ((*pexpr)->must_eval_in_order())
+    {
+      source_location loc = (*pexpr)->location();
+      Temporary_statement* temp = Statement::make_temporary(NULL, *pexpr, loc);
+      this->block_->add_statement(temp);
+      *pexpr = Expression::make_temporary_reference(temp, loc);
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+}
+
+// An assignment operation statement.
+
+class Assignment_operation_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Assignment_operation_statement(Operator op, Expression* lhs, Expression* rhs,
+                                source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_ASSIGNMENT_OPERATION, location),
+      op_(op), lhs_(lhs), rhs_(rhs)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Block*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // The operator (OPERATOR_PLUSEQ, etc.).
+  Operator op_;
+  // Left hand side.
+  Expression* lhs_;
+  // Right hand side.
+  Expression* rhs_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Assignment_operation_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->lhs_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->rhs_);
+}
+
+// Lower an assignment operation statement to a regular assignment
+// statement.
+
+Statement*
+Assignment_operation_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Block* enclosing)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  // We have to evaluate the left hand side expression only once.  We
+  // do this by moving out any expression with side effects.
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+  Move_ordered_evals moe(b);
+  this->lhs_->traverse_subexpressions(&moe);
+
+  Expression* lval = this->lhs_->copy();
+
+  Operator op;
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUSEQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_PLUS;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUSEQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_MINUS;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_OREQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_OR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_XOREQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_XOR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MULTEQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_MULT;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_DIVEQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_DIV;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MODEQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_MOD;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_LSHIFTEQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_LSHIFT;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_RSHIFTEQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_RSHIFT;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_ANDEQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_AND;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAREQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_BITCLEAR;
+      break;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  Expression* binop = Expression::make_binary(op, lval, this->rhs_, loc);
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(this->lhs_, binop, loc);
+  if (b->statements()->empty())
+    {
+      delete b;
+      return s;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      b->add_statement(s);
+      return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+    }
+}
+
+// Make an assignment operation statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_assignment_operation(Operator op, Expression* lhs,
+                                    Expression* rhs, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Assignment_operation_statement(op, lhs, rhs, location);
+}
+
+// A tuple assignment statement.  This differs from an assignment
+// statement in that the right-hand-side expressions are evaluated in
+// parallel.
+
+class Tuple_assignment_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Tuple_assignment_statement(Expression_list* lhs, Expression_list* rhs,
+                            source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_TUPLE_ASSIGNMENT, location),
+      lhs_(lhs), rhs_(rhs)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Block*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // Left hand side--a list of lvalues.
+  Expression_list* lhs_;
+  // Right hand side--a list of rvalues.
+  Expression_list* rhs_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Tuple_assignment_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression_list(traverse, this->lhs_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->traverse_expression_list(traverse, this->rhs_);
+}
+
+// Lower a tuple assignment.  We use temporary variables to split it
+// up into a set of single assignments.
+
+Statement*
+Tuple_assignment_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Block* enclosing)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+  
+  // First move out any subexpressions on the left hand side.  The
+  // right hand side will be evaluated in the required order anyhow.
+  Move_ordered_evals moe(b);
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator plhs = this->lhs_->begin();
+       plhs != this->lhs_->end();
+       ++plhs)
+    (*plhs)->traverse_subexpressions(&moe);
+
+  std::vector<Temporary_statement*> temps;
+  temps.reserve(this->lhs_->size());
+
+  Expression_list::const_iterator prhs = this->rhs_->begin();
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator plhs = this->lhs_->begin();
+       plhs != this->lhs_->end();
+       ++plhs, ++prhs)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(prhs != this->rhs_->end());
+
+      if ((*plhs)->is_sink_expression())
+       {
+         b->add_statement(Statement::make_statement(*prhs));
+         continue;
+       }
+
+      Temporary_statement* temp = Statement::make_temporary((*plhs)->type(),
+                                                           *prhs, loc);
+      b->add_statement(temp);
+      temps.push_back(temp);
+
+    }
+  gcc_assert(prhs == this->rhs_->end());
+
+  prhs = this->rhs_->begin();
+  std::vector<Temporary_statement*>::const_iterator ptemp = temps.begin();
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator plhs = this->lhs_->begin();
+       plhs != this->lhs_->end();
+       ++plhs, ++prhs)
+    {
+      if ((*plhs)->is_sink_expression())
+       continue;
+
+      Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(*ptemp, loc);
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(*plhs, ref, loc);
+      b->add_statement(s);
+      ++ptemp;
+    }
+  gcc_assert(ptemp == temps.end());
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Make a tuple assignment statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_tuple_assignment(Expression_list* lhs, Expression_list* rhs,
+                                source_location location)
+{
+  return new Tuple_assignment_statement(lhs, rhs, location);
+}
+
+// A tuple assignment from a map index expression.
+//   v, ok = m[k]
+
+class Tuple_map_assignment_statement : public Statement
+{
+public:
+  Tuple_map_assignment_statement(Expression* val, Expression* present,
+                                Expression* map_index,
+                                source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_TUPLE_MAP_ASSIGNMENT, location),
+      val_(val), present_(present), map_index_(map_index)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Block*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // Lvalue which receives the value from the map.
+  Expression* val_;
+  // Lvalue which receives whether the key value was present.
+  Expression* present_;
+  // The map index expression.
+  Expression* map_index_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Tuple_map_assignment_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->val_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->present_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->map_index_);
+}
+
+// Lower a tuple map assignment.
+
+Statement*
+Tuple_map_assignment_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Block* enclosing)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  Map_index_expression* map_index = this->map_index_->map_index_expression();
+  if (map_index == NULL)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("expected map index on right hand side"));
+      return Statement::make_error_statement(loc);
+    }
+  Map_type* map_type = map_index->get_map_type();
+
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  // Move out any subexpressions to make sure that functions are
+  // called in the required order.
+  Move_ordered_evals moe(b);
+  this->val_->traverse_subexpressions(&moe);
+  this->present_->traverse_subexpressions(&moe);
+
+  // Copy the key value into a temporary so that we can take its
+  // address without pushing the value onto the heap.
+
+  // var key_temp KEY_TYPE = MAP_INDEX
+  Temporary_statement* key_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(map_type->key_type(), map_index->index(), loc);
+  b->add_statement(key_temp);
+
+  // var val_temp VAL_TYPE
+  Temporary_statement* val_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(map_type->val_type(), NULL, loc);
+  b->add_statement(val_temp);
+
+  // var present_temp bool
+  Temporary_statement* present_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(Type::lookup_bool_type(), NULL, loc);
+  b->add_statement(present_temp);
+
+  // func mapaccess2(hmap map[k]v, key *k, val *v) bool
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+  Typed_identifier_list* param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("hmap", map_type, bloc));
+  Type* pkey_type = Type::make_pointer_type(map_type->key_type());
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("key", pkey_type, bloc));
+  Type* pval_type = Type::make_pointer_type(map_type->val_type());
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("val", pval_type, bloc));
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* ret_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  ret_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("", Type::make_boolean_type(), bloc));
+
+  Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types,
+                                                  ret_types, bloc);
+  Named_object* mapaccess2 =
+    Named_object::make_function_declaration("mapaccess2", NULL, fntype, bloc);
+  mapaccess2->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name("runtime.mapaccess2");
+
+  // present_temp = mapaccess2(MAP, &key_temp, &val_temp)
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(mapaccess2, NULL, loc);
+  Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+  params->push_back(map_index->map());
+  Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(key_temp, loc);
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc));
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp, loc);
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc));
+  Expression* call = Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(present_temp, loc);
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(ref, call, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  // val = val_temp
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_assignment(this->val_, ref, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  // present = present_temp
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(present_temp, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_assignment(this->present_, ref, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Make a map assignment statement which returns a pair of values.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_tuple_map_assignment(Expression* val, Expression* present,
+                                    Expression* map_index,
+                                    source_location location)
+{
+  return new Tuple_map_assignment_statement(val, present, map_index, location);
+}
+
+// Assign a pair of entries to a map.
+//   m[k] = v, p
+
+class Map_assignment_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Map_assignment_statement(Expression* map_index,
+                          Expression* val, Expression* should_set,
+                          source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_MAP_ASSIGNMENT, location),
+      map_index_(map_index), val_(val), should_set_(should_set)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Block*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // A reference to the map index which should be set or deleted.
+  Expression* map_index_;
+  // The value to add to the map.
+  Expression* val_;
+  // Whether or not to add the value.
+  Expression* should_set_;
+};
+
+// Traverse a map assignment.
+
+int
+Map_assignment_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->map_index_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->val_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->should_set_);
+}
+
+// Lower a map assignment to a function call.
+
+Statement*
+Map_assignment_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Block* enclosing)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  Map_index_expression* map_index = this->map_index_->map_index_expression();
+  if (map_index == NULL)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("expected map index on left hand side"));
+      return Statement::make_error_statement(loc);
+    }
+  Map_type* map_type = map_index->get_map_type();
+
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  // Evaluate the map first to get order of evaluation right.
+  // map_temp := m // we are evaluating m[k] = v, p
+  Temporary_statement* map_temp = Statement::make_temporary(map_type,
+                                                           map_index->map(),
+                                                           loc);
+  b->add_statement(map_temp);
+
+  // var key_temp MAP_KEY_TYPE = k
+  Temporary_statement* key_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(map_type->key_type(), map_index->index(), loc);
+  b->add_statement(key_temp);
+
+  // var val_temp MAP_VAL_TYPE = v
+  Temporary_statement* val_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(map_type->val_type(), this->val_, loc);
+  b->add_statement(val_temp);
+
+  // func mapassign2(hmap map[k]v, key *k, val *v, p)
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+  Typed_identifier_list* param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("hmap", map_type, bloc));
+  Type* pkey_type = Type::make_pointer_type(map_type->key_type());
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("key", pkey_type, bloc));
+  Type* pval_type = Type::make_pointer_type(map_type->val_type());
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("val", pval_type, bloc));
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("p", Type::lookup_bool_type(), bloc));
+  Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types,
+                                                  NULL, bloc);
+  Named_object* mapassign2 =
+    Named_object::make_function_declaration("mapassign2", NULL, fntype, bloc);
+  mapassign2->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name("runtime.mapassign2");
+
+  // mapassign2(map_temp, &key_temp, &val_temp, p)
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(mapassign2, NULL, loc);
+  Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_temporary_reference(map_temp, loc));
+  Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(key_temp, loc);
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc));
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp, loc);
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc));
+  params->push_back(this->should_set_);
+  Expression* call = Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_statement(call);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Make a statement which assigns a pair of entries to a map.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_map_assignment(Expression* map_index,
+                              Expression* val, Expression* should_set,
+                              source_location location)
+{
+  return new Map_assignment_statement(map_index, val, should_set, location);
+}
+
+// A tuple assignment from a receive statement.
+
+class Tuple_receive_assignment_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Tuple_receive_assignment_statement(Expression* val, Expression* success,
+                                    Expression* channel,
+                                    source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_TUPLE_RECEIVE_ASSIGNMENT, location),
+      val_(val), success_(success), channel_(channel)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Block*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // Lvalue which receives the value from the channel.
+  Expression* val_;
+  // Lvalue which receives whether the read succeeded or failed.
+  Expression* success_;
+  // The channel on which we receive the value.
+  Expression* channel_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Tuple_receive_assignment_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->val_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->success_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->channel_);
+}
+
+// Lower to a function call.
+
+Statement*
+Tuple_receive_assignment_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Block* enclosing)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  Channel_type* channel_type = this->channel_->type()->channel_type();
+  if (channel_type == NULL)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("expected channel"));
+      return Statement::make_error_statement(loc);
+    }
+  if (!channel_type->may_receive())
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("invalid receive on send-only channel"));
+      return Statement::make_error_statement(loc);
+    }
+
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  // Make sure that any subexpressions on the left hand side are
+  // evaluated in the right order.
+  Move_ordered_evals moe(b);
+  this->val_->traverse_subexpressions(&moe);
+  this->success_->traverse_subexpressions(&moe);
+
+  // var val_temp ELEMENT_TYPE
+  Temporary_statement* val_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(channel_type->element_type(), NULL, loc);
+  b->add_statement(val_temp);
+
+  // var success_temp bool
+  Temporary_statement* success_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(Type::lookup_bool_type(), NULL, loc);
+  b->add_statement(success_temp);
+
+  // func chanrecv2(c chan T, val *T) bool
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+  Typed_identifier_list* param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("c", channel_type, bloc));
+  Type* pelement_type = Type::make_pointer_type(channel_type->element_type());
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("val", pelement_type, bloc));
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* ret_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  ret_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("", Type::lookup_bool_type(), bloc));
+
+  Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types,
+                                                  ret_types, bloc);
+  Named_object* chanrecv2 =
+    Named_object::make_function_declaration("chanrecv2", NULL, fntype, bloc);
+  chanrecv2->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name("runtime.chanrecv2");
+
+  // success_temp = chanrecv2(channel, &val_temp)
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(chanrecv2, NULL, loc);
+  Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+  params->push_back(this->channel_);
+  Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp, loc);
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc));
+  Expression* call = Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(success_temp, loc);
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(ref, call, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  // val = val_temp
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_assignment(this->val_, ref, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  // success = success_temp
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(success_temp, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_assignment(this->success_, ref, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Make a nonblocking receive statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_tuple_receive_assignment(Expression* val, Expression* success,
+                                        Expression* channel,
+                                        source_location location)
+{
+  return new Tuple_receive_assignment_statement(val, success, channel,
+                                               location);
+}
+
+// An assignment to a pair of values from a type guard.  This is a
+// conditional type guard.  v, ok = i.(type).
+
+class Tuple_type_guard_assignment_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Tuple_type_guard_assignment_statement(Expression* val, Expression* ok,
+                                       Expression* expr, Type* type,
+                                       source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_TUPLE_TYPE_GUARD_ASSIGNMENT, location),
+      val_(val), ok_(ok), expr_(expr), type_(type)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Block*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  Call_expression*
+  lower_to_empty_interface(const char*);
+
+  Call_expression*
+  lower_to_type(const char*);
+
+  void
+  lower_to_object_type(Block*, const char*);
+
+  // The variable which recieves the converted value.
+  Expression* val_;
+  // The variable which receives the indication of success.
+  Expression* ok_;
+  // The expression being converted.
+  Expression* expr_;
+  // The type to which the expression is being converted.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+// Traverse a type guard tuple assignment.
+
+int
+Tuple_type_guard_assignment_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->val_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->ok_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || this->traverse_type(traverse, this->type_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->expr_);
+}
+
+// Lower to a function call.
+
+Statement*
+Tuple_type_guard_assignment_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Block* enclosing)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  Type* expr_type = this->expr_->type();
+  if (expr_type->interface_type() == NULL)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("type assertion only valid for interface types"));
+      return Statement::make_error_statement(loc);
+    }
+
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  // Make sure that any subexpressions on the left hand side are
+  // evaluated in the right order.
+  Move_ordered_evals moe(b);
+  this->val_->traverse_subexpressions(&moe);
+  this->ok_->traverse_subexpressions(&moe);
+
+  bool expr_is_empty = expr_type->interface_type()->is_empty();
+  Call_expression* call;
+  if (this->type_->interface_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->type_->interface_type()->is_empty())
+       call = this->lower_to_empty_interface(expr_is_empty
+                                             ? "ifaceE2E2"
+                                             : "ifaceI2E2");
+      else
+       call = this->lower_to_type(expr_is_empty ? "ifaceE2I2" : "ifaceI2I2");
+    }
+  else if (this->type_->points_to() != NULL)
+    call = this->lower_to_type(expr_is_empty ? "ifaceE2T2P" : "ifaceI2T2P");
+  else
+    {
+      this->lower_to_object_type(b, expr_is_empty ? "ifaceE2T2" : "ifaceI2T2");
+      call = NULL;
+    }
+
+  if (call != NULL)
+    {
+      Expression* res = Expression::make_call_result(call, 0);
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(this->val_, res, loc);
+      b->add_statement(s);
+
+      res = Expression::make_call_result(call, 1);
+      s = Statement::make_assignment(this->ok_, res, loc);
+      b->add_statement(s);
+    }
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Lower a conversion to an empty interface type.
+
+Call_expression*
+Tuple_type_guard_assignment_statement::lower_to_empty_interface(
+    const char *fnname)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  // func FNNAME(interface) (empty, bool)
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+  Typed_identifier_list* param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("i", this->expr_->type(), bloc));
+  Typed_identifier_list* ret_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  ret_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("ret", this->type_, bloc));
+  ret_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("ok", Type::lookup_bool_type(), bloc));
+  Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types,
+                                                  ret_types, bloc);
+  Named_object* fn =
+    Named_object::make_function_declaration(fnname, NULL, fntype, bloc);
+  std::string asm_name = "runtime.";
+  asm_name += fnname;
+  fn->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(asm_name);
+
+  // val, ok = FNNAME(expr)
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(fn, NULL, loc);
+  Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+  params->push_back(this->expr_);
+  return Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+}
+
+// Lower a conversion to a non-empty interface type or a pointer type.
+
+Call_expression*
+Tuple_type_guard_assignment_statement::lower_to_type(const char* fnname)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  // func FNNAME(*descriptor, interface) (interface, bool)
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+  Typed_identifier_list* param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("inter",
+                                         Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type(),
+                                         bloc));
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("i", this->expr_->type(), bloc));
+  Typed_identifier_list* ret_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  ret_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("ret", this->type_, bloc));
+  ret_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("ok", Type::lookup_bool_type(), bloc));
+  Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types,
+                                                  ret_types, bloc);
+  Named_object* fn =
+    Named_object::make_function_declaration(fnname, NULL, fntype, bloc);
+  std::string asm_name = "runtime.";
+  asm_name += fnname;
+  fn->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(asm_name);
+
+  // val, ok = FNNAME(type_descriptor, expr)
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(fn, NULL, loc);
+  Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(this->type_, loc));
+  params->push_back(this->expr_);
+  return Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+}
+
+// Lower a conversion to a non-interface non-pointer type.
+
+void
+Tuple_type_guard_assignment_statement::lower_to_object_type(Block* b,
+                                                           const char *fnname)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  // var val_temp TYPE
+  Temporary_statement* val_temp = Statement::make_temporary(this->type_,
+                                                           NULL, loc);
+  b->add_statement(val_temp);
+
+  // func FNNAME(*descriptor, interface, *T) bool
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+  Typed_identifier_list* param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("inter",
+                                         Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type(),
+                                         bloc));
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("i", this->expr_->type(), bloc));
+  Type* ptype = Type::make_pointer_type(this->type_);
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("v", ptype, bloc));
+  Typed_identifier_list* ret_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  ret_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("ok", Type::lookup_bool_type(), bloc));
+  Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types,
+                                                  ret_types, bloc);
+  Named_object* fn =
+    Named_object::make_function_declaration(fnname, NULL, fntype, bloc);
+  std::string asm_name = "runtime.";
+  asm_name += fnname;
+  fn->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(asm_name);
+
+  // ok = FNNAME(type_descriptor, expr, &val_temp)
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(fn, NULL, loc);
+  Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(this->type_, loc));
+  params->push_back(this->expr_);
+  Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp, loc);
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc));
+  Expression* call = Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(this->ok_, call, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  // val = val_temp
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_assignment(this->val_, ref, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+}
+
+// Make an assignment from a type guard to a pair of variables.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_tuple_type_guard_assignment(Expression* val, Expression* ok,
+                                           Expression* expr, Type* type,
+                                           source_location location)
+{
+  return new Tuple_type_guard_assignment_statement(val, ok, expr, type,
+                                                  location);
+}
+
+// An expression statement.
+
+class Expression_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Expression_statement(Expression* expr)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_EXPRESSION, expr->location()),
+      expr_(expr)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->expr_); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types()
+  { this->expr_->determine_type_no_context(); }
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const;
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+  { return this->expr_->get_tree(context); }
+
+ private:
+  Expression* expr_;
+};
+
+// An expression statement may fall through unless it is a call to a
+// function which does not return.
+
+bool
+Expression_statement::do_may_fall_through() const
+{
+  const Call_expression* call = this->expr_->call_expression();
+  if (call != NULL)
+    {
+      const Expression* fn = call->fn();
+      const Func_expression* fe = fn->func_expression();
+      if (fe != NULL)
+       {
+         const Named_object* no = fe->named_object();
+
+         Function_type* fntype;
+         if (no->is_function())
+           fntype = no->func_value()->type();
+         else if (no->is_function_declaration())
+           fntype = no->func_declaration_value()->type();
+         else
+           fntype = NULL;
+
+         // The builtin function panic does not return.
+         if (fntype != NULL && fntype->is_builtin() && no->name() == "panic")
+           return false;
+       }
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Make an expression statement from an Expression.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_statement(Expression* expr)
+{
+  return new Expression_statement(expr);
+}
+
+// A block statement--a list of statements which may include variable
+// definitions.
+
+class Block_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Block_statement(Block* block, source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_BLOCK, location),
+      block_(block)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return this->block_->traverse(traverse); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types()
+  { this->block_->determine_types(); }
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const
+  { return this->block_->may_fall_through(); }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+  { return this->block_->get_tree(context); }
+
+ private:
+  Block* block_;
+};
+
+// Make a block statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_block_statement(Block* block, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Block_statement(block, location);
+}
+
+// An increment or decrement statement.
+
+class Inc_dec_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Inc_dec_statement(bool is_inc, Expression* expr)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_INCDEC, expr->location()),
+      expr_(expr), is_inc_(is_inc)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->expr_); }
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Block*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // The l-value to increment or decrement.
+  Expression* expr_;
+  // Whether to increment or decrement.
+  bool is_inc_;
+};
+
+// Lower to += or -=.
+
+Statement*
+Inc_dec_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Block*)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  mpz_t oval;
+  mpz_init_set_ui(oval, 1UL);
+  Expression* oexpr = Expression::make_integer(&oval, NULL, loc);
+  mpz_clear(oval);
+
+  Operator op = this->is_inc_ ? OPERATOR_PLUSEQ : OPERATOR_MINUSEQ;
+  return Statement::make_assignment_operation(op, this->expr_, oexpr, loc);
+}
+
+// Make an increment statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_inc_statement(Expression* expr)
+{
+  return new Inc_dec_statement(true, expr);
+}
+
+// Make a decrement statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_dec_statement(Expression* expr)
+{
+  return new Inc_dec_statement(false, expr);
+}
+
+// Class Thunk_statement.  This is the base class for go and defer
+// statements.
+
+const char* const Thunk_statement::thunk_field_fn = "fn";
+
+const char* const Thunk_statement::thunk_field_receiver = "receiver";
+
+// Constructor.
+
+Thunk_statement::Thunk_statement(Statement_classification classification,
+                                Call_expression* call,
+                                source_location location)
+    : Statement(classification, location),
+      call_(call), struct_type_(NULL)
+{
+}
+
+// Return whether this is a simple statement which does not require a
+// thunk.
+
+bool
+Thunk_statement::is_simple(Function_type* fntype) const
+{
+  // We need a thunk to call a method, or to pass a variable number of
+  // arguments.
+  if (fntype->is_method() || fntype->is_varargs())
+    return false;
+
+  // A defer statement requires a thunk to set up for whether the
+  // function can call recover.
+  if (this->classification() == STATEMENT_DEFER)
+    return false;
+
+  // We can only permit a single parameter of pointer type.
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parameters = fntype->parameters();
+  if (parameters != NULL
+      && (parameters->size() > 1
+         || (parameters->size() == 1
+             && parameters->begin()->type()->points_to() == NULL)))
+    return false;
+
+  // If the function returns multiple values, or returns a type other
+  // than integer, floating point, or pointer, then it may get a
+  // hidden first parameter, in which case we need the more
+  // complicated approach.  This is true even though we are going to
+  // ignore the return value.
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = fntype->results();
+  if (results != NULL
+      && (results->size() > 1
+         || (results->size() == 1
+             && !results->begin()->type()->is_basic_type()
+             && results->begin()->type()->points_to() == NULL)))
+    return false;
+
+  // If this calls something which is not a simple function, then we
+  // need a thunk.
+  Expression* fn = this->call_->call_expression()->fn();
+  if (fn->bound_method_expression() != NULL
+      || fn->interface_field_reference_expression() != NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Traverse a thunk statement.
+
+int
+Thunk_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->call_);
+}
+
+// We implement traverse_assignment for a thunk statement because it
+// effectively copies the function call.
+
+bool
+Thunk_statement::do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments* tassign)
+{
+  Expression* fn = this->call_->call_expression()->fn();
+  Expression* fn2 = fn;
+  tassign->value(&fn2, true, false);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Determine types in a thunk statement.
+
+void
+Thunk_statement::do_determine_types()
+{
+  this->call_->determine_type_no_context();
+
+  // Now that we know the types of the call, build the struct used to
+  // pass parameters.
+  Function_type* fntype =
+    this->call_->call_expression()->get_function_type();
+  if (fntype != NULL && !this->is_simple(fntype))
+    this->struct_type_ = this->build_struct(fntype);
+}
+
+// Check types in a thunk statement.
+
+void
+Thunk_statement::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Call_expression* ce = this->call_->call_expression();
+  Function_type* fntype = ce->get_function_type();
+  if (fntype != NULL && fntype->is_method())
+    {
+      Expression* fn = ce->fn();
+      if (fn->bound_method_expression() == NULL
+         && fn->interface_field_reference_expression() == NULL)
+       this->report_error(_("no object for method call"));
+    }
+}
+
+// The Traverse class used to find and simplify thunk statements.
+
+class Simplify_thunk_traverse : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Simplify_thunk_traverse(Gogo* gogo)
+    : Traverse(traverse_blocks),
+      gogo_(gogo)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  block(Block*);
+
+ private:
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+};
+
+int
+Simplify_thunk_traverse::block(Block* b)
+{
+  // The parser ensures that thunk statements always appear at the end
+  // of a block.
+  if (b->statements()->size() < 1)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  Thunk_statement* stat = b->statements()->back()->thunk_statement();
+  if (stat == NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  if (stat->simplify_statement(this->gogo_, b))
+    return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Simplify all thunk statements.
+
+void
+Gogo::simplify_thunk_statements()
+{
+  Simplify_thunk_traverse thunk_traverse(this);
+  this->traverse(&thunk_traverse);
+}
+
+// Simplify complex thunk statements into simple ones.  A complicated
+// thunk statement is one which takes anything other than zero
+// parameters or a single pointer parameter.  We rewrite it into code
+// which allocates a struct, stores the parameter values into the
+// struct, and does a simple go or defer statement which passes the
+// struct to a thunk.  The thunk does the real call.
+
+bool
+Thunk_statement::simplify_statement(Gogo* gogo, Block* block)
+{
+  if (this->classification() == STATEMENT_ERROR)
+    return false;
+  if (this->call_->is_error_expression())
+    return false;
+
+  Call_expression* ce = this->call_->call_expression();
+  Function_type* fntype = ce->get_function_type();
+  if (fntype == NULL || this->is_simple(fntype))
+    return false;
+
+  Expression* fn = ce->fn();
+  Bound_method_expression* bound_method = fn->bound_method_expression();
+  Interface_field_reference_expression* interface_method =
+    fn->interface_field_reference_expression();
+  const bool is_method = bound_method != NULL || interface_method != NULL;
+
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  std::string thunk_name = Gogo::thunk_name();
+
+  // Build the thunk.
+  this->build_thunk(gogo, thunk_name, fntype);
+
+  // Generate code to call the thunk.
+
+  // Get the values to store into the struct which is the single
+  // argument to the thunk.
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  if (fntype->is_builtin())
+    ;
+  else if (!is_method)
+    vals->push_back(fn);
+  else if (interface_method != NULL)
+    vals->push_back(interface_method->expr());
+  else if (bound_method != NULL)
+    {
+      vals->push_back(bound_method->method());
+      Expression* first_arg = bound_method->first_argument();
+
+      // We always pass a pointer when calling a method.
+      if (first_arg->type()->points_to() == NULL)
+       first_arg = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, first_arg, location);
+
+      // If we are calling a method which was inherited from an
+      // embedded struct, and the method did not get a stub, then the
+      // first type may be wrong.
+      Type* fatype = bound_method->first_argument_type();
+      if (fatype != NULL)
+       {
+         if (fatype->points_to() == NULL)
+           fatype = Type::make_pointer_type(fatype);
+         Type* unsafe = Type::make_pointer_type(Type::make_void_type());
+         first_arg = Expression::make_cast(unsafe, first_arg, location);
+         first_arg = Expression::make_cast(fatype, first_arg, location);
+       }
+
+      vals->push_back(first_arg);
+    }
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+
+  if (ce->args() != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = ce->args()->begin();
+          p != ce->args()->end();
+          ++p)
+       vals->push_back(*p);
+    }
+
+  // Build the struct.
+  Expression* constructor =
+    Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(this->struct_type_, vals,
+                                             location);
+
+  // Allocate the initialized struct on the heap.
+  constructor = Expression::make_heap_composite(constructor, location);
+
+  // Look up the thunk.
+  Named_object* named_thunk = gogo->lookup(thunk_name, NULL);
+  gcc_assert(named_thunk != NULL && named_thunk->is_function());
+
+  // Build the call.
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(named_thunk, NULL,
+                                                    location);
+  Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+  params->push_back(constructor);
+  Call_expression* call = Expression::make_call(func, params, false, location);
+
+  // Build the simple go or defer statement.
+  Statement* s;
+  if (this->classification() == STATEMENT_GO)
+    s = Statement::make_go_statement(call, location);
+  else if (this->classification() == STATEMENT_DEFER)
+    s = Statement::make_defer_statement(call, location);
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+
+  // The current block should end with the go statement.
+  gcc_assert(block->statements()->size() >= 1);
+  gcc_assert(block->statements()->back() == this);
+  block->replace_statement(block->statements()->size() - 1, s);
+
+  // We already ran the determine_types pass, so we need to run it now
+  // for the new statement.
+  s->determine_types();
+
+  // Sanity check.
+  gogo->check_types_in_block(block);
+
+  // Return true to tell the block not to keep looking at statements.
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Set the name to use for thunk parameter N.
+
+void
+Thunk_statement::thunk_field_param(int n, char* buf, size_t buflen)
+{
+  snprintf(buf, buflen, "a%d", n);
+}
+
+// Build a new struct type to hold the parameters for a complicated
+// thunk statement.  FNTYPE is the type of the function call.
+
+Struct_type*
+Thunk_statement::build_struct(Function_type* fntype)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  Struct_field_list* fields = new Struct_field_list();
+
+  Call_expression* ce = this->call_->call_expression();
+  Expression* fn = ce->fn();
+
+  Interface_field_reference_expression* interface_method =
+    fn->interface_field_reference_expression();
+  if (interface_method != NULL)
+    {
+      // If this thunk statement calls a method on an interface, we
+      // pass the interface object to the thunk.
+      Typed_identifier tid(Thunk_statement::thunk_field_fn,
+                          interface_method->expr()->type(),
+                          location);
+      fields->push_back(Struct_field(tid));
+    }
+  else if (!fntype->is_builtin())
+    {
+      // The function to call.
+      Typed_identifier tid(Go_statement::thunk_field_fn, fntype, location);
+      fields->push_back(Struct_field(tid));
+    }
+  else if (ce->is_recover_call())
+    {
+      // The predeclared recover function has no argument.  However,
+      // we add an argument when building recover thunks.  Handle that
+      // here.
+      fields->push_back(Struct_field(Typed_identifier("can_recover",
+                                                     Type::make_boolean_type(),
+                                                     location)));
+    }
+
+  if (fn->bound_method_expression() != NULL)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(fntype->is_method());
+      Type* rtype = fntype->receiver()->type();
+      // We always pass the receiver as a pointer.
+      if (rtype->points_to() == NULL)
+       rtype = Type::make_pointer_type(rtype);
+      Typed_identifier tid(Thunk_statement::thunk_field_receiver, rtype,
+                          location);
+      fields->push_back(Struct_field(tid));
+    }
+
+  const Expression_list* args = ce->args();
+  if (args != NULL)
+    {
+      int i = 0;
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = args->begin();
+          p != args->end();
+          ++p, ++i)
+       {
+         char buf[50];
+         this->thunk_field_param(i, buf, sizeof buf);
+         fields->push_back(Struct_field(Typed_identifier(buf, (*p)->type(),
+                                                         location)));
+       }
+    }
+
+  return Type::make_struct_type(fields, location);
+}
+
+// Build the thunk we are going to call.  This is a brand new, albeit
+// artificial, function.
+
+void
+Thunk_statement::build_thunk(Gogo* gogo, const std::string& thunk_name,
+                            Function_type* fntype)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  Call_expression* ce = this->call_->call_expression();
+
+  bool may_call_recover = false;
+  if (this->classification() == STATEMENT_DEFER)
+    {
+      Func_expression* fn = ce->fn()->func_expression();
+      if (fn == NULL)
+       may_call_recover = true;
+      else
+       {
+         const Named_object* no = fn->named_object();
+         if (!no->is_function())
+           may_call_recover = true;
+         else
+           may_call_recover = no->func_value()->calls_recover();
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Build the type of the thunk.  The thunk takes a single parameter,
+  // which is a pointer to the special structure we build.
+  const char* const parameter_name = "__go_thunk_parameter";
+  Typed_identifier_list* thunk_parameters = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  Type* pointer_to_struct_type = Type::make_pointer_type(this->struct_type_);
+  thunk_parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier(parameter_name,
+                                              pointer_to_struct_type,
+                                              location));
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* thunk_results = NULL;
+  if (may_call_recover)
+    {
+      // When deferring a function which may call recover, add a
+      // return value, to disable tail call optimizations which will
+      // break the way we check whether recover is permitted.
+      thunk_results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      thunk_results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", Type::make_boolean_type(),
+                                               location));
+    }
+
+  Function_type* thunk_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, thunk_parameters,
+                                                      thunk_results,
+                                                      location);
+
+  // Start building the thunk.
+  Named_object* function = gogo->start_function(thunk_name, thunk_type, true,
+                                               location);
+
+  // For a defer statement, start with a call to
+  // __go_set_defer_retaddr.  */
+  Label* retaddr_label = NULL; 
+  if (may_call_recover)
+    {
+      retaddr_label = gogo->add_label_reference("retaddr");
+      Expression* arg = Expression::make_label_addr(retaddr_label, location);
+      Expression_list* args = new Expression_list();
+      args->push_back(arg);
+
+      static Named_object* set_defer_retaddr;
+      if (set_defer_retaddr == NULL)
+       {
+         const source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+         Typed_identifier_list* param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+         Type *voidptr_type = Type::make_pointer_type(Type::make_void_type());
+         param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("r", voidptr_type, bloc));
+
+         Typed_identifier_list* result_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+         result_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("",
+                                                  Type::make_boolean_type(),
+                                                  bloc));
+
+         Function_type* t = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types,
+                                                     result_types, bloc);
+         set_defer_retaddr =
+           Named_object::make_function_declaration("__go_set_defer_retaddr",
+                                                   NULL, t, bloc);
+         const char* n = "__go_set_defer_retaddr";
+         set_defer_retaddr->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(n);
+       }
+
+      Expression* fn = Expression::make_func_reference(set_defer_retaddr,
+                                                      NULL, location);
+      Expression* call = Expression::make_call(fn, args, false, location);
+
+      // This is a hack to prevent the middle-end from deleting the
+      // label.
+      gogo->start_block(location);
+      gogo->add_statement(Statement::make_goto_statement(retaddr_label,
+                                                        location));
+      Block* then_block = gogo->finish_block(location);
+      then_block->determine_types();
+
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_if_statement(call, then_block, NULL,
+                                                 location);
+      s->determine_types();
+      gogo->add_statement(s);
+    }
+
+  // Get a reference to the parameter.
+  Named_object* named_parameter = gogo->lookup(parameter_name, NULL);
+  gcc_assert(named_parameter != NULL && named_parameter->is_variable());
+
+  // Build the call.  Note that the field names are the same as the
+  // ones used in build_struct.
+  Expression* thunk_parameter = Expression::make_var_reference(named_parameter,
+                                                              location);
+  thunk_parameter = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, thunk_parameter,
+                                          location);
+
+  Bound_method_expression* bound_method = ce->fn()->bound_method_expression();
+  Interface_field_reference_expression* interface_method =
+    ce->fn()->interface_field_reference_expression();
+
+  Expression* func_to_call;
+  unsigned int next_index;
+  if (!fntype->is_builtin())
+    {
+      func_to_call = Expression::make_field_reference(thunk_parameter,
+                                                     0, location);
+      next_index = 1;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      gcc_assert(bound_method == NULL && interface_method == NULL);
+      func_to_call = ce->fn();
+      next_index = 0;
+    }
+
+  if (bound_method != NULL)
+    {
+      Expression* r = Expression::make_field_reference(thunk_parameter, 1,
+                                                      location);
+      // The main program passes in a function pointer from the
+      // interface expression, so here we can make a bound method in
+      // all cases.
+      func_to_call = Expression::make_bound_method(r, func_to_call,
+                                                  location);
+      next_index = 2;
+    }
+  else if (interface_method != NULL)
+    {
+      // The main program passes the interface object.
+      const std::string& name(interface_method->name());
+      func_to_call = Expression::make_interface_field_reference(func_to_call,
+                                                               name,
+                                                               location);
+    }
+
+  Expression_list* call_params = new Expression_list();
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->struct_type_->fields();
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < next_index; ++i)
+    ++p;
+  for (; p != fields->end(); ++p, ++next_index)
+    {
+      Expression* thunk_param = Expression::make_var_reference(named_parameter,
+                                                              location);
+      thunk_param = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, thunk_param,
+                                          location);
+      Expression* param = Expression::make_field_reference(thunk_param,
+                                                          next_index,
+                                                          location);
+      call_params->push_back(param);
+    }
+
+  Expression* call = Expression::make_call(func_to_call, call_params, false,
+                                          location);
+  // We need to lower in case this is a builtin function.
+  call = call->lower(gogo, function, -1);
+  if (may_call_recover)
+    {
+      Call_expression* ce = call->call_expression();
+      if (ce != NULL)
+       ce->set_is_deferred();
+    }
+
+  Statement* call_statement = Statement::make_statement(call);
+
+  // We already ran the determine_types pass, so we need to run it
+  // just for this statement now.
+  call_statement->determine_types();
+
+  gogo->add_statement(call_statement);
+
+  // If this is a defer statement, the label comes immediately after
+  // the call.
+  if (may_call_recover)
+    {
+      gogo->add_label_definition("retaddr", location);
+
+      Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+      vals->push_back(Expression::make_boolean(false, location));
+      const Typed_identifier_list* results =
+       function->func_value()->type()->results();
+      gogo->add_statement(Statement::make_return_statement(results, vals,
+                                                         location));
+    }
+
+  // That is all the thunk has to do.
+  gogo->finish_function(location);
+}
+
+// Get the function and argument trees.
+
+void
+Thunk_statement::get_fn_and_arg(Translate_context* context, tree* pfn,
+                               tree* parg)
+{
+  if (this->call_->is_error_expression())
+    {
+      *pfn = error_mark_node;
+      *parg = error_mark_node;
+      return;
+    }
+
+  Call_expression* ce = this->call_->call_expression();
+
+  Expression* fn = ce->fn();
+  *pfn = fn->get_tree(context);
+
+  const Expression_list* args = ce->args();
+  if (args == NULL || args->empty())
+    *parg = null_pointer_node;
+  else
+    {
+      gcc_assert(args->size() == 1);
+      *parg = args->front()->get_tree(context);
+    }
+}
+
+// Class Go_statement.
+
+tree
+Go_statement::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree fn_tree;
+  tree arg_tree;
+  this->get_fn_and_arg(context, &fn_tree, &arg_tree);
+
+  static tree go_fndecl;
+
+  tree fn_arg_type = NULL_TREE;
+  if (go_fndecl == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      // Only build FN_ARG_TYPE if we need it.
+      tree subargtypes = tree_cons(NULL_TREE, ptr_type_node, void_list_node);
+      tree subfntype = build_function_type(ptr_type_node, subargtypes);
+      fn_arg_type = build_pointer_type(subfntype);
+    }
+
+  return Gogo::call_builtin(&go_fndecl,
+                           this->location(),
+                           "__go_go",
+                           2,
+                           void_type_node,
+                           fn_arg_type,
+                           fn_tree,
+                           ptr_type_node,
+                           arg_tree);
+}
+
+// Make a go statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_go_statement(Call_expression* call, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Go_statement(call, location);
+}
+
+// Class Defer_statement.
+
+tree
+Defer_statement::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  tree fn_tree;
+  tree arg_tree;
+  this->get_fn_and_arg(context, &fn_tree, &arg_tree);
+  if (fn_tree == error_mark_node || arg_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  static tree defer_fndecl;
+
+  tree fn_arg_type = NULL_TREE;
+  if (defer_fndecl == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      // Only build FN_ARG_TYPE if we need it.
+      tree subargtypes = tree_cons(NULL_TREE, ptr_type_node, void_list_node);
+      tree subfntype = build_function_type(ptr_type_node, subargtypes);
+      fn_arg_type = build_pointer_type(subfntype);
+    }
+
+  tree defer_stack = context->function()->func_value()->defer_stack(loc);
+
+  return Gogo::call_builtin(&defer_fndecl,
+                           loc,
+                           "__go_defer",
+                           3,
+                           void_type_node,
+                           ptr_type_node,
+                           defer_stack,
+                           fn_arg_type,
+                           fn_tree,
+                           ptr_type_node,
+                           arg_tree);
+}
+
+// Make a defer statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_defer_statement(Call_expression* call,
+                               source_location location)
+{
+  return new Defer_statement(call, location);
+}
+
+// Class Return_statement.
+
+// Traverse assignments.  We treat each return value as a top level
+// RHS in an expression.
+
+bool
+Return_statement::do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments* tassign)
+{
+  Expression_list* vals = this->vals_;
+  if (vals != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Expression_list::iterator p = vals->begin();
+          p != vals->end();
+          ++p)
+       tassign->value(&*p, true, true);
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Lower a return statement.  If we are returning a function call
+// which returns multiple values which match the current function,
+// split up the call's results.  If the function has named result
+// variables, and the return statement lists explicit values, then
+// implement it by assigning the values to the result variables and
+// changing the statement to not list any values.  This lets
+// panic/recover work correctly.
+
+Statement*
+Return_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Block* enclosing)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return this;
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = this->results_;
+  if (results == NULL || results->empty())
+    return this;
+
+  // If the current function has multiple return values, and we are
+  // returning a single call expression, split up the call expression.
+  size_t results_count = results->size();
+  if (results_count > 1
+      && this->vals_->size() == 1
+      && this->vals_->front()->call_expression() != NULL)
+    {
+      Call_expression* call = this->vals_->front()->call_expression();
+      size_t count = results->size();
+      Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list;
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i)
+       vals->push_back(Expression::make_call_result(call, i));
+      delete this->vals_;
+      this->vals_ = vals;
+    }
+
+  if (results->front().name().empty())
+    return this;
+
+  if (results_count != this->vals_->size())
+    {
+      // Presumably an error which will be reported in check_types.
+      return this;
+    }
+
+  // Assign to named return values and then return them.
+
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+  const Block* top = enclosing;
+  while (top->enclosing() != NULL)
+    top = top->enclosing();
+
+  const Bindings *bindings = top->bindings();
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  Expression_list* lhs = new Expression_list();
+  Expression_list* rhs = new Expression_list();
+
+  Expression_list::const_iterator pe = this->vals_->begin();
+  int i = 1;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pr = results->begin();
+       pr != results->end();
+       ++pr, ++pe, ++i)
+    {
+      Named_object* rv = bindings->lookup_local(pr->name());
+      if (rv == NULL || !rv->is_result_variable())
+       {
+         // Presumably an error.
+         delete b;
+         delete lhs;
+         delete rhs;
+         return this;
+       }
+
+      Expression* e = *pe;
+
+      // Check types now so that we give a good error message.  The
+      // result type is known.  We determine the expression type
+      // early.
+
+      Type *rvtype = rv->result_var_value()->type();
+      Type_context type_context(rvtype, false);
+      e->determine_type(&type_context);
+
+      std::string reason;
+      if (Type::are_assignable(rvtype, e->type(), &reason))
+       {
+         Expression* ve = Expression::make_var_reference(rv, e->location());
+         lhs->push_back(ve);
+         rhs->push_back(e);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         if (reason.empty())
+           error_at(e->location(), "incompatible type for return value %d", i);
+         else
+           error_at(e->location(),
+                    "incompatible type for return value %d (%s)",
+                    i, reason.c_str());
+       }
+    }
+  gcc_assert(lhs->size() == rhs->size());
+
+  if (lhs->empty())
+    ;
+  else if (lhs->size() == 1)
+    {
+      b->add_statement(Statement::make_assignment(lhs->front(), rhs->front(),
+                                                 loc));
+      delete lhs;
+      delete rhs;
+    }
+  else
+    b->add_statement(Statement::make_tuple_assignment(lhs, rhs, loc));
+
+  b->add_statement(Statement::make_return_statement(this->results_, NULL,
+                                                   loc));
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Determine types.
+
+void
+Return_statement::do_determine_types()
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return;
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = this->results_;
+
+  Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pt;
+  if (results != NULL)
+    pt = results->begin();
+  for (Expression_list::iterator pe = this->vals_->begin();
+       pe != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pe)
+    {
+      if (results == NULL || pt == results->end())
+       (*pe)->determine_type_no_context();
+      else
+       {
+         Type_context context(pt->type(), false);
+         (*pe)->determine_type(&context);
+         ++pt;
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+Return_statement::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = this->results_;
+  if (results == NULL)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("return with value in function "
+                          "with no return type"));
+      return;
+    }
+
+  int i = 1;
+  Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pt = results->begin();
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pe = this->vals_->begin();
+       pe != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pe, ++pt, ++i)
+    {
+      if (pt == results->end())
+       {
+         this->report_error(_("too many values in return statement"));
+         return;
+       }
+      std::string reason;
+      if (!Type::are_assignable(pt->type(), (*pe)->type(), &reason))
+       {
+         if (reason.empty())
+           error_at(this->location(),
+                    "incompatible type for return value %d",
+                    i);
+         else
+           error_at(this->location(),
+                    "incompatible type for return value %d (%s)",
+                    i, reason.c_str());
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+      else if (pt->type()->is_error_type()
+              || (*pe)->type()->is_error_type()
+              || pt->type()->is_undefined()
+              || (*pe)->type()->is_undefined())
+       {
+         // Make sure we get the error for an undefined type.
+         pt->type()->base();
+         (*pe)->type()->base();
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (pt != results->end())
+    this->report_error(_("not enough values in return statement"));
+}
+
+// Build a RETURN_EXPR tree.
+
+tree
+Return_statement::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Function* function = context->function()->func_value();
+  tree fndecl = function->get_decl();
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = this->results_;
+
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    {
+      tree stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
+      tree retval = function->return_value(context->gogo(),
+                                          context->function(),
+                                          this->location(),
+                                          &stmt_list);
+      tree set;
+      if (retval == NULL_TREE)
+       set = NULL_TREE;
+      else
+       set = fold_build2_loc(this->location(), MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                             DECL_RESULT(fndecl), retval);
+      append_to_statement_list(this->build_stmt_1(RETURN_EXPR, set),
+                              &stmt_list);
+      return stmt_list;
+    }
+  else if (this->vals_->size() == 1)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(!VOID_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(fndecl))));
+      tree val = (*this->vals_->begin())->get_tree(context);
+      if (val == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      gcc_assert(results != NULL && results->size() == 1);
+      val = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context,
+                                              results->begin()->type(),
+                                              (*this->vals_->begin())->type(),
+                                              val, this->location());
+      tree set = build2(MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                       DECL_RESULT(fndecl), val);
+      SET_EXPR_LOCATION(set, this->location());
+      return this->build_stmt_1(RETURN_EXPR, set);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      gcc_assert(!VOID_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(fndecl))));
+      tree stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
+      tree rettype = TREE_TYPE(DECL_RESULT(fndecl));
+      tree retvar = create_tmp_var(rettype, "RESULT");
+      gcc_assert(results != NULL && results->size() == this->vals_->size());
+      Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+      Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pr = results->begin();
+      for (tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(rettype);
+          field != NULL_TREE;
+          ++pv, ++pr, field = DECL_CHAIN(field))
+       {
+         gcc_assert(pv != this->vals_->end());
+         tree val = (*pv)->get_tree(context);
+         if (val == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         val = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, pr->type(),
+                                                  (*pv)->type(), val,
+                                                  this->location());
+         tree set = build2(MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                           build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field),
+                                  retvar, field, NULL_TREE),
+                           val);
+         SET_EXPR_LOCATION(set, this->location());
+         append_to_statement_list(set, &stmt_list);
+       }
+      tree set = build2(MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node, DECL_RESULT(fndecl),
+                       retvar);
+      append_to_statement_list(this->build_stmt_1(RETURN_EXPR, set),
+                              &stmt_list);
+      return stmt_list;
+    }
+}
+
+// Make a return statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_return_statement(const Typed_identifier_list* results,
+                                Expression_list* vals,
+                                source_location location)
+{
+  return new Return_statement(results, vals, location);
+}
+
+// A break or continue statement.
+
+class Bc_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Bc_statement(bool is_break, Unnamed_label* label, source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_BREAK_OR_CONTINUE, location),
+      label_(label), is_break_(is_break)
+  { }
+
+  bool
+  is_break() const
+  { return this->is_break_; }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE; }
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const
+  { return false; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { return this->label_->get_goto(this->location()); }
+
+ private:
+  // The label that this branches to.
+  Unnamed_label* label_;
+  // True if this is "break", false if it is "continue".
+  bool is_break_;
+};
+
+// Make a break statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_break_statement(Unnamed_label* label, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Bc_statement(true, label, location);
+}
+
+// Make a continue statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_continue_statement(Unnamed_label* label,
+                                  source_location location)
+{
+  return new Bc_statement(false, label, location);
+}
+
+// A goto statement.
+
+class Goto_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Goto_statement(Label* label, source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_GOTO, location),
+      label_(label)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE; }
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const
+  { return false; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  Label* label_;
+};
+
+// Check types for a label.  There aren't any types per se, but we use
+// this to give an error if the label was never defined.
+
+void
+Goto_statement::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (!this->label_->is_defined())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "reference to undefined label %qs",
+              Gogo::message_name(this->label_->name()).c_str());
+      this->set_is_error();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return the tree for the goto statement.
+
+tree
+Goto_statement::do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+{
+  return this->build_stmt_1(GOTO_EXPR, this->label_->get_decl());
+}
+
+// Make a goto statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_goto_statement(Label* label, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Goto_statement(label, location);
+}
+
+// A goto statement to an unnamed label.
+
+class Goto_unnamed_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Goto_unnamed_statement(Unnamed_label* label, source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_GOTO_UNNAMED, location),
+      label_(label)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE; }
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const
+  { return false; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { return this->label_->get_goto(this->location()); }
+
+ private:
+  Unnamed_label* label_;
+};
+
+// Make a goto statement to an unnamed label.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_goto_unnamed_statement(Unnamed_label* label,
+                                      source_location location)
+{
+  return new Goto_unnamed_statement(label, location);
+}
+
+// Class Label_statement.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Label_statement::do_traverse(Traverse*)
+{
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Return a tree defining this label.
+
+tree
+Label_statement::do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+{
+  return this->build_stmt_1(LABEL_EXPR, this->label_->get_decl());
+}
+
+// Make a label statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_label_statement(Label* label, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Label_statement(label, location);
+}
+
+// An unnamed label statement.
+
+class Unnamed_label_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Unnamed_label_statement(Unnamed_label* label)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_UNNAMED_LABEL, label->location()),
+      label_(label)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { return this->label_->get_definition(); }
+
+ private:
+  // The label.
+  Unnamed_label* label_;
+};
+
+// Make an unnamed label statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(Unnamed_label* label)
+{
+  return new Unnamed_label_statement(label);
+}
+
+// An if statement.
+
+class If_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  If_statement(Expression* cond, Block* then_block, Block* else_block,
+              source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_IF, location),
+      cond_(cond), then_block_(then_block), else_block_(else_block)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types();
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const;
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  Expression* cond_;
+  Block* then_block_;
+  Block* else_block_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+If_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->cond_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->cond_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  if (this->then_block_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->else_block_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->else_block_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+void
+If_statement::do_determine_types()
+{
+  if (this->cond_ != NULL)
+    {
+      Type_context context(Type::lookup_bool_type(), false);
+      this->cond_->determine_type(&context);
+    }
+  this->then_block_->determine_types();
+  if (this->else_block_ != NULL)
+    this->else_block_->determine_types();
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+If_statement::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->cond_ != NULL)
+    {
+      Type* type = this->cond_->type();
+      if (type->is_error_type())
+       this->set_is_error();
+      else if (!type->is_boolean_type())
+       this->report_error(_("expected boolean expression"));
+    }
+}
+
+// Whether the overall statement may fall through.
+
+bool
+If_statement::do_may_fall_through() const
+{
+  return (this->else_block_ == NULL
+         || this->then_block_->may_fall_through()
+         || this->else_block_->may_fall_through());
+}
+
+// Get tree.
+
+tree
+If_statement::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->cond_ == NULL || this->cond_->type()->is_boolean_type());
+  tree ret = build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                   (this->cond_ == NULL
+                    ? boolean_true_node
+                    : this->cond_->get_tree(context)),
+                   this->then_block_->get_tree(context),
+                   (this->else_block_ == NULL
+                    ? NULL_TREE
+                    : this->else_block_->get_tree(context)));
+  SET_EXPR_LOCATION(ret, this->location());
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Make an if statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_if_statement(Expression* cond, Block* then_block,
+                            Block* else_block, source_location location)
+{
+  return new If_statement(cond, then_block, else_block, location);
+}
+
+// Class Case_clauses::Case_clause.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Case_clauses::Case_clause::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->cases_ != NULL
+      && (traverse->traverse_mask() & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0)
+    {
+      if (this->cases_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->statements_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check whether all the case expressions are integer constants.
+
+bool
+Case_clauses::Case_clause::is_constant() const
+{
+  if (this->cases_ != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = this->cases_->begin();
+          p != this->cases_->end();
+          ++p)
+       if (!(*p)->is_constant() || (*p)->type()->integer_type() == NULL)
+         return false;
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Lower a case clause for a nonconstant switch.  VAL_TEMP is the
+// value we are switching on; it may be NULL.  If START_LABEL is not
+// NULL, it goes at the start of the statements, after the condition
+// test.  We branch to FINISH_LABEL at the end of the statements.
+
+void
+Case_clauses::Case_clause::lower(Block* b, Temporary_statement* val_temp,
+                                Unnamed_label* start_label,
+                                Unnamed_label* finish_label) const
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location_;
+  Unnamed_label* next_case_label;
+  if (this->cases_ == NULL || this->cases_->empty())
+    {
+      gcc_assert(this->is_default_);
+      next_case_label = NULL;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Expression* cond = NULL;
+
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = this->cases_->begin();
+          p != this->cases_->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         Expression* this_cond;
+         if (val_temp == NULL)
+           this_cond = *p;
+         else
+           {
+             Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp,
+                                                                    loc);
+             this_cond = Expression::make_binary(OPERATOR_EQEQ, ref, *p, loc);
+           }
+
+         if (cond == NULL)
+           cond = this_cond;
+         else
+           cond = Expression::make_binary(OPERATOR_OROR, cond, this_cond, loc);
+       }
+
+      Block* then_block = new Block(b, loc);
+      next_case_label = new Unnamed_label(UNKNOWN_LOCATION);
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_goto_unnamed_statement(next_case_label,
+                                                           loc);
+      then_block->add_statement(s);
+
+      // if !COND { goto NEXT_CASE_LABEL }
+      cond = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_NOT, cond, loc);
+      s = Statement::make_if_statement(cond, then_block, NULL, loc);
+      b->add_statement(s);
+    }
+
+  if (start_label != NULL)
+    b->add_statement(Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(start_label));
+
+  if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+    b->add_statement(Statement::make_block_statement(this->statements_, loc));
+
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_goto_unnamed_statement(finish_label, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  if (next_case_label != NULL)
+    b->add_statement(Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(next_case_label));
+}
+
+// Determine types.
+
+void
+Case_clauses::Case_clause::determine_types(Type* type)
+{
+  if (this->cases_ != NULL)
+    {
+      Type_context case_context(type, false);
+      for (Expression_list::iterator p = this->cases_->begin();
+          p != this->cases_->end();
+          ++p)
+       (*p)->determine_type(&case_context);
+    }
+  if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+    this->statements_->determine_types();
+}
+
+// Check types.  Returns false if there was an error.
+
+bool
+Case_clauses::Case_clause::check_types(Type* type)
+{
+  if (this->cases_ != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Expression_list::iterator p = this->cases_->begin();
+          p != this->cases_->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (!Type::are_assignable(type, (*p)->type(), NULL)
+             && !Type::are_assignable((*p)->type(), type, NULL))
+           {
+             error_at((*p)->location(),
+                      "type mismatch between switch value and case clause");
+             return false;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Return true if this clause may fall through to the following
+// statements.  Note that this is not the same as whether the case
+// uses the "fallthrough" keyword.
+
+bool
+Case_clauses::Case_clause::may_fall_through() const
+{
+  if (this->statements_ == NULL)
+    return true;
+  return this->statements_->may_fall_through();
+}
+
+// Build up the body of a SWITCH_EXPR.
+
+void
+Case_clauses::Case_clause::get_constant_tree(Translate_context* context,
+                                            Unnamed_label* break_label,
+                                            Case_constants* case_constants,
+                                            tree* stmt_list) const
+{
+  if (this->cases_ != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = this->cases_->begin();
+          p != this->cases_->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         Type* itype;
+         mpz_t ival;
+         mpz_init(ival);
+         if (!(*p)->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &itype))
+           gcc_unreachable();
+         gcc_assert(itype != NULL);
+         tree type_tree = itype->get_tree(context->gogo());
+         tree val = Expression::integer_constant_tree(ival, type_tree);
+         mpz_clear(ival);
+
+         if (val != error_mark_node)
+           {
+             gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(val) == INTEGER_CST);
+
+             std::pair<Case_constants::iterator, bool> ins =
+               case_constants->insert(val);
+             if (!ins.second)
+               {
+                 // Value was already present.
+                 warning_at(this->location_, 0,
+                            "duplicate case value will never match");
+                 continue;
+               }
+
+             tree label = create_artificial_label(this->location_);
+             append_to_statement_list(build3(CASE_LABEL_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                             val, NULL_TREE, label),
+                                      stmt_list);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (this->is_default_)
+    {
+      tree label = create_artificial_label(this->location_);
+      append_to_statement_list(build3(CASE_LABEL_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                     NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE, label),
+                              stmt_list);
+    }
+
+  if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+    {
+      tree block_tree = this->statements_->get_tree(context);
+      if (block_tree != error_mark_node)
+       append_to_statement_list(block_tree, stmt_list);
+    }
+
+  if (!this->is_fallthrough_)
+    append_to_statement_list(break_label->get_goto(this->location_), stmt_list);
+}
+
+// Class Case_clauses.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Case_clauses::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  for (Clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check whether all the case expressions are constant.
+
+bool
+Case_clauses::is_constant() const
+{
+  for (Clauses::const_iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    if (!p->is_constant())
+      return false;
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Lower case clauses for a nonconstant switch.
+
+void
+Case_clauses::lower(Block* b, Temporary_statement* val_temp,
+                   Unnamed_label* break_label) const
+{
+  // The default case.
+  const Case_clause* default_case = NULL;
+
+  // The label for the fallthrough of the previous case.
+  Unnamed_label* last_fallthrough_label = NULL;
+
+  // The label for the start of the default case.  This is used if the
+  // case before the default case falls through.
+  Unnamed_label* default_start_label = NULL;
+
+  // The label for the end of the default case.  This normally winds
+  // up as BREAK_LABEL, but it will be different if the default case
+  // falls through.
+  Unnamed_label* default_finish_label = NULL;
+
+  for (Clauses::const_iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      // The label to use for the start of the statements for this
+      // case.  This is NULL unless the previous case falls through.
+      Unnamed_label* start_label = last_fallthrough_label;
+
+      // The label to jump to after the end of the statements for this
+      // case.
+      Unnamed_label* finish_label = break_label;
+
+      last_fallthrough_label = NULL;
+      if (p->is_fallthrough() && p + 1 != this->clauses_.end())
+       {
+         finish_label = new Unnamed_label(p->location());
+         last_fallthrough_label = finish_label;
+       }
+
+      if (!p->is_default())
+       p->lower(b, val_temp, start_label, finish_label);
+      else
+       {
+         // We have to move the default case to the end, so that we
+         // only use it if all the other tests fail.
+         default_case = &*p;
+         default_start_label = start_label;
+         default_finish_label = finish_label;
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (default_case != NULL)
+    default_case->lower(b, val_temp, default_start_label,
+                       default_finish_label);
+      
+}
+
+// Determine types.
+
+void
+Case_clauses::determine_types(Type* type)
+{
+  for (Clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    p->determine_types(type);
+}
+
+// Check types.  Returns false if there was an error.
+
+bool
+Case_clauses::check_types(Type* type)
+{
+  bool ret = true;
+  for (Clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (!p->check_types(type))
+       ret = false;
+    }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return true if these clauses may fall through to the statements
+// following the switch statement.
+
+bool
+Case_clauses::may_fall_through() const
+{
+  bool found_default = false;
+  for (Clauses::const_iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->may_fall_through() && !p->is_fallthrough())
+       return true;
+      if (p->is_default())
+       found_default = true;
+    }
+  return !found_default;
+}
+
+// Return a tree when all case expressions are constants.
+
+tree
+Case_clauses::get_constant_tree(Translate_context* context,
+                               Unnamed_label* break_label) const
+{
+  Case_constants case_constants;
+  tree stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
+  for (Clauses::const_iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    p->get_constant_tree(context, break_label, &case_constants,
+                        &stmt_list);
+  return stmt_list;
+}
+
+// A constant switch statement.  A Switch_statement is lowered to this
+// when all the cases are constants.
+
+class Constant_switch_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Constant_switch_statement(Expression* val, Case_clauses* clauses,
+                           Unnamed_label* break_label,
+                           source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_CONSTANT_SWITCH, location),
+      val_(val), clauses_(clauses), break_label_(break_label)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types();
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const;
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The value to switch on.
+  Expression* val_;
+  // The case clauses.
+  Case_clauses* clauses_;
+  // The break label, if needed.
+  Unnamed_label* break_label_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Constant_switch_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->val_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->clauses_->traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Determine types.
+
+void
+Constant_switch_statement::do_determine_types()
+{
+  this->val_->determine_type_no_context();
+  this->clauses_->determine_types(this->val_->type());
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+Constant_switch_statement::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (!this->clauses_->check_types(this->val_->type()))
+    this->set_is_error();
+}
+
+// Return whether this switch may fall through.
+
+bool
+Constant_switch_statement::do_may_fall_through() const
+{
+  if (this->clauses_ == NULL)
+    return true;
+
+  // If we have a break label, then some case needed it.  That implies
+  // that the switch statement as a whole can fall through.
+  if (this->break_label_ != NULL)
+    return true;
+
+  return this->clauses_->may_fall_through();
+}
+
+// Convert to GENERIC.
+
+tree
+Constant_switch_statement::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree switch_val_tree = this->val_->get_tree(context);
+
+  Unnamed_label* break_label = this->break_label_;
+  if (break_label == NULL)
+    break_label = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+
+  tree stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
+  tree s = build3(SWITCH_EXPR, void_type_node, switch_val_tree,
+                 this->clauses_->get_constant_tree(context, break_label),
+                 NULL_TREE);
+  SET_EXPR_LOCATION(s, this->location());
+  append_to_statement_list(s, &stmt_list);
+
+  append_to_statement_list(break_label->get_definition(), &stmt_list);
+
+  return stmt_list;
+}
+
+// Class Switch_statement.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Switch_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->val_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->val_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return this->clauses_->traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Lower a Switch_statement to a Constant_switch_statement or a series
+// of if statements.
+
+Statement*
+Switch_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Block* enclosing)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  if (this->val_ != NULL
+      && (this->val_->is_error_expression()
+         || this->val_->type()->is_error_type()))
+    return Statement::make_error_statement(loc);
+
+  if (this->val_ != NULL
+      && this->val_->type()->integer_type() != NULL
+      && !this->clauses_->empty()
+      && this->clauses_->is_constant())
+    return new Constant_switch_statement(this->val_, this->clauses_,
+                                        this->break_label_, loc);
+
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  if (this->clauses_->empty())
+    {
+      Expression* val = this->val_;
+      if (val == NULL)
+       val = Expression::make_boolean(true, loc);
+      return Statement::make_statement(val);
+    }
+
+  Temporary_statement* val_temp;
+  if (this->val_ == NULL)
+    val_temp = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      // var val_temp VAL_TYPE = VAL
+      val_temp = Statement::make_temporary(NULL, this->val_, loc);
+      b->add_statement(val_temp);
+    }
+
+  this->clauses_->lower(b, val_temp, this->break_label());
+
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(this->break_label_);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Return the break label for this switch statement, creating it if
+// necessary.
+
+Unnamed_label*
+Switch_statement::break_label()
+{
+  if (this->break_label_ == NULL)
+    this->break_label_ = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+  return this->break_label_;
+}
+
+// Make a switch statement.
+
+Switch_statement*
+Statement::make_switch_statement(Expression* val, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Switch_statement(val, location);
+}
+
+// Class Type_case_clauses::Type_case_clause.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Type_case_clauses::Type_case_clause::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (!this->is_default_
+      && ((traverse->traverse_mask()
+          & (Traverse::traverse_types | Traverse::traverse_expressions)) != 0)
+      && Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+    return this->statements_->traverse(traverse);
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lower one clause in a type switch.  Add statements to the block B.
+// The type descriptor we are switching on is in DESCRIPTOR_TEMP.
+// BREAK_LABEL is the label at the end of the type switch.
+// *STMTS_LABEL, if not NULL, is a label to put at the start of the
+// statements.
+
+void
+Type_case_clauses::Type_case_clause::lower(Block* b,
+                                          Temporary_statement* descriptor_temp,
+                                          Unnamed_label* break_label,
+                                          Unnamed_label** stmts_label) const
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location_;
+
+  Unnamed_label* next_case_label = NULL;
+  if (!this->is_default_)
+    {
+      Type* type = this->type_;
+
+      Expression* cond;
+      // The language permits case nil, which is of course a constant
+      // rather than a type.  It will appear here as an invalid
+      // forwarding type.
+      if (type->is_nil_constant_as_type())
+       {
+         Expression* ref =
+           Expression::make_temporary_reference(descriptor_temp, loc);
+         cond = Expression::make_binary(OPERATOR_EQEQ, ref,
+                                        Expression::make_nil(loc),
+                                        loc);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         Expression* func;
+         if (type->interface_type() == NULL)
+           {
+             // func ifacetypeeq(*descriptor, *descriptor) bool
+             static Named_object* ifacetypeeq;
+             if (ifacetypeeq == NULL)
+               {
+                 const source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+                 Typed_identifier_list* param_types =
+                   new Typed_identifier_list();
+                 Type* descriptor_type = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+                 param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("a", descriptor_type,
+                                                         bloc));
+                 param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("b", descriptor_type,
+                                                         bloc));
+                 Typed_identifier_list* ret_types =
+                   new Typed_identifier_list();
+                 Type* bool_type = Type::lookup_bool_type();
+                 ret_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("", bool_type, bloc));
+                 Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL,
+                                                                  param_types,
+                                                                  ret_types,
+                                                                  bloc);
+                 ifacetypeeq =
+                   Named_object::make_function_declaration("ifacetypeeq", NULL,
+                                                           fntype, bloc);
+                 const char* n = "runtime.ifacetypeeq";
+                 ifacetypeeq->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(n);
+               }
+
+             // ifacetypeeq(descriptor_temp, DESCRIPTOR)
+             func = Expression::make_func_reference(ifacetypeeq, NULL, loc);
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             // func ifaceI2Tp(*descriptor, *descriptor) bool
+             static Named_object* ifaceI2Tp;
+             if (ifaceI2Tp == NULL)
+               {
+                 const source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+                 Typed_identifier_list* param_types =
+                   new Typed_identifier_list();
+                 Type* descriptor_type = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+                 param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("a", descriptor_type,
+                                                         bloc));
+                 param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("b", descriptor_type,
+                                                         bloc));
+                 Typed_identifier_list* ret_types =
+                   new Typed_identifier_list();
+                 Type* bool_type = Type::lookup_bool_type();
+                 ret_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("", bool_type, bloc));
+                 Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL,
+                                                                  param_types,
+                                                                  ret_types,
+                                                                  bloc);
+                 ifaceI2Tp =
+                   Named_object::make_function_declaration("ifaceI2Tp", NULL,
+                                                           fntype, bloc);
+                 const char* n = "runtime.ifaceI2Tp";
+                 ifaceI2Tp->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(n);
+               }
+
+             // ifaceI2Tp(descriptor_temp, DESCRIPTOR)
+             func = Expression::make_func_reference(ifaceI2Tp, NULL, loc);
+           }
+         Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+         params->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(type, loc));
+         Expression* ref =
+           Expression::make_temporary_reference(descriptor_temp, loc);
+         params->push_back(ref);
+         cond = Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+       }
+
+      Unnamed_label* dest;
+      if (!this->is_fallthrough_)
+       {
+         // if !COND { goto NEXT_CASE_LABEL }
+         next_case_label = new Unnamed_label(UNKNOWN_LOCATION);
+         dest = next_case_label;
+         cond = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_NOT, cond, loc);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // if COND { goto STMTS_LABEL }
+         gcc_assert(stmts_label != NULL);
+         if (*stmts_label == NULL)
+           *stmts_label = new Unnamed_label(UNKNOWN_LOCATION);
+         dest = *stmts_label;
+       }
+      Block* then_block = new Block(b, loc);
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_goto_unnamed_statement(dest, loc);
+      then_block->add_statement(s);
+      s = Statement::make_if_statement(cond, then_block, NULL, loc);
+      b->add_statement(s);
+    }
+
+  if (this->statements_ != NULL
+      || (!this->is_fallthrough_
+         && stmts_label != NULL
+         && *stmts_label != NULL))
+    {
+      gcc_assert(!this->is_fallthrough_);
+      if (stmts_label != NULL && *stmts_label != NULL)
+       {
+         gcc_assert(!this->is_default_);
+         if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+           (*stmts_label)->set_location(this->statements_->start_location());
+         Statement* s = Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(*stmts_label);
+         b->add_statement(s);
+         *stmts_label = NULL;
+       }
+      if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+       b->add_statement(Statement::make_block_statement(this->statements_,
+                                                        loc));
+    }
+
+  if (this->is_fallthrough_)
+    gcc_assert(next_case_label == NULL);
+  else
+    {
+      source_location gloc = (this->statements_ == NULL
+                             ? loc
+                             : this->statements_->end_location());
+      b->add_statement(Statement::make_goto_unnamed_statement(break_label,
+                                                             gloc));
+      if (next_case_label != NULL)
+       {
+         Statement* s =
+           Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(next_case_label);
+         b->add_statement(s);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Class Type_case_clauses.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Type_case_clauses::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  for (Type_clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check for duplicate types.
+
+void
+Type_case_clauses::check_duplicates() const
+{
+  typedef Unordered_set_hash(const Type*, Type_hash_identical,
+                            Type_identical) Types_seen;
+  Types_seen types_seen;
+  for (Type_clauses::const_iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Type* t = p->type();
+      if (t == NULL)
+       continue;
+      if (t->is_nil_constant_as_type())
+       t = Type::make_nil_type();
+      std::pair<Types_seen::iterator, bool> ins = types_seen.insert(t);
+      if (!ins.second)
+       error_at(p->location(), "duplicate type in switch");
+    }
+}
+
+// Lower the clauses in a type switch.  Add statements to the block B.
+// The type descriptor we are switching on is in DESCRIPTOR_TEMP.
+// BREAK_LABEL is the label at the end of the type switch.
+
+void
+Type_case_clauses::lower(Block* b, Temporary_statement* descriptor_temp,
+                        Unnamed_label* break_label) const
+{
+  const Type_case_clause* default_case = NULL;
+
+  Unnamed_label* stmts_label = NULL;
+  for (Type_clauses::const_iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (!p->is_default())
+       p->lower(b, descriptor_temp, break_label, &stmts_label);
+      else
+       {
+         // We are generating a series of tests, which means that we
+         // need to move the default case to the end.
+         default_case = &*p;
+       }
+    }
+  gcc_assert(stmts_label == NULL);
+
+  if (default_case != NULL)
+    default_case->lower(b, descriptor_temp, break_label, NULL);
+}
+
+// Class Type_switch_statement.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Type_switch_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->var_ == NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->expr_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  if (this->clauses_ != NULL)
+    return this->clauses_->traverse(traverse);
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lower a type switch statement to a series of if statements.  The gc
+// compiler is able to generate a table in some cases.  However, that
+// does not work for us because we may have type descriptors in
+// different shared libraries, so we can't compare them with simple
+// equality testing.
+
+Statement*
+Type_switch_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Block* enclosing)
+{
+  const source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  if (this->clauses_ != NULL)
+    this->clauses_->check_duplicates();
+
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  Type* val_type = (this->var_ != NULL
+                   ? this->var_->var_value()->type()
+                   : this->expr_->type());
+
+  // var descriptor_temp DESCRIPTOR_TYPE
+  Type* descriptor_type = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+  Temporary_statement* descriptor_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(descriptor_type, NULL, loc);
+  b->add_statement(descriptor_temp);
+
+  if (val_type->interface_type() == NULL)
+    {
+      // Doing a type switch on a non-interface type.  Should we issue
+      // a warning for this case?
+      // descriptor_temp = DESCRIPTOR
+      Expression* lhs = Expression::make_temporary_reference(descriptor_temp,
+                                                            loc);
+      Expression* rhs = Expression::make_type_descriptor(val_type, loc);
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(lhs, rhs, loc);
+      b->add_statement(s);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      const source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+      // func {efacetype,ifacetype}(*interface) *descriptor
+      // FIXME: This should be inlined.
+      Typed_identifier_list* param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("i", val_type, bloc));
+      Typed_identifier_list* ret_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      ret_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("", descriptor_type, bloc));
+      Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types,
+                                                      ret_types, bloc);
+      bool is_empty = val_type->interface_type()->is_empty();
+      const char* fnname = is_empty ? "efacetype" : "ifacetype";
+      Named_object* fn =
+       Named_object::make_function_declaration(fnname, NULL, fntype, bloc);
+      const char* asm_name = (is_empty
+                             ? "runtime.efacetype"
+                             : "runtime.ifacetype");
+      fn->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(asm_name);
+
+      // descriptor_temp = ifacetype(val_temp)
+      Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(fn, NULL, loc);
+      Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+      Expression* ref;
+      if (this->var_ == NULL)
+       ref = this->expr_;
+      else
+       ref = Expression::make_var_reference(this->var_, loc);
+      params->push_back(ref);
+      Expression* call = Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+      Expression* lhs = Expression::make_temporary_reference(descriptor_temp,
+                                                            loc);
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(lhs, call, loc);
+      b->add_statement(s);
+    }
+
+  if (this->clauses_ != NULL)
+    this->clauses_->lower(b, descriptor_temp, this->break_label());
+
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(this->break_label_);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Return the break label for this type switch statement, creating it
+// if necessary.
+
+Unnamed_label*
+Type_switch_statement::break_label()
+{
+  if (this->break_label_ == NULL)
+    this->break_label_ = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+  return this->break_label_;
+}
+
+// Make a type switch statement.
+
+Type_switch_statement*
+Statement::make_type_switch_statement(Named_object* var, Expression* expr,
+                                     source_location location)
+{
+  return new Type_switch_statement(var, expr, location);
+}
+
+// Class Select_clauses::Select_clause.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Select_clauses::Select_clause::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (!this->is_lowered_
+      && (traverse->traverse_mask() & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0)
+    {
+      if (this->channel_ != NULL)
+       {
+         if (Expression::traverse(&this->channel_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+           return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+       }
+      if (this->val_ != NULL)
+       {
+         if (Expression::traverse(&this->val_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+           return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+       }
+    }
+  if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->statements_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lowering.  Here we pull out the channel and the send values, to
+// enforce the order of evaluation.  We also add explicit send and
+// receive statements to the clauses.
+
+void
+Select_clauses::Select_clause::lower(Block* b)
+{
+  if (this->is_default_)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(this->channel_ == NULL && this->val_ == NULL);
+      this->is_lowered_ = true;
+      return;
+    }
+
+  source_location loc = this->location_;
+
+  // Evaluate the channel before the select statement.
+  Temporary_statement* channel_temp = Statement::make_temporary(NULL,
+                                                               this->channel_,
+                                                               loc);
+  b->add_statement(channel_temp);
+  this->channel_ = Expression::make_temporary_reference(channel_temp, loc);
+
+  // If this is a send clause, evaluate the value to send before the
+  // select statement.
+  Temporary_statement* val_temp = NULL;
+  if (this->is_send_)
+    {
+      val_temp = Statement::make_temporary(NULL, this->val_, loc);
+      b->add_statement(val_temp);
+    }
+
+  // Add the send or receive before the rest of the statements if any.
+  Block *init = new Block(b, loc);
+  Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(channel_temp, loc);
+  if (this->is_send_)
+    {
+      Expression* ref2 = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp, loc);
+      Send_expression* send = Expression::make_send(ref, ref2, loc);
+      send->discarding_value();
+      send->set_for_select();
+      init->add_statement(Statement::make_statement(send));
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Receive_expression* recv = Expression::make_receive(ref, loc);
+      recv->set_for_select();
+      if (this->val_ != NULL)
+       {
+         gcc_assert(this->var_ == NULL);
+         init->add_statement(Statement::make_assignment(this->val_, recv,
+                                                        loc));
+       }
+      else if (this->var_ != NULL)
+       {
+         this->var_->var_value()->set_init(recv);
+         this->var_->var_value()->clear_type_from_chan_element();
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         recv->discarding_value();
+         init->add_statement(Statement::make_statement(recv));
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+    init->add_statement(Statement::make_block_statement(this->statements_,
+                                                       loc));
+
+  this->statements_ = init;
+
+  // Now all references should be handled through the statements, not
+  // through here.
+  this->is_lowered_ = true;
+  this->val_ = NULL;
+  this->var_ = NULL;
+}
+
+// Determine types.
+
+void
+Select_clauses::Select_clause::determine_types()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->is_lowered_);
+  if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+    this->statements_->determine_types();
+}
+
+// Whether this clause may fall through to the statement which follows
+// the overall select statement.
+
+bool
+Select_clauses::Select_clause::may_fall_through() const
+{
+  if (this->statements_ == NULL)
+    return true;
+  return this->statements_->may_fall_through();
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the statements to execute.
+
+tree
+Select_clauses::Select_clause::get_statements_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->statements_ == NULL)
+    return NULL_TREE;
+  return this->statements_->get_tree(context);
+}
+
+// Class Select_clauses.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Select_clauses::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  for (Clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lowering.  Here we pull out the channel and the send values, to
+// enforce the order of evaluation.  We also add explicit send and
+// receive statements to the clauses.
+
+void
+Select_clauses::lower(Block* b)
+{
+  for (Clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    p->lower(b);
+}
+
+// Determine types.
+
+void
+Select_clauses::determine_types()
+{
+  for (Clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    p->determine_types();
+}
+
+// Return whether these select clauses fall through to the statement
+// following the overall select statement.
+
+bool
+Select_clauses::may_fall_through() const
+{
+  for (Clauses::const_iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    if (p->may_fall_through())
+      return true;
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return a tree.  We build a call to
+//   size_t __go_select(size_t count, _Bool has_default,
+//                      channel* channels, _Bool* is_send)
+//
+// There are COUNT entries in the CHANNELS and IS_SEND arrays.  The
+// value in the IS_SEND array is true for send, false for receive.
+// __go_select returns an integer from 0 to COUNT, inclusive.  A
+// return of 0 means that the default case should be run; this only
+// happens if HAS_DEFAULT is non-zero.  Otherwise the number indicates
+// the case to run.
+
+// FIXME: This doesn't handle channels which send interface types
+// where the receiver has a static type which matches that interface.
+
+tree
+Select_clauses::get_tree(Translate_context* context,
+                        Unnamed_label *break_label,
+                        source_location location)
+{
+  size_t count = this->clauses_.size();
+  VEC(constructor_elt, gc)* chan_init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, count);
+  VEC(constructor_elt, gc)* is_send_init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc,
+                                                    count);
+  Select_clause* default_clause = NULL;
+  tree final_stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
+  tree channel_type_tree = NULL_TREE;
+
+  size_t i = 0;
+  for (Clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->is_default())
+       {
+         default_clause = &*p;
+         --count;
+         continue;
+       }
+
+      tree channel_tree = p->channel()->get_tree(context);
+      if (channel_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      channel_type_tree = TREE_TYPE(channel_tree);
+
+      constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, chan_init, NULL);
+      elt->index = build_int_cstu(sizetype, i);
+      elt->value = channel_tree;
+
+      elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, is_send_init, NULL);
+      elt->index = build_int_cstu(sizetype, i);
+      elt->value = p->is_send() ? boolean_true_node : boolean_false_node;
+
+      ++i;
+    }
+  gcc_assert(i == count);
+
+  if (i == 0 && default_clause != NULL)
+    {
+      // There is only a default clause.
+      gcc_assert(final_stmt_list == NULL_TREE);
+      tree stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
+      append_to_statement_list(default_clause->get_statements_tree(context),
+                              &stmt_list);
+      append_to_statement_list(break_label->get_definition(), &stmt_list);
+      return stmt_list;
+    }
+
+  tree pointer_chan_type_tree = (channel_type_tree == NULL_TREE
+                                ? ptr_type_node
+                                : build_pointer_type(channel_type_tree));
+  tree chans_arg;
+  tree pointer_boolean_type_tree = build_pointer_type(boolean_type_node);
+  tree is_sends_arg;
+
+  if (i == 0)
+    {
+      chans_arg = fold_convert_loc(location, pointer_chan_type_tree,
+                                  null_pointer_node);
+      is_sends_arg = fold_convert_loc(location, pointer_boolean_type_tree,
+                                     null_pointer_node);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      tree index_type_tree = build_index_type(size_int(count - 1));
+      tree chan_array_type_tree = build_array_type(channel_type_tree,
+                                                  index_type_tree);
+      tree chan_constructor = build_constructor(chan_array_type_tree,
+                                               chan_init);
+      tree chan_var = create_tmp_var(chan_array_type_tree, "CHAN");
+      DECL_IGNORED_P(chan_var) = 0;
+      DECL_INITIAL(chan_var) = chan_constructor;
+      DECL_SOURCE_LOCATION(chan_var) = location;
+      TREE_ADDRESSABLE(chan_var) = 1;
+      tree decl_expr = build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, chan_var);
+      SET_EXPR_LOCATION(decl_expr, location);
+      append_to_statement_list(decl_expr, &final_stmt_list);
+
+      tree is_send_array_type_tree = build_array_type(boolean_type_node,
+                                                     index_type_tree);
+      tree is_send_constructor = build_constructor(is_send_array_type_tree,
+                                                  is_send_init);
+      tree is_send_var = create_tmp_var(is_send_array_type_tree, "ISSEND");
+      DECL_IGNORED_P(is_send_var) = 0;
+      DECL_INITIAL(is_send_var) = is_send_constructor;
+      DECL_SOURCE_LOCATION(is_send_var) = location;
+      TREE_ADDRESSABLE(is_send_var) = 1;
+      decl_expr = build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, is_send_var);
+      SET_EXPR_LOCATION(decl_expr, location);
+      append_to_statement_list(decl_expr, &final_stmt_list);
+
+      chans_arg = fold_convert_loc(location, pointer_chan_type_tree,
+                                  build_fold_addr_expr_loc(location,
+                                                           chan_var));
+      is_sends_arg = fold_convert_loc(location, pointer_boolean_type_tree,
+                                     build_fold_addr_expr_loc(location,
+                                                              is_send_var));
+    }
+
+  static tree select_fndecl;
+  tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&select_fndecl,
+                                location,
+                                "__go_select",
+                                4,
+                                sizetype,
+                                sizetype,
+                                size_int(count),
+                                boolean_type_node,
+                                (default_clause == NULL
+                                 ? boolean_false_node
+                                 : boolean_true_node),
+                                pointer_chan_type_tree,
+                                chans_arg,
+                                pointer_boolean_type_tree,
+                                is_sends_arg);
+
+  tree stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
+
+  if (default_clause != NULL)
+    this->add_clause_tree(context, 0, default_clause, break_label, &stmt_list);
+
+  i = 1;
+  for (Clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (!p->is_default())
+       {
+         this->add_clause_tree(context, i, &*p, break_label, &stmt_list);
+         ++i;
+       }
+    }
+
+  append_to_statement_list(break_label->get_definition(), &stmt_list);
+
+  tree switch_stmt = build3(SWITCH_EXPR, sizetype, call, stmt_list, NULL_TREE);
+  SET_EXPR_LOCATION(switch_stmt, location);
+  append_to_statement_list(switch_stmt, &final_stmt_list);
+
+  return final_stmt_list;
+}
+
+// Add the tree for CLAUSE to STMT_LIST.
+
+void
+Select_clauses::add_clause_tree(Translate_context* context, int case_index,
+                               Select_clause* clause,
+                               Unnamed_label* bottom_label, tree* stmt_list)
+{
+  tree label = create_artificial_label(clause->location());
+  append_to_statement_list(build3(CASE_LABEL_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                 build_int_cst(sizetype, case_index),
+                                 NULL_TREE, label),
+                          stmt_list);
+  append_to_statement_list(clause->get_statements_tree(context), stmt_list);
+  tree g = bottom_label->get_goto(clause->statements() == NULL
+                                 ? clause->location()
+                                 : clause->statements()->end_location());
+  append_to_statement_list(g, stmt_list);
+}
+
+// Class Select_statement.
+
+// Return the break label for this switch statement, creating it if
+// necessary.
+
+Unnamed_label*
+Select_statement::break_label()
+{
+  if (this->break_label_ == NULL)
+    this->break_label_ = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+  return this->break_label_;
+}
+
+// Lower a select statement.  This will still return a select
+// statement, but it will be modified to implement the order of
+// evaluation rules, and to include the send and receive statements as
+// explicit statements in the clauses.
+
+Statement*
+Select_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Block* enclosing)
+{
+  if (this->is_lowered_)
+    return this;
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, this->location());
+  this->clauses_->lower(b);
+  this->is_lowered_ = true;
+  b->add_statement(this);
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, this->location());
+}
+
+// Return the tree for a select statement.
+
+tree
+Select_statement::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  return this->clauses_->get_tree(context, this->break_label(),
+                                 this->location());
+}
+
+// Make a select statement.
+
+Select_statement*
+Statement::make_select_statement(source_location location)
+{
+  return new Select_statement(location);
+}
+
+// Class For_statement.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+For_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->init_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->init_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  if (this->cond_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->cond_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  if (this->post_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->post_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return this->statements_->traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Lower a For_statement into if statements and gotos.  Getting rid of
+// complex statements make it easier to handle garbage collection.
+
+Statement*
+For_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Block* enclosing)
+{
+  Statement* s;
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, this->location());
+  if (this->init_ != NULL)
+    {
+      s = Statement::make_block_statement(this->init_,
+                                         this->init_->start_location());
+      b->add_statement(s);
+    }
+
+  Unnamed_label* entry = NULL;
+  if (this->cond_ != NULL)
+    {
+      entry = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+      b->add_statement(Statement::make_goto_unnamed_statement(entry, loc));
+    }
+
+  Unnamed_label* top = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+  b->add_statement(Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(top));
+
+  s = Statement::make_block_statement(this->statements_,
+                                     this->statements_->start_location());
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  source_location end_loc = this->statements_->end_location();
+
+  Unnamed_label* cont = this->continue_label_;
+  if (cont != NULL)
+    b->add_statement(Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(cont));
+
+  if (this->post_ != NULL)
+    {
+      s = Statement::make_block_statement(this->post_,
+                                         this->post_->start_location());
+      b->add_statement(s);
+      end_loc = this->post_->end_location();
+    }
+
+  if (this->cond_ == NULL)
+    b->add_statement(Statement::make_goto_unnamed_statement(top, end_loc));
+  else
+    {
+      b->add_statement(Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(entry));
+
+      source_location cond_loc = this->cond_->location();
+      Block* then_block = new Block(b, cond_loc);
+      s = Statement::make_goto_unnamed_statement(top, cond_loc);
+      then_block->add_statement(s);
+
+      s = Statement::make_if_statement(this->cond_, then_block, NULL, cond_loc);
+      b->add_statement(s);
+    }
+
+  Unnamed_label* brk = this->break_label_;
+  if (brk != NULL)
+    b->add_statement(Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(brk));
+
+  b->set_end_location(end_loc);
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Return the break label, creating it if necessary.
+
+Unnamed_label*
+For_statement::break_label()
+{
+  if (this->break_label_ == NULL)
+    this->break_label_ = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+  return this->break_label_;
+}
+
+// Return the continue LABEL_EXPR.
+
+Unnamed_label*
+For_statement::continue_label()
+{
+  if (this->continue_label_ == NULL)
+    this->continue_label_ = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+  return this->continue_label_;
+}
+
+// Set the break and continue labels a for statement.  This is used
+// when lowering a for range statement.
+
+void
+For_statement::set_break_continue_labels(Unnamed_label* break_label,
+                                        Unnamed_label* continue_label)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->break_label_ == NULL && this->continue_label_ == NULL);
+  this->break_label_ = break_label;
+  this->continue_label_ = continue_label;
+}
+
+// Make a for statement.
+
+For_statement*
+Statement::make_for_statement(Block* init, Expression* cond, Block* post,
+                             source_location location)
+{
+  return new For_statement(init, cond, post, location);
+}
+
+// Class For_range_statement.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+For_range_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->index_var_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->value_var_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->value_var_)
+         == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->range_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->statements_->traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Lower a for range statement.  For simplicity we lower this into a
+// for statement, which will then be lowered in turn to goto
+// statements.
+
+Statement*
+For_range_statement::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Block* enclosing)
+{
+  Type* range_type = this->range_->type();
+  if (range_type->points_to() != NULL
+      && range_type->points_to()->array_type() != NULL
+      && !range_type->points_to()->is_open_array_type())
+    range_type = range_type->points_to();
+
+  Type* index_type;
+  Type* value_type = NULL;
+  if (range_type->array_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      index_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+      value_type = range_type->array_type()->element_type();
+    }
+  else if (range_type->is_string_type())
+    {
+      index_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+      value_type = index_type;
+    }
+  else if (range_type->map_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      index_type = range_type->map_type()->key_type();
+      value_type = range_type->map_type()->val_type();
+    }
+  else if (range_type->channel_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      index_type = range_type->channel_type()->element_type();
+      if (this->value_var_ != NULL)
+       {
+         if (!this->value_var_->type()->is_error_type())
+           this->report_error(_("too many variables for range clause "
+                                "with channel"));
+         return Statement::make_error_statement(this->location());
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("range clause must have "
+                          "array, slice, setring, map, or channel type"));
+      return Statement::make_error_statement(this->location());
+    }
+
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+  Block* temp_block = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  Named_object* range_object = NULL;
+  Temporary_statement* range_temp = NULL;
+  Var_expression* ve = this->range_->var_expression();
+  if (ve != NULL)
+    range_object = ve->named_object();
+  else
+    {
+      range_temp = Statement::make_temporary(NULL, this->range_, loc);
+      temp_block->add_statement(range_temp);
+    }
+
+  Temporary_statement* index_temp = Statement::make_temporary(index_type,
+                                                             NULL, loc);
+  temp_block->add_statement(index_temp);
+
+  Temporary_statement* value_temp = NULL;
+  if (this->value_var_ != NULL)
+    {
+      value_temp = Statement::make_temporary(value_type, NULL, loc);
+      temp_block->add_statement(value_temp);
+    }
+
+  Block* body = new Block(temp_block, loc);
+
+  Block* init;
+  Expression* cond;
+  Block* iter_init;
+  Block* post;
+
+  // Arrange to do a loop appropriate for the type.  We will produce
+  //   for INIT ; COND ; POST {
+  //           ITER_INIT
+  //           INDEX = INDEX_TEMP
+  //           VALUE = VALUE_TEMP // If there is a value
+  //           original statements
+  //   }
+
+  if (range_type->array_type() != NULL)
+    this->lower_range_array(gogo, temp_block, body, range_object, range_temp,
+                           index_temp, value_temp, &init, &cond, &iter_init,
+                           &post);
+  else if (range_type->is_string_type())
+    this->lower_range_string(gogo, temp_block, body, range_object, range_temp,
+                            index_temp, value_temp, &init, &cond, &iter_init,
+                            &post);
+  else if (range_type->map_type() != NULL)
+    this->lower_range_map(gogo, temp_block, body, range_object, range_temp,
+                         index_temp, value_temp, &init, &cond, &iter_init,
+                         &post);
+  else if (range_type->channel_type() != NULL)
+    this->lower_range_channel(gogo, temp_block, body, range_object, range_temp,
+                             index_temp, value_temp, &init, &cond, &iter_init,
+                             &post);
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+
+  if (iter_init != NULL)
+    body->add_statement(Statement::make_block_statement(iter_init, loc));
+
+  Statement* assign;
+  Expression* index_ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+  if (this->value_var_ == NULL)
+    {
+      assign = Statement::make_assignment(this->index_var_, index_ref, loc);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Expression_list* lhs = new Expression_list();
+      lhs->push_back(this->index_var_);
+      lhs->push_back(this->value_var_);
+
+      Expression_list* rhs = new Expression_list();
+      rhs->push_back(index_ref);
+      rhs->push_back(Expression::make_temporary_reference(value_temp, loc));
+
+      assign = Statement::make_tuple_assignment(lhs, rhs, loc);
+    }
+  body->add_statement(assign);
+
+  body->add_statement(Statement::make_block_statement(this->statements_, loc));
+
+  body->set_end_location(this->statements_->end_location());
+
+  For_statement* loop = Statement::make_for_statement(init, cond, post,
+                                                     this->location());
+  loop->add_statements(body);
+  loop->set_break_continue_labels(this->break_label_, this->continue_label_);
+
+  temp_block->add_statement(loop);
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(temp_block, loc);
+}
+
+// Return a reference to the range, which may be in RANGE_OBJECT or in
+// RANGE_TEMP.
+
+Expression*
+For_range_statement::make_range_ref(Named_object* range_object,
+                                   Temporary_statement* range_temp,
+                                   source_location loc)
+{
+  if (range_object != NULL)
+    return Expression::make_var_reference(range_object, loc);
+  else
+    return Expression::make_temporary_reference(range_temp, loc);
+}
+
+// Return a call to the predeclared function FUNCNAME passing a
+// reference to the temporary variable ARG.
+
+Expression*
+For_range_statement::call_builtin(Gogo* gogo, const char* funcname,
+                                 Expression* arg,
+                                 source_location loc)
+{
+  Named_object* no = gogo->lookup_global(funcname);
+  gcc_assert(no != NULL && no->is_function_declaration());
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(no, NULL, loc);
+  Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+  params->push_back(arg);
+  return Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+}
+
+// Lower a for range over an array or slice.
+
+void
+For_range_statement::lower_range_array(Gogo* gogo,
+                                      Block* enclosing,
+                                      Block* body_block,
+                                      Named_object* range_object,
+                                      Temporary_statement* range_temp,
+                                      Temporary_statement* index_temp,
+                                      Temporary_statement* value_temp,
+                                      Block** pinit,
+                                      Expression** pcond,
+                                      Block** piter_init,
+                                      Block** ppost)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  // The loop we generate:
+  //   len_temp := len(range)
+  //   for index_temp = 0; index_temp < len_temp; index_temp++ {
+  //           value_temp = range[index_temp]
+  //           index = index_temp
+  //           value = value_temp
+  //           original body
+  //   }
+
+  // Set *PINIT to
+  //   var len_temp int
+  //   len_temp = len(range)
+  //   index_temp = 0
+
+  Block* init = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  Expression* ref = this->make_range_ref(range_object, range_temp, loc);
+  Expression* len_call = this->call_builtin(gogo, "len", ref, loc);
+  Temporary_statement* len_temp = Statement::make_temporary(index_temp->type(),
+                                                           len_call, loc);
+  init->add_statement(len_temp);
+
+  mpz_t zval;
+  mpz_init_set_ui(zval, 0UL);
+  Expression* zexpr = Expression::make_integer(&zval, NULL, loc);
+  mpz_clear(zval);
+
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(ref, zexpr, loc);
+  init->add_statement(s);
+
+  *pinit = init;
+
+  // Set *PCOND to
+  //   index_temp < len_temp
+
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+  Expression* ref2 = Expression::make_temporary_reference(len_temp, loc);
+  Expression* lt = Expression::make_binary(OPERATOR_LT, ref, ref2, loc);
+
+  *pcond = lt;
+
+  // Set *PITER_INIT to
+  //   value_temp = range[index_temp]
+
+  Block* iter_init = NULL;
+  if (value_temp != NULL)
+    {
+      iter_init = new Block(body_block, loc);
+
+      ref = this->make_range_ref(range_object, range_temp, loc);
+      Expression* ref2 = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+      Expression* index = Expression::make_index(ref, ref2, NULL, loc);
+
+      ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(value_temp, loc);
+      s = Statement::make_assignment(ref, index, loc);
+
+      iter_init->add_statement(s);
+    }
+  *piter_init = iter_init;
+
+  // Set *PPOST to
+  //   index_temp++
+
+  Block* post = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_inc_statement(ref);
+  post->add_statement(s);
+  *ppost = post;
+}
+
+// Lower a for range over a string.
+
+void
+For_range_statement::lower_range_string(Gogo* gogo,
+                                       Block* enclosing,
+                                       Block* body_block,
+                                       Named_object* range_object,
+                                       Temporary_statement* range_temp,
+                                       Temporary_statement* index_temp,
+                                       Temporary_statement* value_temp,
+                                       Block** pinit,
+                                       Expression** pcond,
+                                       Block** piter_init,
+                                       Block** ppost)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  // The loop we generate:
+  //   var next_index_temp int
+  //   for index_temp = 0; ; index_temp = next_index_temp {
+  //           next_index_temp, value_temp = stringiter2(range, index_temp)
+  //           if next_index_temp == 0 {
+  //                   break
+  //           }
+  //           index = index_temp
+  //           value = value_temp
+  //           original body
+  //   }
+
+  // Set *PINIT to
+  //   var next_index_temp int
+  //   index_temp = 0
+
+  Block* init = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  Temporary_statement* next_index_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(index_temp->type(), NULL, loc);
+  init->add_statement(next_index_temp);
+
+  mpz_t zval;
+  mpz_init_set_ui(zval, 0UL);
+  Expression* zexpr = Expression::make_integer(&zval, NULL, loc);
+
+  Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(ref, zexpr, loc);
+
+  init->add_statement(s);
+  *pinit = init;
+
+  // The loop has no condition.
+
+  *pcond = NULL;
+
+  // Set *PITER_INIT to
+  //   next_index_temp = runtime.stringiter(range, index_temp)
+  // or
+  //   next_index_temp, value_temp = runtime.stringiter2(range, index_temp)
+  // followed by
+  //   if next_index_temp == 0 {
+  //           break
+  //   }
+
+  Block* iter_init = new Block(body_block, loc);
+
+  Named_object* no;
+  if (value_temp == NULL)
+    {
+      static Named_object* stringiter;
+      if (stringiter == NULL)
+       {
+         source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+         Type* int_type = gogo->lookup_global("int")->type_value();
+
+         Typed_identifier_list* params = new Typed_identifier_list();
+         params->push_back(Typed_identifier("s", Type::make_string_type(),
+                                            bloc));
+         params->push_back(Typed_identifier("k", int_type, bloc));
+
+         Typed_identifier_list* results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+         results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", int_type, bloc));
+
+         Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, params,
+                                                          results, bloc);
+         stringiter = Named_object::make_function_declaration("stringiter",
+                                                              NULL, fntype,
+                                                              bloc);
+         const char* n = "runtime.stringiter";
+         stringiter->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(n);
+       }
+      no = stringiter;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      static Named_object* stringiter2;
+      if (stringiter2 == NULL)
+       {
+         source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+         Type* int_type = gogo->lookup_global("int")->type_value();
+
+         Typed_identifier_list* params = new Typed_identifier_list();
+         params->push_back(Typed_identifier("s", Type::make_string_type(),
+                                            bloc));
+         params->push_back(Typed_identifier("k", int_type, bloc));
+
+         Typed_identifier_list* results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+         results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", int_type, bloc));
+         results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", int_type, bloc));
+
+         Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, params,
+                                                          results, bloc);
+         stringiter2 = Named_object::make_function_declaration("stringiter",
+                                                               NULL, fntype,
+                                                               bloc);
+         const char* n = "runtime.stringiter2";
+         stringiter2->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(n);
+       }
+      no = stringiter2;
+    }
+
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(no, NULL, loc);
+  Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+  params->push_back(this->make_range_ref(range_object, range_temp, loc));
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc));
+  Call_expression* call = Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+
+  if (value_temp == NULL)
+    {
+      ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(next_index_temp, loc);
+      s = Statement::make_assignment(ref, call, loc);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Expression_list* lhs = new Expression_list();
+      lhs->push_back(Expression::make_temporary_reference(next_index_temp,
+                                                         loc));
+      lhs->push_back(Expression::make_temporary_reference(value_temp, loc));
+
+      Expression_list* rhs = new Expression_list();
+      rhs->push_back(Expression::make_call_result(call, 0));
+      rhs->push_back(Expression::make_call_result(call, 1));
+
+      s = Statement::make_tuple_assignment(lhs, rhs, loc);
+    }
+  iter_init->add_statement(s);
+
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(next_index_temp, loc);
+  zexpr = Expression::make_integer(&zval, NULL, loc);
+  mpz_clear(zval);
+  Expression* equals = Expression::make_binary(OPERATOR_EQEQ, ref, zexpr, loc);
+
+  Block* then_block = new Block(iter_init, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_break_statement(this->break_label(), loc);
+  then_block->add_statement(s);
+
+  s = Statement::make_if_statement(equals, then_block, NULL, loc);
+  iter_init->add_statement(s);
+
+  *piter_init = iter_init;
+
+  // Set *PPOST to
+  //   index_temp = next_index_temp
+
+  Block* post = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  Expression* lhs = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+  Expression* rhs = Expression::make_temporary_reference(next_index_temp, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_assignment(lhs, rhs, loc);
+
+  post->add_statement(s);
+  *ppost = post;
+}
+
+// Lower a for range over a map.
+
+void
+For_range_statement::lower_range_map(Gogo* gogo,
+                                    Block* enclosing,
+                                    Block* body_block,
+                                    Named_object* range_object,
+                                    Temporary_statement* range_temp,
+                                    Temporary_statement* index_temp,
+                                    Temporary_statement* value_temp,
+                                    Block** pinit,
+                                    Expression** pcond,
+                                    Block** piter_init,
+                                    Block** ppost)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  // The runtime uses a struct to handle ranges over a map.  The
+  // struct is four pointers long.  The first pointer is NULL when we
+  // have completed the iteration.
+
+  // The loop we generate:
+  //   var hiter map_iteration_struct
+  //   for mapiterinit(range, &hiter); hiter[0] != nil; mapiternext(&hiter) {
+  //           mapiter2(hiter, &index_temp, &value_temp)
+  //           index = index_temp
+  //           value = value_temp
+  //           original body
+  //   }
+
+  // Set *PINIT to
+  //   var hiter map_iteration_struct
+  //   runtime.mapiterinit(range, &hiter)
+
+  Block* init = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  const unsigned long map_iteration_size = 4;
+
+  mpz_t ival;
+  mpz_init_set_ui(ival, map_iteration_size);
+  Expression* iexpr = Expression::make_integer(&ival, NULL, loc);
+  mpz_clear(ival);
+
+  Type* byte_type = gogo->lookup_global("byte")->type_value();
+  Type* ptr_type = Type::make_pointer_type(byte_type);
+
+  Type* map_iteration_type = Type::make_array_type(ptr_type, iexpr);
+  Type* map_iteration_ptr = Type::make_pointer_type(map_iteration_type);
+
+  Temporary_statement* hiter = Statement::make_temporary(map_iteration_type,
+                                                        NULL, loc);
+  init->add_statement(hiter);
+
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+  Typed_identifier_list* param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("map", this->range_->type(), bloc));
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("it", map_iteration_ptr, bloc));
+  Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types, NULL,
+                                                  bloc);
+
+  Named_object* mapiterinit =
+    Named_object::make_function_declaration("mapiterinit", NULL, fntype, bloc);
+  const char* n = "runtime.mapiterinit";
+  mapiterinit->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(n);
+
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(mapiterinit, NULL, loc);
+  Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+  params->push_back(this->make_range_ref(range_object, range_temp, loc));
+  Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(hiter, loc);
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc));
+  Expression* call = Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+  init->add_statement(Statement::make_statement(call));
+
+  *pinit = init;
+
+  // Set *PCOND to
+  //   hiter[0] != nil
+
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(hiter, loc);
+
+  mpz_t zval;
+  mpz_init_set_ui(zval, 0UL);
+  Expression* zexpr = Expression::make_integer(&zval, NULL, loc);
+  mpz_clear(zval);
+
+  Expression* index = Expression::make_index(ref, zexpr, NULL, loc);
+
+  Expression* ne = Expression::make_binary(OPERATOR_NOTEQ, index,
+                                          Expression::make_nil(loc),
+                                          loc);
+
+  *pcond = ne;
+
+  // Set *PITER_INIT to
+  //   mapiter1(hiter, &index_temp)
+  // or
+  //   mapiter2(hiter, &index_temp, &value_temp)
+
+  Block* iter_init = new Block(body_block, loc);
+
+  param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("hiter", map_iteration_ptr, bloc));
+  Type* pkey_type = Type::make_pointer_type(index_temp->type());
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("key", pkey_type, bloc));
+  if (value_temp != NULL)
+    {
+      Type* pval_type = Type::make_pointer_type(value_temp->type());
+      param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("val", pval_type, bloc));
+    }
+  fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types, NULL, bloc);
+  n = value_temp == NULL ? "mapiter1" : "mapiter2";
+  Named_object* mapiter = Named_object::make_function_declaration(n, NULL,
+                                                                 fntype, bloc);
+  n = value_temp == NULL ? "runtime.mapiter1" : "runtime.mapiter2";
+  mapiter->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(n);
+
+  func = Expression::make_func_reference(mapiter, NULL, loc);
+  params = new Expression_list();
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(hiter, loc);
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc));
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc));
+  if (value_temp != NULL)
+    {
+      ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(value_temp, loc);
+      params->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc));
+    }
+  call = Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+  iter_init->add_statement(Statement::make_statement(call));
+
+  *piter_init = iter_init;
+
+  // Set *PPOST to
+  //   mapiternext(&hiter)
+
+  Block* post = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  static Named_object* mapiternext;
+  if (mapiternext == NULL)
+    {
+      param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("it", map_iteration_ptr, bloc));
+      fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types, NULL, bloc);
+      mapiternext = Named_object::make_function_declaration("mapiternext",
+                                                           NULL, fntype,
+                                                           bloc);
+      const char* n = "runtime.mapiternext";
+      mapiternext->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(n);
+    }
+
+  func = Expression::make_func_reference(mapiternext, NULL, loc);
+  params = new Expression_list();
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(hiter, loc);
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc));
+  call = Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+  post->add_statement(Statement::make_statement(call));
+
+  *ppost = post;
+}
+
+// Lower a for range over a channel.
+
+void
+For_range_statement::lower_range_channel(Gogo* gogo,
+                                        Block*,
+                                        Block* body_block,
+                                        Named_object* range_object,
+                                        Temporary_statement* range_temp,
+                                        Temporary_statement* index_temp,
+                                        Temporary_statement* value_temp,
+                                        Block** pinit,
+                                        Expression** pcond,
+                                        Block** piter_init,
+                                        Block** ppost)
+{
+  gcc_assert(value_temp == NULL);
+
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  // The loop we generate:
+  //   for {
+  //           index_temp = <-range
+  //           if closed(range) {
+  //                   break
+  //           }
+  //           index = index_temp
+  //           value = value_temp
+  //           original body
+  //   }
+
+  // We have no initialization code, no condition, and no post code.
+
+  *pinit = NULL;
+  *pcond = NULL;
+  *ppost = NULL;
+
+  // Set *PITER_INIT to
+  //   index_temp = <-range
+  //   if closed(range) {
+  //           break
+  //   }
+
+  Block* iter_init = new Block(body_block, loc);
+
+  Expression* ref = this->make_range_ref(range_object, range_temp, loc);
+  Expression* cond = this->call_builtin(gogo, "closed", ref, loc);
+
+  ref = this->make_range_ref(range_object, range_temp, loc);
+  Expression* recv = Expression::make_receive(ref, loc);
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(ref, recv, loc);
+  iter_init->add_statement(s);
+
+  Block* then_block = new Block(iter_init, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_break_statement(this->break_label(), loc);
+  then_block->add_statement(s);
+
+  s = Statement::make_if_statement(cond, then_block, NULL, loc);
+  iter_init->add_statement(s);
+
+  *piter_init = iter_init;
+}
+
+// Return the break LABEL_EXPR.
+
+Unnamed_label*
+For_range_statement::break_label()
+{
+  if (this->break_label_ == NULL)
+    this->break_label_ = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+  return this->break_label_;
+}
+
+// Return the continue LABEL_EXPR.
+
+Unnamed_label*
+For_range_statement::continue_label()
+{
+  if (this->continue_label_ == NULL)
+    this->continue_label_ = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+  return this->continue_label_;
+}
+
+// Make a for statement with a range clause.
+
+For_range_statement*
+Statement::make_for_range_statement(Expression* index_var,
+                                   Expression* value_var,
+                                   Expression* range,
+                                   source_location location)
+{
+  return new For_range_statement(index_var, value_var, range, location);
+}
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/statements.cc.merge-right.r172891 b/gcc/go/gofrontend/statements.cc.merge-right.r172891
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..7e422fc
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,5073 @@
+// statements.cc -- Go frontend statements.
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "go-system.h"
+
+#include <gmp.h>
+
+#include "go-c.h"
+#include "types.h"
+#include "expressions.h"
+#include "gogo.h"
+#include "runtime.h"
+#include "backend.h"
+#include "statements.h"
+
+// Class Statement.
+
+Statement::Statement(Statement_classification classification,
+                    source_location location)
+  : classification_(classification), location_(location)
+{
+}
+
+Statement::~Statement()
+{
+}
+
+// Traverse the tree.  The work of walking the components is handled
+// by the subclasses.
+
+int
+Statement::traverse(Block* block, size_t* pindex, Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->classification_ == STATEMENT_ERROR)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+  unsigned int traverse_mask = traverse->traverse_mask();
+
+  if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_statements) != 0)
+    {
+      int t = traverse->statement(block, pindex, this);
+      if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+      else if (t == TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS)
+       return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    }
+
+  // No point in checking traverse_mask here--a statement may contain
+  // other blocks or statements, and if we got here we always want to
+  // walk them.
+  return this->do_traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Traverse the contents of a statement.
+
+int
+Statement::traverse_contents(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  return this->do_traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Traverse assignments.
+
+bool
+Statement::traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments* tassign)
+{
+  if (this->classification_ == STATEMENT_ERROR)
+    return false;
+  return this->do_traverse_assignments(tassign);
+}
+
+// Traverse an expression in a statement.  This is a helper function
+// for child classes.
+
+int
+Statement::traverse_expression(Traverse* traverse, Expression** expr)
+{
+  if ((traverse->traverse_mask()
+       & (Traverse::traverse_types | Traverse::traverse_expressions)) == 0)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  return Expression::traverse(expr, traverse);
+}
+
+// Traverse an expression list in a statement.  This is a helper
+// function for child classes.
+
+int
+Statement::traverse_expression_list(Traverse* traverse,
+                                   Expression_list* expr_list)
+{
+  if (expr_list == NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  if ((traverse->traverse_mask()
+       & (Traverse::traverse_types | Traverse::traverse_expressions)) == 0)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  return expr_list->traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Traverse a type in a statement.  This is a helper function for
+// child classes.
+
+int
+Statement::traverse_type(Traverse* traverse, Type* type)
+{
+  if ((traverse->traverse_mask()
+       & (Traverse::traverse_types | Traverse::traverse_expressions)) == 0)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  return Type::traverse(type, traverse);
+}
+
+// Set type information for unnamed constants.  This is really done by
+// the child class.
+
+void
+Statement::determine_types()
+{
+  this->do_determine_types();
+}
+
+// If this is a thunk statement, return it.
+
+Thunk_statement*
+Statement::thunk_statement()
+{
+  Thunk_statement* ret = this->convert<Thunk_statement, STATEMENT_GO>();
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    ret = this->convert<Thunk_statement, STATEMENT_DEFER>();
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Convert a Statement to the backend representation.  This is really
+// done by the child class.
+
+Bstatement*
+Statement::get_backend(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->classification_ == STATEMENT_ERROR)
+    return context->backend()->error_statement();
+  return this->do_get_backend(context);
+}
+
+// Note that this statement is erroneous.  This is called by children
+// when they discover an error.
+
+void
+Statement::set_is_error()
+{
+  this->classification_ = STATEMENT_ERROR;
+}
+
+// For children to call to report an error conveniently.
+
+void
+Statement::report_error(const char* msg)
+{
+  error_at(this->location_, "%s", msg);
+  this->set_is_error();
+}
+
+// An error statement, used to avoid crashing after we report an
+// error.
+
+class Error_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Error_statement(source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_ERROR, location)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE; }
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context*)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+};
+
+// Make an error statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_error_statement(source_location location)
+{
+  return new Error_statement(location);
+}
+
+// Class Variable_declaration_statement.
+
+Variable_declaration_statement::Variable_declaration_statement(
+    Named_object* var)
+  : Statement(STATEMENT_VARIABLE_DECLARATION, var->var_value()->location()),
+    var_(var)
+{
+}
+
+// We don't actually traverse the variable here; it was traversed
+// while traversing the Block.
+
+int
+Variable_declaration_statement::do_traverse(Traverse*)
+{
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Traverse the assignments in a variable declaration.  Note that this
+// traversal is different from the usual traversal.
+
+bool
+Variable_declaration_statement::do_traverse_assignments(
+    Traverse_assignments* tassign)
+{
+  tassign->initialize_variable(this->var_);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Convert a variable declaration to the backend representation.
+
+Bstatement*
+Variable_declaration_statement::do_get_backend(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Variable* var = this->var_->var_value();
+  Bvariable* bvar = this->var_->get_backend_variable(context->gogo(),
+                                                    context->function());
+  tree init = var->get_init_tree(context->gogo(), context->function());
+  Bexpression* binit = init == NULL ? NULL : tree_to_expr(init);
+
+  if (!var->is_in_heap())
+    {
+      go_assert(binit != NULL);
+      return context->backend()->init_statement(bvar, binit);
+    }
+
+  // Something takes the address of this variable, so the value is
+  // stored in the heap.  Initialize it to newly allocated memory
+  // space, and assign the initial value to the new space.
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+  Named_object* newfn = context->gogo()->lookup_global("new");
+  go_assert(newfn != NULL && newfn->is_function_declaration());
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(newfn, NULL, loc);
+  Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_type(var->type(), loc));
+  Expression* call = Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+  context->gogo()->lower_expression(context->function(), &call);
+  Temporary_statement* temp = Statement::make_temporary(NULL, call, loc);
+  Bstatement* btemp = temp->get_backend(context);
+
+  Bstatement* set = NULL;
+  if (binit != NULL)
+    {
+      Expression* e = Expression::make_temporary_reference(temp, loc);
+      e = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, e, loc);
+      Bexpression* be = tree_to_expr(e->get_tree(context));
+      set = context->backend()->assignment_statement(be, binit, loc);
+    }
+
+  Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(temp, loc);
+  Bexpression* bref = tree_to_expr(ref->get_tree(context));
+  Bstatement* sinit = context->backend()->init_statement(bvar, bref);
+
+  std::vector<Bstatement*> stats;
+  stats.reserve(3);
+  stats.push_back(btemp);
+  if (set != NULL)
+    stats.push_back(set);
+  stats.push_back(sinit);
+  return context->backend()->statement_list(stats);
+}
+
+// Make a variable declaration.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_variable_declaration(Named_object* var)
+{
+  return new Variable_declaration_statement(var);
+}
+
+// Class Temporary_statement.
+
+// Return the type of the temporary variable.
+
+Type*
+Temporary_statement::type() const
+{
+  return this->type_ != NULL ? this->type_ : this->init_->type();
+}
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Temporary_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL
+      && this->traverse_type(traverse, this->type_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->init_ == NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  else
+    return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->init_);
+}
+
+// Traverse assignments.
+
+bool
+Temporary_statement::do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments* tassign)
+{
+  if (this->init_ == NULL)
+    return false;
+  tassign->value(&this->init_, true, true);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Determine types.
+
+void
+Temporary_statement::do_determine_types()
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && this->type_->is_abstract())
+    this->type_ = this->type_->make_non_abstract_type();
+
+  if (this->init_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->type_ == NULL)
+       this->init_->determine_type_no_context();
+      else
+       {
+         Type_context context(this->type_, false);
+         this->init_->determine_type(&context);
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    {
+      this->type_ = this->init_->type();
+      go_assert(!this->type_->is_abstract());
+    }
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+Temporary_statement::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && this->init_ != NULL)
+    {
+      std::string reason;
+      if (!Type::are_assignable(this->type_, this->init_->type(), &reason))
+       {
+         if (reason.empty())
+           error_at(this->location(), "incompatible types in assignment");
+         else
+           error_at(this->location(), "incompatible types in assignment (%s)",
+                    reason.c_str());
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Convert to backend representation.
+
+Bstatement*
+Temporary_statement::do_get_backend(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  go_assert(this->bvariable_ == NULL);
+
+  // FIXME: Permitting FUNCTION to be NULL here is a temporary measure
+  // until we have a better representation of the init function.
+  Named_object* function = context->function();
+  Bfunction* bfunction;
+  if (function == NULL)
+    bfunction = NULL;
+  else
+    bfunction = tree_to_function(function->func_value()->get_decl());
+
+  Btype* btype = tree_to_type(this->type()->get_tree(context->gogo()));
+
+  Bexpression* binit;
+  if (this->init_ == NULL)
+    binit = NULL;
+  else if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    binit = tree_to_expr(this->init_->get_tree(context));
+  else
+    {
+      Expression* init = Expression::make_cast(this->type_, this->init_,
+                                              this->location());
+      context->gogo()->lower_expression(context->function(), &init);
+      binit = tree_to_expr(init->get_tree(context));
+    }
+
+  Bstatement* statement;
+  this->bvariable_ =
+    context->backend()->temporary_variable(bfunction, context->bblock(),
+                                          btype, binit,
+                                          this->is_address_taken_,
+                                          this->location(), &statement);
+  return statement;
+}
+
+// Return the backend variable.
+
+Bvariable*
+Temporary_statement::get_backend_variable(Translate_context* context) const
+{
+  if (this->bvariable_ == NULL)
+    {
+      go_assert(saw_errors());
+      return context->backend()->error_variable();
+    }
+  return this->bvariable_;
+}
+
+// Make and initialize a temporary variable in BLOCK.
+
+Temporary_statement*
+Statement::make_temporary(Type* type, Expression* init,
+                         source_location location)
+{
+  return new Temporary_statement(type, init, location);
+}
+
+// An assignment statement.
+
+class Assignment_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Assignment_statement(Expression* lhs, Expression* rhs,
+                      source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_ASSIGNMENT, location),
+      lhs_(lhs), rhs_(rhs)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*);
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types();
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // Left hand side--the lvalue.
+  Expression* lhs_;
+  // Right hand side--the rvalue.
+  Expression* rhs_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Assignment_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->lhs_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->rhs_);
+}
+
+bool
+Assignment_statement::do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments* tassign)
+{
+  tassign->assignment(&this->lhs_, &this->rhs_);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Set types for the assignment.
+
+void
+Assignment_statement::do_determine_types()
+{
+  this->lhs_->determine_type_no_context();
+  Type_context context(this->lhs_->type(), false);
+  this->rhs_->determine_type(&context);
+}
+
+// Check types for an assignment.
+
+void
+Assignment_statement::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  // The left hand side must be either addressable, a map index
+  // expression, or the blank identifier.
+  if (!this->lhs_->is_addressable()
+      && this->lhs_->map_index_expression() == NULL
+      && !this->lhs_->is_sink_expression())
+    {
+      if (!this->lhs_->type()->is_error())
+       this->report_error(_("invalid left hand side of assignment"));
+      return;
+    }
+
+  Type* lhs_type = this->lhs_->type();
+  Type* rhs_type = this->rhs_->type();
+  std::string reason;
+  if (!Type::are_assignable(lhs_type, rhs_type, &reason))
+    {
+      if (reason.empty())
+       error_at(this->location(), "incompatible types in assignment");
+      else
+       error_at(this->location(), "incompatible types in assignment (%s)",
+                reason.c_str());
+      this->set_is_error();
+    }
+
+  if (lhs_type->is_error() || rhs_type->is_error())
+    this->set_is_error();
+}
+
+// Convert an assignment statement to the backend representation.
+
+Bstatement*
+Assignment_statement::do_get_backend(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree rhs_tree = this->rhs_->get_tree(context);
+  if (this->lhs_->is_sink_expression())
+    return context->backend()->expression_statement(tree_to_expr(rhs_tree));
+  tree lhs_tree = this->lhs_->get_tree(context);
+  rhs_tree = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, this->lhs_->type(),
+                                               this->rhs_->type(), rhs_tree,
+                                               this->location());
+  return context->backend()->assignment_statement(tree_to_expr(lhs_tree),
+                                                 tree_to_expr(rhs_tree),
+                                                 this->location());
+}
+
+// Make an assignment statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_assignment(Expression* lhs, Expression* rhs,
+                          source_location location)
+{
+  return new Assignment_statement(lhs, rhs, location);
+}
+
+// The Move_ordered_evals class is used to find any subexpressions of
+// an expression that have an evaluation order dependency.  It creates
+// temporary variables to hold them.
+
+class Move_ordered_evals : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Move_ordered_evals(Block* block)
+    : Traverse(traverse_expressions),
+      block_(block)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+ private:
+  // The block where new temporary variables should be added.
+  Block* block_;
+};
+
+int
+Move_ordered_evals::expression(Expression** pexpr)
+{
+  // We have to look at subexpressions first.
+  if ((*pexpr)->traverse_subexpressions(this) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if ((*pexpr)->must_eval_in_order())
+    {
+      source_location loc = (*pexpr)->location();
+      Temporary_statement* temp = Statement::make_temporary(NULL, *pexpr, loc);
+      this->block_->add_statement(temp);
+      *pexpr = Expression::make_temporary_reference(temp, loc);
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+}
+
+// An assignment operation statement.
+
+class Assignment_operation_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Assignment_operation_statement(Operator op, Expression* lhs, Expression* rhs,
+                                source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_ASSIGNMENT_OPERATION, location),
+      op_(op), lhs_(lhs), rhs_(rhs)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context*)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // The operator (OPERATOR_PLUSEQ, etc.).
+  Operator op_;
+  // Left hand side.
+  Expression* lhs_;
+  // Right hand side.
+  Expression* rhs_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Assignment_operation_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->lhs_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->rhs_);
+}
+
+// Lower an assignment operation statement to a regular assignment
+// statement.
+
+Statement*
+Assignment_operation_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*,
+                                        Block* enclosing)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  // We have to evaluate the left hand side expression only once.  We
+  // do this by moving out any expression with side effects.
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+  Move_ordered_evals moe(b);
+  this->lhs_->traverse_subexpressions(&moe);
+
+  Expression* lval = this->lhs_->copy();
+
+  Operator op;
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUSEQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_PLUS;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUSEQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_MINUS;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_OREQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_OR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_XOREQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_XOR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MULTEQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_MULT;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_DIVEQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_DIV;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MODEQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_MOD;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_LSHIFTEQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_LSHIFT;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_RSHIFTEQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_RSHIFT;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_ANDEQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_AND;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAREQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_BITCLEAR;
+      break;
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  Expression* binop = Expression::make_binary(op, lval, this->rhs_, loc);
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(this->lhs_, binop, loc);
+  if (b->statements()->empty())
+    {
+      delete b;
+      return s;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      b->add_statement(s);
+      return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+    }
+}
+
+// Make an assignment operation statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_assignment_operation(Operator op, Expression* lhs,
+                                    Expression* rhs, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Assignment_operation_statement(op, lhs, rhs, location);
+}
+
+// A tuple assignment statement.  This differs from an assignment
+// statement in that the right-hand-side expressions are evaluated in
+// parallel.
+
+class Tuple_assignment_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Tuple_assignment_statement(Expression_list* lhs, Expression_list* rhs,
+                            source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_TUPLE_ASSIGNMENT, location),
+      lhs_(lhs), rhs_(rhs)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context*)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // Left hand side--a list of lvalues.
+  Expression_list* lhs_;
+  // Right hand side--a list of rvalues.
+  Expression_list* rhs_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Tuple_assignment_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression_list(traverse, this->lhs_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->traverse_expression_list(traverse, this->rhs_);
+}
+
+// Lower a tuple assignment.  We use temporary variables to split it
+// up into a set of single assignments.
+
+Statement*
+Tuple_assignment_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block* enclosing)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+  
+  // First move out any subexpressions on the left hand side.  The
+  // right hand side will be evaluated in the required order anyhow.
+  Move_ordered_evals moe(b);
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator plhs = this->lhs_->begin();
+       plhs != this->lhs_->end();
+       ++plhs)
+    (*plhs)->traverse_subexpressions(&moe);
+
+  std::vector<Temporary_statement*> temps;
+  temps.reserve(this->lhs_->size());
+
+  Expression_list::const_iterator prhs = this->rhs_->begin();
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator plhs = this->lhs_->begin();
+       plhs != this->lhs_->end();
+       ++plhs, ++prhs)
+    {
+      go_assert(prhs != this->rhs_->end());
+
+      if ((*plhs)->is_error_expression()
+         || (*plhs)->type()->is_error()
+         || (*prhs)->is_error_expression()
+         || (*prhs)->type()->is_error())
+       continue;
+
+      if ((*plhs)->is_sink_expression())
+       {
+         b->add_statement(Statement::make_statement(*prhs));
+         continue;
+       }
+
+      Temporary_statement* temp = Statement::make_temporary((*plhs)->type(),
+                                                           *prhs, loc);
+      b->add_statement(temp);
+      temps.push_back(temp);
+
+    }
+  go_assert(prhs == this->rhs_->end());
+
+  prhs = this->rhs_->begin();
+  std::vector<Temporary_statement*>::const_iterator ptemp = temps.begin();
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator plhs = this->lhs_->begin();
+       plhs != this->lhs_->end();
+       ++plhs, ++prhs)
+    {
+      if ((*plhs)->is_error_expression()
+         || (*plhs)->type()->is_error()
+         || (*prhs)->is_error_expression()
+         || (*prhs)->type()->is_error())
+       continue;
+
+      if ((*plhs)->is_sink_expression())
+       continue;
+
+      Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(*ptemp, loc);
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(*plhs, ref, loc);
+      b->add_statement(s);
+      ++ptemp;
+    }
+  go_assert(ptemp == temps.end());
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Make a tuple assignment statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_tuple_assignment(Expression_list* lhs, Expression_list* rhs,
+                                source_location location)
+{
+  return new Tuple_assignment_statement(lhs, rhs, location);
+}
+
+// A tuple assignment from a map index expression.
+//   v, ok = m[k]
+
+class Tuple_map_assignment_statement : public Statement
+{
+public:
+  Tuple_map_assignment_statement(Expression* val, Expression* present,
+                                Expression* map_index,
+                                source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_TUPLE_MAP_ASSIGNMENT, location),
+      val_(val), present_(present), map_index_(map_index)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context*)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // Lvalue which receives the value from the map.
+  Expression* val_;
+  // Lvalue which receives whether the key value was present.
+  Expression* present_;
+  // The map index expression.
+  Expression* map_index_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Tuple_map_assignment_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->val_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->present_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->map_index_);
+}
+
+// Lower a tuple map assignment.
+
+Statement*
+Tuple_map_assignment_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*,
+                                        Block* enclosing)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  Map_index_expression* map_index = this->map_index_->map_index_expression();
+  if (map_index == NULL)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("expected map index on right hand side"));
+      return Statement::make_error_statement(loc);
+    }
+  Map_type* map_type = map_index->get_map_type();
+  if (map_type == NULL)
+    return Statement::make_error_statement(loc);
+
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  // Move out any subexpressions to make sure that functions are
+  // called in the required order.
+  Move_ordered_evals moe(b);
+  this->val_->traverse_subexpressions(&moe);
+  this->present_->traverse_subexpressions(&moe);
+
+  // Copy the key value into a temporary so that we can take its
+  // address without pushing the value onto the heap.
+
+  // var key_temp KEY_TYPE = MAP_INDEX
+  Temporary_statement* key_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(map_type->key_type(), map_index->index(), loc);
+  b->add_statement(key_temp);
+
+  // var val_temp VAL_TYPE
+  Temporary_statement* val_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(map_type->val_type(), NULL, loc);
+  b->add_statement(val_temp);
+
+  // var present_temp bool
+  Temporary_statement* present_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(Type::lookup_bool_type(), NULL, loc);
+  b->add_statement(present_temp);
+
+  // present_temp = mapaccess2(MAP, &key_temp, &val_temp)
+  Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(key_temp, loc);
+  Expression* a1 = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc);
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp, loc);
+  Expression* a2 = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc);
+  Expression* call = Runtime::make_call(Runtime::MAPACCESS2, loc, 3,
+                                       map_index->map(), a1, a2);
+
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(present_temp, loc);
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(ref, call, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  // val = val_temp
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_assignment(this->val_, ref, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  // present = present_temp
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(present_temp, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_assignment(this->present_, ref, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Make a map assignment statement which returns a pair of values.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_tuple_map_assignment(Expression* val, Expression* present,
+                                    Expression* map_index,
+                                    source_location location)
+{
+  return new Tuple_map_assignment_statement(val, present, map_index, location);
+}
+
+// Assign a pair of entries to a map.
+//   m[k] = v, p
+
+class Map_assignment_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Map_assignment_statement(Expression* map_index,
+                          Expression* val, Expression* should_set,
+                          source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_MAP_ASSIGNMENT, location),
+      map_index_(map_index), val_(val), should_set_(should_set)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context*)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // A reference to the map index which should be set or deleted.
+  Expression* map_index_;
+  // The value to add to the map.
+  Expression* val_;
+  // Whether or not to add the value.
+  Expression* should_set_;
+};
+
+// Traverse a map assignment.
+
+int
+Map_assignment_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->map_index_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->val_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->should_set_);
+}
+
+// Lower a map assignment to a function call.
+
+Statement*
+Map_assignment_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block* enclosing)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  Map_index_expression* map_index = this->map_index_->map_index_expression();
+  if (map_index == NULL)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("expected map index on left hand side"));
+      return Statement::make_error_statement(loc);
+    }
+  Map_type* map_type = map_index->get_map_type();
+  if (map_type == NULL)
+    return Statement::make_error_statement(loc);
+
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  // Evaluate the map first to get order of evaluation right.
+  // map_temp := m // we are evaluating m[k] = v, p
+  Temporary_statement* map_temp = Statement::make_temporary(map_type,
+                                                           map_index->map(),
+                                                           loc);
+  b->add_statement(map_temp);
+
+  // var key_temp MAP_KEY_TYPE = k
+  Temporary_statement* key_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(map_type->key_type(), map_index->index(), loc);
+  b->add_statement(key_temp);
+
+  // var val_temp MAP_VAL_TYPE = v
+  Temporary_statement* val_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(map_type->val_type(), this->val_, loc);
+  b->add_statement(val_temp);
+
+  // var insert_temp bool = p
+  Temporary_statement* insert_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(Type::lookup_bool_type(), this->should_set_,
+                             loc);
+  b->add_statement(insert_temp);
+
+  // mapassign2(map_temp, &key_temp, &val_temp, p)
+  Expression* p1 = Expression::make_temporary_reference(map_temp, loc);
+  Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(key_temp, loc);
+  Expression* p2 = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc);
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp, loc);
+  Expression* p3 = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc);
+  Expression* p4 = Expression::make_temporary_reference(insert_temp, loc);
+  Expression* call = Runtime::make_call(Runtime::MAPASSIGN2, loc, 4,
+                                       p1, p2, p3, p4);
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_statement(call);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Make a statement which assigns a pair of entries to a map.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_map_assignment(Expression* map_index,
+                              Expression* val, Expression* should_set,
+                              source_location location)
+{
+  return new Map_assignment_statement(map_index, val, should_set, location);
+}
+
+// A tuple assignment from a receive statement.
+
+class Tuple_receive_assignment_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Tuple_receive_assignment_statement(Expression* val, Expression* closed,
+                                    Expression* channel, bool for_select,
+                                    source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_TUPLE_RECEIVE_ASSIGNMENT, location),
+      val_(val), closed_(closed), channel_(channel), for_select_(for_select)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context*)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // Lvalue which receives the value from the channel.
+  Expression* val_;
+  // Lvalue which receives whether the channel is closed.
+  Expression* closed_;
+  // The channel on which we receive the value.
+  Expression* channel_;
+  // Whether this is for a select statement.
+  bool for_select_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Tuple_receive_assignment_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->val_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->closed_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->channel_);
+}
+
+// Lower to a function call.
+
+Statement*
+Tuple_receive_assignment_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*,
+                                            Block* enclosing)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  Channel_type* channel_type = this->channel_->type()->channel_type();
+  if (channel_type == NULL)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("expected channel"));
+      return Statement::make_error_statement(loc);
+    }
+  if (!channel_type->may_receive())
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("invalid receive on send-only channel"));
+      return Statement::make_error_statement(loc);
+    }
+
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  // Make sure that any subexpressions on the left hand side are
+  // evaluated in the right order.
+  Move_ordered_evals moe(b);
+  this->val_->traverse_subexpressions(&moe);
+  this->closed_->traverse_subexpressions(&moe);
+
+  // var val_temp ELEMENT_TYPE
+  Temporary_statement* val_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(channel_type->element_type(), NULL, loc);
+  b->add_statement(val_temp);
+
+  // var closed_temp bool
+  Temporary_statement* closed_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(Type::lookup_bool_type(), NULL, loc);
+  b->add_statement(closed_temp);
+
+  // closed_temp = chanrecv[23](channel, &val_temp)
+  Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp, loc);
+  Expression* p2 = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc);
+  Expression* call = Runtime::make_call((this->for_select_
+                                        ? Runtime::CHANRECV3
+                                        : Runtime::CHANRECV2),
+                                       loc, 2, this->channel_, p2);
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(closed_temp, loc);
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(ref, call, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  // val = val_temp
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_assignment(this->val_, ref, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  // closed = closed_temp
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(closed_temp, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_assignment(this->closed_, ref, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Make a nonblocking receive statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_tuple_receive_assignment(Expression* val, Expression* closed,
+                                        Expression* channel,
+                                        bool for_select,
+                                        source_location location)
+{
+  return new Tuple_receive_assignment_statement(val, closed, channel,
+                                               for_select, location);
+}
+
+// An assignment to a pair of values from a type guard.  This is a
+// conditional type guard.  v, ok = i.(type).
+
+class Tuple_type_guard_assignment_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Tuple_type_guard_assignment_statement(Expression* val, Expression* ok,
+                                       Expression* expr, Type* type,
+                                       source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_TUPLE_TYPE_GUARD_ASSIGNMENT, location),
+      val_(val), ok_(ok), expr_(expr), type_(type)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context*)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  Call_expression*
+  lower_to_type(Runtime::Function);
+
+  void
+  lower_to_object_type(Block*, Runtime::Function);
+
+  // The variable which recieves the converted value.
+  Expression* val_;
+  // The variable which receives the indication of success.
+  Expression* ok_;
+  // The expression being converted.
+  Expression* expr_;
+  // The type to which the expression is being converted.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+// Traverse a type guard tuple assignment.
+
+int
+Tuple_type_guard_assignment_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->val_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->ok_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || this->traverse_type(traverse, this->type_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->expr_);
+}
+
+// Lower to a function call.
+
+Statement*
+Tuple_type_guard_assignment_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*,
+                                               Block* enclosing)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  Type* expr_type = this->expr_->type();
+  if (expr_type->interface_type() == NULL)
+    {
+      if (!expr_type->is_error() && !this->type_->is_error())
+       this->report_error(_("type assertion only valid for interface types"));
+      return Statement::make_error_statement(loc);
+    }
+
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  // Make sure that any subexpressions on the left hand side are
+  // evaluated in the right order.
+  Move_ordered_evals moe(b);
+  this->val_->traverse_subexpressions(&moe);
+  this->ok_->traverse_subexpressions(&moe);
+
+  bool expr_is_empty = expr_type->interface_type()->is_empty();
+  Call_expression* call;
+  if (this->type_->interface_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->type_->interface_type()->is_empty())
+       call = Runtime::make_call((expr_is_empty
+                                  ? Runtime::IFACEE2E2
+                                  : Runtime::IFACEI2E2),
+                                 loc, 1, this->expr_);
+      else
+       call = this->lower_to_type(expr_is_empty
+                                  ? Runtime::IFACEE2I2
+                                  : Runtime::IFACEI2I2);
+    }
+  else if (this->type_->points_to() != NULL)
+    call = this->lower_to_type(expr_is_empty
+                              ? Runtime::IFACEE2T2P
+                              : Runtime::IFACEI2T2P);
+  else
+    {
+      this->lower_to_object_type(b,
+                                (expr_is_empty
+                                 ? Runtime::IFACEE2T2
+                                 : Runtime::IFACEI2T2));
+      call = NULL;
+    }
+
+  if (call != NULL)
+    {
+      Expression* res = Expression::make_call_result(call, 0);
+      res = Expression::make_unsafe_cast(this->type_, res, loc);
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(this->val_, res, loc);
+      b->add_statement(s);
+
+      res = Expression::make_call_result(call, 1);
+      s = Statement::make_assignment(this->ok_, res, loc);
+      b->add_statement(s);
+    }
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Lower a conversion to a non-empty interface type or a pointer type.
+
+Call_expression*
+Tuple_type_guard_assignment_statement::lower_to_type(Runtime::Function code)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+  return Runtime::make_call(code, loc, 2,
+                           Expression::make_type_descriptor(this->type_, loc),
+                           this->expr_);
+}
+
+// Lower a conversion to a non-interface non-pointer type.
+
+void
+Tuple_type_guard_assignment_statement::lower_to_object_type(
+    Block* b,
+    Runtime::Function code)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  // var val_temp TYPE
+  Temporary_statement* val_temp = Statement::make_temporary(this->type_,
+                                                           NULL, loc);
+  b->add_statement(val_temp);
+
+  // ok = CODE(type_descriptor, expr, &val_temp)
+  Expression* p1 = Expression::make_type_descriptor(this->type_, loc);
+  Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp, loc);
+  Expression* p3 = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc);
+  Expression* call = Runtime::make_call(code, loc, 3, p1, this->expr_, p3);
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(this->ok_, call, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  // val = val_temp
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_assignment(this->val_, ref, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+}
+
+// Make an assignment from a type guard to a pair of variables.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_tuple_type_guard_assignment(Expression* val, Expression* ok,
+                                           Expression* expr, Type* type,
+                                           source_location location)
+{
+  return new Tuple_type_guard_assignment_statement(val, ok, expr, type,
+                                                  location);
+}
+
+// An expression statement.
+
+class Expression_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Expression_statement(Expression* expr)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_EXPRESSION, expr->location()),
+      expr_(expr)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->expr_); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types()
+  { this->expr_->determine_type_no_context(); }
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const;
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context* context);
+
+ private:
+  Expression* expr_;
+};
+
+// An expression statement may fall through unless it is a call to a
+// function which does not return.
+
+bool
+Expression_statement::do_may_fall_through() const
+{
+  const Call_expression* call = this->expr_->call_expression();
+  if (call != NULL)
+    {
+      const Expression* fn = call->fn();
+      const Func_expression* fe = fn->func_expression();
+      if (fe != NULL)
+       {
+         const Named_object* no = fe->named_object();
+
+         Function_type* fntype;
+         if (no->is_function())
+           fntype = no->func_value()->type();
+         else if (no->is_function_declaration())
+           fntype = no->func_declaration_value()->type();
+         else
+           fntype = NULL;
+
+         // The builtin function panic does not return.
+         if (fntype != NULL && fntype->is_builtin() && no->name() == "panic")
+           return false;
+       }
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Convert to backend representation.
+
+Bstatement*
+Expression_statement::do_get_backend(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree expr_tree = this->expr_->get_tree(context);
+  return context->backend()->expression_statement(tree_to_expr(expr_tree));
+}
+
+// Make an expression statement from an Expression.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_statement(Expression* expr)
+{
+  return new Expression_statement(expr);
+}
+
+// A block statement--a list of statements which may include variable
+// definitions.
+
+class Block_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Block_statement(Block* block, source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_BLOCK, location),
+      block_(block)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return this->block_->traverse(traverse); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types()
+  { this->block_->determine_types(); }
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const
+  { return this->block_->may_fall_through(); }
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context* context);
+
+ private:
+  Block* block_;
+};
+
+// Convert a block to the backend representation of a statement.
+
+Bstatement*
+Block_statement::do_get_backend(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Bblock* bblock = this->block_->get_backend(context);
+  return context->backend()->block_statement(bblock);
+}
+
+// Make a block statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_block_statement(Block* block, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Block_statement(block, location);
+}
+
+// An increment or decrement statement.
+
+class Inc_dec_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Inc_dec_statement(bool is_inc, Expression* expr)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_INCDEC, expr->location()),
+      expr_(expr), is_inc_(is_inc)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->expr_); }
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context*)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // The l-value to increment or decrement.
+  Expression* expr_;
+  // Whether to increment or decrement.
+  bool is_inc_;
+};
+
+// Lower to += or -=.
+
+Statement*
+Inc_dec_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  mpz_t oval;
+  mpz_init_set_ui(oval, 1UL);
+  Expression* oexpr = Expression::make_integer(&oval, NULL, loc);
+  mpz_clear(oval);
+
+  Operator op = this->is_inc_ ? OPERATOR_PLUSEQ : OPERATOR_MINUSEQ;
+  return Statement::make_assignment_operation(op, this->expr_, oexpr, loc);
+}
+
+// Make an increment statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_inc_statement(Expression* expr)
+{
+  return new Inc_dec_statement(true, expr);
+}
+
+// Make a decrement statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_dec_statement(Expression* expr)
+{
+  return new Inc_dec_statement(false, expr);
+}
+
+// Class Thunk_statement.  This is the base class for go and defer
+// statements.
+
+const char* const Thunk_statement::thunk_field_fn = "fn";
+
+const char* const Thunk_statement::thunk_field_receiver = "receiver";
+
+// Constructor.
+
+Thunk_statement::Thunk_statement(Statement_classification classification,
+                                Call_expression* call,
+                                source_location location)
+    : Statement(classification, location),
+      call_(call), struct_type_(NULL)
+{
+}
+
+// Return whether this is a simple statement which does not require a
+// thunk.
+
+bool
+Thunk_statement::is_simple(Function_type* fntype) const
+{
+  // We need a thunk to call a method, or to pass a variable number of
+  // arguments.
+  if (fntype->is_method() || fntype->is_varargs())
+    return false;
+
+  // A defer statement requires a thunk to set up for whether the
+  // function can call recover.
+  if (this->classification() == STATEMENT_DEFER)
+    return false;
+
+  // We can only permit a single parameter of pointer type.
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parameters = fntype->parameters();
+  if (parameters != NULL
+      && (parameters->size() > 1
+         || (parameters->size() == 1
+             && parameters->begin()->type()->points_to() == NULL)))
+    return false;
+
+  // If the function returns multiple values, or returns a type other
+  // than integer, floating point, or pointer, then it may get a
+  // hidden first parameter, in which case we need the more
+  // complicated approach.  This is true even though we are going to
+  // ignore the return value.
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = fntype->results();
+  if (results != NULL
+      && (results->size() > 1
+         || (results->size() == 1
+             && !results->begin()->type()->is_basic_type()
+             && results->begin()->type()->points_to() == NULL)))
+    return false;
+
+  // If this calls something which is not a simple function, then we
+  // need a thunk.
+  Expression* fn = this->call_->call_expression()->fn();
+  if (fn->bound_method_expression() != NULL
+      || fn->interface_field_reference_expression() != NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Traverse a thunk statement.
+
+int
+Thunk_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->call_);
+}
+
+// We implement traverse_assignment for a thunk statement because it
+// effectively copies the function call.
+
+bool
+Thunk_statement::do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments* tassign)
+{
+  Expression* fn = this->call_->call_expression()->fn();
+  Expression* fn2 = fn;
+  tassign->value(&fn2, true, false);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Determine types in a thunk statement.
+
+void
+Thunk_statement::do_determine_types()
+{
+  this->call_->determine_type_no_context();
+
+  // Now that we know the types of the call, build the struct used to
+  // pass parameters.
+  Call_expression* ce = this->call_->call_expression();
+  if (ce == NULL)
+    return;
+  Function_type* fntype = ce->get_function_type();
+  if (fntype != NULL && !this->is_simple(fntype))
+    this->struct_type_ = this->build_struct(fntype);
+}
+
+// Check types in a thunk statement.
+
+void
+Thunk_statement::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Call_expression* ce = this->call_->call_expression();
+  if (ce == NULL)
+    {
+      if (!this->call_->is_error_expression())
+       this->report_error("expected call expression");
+      return;
+    }
+  Function_type* fntype = ce->get_function_type();
+  if (fntype != NULL && fntype->is_method())
+    {
+      Expression* fn = ce->fn();
+      if (fn->bound_method_expression() == NULL
+         && fn->interface_field_reference_expression() == NULL)
+       this->report_error(_("no object for method call"));
+    }
+}
+
+// The Traverse class used to find and simplify thunk statements.
+
+class Simplify_thunk_traverse : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Simplify_thunk_traverse(Gogo* gogo)
+    : Traverse(traverse_functions | traverse_blocks),
+      gogo_(gogo), function_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  function(Named_object*);
+
+  int
+  block(Block*);
+
+ private:
+  // General IR.
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+  // The function we are traversing.
+  Named_object* function_;
+};
+
+// Keep track of the current function while looking for thunks.
+
+int
+Simplify_thunk_traverse::function(Named_object* no)
+{
+  go_assert(this->function_ == NULL);
+  this->function_ = no;
+  int t = no->func_value()->traverse(this);
+  this->function_ = NULL;
+  if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return t;
+  return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+}
+
+// Look for thunks in a block.
+
+int
+Simplify_thunk_traverse::block(Block* b)
+{
+  // The parser ensures that thunk statements always appear at the end
+  // of a block.
+  if (b->statements()->size() < 1)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  Thunk_statement* stat = b->statements()->back()->thunk_statement();
+  if (stat == NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  if (stat->simplify_statement(this->gogo_, this->function_, b))
+    return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Simplify all thunk statements.
+
+void
+Gogo::simplify_thunk_statements()
+{
+  Simplify_thunk_traverse thunk_traverse(this);
+  this->traverse(&thunk_traverse);
+}
+
+// Simplify complex thunk statements into simple ones.  A complicated
+// thunk statement is one which takes anything other than zero
+// parameters or a single pointer parameter.  We rewrite it into code
+// which allocates a struct, stores the parameter values into the
+// struct, and does a simple go or defer statement which passes the
+// struct to a thunk.  The thunk does the real call.
+
+bool
+Thunk_statement::simplify_statement(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function,
+                                   Block* block)
+{
+  if (this->classification() == STATEMENT_ERROR)
+    return false;
+  if (this->call_->is_error_expression())
+    return false;
+
+  if (this->classification() == STATEMENT_DEFER)
+    {
+      // Make sure that the defer stack exists for the function.  We
+      // will use when converting this statement to the backend
+      // representation, but we want it to exist when we start
+      // converting the function.
+      function->func_value()->defer_stack(this->location());
+    }
+
+  Call_expression* ce = this->call_->call_expression();
+  Function_type* fntype = ce->get_function_type();
+  if (fntype == NULL)
+    {
+      go_assert(saw_errors());
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return false;
+    }
+  if (this->is_simple(fntype))
+    return false;
+
+  Expression* fn = ce->fn();
+  Bound_method_expression* bound_method = fn->bound_method_expression();
+  Interface_field_reference_expression* interface_method =
+    fn->interface_field_reference_expression();
+  const bool is_method = bound_method != NULL || interface_method != NULL;
+
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  std::string thunk_name = Gogo::thunk_name();
+
+  // Build the thunk.
+  this->build_thunk(gogo, thunk_name, fntype);
+
+  // Generate code to call the thunk.
+
+  // Get the values to store into the struct which is the single
+  // argument to the thunk.
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  if (fntype->is_builtin())
+    ;
+  else if (!is_method)
+    vals->push_back(fn);
+  else if (interface_method != NULL)
+    vals->push_back(interface_method->expr());
+  else if (bound_method != NULL)
+    {
+      vals->push_back(bound_method->method());
+      Expression* first_arg = bound_method->first_argument();
+
+      // We always pass a pointer when calling a method.
+      if (first_arg->type()->points_to() == NULL)
+       first_arg = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, first_arg, location);
+
+      // If we are calling a method which was inherited from an
+      // embedded struct, and the method did not get a stub, then the
+      // first type may be wrong.
+      Type* fatype = bound_method->first_argument_type();
+      if (fatype != NULL)
+       {
+         if (fatype->points_to() == NULL)
+           fatype = Type::make_pointer_type(fatype);
+         Type* unsafe = Type::make_pointer_type(Type::make_void_type());
+         first_arg = Expression::make_cast(unsafe, first_arg, location);
+         first_arg = Expression::make_cast(fatype, first_arg, location);
+       }
+
+      vals->push_back(first_arg);
+    }
+  else
+    go_unreachable();
+
+  if (ce->args() != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = ce->args()->begin();
+          p != ce->args()->end();
+          ++p)
+       vals->push_back(*p);
+    }
+
+  // Build the struct.
+  Expression* constructor =
+    Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(this->struct_type_, vals,
+                                             location);
+
+  // Allocate the initialized struct on the heap.
+  constructor = Expression::make_heap_composite(constructor, location);
+
+  // Look up the thunk.
+  Named_object* named_thunk = gogo->lookup(thunk_name, NULL);
+  go_assert(named_thunk != NULL && named_thunk->is_function());
+
+  // Build the call.
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(named_thunk, NULL,
+                                                    location);
+  Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+  params->push_back(constructor);
+  Call_expression* call = Expression::make_call(func, params, false, location);
+
+  // Build the simple go or defer statement.
+  Statement* s;
+  if (this->classification() == STATEMENT_GO)
+    s = Statement::make_go_statement(call, location);
+  else if (this->classification() == STATEMENT_DEFER)
+    s = Statement::make_defer_statement(call, location);
+  else
+    go_unreachable();
+
+  // The current block should end with the go statement.
+  go_assert(block->statements()->size() >= 1);
+  go_assert(block->statements()->back() == this);
+  block->replace_statement(block->statements()->size() - 1, s);
+
+  // We already ran the determine_types pass, so we need to run it now
+  // for the new statement.
+  s->determine_types();
+
+  // Sanity check.
+  gogo->check_types_in_block(block);
+
+  // Return true to tell the block not to keep looking at statements.
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Set the name to use for thunk parameter N.
+
+void
+Thunk_statement::thunk_field_param(int n, char* buf, size_t buflen)
+{
+  snprintf(buf, buflen, "a%d", n);
+}
+
+// Build a new struct type to hold the parameters for a complicated
+// thunk statement.  FNTYPE is the type of the function call.
+
+Struct_type*
+Thunk_statement::build_struct(Function_type* fntype)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  Struct_field_list* fields = new Struct_field_list();
+
+  Call_expression* ce = this->call_->call_expression();
+  Expression* fn = ce->fn();
+
+  Interface_field_reference_expression* interface_method =
+    fn->interface_field_reference_expression();
+  if (interface_method != NULL)
+    {
+      // If this thunk statement calls a method on an interface, we
+      // pass the interface object to the thunk.
+      Typed_identifier tid(Thunk_statement::thunk_field_fn,
+                          interface_method->expr()->type(),
+                          location);
+      fields->push_back(Struct_field(tid));
+    }
+  else if (!fntype->is_builtin())
+    {
+      // The function to call.
+      Typed_identifier tid(Go_statement::thunk_field_fn, fntype, location);
+      fields->push_back(Struct_field(tid));
+    }
+  else if (ce->is_recover_call())
+    {
+      // The predeclared recover function has no argument.  However,
+      // we add an argument when building recover thunks.  Handle that
+      // here.
+      fields->push_back(Struct_field(Typed_identifier("can_recover",
+                                                     Type::lookup_bool_type(),
+                                                     location)));
+    }
+
+  if (fn->bound_method_expression() != NULL)
+    {
+      go_assert(fntype->is_method());
+      Type* rtype = fntype->receiver()->type();
+      // We always pass the receiver as a pointer.
+      if (rtype->points_to() == NULL)
+       rtype = Type::make_pointer_type(rtype);
+      Typed_identifier tid(Thunk_statement::thunk_field_receiver, rtype,
+                          location);
+      fields->push_back(Struct_field(tid));
+    }
+
+  const Expression_list* args = ce->args();
+  if (args != NULL)
+    {
+      int i = 0;
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = args->begin();
+          p != args->end();
+          ++p, ++i)
+       {
+         char buf[50];
+         this->thunk_field_param(i, buf, sizeof buf);
+         fields->push_back(Struct_field(Typed_identifier(buf, (*p)->type(),
+                                                         location)));
+       }
+    }
+
+  return Type::make_struct_type(fields, location);
+}
+
+// Build the thunk we are going to call.  This is a brand new, albeit
+// artificial, function.
+
+void
+Thunk_statement::build_thunk(Gogo* gogo, const std::string& thunk_name,
+                            Function_type* fntype)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  Call_expression* ce = this->call_->call_expression();
+
+  bool may_call_recover = false;
+  if (this->classification() == STATEMENT_DEFER)
+    {
+      Func_expression* fn = ce->fn()->func_expression();
+      if (fn == NULL)
+       may_call_recover = true;
+      else
+       {
+         const Named_object* no = fn->named_object();
+         if (!no->is_function())
+           may_call_recover = true;
+         else
+           may_call_recover = no->func_value()->calls_recover();
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Build the type of the thunk.  The thunk takes a single parameter,
+  // which is a pointer to the special structure we build.
+  const char* const parameter_name = "__go_thunk_parameter";
+  Typed_identifier_list* thunk_parameters = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  Type* pointer_to_struct_type = Type::make_pointer_type(this->struct_type_);
+  thunk_parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier(parameter_name,
+                                              pointer_to_struct_type,
+                                              location));
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* thunk_results = NULL;
+  if (may_call_recover)
+    {
+      // When deferring a function which may call recover, add a
+      // return value, to disable tail call optimizations which will
+      // break the way we check whether recover is permitted.
+      thunk_results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      thunk_results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", Type::lookup_bool_type(),
+                                               location));
+    }
+
+  Function_type* thunk_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, thunk_parameters,
+                                                      thunk_results,
+                                                      location);
+
+  // Start building the thunk.
+  Named_object* function = gogo->start_function(thunk_name, thunk_type, true,
+                                               location);
+
+  // For a defer statement, start with a call to
+  // __go_set_defer_retaddr.  */
+  Label* retaddr_label = NULL; 
+  if (may_call_recover)
+    {
+      retaddr_label = gogo->add_label_reference("retaddr");
+      Expression* arg = Expression::make_label_addr(retaddr_label, location);
+      Expression* call = Runtime::make_call(Runtime::SET_DEFER_RETADDR,
+                                           location, 1, arg);
+
+      // This is a hack to prevent the middle-end from deleting the
+      // label.
+      gogo->start_block(location);
+      gogo->add_statement(Statement::make_goto_statement(retaddr_label,
+                                                        location));
+      Block* then_block = gogo->finish_block(location);
+      then_block->determine_types();
+
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_if_statement(call, then_block, NULL,
+                                                 location);
+      s->determine_types();
+      gogo->add_statement(s);
+    }
+
+  // Get a reference to the parameter.
+  Named_object* named_parameter = gogo->lookup(parameter_name, NULL);
+  go_assert(named_parameter != NULL && named_parameter->is_variable());
+
+  // Build the call.  Note that the field names are the same as the
+  // ones used in build_struct.
+  Expression* thunk_parameter = Expression::make_var_reference(named_parameter,
+                                                              location);
+  thunk_parameter = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, thunk_parameter,
+                                          location);
+
+  Bound_method_expression* bound_method = ce->fn()->bound_method_expression();
+  Interface_field_reference_expression* interface_method =
+    ce->fn()->interface_field_reference_expression();
+
+  Expression* func_to_call;
+  unsigned int next_index;
+  if (!fntype->is_builtin())
+    {
+      func_to_call = Expression::make_field_reference(thunk_parameter,
+                                                     0, location);
+      next_index = 1;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      go_assert(bound_method == NULL && interface_method == NULL);
+      func_to_call = ce->fn();
+      next_index = 0;
+    }
+
+  if (bound_method != NULL)
+    {
+      Expression* r = Expression::make_field_reference(thunk_parameter, 1,
+                                                      location);
+      // The main program passes in a function pointer from the
+      // interface expression, so here we can make a bound method in
+      // all cases.
+      func_to_call = Expression::make_bound_method(r, func_to_call,
+                                                  location);
+      next_index = 2;
+    }
+  else if (interface_method != NULL)
+    {
+      // The main program passes the interface object.
+      const std::string& name(interface_method->name());
+      func_to_call = Expression::make_interface_field_reference(func_to_call,
+                                                               name,
+                                                               location);
+    }
+
+  Expression_list* call_params = new Expression_list();
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->struct_type_->fields();
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < next_index; ++i)
+    ++p;
+  bool is_recover_call = ce->is_recover_call();
+  Expression* recover_arg = NULL;
+  for (; p != fields->end(); ++p, ++next_index)
+    {
+      Expression* thunk_param = Expression::make_var_reference(named_parameter,
+                                                              location);
+      thunk_param = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, thunk_param,
+                                          location);
+      Expression* param = Expression::make_field_reference(thunk_param,
+                                                          next_index,
+                                                          location);
+      if (!is_recover_call)
+       call_params->push_back(param);
+      else
+       {
+         go_assert(call_params->empty());
+         recover_arg = param;
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (call_params->empty())
+    {
+      delete call_params;
+      call_params = NULL;
+    }
+
+  Expression* call = Expression::make_call(func_to_call, call_params, false,
+                                          location);
+  // We need to lower in case this is a builtin function.
+  call = call->lower(gogo, function, -1);
+  Call_expression* call_ce = call->call_expression();
+  if (call_ce != NULL && may_call_recover)
+    call_ce->set_is_deferred();
+
+  Statement* call_statement = Statement::make_statement(call);
+
+  // We already ran the determine_types pass, so we need to run it
+  // just for this statement now.
+  call_statement->determine_types();
+
+  // Sanity check.
+  call->check_types(gogo);
+
+  if (call_ce != NULL && recover_arg != NULL)
+    call_ce->set_recover_arg(recover_arg);
+
+  gogo->add_statement(call_statement);
+
+  // If this is a defer statement, the label comes immediately after
+  // the call.
+  if (may_call_recover)
+    {
+      gogo->add_label_definition("retaddr", location);
+
+      Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+      vals->push_back(Expression::make_boolean(false, location));
+      gogo->add_statement(Statement::make_return_statement(vals, location));
+    }
+
+  // That is all the thunk has to do.
+  gogo->finish_function(location);
+}
+
+// Get the function and argument expressions.
+
+bool
+Thunk_statement::get_fn_and_arg(Expression** pfn, Expression** parg)
+{
+  if (this->call_->is_error_expression())
+    return false;
+
+  Call_expression* ce = this->call_->call_expression();
+
+  *pfn = ce->fn();
+
+  const Expression_list* args = ce->args();
+  if (args == NULL || args->empty())
+    *parg = Expression::make_nil(this->location());
+  else
+    {
+      go_assert(args->size() == 1);
+      *parg = args->front();
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Class Go_statement.
+
+Bstatement*
+Go_statement::do_get_backend(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Expression* fn;
+  Expression* arg;
+  if (!this->get_fn_and_arg(&fn, &arg))
+    return context->backend()->error_statement();
+
+  Expression* call = Runtime::make_call(Runtime::GO, this->location(), 2,
+                                       fn, arg);
+  tree call_tree = call->get_tree(context);
+  Bexpression* call_bexpr = tree_to_expr(call_tree);
+  return context->backend()->expression_statement(call_bexpr);
+}
+
+// Make a go statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_go_statement(Call_expression* call, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Go_statement(call, location);
+}
+
+// Class Defer_statement.
+
+Bstatement*
+Defer_statement::do_get_backend(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Expression* fn;
+  Expression* arg;
+  if (!this->get_fn_and_arg(&fn, &arg))
+    return context->backend()->error_statement();
+
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+  Expression* ds = context->function()->func_value()->defer_stack(loc);
+
+  Expression* call = Runtime::make_call(Runtime::DEFER, loc, 3,
+                                       ds, fn, arg);
+  tree call_tree = call->get_tree(context);
+  Bexpression* call_bexpr = tree_to_expr(call_tree);
+  return context->backend()->expression_statement(call_bexpr);
+}
+
+// Make a defer statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_defer_statement(Call_expression* call,
+                               source_location location)
+{
+  return new Defer_statement(call, location);
+}
+
+// Class Return_statement.
+
+// Traverse assignments.  We treat each return value as a top level
+// RHS in an expression.
+
+bool
+Return_statement::do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments* tassign)
+{
+  Expression_list* vals = this->vals_;
+  if (vals != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Expression_list::iterator p = vals->begin();
+          p != vals->end();
+          ++p)
+       tassign->value(&*p, true, true);
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Lower a return statement.  If we are returning a function call
+// which returns multiple values which match the current function,
+// split up the call's results.  If the function has named result
+// variables, and the return statement lists explicit values, then
+// implement it by assigning the values to the result variables and
+// changing the statement to not list any values.  This lets
+// panic/recover work correctly.
+
+Statement*
+Return_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object* function, Block* enclosing)
+{
+  if (this->is_lowered_)
+    return this;
+
+  Expression_list* vals = this->vals_;
+  this->vals_ = NULL;
+  this->is_lowered_ = true;
+
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  size_t vals_count = vals == NULL ? 0 : vals->size();
+  Function::Results* results = function->func_value()->result_variables();
+  size_t results_count = results == NULL ? 0 : results->size();
+
+  if (vals_count == 0)
+    {
+      if (results_count > 0 && !function->func_value()->results_are_named())
+       {
+         this->report_error(_("not enough arguments to return"));
+         return this;
+       }
+      return this;
+    }
+
+  if (results_count == 0)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("return with value in function "
+                          "with no return type"));
+      return this;
+    }
+
+  // If the current function has multiple return values, and we are
+  // returning a single call expression, split up the call expression.
+  if (results_count > 1
+      && vals->size() == 1
+      && vals->front()->call_expression() != NULL)
+    {
+      Call_expression* call = vals->front()->call_expression();
+      delete vals;
+      vals = new Expression_list;
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < results_count; ++i)
+       vals->push_back(Expression::make_call_result(call, i));
+      vals_count = results_count;
+    }
+
+  if (vals_count < results_count)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("not enough arguments to return"));
+      return this;
+    }
+
+  if (vals_count > results_count)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("too many values in return statement"));
+      return this;
+    }
+
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  Expression_list* lhs = new Expression_list();
+  Expression_list* rhs = new Expression_list();
+
+  Expression_list::const_iterator pe = vals->begin();
+  int i = 1;
+  for (Function::Results::const_iterator pr = results->begin();
+       pr != results->end();
+       ++pr, ++pe, ++i)
+    {
+      Named_object* rv = *pr;
+      Expression* e = *pe;
+
+      // Check types now so that we give a good error message.  The
+      // result type is known.  We determine the expression type
+      // early.
+
+      Type *rvtype = rv->result_var_value()->type();
+      Type_context type_context(rvtype, false);
+      e->determine_type(&type_context);
+
+      std::string reason;
+      if (Type::are_assignable(rvtype, e->type(), &reason))
+       {
+         Expression* ve = Expression::make_var_reference(rv, e->location());
+         lhs->push_back(ve);
+         rhs->push_back(e);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         if (reason.empty())
+           error_at(e->location(), "incompatible type for return value %d", i);
+         else
+           error_at(e->location(),
+                    "incompatible type for return value %d (%s)",
+                    i, reason.c_str());
+       }
+    }
+  go_assert(lhs->size() == rhs->size());
+
+  if (lhs->empty())
+    ;
+  else if (lhs->size() == 1)
+    {
+      b->add_statement(Statement::make_assignment(lhs->front(), rhs->front(),
+                                                 loc));
+      delete lhs;
+      delete rhs;
+    }
+  else
+    b->add_statement(Statement::make_tuple_assignment(lhs, rhs, loc));
+
+  b->add_statement(this);
+
+  delete vals;
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Convert a return statement to the backend representation.
+
+Bstatement*
+Return_statement::do_get_backend(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  Function* function = context->function()->func_value();
+  tree fndecl = function->get_decl();
+
+  Function::Results* results = function->result_variables();
+  std::vector<Bexpression*> retvals;
+  if (results != NULL && !results->empty())
+    {
+      retvals.reserve(results->size());
+      for (Function::Results::const_iterator p = results->begin();
+          p != results->end();
+          p++)
+       {
+         Expression* vr = Expression::make_var_reference(*p, loc);
+         retvals.push_back(tree_to_expr(vr->get_tree(context)));
+       }
+    }
+
+  return context->backend()->return_statement(tree_to_function(fndecl),
+                                             retvals, loc);
+}
+
+// Make a return statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_return_statement(Expression_list* vals,
+                                source_location location)
+{
+  return new Return_statement(vals, location);
+}
+
+// A break or continue statement.
+
+class Bc_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Bc_statement(bool is_break, Unnamed_label* label, source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_BREAK_OR_CONTINUE, location),
+      label_(label), is_break_(is_break)
+  { }
+
+  bool
+  is_break() const
+  { return this->is_break_; }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE; }
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const
+  { return false; }
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context* context)
+  { return this->label_->get_goto(context, this->location()); }
+
+ private:
+  // The label that this branches to.
+  Unnamed_label* label_;
+  // True if this is "break", false if it is "continue".
+  bool is_break_;
+};
+
+// Make a break statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_break_statement(Unnamed_label* label, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Bc_statement(true, label, location);
+}
+
+// Make a continue statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_continue_statement(Unnamed_label* label,
+                                  source_location location)
+{
+  return new Bc_statement(false, label, location);
+}
+
+// A goto statement.
+
+class Goto_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Goto_statement(Label* label, source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_GOTO, location),
+      label_(label)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE; }
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const
+  { return false; }
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  Label* label_;
+};
+
+// Check types for a label.  There aren't any types per se, but we use
+// this to give an error if the label was never defined.
+
+void
+Goto_statement::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (!this->label_->is_defined())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "reference to undefined label %qs",
+              Gogo::message_name(this->label_->name()).c_str());
+      this->set_is_error();
+    }
+}
+
+// Convert the goto statement to the backend representation.
+
+Bstatement*
+Goto_statement::do_get_backend(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Blabel* blabel = this->label_->get_backend_label(context);
+  return context->backend()->goto_statement(blabel, this->location());
+}
+
+// Make a goto statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_goto_statement(Label* label, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Goto_statement(label, location);
+}
+
+// A goto statement to an unnamed label.
+
+class Goto_unnamed_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Goto_unnamed_statement(Unnamed_label* label, source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_GOTO_UNNAMED, location),
+      label_(label)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE; }
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const
+  { return false; }
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context* context)
+  { return this->label_->get_goto(context, this->location()); }
+
+ private:
+  Unnamed_label* label_;
+};
+
+// Make a goto statement to an unnamed label.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_goto_unnamed_statement(Unnamed_label* label,
+                                      source_location location)
+{
+  return new Goto_unnamed_statement(label, location);
+}
+
+// Class Label_statement.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Label_statement::do_traverse(Traverse*)
+{
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Return the backend representation of the statement defining this
+// label.
+
+Bstatement*
+Label_statement::do_get_backend(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Blabel* blabel = this->label_->get_backend_label(context);
+  return context->backend()->label_definition_statement(blabel);
+}
+
+// Make a label statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_label_statement(Label* label, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Label_statement(label, location);
+}
+
+// An unnamed label statement.
+
+class Unnamed_label_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Unnamed_label_statement(Unnamed_label* label)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_UNNAMED_LABEL, label->location()),
+      label_(label)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE; }
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context* context)
+  { return this->label_->get_definition(context); }
+
+ private:
+  // The label.
+  Unnamed_label* label_;
+};
+
+// Make an unnamed label statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(Unnamed_label* label)
+{
+  return new Unnamed_label_statement(label);
+}
+
+// An if statement.
+
+class If_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  If_statement(Expression* cond, Block* then_block, Block* else_block,
+              source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_IF, location),
+      cond_(cond), then_block_(then_block), else_block_(else_block)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types();
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const;
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  Expression* cond_;
+  Block* then_block_;
+  Block* else_block_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+If_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->cond_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || this->then_block_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->else_block_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->else_block_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+void
+If_statement::do_determine_types()
+{
+  Type_context context(Type::lookup_bool_type(), false);
+  this->cond_->determine_type(&context);
+  this->then_block_->determine_types();
+  if (this->else_block_ != NULL)
+    this->else_block_->determine_types();
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+If_statement::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Type* type = this->cond_->type();
+  if (type->is_error())
+    this->set_is_error();
+  else if (!type->is_boolean_type())
+    this->report_error(_("expected boolean expression"));
+}
+
+// Whether the overall statement may fall through.
+
+bool
+If_statement::do_may_fall_through() const
+{
+  return (this->else_block_ == NULL
+         || this->then_block_->may_fall_through()
+         || this->else_block_->may_fall_through());
+}
+
+// Get the backend representation.
+
+Bstatement*
+If_statement::do_get_backend(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  go_assert(this->cond_->type()->is_boolean_type()
+            || this->cond_->type()->is_error());
+  tree cond_tree = this->cond_->get_tree(context);
+  Bexpression* cond_expr = tree_to_expr(cond_tree);
+  Bblock* then_block = this->then_block_->get_backend(context);
+  Bblock* else_block = (this->else_block_ == NULL
+                       ? NULL
+                       : this->else_block_->get_backend(context));
+  return context->backend()->if_statement(cond_expr, then_block,
+                                         else_block, this->location());
+}
+
+// Make an if statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_if_statement(Expression* cond, Block* then_block,
+                            Block* else_block, source_location location)
+{
+  return new If_statement(cond, then_block, else_block, location);
+}
+
+// Class Case_clauses::Hash_integer_value.
+
+class Case_clauses::Hash_integer_value
+{
+ public:
+  size_t
+  operator()(Expression*) const;
+};
+
+size_t
+Case_clauses::Hash_integer_value::operator()(Expression* pe) const
+{
+  Type* itype;
+  mpz_t ival;
+  mpz_init(ival);
+  if (!pe->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &itype))
+    go_unreachable();
+  size_t ret = mpz_get_ui(ival);
+  mpz_clear(ival);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Class Case_clauses::Eq_integer_value.
+
+class Case_clauses::Eq_integer_value
+{
+ public:
+  bool
+  operator()(Expression*, Expression*) const;
+};
+
+bool
+Case_clauses::Eq_integer_value::operator()(Expression* a, Expression* b) const
+{
+  Type* atype;
+  Type* btype;
+  mpz_t aval;
+  mpz_t bval;
+  mpz_init(aval);
+  mpz_init(bval);
+  if (!a->integer_constant_value(true, aval, &atype)
+      || !b->integer_constant_value(true, bval, &btype))
+    go_unreachable();
+  bool ret = mpz_cmp(aval, bval) == 0;
+  mpz_clear(aval);
+  mpz_clear(bval);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Class Case_clauses::Case_clause.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Case_clauses::Case_clause::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->cases_ != NULL
+      && (traverse->traverse_mask()
+         & (Traverse::traverse_types | Traverse::traverse_expressions)) != 0)
+    {
+      if (this->cases_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->statements_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check whether all the case expressions are integer constants.
+
+bool
+Case_clauses::Case_clause::is_constant() const
+{
+  if (this->cases_ != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = this->cases_->begin();
+          p != this->cases_->end();
+          ++p)
+       if (!(*p)->is_constant() || (*p)->type()->integer_type() == NULL)
+         return false;
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Lower a case clause for a nonconstant switch.  VAL_TEMP is the
+// value we are switching on; it may be NULL.  If START_LABEL is not
+// NULL, it goes at the start of the statements, after the condition
+// test.  We branch to FINISH_LABEL at the end of the statements.
+
+void
+Case_clauses::Case_clause::lower(Block* b, Temporary_statement* val_temp,
+                                Unnamed_label* start_label,
+                                Unnamed_label* finish_label) const
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location_;
+  Unnamed_label* next_case_label;
+  if (this->cases_ == NULL || this->cases_->empty())
+    {
+      go_assert(this->is_default_);
+      next_case_label = NULL;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Expression* cond = NULL;
+
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = this->cases_->begin();
+          p != this->cases_->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         Expression* this_cond;
+         if (val_temp == NULL)
+           this_cond = *p;
+         else
+           {
+             Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp,
+                                                                    loc);
+             this_cond = Expression::make_binary(OPERATOR_EQEQ, ref, *p, loc);
+           }
+
+         if (cond == NULL)
+           cond = this_cond;
+         else
+           cond = Expression::make_binary(OPERATOR_OROR, cond, this_cond, loc);
+       }
+
+      Block* then_block = new Block(b, loc);
+      next_case_label = new Unnamed_label(UNKNOWN_LOCATION);
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_goto_unnamed_statement(next_case_label,
+                                                           loc);
+      then_block->add_statement(s);
+
+      // if !COND { goto NEXT_CASE_LABEL }
+      cond = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_NOT, cond, loc);
+      s = Statement::make_if_statement(cond, then_block, NULL, loc);
+      b->add_statement(s);
+    }
+
+  if (start_label != NULL)
+    b->add_statement(Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(start_label));
+
+  if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+    b->add_statement(Statement::make_block_statement(this->statements_, loc));
+
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_goto_unnamed_statement(finish_label, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  if (next_case_label != NULL)
+    b->add_statement(Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(next_case_label));
+}
+
+// Determine types.
+
+void
+Case_clauses::Case_clause::determine_types(Type* type)
+{
+  if (this->cases_ != NULL)
+    {
+      Type_context case_context(type, false);
+      for (Expression_list::iterator p = this->cases_->begin();
+          p != this->cases_->end();
+          ++p)
+       (*p)->determine_type(&case_context);
+    }
+  if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+    this->statements_->determine_types();
+}
+
+// Check types.  Returns false if there was an error.
+
+bool
+Case_clauses::Case_clause::check_types(Type* type)
+{
+  if (this->cases_ != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Expression_list::iterator p = this->cases_->begin();
+          p != this->cases_->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (!Type::are_assignable(type, (*p)->type(), NULL)
+             && !Type::are_assignable((*p)->type(), type, NULL))
+           {
+             error_at((*p)->location(),
+                      "type mismatch between switch value and case clause");
+             return false;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Return true if this clause may fall through to the following
+// statements.  Note that this is not the same as whether the case
+// uses the "fallthrough" keyword.
+
+bool
+Case_clauses::Case_clause::may_fall_through() const
+{
+  if (this->statements_ == NULL)
+    return true;
+  return this->statements_->may_fall_through();
+}
+
+// Convert the case values and statements to the backend
+// representation.  BREAK_LABEL is the label which break statements
+// should branch to.  CASE_CONSTANTS is used to detect duplicate
+// constants.  *CASES should be passed as an empty vector; the values
+// for this case will be added to it.  If this is the default case,
+// *CASES will remain empty.  This returns the statement to execute if
+// one of these cases is selected.
+
+Bstatement*
+Case_clauses::Case_clause::get_backend(Translate_context* context,
+                                      Unnamed_label* break_label,
+                                      Case_constants* case_constants,
+                                      std::vector<Bexpression*>* cases) const
+{
+  if (this->cases_ != NULL)
+    {
+      go_assert(!this->is_default_);
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = this->cases_->begin();
+          p != this->cases_->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         Expression* e = *p;
+         if (e->classification() != Expression::EXPRESSION_INTEGER)
+           {
+             Type* itype;
+             mpz_t ival;
+             mpz_init(ival);
+             if (!(*p)->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &itype))
+               {
+                 // Something went wrong.  This can happen with a
+                 // negative constant and an unsigned switch value.
+                 go_assert(saw_errors());
+                 continue;
+               }
+             go_assert(itype != NULL);
+             e = Expression::make_integer(&ival, itype, e->location());
+             mpz_clear(ival);
+           }
+
+         std::pair<Case_constants::iterator, bool> ins =
+           case_constants->insert(e);
+         if (!ins.second)
+           {
+             // Value was already present.
+             error_at(this->location_, "duplicate case in switch");
+             continue;
+           }
+
+         tree case_tree = e->get_tree(context);
+         Bexpression* case_expr = tree_to_expr(case_tree);
+         cases->push_back(case_expr);
+       }
+    }
+
+  Bstatement* statements;
+  if (this->statements_ == NULL)
+    statements = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      Bblock* bblock = this->statements_->get_backend(context);
+      statements = context->backend()->block_statement(bblock);
+    }
+
+  Bstatement* break_stat;
+  if (this->is_fallthrough_)
+    break_stat = NULL;
+  else
+    break_stat = break_label->get_goto(context, this->location_);
+
+  if (statements == NULL)
+    return break_stat;
+  else if (break_stat == NULL)
+    return statements;
+  else
+    return context->backend()->compound_statement(statements, break_stat);
+}
+
+// Class Case_clauses.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Case_clauses::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  for (Clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check whether all the case expressions are constant.
+
+bool
+Case_clauses::is_constant() const
+{
+  for (Clauses::const_iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    if (!p->is_constant())
+      return false;
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Lower case clauses for a nonconstant switch.
+
+void
+Case_clauses::lower(Block* b, Temporary_statement* val_temp,
+                   Unnamed_label* break_label) const
+{
+  // The default case.
+  const Case_clause* default_case = NULL;
+
+  // The label for the fallthrough of the previous case.
+  Unnamed_label* last_fallthrough_label = NULL;
+
+  // The label for the start of the default case.  This is used if the
+  // case before the default case falls through.
+  Unnamed_label* default_start_label = NULL;
+
+  // The label for the end of the default case.  This normally winds
+  // up as BREAK_LABEL, but it will be different if the default case
+  // falls through.
+  Unnamed_label* default_finish_label = NULL;
+
+  for (Clauses::const_iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      // The label to use for the start of the statements for this
+      // case.  This is NULL unless the previous case falls through.
+      Unnamed_label* start_label = last_fallthrough_label;
+
+      // The label to jump to after the end of the statements for this
+      // case.
+      Unnamed_label* finish_label = break_label;
+
+      last_fallthrough_label = NULL;
+      if (p->is_fallthrough() && p + 1 != this->clauses_.end())
+       {
+         finish_label = new Unnamed_label(p->location());
+         last_fallthrough_label = finish_label;
+       }
+
+      if (!p->is_default())
+       p->lower(b, val_temp, start_label, finish_label);
+      else
+       {
+         // We have to move the default case to the end, so that we
+         // only use it if all the other tests fail.
+         default_case = &*p;
+         default_start_label = start_label;
+         default_finish_label = finish_label;
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (default_case != NULL)
+    default_case->lower(b, val_temp, default_start_label,
+                       default_finish_label);
+      
+}
+
+// Determine types.
+
+void
+Case_clauses::determine_types(Type* type)
+{
+  for (Clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    p->determine_types(type);
+}
+
+// Check types.  Returns false if there was an error.
+
+bool
+Case_clauses::check_types(Type* type)
+{
+  bool ret = true;
+  for (Clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (!p->check_types(type))
+       ret = false;
+    }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return true if these clauses may fall through to the statements
+// following the switch statement.
+
+bool
+Case_clauses::may_fall_through() const
+{
+  bool found_default = false;
+  for (Clauses::const_iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->may_fall_through() && !p->is_fallthrough())
+       return true;
+      if (p->is_default())
+       found_default = true;
+    }
+  return !found_default;
+}
+
+// Convert the cases to the backend representation.  This sets
+// *ALL_CASES and *ALL_STATEMENTS.
+
+void
+Case_clauses::get_backend(Translate_context* context,
+                         Unnamed_label* break_label,
+                         std::vector<std::vector<Bexpression*> >* all_cases,
+                         std::vector<Bstatement*>* all_statements) const
+{
+  Case_constants case_constants;
+
+  size_t c = this->clauses_.size();
+  all_cases->resize(c);
+  all_statements->resize(c);
+
+  size_t i = 0;
+  for (Clauses::const_iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p, ++i)
+    {
+      std::vector<Bexpression*> cases;
+      Bstatement* stat = p->get_backend(context, break_label, &case_constants,
+                                       &cases);
+      (*all_cases)[i].swap(cases);
+      (*all_statements)[i] = stat;
+    }
+}
+
+// A constant switch statement.  A Switch_statement is lowered to this
+// when all the cases are constants.
+
+class Constant_switch_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Constant_switch_statement(Expression* val, Case_clauses* clauses,
+                           Unnamed_label* break_label,
+                           source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_CONSTANT_SWITCH, location),
+      val_(val), clauses_(clauses), break_label_(break_label)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types();
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const;
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The value to switch on.
+  Expression* val_;
+  // The case clauses.
+  Case_clauses* clauses_;
+  // The break label, if needed.
+  Unnamed_label* break_label_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Constant_switch_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->val_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->clauses_->traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Determine types.
+
+void
+Constant_switch_statement::do_determine_types()
+{
+  this->val_->determine_type_no_context();
+  this->clauses_->determine_types(this->val_->type());
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+Constant_switch_statement::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (!this->clauses_->check_types(this->val_->type()))
+    this->set_is_error();
+}
+
+// Return whether this switch may fall through.
+
+bool
+Constant_switch_statement::do_may_fall_through() const
+{
+  if (this->clauses_ == NULL)
+    return true;
+
+  // If we have a break label, then some case needed it.  That implies
+  // that the switch statement as a whole can fall through.
+  if (this->break_label_ != NULL)
+    return true;
+
+  return this->clauses_->may_fall_through();
+}
+
+// Convert to GENERIC.
+
+Bstatement*
+Constant_switch_statement::do_get_backend(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree switch_val_tree = this->val_->get_tree(context);
+  Bexpression* switch_val_expr = tree_to_expr(switch_val_tree);
+
+  Unnamed_label* break_label = this->break_label_;
+  if (break_label == NULL)
+    break_label = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+
+  std::vector<std::vector<Bexpression*> > all_cases;
+  std::vector<Bstatement*> all_statements;
+  this->clauses_->get_backend(context, break_label, &all_cases,
+                             &all_statements);
+
+  Bstatement* switch_statement;
+  switch_statement = context->backend()->switch_statement(switch_val_expr,
+                                                         all_cases,
+                                                         all_statements,
+                                                         this->location());
+  Bstatement* ldef = break_label->get_definition(context);
+  return context->backend()->compound_statement(switch_statement, ldef);
+}
+
+// Class Switch_statement.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Switch_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->val_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->val_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return this->clauses_->traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Lower a Switch_statement to a Constant_switch_statement or a series
+// of if statements.
+
+Statement*
+Switch_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block* enclosing)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  if (this->val_ != NULL
+      && (this->val_->is_error_expression()
+         || this->val_->type()->is_error()))
+    return Statement::make_error_statement(loc);
+
+  if (this->val_ != NULL
+      && this->val_->type()->integer_type() != NULL
+      && !this->clauses_->empty()
+      && this->clauses_->is_constant())
+    return new Constant_switch_statement(this->val_, this->clauses_,
+                                        this->break_label_, loc);
+
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  if (this->clauses_->empty())
+    {
+      Expression* val = this->val_;
+      if (val == NULL)
+       val = Expression::make_boolean(true, loc);
+      return Statement::make_statement(val);
+    }
+
+  Temporary_statement* val_temp;
+  if (this->val_ == NULL)
+    val_temp = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      // var val_temp VAL_TYPE = VAL
+      val_temp = Statement::make_temporary(NULL, this->val_, loc);
+      b->add_statement(val_temp);
+    }
+
+  this->clauses_->lower(b, val_temp, this->break_label());
+
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(this->break_label_);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Return the break label for this switch statement, creating it if
+// necessary.
+
+Unnamed_label*
+Switch_statement::break_label()
+{
+  if (this->break_label_ == NULL)
+    this->break_label_ = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+  return this->break_label_;
+}
+
+// Make a switch statement.
+
+Switch_statement*
+Statement::make_switch_statement(Expression* val, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Switch_statement(val, location);
+}
+
+// Class Type_case_clauses::Type_case_clause.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Type_case_clauses::Type_case_clause::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (!this->is_default_
+      && ((traverse->traverse_mask()
+          & (Traverse::traverse_types | Traverse::traverse_expressions)) != 0)
+      && Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+    return this->statements_->traverse(traverse);
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lower one clause in a type switch.  Add statements to the block B.
+// The type descriptor we are switching on is in DESCRIPTOR_TEMP.
+// BREAK_LABEL is the label at the end of the type switch.
+// *STMTS_LABEL, if not NULL, is a label to put at the start of the
+// statements.
+
+void
+Type_case_clauses::Type_case_clause::lower(Block* b,
+                                          Temporary_statement* descriptor_temp,
+                                          Unnamed_label* break_label,
+                                          Unnamed_label** stmts_label) const
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location_;
+
+  Unnamed_label* next_case_label = NULL;
+  if (!this->is_default_)
+    {
+      Type* type = this->type_;
+
+      Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(descriptor_temp,
+                                                            loc);
+
+      Expression* cond;
+      // The language permits case nil, which is of course a constant
+      // rather than a type.  It will appear here as an invalid
+      // forwarding type.
+      if (type->is_nil_constant_as_type())
+       cond = Expression::make_binary(OPERATOR_EQEQ, ref,
+                                      Expression::make_nil(loc),
+                                      loc);
+      else
+       cond = Runtime::make_call((type->interface_type() == NULL
+                                  ? Runtime::IFACETYPEEQ
+                                  : Runtime::IFACEI2TP),
+                                 loc, 2,
+                                 Expression::make_type_descriptor(type, loc),
+                                 ref);
+
+      Unnamed_label* dest;
+      if (!this->is_fallthrough_)
+       {
+         // if !COND { goto NEXT_CASE_LABEL }
+         next_case_label = new Unnamed_label(UNKNOWN_LOCATION);
+         dest = next_case_label;
+         cond = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_NOT, cond, loc);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // if COND { goto STMTS_LABEL }
+         go_assert(stmts_label != NULL);
+         if (*stmts_label == NULL)
+           *stmts_label = new Unnamed_label(UNKNOWN_LOCATION);
+         dest = *stmts_label;
+       }
+      Block* then_block = new Block(b, loc);
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_goto_unnamed_statement(dest, loc);
+      then_block->add_statement(s);
+      s = Statement::make_if_statement(cond, then_block, NULL, loc);
+      b->add_statement(s);
+    }
+
+  if (this->statements_ != NULL
+      || (!this->is_fallthrough_
+         && stmts_label != NULL
+         && *stmts_label != NULL))
+    {
+      go_assert(!this->is_fallthrough_);
+      if (stmts_label != NULL && *stmts_label != NULL)
+       {
+         go_assert(!this->is_default_);
+         if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+           (*stmts_label)->set_location(this->statements_->start_location());
+         Statement* s = Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(*stmts_label);
+         b->add_statement(s);
+         *stmts_label = NULL;
+       }
+      if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+       b->add_statement(Statement::make_block_statement(this->statements_,
+                                                        loc));
+    }
+
+  if (this->is_fallthrough_)
+    go_assert(next_case_label == NULL);
+  else
+    {
+      source_location gloc = (this->statements_ == NULL
+                             ? loc
+                             : this->statements_->end_location());
+      b->add_statement(Statement::make_goto_unnamed_statement(break_label,
+                                                             gloc));
+      if (next_case_label != NULL)
+       {
+         Statement* s =
+           Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(next_case_label);
+         b->add_statement(s);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Class Type_case_clauses.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Type_case_clauses::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  for (Type_clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check for duplicate types.
+
+void
+Type_case_clauses::check_duplicates() const
+{
+  typedef Unordered_set_hash(const Type*, Type_hash_identical,
+                            Type_identical) Types_seen;
+  Types_seen types_seen;
+  for (Type_clauses::const_iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Type* t = p->type();
+      if (t == NULL)
+       continue;
+      if (t->is_nil_constant_as_type())
+       t = Type::make_nil_type();
+      std::pair<Types_seen::iterator, bool> ins = types_seen.insert(t);
+      if (!ins.second)
+       error_at(p->location(), "duplicate type in switch");
+    }
+}
+
+// Lower the clauses in a type switch.  Add statements to the block B.
+// The type descriptor we are switching on is in DESCRIPTOR_TEMP.
+// BREAK_LABEL is the label at the end of the type switch.
+
+void
+Type_case_clauses::lower(Block* b, Temporary_statement* descriptor_temp,
+                        Unnamed_label* break_label) const
+{
+  const Type_case_clause* default_case = NULL;
+
+  Unnamed_label* stmts_label = NULL;
+  for (Type_clauses::const_iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (!p->is_default())
+       p->lower(b, descriptor_temp, break_label, &stmts_label);
+      else
+       {
+         // We are generating a series of tests, which means that we
+         // need to move the default case to the end.
+         default_case = &*p;
+       }
+    }
+  go_assert(stmts_label == NULL);
+
+  if (default_case != NULL)
+    default_case->lower(b, descriptor_temp, break_label, NULL);
+}
+
+// Class Type_switch_statement.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Type_switch_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->var_ == NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->expr_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  if (this->clauses_ != NULL)
+    return this->clauses_->traverse(traverse);
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lower a type switch statement to a series of if statements.  The gc
+// compiler is able to generate a table in some cases.  However, that
+// does not work for us because we may have type descriptors in
+// different shared libraries, so we can't compare them with simple
+// equality testing.
+
+Statement*
+Type_switch_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block* enclosing)
+{
+  const source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  if (this->clauses_ != NULL)
+    this->clauses_->check_duplicates();
+
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  Type* val_type = (this->var_ != NULL
+                   ? this->var_->var_value()->type()
+                   : this->expr_->type());
+
+  // var descriptor_temp DESCRIPTOR_TYPE
+  Type* descriptor_type = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+  Temporary_statement* descriptor_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(descriptor_type, NULL, loc);
+  b->add_statement(descriptor_temp);
+
+  if (val_type->interface_type() == NULL)
+    {
+      // Doing a type switch on a non-interface type.  Should we issue
+      // a warning for this case?
+      Expression* lhs = Expression::make_temporary_reference(descriptor_temp,
+                                                            loc);
+      Expression* rhs;
+      if (val_type->is_nil_type())
+       rhs = Expression::make_nil(loc);
+      else
+       {
+         if (val_type->is_abstract())
+           val_type = val_type->make_non_abstract_type();
+         rhs = Expression::make_type_descriptor(val_type, loc);
+       }
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(lhs, rhs, loc);
+      b->add_statement(s);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // descriptor_temp = ifacetype(val_temp)
+      // FIXME: This should be inlined.
+      bool is_empty = val_type->interface_type()->is_empty();
+      Expression* ref;
+      if (this->var_ == NULL)
+       ref = this->expr_;
+      else
+       ref = Expression::make_var_reference(this->var_, loc);
+      Expression* call = Runtime::make_call((is_empty
+                                            ? Runtime::EFACETYPE
+                                            : Runtime::IFACETYPE),
+                                           loc, 1, ref);
+      Expression* lhs = Expression::make_temporary_reference(descriptor_temp,
+                                                            loc);
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(lhs, call, loc);
+      b->add_statement(s);
+    }
+
+  if (this->clauses_ != NULL)
+    this->clauses_->lower(b, descriptor_temp, this->break_label());
+
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(this->break_label_);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Return the break label for this type switch statement, creating it
+// if necessary.
+
+Unnamed_label*
+Type_switch_statement::break_label()
+{
+  if (this->break_label_ == NULL)
+    this->break_label_ = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+  return this->break_label_;
+}
+
+// Make a type switch statement.
+
+Type_switch_statement*
+Statement::make_type_switch_statement(Named_object* var, Expression* expr,
+                                     source_location location)
+{
+  return new Type_switch_statement(var, expr, location);
+}
+
+// Class Send_statement.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Send_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->channel_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->val_);
+}
+
+// Determine types.
+
+void
+Send_statement::do_determine_types()
+{
+  this->channel_->determine_type_no_context();
+  Type* type = this->channel_->type();
+  Type_context context;
+  if (type->channel_type() != NULL)
+    context.type = type->channel_type()->element_type();
+  this->val_->determine_type(&context);
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+Send_statement::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Type* type = this->channel_->type();
+  if (type->is_error())
+    {
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return;
+    }
+  Channel_type* channel_type = type->channel_type();
+  if (channel_type == NULL)
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "left operand of %<<-%> must be channel");
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return;
+    }
+  Type* element_type = channel_type->element_type();
+  if (!Type::are_assignable(element_type, this->val_->type(), NULL))
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("incompatible types in send"));
+      return;
+    }
+  if (!channel_type->may_send())
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("invalid send on receive-only channel"));
+      return;
+    }
+}
+
+// Convert a send statement to the backend representation.
+
+Bstatement*
+Send_statement::do_get_backend(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  Channel_type* channel_type = this->channel_->type()->channel_type();
+  Type* element_type = channel_type->element_type();
+  Expression* val = Expression::make_cast(element_type, this->val_, loc);
+
+  bool is_small;
+  bool can_take_address;
+  switch (element_type->base()->classification())
+    {
+    case Type::TYPE_BOOLEAN:
+    case Type::TYPE_INTEGER:
+    case Type::TYPE_FUNCTION:
+    case Type::TYPE_POINTER:
+    case Type::TYPE_MAP:
+    case Type::TYPE_CHANNEL:
+      is_small = true;
+      can_take_address = false;
+      break;
+
+    case Type::TYPE_FLOAT:
+    case Type::TYPE_COMPLEX:
+    case Type::TYPE_STRING:
+    case Type::TYPE_INTERFACE:
+      is_small = false;
+      can_take_address = false;
+      break;
+
+    case Type::TYPE_STRUCT:
+      is_small = false;
+      can_take_address = true;
+      break;
+
+    case Type::TYPE_ARRAY:
+      is_small = false;
+      can_take_address = !element_type->is_open_array_type();
+      break;
+
+    default:
+    case Type::TYPE_ERROR:
+    case Type::TYPE_VOID:
+    case Type::TYPE_SINK:
+    case Type::TYPE_NIL:
+    case Type::TYPE_NAMED:
+    case Type::TYPE_FORWARD:
+      go_assert(saw_errors());
+      return context->backend()->error_statement();
+    }
+
+  // Only try to take the address of a variable.  We have already
+  // moved variables to the heap, so this should not cause that to
+  // happen unnecessarily.
+  if (can_take_address
+      && val->var_expression() == NULL
+      && val->temporary_reference_expression() == NULL)
+    can_take_address = false;
+
+  Runtime::Function code;
+  Bstatement* btemp = NULL;
+  Expression* call;
+  if (is_small)
+      {
+       // Type is small enough to handle as uint64.
+       code = Runtime::SEND_SMALL;
+       val = Expression::make_unsafe_cast(Type::lookup_integer_type("uint64"),
+                                          val, loc);
+      }
+  else if (can_take_address)
+    {
+      // Must pass address of value.  The function doesn't change the
+      // value, so just take its address directly.
+      code = Runtime::SEND_BIG;
+      val = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, val, loc);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // Must pass address of value, but the value is small enough
+      // that it might be in registers.  Copy value into temporary
+      // variable to take address.
+      code = Runtime::SEND_BIG;
+      Temporary_statement* temp = Statement::make_temporary(element_type,
+                                                           val, loc);
+      Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(temp, loc);
+      val = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc);
+      btemp = temp->get_backend(context);
+    }
+
+  call = Runtime::make_call(code, loc, 3, this->channel_, val,
+                           Expression::make_boolean(this->for_select_, loc));
+
+  context->gogo()->lower_expression(context->function(), &call);
+  Bexpression* bcall = tree_to_expr(call->get_tree(context));
+  Bstatement* s = context->backend()->expression_statement(bcall);
+
+  if (btemp == NULL)
+    return s;
+  else
+    return context->backend()->compound_statement(btemp, s);
+}
+
+// Make a send statement.
+
+Send_statement*
+Statement::make_send_statement(Expression* channel, Expression* val,
+                              source_location location)
+{
+  return new Send_statement(channel, val, location);
+}
+
+// Class Select_clauses::Select_clause.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Select_clauses::Select_clause::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (!this->is_lowered_
+      && (traverse->traverse_mask()
+         & (Traverse::traverse_types | Traverse::traverse_expressions)) != 0)
+    {
+      if (this->channel_ != NULL)
+       {
+         if (Expression::traverse(&this->channel_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+           return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+       }
+      if (this->val_ != NULL)
+       {
+         if (Expression::traverse(&this->val_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+           return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+       }
+      if (this->closed_ != NULL)
+       {
+         if (Expression::traverse(&this->closed_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+           return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+       }
+    }
+  if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->statements_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lowering.  Here we pull out the channel and the send values, to
+// enforce the order of evaluation.  We also add explicit send and
+// receive statements to the clauses.
+
+void
+Select_clauses::Select_clause::lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function,
+                                    Block* b)
+{
+  if (this->is_default_)
+    {
+      go_assert(this->channel_ == NULL && this->val_ == NULL);
+      this->is_lowered_ = true;
+      return;
+    }
+
+  source_location loc = this->location_;
+
+  // Evaluate the channel before the select statement.
+  Temporary_statement* channel_temp = Statement::make_temporary(NULL,
+                                                               this->channel_,
+                                                               loc);
+  b->add_statement(channel_temp);
+  this->channel_ = Expression::make_temporary_reference(channel_temp, loc);
+
+  // If this is a send clause, evaluate the value to send before the
+  // select statement.
+  Temporary_statement* val_temp = NULL;
+  if (this->is_send_ && !this->val_->is_constant())
+    {
+      val_temp = Statement::make_temporary(NULL, this->val_, loc);
+      b->add_statement(val_temp);
+    }
+
+  // Add the send or receive before the rest of the statements if any.
+  Block *init = new Block(b, loc);
+  Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(channel_temp, loc);
+  if (this->is_send_)
+    {
+      Expression* ref2;
+      if (val_temp == NULL)
+       ref2 = this->val_;
+      else
+       ref2 = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp, loc);
+      Send_statement* send = Statement::make_send_statement(ref, ref2, loc);
+      send->set_for_select();
+      init->add_statement(send);
+    }
+  else if (this->closed_ != NULL && !this->closed_->is_sink_expression())
+    {
+      go_assert(this->var_ == NULL && this->closedvar_ == NULL);
+      if (this->val_ == NULL)
+       this->val_ = Expression::make_sink(loc);
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_receive_assignment(this->val_,
+                                                             this->closed_,
+                                                             ref, true, loc);
+      init->add_statement(s);
+    }
+  else if (this->closedvar_ != NULL)
+    {
+      go_assert(this->val_ == NULL);
+      Expression* val;
+      if (this->var_ == NULL)
+       val = Expression::make_sink(loc);
+      else
+       val = Expression::make_var_reference(this->var_, loc);
+      Expression* closed = Expression::make_var_reference(this->closedvar_,
+                                                         loc);
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_receive_assignment(val, closed, ref,
+                                                             true, loc);
+      // We have to put S in STATEMENTS_, because that is where the
+      // variables are declared.
+      go_assert(this->statements_ != NULL);
+      this->statements_->add_statement_at_front(s);
+      // We have to lower STATEMENTS_ again, to lower the tuple
+      // receive assignment we just added.
+      gogo->lower_block(function, this->statements_);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Receive_expression* recv = Expression::make_receive(ref, loc);
+      recv->set_for_select();
+      if (this->val_ != NULL)
+       {
+         go_assert(this->var_ == NULL);
+         init->add_statement(Statement::make_assignment(this->val_, recv,
+                                                        loc));
+       }
+      else if (this->var_ != NULL)
+       {
+         this->var_->var_value()->set_init(recv);
+         this->var_->var_value()->clear_type_from_chan_element();
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         init->add_statement(Statement::make_statement(recv));
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Lower any statements we just created.
+  gogo->lower_block(function, init);
+
+  if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+    init->add_statement(Statement::make_block_statement(this->statements_,
+                                                       loc));
+
+  this->statements_ = init;
+
+  // Now all references should be handled through the statements, not
+  // through here.
+  this->is_lowered_ = true;
+  this->val_ = NULL;
+  this->var_ = NULL;
+}
+
+// Determine types.
+
+void
+Select_clauses::Select_clause::determine_types()
+{
+  go_assert(this->is_lowered_);
+  if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+    this->statements_->determine_types();
+}
+
+// Whether this clause may fall through to the statement which follows
+// the overall select statement.
+
+bool
+Select_clauses::Select_clause::may_fall_through() const
+{
+  if (this->statements_ == NULL)
+    return true;
+  return this->statements_->may_fall_through();
+}
+
+// Return the backend representation for the statements to execute.
+
+Bstatement*
+Select_clauses::Select_clause::get_statements_backend(
+    Translate_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->statements_ == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+  Bblock* bblock = this->statements_->get_backend(context);
+  return context->backend()->block_statement(bblock);
+}
+
+// Class Select_clauses.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Select_clauses::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  for (Clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lowering.  Here we pull out the channel and the send values, to
+// enforce the order of evaluation.  We also add explicit send and
+// receive statements to the clauses.
+
+void
+Select_clauses::lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function, Block* b)
+{
+  for (Clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    p->lower(gogo, function, b);
+}
+
+// Determine types.
+
+void
+Select_clauses::determine_types()
+{
+  for (Clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    p->determine_types();
+}
+
+// Return whether these select clauses fall through to the statement
+// following the overall select statement.
+
+bool
+Select_clauses::may_fall_through() const
+{
+  for (Clauses::const_iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    if (p->may_fall_through())
+      return true;
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Convert to the backend representation.  We build a call to
+//   size_t __go_select(size_t count, _Bool has_default,
+//                      channel* channels, _Bool* is_send)
+//
+// There are COUNT entries in the CHANNELS and IS_SEND arrays.  The
+// value in the IS_SEND array is true for send, false for receive.
+// __go_select returns an integer from 0 to COUNT, inclusive.  A
+// return of 0 means that the default case should be run; this only
+// happens if HAS_DEFAULT is non-zero.  Otherwise the number indicates
+// the case to run.
+
+// FIXME: This doesn't handle channels which send interface types
+// where the receiver has a static type which matches that interface.
+
+Bstatement*
+Select_clauses::get_backend(Translate_context* context,
+                           Unnamed_label *break_label,
+                           source_location location)
+{
+  size_t count = this->clauses_.size();
+
+  Expression_list* chan_init = new Expression_list();
+  chan_init->reserve(count);
+
+  Expression_list* is_send_init = new Expression_list();
+  is_send_init->reserve(count);
+
+  Select_clause *default_clause = NULL;
+
+  Type* runtime_chanptr_type = Runtime::chanptr_type();
+  Type* runtime_chan_type = runtime_chanptr_type->points_to();
+
+  for (Clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->is_default())
+       {
+         default_clause = &*p;
+         --count;
+         continue;
+       }
+
+      if (p->channel()->type()->channel_type() == NULL)
+       {
+         // We should have given an error in the send or receive
+         // statement we created via lowering.
+         go_assert(saw_errors());
+         return context->backend()->error_statement();
+       }
+
+      Expression* c = p->channel();
+      c = Expression::make_unsafe_cast(runtime_chan_type, c, p->location());
+      chan_init->push_back(c);
+
+      is_send_init->push_back(Expression::make_boolean(p->is_send(),
+                                                      p->location()));
+    }
+
+  if (chan_init->empty())
+    {
+      go_assert(count == 0);
+      Bstatement* s;
+      Bstatement* ldef = break_label->get_definition(context);
+      if (default_clause != NULL)
+       {
+         // There is a default clause and no cases.  Just execute the
+         // default clause.
+         s = default_clause->get_statements_backend(context);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // There isn't even a default clause.  In this case select
+         // pauses forever.  Call the runtime function with nils.
+         mpz_t zval;
+         mpz_init_set_ui(zval, 0);
+         Expression* zero = Expression::make_integer(&zval, NULL, location);
+         mpz_clear(zval);
+         Expression* default_arg = Expression::make_boolean(false, location);
+         Expression* nil1 = Expression::make_nil(location);
+         Expression* nil2 = nil1->copy();
+         Expression* call = Runtime::make_call(Runtime::SELECT, location, 4,
+                                               zero, default_arg, nil1, nil2);
+         context->gogo()->lower_expression(context->function(), &call);
+         Bexpression* bcall = tree_to_expr(call->get_tree(context));
+         s = context->backend()->expression_statement(bcall);
+       }
+      if (s == NULL)
+       return ldef;
+      return context->backend()->compound_statement(s, ldef);
+    }
+  go_assert(count > 0);
+
+  std::vector<Bstatement*> statements;
+
+  mpz_t ival;
+  mpz_init_set_ui(ival, count);
+  Expression* ecount = Expression::make_integer(&ival, NULL, location);
+  mpz_clear(ival);
+
+  Type* chan_array_type = Type::make_array_type(runtime_chan_type, ecount);
+  Expression* chans = Expression::make_composite_literal(chan_array_type, 0,
+                                                        false, chan_init,
+                                                        location);
+  context->gogo()->lower_expression(context->function(), &chans);
+  Temporary_statement* chan_temp = Statement::make_temporary(chan_array_type,
+                                                            chans,
+                                                            location);
+  statements.push_back(chan_temp->get_backend(context));
+
+  Type* is_send_array_type = Type::make_array_type(Type::lookup_bool_type(),
+                                                  ecount->copy());
+  Expression* is_sends = Expression::make_composite_literal(is_send_array_type,
+                                                           0, false,
+                                                           is_send_init,
+                                                           location);
+  context->gogo()->lower_expression(context->function(), &is_sends);
+  Temporary_statement* is_send_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(is_send_array_type, is_sends, location);
+  statements.push_back(is_send_temp->get_backend(context));
+
+  mpz_init_set_ui(ival, 0);
+  Expression* zero = Expression::make_integer(&ival, NULL, location);
+  mpz_clear(ival);
+
+  Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(chan_temp, location);
+  Expression* chan_arg = Expression::make_array_index(ref, zero, NULL,
+                                                     location);
+  chan_arg = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, chan_arg, location);
+  chan_arg = Expression::make_unsafe_cast(runtime_chanptr_type, chan_arg,
+                                         location);
+
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(is_send_temp, location);
+  Expression* is_send_arg = Expression::make_array_index(ref, zero->copy(),
+                                                        NULL, location);
+  is_send_arg = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, is_send_arg, location);
+
+  Expression* default_arg = Expression::make_boolean(default_clause != NULL,
+                                                    location);
+  Expression* call = Runtime::make_call(Runtime::SELECT, location, 4,
+                                       ecount->copy(), default_arg,
+                                       chan_arg, is_send_arg);
+  context->gogo()->lower_expression(context->function(), &call);
+  Bexpression* bcall = tree_to_expr(call->get_tree(context));
+
+  std::vector<std::vector<Bexpression*> > cases;
+  std::vector<Bstatement*> clauses;
+
+  cases.resize(count + (default_clause != NULL ? 1 : 0));
+  clauses.resize(count + (default_clause != NULL ? 1 : 0));
+
+  int index = 0;
+
+  if (default_clause != NULL)
+    {
+      this->add_clause_backend(context, location, index, 0, default_clause,
+                              break_label, &cases, &clauses);
+      ++index;
+    }
+
+  int i = 1;
+  for (Clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (!p->is_default())
+       {
+         this->add_clause_backend(context, location, index, i, &*p,
+                                  break_label, &cases, &clauses);
+         ++i;
+         ++index;
+       }
+    }
+
+  Bstatement* switch_stmt = context->backend()->switch_statement(bcall,
+                                                                cases,
+                                                                clauses,
+                                                                location);
+  statements.push_back(switch_stmt);
+
+  Bstatement* ldef = break_label->get_definition(context);
+  statements.push_back(ldef);
+
+  return context->backend()->statement_list(statements);
+}
+
+// Add CLAUSE to CASES/CLAUSES at INDEX.
+
+void
+Select_clauses::add_clause_backend(
+    Translate_context* context,
+    source_location location,
+    int index,
+    int case_value,
+    Select_clause* clause,
+    Unnamed_label* bottom_label,
+    std::vector<std::vector<Bexpression*> > *cases,
+    std::vector<Bstatement*>* clauses)
+{
+  mpz_t ival;
+  mpz_init_set_ui(ival, case_value);
+  Expression* e = Expression::make_integer(&ival, NULL, location);
+  mpz_clear(ival);
+  (*cases)[index].push_back(tree_to_expr(e->get_tree(context)));
+
+  Bstatement* s = clause->get_statements_backend(context);
+
+  source_location gloc = (clause->statements() == NULL
+                         ? clause->location()
+                         : clause->statements()->end_location());
+  Bstatement* g = bottom_label->get_goto(context, gloc);
+                               
+  if (s == NULL)
+    (*clauses)[index] = g;
+  else
+    (*clauses)[index] = context->backend()->compound_statement(s, g);
+}
+
+// Class Select_statement.
+
+// Return the break label for this switch statement, creating it if
+// necessary.
+
+Unnamed_label*
+Select_statement::break_label()
+{
+  if (this->break_label_ == NULL)
+    this->break_label_ = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+  return this->break_label_;
+}
+
+// Lower a select statement.  This will still return a select
+// statement, but it will be modified to implement the order of
+// evaluation rules, and to include the send and receive statements as
+// explicit statements in the clauses.
+
+Statement*
+Select_statement::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function,
+                          Block* enclosing)
+{
+  if (this->is_lowered_)
+    return this;
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, this->location());
+  this->clauses_->lower(gogo, function, b);
+  this->is_lowered_ = true;
+  b->add_statement(this);
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, this->location());
+}
+
+// Return the backend representation for a select statement.
+
+Bstatement*
+Select_statement::do_get_backend(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  return this->clauses_->get_backend(context, this->break_label(),
+                                    this->location());
+}
+
+// Make a select statement.
+
+Select_statement*
+Statement::make_select_statement(source_location location)
+{
+  return new Select_statement(location);
+}
+
+// Class For_statement.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+For_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->init_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->init_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  if (this->cond_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->cond_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  if (this->post_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->post_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return this->statements_->traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Lower a For_statement into if statements and gotos.  Getting rid of
+// complex statements make it easier to handle garbage collection.
+
+Statement*
+For_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block* enclosing)
+{
+  Statement* s;
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, this->location());
+  if (this->init_ != NULL)
+    {
+      s = Statement::make_block_statement(this->init_,
+                                         this->init_->start_location());
+      b->add_statement(s);
+    }
+
+  Unnamed_label* entry = NULL;
+  if (this->cond_ != NULL)
+    {
+      entry = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+      b->add_statement(Statement::make_goto_unnamed_statement(entry, loc));
+    }
+
+  Unnamed_label* top = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+  b->add_statement(Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(top));
+
+  s = Statement::make_block_statement(this->statements_,
+                                     this->statements_->start_location());
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  source_location end_loc = this->statements_->end_location();
+
+  Unnamed_label* cont = this->continue_label_;
+  if (cont != NULL)
+    b->add_statement(Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(cont));
+
+  if (this->post_ != NULL)
+    {
+      s = Statement::make_block_statement(this->post_,
+                                         this->post_->start_location());
+      b->add_statement(s);
+      end_loc = this->post_->end_location();
+    }
+
+  if (this->cond_ == NULL)
+    b->add_statement(Statement::make_goto_unnamed_statement(top, end_loc));
+  else
+    {
+      b->add_statement(Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(entry));
+
+      source_location cond_loc = this->cond_->location();
+      Block* then_block = new Block(b, cond_loc);
+      s = Statement::make_goto_unnamed_statement(top, cond_loc);
+      then_block->add_statement(s);
+
+      s = Statement::make_if_statement(this->cond_, then_block, NULL, cond_loc);
+      b->add_statement(s);
+    }
+
+  Unnamed_label* brk = this->break_label_;
+  if (brk != NULL)
+    b->add_statement(Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(brk));
+
+  b->set_end_location(end_loc);
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Return the break label, creating it if necessary.
+
+Unnamed_label*
+For_statement::break_label()
+{
+  if (this->break_label_ == NULL)
+    this->break_label_ = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+  return this->break_label_;
+}
+
+// Return the continue LABEL_EXPR.
+
+Unnamed_label*
+For_statement::continue_label()
+{
+  if (this->continue_label_ == NULL)
+    this->continue_label_ = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+  return this->continue_label_;
+}
+
+// Set the break and continue labels a for statement.  This is used
+// when lowering a for range statement.
+
+void
+For_statement::set_break_continue_labels(Unnamed_label* break_label,
+                                        Unnamed_label* continue_label)
+{
+  go_assert(this->break_label_ == NULL && this->continue_label_ == NULL);
+  this->break_label_ = break_label;
+  this->continue_label_ = continue_label;
+}
+
+// Make a for statement.
+
+For_statement*
+Statement::make_for_statement(Block* init, Expression* cond, Block* post,
+                             source_location location)
+{
+  return new For_statement(init, cond, post, location);
+}
+
+// Class For_range_statement.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+For_range_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->index_var_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->value_var_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->value_var_)
+         == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->range_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->statements_->traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Lower a for range statement.  For simplicity we lower this into a
+// for statement, which will then be lowered in turn to goto
+// statements.
+
+Statement*
+For_range_statement::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object*, Block* enclosing)
+{
+  Type* range_type = this->range_->type();
+  if (range_type->points_to() != NULL
+      && range_type->points_to()->array_type() != NULL
+      && !range_type->points_to()->is_open_array_type())
+    range_type = range_type->points_to();
+
+  Type* index_type;
+  Type* value_type = NULL;
+  if (range_type->array_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      index_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+      value_type = range_type->array_type()->element_type();
+    }
+  else if (range_type->is_string_type())
+    {
+      index_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+      value_type = index_type;
+    }
+  else if (range_type->map_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      index_type = range_type->map_type()->key_type();
+      value_type = range_type->map_type()->val_type();
+    }
+  else if (range_type->channel_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      index_type = range_type->channel_type()->element_type();
+      if (this->value_var_ != NULL)
+       {
+         if (!this->value_var_->type()->is_error())
+           this->report_error(_("too many variables for range clause "
+                                "with channel"));
+         return Statement::make_error_statement(this->location());
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("range clause must have "
+                          "array, slice, setring, map, or channel type"));
+      return Statement::make_error_statement(this->location());
+    }
+
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+  Block* temp_block = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  Named_object* range_object = NULL;
+  Temporary_statement* range_temp = NULL;
+  Var_expression* ve = this->range_->var_expression();
+  if (ve != NULL)
+    range_object = ve->named_object();
+  else
+    {
+      range_temp = Statement::make_temporary(NULL, this->range_, loc);
+      temp_block->add_statement(range_temp);
+    }
+
+  Temporary_statement* index_temp = Statement::make_temporary(index_type,
+                                                             NULL, loc);
+  temp_block->add_statement(index_temp);
+
+  Temporary_statement* value_temp = NULL;
+  if (this->value_var_ != NULL)
+    {
+      value_temp = Statement::make_temporary(value_type, NULL, loc);
+      temp_block->add_statement(value_temp);
+    }
+
+  Block* body = new Block(temp_block, loc);
+
+  Block* init;
+  Expression* cond;
+  Block* iter_init;
+  Block* post;
+
+  // Arrange to do a loop appropriate for the type.  We will produce
+  //   for INIT ; COND ; POST {
+  //           ITER_INIT
+  //           INDEX = INDEX_TEMP
+  //           VALUE = VALUE_TEMP // If there is a value
+  //           original statements
+  //   }
+
+  if (range_type->array_type() != NULL)
+    this->lower_range_array(gogo, temp_block, body, range_object, range_temp,
+                           index_temp, value_temp, &init, &cond, &iter_init,
+                           &post);
+  else if (range_type->is_string_type())
+    this->lower_range_string(gogo, temp_block, body, range_object, range_temp,
+                            index_temp, value_temp, &init, &cond, &iter_init,
+                            &post);
+  else if (range_type->map_type() != NULL)
+    this->lower_range_map(gogo, temp_block, body, range_object, range_temp,
+                         index_temp, value_temp, &init, &cond, &iter_init,
+                         &post);
+  else if (range_type->channel_type() != NULL)
+    this->lower_range_channel(gogo, temp_block, body, range_object, range_temp,
+                             index_temp, value_temp, &init, &cond, &iter_init,
+                             &post);
+  else
+    go_unreachable();
+
+  if (iter_init != NULL)
+    body->add_statement(Statement::make_block_statement(iter_init, loc));
+
+  Statement* assign;
+  Expression* index_ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+  if (this->value_var_ == NULL)
+    {
+      assign = Statement::make_assignment(this->index_var_, index_ref, loc);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Expression_list* lhs = new Expression_list();
+      lhs->push_back(this->index_var_);
+      lhs->push_back(this->value_var_);
+
+      Expression_list* rhs = new Expression_list();
+      rhs->push_back(index_ref);
+      rhs->push_back(Expression::make_temporary_reference(value_temp, loc));
+
+      assign = Statement::make_tuple_assignment(lhs, rhs, loc);
+    }
+  body->add_statement(assign);
+
+  body->add_statement(Statement::make_block_statement(this->statements_, loc));
+
+  body->set_end_location(this->statements_->end_location());
+
+  For_statement* loop = Statement::make_for_statement(init, cond, post,
+                                                     this->location());
+  loop->add_statements(body);
+  loop->set_break_continue_labels(this->break_label_, this->continue_label_);
+
+  temp_block->add_statement(loop);
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(temp_block, loc);
+}
+
+// Return a reference to the range, which may be in RANGE_OBJECT or in
+// RANGE_TEMP.
+
+Expression*
+For_range_statement::make_range_ref(Named_object* range_object,
+                                   Temporary_statement* range_temp,
+                                   source_location loc)
+{
+  if (range_object != NULL)
+    return Expression::make_var_reference(range_object, loc);
+  else
+    return Expression::make_temporary_reference(range_temp, loc);
+}
+
+// Return a call to the predeclared function FUNCNAME passing a
+// reference to the temporary variable ARG.
+
+Expression*
+For_range_statement::call_builtin(Gogo* gogo, const char* funcname,
+                                 Expression* arg,
+                                 source_location loc)
+{
+  Named_object* no = gogo->lookup_global(funcname);
+  go_assert(no != NULL && no->is_function_declaration());
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(no, NULL, loc);
+  Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+  params->push_back(arg);
+  return Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+}
+
+// Lower a for range over an array or slice.
+
+void
+For_range_statement::lower_range_array(Gogo* gogo,
+                                      Block* enclosing,
+                                      Block* body_block,
+                                      Named_object* range_object,
+                                      Temporary_statement* range_temp,
+                                      Temporary_statement* index_temp,
+                                      Temporary_statement* value_temp,
+                                      Block** pinit,
+                                      Expression** pcond,
+                                      Block** piter_init,
+                                      Block** ppost)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  // The loop we generate:
+  //   len_temp := len(range)
+  //   for index_temp = 0; index_temp < len_temp; index_temp++ {
+  //           value_temp = range[index_temp]
+  //           index = index_temp
+  //           value = value_temp
+  //           original body
+  //   }
+
+  // Set *PINIT to
+  //   var len_temp int
+  //   len_temp = len(range)
+  //   index_temp = 0
+
+  Block* init = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  Expression* ref = this->make_range_ref(range_object, range_temp, loc);
+  Expression* len_call = this->call_builtin(gogo, "len", ref, loc);
+  Temporary_statement* len_temp = Statement::make_temporary(index_temp->type(),
+                                                           len_call, loc);
+  init->add_statement(len_temp);
+
+  mpz_t zval;
+  mpz_init_set_ui(zval, 0UL);
+  Expression* zexpr = Expression::make_integer(&zval, NULL, loc);
+  mpz_clear(zval);
+
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(ref, zexpr, loc);
+  init->add_statement(s);
+
+  *pinit = init;
+
+  // Set *PCOND to
+  //   index_temp < len_temp
+
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+  Expression* ref2 = Expression::make_temporary_reference(len_temp, loc);
+  Expression* lt = Expression::make_binary(OPERATOR_LT, ref, ref2, loc);
+
+  *pcond = lt;
+
+  // Set *PITER_INIT to
+  //   value_temp = range[index_temp]
+
+  Block* iter_init = NULL;
+  if (value_temp != NULL)
+    {
+      iter_init = new Block(body_block, loc);
+
+      ref = this->make_range_ref(range_object, range_temp, loc);
+      Expression* ref2 = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+      Expression* index = Expression::make_index(ref, ref2, NULL, loc);
+
+      ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(value_temp, loc);
+      s = Statement::make_assignment(ref, index, loc);
+
+      iter_init->add_statement(s);
+    }
+  *piter_init = iter_init;
+
+  // Set *PPOST to
+  //   index_temp++
+
+  Block* post = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_inc_statement(ref);
+  post->add_statement(s);
+  *ppost = post;
+}
+
+// Lower a for range over a string.
+
+void
+For_range_statement::lower_range_string(Gogo*,
+                                       Block* enclosing,
+                                       Block* body_block,
+                                       Named_object* range_object,
+                                       Temporary_statement* range_temp,
+                                       Temporary_statement* index_temp,
+                                       Temporary_statement* value_temp,
+                                       Block** pinit,
+                                       Expression** pcond,
+                                       Block** piter_init,
+                                       Block** ppost)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  // The loop we generate:
+  //   var next_index_temp int
+  //   for index_temp = 0; ; index_temp = next_index_temp {
+  //           next_index_temp, value_temp = stringiter2(range, index_temp)
+  //           if next_index_temp == 0 {
+  //                   break
+  //           }
+  //           index = index_temp
+  //           value = value_temp
+  //           original body
+  //   }
+
+  // Set *PINIT to
+  //   var next_index_temp int
+  //   index_temp = 0
+
+  Block* init = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  Temporary_statement* next_index_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(index_temp->type(), NULL, loc);
+  init->add_statement(next_index_temp);
+
+  mpz_t zval;
+  mpz_init_set_ui(zval, 0UL);
+  Expression* zexpr = Expression::make_integer(&zval, NULL, loc);
+
+  Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(ref, zexpr, loc);
+
+  init->add_statement(s);
+  *pinit = init;
+
+  // The loop has no condition.
+
+  *pcond = NULL;
+
+  // Set *PITER_INIT to
+  //   next_index_temp = runtime.stringiter(range, index_temp)
+  // or
+  //   next_index_temp, value_temp = runtime.stringiter2(range, index_temp)
+  // followed by
+  //   if next_index_temp == 0 {
+  //           break
+  //   }
+
+  Block* iter_init = new Block(body_block, loc);
+
+  Expression* p1 = this->make_range_ref(range_object, range_temp, loc);
+  Expression* p2 = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+  Call_expression* call = Runtime::make_call((value_temp == NULL
+                                             ? Runtime::STRINGITER
+                                             : Runtime::STRINGITER2),
+                                            loc, 2, p1, p2);
+
+  if (value_temp == NULL)
+    {
+      ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(next_index_temp, loc);
+      s = Statement::make_assignment(ref, call, loc);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Expression_list* lhs = new Expression_list();
+      lhs->push_back(Expression::make_temporary_reference(next_index_temp,
+                                                         loc));
+      lhs->push_back(Expression::make_temporary_reference(value_temp, loc));
+
+      Expression_list* rhs = new Expression_list();
+      rhs->push_back(Expression::make_call_result(call, 0));
+      rhs->push_back(Expression::make_call_result(call, 1));
+
+      s = Statement::make_tuple_assignment(lhs, rhs, loc);
+    }
+  iter_init->add_statement(s);
+
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(next_index_temp, loc);
+  zexpr = Expression::make_integer(&zval, NULL, loc);
+  mpz_clear(zval);
+  Expression* equals = Expression::make_binary(OPERATOR_EQEQ, ref, zexpr, loc);
+
+  Block* then_block = new Block(iter_init, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_break_statement(this->break_label(), loc);
+  then_block->add_statement(s);
+
+  s = Statement::make_if_statement(equals, then_block, NULL, loc);
+  iter_init->add_statement(s);
+
+  *piter_init = iter_init;
+
+  // Set *PPOST to
+  //   index_temp = next_index_temp
+
+  Block* post = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  Expression* lhs = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+  Expression* rhs = Expression::make_temporary_reference(next_index_temp, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_assignment(lhs, rhs, loc);
+
+  post->add_statement(s);
+  *ppost = post;
+}
+
+// Lower a for range over a map.
+
+void
+For_range_statement::lower_range_map(Gogo*,
+                                    Block* enclosing,
+                                    Block* body_block,
+                                    Named_object* range_object,
+                                    Temporary_statement* range_temp,
+                                    Temporary_statement* index_temp,
+                                    Temporary_statement* value_temp,
+                                    Block** pinit,
+                                    Expression** pcond,
+                                    Block** piter_init,
+                                    Block** ppost)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  // The runtime uses a struct to handle ranges over a map.  The
+  // struct is four pointers long.  The first pointer is NULL when we
+  // have completed the iteration.
+
+  // The loop we generate:
+  //   var hiter map_iteration_struct
+  //   for mapiterinit(range, &hiter); hiter[0] != nil; mapiternext(&hiter) {
+  //           mapiter2(hiter, &index_temp, &value_temp)
+  //           index = index_temp
+  //           value = value_temp
+  //           original body
+  //   }
+
+  // Set *PINIT to
+  //   var hiter map_iteration_struct
+  //   runtime.mapiterinit(range, &hiter)
+
+  Block* init = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  Type* map_iteration_type = Runtime::map_iteration_type();
+  Temporary_statement* hiter = Statement::make_temporary(map_iteration_type,
+                                                        NULL, loc);
+  init->add_statement(hiter);
+
+  Expression* p1 = this->make_range_ref(range_object, range_temp, loc);
+  Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(hiter, loc);
+  Expression* p2 = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc);
+  Expression* call = Runtime::make_call(Runtime::MAPITERINIT, loc, 2, p1, p2);
+  init->add_statement(Statement::make_statement(call));
+
+  *pinit = init;
+
+  // Set *PCOND to
+  //   hiter[0] != nil
+
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(hiter, loc);
+
+  mpz_t zval;
+  mpz_init_set_ui(zval, 0UL);
+  Expression* zexpr = Expression::make_integer(&zval, NULL, loc);
+  mpz_clear(zval);
+
+  Expression* index = Expression::make_index(ref, zexpr, NULL, loc);
+
+  Expression* ne = Expression::make_binary(OPERATOR_NOTEQ, index,
+                                          Expression::make_nil(loc),
+                                          loc);
+
+  *pcond = ne;
+
+  // Set *PITER_INIT to
+  //   mapiter1(hiter, &index_temp)
+  // or
+  //   mapiter2(hiter, &index_temp, &value_temp)
+
+  Block* iter_init = new Block(body_block, loc);
+
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(hiter, loc);
+  p1 = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc);
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+  p2 = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc);
+  if (value_temp == NULL)
+    call = Runtime::make_call(Runtime::MAPITER1, loc, 2, p1, p2);
+  else
+    {
+      ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(value_temp, loc);
+      Expression* p3 = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc);
+      call = Runtime::make_call(Runtime::MAPITER2, loc, 3, p1, p2, p3);
+    }
+  iter_init->add_statement(Statement::make_statement(call));
+
+  *piter_init = iter_init;
+
+  // Set *PPOST to
+  //   mapiternext(&hiter)
+
+  Block* post = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(hiter, loc);
+  p1 = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc);
+  call = Runtime::make_call(Runtime::MAPITERNEXT, loc, 1, p1);
+  post->add_statement(Statement::make_statement(call));
+
+  *ppost = post;
+}
+
+// Lower a for range over a channel.
+
+void
+For_range_statement::lower_range_channel(Gogo*,
+                                        Block*,
+                                        Block* body_block,
+                                        Named_object* range_object,
+                                        Temporary_statement* range_temp,
+                                        Temporary_statement* index_temp,
+                                        Temporary_statement* value_temp,
+                                        Block** pinit,
+                                        Expression** pcond,
+                                        Block** piter_init,
+                                        Block** ppost)
+{
+  go_assert(value_temp == NULL);
+
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  // The loop we generate:
+  //   for {
+  //           index_temp, ok_temp = <-range
+  //           if !ok_temp {
+  //                   break
+  //           }
+  //           index = index_temp
+  //           original body
+  //   }
+
+  // We have no initialization code, no condition, and no post code.
+
+  *pinit = NULL;
+  *pcond = NULL;
+  *ppost = NULL;
+
+  // Set *PITER_INIT to
+  //   index_temp, ok_temp = <-range
+  //   if !ok_temp {
+  //           break
+  //   }
+
+  Block* iter_init = new Block(body_block, loc);
+
+  Temporary_statement* ok_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(Type::lookup_bool_type(), NULL, loc);
+  iter_init->add_statement(ok_temp);
+
+  Expression* cref = this->make_range_ref(range_object, range_temp, loc);
+  Expression* iref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+  Expression* oref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(ok_temp, loc);
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_receive_assignment(iref, oref, cref,
+                                                         false, loc);
+  iter_init->add_statement(s);
+
+  Block* then_block = new Block(iter_init, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_break_statement(this->break_label(), loc);
+  then_block->add_statement(s);
+
+  oref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(ok_temp, loc);
+  Expression* cond = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_NOT, oref, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_if_statement(cond, then_block, NULL, loc);
+  iter_init->add_statement(s);
+
+  *piter_init = iter_init;
+}
+
+// Return the break LABEL_EXPR.
+
+Unnamed_label*
+For_range_statement::break_label()
+{
+  if (this->break_label_ == NULL)
+    this->break_label_ = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+  return this->break_label_;
+}
+
+// Return the continue LABEL_EXPR.
+
+Unnamed_label*
+For_range_statement::continue_label()
+{
+  if (this->continue_label_ == NULL)
+    this->continue_label_ = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+  return this->continue_label_;
+}
+
+// Make a for statement with a range clause.
+
+For_range_statement*
+Statement::make_for_range_statement(Expression* index_var,
+                                   Expression* value_var,
+                                   Expression* range,
+                                   source_location location)
+{
+  return new For_range_statement(index_var, value_var, range, location);
+}
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/statements.cc.working b/gcc/go/gofrontend/statements.cc.working
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..d24d98f
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,5396 @@
+// statements.cc -- Go frontend statements.
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "go-system.h"
+
+#include <gmp.h>
+
+#ifndef ENABLE_BUILD_WITH_CXX
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif
+
+#include "intl.h"
+#include "tree.h"
+#include "gimple.h"
+#include "convert.h"
+#include "tree-iterator.h"
+#include "tree-flow.h"
+#include "real.h"
+
+#ifndef ENABLE_BUILD_WITH_CXX
+}
+#endif
+
+#include "go-c.h"
+#include "types.h"
+#include "expressions.h"
+#include "gogo.h"
+#include "statements.h"
+
+// Class Statement.
+
+Statement::Statement(Statement_classification classification,
+                    source_location location)
+  : classification_(classification), location_(location)
+{
+}
+
+Statement::~Statement()
+{
+}
+
+// Traverse the tree.  The work of walking the components is handled
+// by the subclasses.
+
+int
+Statement::traverse(Block* block, size_t* pindex, Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->classification_ == STATEMENT_ERROR)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+
+  unsigned int traverse_mask = traverse->traverse_mask();
+
+  if ((traverse_mask & Traverse::traverse_statements) != 0)
+    {
+      int t = traverse->statement(block, pindex, this);
+      if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+      else if (t == TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS)
+       return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    }
+
+  // No point in checking traverse_mask here--a statement may contain
+  // other blocks or statements, and if we got here we always want to
+  // walk them.
+  return this->do_traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Traverse the contents of a statement.
+
+int
+Statement::traverse_contents(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  return this->do_traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Traverse assignments.
+
+bool
+Statement::traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments* tassign)
+{
+  if (this->classification_ == STATEMENT_ERROR)
+    return false;
+  return this->do_traverse_assignments(tassign);
+}
+
+// Traverse an expression in a statement.  This is a helper function
+// for child classes.
+
+int
+Statement::traverse_expression(Traverse* traverse, Expression** expr)
+{
+  if ((traverse->traverse_mask()
+       & (Traverse::traverse_types | Traverse::traverse_expressions)) == 0)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  return Expression::traverse(expr, traverse);
+}
+
+// Traverse an expression list in a statement.  This is a helper
+// function for child classes.
+
+int
+Statement::traverse_expression_list(Traverse* traverse,
+                                   Expression_list* expr_list)
+{
+  if (expr_list == NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  if ((traverse->traverse_mask()
+       & (Traverse::traverse_types | Traverse::traverse_expressions)) == 0)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  return expr_list->traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Traverse a type in a statement.  This is a helper function for
+// child classes.
+
+int
+Statement::traverse_type(Traverse* traverse, Type* type)
+{
+  if ((traverse->traverse_mask()
+       & (Traverse::traverse_types | Traverse::traverse_expressions)) == 0)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  return Type::traverse(type, traverse);
+}
+
+// Set type information for unnamed constants.  This is really done by
+// the child class.
+
+void
+Statement::determine_types()
+{
+  this->do_determine_types();
+}
+
+// If this is a thunk statement, return it.
+
+Thunk_statement*
+Statement::thunk_statement()
+{
+  Thunk_statement* ret = this->convert<Thunk_statement, STATEMENT_GO>();
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    ret = this->convert<Thunk_statement, STATEMENT_DEFER>();
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a Statement.  This is really done by the child
+// class.
+
+tree
+Statement::get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->classification_ == STATEMENT_ERROR)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  return this->do_get_tree(context);
+}
+
+// Build tree nodes and set locations.
+
+tree
+Statement::build_stmt_1(int tree_code_value, tree node)
+{
+  tree ret = build1(static_cast<tree_code>(tree_code_value),
+                   void_type_node, node);
+  SET_EXPR_LOCATION(ret, this->location_);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Note that this statement is erroneous.  This is called by children
+// when they discover an error.
+
+void
+Statement::set_is_error()
+{
+  this->classification_ = STATEMENT_ERROR;
+}
+
+// For children to call to report an error conveniently.
+
+void
+Statement::report_error(const char* msg)
+{
+  error_at(this->location_, "%s", msg);
+  this->set_is_error();
+}
+
+// An error statement, used to avoid crashing after we report an
+// error.
+
+class Error_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Error_statement(source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_ERROR, location)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+};
+
+// Make an error statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_error_statement(source_location location)
+{
+  return new Error_statement(location);
+}
+
+// Class Variable_declaration_statement.
+
+Variable_declaration_statement::Variable_declaration_statement(
+    Named_object* var)
+  : Statement(STATEMENT_VARIABLE_DECLARATION, var->var_value()->location()),
+    var_(var)
+{
+}
+
+// We don't actually traverse the variable here; it was traversed
+// while traversing the Block.
+
+int
+Variable_declaration_statement::do_traverse(Traverse*)
+{
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Traverse the assignments in a variable declaration.  Note that this
+// traversal is different from the usual traversal.
+
+bool
+Variable_declaration_statement::do_traverse_assignments(
+    Traverse_assignments* tassign)
+{
+  tassign->initialize_variable(this->var_);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Return the tree for a variable declaration.
+
+tree
+Variable_declaration_statement::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree val = this->var_->get_tree(context->gogo(), context->function());
+  if (val == error_mark_node || TREE_TYPE(val) == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  Variable* variable = this->var_->var_value();
+
+  tree init = variable->get_init_tree(context->gogo(), context->function());
+  if (init == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  // If this variable lives on the heap, we need to allocate it now.
+  if (!variable->is_in_heap())
+    {
+      DECL_INITIAL(val) = init;
+      return this->build_stmt_1(DECL_EXPR, val);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(val) == INDIRECT_REF);
+      tree decl = TREE_OPERAND(val, 0);
+      gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(decl) == VAR_DECL);
+      tree type = TREE_TYPE(decl);
+      gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(type));
+      tree size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(TREE_TYPE(type));
+      tree space = context->gogo()->allocate_memory(variable->type(), size,
+                                                   this->location());
+      space = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(decl), space);
+      DECL_INITIAL(decl) = space;
+      return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                   this->build_stmt_1(DECL_EXPR, decl),
+                   build2(MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node, val, init));
+    }
+}
+
+// Make a variable declaration.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_variable_declaration(Named_object* var)
+{
+  return new Variable_declaration_statement(var);
+}
+
+// Class Temporary_statement.
+
+// Return the type of the temporary variable.
+
+Type*
+Temporary_statement::type() const
+{
+  return this->type_ != NULL ? this->type_ : this->init_->type();
+}
+
+// Return the tree for the temporary variable.
+
+tree
+Temporary_statement::get_decl() const
+{
+  if (this->decl_ == NULL)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+  return this->decl_;
+}
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Temporary_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL
+      && this->traverse_type(traverse, this->type_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->init_ == NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  else
+    return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->init_);
+}
+
+// Traverse assignments.
+
+bool
+Temporary_statement::do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments* tassign)
+{
+  if (this->init_ == NULL)
+    return false;
+  tassign->value(&this->init_, true, true);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Determine types.
+
+void
+Temporary_statement::do_determine_types()
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && this->type_->is_abstract())
+    this->type_ = this->type_->make_non_abstract_type();
+
+  if (this->init_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->type_ == NULL)
+       this->init_->determine_type_no_context();
+      else
+       {
+         Type_context context(this->type_, false);
+         this->init_->determine_type(&context);
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (this->type_ == NULL)
+    {
+      this->type_ = this->init_->type();
+      gcc_assert(!this->type_->is_abstract());
+    }
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+Temporary_statement::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->type_ != NULL && this->init_ != NULL)
+    {
+      std::string reason;
+      if (!Type::are_assignable(this->type_, this->init_->type(), &reason))
+       {
+         if (reason.empty())
+           error_at(this->location(), "incompatible types in assignment");
+         else
+           error_at(this->location(), "incompatible types in assignment (%s)",
+                    reason.c_str());
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a tree.
+
+tree
+Temporary_statement::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->decl_ == NULL_TREE);
+  tree type_tree = this->type()->get_tree(context->gogo());
+  tree init_tree = (this->init_ == NULL
+                   ? NULL_TREE
+                   : this->init_->get_tree(context));
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node || init_tree == error_mark_node)
+    {
+      this->decl_ = error_mark_node;
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+  // We can only use create_tmp_var if the type is not addressable.
+  if (!TREE_ADDRESSABLE(type_tree))
+    {
+      this->decl_ = create_tmp_var(type_tree, "GOTMP");
+      DECL_SOURCE_LOCATION(this->decl_) = this->location();
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      gcc_assert(context->function() != NULL && context->block() != NULL);
+      tree decl = build_decl(this->location(), VAR_DECL,
+                            create_tmp_var_name("GOTMP"),
+                            type_tree);
+      DECL_ARTIFICIAL(decl) = 1;
+      DECL_IGNORED_P(decl) = 1;
+      TREE_USED(decl) = 1;
+      gcc_assert(current_function_decl != NULL_TREE);
+      DECL_CONTEXT(decl) = current_function_decl;
+
+      // We have to add this variable to the block so that it winds up
+      // in a BIND_EXPR.
+      tree block_tree = context->block_tree();
+      gcc_assert(block_tree != NULL_TREE);
+      DECL_CHAIN(decl) = BLOCK_VARS(block_tree);
+      BLOCK_VARS(block_tree) = decl;
+
+      this->decl_ = decl;
+    }
+  if (init_tree != NULL_TREE)
+    DECL_INITIAL(this->decl_) =
+      Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, this->type(),
+                                        this->init_->type(), init_tree,
+                                        this->location());
+  if (this->is_address_taken_)
+    TREE_ADDRESSABLE(this->decl_) = 1;
+  return this->build_stmt_1(DECL_EXPR, this->decl_);
+}
+
+// Make and initialize a temporary variable in BLOCK.
+
+Temporary_statement*
+Statement::make_temporary(Type* type, Expression* init,
+                         source_location location)
+{
+  return new Temporary_statement(type, init, location);
+}
+
+// An assignment statement.
+
+class Assignment_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Assignment_statement(Expression* lhs, Expression* rhs,
+                      source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_ASSIGNMENT, location),
+      lhs_(lhs), rhs_(rhs)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*);
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types();
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // Left hand side--the lvalue.
+  Expression* lhs_;
+  // Right hand side--the rvalue.
+  Expression* rhs_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Assignment_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->lhs_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->rhs_);
+}
+
+bool
+Assignment_statement::do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments* tassign)
+{
+  tassign->assignment(&this->lhs_, &this->rhs_);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Set types for the assignment.
+
+void
+Assignment_statement::do_determine_types()
+{
+  this->lhs_->determine_type_no_context();
+  Type_context context(this->lhs_->type(), false);
+  this->rhs_->determine_type(&context);
+}
+
+// Check types for an assignment.
+
+void
+Assignment_statement::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  // The left hand side must be either addressable, a map index
+  // expression, or the blank identifier.
+  if (!this->lhs_->is_addressable()
+      && this->lhs_->map_index_expression() == NULL
+      && !this->lhs_->is_sink_expression())
+    {
+      if (!this->lhs_->type()->is_error_type())
+       this->report_error(_("invalid left hand side of assignment"));
+      return;
+    }
+
+  Type* lhs_type = this->lhs_->type();
+  Type* rhs_type = this->rhs_->type();
+  std::string reason;
+  if (!Type::are_assignable(lhs_type, rhs_type, &reason))
+    {
+      if (reason.empty())
+       error_at(this->location(), "incompatible types in assignment");
+      else
+       error_at(this->location(), "incompatible types in assignment (%s)",
+                reason.c_str());
+      this->set_is_error();
+    }
+
+  if (lhs_type->is_error_type()
+      || rhs_type->is_error_type()
+      || lhs_type->is_undefined()
+      || rhs_type->is_undefined())
+    {
+      // Make sure we get the error for an undefined type.
+      lhs_type->base();
+      rhs_type->base();
+      this->set_is_error();
+    }
+}
+
+// Build a tree for an assignment statement.
+
+tree
+Assignment_statement::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree rhs_tree = this->rhs_->get_tree(context);
+
+  if (this->lhs_->is_sink_expression())
+    return rhs_tree;
+
+  tree lhs_tree = this->lhs_->get_tree(context);
+
+  if (lhs_tree == error_mark_node || rhs_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  rhs_tree = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, this->lhs_->type(),
+                                               this->rhs_->type(), rhs_tree,
+                                               this->location());
+  if (rhs_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  return fold_build2_loc(this->location(), MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                        lhs_tree, rhs_tree);
+}
+
+// Make an assignment statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_assignment(Expression* lhs, Expression* rhs,
+                          source_location location)
+{
+  return new Assignment_statement(lhs, rhs, location);
+}
+
+// The Move_ordered_evals class is used to find any subexpressions of
+// an expression that have an evaluation order dependency.  It creates
+// temporary variables to hold them.
+
+class Move_ordered_evals : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Move_ordered_evals(Block* block)
+    : Traverse(traverse_expressions),
+      block_(block)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  expression(Expression**);
+
+ private:
+  // The block where new temporary variables should be added.
+  Block* block_;
+};
+
+int
+Move_ordered_evals::expression(Expression** pexpr)
+{
+  // We have to look at subexpressions first.
+  if ((*pexpr)->traverse_subexpressions(this) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if ((*pexpr)->must_eval_in_order())
+    {
+      source_location loc = (*pexpr)->location();
+      Temporary_statement* temp = Statement::make_temporary(NULL, *pexpr, loc);
+      this->block_->add_statement(temp);
+      *pexpr = Expression::make_temporary_reference(temp, loc);
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+}
+
+// An assignment operation statement.
+
+class Assignment_operation_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Assignment_operation_statement(Operator op, Expression* lhs, Expression* rhs,
+                                source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_ASSIGNMENT_OPERATION, location),
+      op_(op), lhs_(lhs), rhs_(rhs)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // The operator (OPERATOR_PLUSEQ, etc.).
+  Operator op_;
+  // Left hand side.
+  Expression* lhs_;
+  // Right hand side.
+  Expression* rhs_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Assignment_operation_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->lhs_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->rhs_);
+}
+
+// Lower an assignment operation statement to a regular assignment
+// statement.
+
+Statement*
+Assignment_operation_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*,
+                                        Block* enclosing)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  // We have to evaluate the left hand side expression only once.  We
+  // do this by moving out any expression with side effects.
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+  Move_ordered_evals moe(b);
+  this->lhs_->traverse_subexpressions(&moe);
+
+  Expression* lval = this->lhs_->copy();
+
+  Operator op;
+  switch (this->op_)
+    {
+    case OPERATOR_PLUSEQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_PLUS;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MINUSEQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_MINUS;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_OREQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_OR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_XOREQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_XOR;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MULTEQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_MULT;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_DIVEQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_DIV;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_MODEQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_MOD;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_LSHIFTEQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_LSHIFT;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_RSHIFTEQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_RSHIFT;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_ANDEQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_AND;
+      break;
+    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAREQ:
+      op = OPERATOR_BITCLEAR;
+      break;
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  Expression* binop = Expression::make_binary(op, lval, this->rhs_, loc);
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(this->lhs_, binop, loc);
+  if (b->statements()->empty())
+    {
+      delete b;
+      return s;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      b->add_statement(s);
+      return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+    }
+}
+
+// Make an assignment operation statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_assignment_operation(Operator op, Expression* lhs,
+                                    Expression* rhs, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Assignment_operation_statement(op, lhs, rhs, location);
+}
+
+// A tuple assignment statement.  This differs from an assignment
+// statement in that the right-hand-side expressions are evaluated in
+// parallel.
+
+class Tuple_assignment_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Tuple_assignment_statement(Expression_list* lhs, Expression_list* rhs,
+                            source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_TUPLE_ASSIGNMENT, location),
+      lhs_(lhs), rhs_(rhs)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // Left hand side--a list of lvalues.
+  Expression_list* lhs_;
+  // Right hand side--a list of rvalues.
+  Expression_list* rhs_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Tuple_assignment_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression_list(traverse, this->lhs_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->traverse_expression_list(traverse, this->rhs_);
+}
+
+// Lower a tuple assignment.  We use temporary variables to split it
+// up into a set of single assignments.
+
+Statement*
+Tuple_assignment_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block* enclosing)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+  
+  // First move out any subexpressions on the left hand side.  The
+  // right hand side will be evaluated in the required order anyhow.
+  Move_ordered_evals moe(b);
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator plhs = this->lhs_->begin();
+       plhs != this->lhs_->end();
+       ++plhs)
+    (*plhs)->traverse_subexpressions(&moe);
+
+  std::vector<Temporary_statement*> temps;
+  temps.reserve(this->lhs_->size());
+
+  Expression_list::const_iterator prhs = this->rhs_->begin();
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator plhs = this->lhs_->begin();
+       plhs != this->lhs_->end();
+       ++plhs, ++prhs)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(prhs != this->rhs_->end());
+
+      if ((*plhs)->is_error_expression()
+         || (*plhs)->type()->is_error_type()
+         || (*prhs)->is_error_expression()
+         || (*prhs)->type()->is_error_type())
+       continue;
+
+      if ((*plhs)->is_sink_expression())
+       {
+         b->add_statement(Statement::make_statement(*prhs));
+         continue;
+       }
+
+      Temporary_statement* temp = Statement::make_temporary((*plhs)->type(),
+                                                           *prhs, loc);
+      b->add_statement(temp);
+      temps.push_back(temp);
+
+    }
+  gcc_assert(prhs == this->rhs_->end());
+
+  prhs = this->rhs_->begin();
+  std::vector<Temporary_statement*>::const_iterator ptemp = temps.begin();
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator plhs = this->lhs_->begin();
+       plhs != this->lhs_->end();
+       ++plhs, ++prhs)
+    {
+      if ((*plhs)->is_error_expression()
+         || (*plhs)->type()->is_error_type()
+         || (*prhs)->is_error_expression()
+         || (*prhs)->type()->is_error_type())
+       continue;
+
+      if ((*plhs)->is_sink_expression())
+       continue;
+
+      Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(*ptemp, loc);
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(*plhs, ref, loc);
+      b->add_statement(s);
+      ++ptemp;
+    }
+  gcc_assert(ptemp == temps.end());
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Make a tuple assignment statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_tuple_assignment(Expression_list* lhs, Expression_list* rhs,
+                                source_location location)
+{
+  return new Tuple_assignment_statement(lhs, rhs, location);
+}
+
+// A tuple assignment from a map index expression.
+//   v, ok = m[k]
+
+class Tuple_map_assignment_statement : public Statement
+{
+public:
+  Tuple_map_assignment_statement(Expression* val, Expression* present,
+                                Expression* map_index,
+                                source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_TUPLE_MAP_ASSIGNMENT, location),
+      val_(val), present_(present), map_index_(map_index)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // Lvalue which receives the value from the map.
+  Expression* val_;
+  // Lvalue which receives whether the key value was present.
+  Expression* present_;
+  // The map index expression.
+  Expression* map_index_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Tuple_map_assignment_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->val_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->present_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->map_index_);
+}
+
+// Lower a tuple map assignment.
+
+Statement*
+Tuple_map_assignment_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*,
+                                        Block* enclosing)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  Map_index_expression* map_index = this->map_index_->map_index_expression();
+  if (map_index == NULL)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("expected map index on right hand side"));
+      return Statement::make_error_statement(loc);
+    }
+  Map_type* map_type = map_index->get_map_type();
+  if (map_type == NULL)
+    return Statement::make_error_statement(loc);
+
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  // Move out any subexpressions to make sure that functions are
+  // called in the required order.
+  Move_ordered_evals moe(b);
+  this->val_->traverse_subexpressions(&moe);
+  this->present_->traverse_subexpressions(&moe);
+
+  // Copy the key value into a temporary so that we can take its
+  // address without pushing the value onto the heap.
+
+  // var key_temp KEY_TYPE = MAP_INDEX
+  Temporary_statement* key_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(map_type->key_type(), map_index->index(), loc);
+  b->add_statement(key_temp);
+
+  // var val_temp VAL_TYPE
+  Temporary_statement* val_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(map_type->val_type(), NULL, loc);
+  b->add_statement(val_temp);
+
+  // var present_temp bool
+  Temporary_statement* present_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(Type::lookup_bool_type(), NULL, loc);
+  b->add_statement(present_temp);
+
+  // func mapaccess2(hmap map[k]v, key *k, val *v) bool
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+  Typed_identifier_list* param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("hmap", map_type, bloc));
+  Type* pkey_type = Type::make_pointer_type(map_type->key_type());
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("key", pkey_type, bloc));
+  Type* pval_type = Type::make_pointer_type(map_type->val_type());
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("val", pval_type, bloc));
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* ret_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  ret_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("", Type::lookup_bool_type(), bloc));
+
+  Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types,
+                                                  ret_types, bloc);
+  Named_object* mapaccess2 =
+    Named_object::make_function_declaration("mapaccess2", NULL, fntype, bloc);
+  mapaccess2->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name("runtime.mapaccess2");
+
+  // present_temp = mapaccess2(MAP, &key_temp, &val_temp)
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(mapaccess2, NULL, loc);
+  Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+  params->push_back(map_index->map());
+  Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(key_temp, loc);
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc));
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp, loc);
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc));
+  Expression* call = Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(present_temp, loc);
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(ref, call, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  // val = val_temp
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_assignment(this->val_, ref, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  // present = present_temp
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(present_temp, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_assignment(this->present_, ref, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Make a map assignment statement which returns a pair of values.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_tuple_map_assignment(Expression* val, Expression* present,
+                                    Expression* map_index,
+                                    source_location location)
+{
+  return new Tuple_map_assignment_statement(val, present, map_index, location);
+}
+
+// Assign a pair of entries to a map.
+//   m[k] = v, p
+
+class Map_assignment_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Map_assignment_statement(Expression* map_index,
+                          Expression* val, Expression* should_set,
+                          source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_MAP_ASSIGNMENT, location),
+      map_index_(map_index), val_(val), should_set_(should_set)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // A reference to the map index which should be set or deleted.
+  Expression* map_index_;
+  // The value to add to the map.
+  Expression* val_;
+  // Whether or not to add the value.
+  Expression* should_set_;
+};
+
+// Traverse a map assignment.
+
+int
+Map_assignment_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->map_index_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->val_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->should_set_);
+}
+
+// Lower a map assignment to a function call.
+
+Statement*
+Map_assignment_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block* enclosing)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  Map_index_expression* map_index = this->map_index_->map_index_expression();
+  if (map_index == NULL)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("expected map index on left hand side"));
+      return Statement::make_error_statement(loc);
+    }
+  Map_type* map_type = map_index->get_map_type();
+  if (map_type == NULL)
+    return Statement::make_error_statement(loc);
+
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  // Evaluate the map first to get order of evaluation right.
+  // map_temp := m // we are evaluating m[k] = v, p
+  Temporary_statement* map_temp = Statement::make_temporary(map_type,
+                                                           map_index->map(),
+                                                           loc);
+  b->add_statement(map_temp);
+
+  // var key_temp MAP_KEY_TYPE = k
+  Temporary_statement* key_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(map_type->key_type(), map_index->index(), loc);
+  b->add_statement(key_temp);
+
+  // var val_temp MAP_VAL_TYPE = v
+  Temporary_statement* val_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(map_type->val_type(), this->val_, loc);
+  b->add_statement(val_temp);
+
+  // func mapassign2(hmap map[k]v, key *k, val *v, p)
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+  Typed_identifier_list* param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("hmap", map_type, bloc));
+  Type* pkey_type = Type::make_pointer_type(map_type->key_type());
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("key", pkey_type, bloc));
+  Type* pval_type = Type::make_pointer_type(map_type->val_type());
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("val", pval_type, bloc));
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("p", Type::lookup_bool_type(), bloc));
+  Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types,
+                                                  NULL, bloc);
+  Named_object* mapassign2 =
+    Named_object::make_function_declaration("mapassign2", NULL, fntype, bloc);
+  mapassign2->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name("runtime.mapassign2");
+
+  // mapassign2(map_temp, &key_temp, &val_temp, p)
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(mapassign2, NULL, loc);
+  Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_temporary_reference(map_temp, loc));
+  Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(key_temp, loc);
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc));
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp, loc);
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc));
+  params->push_back(this->should_set_);
+  Expression* call = Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_statement(call);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Make a statement which assigns a pair of entries to a map.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_map_assignment(Expression* map_index,
+                              Expression* val, Expression* should_set,
+                              source_location location)
+{
+  return new Map_assignment_statement(map_index, val, should_set, location);
+}
+
+// A tuple assignment from a receive statement.
+
+class Tuple_receive_assignment_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Tuple_receive_assignment_statement(Expression* val, Expression* closed,
+                                    Expression* channel, bool for_select,
+                                    source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_TUPLE_RECEIVE_ASSIGNMENT, location),
+      val_(val), closed_(closed), channel_(channel), for_select_(for_select)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // Lvalue which receives the value from the channel.
+  Expression* val_;
+  // Lvalue which receives whether the channel is closed.
+  Expression* closed_;
+  // The channel on which we receive the value.
+  Expression* channel_;
+  // Whether this is for a select statement.
+  bool for_select_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Tuple_receive_assignment_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->val_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->closed_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->channel_);
+}
+
+// Lower to a function call.
+
+Statement*
+Tuple_receive_assignment_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*,
+                                            Block* enclosing)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  Channel_type* channel_type = this->channel_->type()->channel_type();
+  if (channel_type == NULL)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("expected channel"));
+      return Statement::make_error_statement(loc);
+    }
+  if (!channel_type->may_receive())
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("invalid receive on send-only channel"));
+      return Statement::make_error_statement(loc);
+    }
+
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  // Make sure that any subexpressions on the left hand side are
+  // evaluated in the right order.
+  Move_ordered_evals moe(b);
+  this->val_->traverse_subexpressions(&moe);
+  this->closed_->traverse_subexpressions(&moe);
+
+  // var val_temp ELEMENT_TYPE
+  Temporary_statement* val_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(channel_type->element_type(), NULL, loc);
+  b->add_statement(val_temp);
+
+  // var closed_temp bool
+  Temporary_statement* closed_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(Type::lookup_bool_type(), NULL, loc);
+  b->add_statement(closed_temp);
+
+  // func chanrecv2(c chan T, val *T) bool
+  // func chanrecv3(c chan T, val *T) bool (if for_select)
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+  Typed_identifier_list* param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("c", channel_type, bloc));
+  Type* pelement_type = Type::make_pointer_type(channel_type->element_type());
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("val", pelement_type, bloc));
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* ret_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  ret_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("", Type::lookup_bool_type(), bloc));
+
+  Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types,
+                                                  ret_types, bloc);
+  Named_object* chanrecv;
+  if (!this->for_select_)
+    {
+      chanrecv = Named_object::make_function_declaration("chanrecv2", NULL,
+                                                        fntype, bloc);
+      chanrecv->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name("runtime.chanrecv2");
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      chanrecv = Named_object::make_function_declaration("chanrecv3", NULL,
+                                                        fntype, bloc);
+      chanrecv->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name("runtime.chanrecv3");
+    }
+
+  // closed_temp = chanrecv[23](channel, &val_temp)
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(chanrecv, NULL, loc);
+  Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+  params->push_back(this->channel_);
+  Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp, loc);
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc));
+  Expression* call = Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(closed_temp, loc);
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(ref, call, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  // val = val_temp
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_assignment(this->val_, ref, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  // closed = closed_temp
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(closed_temp, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_assignment(this->closed_, ref, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Make a nonblocking receive statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_tuple_receive_assignment(Expression* val, Expression* closed,
+                                        Expression* channel,
+                                        bool for_select,
+                                        source_location location)
+{
+  return new Tuple_receive_assignment_statement(val, closed, channel,
+                                               for_select, location);
+}
+
+// An assignment to a pair of values from a type guard.  This is a
+// conditional type guard.  v, ok = i.(type).
+
+class Tuple_type_guard_assignment_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Tuple_type_guard_assignment_statement(Expression* val, Expression* ok,
+                                       Expression* expr, Type* type,
+                                       source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_TUPLE_TYPE_GUARD_ASSIGNMENT, location),
+      val_(val), ok_(ok), expr_(expr), type_(type)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  Call_expression*
+  lower_to_empty_interface(const char*);
+
+  Call_expression*
+  lower_to_type(const char*);
+
+  void
+  lower_to_object_type(Block*, const char*);
+
+  // The variable which recieves the converted value.
+  Expression* val_;
+  // The variable which receives the indication of success.
+  Expression* ok_;
+  // The expression being converted.
+  Expression* expr_;
+  // The type to which the expression is being converted.
+  Type* type_;
+};
+
+// Traverse a type guard tuple assignment.
+
+int
+Tuple_type_guard_assignment_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->val_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->ok_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || this->traverse_type(traverse, this->type_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->expr_);
+}
+
+// Lower to a function call.
+
+Statement*
+Tuple_type_guard_assignment_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*,
+                                               Block* enclosing)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  Type* expr_type = this->expr_->type();
+  if (expr_type->interface_type() == NULL)
+    {
+      if (!expr_type->is_error_type() && !this->type_->is_error_type())
+       this->report_error(_("type assertion only valid for interface types"));
+      return Statement::make_error_statement(loc);
+    }
+
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  // Make sure that any subexpressions on the left hand side are
+  // evaluated in the right order.
+  Move_ordered_evals moe(b);
+  this->val_->traverse_subexpressions(&moe);
+  this->ok_->traverse_subexpressions(&moe);
+
+  bool expr_is_empty = expr_type->interface_type()->is_empty();
+  Call_expression* call;
+  if (this->type_->interface_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->type_->interface_type()->is_empty())
+       call = this->lower_to_empty_interface(expr_is_empty
+                                             ? "ifaceE2E2"
+                                             : "ifaceI2E2");
+      else
+       call = this->lower_to_type(expr_is_empty ? "ifaceE2I2" : "ifaceI2I2");
+    }
+  else if (this->type_->points_to() != NULL)
+    call = this->lower_to_type(expr_is_empty ? "ifaceE2T2P" : "ifaceI2T2P");
+  else
+    {
+      this->lower_to_object_type(b, expr_is_empty ? "ifaceE2T2" : "ifaceI2T2");
+      call = NULL;
+    }
+
+  if (call != NULL)
+    {
+      Expression* res = Expression::make_call_result(call, 0);
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(this->val_, res, loc);
+      b->add_statement(s);
+
+      res = Expression::make_call_result(call, 1);
+      s = Statement::make_assignment(this->ok_, res, loc);
+      b->add_statement(s);
+    }
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Lower a conversion to an empty interface type.
+
+Call_expression*
+Tuple_type_guard_assignment_statement::lower_to_empty_interface(
+    const char *fnname)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  // func FNNAME(interface) (empty, bool)
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+  Typed_identifier_list* param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("i", this->expr_->type(), bloc));
+  Typed_identifier_list* ret_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  ret_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("ret", this->type_, bloc));
+  ret_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("ok", Type::lookup_bool_type(), bloc));
+  Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types,
+                                                  ret_types, bloc);
+  Named_object* fn =
+    Named_object::make_function_declaration(fnname, NULL, fntype, bloc);
+  std::string asm_name = "runtime.";
+  asm_name += fnname;
+  fn->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(asm_name);
+
+  // val, ok = FNNAME(expr)
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(fn, NULL, loc);
+  Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+  params->push_back(this->expr_);
+  return Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+}
+
+// Lower a conversion to a non-empty interface type or a pointer type.
+
+Call_expression*
+Tuple_type_guard_assignment_statement::lower_to_type(const char* fnname)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  // func FNNAME(*descriptor, interface) (interface, bool)
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+  Typed_identifier_list* param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("inter",
+                                         Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type(),
+                                         bloc));
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("i", this->expr_->type(), bloc));
+  Typed_identifier_list* ret_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  ret_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("ret", this->type_, bloc));
+  ret_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("ok", Type::lookup_bool_type(), bloc));
+  Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types,
+                                                  ret_types, bloc);
+  Named_object* fn =
+    Named_object::make_function_declaration(fnname, NULL, fntype, bloc);
+  std::string asm_name = "runtime.";
+  asm_name += fnname;
+  fn->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(asm_name);
+
+  // val, ok = FNNAME(type_descriptor, expr)
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(fn, NULL, loc);
+  Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(this->type_, loc));
+  params->push_back(this->expr_);
+  return Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+}
+
+// Lower a conversion to a non-interface non-pointer type.
+
+void
+Tuple_type_guard_assignment_statement::lower_to_object_type(Block* b,
+                                                           const char *fnname)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  // var val_temp TYPE
+  Temporary_statement* val_temp = Statement::make_temporary(this->type_,
+                                                           NULL, loc);
+  b->add_statement(val_temp);
+
+  // func FNNAME(*descriptor, interface, *T) bool
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+  Typed_identifier_list* param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("inter",
+                                         Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type(),
+                                         bloc));
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("i", this->expr_->type(), bloc));
+  Type* ptype = Type::make_pointer_type(this->type_);
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("v", ptype, bloc));
+  Typed_identifier_list* ret_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  ret_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("ok", Type::lookup_bool_type(), bloc));
+  Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types,
+                                                  ret_types, bloc);
+  Named_object* fn =
+    Named_object::make_function_declaration(fnname, NULL, fntype, bloc);
+  std::string asm_name = "runtime.";
+  asm_name += fnname;
+  fn->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(asm_name);
+
+  // ok = FNNAME(type_descriptor, expr, &val_temp)
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(fn, NULL, loc);
+  Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(this->type_, loc));
+  params->push_back(this->expr_);
+  Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp, loc);
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc));
+  Expression* call = Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(this->ok_, call, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  // val = val_temp
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_assignment(this->val_, ref, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+}
+
+// Make an assignment from a type guard to a pair of variables.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_tuple_type_guard_assignment(Expression* val, Expression* ok,
+                                           Expression* expr, Type* type,
+                                           source_location location)
+{
+  return new Tuple_type_guard_assignment_statement(val, ok, expr, type,
+                                                  location);
+}
+
+// An expression statement.
+
+class Expression_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Expression_statement(Expression* expr)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_EXPRESSION, expr->location()),
+      expr_(expr)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->expr_); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types()
+  { this->expr_->determine_type_no_context(); }
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const;
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+  { return this->expr_->get_tree(context); }
+
+ private:
+  Expression* expr_;
+};
+
+// An expression statement may fall through unless it is a call to a
+// function which does not return.
+
+bool
+Expression_statement::do_may_fall_through() const
+{
+  const Call_expression* call = this->expr_->call_expression();
+  if (call != NULL)
+    {
+      const Expression* fn = call->fn();
+      const Func_expression* fe = fn->func_expression();
+      if (fe != NULL)
+       {
+         const Named_object* no = fe->named_object();
+
+         Function_type* fntype;
+         if (no->is_function())
+           fntype = no->func_value()->type();
+         else if (no->is_function_declaration())
+           fntype = no->func_declaration_value()->type();
+         else
+           fntype = NULL;
+
+         // The builtin function panic does not return.
+         if (fntype != NULL && fntype->is_builtin() && no->name() == "panic")
+           return false;
+       }
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Make an expression statement from an Expression.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_statement(Expression* expr)
+{
+  return new Expression_statement(expr);
+}
+
+// A block statement--a list of statements which may include variable
+// definitions.
+
+class Block_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Block_statement(Block* block, source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_BLOCK, location),
+      block_(block)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return this->block_->traverse(traverse); }
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types()
+  { this->block_->determine_types(); }
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const
+  { return this->block_->may_fall_through(); }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+  { return this->block_->get_tree(context); }
+
+ private:
+  Block* block_;
+};
+
+// Make a block statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_block_statement(Block* block, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Block_statement(block, location);
+}
+
+// An increment or decrement statement.
+
+class Inc_dec_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Inc_dec_statement(bool is_inc, Expression* expr)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_INCDEC, expr->location()),
+      expr_(expr), is_inc_(is_inc)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->expr_); }
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // The l-value to increment or decrement.
+  Expression* expr_;
+  // Whether to increment or decrement.
+  bool is_inc_;
+};
+
+// Lower to += or -=.
+
+Statement*
+Inc_dec_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  mpz_t oval;
+  mpz_init_set_ui(oval, 1UL);
+  Expression* oexpr = Expression::make_integer(&oval, NULL, loc);
+  mpz_clear(oval);
+
+  Operator op = this->is_inc_ ? OPERATOR_PLUSEQ : OPERATOR_MINUSEQ;
+  return Statement::make_assignment_operation(op, this->expr_, oexpr, loc);
+}
+
+// Make an increment statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_inc_statement(Expression* expr)
+{
+  return new Inc_dec_statement(true, expr);
+}
+
+// Make a decrement statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_dec_statement(Expression* expr)
+{
+  return new Inc_dec_statement(false, expr);
+}
+
+// Class Thunk_statement.  This is the base class for go and defer
+// statements.
+
+const char* const Thunk_statement::thunk_field_fn = "fn";
+
+const char* const Thunk_statement::thunk_field_receiver = "receiver";
+
+// Constructor.
+
+Thunk_statement::Thunk_statement(Statement_classification classification,
+                                Call_expression* call,
+                                source_location location)
+    : Statement(classification, location),
+      call_(call), struct_type_(NULL)
+{
+}
+
+// Return whether this is a simple statement which does not require a
+// thunk.
+
+bool
+Thunk_statement::is_simple(Function_type* fntype) const
+{
+  // We need a thunk to call a method, or to pass a variable number of
+  // arguments.
+  if (fntype->is_method() || fntype->is_varargs())
+    return false;
+
+  // A defer statement requires a thunk to set up for whether the
+  // function can call recover.
+  if (this->classification() == STATEMENT_DEFER)
+    return false;
+
+  // We can only permit a single parameter of pointer type.
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parameters = fntype->parameters();
+  if (parameters != NULL
+      && (parameters->size() > 1
+         || (parameters->size() == 1
+             && parameters->begin()->type()->points_to() == NULL)))
+    return false;
+
+  // If the function returns multiple values, or returns a type other
+  // than integer, floating point, or pointer, then it may get a
+  // hidden first parameter, in which case we need the more
+  // complicated approach.  This is true even though we are going to
+  // ignore the return value.
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = fntype->results();
+  if (results != NULL
+      && (results->size() > 1
+         || (results->size() == 1
+             && !results->begin()->type()->is_basic_type()
+             && results->begin()->type()->points_to() == NULL)))
+    return false;
+
+  // If this calls something which is not a simple function, then we
+  // need a thunk.
+  Expression* fn = this->call_->call_expression()->fn();
+  if (fn->bound_method_expression() != NULL
+      || fn->interface_field_reference_expression() != NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Traverse a thunk statement.
+
+int
+Thunk_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->call_);
+}
+
+// We implement traverse_assignment for a thunk statement because it
+// effectively copies the function call.
+
+bool
+Thunk_statement::do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments* tassign)
+{
+  Expression* fn = this->call_->call_expression()->fn();
+  Expression* fn2 = fn;
+  tassign->value(&fn2, true, false);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Determine types in a thunk statement.
+
+void
+Thunk_statement::do_determine_types()
+{
+  this->call_->determine_type_no_context();
+
+  // Now that we know the types of the call, build the struct used to
+  // pass parameters.
+  Call_expression* ce = this->call_->call_expression();
+  if (ce == NULL)
+    return;
+  Function_type* fntype = ce->get_function_type();
+  if (fntype != NULL && !this->is_simple(fntype))
+    this->struct_type_ = this->build_struct(fntype);
+}
+
+// Check types in a thunk statement.
+
+void
+Thunk_statement::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Call_expression* ce = this->call_->call_expression();
+  if (ce == NULL)
+    {
+      if (!this->call_->is_error_expression())
+       this->report_error("expected call expression");
+      return;
+    }
+  Function_type* fntype = ce->get_function_type();
+  if (fntype != NULL && fntype->is_method())
+    {
+      Expression* fn = ce->fn();
+      if (fn->bound_method_expression() == NULL
+         && fn->interface_field_reference_expression() == NULL)
+       this->report_error(_("no object for method call"));
+    }
+}
+
+// The Traverse class used to find and simplify thunk statements.
+
+class Simplify_thunk_traverse : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Simplify_thunk_traverse(Gogo* gogo)
+    : Traverse(traverse_blocks),
+      gogo_(gogo)
+  { }
+
+  int
+  block(Block*);
+
+ private:
+  Gogo* gogo_;
+};
+
+int
+Simplify_thunk_traverse::block(Block* b)
+{
+  // The parser ensures that thunk statements always appear at the end
+  // of a block.
+  if (b->statements()->size() < 1)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  Thunk_statement* stat = b->statements()->back()->thunk_statement();
+  if (stat == NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  if (stat->simplify_statement(this->gogo_, b))
+    return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Simplify all thunk statements.
+
+void
+Gogo::simplify_thunk_statements()
+{
+  Simplify_thunk_traverse thunk_traverse(this);
+  this->traverse(&thunk_traverse);
+}
+
+// Simplify complex thunk statements into simple ones.  A complicated
+// thunk statement is one which takes anything other than zero
+// parameters or a single pointer parameter.  We rewrite it into code
+// which allocates a struct, stores the parameter values into the
+// struct, and does a simple go or defer statement which passes the
+// struct to a thunk.  The thunk does the real call.
+
+bool
+Thunk_statement::simplify_statement(Gogo* gogo, Block* block)
+{
+  if (this->classification() == STATEMENT_ERROR)
+    return false;
+  if (this->call_->is_error_expression())
+    return false;
+
+  Call_expression* ce = this->call_->call_expression();
+  Function_type* fntype = ce->get_function_type();
+  if (fntype == NULL)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return false;
+    }
+  if (this->is_simple(fntype))
+    return false;
+
+  Expression* fn = ce->fn();
+  Bound_method_expression* bound_method = fn->bound_method_expression();
+  Interface_field_reference_expression* interface_method =
+    fn->interface_field_reference_expression();
+  const bool is_method = bound_method != NULL || interface_method != NULL;
+
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  std::string thunk_name = Gogo::thunk_name();
+
+  // Build the thunk.
+  this->build_thunk(gogo, thunk_name, fntype);
+
+  // Generate code to call the thunk.
+
+  // Get the values to store into the struct which is the single
+  // argument to the thunk.
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  if (fntype->is_builtin())
+    ;
+  else if (!is_method)
+    vals->push_back(fn);
+  else if (interface_method != NULL)
+    vals->push_back(interface_method->expr());
+  else if (bound_method != NULL)
+    {
+      vals->push_back(bound_method->method());
+      Expression* first_arg = bound_method->first_argument();
+
+      // We always pass a pointer when calling a method.
+      if (first_arg->type()->points_to() == NULL)
+       first_arg = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, first_arg, location);
+
+      // If we are calling a method which was inherited from an
+      // embedded struct, and the method did not get a stub, then the
+      // first type may be wrong.
+      Type* fatype = bound_method->first_argument_type();
+      if (fatype != NULL)
+       {
+         if (fatype->points_to() == NULL)
+           fatype = Type::make_pointer_type(fatype);
+         Type* unsafe = Type::make_pointer_type(Type::make_void_type());
+         first_arg = Expression::make_cast(unsafe, first_arg, location);
+         first_arg = Expression::make_cast(fatype, first_arg, location);
+       }
+
+      vals->push_back(first_arg);
+    }
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+
+  if (ce->args() != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = ce->args()->begin();
+          p != ce->args()->end();
+          ++p)
+       vals->push_back(*p);
+    }
+
+  // Build the struct.
+  Expression* constructor =
+    Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(this->struct_type_, vals,
+                                             location);
+
+  // Allocate the initialized struct on the heap.
+  constructor = Expression::make_heap_composite(constructor, location);
+
+  // Look up the thunk.
+  Named_object* named_thunk = gogo->lookup(thunk_name, NULL);
+  gcc_assert(named_thunk != NULL && named_thunk->is_function());
+
+  // Build the call.
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(named_thunk, NULL,
+                                                    location);
+  Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+  params->push_back(constructor);
+  Call_expression* call = Expression::make_call(func, params, false, location);
+
+  // Build the simple go or defer statement.
+  Statement* s;
+  if (this->classification() == STATEMENT_GO)
+    s = Statement::make_go_statement(call, location);
+  else if (this->classification() == STATEMENT_DEFER)
+    s = Statement::make_defer_statement(call, location);
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+
+  // The current block should end with the go statement.
+  gcc_assert(block->statements()->size() >= 1);
+  gcc_assert(block->statements()->back() == this);
+  block->replace_statement(block->statements()->size() - 1, s);
+
+  // We already ran the determine_types pass, so we need to run it now
+  // for the new statement.
+  s->determine_types();
+
+  // Sanity check.
+  gogo->check_types_in_block(block);
+
+  // Return true to tell the block not to keep looking at statements.
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Set the name to use for thunk parameter N.
+
+void
+Thunk_statement::thunk_field_param(int n, char* buf, size_t buflen)
+{
+  snprintf(buf, buflen, "a%d", n);
+}
+
+// Build a new struct type to hold the parameters for a complicated
+// thunk statement.  FNTYPE is the type of the function call.
+
+Struct_type*
+Thunk_statement::build_struct(Function_type* fntype)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  Struct_field_list* fields = new Struct_field_list();
+
+  Call_expression* ce = this->call_->call_expression();
+  Expression* fn = ce->fn();
+
+  Interface_field_reference_expression* interface_method =
+    fn->interface_field_reference_expression();
+  if (interface_method != NULL)
+    {
+      // If this thunk statement calls a method on an interface, we
+      // pass the interface object to the thunk.
+      Typed_identifier tid(Thunk_statement::thunk_field_fn,
+                          interface_method->expr()->type(),
+                          location);
+      fields->push_back(Struct_field(tid));
+    }
+  else if (!fntype->is_builtin())
+    {
+      // The function to call.
+      Typed_identifier tid(Go_statement::thunk_field_fn, fntype, location);
+      fields->push_back(Struct_field(tid));
+    }
+  else if (ce->is_recover_call())
+    {
+      // The predeclared recover function has no argument.  However,
+      // we add an argument when building recover thunks.  Handle that
+      // here.
+      fields->push_back(Struct_field(Typed_identifier("can_recover",
+                                                     Type::lookup_bool_type(),
+                                                     location)));
+    }
+
+  if (fn->bound_method_expression() != NULL)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(fntype->is_method());
+      Type* rtype = fntype->receiver()->type();
+      // We always pass the receiver as a pointer.
+      if (rtype->points_to() == NULL)
+       rtype = Type::make_pointer_type(rtype);
+      Typed_identifier tid(Thunk_statement::thunk_field_receiver, rtype,
+                          location);
+      fields->push_back(Struct_field(tid));
+    }
+
+  const Expression_list* args = ce->args();
+  if (args != NULL)
+    {
+      int i = 0;
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = args->begin();
+          p != args->end();
+          ++p, ++i)
+       {
+         char buf[50];
+         this->thunk_field_param(i, buf, sizeof buf);
+         fields->push_back(Struct_field(Typed_identifier(buf, (*p)->type(),
+                                                         location)));
+       }
+    }
+
+  return Type::make_struct_type(fields, location);
+}
+
+// Build the thunk we are going to call.  This is a brand new, albeit
+// artificial, function.
+
+void
+Thunk_statement::build_thunk(Gogo* gogo, const std::string& thunk_name,
+                            Function_type* fntype)
+{
+  source_location location = this->location();
+
+  Call_expression* ce = this->call_->call_expression();
+
+  bool may_call_recover = false;
+  if (this->classification() == STATEMENT_DEFER)
+    {
+      Func_expression* fn = ce->fn()->func_expression();
+      if (fn == NULL)
+       may_call_recover = true;
+      else
+       {
+         const Named_object* no = fn->named_object();
+         if (!no->is_function())
+           may_call_recover = true;
+         else
+           may_call_recover = no->func_value()->calls_recover();
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Build the type of the thunk.  The thunk takes a single parameter,
+  // which is a pointer to the special structure we build.
+  const char* const parameter_name = "__go_thunk_parameter";
+  Typed_identifier_list* thunk_parameters = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  Type* pointer_to_struct_type = Type::make_pointer_type(this->struct_type_);
+  thunk_parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier(parameter_name,
+                                              pointer_to_struct_type,
+                                              location));
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* thunk_results = NULL;
+  if (may_call_recover)
+    {
+      // When deferring a function which may call recover, add a
+      // return value, to disable tail call optimizations which will
+      // break the way we check whether recover is permitted.
+      thunk_results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      thunk_results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", Type::lookup_bool_type(),
+                                               location));
+    }
+
+  Function_type* thunk_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, thunk_parameters,
+                                                      thunk_results,
+                                                      location);
+
+  // Start building the thunk.
+  Named_object* function = gogo->start_function(thunk_name, thunk_type, true,
+                                               location);
+
+  // For a defer statement, start with a call to
+  // __go_set_defer_retaddr.  */
+  Label* retaddr_label = NULL; 
+  if (may_call_recover)
+    {
+      retaddr_label = gogo->add_label_reference("retaddr");
+      Expression* arg = Expression::make_label_addr(retaddr_label, location);
+      Expression_list* args = new Expression_list();
+      args->push_back(arg);
+
+      static Named_object* set_defer_retaddr;
+      if (set_defer_retaddr == NULL)
+       {
+         const source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+         Typed_identifier_list* param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+         Type *voidptr_type = Type::make_pointer_type(Type::make_void_type());
+         param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("r", voidptr_type, bloc));
+
+         Typed_identifier_list* result_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+         result_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("",
+                                                  Type::lookup_bool_type(),
+                                                  bloc));
+
+         Function_type* t = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types,
+                                                     result_types, bloc);
+         set_defer_retaddr =
+           Named_object::make_function_declaration("__go_set_defer_retaddr",
+                                                   NULL, t, bloc);
+         const char* n = "__go_set_defer_retaddr";
+         set_defer_retaddr->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(n);
+       }
+
+      Expression* fn = Expression::make_func_reference(set_defer_retaddr,
+                                                      NULL, location);
+      Expression* call = Expression::make_call(fn, args, false, location);
+
+      // This is a hack to prevent the middle-end from deleting the
+      // label.
+      gogo->start_block(location);
+      gogo->add_statement(Statement::make_goto_statement(retaddr_label,
+                                                        location));
+      Block* then_block = gogo->finish_block(location);
+      then_block->determine_types();
+
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_if_statement(call, then_block, NULL,
+                                                 location);
+      s->determine_types();
+      gogo->add_statement(s);
+    }
+
+  // Get a reference to the parameter.
+  Named_object* named_parameter = gogo->lookup(parameter_name, NULL);
+  gcc_assert(named_parameter != NULL && named_parameter->is_variable());
+
+  // Build the call.  Note that the field names are the same as the
+  // ones used in build_struct.
+  Expression* thunk_parameter = Expression::make_var_reference(named_parameter,
+                                                              location);
+  thunk_parameter = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, thunk_parameter,
+                                          location);
+
+  Bound_method_expression* bound_method = ce->fn()->bound_method_expression();
+  Interface_field_reference_expression* interface_method =
+    ce->fn()->interface_field_reference_expression();
+
+  Expression* func_to_call;
+  unsigned int next_index;
+  if (!fntype->is_builtin())
+    {
+      func_to_call = Expression::make_field_reference(thunk_parameter,
+                                                     0, location);
+      next_index = 1;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      gcc_assert(bound_method == NULL && interface_method == NULL);
+      func_to_call = ce->fn();
+      next_index = 0;
+    }
+
+  if (bound_method != NULL)
+    {
+      Expression* r = Expression::make_field_reference(thunk_parameter, 1,
+                                                      location);
+      // The main program passes in a function pointer from the
+      // interface expression, so here we can make a bound method in
+      // all cases.
+      func_to_call = Expression::make_bound_method(r, func_to_call,
+                                                  location);
+      next_index = 2;
+    }
+  else if (interface_method != NULL)
+    {
+      // The main program passes the interface object.
+      const std::string& name(interface_method->name());
+      func_to_call = Expression::make_interface_field_reference(func_to_call,
+                                                               name,
+                                                               location);
+    }
+
+  Expression_list* call_params = new Expression_list();
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->struct_type_->fields();
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < next_index; ++i)
+    ++p;
+  bool is_recover_call = ce->is_recover_call();
+  Expression* recover_arg = NULL;
+  for (; p != fields->end(); ++p, ++next_index)
+    {
+      Expression* thunk_param = Expression::make_var_reference(named_parameter,
+                                                              location);
+      thunk_param = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, thunk_param,
+                                          location);
+      Expression* param = Expression::make_field_reference(thunk_param,
+                                                          next_index,
+                                                          location);
+      if (!is_recover_call)
+       call_params->push_back(param);
+      else
+       {
+         gcc_assert(call_params->empty());
+         recover_arg = param;
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (call_params->empty())
+    {
+      delete call_params;
+      call_params = NULL;
+    }
+
+  Expression* call = Expression::make_call(func_to_call, call_params, false,
+                                          location);
+  // We need to lower in case this is a builtin function.
+  call = call->lower(gogo, function, -1);
+  Call_expression* call_ce = call->call_expression();
+  if (call_ce != NULL && may_call_recover)
+    call_ce->set_is_deferred();
+
+  Statement* call_statement = Statement::make_statement(call);
+
+  // We already ran the determine_types pass, so we need to run it
+  // just for this statement now.
+  call_statement->determine_types();
+
+  // Sanity check.
+  call->check_types(gogo);
+
+  if (call_ce != NULL && recover_arg != NULL)
+    call_ce->set_recover_arg(recover_arg);
+
+  gogo->add_statement(call_statement);
+
+  // If this is a defer statement, the label comes immediately after
+  // the call.
+  if (may_call_recover)
+    {
+      gogo->add_label_definition("retaddr", location);
+
+      Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+      vals->push_back(Expression::make_boolean(false, location));
+      const Typed_identifier_list* results =
+       function->func_value()->type()->results();
+      gogo->add_statement(Statement::make_return_statement(results, vals,
+                                                         location));
+    }
+
+  // That is all the thunk has to do.
+  gogo->finish_function(location);
+}
+
+// Get the function and argument trees.
+
+void
+Thunk_statement::get_fn_and_arg(Translate_context* context, tree* pfn,
+                               tree* parg)
+{
+  if (this->call_->is_error_expression())
+    {
+      *pfn = error_mark_node;
+      *parg = error_mark_node;
+      return;
+    }
+
+  Call_expression* ce = this->call_->call_expression();
+
+  Expression* fn = ce->fn();
+  *pfn = fn->get_tree(context);
+
+  const Expression_list* args = ce->args();
+  if (args == NULL || args->empty())
+    *parg = null_pointer_node;
+  else
+    {
+      gcc_assert(args->size() == 1);
+      *parg = args->front()->get_tree(context);
+    }
+}
+
+// Class Go_statement.
+
+tree
+Go_statement::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree fn_tree;
+  tree arg_tree;
+  this->get_fn_and_arg(context, &fn_tree, &arg_tree);
+
+  static tree go_fndecl;
+
+  tree fn_arg_type = NULL_TREE;
+  if (go_fndecl == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      // Only build FN_ARG_TYPE if we need it.
+      tree subargtypes = tree_cons(NULL_TREE, ptr_type_node, void_list_node);
+      tree subfntype = build_function_type(ptr_type_node, subargtypes);
+      fn_arg_type = build_pointer_type(subfntype);
+    }
+
+  return Gogo::call_builtin(&go_fndecl,
+                           this->location(),
+                           "__go_go",
+                           2,
+                           void_type_node,
+                           fn_arg_type,
+                           fn_tree,
+                           ptr_type_node,
+                           arg_tree);
+}
+
+// Make a go statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_go_statement(Call_expression* call, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Go_statement(call, location);
+}
+
+// Class Defer_statement.
+
+tree
+Defer_statement::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  tree fn_tree;
+  tree arg_tree;
+  this->get_fn_and_arg(context, &fn_tree, &arg_tree);
+  if (fn_tree == error_mark_node || arg_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  static tree defer_fndecl;
+
+  tree fn_arg_type = NULL_TREE;
+  if (defer_fndecl == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      // Only build FN_ARG_TYPE if we need it.
+      tree subargtypes = tree_cons(NULL_TREE, ptr_type_node, void_list_node);
+      tree subfntype = build_function_type(ptr_type_node, subargtypes);
+      fn_arg_type = build_pointer_type(subfntype);
+    }
+
+  tree defer_stack = context->function()->func_value()->defer_stack(loc);
+
+  return Gogo::call_builtin(&defer_fndecl,
+                           loc,
+                           "__go_defer",
+                           3,
+                           void_type_node,
+                           ptr_type_node,
+                           defer_stack,
+                           fn_arg_type,
+                           fn_tree,
+                           ptr_type_node,
+                           arg_tree);
+}
+
+// Make a defer statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_defer_statement(Call_expression* call,
+                               source_location location)
+{
+  return new Defer_statement(call, location);
+}
+
+// Class Return_statement.
+
+// Traverse assignments.  We treat each return value as a top level
+// RHS in an expression.
+
+bool
+Return_statement::do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments* tassign)
+{
+  Expression_list* vals = this->vals_;
+  if (vals != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Expression_list::iterator p = vals->begin();
+          p != vals->end();
+          ++p)
+       tassign->value(&*p, true, true);
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Lower a return statement.  If we are returning a function call
+// which returns multiple values which match the current function,
+// split up the call's results.  If the function has named result
+// variables, and the return statement lists explicit values, then
+// implement it by assigning the values to the result variables and
+// changing the statement to not list any values.  This lets
+// panic/recover work correctly.
+
+Statement*
+Return_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block* enclosing)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return this;
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = this->results_;
+  if (results == NULL || results->empty())
+    return this;
+
+  // If the current function has multiple return values, and we are
+  // returning a single call expression, split up the call expression.
+  size_t results_count = results->size();
+  if (results_count > 1
+      && this->vals_->size() == 1
+      && this->vals_->front()->call_expression() != NULL)
+    {
+      Call_expression* call = this->vals_->front()->call_expression();
+      size_t count = results->size();
+      Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list;
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i)
+       vals->push_back(Expression::make_call_result(call, i));
+      delete this->vals_;
+      this->vals_ = vals;
+    }
+
+  if (results->front().name().empty())
+    return this;
+
+  if (results_count != this->vals_->size())
+    {
+      // Presumably an error which will be reported in check_types.
+      return this;
+    }
+
+  // Assign to named return values and then return them.
+
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+  const Block* top = enclosing;
+  while (top->enclosing() != NULL)
+    top = top->enclosing();
+
+  const Bindings *bindings = top->bindings();
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  Expression_list* lhs = new Expression_list();
+  Expression_list* rhs = new Expression_list();
+
+  Expression_list::const_iterator pe = this->vals_->begin();
+  int i = 1;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pr = results->begin();
+       pr != results->end();
+       ++pr, ++pe, ++i)
+    {
+      Named_object* rv = bindings->lookup_local(pr->name());
+      if (rv == NULL || !rv->is_result_variable())
+       {
+         // Presumably an error.
+         delete b;
+         delete lhs;
+         delete rhs;
+         return this;
+       }
+
+      Expression* e = *pe;
+
+      // Check types now so that we give a good error message.  The
+      // result type is known.  We determine the expression type
+      // early.
+
+      Type *rvtype = rv->result_var_value()->type();
+      Type_context type_context(rvtype, false);
+      e->determine_type(&type_context);
+
+      std::string reason;
+      if (Type::are_assignable(rvtype, e->type(), &reason))
+       {
+         Expression* ve = Expression::make_var_reference(rv, e->location());
+         lhs->push_back(ve);
+         rhs->push_back(e);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         if (reason.empty())
+           error_at(e->location(), "incompatible type for return value %d", i);
+         else
+           error_at(e->location(),
+                    "incompatible type for return value %d (%s)",
+                    i, reason.c_str());
+       }
+    }
+  gcc_assert(lhs->size() == rhs->size());
+
+  if (lhs->empty())
+    ;
+  else if (lhs->size() == 1)
+    {
+      b->add_statement(Statement::make_assignment(lhs->front(), rhs->front(),
+                                                 loc));
+      delete lhs;
+      delete rhs;
+    }
+  else
+    b->add_statement(Statement::make_tuple_assignment(lhs, rhs, loc));
+
+  b->add_statement(Statement::make_return_statement(this->results_, NULL,
+                                                   loc));
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Determine types.
+
+void
+Return_statement::do_determine_types()
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return;
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = this->results_;
+
+  Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pt;
+  if (results != NULL)
+    pt = results->begin();
+  for (Expression_list::iterator pe = this->vals_->begin();
+       pe != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pe)
+    {
+      if (results == NULL || pt == results->end())
+       (*pe)->determine_type_no_context();
+      else
+       {
+         Type_context context(pt->type(), false);
+         (*pe)->determine_type(&context);
+         ++pt;
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+Return_statement::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = this->results_;
+  if (results == NULL)
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("return with value in function "
+                          "with no return type"));
+      return;
+    }
+
+  int i = 1;
+  Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pt = results->begin();
+  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pe = this->vals_->begin();
+       pe != this->vals_->end();
+       ++pe, ++pt, ++i)
+    {
+      if (pt == results->end())
+       {
+         this->report_error(_("too many values in return statement"));
+         return;
+       }
+      std::string reason;
+      if (!Type::are_assignable(pt->type(), (*pe)->type(), &reason))
+       {
+         if (reason.empty())
+           error_at(this->location(),
+                    "incompatible type for return value %d",
+                    i);
+         else
+           error_at(this->location(),
+                    "incompatible type for return value %d (%s)",
+                    i, reason.c_str());
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+      else if (pt->type()->is_error_type()
+              || (*pe)->type()->is_error_type()
+              || pt->type()->is_undefined()
+              || (*pe)->type()->is_undefined())
+       {
+         // Make sure we get the error for an undefined type.
+         pt->type()->base();
+         (*pe)->type()->base();
+         this->set_is_error();
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (pt != results->end())
+    this->report_error(_("not enough values in return statement"));
+}
+
+// Build a RETURN_EXPR tree.
+
+tree
+Return_statement::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  Function* function = context->function()->func_value();
+  tree fndecl = function->get_decl();
+  if (fndecl == error_mark_node || DECL_RESULT(fndecl) == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = this->results_;
+
+  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
+    {
+      tree stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
+      tree retval = function->return_value(context->gogo(),
+                                          context->function(),
+                                          this->location(),
+                                          &stmt_list);
+      tree set;
+      if (retval == NULL_TREE)
+       set = NULL_TREE;
+      else if (retval == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      else
+       set = fold_build2_loc(this->location(), MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                             DECL_RESULT(fndecl), retval);
+      append_to_statement_list(this->build_stmt_1(RETURN_EXPR, set),
+                              &stmt_list);
+      return stmt_list;
+    }
+  else if (this->vals_->size() == 1)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(!VOID_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(fndecl))));
+      tree val = (*this->vals_->begin())->get_tree(context);
+      gcc_assert(results != NULL && results->size() == 1);
+      val = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context,
+                                              results->begin()->type(),
+                                              (*this->vals_->begin())->type(),
+                                              val, this->location());
+      if (val == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      tree set = build2(MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                       DECL_RESULT(fndecl), val);
+      SET_EXPR_LOCATION(set, this->location());
+      return this->build_stmt_1(RETURN_EXPR, set);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      gcc_assert(!VOID_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(fndecl))));
+      tree stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
+      tree rettype = TREE_TYPE(DECL_RESULT(fndecl));
+      tree retvar = create_tmp_var(rettype, "RESULT");
+      gcc_assert(results != NULL && results->size() == this->vals_->size());
+      Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
+      Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pr = results->begin();
+      for (tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(rettype);
+          field != NULL_TREE;
+          ++pv, ++pr, field = DECL_CHAIN(field))
+       {
+         gcc_assert(pv != this->vals_->end());
+         tree val = (*pv)->get_tree(context);
+         val = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, pr->type(),
+                                                  (*pv)->type(), val,
+                                                  this->location());
+         if (val == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         tree set = build2(MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                           build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field),
+                                  retvar, field, NULL_TREE),
+                           val);
+         SET_EXPR_LOCATION(set, this->location());
+         append_to_statement_list(set, &stmt_list);
+       }
+      tree set = build2(MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node, DECL_RESULT(fndecl),
+                       retvar);
+      append_to_statement_list(this->build_stmt_1(RETURN_EXPR, set),
+                              &stmt_list);
+      return stmt_list;
+    }
+}
+
+// Make a return statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_return_statement(const Typed_identifier_list* results,
+                                Expression_list* vals,
+                                source_location location)
+{
+  return new Return_statement(results, vals, location);
+}
+
+// A break or continue statement.
+
+class Bc_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Bc_statement(bool is_break, Unnamed_label* label, source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_BREAK_OR_CONTINUE, location),
+      label_(label), is_break_(is_break)
+  { }
+
+  bool
+  is_break() const
+  { return this->is_break_; }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE; }
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const
+  { return false; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { return this->label_->get_goto(this->location()); }
+
+ private:
+  // The label that this branches to.
+  Unnamed_label* label_;
+  // True if this is "break", false if it is "continue".
+  bool is_break_;
+};
+
+// Make a break statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_break_statement(Unnamed_label* label, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Bc_statement(true, label, location);
+}
+
+// Make a continue statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_continue_statement(Unnamed_label* label,
+                                  source_location location)
+{
+  return new Bc_statement(false, label, location);
+}
+
+// A goto statement.
+
+class Goto_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Goto_statement(Label* label, source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_GOTO, location),
+      label_(label)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE; }
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const
+  { return false; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  Label* label_;
+};
+
+// Check types for a label.  There aren't any types per se, but we use
+// this to give an error if the label was never defined.
+
+void
+Goto_statement::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (!this->label_->is_defined())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "reference to undefined label %qs",
+              Gogo::message_name(this->label_->name()).c_str());
+      this->set_is_error();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return the tree for the goto statement.
+
+tree
+Goto_statement::do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+{
+  return this->build_stmt_1(GOTO_EXPR, this->label_->get_decl());
+}
+
+// Make a goto statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_goto_statement(Label* label, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Goto_statement(label, location);
+}
+
+// A goto statement to an unnamed label.
+
+class Goto_unnamed_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Goto_unnamed_statement(Unnamed_label* label, source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_GOTO_UNNAMED, location),
+      label_(label)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE; }
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const
+  { return false; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { return this->label_->get_goto(this->location()); }
+
+ private:
+  Unnamed_label* label_;
+};
+
+// Make a goto statement to an unnamed label.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_goto_unnamed_statement(Unnamed_label* label,
+                                      source_location location)
+{
+  return new Goto_unnamed_statement(label, location);
+}
+
+// Class Label_statement.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Label_statement::do_traverse(Traverse*)
+{
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Return a tree defining this label.
+
+tree
+Label_statement::do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+{
+  return this->build_stmt_1(LABEL_EXPR, this->label_->get_decl());
+}
+
+// Make a label statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_label_statement(Label* label, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Label_statement(label, location);
+}
+
+// An unnamed label statement.
+
+class Unnamed_label_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Unnamed_label_statement(Unnamed_label* label)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_UNNAMED_LABEL, label->location()),
+      label_(label)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*)
+  { return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { return this->label_->get_definition(); }
+
+ private:
+  // The label.
+  Unnamed_label* label_;
+};
+
+// Make an unnamed label statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(Unnamed_label* label)
+{
+  return new Unnamed_label_statement(label);
+}
+
+// An if statement.
+
+class If_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  If_statement(Expression* cond, Block* then_block, Block* else_block,
+              source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_IF, location),
+      cond_(cond), then_block_(then_block), else_block_(else_block)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types();
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const;
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  Expression* cond_;
+  Block* then_block_;
+  Block* else_block_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+If_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->cond_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || this->then_block_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->else_block_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->else_block_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+void
+If_statement::do_determine_types()
+{
+  Type_context context(Type::lookup_bool_type(), false);
+  this->cond_->determine_type(&context);
+  this->then_block_->determine_types();
+  if (this->else_block_ != NULL)
+    this->else_block_->determine_types();
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+If_statement::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Type* type = this->cond_->type();
+  if (type->is_error_type())
+    this->set_is_error();
+  else if (!type->is_boolean_type())
+    this->report_error(_("expected boolean expression"));
+}
+
+// Whether the overall statement may fall through.
+
+bool
+If_statement::do_may_fall_through() const
+{
+  return (this->else_block_ == NULL
+         || this->then_block_->may_fall_through()
+         || this->else_block_->may_fall_through());
+}
+
+// Get tree.
+
+tree
+If_statement::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->cond_->type()->is_boolean_type()
+            || this->cond_->type()->is_error_type());
+  tree cond_tree = this->cond_->get_tree(context);
+  tree then_tree = this->then_block_->get_tree(context);
+  tree else_tree = (this->else_block_ == NULL
+                   ? NULL_TREE
+                   : this->else_block_->get_tree(context));
+  if (cond_tree == error_mark_node
+      || then_tree == error_mark_node
+      || else_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  tree ret = build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node, cond_tree, then_tree,
+                   else_tree);
+  SET_EXPR_LOCATION(ret, this->location());
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Make an if statement.
+
+Statement*
+Statement::make_if_statement(Expression* cond, Block* then_block,
+                            Block* else_block, source_location location)
+{
+  return new If_statement(cond, then_block, else_block, location);
+}
+
+// Class Case_clauses::Case_clause.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Case_clauses::Case_clause::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->cases_ != NULL
+      && (traverse->traverse_mask()
+         & (Traverse::traverse_types | Traverse::traverse_expressions)) != 0)
+    {
+      if (this->cases_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->statements_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check whether all the case expressions are integer constants.
+
+bool
+Case_clauses::Case_clause::is_constant() const
+{
+  if (this->cases_ != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = this->cases_->begin();
+          p != this->cases_->end();
+          ++p)
+       if (!(*p)->is_constant() || (*p)->type()->integer_type() == NULL)
+         return false;
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Lower a case clause for a nonconstant switch.  VAL_TEMP is the
+// value we are switching on; it may be NULL.  If START_LABEL is not
+// NULL, it goes at the start of the statements, after the condition
+// test.  We branch to FINISH_LABEL at the end of the statements.
+
+void
+Case_clauses::Case_clause::lower(Block* b, Temporary_statement* val_temp,
+                                Unnamed_label* start_label,
+                                Unnamed_label* finish_label) const
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location_;
+  Unnamed_label* next_case_label;
+  if (this->cases_ == NULL || this->cases_->empty())
+    {
+      gcc_assert(this->is_default_);
+      next_case_label = NULL;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Expression* cond = NULL;
+
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = this->cases_->begin();
+          p != this->cases_->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         Expression* this_cond;
+         if (val_temp == NULL)
+           this_cond = *p;
+         else
+           {
+             Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp,
+                                                                    loc);
+             this_cond = Expression::make_binary(OPERATOR_EQEQ, ref, *p, loc);
+           }
+
+         if (cond == NULL)
+           cond = this_cond;
+         else
+           cond = Expression::make_binary(OPERATOR_OROR, cond, this_cond, loc);
+       }
+
+      Block* then_block = new Block(b, loc);
+      next_case_label = new Unnamed_label(UNKNOWN_LOCATION);
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_goto_unnamed_statement(next_case_label,
+                                                           loc);
+      then_block->add_statement(s);
+
+      // if !COND { goto NEXT_CASE_LABEL }
+      cond = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_NOT, cond, loc);
+      s = Statement::make_if_statement(cond, then_block, NULL, loc);
+      b->add_statement(s);
+    }
+
+  if (start_label != NULL)
+    b->add_statement(Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(start_label));
+
+  if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+    b->add_statement(Statement::make_block_statement(this->statements_, loc));
+
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_goto_unnamed_statement(finish_label, loc);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  if (next_case_label != NULL)
+    b->add_statement(Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(next_case_label));
+}
+
+// Determine types.
+
+void
+Case_clauses::Case_clause::determine_types(Type* type)
+{
+  if (this->cases_ != NULL)
+    {
+      Type_context case_context(type, false);
+      for (Expression_list::iterator p = this->cases_->begin();
+          p != this->cases_->end();
+          ++p)
+       (*p)->determine_type(&case_context);
+    }
+  if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+    this->statements_->determine_types();
+}
+
+// Check types.  Returns false if there was an error.
+
+bool
+Case_clauses::Case_clause::check_types(Type* type)
+{
+  if (this->cases_ != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Expression_list::iterator p = this->cases_->begin();
+          p != this->cases_->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (!Type::are_assignable(type, (*p)->type(), NULL)
+             && !Type::are_assignable((*p)->type(), type, NULL))
+           {
+             error_at((*p)->location(),
+                      "type mismatch between switch value and case clause");
+             return false;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Return true if this clause may fall through to the following
+// statements.  Note that this is not the same as whether the case
+// uses the "fallthrough" keyword.
+
+bool
+Case_clauses::Case_clause::may_fall_through() const
+{
+  if (this->statements_ == NULL)
+    return true;
+  return this->statements_->may_fall_through();
+}
+
+// Build up the body of a SWITCH_EXPR.
+
+void
+Case_clauses::Case_clause::get_constant_tree(Translate_context* context,
+                                            Unnamed_label* break_label,
+                                            Case_constants* case_constants,
+                                            tree* stmt_list) const
+{
+  if (this->cases_ != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = this->cases_->begin();
+          p != this->cases_->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         Type* itype;
+         mpz_t ival;
+         mpz_init(ival);
+         if (!(*p)->integer_constant_value(true, ival, &itype))
+           {
+             // Something went wrong.  This can happen with a
+             // negative constant and an unsigned switch value.
+             gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+             continue;
+           }
+         gcc_assert(itype != NULL);
+         tree type_tree = itype->get_tree(context->gogo());
+         tree val = Expression::integer_constant_tree(ival, type_tree);
+         mpz_clear(ival);
+
+         if (val != error_mark_node)
+           {
+             gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(val) == INTEGER_CST);
+
+             std::pair<Case_constants::iterator, bool> ins =
+               case_constants->insert(val);
+             if (!ins.second)
+               {
+                 // Value was already present.
+                 warning_at(this->location_, 0,
+                            "duplicate case value will never match");
+                 continue;
+               }
+
+             tree label = create_artificial_label(this->location_);
+             append_to_statement_list(build3(CASE_LABEL_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                             val, NULL_TREE, label),
+                                      stmt_list);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (this->is_default_)
+    {
+      tree label = create_artificial_label(this->location_);
+      append_to_statement_list(build3(CASE_LABEL_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                     NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE, label),
+                              stmt_list);
+    }
+
+  if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+    {
+      tree block_tree = this->statements_->get_tree(context);
+      if (block_tree != error_mark_node)
+       append_to_statement_list(block_tree, stmt_list);
+    }
+
+  if (!this->is_fallthrough_)
+    append_to_statement_list(break_label->get_goto(this->location_), stmt_list);
+}
+
+// Class Case_clauses.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Case_clauses::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  for (Clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check whether all the case expressions are constant.
+
+bool
+Case_clauses::is_constant() const
+{
+  for (Clauses::const_iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    if (!p->is_constant())
+      return false;
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Lower case clauses for a nonconstant switch.
+
+void
+Case_clauses::lower(Block* b, Temporary_statement* val_temp,
+                   Unnamed_label* break_label) const
+{
+  // The default case.
+  const Case_clause* default_case = NULL;
+
+  // The label for the fallthrough of the previous case.
+  Unnamed_label* last_fallthrough_label = NULL;
+
+  // The label for the start of the default case.  This is used if the
+  // case before the default case falls through.
+  Unnamed_label* default_start_label = NULL;
+
+  // The label for the end of the default case.  This normally winds
+  // up as BREAK_LABEL, but it will be different if the default case
+  // falls through.
+  Unnamed_label* default_finish_label = NULL;
+
+  for (Clauses::const_iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      // The label to use for the start of the statements for this
+      // case.  This is NULL unless the previous case falls through.
+      Unnamed_label* start_label = last_fallthrough_label;
+
+      // The label to jump to after the end of the statements for this
+      // case.
+      Unnamed_label* finish_label = break_label;
+
+      last_fallthrough_label = NULL;
+      if (p->is_fallthrough() && p + 1 != this->clauses_.end())
+       {
+         finish_label = new Unnamed_label(p->location());
+         last_fallthrough_label = finish_label;
+       }
+
+      if (!p->is_default())
+       p->lower(b, val_temp, start_label, finish_label);
+      else
+       {
+         // We have to move the default case to the end, so that we
+         // only use it if all the other tests fail.
+         default_case = &*p;
+         default_start_label = start_label;
+         default_finish_label = finish_label;
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (default_case != NULL)
+    default_case->lower(b, val_temp, default_start_label,
+                       default_finish_label);
+      
+}
+
+// Determine types.
+
+void
+Case_clauses::determine_types(Type* type)
+{
+  for (Clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    p->determine_types(type);
+}
+
+// Check types.  Returns false if there was an error.
+
+bool
+Case_clauses::check_types(Type* type)
+{
+  bool ret = true;
+  for (Clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (!p->check_types(type))
+       ret = false;
+    }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return true if these clauses may fall through to the statements
+// following the switch statement.
+
+bool
+Case_clauses::may_fall_through() const
+{
+  bool found_default = false;
+  for (Clauses::const_iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->may_fall_through() && !p->is_fallthrough())
+       return true;
+      if (p->is_default())
+       found_default = true;
+    }
+  return !found_default;
+}
+
+// Return a tree when all case expressions are constants.
+
+tree
+Case_clauses::get_constant_tree(Translate_context* context,
+                               Unnamed_label* break_label) const
+{
+  Case_constants case_constants;
+  tree stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
+  for (Clauses::const_iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    p->get_constant_tree(context, break_label, &case_constants,
+                        &stmt_list);
+  return stmt_list;
+}
+
+// A constant switch statement.  A Switch_statement is lowered to this
+// when all the cases are constants.
+
+class Constant_switch_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Constant_switch_statement(Expression* val, Case_clauses* clauses,
+                           Unnamed_label* break_label,
+                           source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_CONSTANT_SWITCH, location),
+      val_(val), clauses_(clauses), break_label_(break_label)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types();
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const;
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The value to switch on.
+  Expression* val_;
+  // The case clauses.
+  Case_clauses* clauses_;
+  // The break label, if needed.
+  Unnamed_label* break_label_;
+};
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Constant_switch_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->val_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->clauses_->traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Determine types.
+
+void
+Constant_switch_statement::do_determine_types()
+{
+  this->val_->determine_type_no_context();
+  this->clauses_->determine_types(this->val_->type());
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+Constant_switch_statement::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (!this->clauses_->check_types(this->val_->type()))
+    this->set_is_error();
+}
+
+// Return whether this switch may fall through.
+
+bool
+Constant_switch_statement::do_may_fall_through() const
+{
+  if (this->clauses_ == NULL)
+    return true;
+
+  // If we have a break label, then some case needed it.  That implies
+  // that the switch statement as a whole can fall through.
+  if (this->break_label_ != NULL)
+    return true;
+
+  return this->clauses_->may_fall_through();
+}
+
+// Convert to GENERIC.
+
+tree
+Constant_switch_statement::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree switch_val_tree = this->val_->get_tree(context);
+
+  Unnamed_label* break_label = this->break_label_;
+  if (break_label == NULL)
+    break_label = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+
+  tree stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
+  tree s = build3(SWITCH_EXPR, void_type_node, switch_val_tree,
+                 this->clauses_->get_constant_tree(context, break_label),
+                 NULL_TREE);
+  SET_EXPR_LOCATION(s, this->location());
+  append_to_statement_list(s, &stmt_list);
+
+  append_to_statement_list(break_label->get_definition(), &stmt_list);
+
+  return stmt_list;
+}
+
+// Class Switch_statement.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Switch_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->val_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->val_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return this->clauses_->traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Lower a Switch_statement to a Constant_switch_statement or a series
+// of if statements.
+
+Statement*
+Switch_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block* enclosing)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  if (this->val_ != NULL
+      && (this->val_->is_error_expression()
+         || this->val_->type()->is_error_type()))
+    return Statement::make_error_statement(loc);
+
+  if (this->val_ != NULL
+      && this->val_->type()->integer_type() != NULL
+      && !this->clauses_->empty()
+      && this->clauses_->is_constant())
+    return new Constant_switch_statement(this->val_, this->clauses_,
+                                        this->break_label_, loc);
+
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  if (this->clauses_->empty())
+    {
+      Expression* val = this->val_;
+      if (val == NULL)
+       val = Expression::make_boolean(true, loc);
+      return Statement::make_statement(val);
+    }
+
+  Temporary_statement* val_temp;
+  if (this->val_ == NULL)
+    val_temp = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      // var val_temp VAL_TYPE = VAL
+      val_temp = Statement::make_temporary(NULL, this->val_, loc);
+      b->add_statement(val_temp);
+    }
+
+  this->clauses_->lower(b, val_temp, this->break_label());
+
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(this->break_label_);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Return the break label for this switch statement, creating it if
+// necessary.
+
+Unnamed_label*
+Switch_statement::break_label()
+{
+  if (this->break_label_ == NULL)
+    this->break_label_ = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+  return this->break_label_;
+}
+
+// Make a switch statement.
+
+Switch_statement*
+Statement::make_switch_statement(Expression* val, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Switch_statement(val, location);
+}
+
+// Class Type_case_clauses::Type_case_clause.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Type_case_clauses::Type_case_clause::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (!this->is_default_
+      && ((traverse->traverse_mask()
+          & (Traverse::traverse_types | Traverse::traverse_expressions)) != 0)
+      && Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+    return this->statements_->traverse(traverse);
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lower one clause in a type switch.  Add statements to the block B.
+// The type descriptor we are switching on is in DESCRIPTOR_TEMP.
+// BREAK_LABEL is the label at the end of the type switch.
+// *STMTS_LABEL, if not NULL, is a label to put at the start of the
+// statements.
+
+void
+Type_case_clauses::Type_case_clause::lower(Block* b,
+                                          Temporary_statement* descriptor_temp,
+                                          Unnamed_label* break_label,
+                                          Unnamed_label** stmts_label) const
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location_;
+
+  Unnamed_label* next_case_label = NULL;
+  if (!this->is_default_)
+    {
+      Type* type = this->type_;
+
+      Expression* cond;
+      // The language permits case nil, which is of course a constant
+      // rather than a type.  It will appear here as an invalid
+      // forwarding type.
+      if (type->is_nil_constant_as_type())
+       {
+         Expression* ref =
+           Expression::make_temporary_reference(descriptor_temp, loc);
+         cond = Expression::make_binary(OPERATOR_EQEQ, ref,
+                                        Expression::make_nil(loc),
+                                        loc);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         Expression* func;
+         if (type->interface_type() == NULL)
+           {
+             // func ifacetypeeq(*descriptor, *descriptor) bool
+             static Named_object* ifacetypeeq;
+             if (ifacetypeeq == NULL)
+               {
+                 const source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+                 Typed_identifier_list* param_types =
+                   new Typed_identifier_list();
+                 Type* descriptor_type = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+                 param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("a", descriptor_type,
+                                                         bloc));
+                 param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("b", descriptor_type,
+                                                         bloc));
+                 Typed_identifier_list* ret_types =
+                   new Typed_identifier_list();
+                 Type* bool_type = Type::lookup_bool_type();
+                 ret_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("", bool_type, bloc));
+                 Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL,
+                                                                  param_types,
+                                                                  ret_types,
+                                                                  bloc);
+                 ifacetypeeq =
+                   Named_object::make_function_declaration("ifacetypeeq", NULL,
+                                                           fntype, bloc);
+                 const char* n = "runtime.ifacetypeeq";
+                 ifacetypeeq->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(n);
+               }
+
+             // ifacetypeeq(descriptor_temp, DESCRIPTOR)
+             func = Expression::make_func_reference(ifacetypeeq, NULL, loc);
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             // func ifaceI2Tp(*descriptor, *descriptor) bool
+             static Named_object* ifaceI2Tp;
+             if (ifaceI2Tp == NULL)
+               {
+                 const source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+                 Typed_identifier_list* param_types =
+                   new Typed_identifier_list();
+                 Type* descriptor_type = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+                 param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("a", descriptor_type,
+                                                         bloc));
+                 param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("b", descriptor_type,
+                                                         bloc));
+                 Typed_identifier_list* ret_types =
+                   new Typed_identifier_list();
+                 Type* bool_type = Type::lookup_bool_type();
+                 ret_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("", bool_type, bloc));
+                 Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL,
+                                                                  param_types,
+                                                                  ret_types,
+                                                                  bloc);
+                 ifaceI2Tp =
+                   Named_object::make_function_declaration("ifaceI2Tp", NULL,
+                                                           fntype, bloc);
+                 const char* n = "runtime.ifaceI2Tp";
+                 ifaceI2Tp->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(n);
+               }
+
+             // ifaceI2Tp(descriptor_temp, DESCRIPTOR)
+             func = Expression::make_func_reference(ifaceI2Tp, NULL, loc);
+           }
+         Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+         params->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(type, loc));
+         Expression* ref =
+           Expression::make_temporary_reference(descriptor_temp, loc);
+         params->push_back(ref);
+         cond = Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+       }
+
+      Unnamed_label* dest;
+      if (!this->is_fallthrough_)
+       {
+         // if !COND { goto NEXT_CASE_LABEL }
+         next_case_label = new Unnamed_label(UNKNOWN_LOCATION);
+         dest = next_case_label;
+         cond = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_NOT, cond, loc);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // if COND { goto STMTS_LABEL }
+         gcc_assert(stmts_label != NULL);
+         if (*stmts_label == NULL)
+           *stmts_label = new Unnamed_label(UNKNOWN_LOCATION);
+         dest = *stmts_label;
+       }
+      Block* then_block = new Block(b, loc);
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_goto_unnamed_statement(dest, loc);
+      then_block->add_statement(s);
+      s = Statement::make_if_statement(cond, then_block, NULL, loc);
+      b->add_statement(s);
+    }
+
+  if (this->statements_ != NULL
+      || (!this->is_fallthrough_
+         && stmts_label != NULL
+         && *stmts_label != NULL))
+    {
+      gcc_assert(!this->is_fallthrough_);
+      if (stmts_label != NULL && *stmts_label != NULL)
+       {
+         gcc_assert(!this->is_default_);
+         if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+           (*stmts_label)->set_location(this->statements_->start_location());
+         Statement* s = Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(*stmts_label);
+         b->add_statement(s);
+         *stmts_label = NULL;
+       }
+      if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+       b->add_statement(Statement::make_block_statement(this->statements_,
+                                                        loc));
+    }
+
+  if (this->is_fallthrough_)
+    gcc_assert(next_case_label == NULL);
+  else
+    {
+      source_location gloc = (this->statements_ == NULL
+                             ? loc
+                             : this->statements_->end_location());
+      b->add_statement(Statement::make_goto_unnamed_statement(break_label,
+                                                             gloc));
+      if (next_case_label != NULL)
+       {
+         Statement* s =
+           Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(next_case_label);
+         b->add_statement(s);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Class Type_case_clauses.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Type_case_clauses::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  for (Type_clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check for duplicate types.
+
+void
+Type_case_clauses::check_duplicates() const
+{
+  typedef Unordered_set_hash(const Type*, Type_hash_identical,
+                            Type_identical) Types_seen;
+  Types_seen types_seen;
+  for (Type_clauses::const_iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Type* t = p->type();
+      if (t == NULL)
+       continue;
+      if (t->is_nil_constant_as_type())
+       t = Type::make_nil_type();
+      std::pair<Types_seen::iterator, bool> ins = types_seen.insert(t);
+      if (!ins.second)
+       error_at(p->location(), "duplicate type in switch");
+    }
+}
+
+// Lower the clauses in a type switch.  Add statements to the block B.
+// The type descriptor we are switching on is in DESCRIPTOR_TEMP.
+// BREAK_LABEL is the label at the end of the type switch.
+
+void
+Type_case_clauses::lower(Block* b, Temporary_statement* descriptor_temp,
+                        Unnamed_label* break_label) const
+{
+  const Type_case_clause* default_case = NULL;
+
+  Unnamed_label* stmts_label = NULL;
+  for (Type_clauses::const_iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (!p->is_default())
+       p->lower(b, descriptor_temp, break_label, &stmts_label);
+      else
+       {
+         // We are generating a series of tests, which means that we
+         // need to move the default case to the end.
+         default_case = &*p;
+       }
+    }
+  gcc_assert(stmts_label == NULL);
+
+  if (default_case != NULL)
+    default_case->lower(b, descriptor_temp, break_label, NULL);
+}
+
+// Class Type_switch_statement.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Type_switch_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->var_ == NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->expr_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  if (this->clauses_ != NULL)
+    return this->clauses_->traverse(traverse);
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lower a type switch statement to a series of if statements.  The gc
+// compiler is able to generate a table in some cases.  However, that
+// does not work for us because we may have type descriptors in
+// different shared libraries, so we can't compare them with simple
+// equality testing.
+
+Statement*
+Type_switch_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block* enclosing)
+{
+  const source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  if (this->clauses_ != NULL)
+    this->clauses_->check_duplicates();
+
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  Type* val_type = (this->var_ != NULL
+                   ? this->var_->var_value()->type()
+                   : this->expr_->type());
+
+  // var descriptor_temp DESCRIPTOR_TYPE
+  Type* descriptor_type = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+  Temporary_statement* descriptor_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(descriptor_type, NULL, loc);
+  b->add_statement(descriptor_temp);
+
+  if (val_type->interface_type() == NULL)
+    {
+      // Doing a type switch on a non-interface type.  Should we issue
+      // a warning for this case?
+      Expression* lhs = Expression::make_temporary_reference(descriptor_temp,
+                                                            loc);
+      Expression* rhs;
+      if (val_type->is_nil_type())
+       rhs = Expression::make_nil(loc);
+      else
+       {
+         if (val_type->is_abstract())
+           val_type = val_type->make_non_abstract_type();
+         rhs = Expression::make_type_descriptor(val_type, loc);
+       }
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(lhs, rhs, loc);
+      b->add_statement(s);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      const source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+      // func {efacetype,ifacetype}(*interface) *descriptor
+      // FIXME: This should be inlined.
+      Typed_identifier_list* param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("i", val_type, bloc));
+      Typed_identifier_list* ret_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      ret_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("", descriptor_type, bloc));
+      Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types,
+                                                      ret_types, bloc);
+      bool is_empty = val_type->interface_type()->is_empty();
+      const char* fnname = is_empty ? "efacetype" : "ifacetype";
+      Named_object* fn =
+       Named_object::make_function_declaration(fnname, NULL, fntype, bloc);
+      const char* asm_name = (is_empty
+                             ? "runtime.efacetype"
+                             : "runtime.ifacetype");
+      fn->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(asm_name);
+
+      // descriptor_temp = ifacetype(val_temp)
+      Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(fn, NULL, loc);
+      Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+      Expression* ref;
+      if (this->var_ == NULL)
+       ref = this->expr_;
+      else
+       ref = Expression::make_var_reference(this->var_, loc);
+      params->push_back(ref);
+      Expression* call = Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+      Expression* lhs = Expression::make_temporary_reference(descriptor_temp,
+                                                            loc);
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(lhs, call, loc);
+      b->add_statement(s);
+    }
+
+  if (this->clauses_ != NULL)
+    this->clauses_->lower(b, descriptor_temp, this->break_label());
+
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(this->break_label_);
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Return the break label for this type switch statement, creating it
+// if necessary.
+
+Unnamed_label*
+Type_switch_statement::break_label()
+{
+  if (this->break_label_ == NULL)
+    this->break_label_ = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+  return this->break_label_;
+}
+
+// Make a type switch statement.
+
+Type_switch_statement*
+Statement::make_type_switch_statement(Named_object* var, Expression* expr,
+                                     source_location location)
+{
+  return new Type_switch_statement(var, expr, location);
+}
+
+// Class Send_statement.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Send_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->channel_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->val_);
+}
+
+// Determine types.
+
+void
+Send_statement::do_determine_types()
+{
+  this->channel_->determine_type_no_context();
+  Type* type = this->channel_->type();
+  Type_context context;
+  if (type->channel_type() != NULL)
+    context.type = type->channel_type()->element_type();
+  this->val_->determine_type(&context);
+}
+
+// Check types.
+
+void
+Send_statement::do_check_types(Gogo*)
+{
+  Type* type = this->channel_->type();
+  if (type->is_error_type())
+    {
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return;
+    }
+  Channel_type* channel_type = type->channel_type();
+  if (channel_type == NULL)
+    {
+      error_at(this->location(), "left operand of %<<-%> must be channel");
+      this->set_is_error();
+      return;
+    }
+  Type* element_type = channel_type->element_type();
+  if (!Type::are_assignable(element_type, this->val_->type(), NULL))
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("incompatible types in send"));
+      return;
+    }
+  if (!channel_type->may_send())
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("invalid send on receive-only channel"));
+      return;
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a send statement.
+
+tree
+Send_statement::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  tree channel = this->channel_->get_tree(context);
+  tree val = this->val_->get_tree(context);
+  if (channel == error_mark_node || val == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  Channel_type* channel_type = this->channel_->type()->channel_type();
+  val = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context,
+                                          channel_type->element_type(),
+                                          this->val_->type(),
+                                          val,
+                                          this->location());
+  return Gogo::send_on_channel(channel, val, true, this->for_select_,
+                              this->location());
+}
+
+// Make a send statement.
+
+Send_statement*
+Statement::make_send_statement(Expression* channel, Expression* val,
+                              source_location location)
+{
+  return new Send_statement(channel, val, location);
+}
+
+// Class Select_clauses::Select_clause.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Select_clauses::Select_clause::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (!this->is_lowered_
+      && (traverse->traverse_mask()
+         & (Traverse::traverse_types | Traverse::traverse_expressions)) != 0)
+    {
+      if (this->channel_ != NULL)
+       {
+         if (Expression::traverse(&this->channel_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+           return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+       }
+      if (this->val_ != NULL)
+       {
+         if (Expression::traverse(&this->val_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+           return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+       }
+      if (this->closed_ != NULL)
+       {
+         if (Expression::traverse(&this->closed_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+           return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+       }
+    }
+  if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->statements_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lowering.  Here we pull out the channel and the send values, to
+// enforce the order of evaluation.  We also add explicit send and
+// receive statements to the clauses.
+
+void
+Select_clauses::Select_clause::lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function,
+                                    Block* b)
+{
+  if (this->is_default_)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(this->channel_ == NULL && this->val_ == NULL);
+      this->is_lowered_ = true;
+      return;
+    }
+
+  source_location loc = this->location_;
+
+  // Evaluate the channel before the select statement.
+  Temporary_statement* channel_temp = Statement::make_temporary(NULL,
+                                                               this->channel_,
+                                                               loc);
+  b->add_statement(channel_temp);
+  this->channel_ = Expression::make_temporary_reference(channel_temp, loc);
+
+  // If this is a send clause, evaluate the value to send before the
+  // select statement.
+  Temporary_statement* val_temp = NULL;
+  if (this->is_send_ && !this->val_->is_constant())
+    {
+      val_temp = Statement::make_temporary(NULL, this->val_, loc);
+      b->add_statement(val_temp);
+    }
+
+  // Add the send or receive before the rest of the statements if any.
+  Block *init = new Block(b, loc);
+  Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(channel_temp, loc);
+  if (this->is_send_)
+    {
+      Expression* ref2;
+      if (val_temp == NULL)
+       ref2 = this->val_;
+      else
+       ref2 = Expression::make_temporary_reference(val_temp, loc);
+      Send_statement* send = Statement::make_send_statement(ref, ref2, loc);
+      send->set_for_select();
+      init->add_statement(send);
+    }
+  else if (this->closed_ != NULL && !this->closed_->is_sink_expression())
+    {
+      gcc_assert(this->var_ == NULL && this->closedvar_ == NULL);
+      if (this->val_ == NULL)
+       this->val_ = Expression::make_sink(loc);
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_receive_assignment(this->val_,
+                                                             this->closed_,
+                                                             ref, true, loc);
+      init->add_statement(s);
+    }
+  else if (this->closedvar_ != NULL)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(this->val_ == NULL);
+      Expression* val;
+      if (this->var_ == NULL)
+       val = Expression::make_sink(loc);
+      else
+       val = Expression::make_var_reference(this->var_, loc);
+      Expression* closed = Expression::make_var_reference(this->closedvar_,
+                                                         loc);
+      Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_receive_assignment(val, closed, ref,
+                                                             true, loc);
+      // We have to put S in STATEMENTS_, because that is where the
+      // variables are declared.
+      gcc_assert(this->statements_ != NULL);
+      this->statements_->add_statement_at_front(s);
+      // We have to lower STATEMENTS_ again, to lower the tuple
+      // receive assignment we just added.
+      gogo->lower_block(function, this->statements_);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Receive_expression* recv = Expression::make_receive(ref, loc);
+      recv->set_for_select();
+      if (this->val_ != NULL)
+       {
+         gcc_assert(this->var_ == NULL);
+         init->add_statement(Statement::make_assignment(this->val_, recv,
+                                                        loc));
+       }
+      else if (this->var_ != NULL)
+       {
+         this->var_->var_value()->set_init(recv);
+         this->var_->var_value()->clear_type_from_chan_element();
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         init->add_statement(Statement::make_statement(recv));
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Lower any statements we just created.
+  gogo->lower_block(function, init);
+
+  if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+    init->add_statement(Statement::make_block_statement(this->statements_,
+                                                       loc));
+
+  this->statements_ = init;
+
+  // Now all references should be handled through the statements, not
+  // through here.
+  this->is_lowered_ = true;
+  this->val_ = NULL;
+  this->var_ = NULL;
+}
+
+// Determine types.
+
+void
+Select_clauses::Select_clause::determine_types()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->is_lowered_);
+  if (this->statements_ != NULL)
+    this->statements_->determine_types();
+}
+
+// Whether this clause may fall through to the statement which follows
+// the overall select statement.
+
+bool
+Select_clauses::Select_clause::may_fall_through() const
+{
+  if (this->statements_ == NULL)
+    return true;
+  return this->statements_->may_fall_through();
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the statements to execute.
+
+tree
+Select_clauses::Select_clause::get_statements_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  if (this->statements_ == NULL)
+    return NULL_TREE;
+  return this->statements_->get_tree(context);
+}
+
+// Class Select_clauses.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Select_clauses::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  for (Clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Lowering.  Here we pull out the channel and the send values, to
+// enforce the order of evaluation.  We also add explicit send and
+// receive statements to the clauses.
+
+void
+Select_clauses::lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function, Block* b)
+{
+  for (Clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    p->lower(gogo, function, b);
+}
+
+// Determine types.
+
+void
+Select_clauses::determine_types()
+{
+  for (Clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    p->determine_types();
+}
+
+// Return whether these select clauses fall through to the statement
+// following the overall select statement.
+
+bool
+Select_clauses::may_fall_through() const
+{
+  for (Clauses::const_iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    if (p->may_fall_through())
+      return true;
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return a tree.  We build a call to
+//   size_t __go_select(size_t count, _Bool has_default,
+//                      channel* channels, _Bool* is_send)
+//
+// There are COUNT entries in the CHANNELS and IS_SEND arrays.  The
+// value in the IS_SEND array is true for send, false for receive.
+// __go_select returns an integer from 0 to COUNT, inclusive.  A
+// return of 0 means that the default case should be run; this only
+// happens if HAS_DEFAULT is non-zero.  Otherwise the number indicates
+// the case to run.
+
+// FIXME: This doesn't handle channels which send interface types
+// where the receiver has a static type which matches that interface.
+
+tree
+Select_clauses::get_tree(Translate_context* context,
+                        Unnamed_label *break_label,
+                        source_location location)
+{
+  size_t count = this->clauses_.size();
+  VEC(constructor_elt, gc)* chan_init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, count);
+  VEC(constructor_elt, gc)* is_send_init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc,
+                                                    count);
+  Select_clause* default_clause = NULL;
+  tree final_stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
+  tree channel_type_tree = NULL_TREE;
+
+  size_t i = 0;
+  for (Clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->is_default())
+       {
+         default_clause = &*p;
+         --count;
+         continue;
+       }
+
+      if (p->channel()->type()->channel_type() == NULL)
+       {
+         // We should have given an error in the send or receive
+         // statement we created via lowering.
+         gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+         return error_mark_node;
+       }
+
+      tree channel_tree = p->channel()->get_tree(context);
+      if (channel_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      channel_type_tree = TREE_TYPE(channel_tree);
+
+      constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, chan_init, NULL);
+      elt->index = build_int_cstu(sizetype, i);
+      elt->value = channel_tree;
+
+      elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, is_send_init, NULL);
+      elt->index = build_int_cstu(sizetype, i);
+      elt->value = p->is_send() ? boolean_true_node : boolean_false_node;
+
+      ++i;
+    }
+  gcc_assert(i == count);
+
+  if (i == 0 && default_clause != NULL)
+    {
+      // There is only a default clause.
+      gcc_assert(final_stmt_list == NULL_TREE);
+      tree stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
+      append_to_statement_list(default_clause->get_statements_tree(context),
+                              &stmt_list);
+      append_to_statement_list(break_label->get_definition(), &stmt_list);
+      return stmt_list;
+    }
+
+  tree pointer_chan_type_tree = (channel_type_tree == NULL_TREE
+                                ? ptr_type_node
+                                : build_pointer_type(channel_type_tree));
+  tree chans_arg;
+  tree pointer_boolean_type_tree = build_pointer_type(boolean_type_node);
+  tree is_sends_arg;
+
+  if (i == 0)
+    {
+      chans_arg = fold_convert_loc(location, pointer_chan_type_tree,
+                                  null_pointer_node);
+      is_sends_arg = fold_convert_loc(location, pointer_boolean_type_tree,
+                                     null_pointer_node);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      tree index_type_tree = build_index_type(size_int(count - 1));
+      tree chan_array_type_tree = build_array_type(channel_type_tree,
+                                                  index_type_tree);
+      tree chan_constructor = build_constructor(chan_array_type_tree,
+                                               chan_init);
+      tree chan_var = create_tmp_var(chan_array_type_tree, "CHAN");
+      DECL_IGNORED_P(chan_var) = 0;
+      DECL_INITIAL(chan_var) = chan_constructor;
+      DECL_SOURCE_LOCATION(chan_var) = location;
+      TREE_ADDRESSABLE(chan_var) = 1;
+      tree decl_expr = build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, chan_var);
+      SET_EXPR_LOCATION(decl_expr, location);
+      append_to_statement_list(decl_expr, &final_stmt_list);
+
+      tree is_send_array_type_tree = build_array_type(boolean_type_node,
+                                                     index_type_tree);
+      tree is_send_constructor = build_constructor(is_send_array_type_tree,
+                                                  is_send_init);
+      tree is_send_var = create_tmp_var(is_send_array_type_tree, "ISSEND");
+      DECL_IGNORED_P(is_send_var) = 0;
+      DECL_INITIAL(is_send_var) = is_send_constructor;
+      DECL_SOURCE_LOCATION(is_send_var) = location;
+      TREE_ADDRESSABLE(is_send_var) = 1;
+      decl_expr = build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, is_send_var);
+      SET_EXPR_LOCATION(decl_expr, location);
+      append_to_statement_list(decl_expr, &final_stmt_list);
+
+      chans_arg = fold_convert_loc(location, pointer_chan_type_tree,
+                                  build_fold_addr_expr_loc(location,
+                                                           chan_var));
+      is_sends_arg = fold_convert_loc(location, pointer_boolean_type_tree,
+                                     build_fold_addr_expr_loc(location,
+                                                              is_send_var));
+    }
+
+  static tree select_fndecl;
+  tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&select_fndecl,
+                                location,
+                                "__go_select",
+                                4,
+                                sizetype,
+                                sizetype,
+                                size_int(count),
+                                boolean_type_node,
+                                (default_clause == NULL
+                                 ? boolean_false_node
+                                 : boolean_true_node),
+                                pointer_chan_type_tree,
+                                chans_arg,
+                                pointer_boolean_type_tree,
+                                is_sends_arg);
+  if (call == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
+
+  if (default_clause != NULL)
+    this->add_clause_tree(context, 0, default_clause, break_label, &stmt_list);
+
+  i = 1;
+  for (Clauses::iterator p = this->clauses_.begin();
+       p != this->clauses_.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (!p->is_default())
+       {
+         this->add_clause_tree(context, i, &*p, break_label, &stmt_list);
+         ++i;
+       }
+    }
+
+  append_to_statement_list(break_label->get_definition(), &stmt_list);
+
+  tree switch_stmt = build3(SWITCH_EXPR, sizetype, call, stmt_list, NULL_TREE);
+  SET_EXPR_LOCATION(switch_stmt, location);
+  append_to_statement_list(switch_stmt, &final_stmt_list);
+
+  return final_stmt_list;
+}
+
+// Add the tree for CLAUSE to STMT_LIST.
+
+void
+Select_clauses::add_clause_tree(Translate_context* context, int case_index,
+                               Select_clause* clause,
+                               Unnamed_label* bottom_label, tree* stmt_list)
+{
+  tree label = create_artificial_label(clause->location());
+  append_to_statement_list(build3(CASE_LABEL_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                                 build_int_cst(sizetype, case_index),
+                                 NULL_TREE, label),
+                          stmt_list);
+  append_to_statement_list(clause->get_statements_tree(context), stmt_list);
+  tree g = bottom_label->get_goto(clause->statements() == NULL
+                                 ? clause->location()
+                                 : clause->statements()->end_location());
+  append_to_statement_list(g, stmt_list);
+}
+
+// Class Select_statement.
+
+// Return the break label for this switch statement, creating it if
+// necessary.
+
+Unnamed_label*
+Select_statement::break_label()
+{
+  if (this->break_label_ == NULL)
+    this->break_label_ = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+  return this->break_label_;
+}
+
+// Lower a select statement.  This will still return a select
+// statement, but it will be modified to implement the order of
+// evaluation rules, and to include the send and receive statements as
+// explicit statements in the clauses.
+
+Statement*
+Select_statement::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function,
+                          Block* enclosing)
+{
+  if (this->is_lowered_)
+    return this;
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, this->location());
+  this->clauses_->lower(gogo, function, b);
+  this->is_lowered_ = true;
+  b->add_statement(this);
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, this->location());
+}
+
+// Return the tree for a select statement.
+
+tree
+Select_statement::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
+{
+  return this->clauses_->get_tree(context, this->break_label(),
+                                 this->location());
+}
+
+// Make a select statement.
+
+Select_statement*
+Statement::make_select_statement(source_location location)
+{
+  return new Select_statement(location);
+}
+
+// Class For_statement.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+For_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->init_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->init_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  if (this->cond_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->cond_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  if (this->post_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->post_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return this->statements_->traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Lower a For_statement into if statements and gotos.  Getting rid of
+// complex statements make it easier to handle garbage collection.
+
+Statement*
+For_statement::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block* enclosing)
+{
+  Statement* s;
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  Block* b = new Block(enclosing, this->location());
+  if (this->init_ != NULL)
+    {
+      s = Statement::make_block_statement(this->init_,
+                                         this->init_->start_location());
+      b->add_statement(s);
+    }
+
+  Unnamed_label* entry = NULL;
+  if (this->cond_ != NULL)
+    {
+      entry = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+      b->add_statement(Statement::make_goto_unnamed_statement(entry, loc));
+    }
+
+  Unnamed_label* top = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+  b->add_statement(Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(top));
+
+  s = Statement::make_block_statement(this->statements_,
+                                     this->statements_->start_location());
+  b->add_statement(s);
+
+  source_location end_loc = this->statements_->end_location();
+
+  Unnamed_label* cont = this->continue_label_;
+  if (cont != NULL)
+    b->add_statement(Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(cont));
+
+  if (this->post_ != NULL)
+    {
+      s = Statement::make_block_statement(this->post_,
+                                         this->post_->start_location());
+      b->add_statement(s);
+      end_loc = this->post_->end_location();
+    }
+
+  if (this->cond_ == NULL)
+    b->add_statement(Statement::make_goto_unnamed_statement(top, end_loc));
+  else
+    {
+      b->add_statement(Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(entry));
+
+      source_location cond_loc = this->cond_->location();
+      Block* then_block = new Block(b, cond_loc);
+      s = Statement::make_goto_unnamed_statement(top, cond_loc);
+      then_block->add_statement(s);
+
+      s = Statement::make_if_statement(this->cond_, then_block, NULL, cond_loc);
+      b->add_statement(s);
+    }
+
+  Unnamed_label* brk = this->break_label_;
+  if (brk != NULL)
+    b->add_statement(Statement::make_unnamed_label_statement(brk));
+
+  b->set_end_location(end_loc);
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(b, loc);
+}
+
+// Return the break label, creating it if necessary.
+
+Unnamed_label*
+For_statement::break_label()
+{
+  if (this->break_label_ == NULL)
+    this->break_label_ = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+  return this->break_label_;
+}
+
+// Return the continue LABEL_EXPR.
+
+Unnamed_label*
+For_statement::continue_label()
+{
+  if (this->continue_label_ == NULL)
+    this->continue_label_ = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+  return this->continue_label_;
+}
+
+// Set the break and continue labels a for statement.  This is used
+// when lowering a for range statement.
+
+void
+For_statement::set_break_continue_labels(Unnamed_label* break_label,
+                                        Unnamed_label* continue_label)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->break_label_ == NULL && this->continue_label_ == NULL);
+  this->break_label_ = break_label;
+  this->continue_label_ = continue_label;
+}
+
+// Make a for statement.
+
+For_statement*
+Statement::make_for_statement(Block* init, Expression* cond, Block* post,
+                             source_location location)
+{
+  return new For_statement(init, cond, post, location);
+}
+
+// Class For_range_statement.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+For_range_statement::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->index_var_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->value_var_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->value_var_)
+         == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  if (this->traverse_expression(traverse, &this->range_) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return this->statements_->traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Lower a for range statement.  For simplicity we lower this into a
+// for statement, which will then be lowered in turn to goto
+// statements.
+
+Statement*
+For_range_statement::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object*, Block* enclosing)
+{
+  Type* range_type = this->range_->type();
+  if (range_type->points_to() != NULL
+      && range_type->points_to()->array_type() != NULL
+      && !range_type->points_to()->is_open_array_type())
+    range_type = range_type->points_to();
+
+  Type* index_type;
+  Type* value_type = NULL;
+  if (range_type->array_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      index_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+      value_type = range_type->array_type()->element_type();
+    }
+  else if (range_type->is_string_type())
+    {
+      index_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+      value_type = index_type;
+    }
+  else if (range_type->map_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      index_type = range_type->map_type()->key_type();
+      value_type = range_type->map_type()->val_type();
+    }
+  else if (range_type->channel_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      index_type = range_type->channel_type()->element_type();
+      if (this->value_var_ != NULL)
+       {
+         if (!this->value_var_->type()->is_error_type())
+           this->report_error(_("too many variables for range clause "
+                                "with channel"));
+         return Statement::make_error_statement(this->location());
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      this->report_error(_("range clause must have "
+                          "array, slice, setring, map, or channel type"));
+      return Statement::make_error_statement(this->location());
+    }
+
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+  Block* temp_block = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  Named_object* range_object = NULL;
+  Temporary_statement* range_temp = NULL;
+  Var_expression* ve = this->range_->var_expression();
+  if (ve != NULL)
+    range_object = ve->named_object();
+  else
+    {
+      range_temp = Statement::make_temporary(NULL, this->range_, loc);
+      temp_block->add_statement(range_temp);
+    }
+
+  Temporary_statement* index_temp = Statement::make_temporary(index_type,
+                                                             NULL, loc);
+  temp_block->add_statement(index_temp);
+
+  Temporary_statement* value_temp = NULL;
+  if (this->value_var_ != NULL)
+    {
+      value_temp = Statement::make_temporary(value_type, NULL, loc);
+      temp_block->add_statement(value_temp);
+    }
+
+  Block* body = new Block(temp_block, loc);
+
+  Block* init;
+  Expression* cond;
+  Block* iter_init;
+  Block* post;
+
+  // Arrange to do a loop appropriate for the type.  We will produce
+  //   for INIT ; COND ; POST {
+  //           ITER_INIT
+  //           INDEX = INDEX_TEMP
+  //           VALUE = VALUE_TEMP // If there is a value
+  //           original statements
+  //   }
+
+  if (range_type->array_type() != NULL)
+    this->lower_range_array(gogo, temp_block, body, range_object, range_temp,
+                           index_temp, value_temp, &init, &cond, &iter_init,
+                           &post);
+  else if (range_type->is_string_type())
+    this->lower_range_string(gogo, temp_block, body, range_object, range_temp,
+                            index_temp, value_temp, &init, &cond, &iter_init,
+                            &post);
+  else if (range_type->map_type() != NULL)
+    this->lower_range_map(gogo, temp_block, body, range_object, range_temp,
+                         index_temp, value_temp, &init, &cond, &iter_init,
+                         &post);
+  else if (range_type->channel_type() != NULL)
+    this->lower_range_channel(gogo, temp_block, body, range_object, range_temp,
+                             index_temp, value_temp, &init, &cond, &iter_init,
+                             &post);
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+
+  if (iter_init != NULL)
+    body->add_statement(Statement::make_block_statement(iter_init, loc));
+
+  Statement* assign;
+  Expression* index_ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+  if (this->value_var_ == NULL)
+    {
+      assign = Statement::make_assignment(this->index_var_, index_ref, loc);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Expression_list* lhs = new Expression_list();
+      lhs->push_back(this->index_var_);
+      lhs->push_back(this->value_var_);
+
+      Expression_list* rhs = new Expression_list();
+      rhs->push_back(index_ref);
+      rhs->push_back(Expression::make_temporary_reference(value_temp, loc));
+
+      assign = Statement::make_tuple_assignment(lhs, rhs, loc);
+    }
+  body->add_statement(assign);
+
+  body->add_statement(Statement::make_block_statement(this->statements_, loc));
+
+  body->set_end_location(this->statements_->end_location());
+
+  For_statement* loop = Statement::make_for_statement(init, cond, post,
+                                                     this->location());
+  loop->add_statements(body);
+  loop->set_break_continue_labels(this->break_label_, this->continue_label_);
+
+  temp_block->add_statement(loop);
+
+  return Statement::make_block_statement(temp_block, loc);
+}
+
+// Return a reference to the range, which may be in RANGE_OBJECT or in
+// RANGE_TEMP.
+
+Expression*
+For_range_statement::make_range_ref(Named_object* range_object,
+                                   Temporary_statement* range_temp,
+                                   source_location loc)
+{
+  if (range_object != NULL)
+    return Expression::make_var_reference(range_object, loc);
+  else
+    return Expression::make_temporary_reference(range_temp, loc);
+}
+
+// Return a call to the predeclared function FUNCNAME passing a
+// reference to the temporary variable ARG.
+
+Expression*
+For_range_statement::call_builtin(Gogo* gogo, const char* funcname,
+                                 Expression* arg,
+                                 source_location loc)
+{
+  Named_object* no = gogo->lookup_global(funcname);
+  gcc_assert(no != NULL && no->is_function_declaration());
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(no, NULL, loc);
+  Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+  params->push_back(arg);
+  return Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+}
+
+// Lower a for range over an array or slice.
+
+void
+For_range_statement::lower_range_array(Gogo* gogo,
+                                      Block* enclosing,
+                                      Block* body_block,
+                                      Named_object* range_object,
+                                      Temporary_statement* range_temp,
+                                      Temporary_statement* index_temp,
+                                      Temporary_statement* value_temp,
+                                      Block** pinit,
+                                      Expression** pcond,
+                                      Block** piter_init,
+                                      Block** ppost)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  // The loop we generate:
+  //   len_temp := len(range)
+  //   for index_temp = 0; index_temp < len_temp; index_temp++ {
+  //           value_temp = range[index_temp]
+  //           index = index_temp
+  //           value = value_temp
+  //           original body
+  //   }
+
+  // Set *PINIT to
+  //   var len_temp int
+  //   len_temp = len(range)
+  //   index_temp = 0
+
+  Block* init = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  Expression* ref = this->make_range_ref(range_object, range_temp, loc);
+  Expression* len_call = this->call_builtin(gogo, "len", ref, loc);
+  Temporary_statement* len_temp = Statement::make_temporary(index_temp->type(),
+                                                           len_call, loc);
+  init->add_statement(len_temp);
+
+  mpz_t zval;
+  mpz_init_set_ui(zval, 0UL);
+  Expression* zexpr = Expression::make_integer(&zval, NULL, loc);
+  mpz_clear(zval);
+
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(ref, zexpr, loc);
+  init->add_statement(s);
+
+  *pinit = init;
+
+  // Set *PCOND to
+  //   index_temp < len_temp
+
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+  Expression* ref2 = Expression::make_temporary_reference(len_temp, loc);
+  Expression* lt = Expression::make_binary(OPERATOR_LT, ref, ref2, loc);
+
+  *pcond = lt;
+
+  // Set *PITER_INIT to
+  //   value_temp = range[index_temp]
+
+  Block* iter_init = NULL;
+  if (value_temp != NULL)
+    {
+      iter_init = new Block(body_block, loc);
+
+      ref = this->make_range_ref(range_object, range_temp, loc);
+      Expression* ref2 = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+      Expression* index = Expression::make_index(ref, ref2, NULL, loc);
+
+      ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(value_temp, loc);
+      s = Statement::make_assignment(ref, index, loc);
+
+      iter_init->add_statement(s);
+    }
+  *piter_init = iter_init;
+
+  // Set *PPOST to
+  //   index_temp++
+
+  Block* post = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_inc_statement(ref);
+  post->add_statement(s);
+  *ppost = post;
+}
+
+// Lower a for range over a string.
+
+void
+For_range_statement::lower_range_string(Gogo* gogo,
+                                       Block* enclosing,
+                                       Block* body_block,
+                                       Named_object* range_object,
+                                       Temporary_statement* range_temp,
+                                       Temporary_statement* index_temp,
+                                       Temporary_statement* value_temp,
+                                       Block** pinit,
+                                       Expression** pcond,
+                                       Block** piter_init,
+                                       Block** ppost)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  // The loop we generate:
+  //   var next_index_temp int
+  //   for index_temp = 0; ; index_temp = next_index_temp {
+  //           next_index_temp, value_temp = stringiter2(range, index_temp)
+  //           if next_index_temp == 0 {
+  //                   break
+  //           }
+  //           index = index_temp
+  //           value = value_temp
+  //           original body
+  //   }
+
+  // Set *PINIT to
+  //   var next_index_temp int
+  //   index_temp = 0
+
+  Block* init = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  Temporary_statement* next_index_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(index_temp->type(), NULL, loc);
+  init->add_statement(next_index_temp);
+
+  mpz_t zval;
+  mpz_init_set_ui(zval, 0UL);
+  Expression* zexpr = Expression::make_integer(&zval, NULL, loc);
+
+  Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_assignment(ref, zexpr, loc);
+
+  init->add_statement(s);
+  *pinit = init;
+
+  // The loop has no condition.
+
+  *pcond = NULL;
+
+  // Set *PITER_INIT to
+  //   next_index_temp = runtime.stringiter(range, index_temp)
+  // or
+  //   next_index_temp, value_temp = runtime.stringiter2(range, index_temp)
+  // followed by
+  //   if next_index_temp == 0 {
+  //           break
+  //   }
+
+  Block* iter_init = new Block(body_block, loc);
+
+  Named_object* no;
+  if (value_temp == NULL)
+    {
+      static Named_object* stringiter;
+      if (stringiter == NULL)
+       {
+         source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+         Type* int_type = gogo->lookup_global("int")->type_value();
+
+         Typed_identifier_list* params = new Typed_identifier_list();
+         params->push_back(Typed_identifier("s", Type::make_string_type(),
+                                            bloc));
+         params->push_back(Typed_identifier("k", int_type, bloc));
+
+         Typed_identifier_list* results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+         results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", int_type, bloc));
+
+         Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, params,
+                                                          results, bloc);
+         stringiter = Named_object::make_function_declaration("stringiter",
+                                                              NULL, fntype,
+                                                              bloc);
+         const char* n = "runtime.stringiter";
+         stringiter->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(n);
+       }
+      no = stringiter;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      static Named_object* stringiter2;
+      if (stringiter2 == NULL)
+       {
+         source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+         Type* int_type = gogo->lookup_global("int")->type_value();
+
+         Typed_identifier_list* params = new Typed_identifier_list();
+         params->push_back(Typed_identifier("s", Type::make_string_type(),
+                                            bloc));
+         params->push_back(Typed_identifier("k", int_type, bloc));
+
+         Typed_identifier_list* results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+         results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", int_type, bloc));
+         results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", int_type, bloc));
+
+         Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, params,
+                                                          results, bloc);
+         stringiter2 = Named_object::make_function_declaration("stringiter",
+                                                               NULL, fntype,
+                                                               bloc);
+         const char* n = "runtime.stringiter2";
+         stringiter2->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(n);
+       }
+      no = stringiter2;
+    }
+
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(no, NULL, loc);
+  Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+  params->push_back(this->make_range_ref(range_object, range_temp, loc));
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc));
+  Call_expression* call = Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+
+  if (value_temp == NULL)
+    {
+      ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(next_index_temp, loc);
+      s = Statement::make_assignment(ref, call, loc);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Expression_list* lhs = new Expression_list();
+      lhs->push_back(Expression::make_temporary_reference(next_index_temp,
+                                                         loc));
+      lhs->push_back(Expression::make_temporary_reference(value_temp, loc));
+
+      Expression_list* rhs = new Expression_list();
+      rhs->push_back(Expression::make_call_result(call, 0));
+      rhs->push_back(Expression::make_call_result(call, 1));
+
+      s = Statement::make_tuple_assignment(lhs, rhs, loc);
+    }
+  iter_init->add_statement(s);
+
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(next_index_temp, loc);
+  zexpr = Expression::make_integer(&zval, NULL, loc);
+  mpz_clear(zval);
+  Expression* equals = Expression::make_binary(OPERATOR_EQEQ, ref, zexpr, loc);
+
+  Block* then_block = new Block(iter_init, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_break_statement(this->break_label(), loc);
+  then_block->add_statement(s);
+
+  s = Statement::make_if_statement(equals, then_block, NULL, loc);
+  iter_init->add_statement(s);
+
+  *piter_init = iter_init;
+
+  // Set *PPOST to
+  //   index_temp = next_index_temp
+
+  Block* post = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  Expression* lhs = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+  Expression* rhs = Expression::make_temporary_reference(next_index_temp, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_assignment(lhs, rhs, loc);
+
+  post->add_statement(s);
+  *ppost = post;
+}
+
+// Lower a for range over a map.
+
+void
+For_range_statement::lower_range_map(Gogo* gogo,
+                                    Block* enclosing,
+                                    Block* body_block,
+                                    Named_object* range_object,
+                                    Temporary_statement* range_temp,
+                                    Temporary_statement* index_temp,
+                                    Temporary_statement* value_temp,
+                                    Block** pinit,
+                                    Expression** pcond,
+                                    Block** piter_init,
+                                    Block** ppost)
+{
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  // The runtime uses a struct to handle ranges over a map.  The
+  // struct is four pointers long.  The first pointer is NULL when we
+  // have completed the iteration.
+
+  // The loop we generate:
+  //   var hiter map_iteration_struct
+  //   for mapiterinit(range, &hiter); hiter[0] != nil; mapiternext(&hiter) {
+  //           mapiter2(hiter, &index_temp, &value_temp)
+  //           index = index_temp
+  //           value = value_temp
+  //           original body
+  //   }
+
+  // Set *PINIT to
+  //   var hiter map_iteration_struct
+  //   runtime.mapiterinit(range, &hiter)
+
+  Block* init = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  const unsigned long map_iteration_size = 4;
+
+  mpz_t ival;
+  mpz_init_set_ui(ival, map_iteration_size);
+  Expression* iexpr = Expression::make_integer(&ival, NULL, loc);
+  mpz_clear(ival);
+
+  Type* byte_type = gogo->lookup_global("byte")->type_value();
+  Type* ptr_type = Type::make_pointer_type(byte_type);
+
+  Type* map_iteration_type = Type::make_array_type(ptr_type, iexpr);
+  Type* map_iteration_ptr = Type::make_pointer_type(map_iteration_type);
+
+  Temporary_statement* hiter = Statement::make_temporary(map_iteration_type,
+                                                        NULL, loc);
+  init->add_statement(hiter);
+
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+  Typed_identifier_list* param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("map", this->range_->type(), bloc));
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("it", map_iteration_ptr, bloc));
+  Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types, NULL,
+                                                  bloc);
+
+  Named_object* mapiterinit =
+    Named_object::make_function_declaration("mapiterinit", NULL, fntype, bloc);
+  const char* n = "runtime.mapiterinit";
+  mapiterinit->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(n);
+
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(mapiterinit, NULL, loc);
+  Expression_list* params = new Expression_list();
+  params->push_back(this->make_range_ref(range_object, range_temp, loc));
+  Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(hiter, loc);
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc));
+  Expression* call = Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+  init->add_statement(Statement::make_statement(call));
+
+  *pinit = init;
+
+  // Set *PCOND to
+  //   hiter[0] != nil
+
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(hiter, loc);
+
+  mpz_t zval;
+  mpz_init_set_ui(zval, 0UL);
+  Expression* zexpr = Expression::make_integer(&zval, NULL, loc);
+  mpz_clear(zval);
+
+  Expression* index = Expression::make_index(ref, zexpr, NULL, loc);
+
+  Expression* ne = Expression::make_binary(OPERATOR_NOTEQ, index,
+                                          Expression::make_nil(loc),
+                                          loc);
+
+  *pcond = ne;
+
+  // Set *PITER_INIT to
+  //   mapiter1(hiter, &index_temp)
+  // or
+  //   mapiter2(hiter, &index_temp, &value_temp)
+
+  Block* iter_init = new Block(body_block, loc);
+
+  param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("hiter", map_iteration_ptr, bloc));
+  Type* pkey_type = Type::make_pointer_type(index_temp->type());
+  param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("key", pkey_type, bloc));
+  if (value_temp != NULL)
+    {
+      Type* pval_type = Type::make_pointer_type(value_temp->type());
+      param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("val", pval_type, bloc));
+    }
+  fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types, NULL, bloc);
+  n = value_temp == NULL ? "mapiter1" : "mapiter2";
+  Named_object* mapiter = Named_object::make_function_declaration(n, NULL,
+                                                                 fntype, bloc);
+  n = value_temp == NULL ? "runtime.mapiter1" : "runtime.mapiter2";
+  mapiter->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(n);
+
+  func = Expression::make_func_reference(mapiter, NULL, loc);
+  params = new Expression_list();
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(hiter, loc);
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc));
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc));
+  if (value_temp != NULL)
+    {
+      ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(value_temp, loc);
+      params->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc));
+    }
+  call = Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+  iter_init->add_statement(Statement::make_statement(call));
+
+  *piter_init = iter_init;
+
+  // Set *PPOST to
+  //   mapiternext(&hiter)
+
+  Block* post = new Block(enclosing, loc);
+
+  static Named_object* mapiternext;
+  if (mapiternext == NULL)
+    {
+      param_types = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      param_types->push_back(Typed_identifier("it", map_iteration_ptr, bloc));
+      fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, param_types, NULL, bloc);
+      mapiternext = Named_object::make_function_declaration("mapiternext",
+                                                           NULL, fntype,
+                                                           bloc);
+      const char* n = "runtime.mapiternext";
+      mapiternext->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(n);
+    }
+
+  func = Expression::make_func_reference(mapiternext, NULL, loc);
+  params = new Expression_list();
+  ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(hiter, loc);
+  params->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, ref, loc));
+  call = Expression::make_call(func, params, false, loc);
+  post->add_statement(Statement::make_statement(call));
+
+  *ppost = post;
+}
+
+// Lower a for range over a channel.
+
+void
+For_range_statement::lower_range_channel(Gogo*,
+                                        Block*,
+                                        Block* body_block,
+                                        Named_object* range_object,
+                                        Temporary_statement* range_temp,
+                                        Temporary_statement* index_temp,
+                                        Temporary_statement* value_temp,
+                                        Block** pinit,
+                                        Expression** pcond,
+                                        Block** piter_init,
+                                        Block** ppost)
+{
+  gcc_assert(value_temp == NULL);
+
+  source_location loc = this->location();
+
+  // The loop we generate:
+  //   for {
+  //           index_temp, ok_temp = <-range
+  //           if !ok_temp {
+  //                   break
+  //           }
+  //           index = index_temp
+  //           original body
+  //   }
+
+  // We have no initialization code, no condition, and no post code.
+
+  *pinit = NULL;
+  *pcond = NULL;
+  *ppost = NULL;
+
+  // Set *PITER_INIT to
+  //   index_temp, ok_temp = <-range
+  //   if !ok_temp {
+  //           break
+  //   }
+
+  Block* iter_init = new Block(body_block, loc);
+
+  Temporary_statement* ok_temp =
+    Statement::make_temporary(Type::lookup_bool_type(), NULL, loc);
+  iter_init->add_statement(ok_temp);
+
+  Expression* cref = this->make_range_ref(range_object, range_temp, loc);
+  Expression* iref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(index_temp, loc);
+  Expression* oref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(ok_temp, loc);
+  Statement* s = Statement::make_tuple_receive_assignment(iref, oref, cref,
+                                                         false, loc);
+  iter_init->add_statement(s);
+
+  Block* then_block = new Block(iter_init, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_break_statement(this->break_label(), loc);
+  then_block->add_statement(s);
+
+  oref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(ok_temp, loc);
+  Expression* cond = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_NOT, oref, loc);
+  s = Statement::make_if_statement(cond, then_block, NULL, loc);
+  iter_init->add_statement(s);
+
+  *piter_init = iter_init;
+}
+
+// Return the break LABEL_EXPR.
+
+Unnamed_label*
+For_range_statement::break_label()
+{
+  if (this->break_label_ == NULL)
+    this->break_label_ = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+  return this->break_label_;
+}
+
+// Return the continue LABEL_EXPR.
+
+Unnamed_label*
+For_range_statement::continue_label()
+{
+  if (this->continue_label_ == NULL)
+    this->continue_label_ = new Unnamed_label(this->location());
+  return this->continue_label_;
+}
+
+// Make a for statement with a range clause.
+
+For_range_statement*
+Statement::make_for_range_statement(Expression* index_var,
+                                   Expression* value_var,
+                                   Expression* range,
+                                   source_location location)
+{
+  return new For_range_statement(index_var, value_var, range, location);
+}
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/statements.h.merge-left.r167407 b/gcc/go/gofrontend/statements.h.merge-left.r167407
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..6ca586f
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,1420 @@
+// statements.h -- Go frontend statements.     -*- C++ -*-
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#ifndef GO_STATEMENTS_H
+#define GO_STATEMENTS_H
+
+#include "operator.h"
+
+class Gogo;
+class Traverse;
+class Block;
+class Function;
+class Unnamed_label;
+class Temporary_statement;
+class Variable_declaration_statement;
+class Return_statement;
+class Thunk_statement;
+class Label_statement;
+class For_statement;
+class For_range_statement;
+class Switch_statement;
+class Type_switch_statement;
+class Select_statement;
+class Variable;
+class Named_object;
+class Label;
+class Translate_context;
+class Expression;
+class Expression_list;
+class Struct_type;
+class Call_expression;
+class Map_index_expression;
+class Receive_expression;
+class Case_clauses;
+class Type_case_clauses;
+class Select_clauses;
+class Typed_identifier_list;
+
+// This class is used to traverse assignments made by a statement
+// which makes assignments.
+
+class Traverse_assignments
+{
+ public:
+  Traverse_assignments()
+  { }
+
+  virtual ~Traverse_assignments()
+  { }
+
+  // This is called for a variable initialization.
+  virtual void
+  initialize_variable(Named_object*) = 0;
+
+  // This is called for each assignment made by the statement.  PLHS
+  // points to the left hand side, and PRHS points to the right hand
+  // side.  PRHS may be NULL if there is no associated expression, as
+  // in the bool set by a non-blocking receive.
+  virtual void
+  assignment(Expression** plhs, Expression** prhs) = 0;
+
+  // This is called for each expression which is not passed to the
+  // assignment function.  This is used for some of the statements
+  // which assign two values, for which there is no expression which
+  // describes the value.  For ++ and -- the value is passed to both
+  // the assignment method and the rhs method.  IS_STORED is true if
+  // this value is being stored directly.  It is false if the value is
+  // computed but not stored.  IS_LOCAL is true if the value is being
+  // stored in a local variable or this is being called by a return
+  // statement.
+  virtual void
+  value(Expression**, bool is_stored, bool is_local) = 0;
+};
+
+// A single statement.
+
+class Statement
+{
+ public:
+  // The types of statements.
+  enum Statement_classification
+  {
+    STATEMENT_ERROR,
+    STATEMENT_VARIABLE_DECLARATION,
+    STATEMENT_TEMPORARY,
+    STATEMENT_ASSIGNMENT,
+    STATEMENT_EXPRESSION,
+    STATEMENT_BLOCK,
+    STATEMENT_GO,
+    STATEMENT_DEFER,
+    STATEMENT_RETURN,
+    STATEMENT_BREAK_OR_CONTINUE,
+    STATEMENT_GOTO,
+    STATEMENT_GOTO_UNNAMED,
+    STATEMENT_LABEL,
+    STATEMENT_UNNAMED_LABEL,
+    STATEMENT_IF,
+    STATEMENT_CONSTANT_SWITCH,
+    STATEMENT_SELECT,
+
+    // These statements types are created by the parser, but they
+    // disappear during the lowering pass.
+    STATEMENT_ASSIGNMENT_OPERATION,
+    STATEMENT_TUPLE_ASSIGNMENT,
+    STATEMENT_TUPLE_MAP_ASSIGNMENT,
+    STATEMENT_MAP_ASSIGNMENT,
+    STATEMENT_TUPLE_RECEIVE_ASSIGNMENT,
+    STATEMENT_TUPLE_TYPE_GUARD_ASSIGNMENT,
+    STATEMENT_INCDEC,
+    STATEMENT_FOR,
+    STATEMENT_FOR_RANGE,
+    STATEMENT_SWITCH,
+    STATEMENT_TYPE_SWITCH
+  };
+
+  Statement(Statement_classification, source_location);
+
+  virtual ~Statement();
+
+  // Make a variable declaration.
+  static Statement*
+  make_variable_declaration(Named_object*);
+
+  // Make a statement which creates a temporary variable and
+  // initializes it to an expression.  The block is used if the
+  // temporary variable has to be explicitly destroyed; the variable
+  // must still be added to the block.  References to the temporary
+  // variable may be constructed using make_temporary_reference.
+  // Either the type or the initialization expression may be NULL, but
+  // not both.
+  static Temporary_statement*
+  make_temporary(Type*, Expression*, source_location);
+
+  // Make an assignment statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_assignment(Expression*, Expression*, source_location);
+
+  // Make an assignment operation (+=, etc.).
+  static Statement*
+  make_assignment_operation(Operator, Expression*, Expression*,
+                           source_location);
+
+  // Make a tuple assignment statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_tuple_assignment(Expression_list*, Expression_list*, source_location);
+
+  // Make an assignment from a map index to a pair of variables.
+  static Statement*
+  make_tuple_map_assignment(Expression* val, Expression* present,
+                           Expression*, source_location);
+
+  // Make a statement which assigns a pair of values to a map.
+  static Statement*
+  make_map_assignment(Expression*, Expression* val,
+                     Expression* should_set, source_location);
+
+  // Make an assignment from a nonblocking receive to a pair of
+  // variables.
+  static Statement*
+  make_tuple_receive_assignment(Expression* val, Expression* success,
+                               Expression* channel, source_location);
+
+  // Make an assignment from a type guard to a pair of variables.
+  static Statement*
+  make_tuple_type_guard_assignment(Expression* val, Expression* ok,
+                                  Expression* expr, Type* type,
+                                  source_location);
+
+  // Make an expression statement from an Expression.
+  static Statement*
+  make_statement(Expression*);
+
+  // Make a block statement from a Block.  This is an embedded list of
+  // statements which may also include variable definitions.
+  static Statement*
+  make_block_statement(Block*, source_location);
+
+  // Make an increment statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_inc_statement(Expression*);
+
+  // Make a decrement statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_dec_statement(Expression*);
+
+  // Make a go statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_go_statement(Call_expression* call, source_location);
+
+  // Make a defer statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_defer_statement(Call_expression* call, source_location);
+
+  // Make a return statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_return_statement(const Typed_identifier_list*, Expression_list*,
+                       source_location);
+
+  // Make a break statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_break_statement(Unnamed_label* label, source_location);
+
+  // Make a continue statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_continue_statement(Unnamed_label* label, source_location);
+
+  // Make a goto statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_goto_statement(Label* label, source_location);
+
+  // Make a goto statement to an unnamed label.
+  static Statement*
+  make_goto_unnamed_statement(Unnamed_label* label, source_location);
+
+  // Make a label statement--where the label is defined.
+  static Statement*
+  make_label_statement(Label* label, source_location);
+
+  // Make an unnamed label statement--where the label is defined.
+  static Statement*
+  make_unnamed_label_statement(Unnamed_label* label);
+
+  // Make an if statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_if_statement(Expression* cond, Block* then_block, Block* else_block,
+                   source_location);
+
+  // Make a switch statement.
+  static Switch_statement*
+  make_switch_statement(Expression* switch_val, source_location);
+
+  // Make a type switch statement.
+  static Type_switch_statement*
+  make_type_switch_statement(Named_object* var, Expression*, source_location);
+
+  // Make a select statement.
+  static Select_statement*
+  make_select_statement(source_location);
+
+  // Make a for statement.
+  static For_statement*
+  make_for_statement(Block* init, Expression* cond, Block* post,
+                    source_location location);
+
+  // Make a for statement with a range clause.
+  static For_range_statement*
+  make_for_range_statement(Expression* index_var, Expression* value_var,
+                          Expression* range, source_location);
+
+  // Return the statement classification.
+  Statement_classification
+  classification() const
+  { return this->classification_; }
+
+  // Get the statement location.
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Traverse the tree.
+  int
+  traverse(Block*, size_t* index, Traverse*);
+
+  // Traverse the contents of this statement--the expressions and
+  // statements which it contains.
+  int
+  traverse_contents(Traverse*);
+
+  // If this statement assigns some values, it calls a function for
+  // each value to which this statement assigns a value, and returns
+  // true.  If this statement does not assign any values, it returns
+  // false.
+  bool
+  traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments* tassign);
+
+  // Lower a statement.  This is called immediately after parsing to
+  // simplify statements for further processing.  It returns the same
+  // Statement or a new one.  BLOCK is the block containing this
+  // statement.
+  Statement*
+  lower(Gogo* gogo, Block* block)
+  { return this->do_lower(gogo, block); }
+
+  // Set type information for unnamed constants.
+  void
+  determine_types();
+
+  // Check types in a statement.  This simply checks that any
+  // expressions used by the statement have the right type.
+  void
+  check_types(Gogo* gogo)
+  { this->do_check_types(gogo); }
+
+  // Return whether this is a block statement.
+  bool
+  is_block_statement() const
+  { return this->classification_ == STATEMENT_BLOCK; }
+
+  // If this is a variable declaration statement, return it.
+  // Otherwise return NULL.
+  Variable_declaration_statement*
+  variable_declaration_statement()
+  {
+    return this->convert<Variable_declaration_statement,
+                        STATEMENT_VARIABLE_DECLARATION>();
+  }
+
+  // If this is a return statement, return it.  Otherwise return NULL.
+  Return_statement*
+  return_statement()
+  { return this->convert<Return_statement, STATEMENT_RETURN>(); }
+
+  // If this is a thunk statement (a go or defer statement), return
+  // it.  Otherwise return NULL.
+  Thunk_statement*
+  thunk_statement();
+
+  // If this is a label statement, return it.  Otherwise return NULL.
+  Label_statement*
+  label_statement()
+  { return this->convert<Label_statement, STATEMENT_LABEL>(); }
+
+  // If this is a for statement, return it.  Otherwise return NULL.
+  For_statement*
+  for_statement()
+  { return this->convert<For_statement, STATEMENT_FOR>(); }
+
+  // If this is a for statement over a range clause, return it.
+  // Otherwise return NULL.
+  For_range_statement*
+  for_range_statement()
+  { return this->convert<For_range_statement, STATEMENT_FOR_RANGE>(); }
+
+  // If this is a switch statement, return it.  Otherwise return NULL.
+  Switch_statement*
+  switch_statement()
+  { return this->convert<Switch_statement, STATEMENT_SWITCH>(); }
+
+  // If this is a type switch statement, return it.  Otherwise return
+  // NULL.
+  Type_switch_statement*
+  type_switch_statement()
+  { return this->convert<Type_switch_statement, STATEMENT_TYPE_SWITCH>(); }
+
+  // If this is a select statement, return it.  Otherwise return NULL.
+  Select_statement*
+  select_statement()
+  { return this->convert<Select_statement, STATEMENT_SELECT>(); }
+
+  // Return true if this statement may fall through--if after
+  // executing this statement we may go on to execute the following
+  // statement, if any.
+  bool
+  may_fall_through() const
+  { return this->do_may_fall_through(); }
+
+  // Return the tree for a statement.  BLOCK is the enclosing block.
+  tree
+  get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ protected:
+  // Implemented by child class: traverse the tree.
+  virtual int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*) = 0;
+
+  // Implemented by child class: traverse assignments.  Any statement
+  // which includes an assignment should implement this.
+  virtual bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { return false; }
+
+  // Implemented by the child class: lower this statement to a simpler
+  // one.
+  virtual Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Block*)
+  { return this; }
+
+  // Implemented by child class: set type information for unnamed
+  // constants.  Any statement which includes an expression needs to
+  // implement this.
+  virtual void
+  do_determine_types()
+  { }
+
+  // Implemented by child class: check types of expressions used in a
+  // statement.
+  virtual void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*)
+  { }
+
+  // Implemented by child class: return true if this statement may
+  // fall through.
+  virtual bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  // Implemented by child class: return a tree.
+  virtual tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*) = 0;
+
+  // Traverse an expression in a statement.
+  int
+  traverse_expression(Traverse*, Expression**);
+
+  // Traverse an expression list in a statement.  The Expression_list
+  // may be NULL.
+  int
+  traverse_expression_list(Traverse*, Expression_list*);
+
+  // Traverse a type in a statement.
+  int
+  traverse_type(Traverse*, Type*);
+
+  // Build a tree node with one operand, setting the location.  The
+  // first operand really has type "enum tree_code", but that enum is
+  // not defined here.
+  tree
+  build_stmt_1(int tree_code_value, tree);
+
+  // For children to call when they detect that they are in error.
+  void
+  set_is_error();
+
+  // For children to call to report an error conveniently.
+  void
+  report_error(const char*);
+
+  // For children to return an error statement from lower().
+  static Statement*
+  make_error_statement(source_location);
+
+ private:
+  // Convert to the desired statement classification, or return NULL.
+  // This is a controlled dynamic cast.
+  template<typename Statement_class, Statement_classification sc>
+  Statement_class*
+  convert()
+  {
+    return (this->classification_ == sc
+           ? static_cast<Statement_class*>(this)
+           : NULL);
+  }
+
+  template<typename Statement_class, Statement_classification sc>
+  const Statement_class*
+  convert() const
+  {
+    return (this->classification_ == sc
+           ? static_cast<const Statement_class*>(this)
+           : NULL);
+  }
+
+  // The statement classification.
+  Statement_classification classification_;
+  // The location in the input file of the start of this statement.
+  source_location location_;
+};
+
+// A statement which creates and initializes a temporary variable.
+
+class Temporary_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Temporary_statement(Type* type, Expression* init, source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_TEMPORARY, location),
+      type_(type), init_(init), decl_(NULL), is_address_taken_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Return the type of the temporary variable.
+  Type*
+  type() const;
+
+  // Return the initialization expression.
+  Expression*
+  init() const
+  { return this->init_; }
+
+  // Record that something takes the address of this temporary
+  // variable.
+  void
+  set_is_address_taken()
+  { this->is_address_taken_ = true; }
+
+  // Return the tree for the temporary variable itself.  This should
+  // not be called until after the statement itself has been expanded.
+  tree
+  get_decl() const
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->decl_ != NULL);
+    return this->decl_;
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*);
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types();
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The type of the temporary variable.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The initial value of the temporary variable.  This may be NULL.
+  Expression* init_;
+  // The DECL for the temporary variable.
+  tree decl_;
+  // True if something takes the address of this temporary variable.
+  bool is_address_taken_;
+};
+
+// A variable declaration.  This marks the point in the code where a
+// variable is declared.  The Variable is also attached to a Block.
+
+class Variable_declaration_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Variable_declaration_statement(Named_object* var);
+
+  // The variable being declared.
+  Named_object*
+  var()
+  { return this->var_; }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  Named_object* var_;
+};
+
+// A return statement.
+
+class Return_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Return_statement(const Typed_identifier_list* results, Expression_list* vals,
+                  source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_RETURN, location),
+      results_(results), vals_(vals)
+  { }
+
+  // The list of values being returned.  This may be NULL.
+  const Expression_list*
+  vals() const
+  { return this->vals_; }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return this->traverse_expression_list(traverse, this->vals_); }
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*);
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Block*);
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types();
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const
+  { return false; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The result types of the function we are returning from.  This is
+  // here because in some of the traversals it is inconvenient to get
+  // it.
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results_;
+  // Return values.  This may be NULL.
+  Expression_list* vals_;
+};
+
+// Select_clauses holds the clauses of a select statement.  This is
+// built by the parser.
+
+class Select_clauses
+{
+ public:
+  Select_clauses()
+    : clauses_()
+  { }
+
+  // Add a new clause.  IS_SEND is true if this is a send clause,
+  // false for a receive clause.  For a send clause CHANNEL is the
+  // channel and VAL is the value to send.  For a receive clause
+  // CHANNEL is the channel and VAL is either NULL or a Var_expression
+  // for the variable to set; if VAL is NULL, VAR may be a variable
+  // which is initialized with the received value.  IS_DEFAULT is true
+  // if this is the default clause.  STATEMENTS is the list of
+  // statements to execute.
+  void
+  add(bool is_send, Expression* channel, Expression* val, Named_object* var,
+      bool is_default, Block* statements, source_location location)
+  {
+    this->clauses_.push_back(Select_clause(is_send, channel, val, var,
+                                          is_default, statements, location));
+  }
+
+  // Traverse the select clauses.
+  int
+  traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  // Lower statements.
+  void
+  lower(Block*);
+
+  // Determine types.
+  void
+  determine_types();
+
+  // Whether the select clauses may fall through to the statement
+  // which follows the overall select statement.
+  bool
+  may_fall_through() const;
+
+  // Return a tree implementing the select statement.
+  tree
+  get_tree(Translate_context*, Unnamed_label* break_label, source_location);
+
+ private:
+  // A single clause.
+  class Select_clause
+  {
+   public:
+    Select_clause()
+      : channel_(NULL), val_(NULL), var_(NULL), statements_(NULL),
+       is_send_(false), is_default_(false)
+    { }
+
+    Select_clause(bool is_send, Expression* channel, Expression* val,
+                 Named_object* var, bool is_default, Block* statements,
+                 source_location location)
+      : channel_(channel), val_(val), var_(var), statements_(statements),
+       location_(location), is_send_(is_send), is_default_(is_default),
+       is_lowered_(false)
+    { gcc_assert(is_default ? channel == NULL : channel != NULL); }
+
+    // Traverse the select clause.
+    int
+    traverse(Traverse*);
+
+    // Lower statements.
+    void
+    lower(Block*);
+
+    // Determine types.
+    void
+    determine_types();
+
+    // Return true if this is the default clause.
+    bool
+    is_default() const
+    { return this->is_default_; }
+
+    // Return the channel.  This will return NULL for the default
+    // clause.
+    Expression*
+    channel() const
+    { return this->channel_; }
+
+    // Return the value.  This will return NULL for the default
+    // clause, or for a receive clause for which no value was given.
+    Expression*
+    val() const
+    { return this->val_; }
+
+    // Return the variable to set when a receive clause is also a
+    // variable definition (v := <- ch).  This will return NULL for
+    // the default case, or for a send clause, or for a receive clause
+    // which does not define a variable.
+    Named_object*
+    var() const
+    { return this->var_; }
+
+    // Return true for a send, false for a receive.
+    bool
+    is_send() const
+    {
+      gcc_assert(!this->is_default_);
+      return this->is_send_;
+    }
+
+    // Return the statements.
+    const Block*
+    statements() const
+    { return this->statements_; }
+
+    // Return the location.
+    source_location
+    location() const
+    { return this->location_; }
+
+    // Whether this clause may fall through to the statement which
+    // follows the overall select statement.
+    bool
+    may_fall_through() const;
+
+    // Return a tree for the statements to execute.
+    tree
+    get_statements_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+   private:
+    // The channel.
+    Expression* channel_;
+    // The value to send or the variable to set.
+    Expression* val_;
+    // The variable to initialize, for "case a := <- ch".
+    Named_object* var_;
+    // The statements to execute.
+    Block* statements_;
+    // The location of this clause.
+    source_location location_;
+    // Whether this is a send or a receive.
+    bool is_send_;
+    // Whether this is the default.
+    bool is_default_;
+    // Whether this has been lowered.
+    bool is_lowered_;
+  };
+
+  void
+  add_clause_tree(Translate_context*, int, Select_clause*, Unnamed_label*,
+                 tree*);
+
+  typedef std::vector<Select_clause> Clauses;
+
+  Clauses clauses_;
+};
+
+// A select statement.
+
+class Select_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Select_statement(source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_SELECT, location),
+      clauses_(NULL), break_label_(NULL), is_lowered_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Add the clauses.
+  void
+  add_clauses(Select_clauses* clauses)
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->clauses_ == NULL);
+    this->clauses_ = clauses;
+  }
+
+  // Return the break label for this select statement.
+  Unnamed_label*
+  break_label();
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return this->clauses_->traverse(traverse); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Block*);
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types()
+  { this->clauses_->determine_types(); }
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const
+  { return this->clauses_->may_fall_through(); }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The select clauses.
+  Select_clauses* clauses_;
+  // The break label.
+  Unnamed_label* break_label_;
+  // Whether this statement has been lowered.
+  bool is_lowered_;
+};
+
+// A statement which requires a thunk: go or defer.
+
+class Thunk_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Thunk_statement(Statement_classification, Call_expression*,
+                 source_location);
+
+  // Return the call expression.
+  Expression*
+  call()
+  { return this->call_; }
+
+  // Simplify a go or defer statement so that it only uses a single
+  // parameter.
+  bool
+  simplify_statement(Gogo*, Block*);
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*);
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types();
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  // Return the function and argument trees for the call.
+  void
+  get_fn_and_arg(Translate_context*, tree* pfn, tree* parg);
+
+ private:
+  // Return whether this is a simple go statement.
+  bool
+  is_simple(Function_type*) const;
+
+  // Build the struct to use for a complex case.
+  Struct_type*
+  build_struct(Function_type* fntype);
+
+  // Build the thunk.
+  void
+  build_thunk(Gogo*, const std::string&, Function_type* fntype);
+
+  // The field name used in the thunk structure for the function
+  // pointer.
+  static const char* const thunk_field_fn;
+
+  // The field name used in the thunk structure for the receiver, if
+  // there is one.
+  static const char* const thunk_field_receiver;
+
+  // Set the name to use for thunk field N.
+  void
+  thunk_field_param(int n, char* buf, size_t buflen);
+
+  // The function call to be executed in a separate thread (go) or
+  // later (defer).
+  Expression* call_;
+  // The type used for a struct to pass to a thunk, if this is not a
+  // simple call.
+  Struct_type* struct_type_;
+};
+
+// A go statement.
+
+class Go_statement : public Thunk_statement
+{
+ public:
+  Go_statement(Call_expression* call, source_location location)
+    : Thunk_statement(STATEMENT_GO, call, location)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+};
+
+// A defer statement.
+
+class Defer_statement : public Thunk_statement
+{
+ public:
+  Defer_statement(Call_expression* call, source_location location)
+    : Thunk_statement(STATEMENT_DEFER, call, location)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+};
+
+// A label statement.
+
+class Label_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Label_statement(Label* label, source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_LABEL, location),
+      label_(label)
+  { }
+
+  // Return the label itself.
+  const Label*
+  label() const
+  { return this->label_; }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The label.
+  Label* label_;
+};
+
+// A for statement.
+
+class For_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  For_statement(Block* init, Expression* cond, Block* post,
+               source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_FOR, location),
+      init_(init), cond_(cond), post_(post), statements_(NULL),
+      break_label_(NULL), continue_label_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  // Add the statements.
+  void
+  add_statements(Block* statements)
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->statements_ == NULL);
+    this->statements_ = statements;
+  }
+
+  // Return the break label for this for statement.
+  Unnamed_label*
+  break_label();
+
+  // Return the continue label for this for statement.
+  Unnamed_label*
+  continue_label();
+
+  // Set the break and continue labels for this statement.
+  void
+  set_break_continue_labels(Unnamed_label* break_label,
+                           Unnamed_label* continue_label);
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Block*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // The initialization statements.  This may be NULL.
+  Block* init_;
+  // The condition.  This may be NULL.
+  Expression* cond_;
+  // The statements to run after each iteration.  This may be NULL.
+  Block* post_;
+  // The statements in the loop itself.
+  Block* statements_;
+  // The break label, if needed.
+  Unnamed_label* break_label_;
+  // The continue label, if needed.
+  Unnamed_label* continue_label_;
+};
+
+// A for statement over a range clause.
+
+class For_range_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  For_range_statement(Expression* index_var, Expression* value_var,
+                     Expression* range, source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_FOR_RANGE, location),
+      index_var_(index_var), value_var_(value_var), range_(range),
+      statements_(NULL), break_label_(NULL), continue_label_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  // Add the statements.
+  void
+  add_statements(Block* statements)
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->statements_ == NULL);
+    this->statements_ = statements;
+  }
+
+  // Return the break label for this for statement.
+  Unnamed_label*
+  break_label();
+
+  // Return the continue label for this for statement.
+  Unnamed_label*
+  continue_label();
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Block*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  Expression*
+  make_range_ref(Named_object*, Temporary_statement*, source_location);
+
+  Expression*
+  call_builtin(Gogo*, const char* funcname, Expression* arg, source_location);
+
+  void
+  lower_range_array(Gogo*, Block*, Block*, Named_object*, Temporary_statement*,
+                   Temporary_statement*, Temporary_statement*,
+                   Block**, Expression**, Block**, Block**);
+
+  void
+  lower_range_string(Gogo*, Block*, Block*, Named_object*, Temporary_statement*,
+                    Temporary_statement*, Temporary_statement*,
+                    Block**, Expression**, Block**, Block**);
+
+  void
+  lower_range_map(Gogo*, Block*, Block*, Named_object*, Temporary_statement*,
+                 Temporary_statement*, Temporary_statement*,
+                 Block**, Expression**, Block**, Block**);
+
+  void
+  lower_range_channel(Gogo*, Block*, Block*, Named_object*,
+                     Temporary_statement*, Temporary_statement*,
+                     Temporary_statement*, Block**, Expression**, Block**,
+                     Block**);
+
+  // The variable which is set to the index value.
+  Expression* index_var_;
+  // The variable which is set to the element value.  This may be
+  // NULL.
+  Expression* value_var_;
+  // The expression we are ranging over.
+  Expression* range_;
+  // The statements in the block.
+  Block* statements_;
+  // The break label, if needed.
+  Unnamed_label* break_label_;
+  // The continue label, if needed.
+  Unnamed_label* continue_label_;
+};
+
+// Class Case_clauses holds the clauses of a switch statement.  This
+// is built by the parser.
+
+class Case_clauses
+{
+ public:
+  Case_clauses()
+    : clauses_()
+  { }
+
+  // Add a new clause.  CASES is a list of case expressions; it may be
+  // NULL.  IS_DEFAULT is true if this is the default case.
+  // STATEMENTS is a block of statements.  IS_FALLTHROUGH is true if
+  // after the statements the case clause should fall through to the
+  // next clause.
+  void
+  add(Expression_list* cases, bool is_default, Block* statements,
+      bool is_fallthrough, source_location location)
+  {
+    this->clauses_.push_back(Case_clause(cases, is_default, statements,
+                                        is_fallthrough, location));
+  }
+
+  // Return whether there are no clauses.
+  bool
+  empty() const
+  { return this->clauses_.empty(); }
+
+  // Traverse the case clauses.
+  int
+  traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  // Lower for a nonconstant switch.
+  void
+  lower(Block*, Temporary_statement*, Unnamed_label*) const;
+
+  // Determine types of expressions.  The Type parameter is the type
+  // of the switch value.
+  void
+  determine_types(Type*);
+
+  // Check types.  The Type parameter is the type of the switch value.
+  bool
+  check_types(Type*);
+
+  // Return true if all the clauses are constant values.
+  bool
+  is_constant() const;
+
+  // Return true if these clauses may fall through to the statements
+  // following the switch statement.
+  bool
+  may_fall_through() const;
+
+  // Return the body of a SWITCH_EXPR when all the clauses are
+  // constants.
+  tree
+  get_constant_tree(Translate_context*, Unnamed_label* break_label) const;
+
+ private:
+  // For a constant tree we need to keep a record of constants we have
+  // already seen.  Note that INTEGER_CST trees are interned.
+  typedef Unordered_set(tree) Case_constants;
+
+  // One case clause.
+  class Case_clause
+  {
+   public:
+    Case_clause()
+      : cases_(NULL), statements_(NULL), is_default_(false),
+       is_fallthrough_(false), location_(UNKNOWN_LOCATION)
+    { }
+
+    Case_clause(Expression_list* cases, bool is_default, Block* statements,
+               bool is_fallthrough, source_location location)
+      : cases_(cases), statements_(statements), is_default_(is_default),
+       is_fallthrough_(is_fallthrough), location_(location)
+    { }
+
+    // Whether this clause falls through to the next clause.
+    bool
+    is_fallthrough() const
+    { return this->is_fallthrough_; }
+
+    // Whether this is the default.
+    bool
+    is_default() const
+    { return this->is_default_; }
+
+    // The location of this clause.
+    source_location
+    location() const
+    { return this->location_; }
+
+    // Traversal.
+    int
+    traverse(Traverse*);
+
+    // Lower for a nonconstant switch.
+    void
+    lower(Block*, Temporary_statement*, Unnamed_label*, Unnamed_label*) const;
+
+    // Determine types.
+    void
+    determine_types(Type*);
+
+    // Check types.
+    bool
+    check_types(Type*);
+
+    // Return true if all the case expressions are constant.
+    bool
+    is_constant() const;
+
+    // Return true if this clause may fall through to execute the
+    // statements following the switch statement.  This is not the
+    // same as whether this clause falls through to the next clause.
+    bool
+    may_fall_through() const;
+
+    // Build up the body of a SWITCH_EXPR when the case expressions
+    // are constant.
+    void
+    get_constant_tree(Translate_context*, Unnamed_label* break_label,
+                     Case_constants* case_constants, tree* stmt_list) const;
+
+   private:
+    // The list of case expressions.
+    Expression_list* cases_;
+    // The statements to execute.
+    Block* statements_;
+    // Whether this is the default case.
+    bool is_default_;
+    // Whether this falls through after the statements.
+    bool is_fallthrough_;
+    // The location of this case clause.
+    source_location location_;
+  };
+
+  friend class Case_clause;
+
+  // The type of the list of clauses.
+  typedef std::vector<Case_clause> Clauses;
+
+  // All the case clauses.
+  Clauses clauses_;
+};
+
+// A switch statement.
+
+class Switch_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Switch_statement(Expression* val, source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_SWITCH, location),
+      val_(val), clauses_(NULL), break_label_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  // Add the clauses.
+  void
+  add_clauses(Case_clauses* clauses)
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->clauses_ == NULL);
+    this->clauses_ = clauses;
+  }
+
+  // Return the break label for this switch statement.
+  Unnamed_label*
+  break_label();
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Block*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // The value to switch on.  This may be NULL.
+  Expression* val_;
+  // The case clauses.
+  Case_clauses* clauses_;
+  // The break label, if needed.
+  Unnamed_label* break_label_;
+};
+
+// Class Type_case_clauses holds the clauses of a type switch
+// statement.  This is built by the parser.
+
+class Type_case_clauses
+{
+ public:
+  Type_case_clauses()
+    : clauses_()
+  { }
+
+  // Add a new clause.  TYPE is the type for this clause; it may be
+  // NULL.  IS_FALLTHROUGH is true if this falls through to the next
+  // clause; in this case STATEMENTS will be NULL.  IS_DEFAULT is true
+  // if this is the default case.  STATEMENTS is a block of
+  // statements; it may be NULL.
+  void
+  add(Type* type, bool is_fallthrough, bool is_default, Block* statements,
+      source_location location)
+  {
+    this->clauses_.push_back(Type_case_clause(type, is_fallthrough, is_default,
+                                             statements, location));
+  }
+
+  // Return whether there are no clauses.
+  bool
+  empty() const
+  { return this->clauses_.empty(); }
+
+  // Traverse the type case clauses.
+  int
+  traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  // Check for duplicates.
+  void
+  check_duplicates() const;
+
+  // Lower to if and goto statements.
+  void
+  lower(Block*, Temporary_statement* descriptor_temp,
+       Unnamed_label* break_label) const;
+
+ private:
+  // One type case clause.
+  class Type_case_clause
+  {
+   public:
+    Type_case_clause()
+      : type_(NULL), statements_(NULL), is_default_(false),
+       location_(UNKNOWN_LOCATION)
+    { }
+
+    Type_case_clause(Type* type, bool is_fallthrough, bool is_default,
+                    Block* statements, source_location location)
+      : type_(type), statements_(statements), is_fallthrough_(is_fallthrough),
+       is_default_(is_default), location_(location)
+    { }
+
+    // The type.
+    Type*
+    type() const
+    { return this->type_; }
+
+    // Whether this is the default.
+    bool
+    is_default() const
+    { return this->is_default_; }
+
+    // The location of this type clause.
+    source_location
+    location() const
+    { return this->location_; }
+
+    // Traversal.
+    int
+    traverse(Traverse*);
+
+    // Lower to if and goto statements.
+    void
+    lower(Block*, Temporary_statement* descriptor_temp,
+         Unnamed_label* break_label, Unnamed_label** stmts_label) const;
+
+   private:
+    // The type for this type clause.
+    Type* type_;
+    // The statements to execute.
+    Block* statements_;
+    // Whether this falls through--this is true for "case T1, T2".
+    bool is_fallthrough_;
+    // Whether this is the default case.
+    bool is_default_;
+    // The location of this type case clause.
+    source_location location_;
+  };
+
+  friend class Type_case_clause;
+
+  // The type of the list of type clauses.
+  typedef std::vector<Type_case_clause> Type_clauses;
+
+  // All the type case clauses.
+  Type_clauses clauses_;
+};
+
+// A type switch statement.
+
+class Type_switch_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Type_switch_statement(Named_object* var, Expression* expr,
+                       source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_TYPE_SWITCH, location),
+      var_(var), expr_(expr), clauses_(NULL), break_label_(NULL)
+  { gcc_assert(var == NULL || expr == NULL); }
+
+  // Add the clauses.
+  void
+  add_clauses(Type_case_clauses* clauses)
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->clauses_ == NULL);
+    this->clauses_ = clauses;
+  }
+
+  // Return the break label for this type switch statement.
+  Unnamed_label*
+  break_label();
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Block*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // Get the type descriptor.
+  tree
+  get_type_descriptor(Translate_context*, Type*, tree);
+
+  // The variable holding the value we are switching on.
+  Named_object* var_;
+  // The expression we are switching on if there is no variable.
+  Expression* expr_;
+  // The type case clauses.
+  Type_case_clauses* clauses_;
+  // The break label, if needed.
+  Unnamed_label* break_label_;
+};
+
+#endif // !defined(GO_STATEMENTS_H)
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/statements.h.merge-right.r172891 b/gcc/go/gofrontend/statements.h.merge-right.r172891
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..5c27c11
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,1446 @@
+// statements.h -- Go frontend statements.     -*- C++ -*-
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#ifndef GO_STATEMENTS_H
+#define GO_STATEMENTS_H
+
+#include "operator.h"
+
+class Gogo;
+class Traverse;
+class Block;
+class Function;
+class Unnamed_label;
+class Temporary_statement;
+class Variable_declaration_statement;
+class Return_statement;
+class Thunk_statement;
+class Label_statement;
+class For_statement;
+class For_range_statement;
+class Switch_statement;
+class Type_switch_statement;
+class Send_statement;
+class Select_statement;
+class Variable;
+class Named_object;
+class Label;
+class Translate_context;
+class Expression;
+class Expression_list;
+class Struct_type;
+class Call_expression;
+class Map_index_expression;
+class Receive_expression;
+class Case_clauses;
+class Type_case_clauses;
+class Select_clauses;
+class Typed_identifier_list;
+class Bexpression;
+class Bstatement;
+class Bvariable;
+
+// This class is used to traverse assignments made by a statement
+// which makes assignments.
+
+class Traverse_assignments
+{
+ public:
+  Traverse_assignments()
+  { }
+
+  virtual ~Traverse_assignments()
+  { }
+
+  // This is called for a variable initialization.
+  virtual void
+  initialize_variable(Named_object*) = 0;
+
+  // This is called for each assignment made by the statement.  PLHS
+  // points to the left hand side, and PRHS points to the right hand
+  // side.  PRHS may be NULL if there is no associated expression, as
+  // in the bool set by a non-blocking receive.
+  virtual void
+  assignment(Expression** plhs, Expression** prhs) = 0;
+
+  // This is called for each expression which is not passed to the
+  // assignment function.  This is used for some of the statements
+  // which assign two values, for which there is no expression which
+  // describes the value.  For ++ and -- the value is passed to both
+  // the assignment method and the rhs method.  IS_STORED is true if
+  // this value is being stored directly.  It is false if the value is
+  // computed but not stored.  IS_LOCAL is true if the value is being
+  // stored in a local variable or this is being called by a return
+  // statement.
+  virtual void
+  value(Expression**, bool is_stored, bool is_local) = 0;
+};
+
+// A single statement.
+
+class Statement
+{
+ public:
+  // The types of statements.
+  enum Statement_classification
+  {
+    STATEMENT_ERROR,
+    STATEMENT_VARIABLE_DECLARATION,
+    STATEMENT_TEMPORARY,
+    STATEMENT_ASSIGNMENT,
+    STATEMENT_EXPRESSION,
+    STATEMENT_BLOCK,
+    STATEMENT_GO,
+    STATEMENT_DEFER,
+    STATEMENT_RETURN,
+    STATEMENT_BREAK_OR_CONTINUE,
+    STATEMENT_GOTO,
+    STATEMENT_GOTO_UNNAMED,
+    STATEMENT_LABEL,
+    STATEMENT_UNNAMED_LABEL,
+    STATEMENT_IF,
+    STATEMENT_CONSTANT_SWITCH,
+    STATEMENT_SEND,
+    STATEMENT_SELECT,
+
+    // These statements types are created by the parser, but they
+    // disappear during the lowering pass.
+    STATEMENT_ASSIGNMENT_OPERATION,
+    STATEMENT_TUPLE_ASSIGNMENT,
+    STATEMENT_TUPLE_MAP_ASSIGNMENT,
+    STATEMENT_MAP_ASSIGNMENT,
+    STATEMENT_TUPLE_RECEIVE_ASSIGNMENT,
+    STATEMENT_TUPLE_TYPE_GUARD_ASSIGNMENT,
+    STATEMENT_INCDEC,
+    STATEMENT_FOR,
+    STATEMENT_FOR_RANGE,
+    STATEMENT_SWITCH,
+    STATEMENT_TYPE_SWITCH
+  };
+
+  Statement(Statement_classification, source_location);
+
+  virtual ~Statement();
+
+  // Make a variable declaration.
+  static Statement*
+  make_variable_declaration(Named_object*);
+
+  // Make a statement which creates a temporary variable and
+  // initializes it to an expression.  The block is used if the
+  // temporary variable has to be explicitly destroyed; the variable
+  // must still be added to the block.  References to the temporary
+  // variable may be constructed using make_temporary_reference.
+  // Either the type or the initialization expression may be NULL, but
+  // not both.
+  static Temporary_statement*
+  make_temporary(Type*, Expression*, source_location);
+
+  // Make an assignment statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_assignment(Expression*, Expression*, source_location);
+
+  // Make an assignment operation (+=, etc.).
+  static Statement*
+  make_assignment_operation(Operator, Expression*, Expression*,
+                           source_location);
+
+  // Make a tuple assignment statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_tuple_assignment(Expression_list*, Expression_list*, source_location);
+
+  // Make an assignment from a map index to a pair of variables.
+  static Statement*
+  make_tuple_map_assignment(Expression* val, Expression* present,
+                           Expression*, source_location);
+
+  // Make a statement which assigns a pair of values to a map.
+  static Statement*
+  make_map_assignment(Expression*, Expression* val,
+                     Expression* should_set, source_location);
+
+  // Make an assignment from a nonblocking receive to a pair of
+  // variables.  FOR_SELECT is true is this is being created for a
+  // case x, ok := <-c in a select statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_tuple_receive_assignment(Expression* val, Expression* closed,
+                               Expression* channel, bool for_select,
+                               source_location);
+
+  // Make an assignment from a type guard to a pair of variables.
+  static Statement*
+  make_tuple_type_guard_assignment(Expression* val, Expression* ok,
+                                  Expression* expr, Type* type,
+                                  source_location);
+
+  // Make an expression statement from an Expression.
+  static Statement*
+  make_statement(Expression*);
+
+  // Make a block statement from a Block.  This is an embedded list of
+  // statements which may also include variable definitions.
+  static Statement*
+  make_block_statement(Block*, source_location);
+
+  // Make an increment statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_inc_statement(Expression*);
+
+  // Make a decrement statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_dec_statement(Expression*);
+
+  // Make a go statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_go_statement(Call_expression* call, source_location);
+
+  // Make a defer statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_defer_statement(Call_expression* call, source_location);
+
+  // Make a return statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_return_statement(Expression_list*, source_location);
+
+  // Make a break statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_break_statement(Unnamed_label* label, source_location);
+
+  // Make a continue statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_continue_statement(Unnamed_label* label, source_location);
+
+  // Make a goto statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_goto_statement(Label* label, source_location);
+
+  // Make a goto statement to an unnamed label.
+  static Statement*
+  make_goto_unnamed_statement(Unnamed_label* label, source_location);
+
+  // Make a label statement--where the label is defined.
+  static Statement*
+  make_label_statement(Label* label, source_location);
+
+  // Make an unnamed label statement--where the label is defined.
+  static Statement*
+  make_unnamed_label_statement(Unnamed_label* label);
+
+  // Make an if statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_if_statement(Expression* cond, Block* then_block, Block* else_block,
+                   source_location);
+
+  // Make a switch statement.
+  static Switch_statement*
+  make_switch_statement(Expression* switch_val, source_location);
+
+  // Make a type switch statement.
+  static Type_switch_statement*
+  make_type_switch_statement(Named_object* var, Expression*, source_location);
+
+  // Make a send statement.
+  static Send_statement*
+  make_send_statement(Expression* channel, Expression* val, source_location);
+
+  // Make a select statement.
+  static Select_statement*
+  make_select_statement(source_location);
+
+  // Make a for statement.
+  static For_statement*
+  make_for_statement(Block* init, Expression* cond, Block* post,
+                    source_location location);
+
+  // Make a for statement with a range clause.
+  static For_range_statement*
+  make_for_range_statement(Expression* index_var, Expression* value_var,
+                          Expression* range, source_location);
+
+  // Return the statement classification.
+  Statement_classification
+  classification() const
+  { return this->classification_; }
+
+  // Get the statement location.
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Traverse the tree.
+  int
+  traverse(Block*, size_t* index, Traverse*);
+
+  // Traverse the contents of this statement--the expressions and
+  // statements which it contains.
+  int
+  traverse_contents(Traverse*);
+
+  // If this statement assigns some values, it calls a function for
+  // each value to which this statement assigns a value, and returns
+  // true.  If this statement does not assign any values, it returns
+  // false.
+  bool
+  traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments* tassign);
+
+  // Lower a statement.  This is called immediately after parsing to
+  // simplify statements for further processing.  It returns the same
+  // Statement or a new one.  FUNCTION is the function containing this
+  // statement.  BLOCK is the block containing this statement.
+  Statement*
+  lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function, Block* block)
+  { return this->do_lower(gogo, function, block); }
+
+  // Set type information for unnamed constants.
+  void
+  determine_types();
+
+  // Check types in a statement.  This simply checks that any
+  // expressions used by the statement have the right type.
+  void
+  check_types(Gogo* gogo)
+  { this->do_check_types(gogo); }
+
+  // Return whether this is a block statement.
+  bool
+  is_block_statement() const
+  { return this->classification_ == STATEMENT_BLOCK; }
+
+  // If this is a variable declaration statement, return it.
+  // Otherwise return NULL.
+  Variable_declaration_statement*
+  variable_declaration_statement()
+  {
+    return this->convert<Variable_declaration_statement,
+                        STATEMENT_VARIABLE_DECLARATION>();
+  }
+
+  // If this is a return statement, return it.  Otherwise return NULL.
+  Return_statement*
+  return_statement()
+  { return this->convert<Return_statement, STATEMENT_RETURN>(); }
+
+  // If this is a thunk statement (a go or defer statement), return
+  // it.  Otherwise return NULL.
+  Thunk_statement*
+  thunk_statement();
+
+  // If this is a label statement, return it.  Otherwise return NULL.
+  Label_statement*
+  label_statement()
+  { return this->convert<Label_statement, STATEMENT_LABEL>(); }
+
+  // If this is a for statement, return it.  Otherwise return NULL.
+  For_statement*
+  for_statement()
+  { return this->convert<For_statement, STATEMENT_FOR>(); }
+
+  // If this is a for statement over a range clause, return it.
+  // Otherwise return NULL.
+  For_range_statement*
+  for_range_statement()
+  { return this->convert<For_range_statement, STATEMENT_FOR_RANGE>(); }
+
+  // If this is a switch statement, return it.  Otherwise return NULL.
+  Switch_statement*
+  switch_statement()
+  { return this->convert<Switch_statement, STATEMENT_SWITCH>(); }
+
+  // If this is a type switch statement, return it.  Otherwise return
+  // NULL.
+  Type_switch_statement*
+  type_switch_statement()
+  { return this->convert<Type_switch_statement, STATEMENT_TYPE_SWITCH>(); }
+
+  // If this is a select statement, return it.  Otherwise return NULL.
+  Select_statement*
+  select_statement()
+  { return this->convert<Select_statement, STATEMENT_SELECT>(); }
+
+  // Return true if this statement may fall through--if after
+  // executing this statement we may go on to execute the following
+  // statement, if any.
+  bool
+  may_fall_through() const
+  { return this->do_may_fall_through(); }
+
+  // Convert the statement to the backend representation.
+  Bstatement*
+  get_backend(Translate_context*);
+
+ protected:
+  // Implemented by child class: traverse the tree.
+  virtual int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*) = 0;
+
+  // Implemented by child class: traverse assignments.  Any statement
+  // which includes an assignment should implement this.
+  virtual bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { return false; }
+
+  // Implemented by the child class: lower this statement to a simpler
+  // one.
+  virtual Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*)
+  { return this; }
+
+  // Implemented by child class: set type information for unnamed
+  // constants.  Any statement which includes an expression needs to
+  // implement this.
+  virtual void
+  do_determine_types()
+  { }
+
+  // Implemented by child class: check types of expressions used in a
+  // statement.
+  virtual void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*)
+  { }
+
+  // Implemented by child class: return true if this statement may
+  // fall through.
+  virtual bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  // Implemented by child class: convert to backend representation.
+  virtual Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context*) = 0;
+
+  // Traverse an expression in a statement.
+  int
+  traverse_expression(Traverse*, Expression**);
+
+  // Traverse an expression list in a statement.  The Expression_list
+  // may be NULL.
+  int
+  traverse_expression_list(Traverse*, Expression_list*);
+
+  // Traverse a type in a statement.
+  int
+  traverse_type(Traverse*, Type*);
+
+  // For children to call when they detect that they are in error.
+  void
+  set_is_error();
+
+  // For children to call to report an error conveniently.
+  void
+  report_error(const char*);
+
+  // For children to return an error statement from lower().
+  static Statement*
+  make_error_statement(source_location);
+
+ private:
+  // Convert to the desired statement classification, or return NULL.
+  // This is a controlled dynamic cast.
+  template<typename Statement_class, Statement_classification sc>
+  Statement_class*
+  convert()
+  {
+    return (this->classification_ == sc
+           ? static_cast<Statement_class*>(this)
+           : NULL);
+  }
+
+  template<typename Statement_class, Statement_classification sc>
+  const Statement_class*
+  convert() const
+  {
+    return (this->classification_ == sc
+           ? static_cast<const Statement_class*>(this)
+           : NULL);
+  }
+
+  // The statement classification.
+  Statement_classification classification_;
+  // The location in the input file of the start of this statement.
+  source_location location_;
+};
+
+// A statement which creates and initializes a temporary variable.
+
+class Temporary_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Temporary_statement(Type* type, Expression* init, source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_TEMPORARY, location),
+      type_(type), init_(init), bvariable_(NULL), is_address_taken_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Return the type of the temporary variable.
+  Type*
+  type() const;
+
+  // Record that something takes the address of this temporary
+  // variable.
+  void
+  set_is_address_taken()
+  { this->is_address_taken_ = true; }
+
+  // Return the temporary variable.  This should not be called until
+  // after the statement itself has been converted.
+  Bvariable*
+  get_backend_variable(Translate_context*) const;
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*);
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types();
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The type of the temporary variable.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The initial value of the temporary variable.  This may be NULL.
+  Expression* init_;
+  // The backend representation of the temporary variable.
+  Bvariable* bvariable_;
+  // True if something takes the address of this temporary variable.
+  bool is_address_taken_;
+};
+
+// A variable declaration.  This marks the point in the code where a
+// variable is declared.  The Variable is also attached to a Block.
+
+class Variable_declaration_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Variable_declaration_statement(Named_object* var);
+
+  // The variable being declared.
+  Named_object*
+  var()
+  { return this->var_; }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*);
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  Named_object* var_;
+};
+
+// A return statement.
+
+class Return_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Return_statement(Expression_list* vals, source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_RETURN, location),
+      vals_(vals), is_lowered_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // The list of values being returned.  This may be NULL.
+  const Expression_list*
+  vals() const
+  { return this->vals_; }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return this->traverse_expression_list(traverse, this->vals_); }
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*);
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const
+  { return false; }
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // Return values.  This may be NULL.
+  Expression_list* vals_;
+  // True if this statement has been lowered.
+  bool is_lowered_;
+};
+
+// A send statement.
+
+class Send_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Send_statement(Expression* channel, Expression* val,
+                source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_SEND, location),
+      channel_(channel), val_(val), for_select_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Note that this is for a select statement.
+  void
+  set_for_select()
+  { this->for_select_ = true; }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types();
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The channel on which to send the value.
+  Expression* channel_;
+  // The value to send.
+  Expression* val_;
+  // Whether this is for a select statement.
+  bool for_select_;
+};
+
+// Select_clauses holds the clauses of a select statement.  This is
+// built by the parser.
+
+class Select_clauses
+{
+ public:
+  Select_clauses()
+    : clauses_()
+  { }
+
+  // Add a new clause.  IS_SEND is true if this is a send clause,
+  // false for a receive clause.  For a send clause CHANNEL is the
+  // channel and VAL is the value to send.  For a receive clause
+  // CHANNEL is the channel, VAL is either NULL or a Var_expression
+  // for the variable to set, and CLOSED is either NULL or a
+  // Var_expression to set to whether the channel is closed.  If VAL
+  // is NULL, VAR may be a variable to be initialized with the
+  // received value, and CLOSEDVAR ma be a variable to be initialized
+  // with whether the channel is closed.  IS_DEFAULT is true if this
+  // is the default clause.  STATEMENTS is the list of statements to
+  // execute.
+  void
+  add(bool is_send, Expression* channel, Expression* val, Expression* closed,
+      Named_object* var, Named_object* closedvar, bool is_default,
+      Block* statements, source_location location)
+  {
+    this->clauses_.push_back(Select_clause(is_send, channel, val, closed, var,
+                                          closedvar, is_default, statements,
+                                          location));
+  }
+
+  // Traverse the select clauses.
+  int
+  traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  // Lower statements.
+  void
+  lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  // Determine types.
+  void
+  determine_types();
+
+  // Whether the select clauses may fall through to the statement
+  // which follows the overall select statement.
+  bool
+  may_fall_through() const;
+
+  // Convert to the backend representation.
+  Bstatement*
+  get_backend(Translate_context*, Unnamed_label* break_label, source_location);
+
+ private:
+  // A single clause.
+  class Select_clause
+  {
+   public:
+    Select_clause()
+      : channel_(NULL), val_(NULL), closed_(NULL), var_(NULL),
+       closedvar_(NULL), statements_(NULL), is_send_(false),
+       is_default_(false)
+    { }
+
+    Select_clause(bool is_send, Expression* channel, Expression* val,
+                 Expression* closed, Named_object* var,
+                 Named_object* closedvar, bool is_default, Block* statements,
+                 source_location location)
+      : channel_(channel), val_(val), closed_(closed), var_(var),
+       closedvar_(closedvar), statements_(statements), location_(location),
+       is_send_(is_send), is_default_(is_default), is_lowered_(false)
+    { go_assert(is_default ? channel == NULL : channel != NULL); }
+
+    // Traverse the select clause.
+    int
+    traverse(Traverse*);
+
+    // Lower statements.
+    void
+    lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+    // Determine types.
+    void
+    determine_types();
+
+    // Return true if this is the default clause.
+    bool
+    is_default() const
+    { return this->is_default_; }
+
+    // Return the channel.  This will return NULL for the default
+    // clause.
+    Expression*
+    channel() const
+    { return this->channel_; }
+
+    // Return true for a send, false for a receive.
+    bool
+    is_send() const
+    {
+      go_assert(!this->is_default_);
+      return this->is_send_;
+    }
+
+    // Return the statements.
+    const Block*
+    statements() const
+    { return this->statements_; }
+
+    // Return the location.
+    source_location
+    location() const
+    { return this->location_; }
+
+    // Whether this clause may fall through to the statement which
+    // follows the overall select statement.
+    bool
+    may_fall_through() const;
+
+    // Convert the statements to the backend representation.
+    Bstatement*
+    get_statements_backend(Translate_context*);
+
+   private:
+    // The channel.
+    Expression* channel_;
+    // The value to send or the lvalue to receive into.
+    Expression* val_;
+    // The lvalue to set to whether the channel is closed on a
+    // receive.
+    Expression* closed_;
+    // The variable to initialize, for "case a := <-ch".
+    Named_object* var_;
+    // The variable to initialize to whether the channel is closed,
+    // for "case a, c := <-ch".
+    Named_object* closedvar_;
+    // The statements to execute.
+    Block* statements_;
+    // The location of this clause.
+    source_location location_;
+    // Whether this is a send or a receive.
+    bool is_send_;
+    // Whether this is the default.
+    bool is_default_;
+    // Whether this has been lowered.
+    bool is_lowered_;
+  };
+
+  void
+  add_clause_backend(Translate_context*, source_location, int index,
+                    int case_value, Select_clause*, Unnamed_label*,
+                    std::vector<std::vector<Bexpression*> >* cases,
+                    std::vector<Bstatement*>* clauses);
+
+  typedef std::vector<Select_clause> Clauses;
+
+  Clauses clauses_;
+};
+
+// A select statement.
+
+class Select_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Select_statement(source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_SELECT, location),
+      clauses_(NULL), break_label_(NULL), is_lowered_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Add the clauses.
+  void
+  add_clauses(Select_clauses* clauses)
+  {
+    go_assert(this->clauses_ == NULL);
+    this->clauses_ = clauses;
+  }
+
+  // Return the break label for this select statement.
+  Unnamed_label*
+  break_label();
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return this->clauses_->traverse(traverse); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types()
+  { this->clauses_->determine_types(); }
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const
+  { return this->clauses_->may_fall_through(); }
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The select clauses.
+  Select_clauses* clauses_;
+  // The break label.
+  Unnamed_label* break_label_;
+  // Whether this statement has been lowered.
+  bool is_lowered_;
+};
+
+// A statement which requires a thunk: go or defer.
+
+class Thunk_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Thunk_statement(Statement_classification, Call_expression*,
+                 source_location);
+
+  // Return the call expression.
+  Expression*
+  call()
+  { return this->call_; }
+
+  // Simplify a go or defer statement so that it only uses a single
+  // parameter.
+  bool
+  simplify_statement(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*);
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types();
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  // Return the function and argument for the call.
+  bool
+  get_fn_and_arg(Expression** pfn, Expression** parg);
+
+ private:
+  // Return whether this is a simple go statement.
+  bool
+  is_simple(Function_type*) const;
+
+  // Build the struct to use for a complex case.
+  Struct_type*
+  build_struct(Function_type* fntype);
+
+  // Build the thunk.
+  void
+  build_thunk(Gogo*, const std::string&, Function_type* fntype);
+
+  // The field name used in the thunk structure for the function
+  // pointer.
+  static const char* const thunk_field_fn;
+
+  // The field name used in the thunk structure for the receiver, if
+  // there is one.
+  static const char* const thunk_field_receiver;
+
+  // Set the name to use for thunk field N.
+  void
+  thunk_field_param(int n, char* buf, size_t buflen);
+
+  // The function call to be executed in a separate thread (go) or
+  // later (defer).
+  Expression* call_;
+  // The type used for a struct to pass to a thunk, if this is not a
+  // simple call.
+  Struct_type* struct_type_;
+};
+
+// A go statement.
+
+class Go_statement : public Thunk_statement
+{
+ public:
+  Go_statement(Call_expression* call, source_location location)
+    : Thunk_statement(STATEMENT_GO, call, location)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context*);
+};
+
+// A defer statement.
+
+class Defer_statement : public Thunk_statement
+{
+ public:
+  Defer_statement(Call_expression* call, source_location location)
+    : Thunk_statement(STATEMENT_DEFER, call, location)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context*);
+};
+
+// A label statement.
+
+class Label_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Label_statement(Label* label, source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_LABEL, location),
+      label_(label)
+  { }
+
+  // Return the label itself.
+  const Label*
+  label() const
+  { return this->label_; }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The label.
+  Label* label_;
+};
+
+// A for statement.
+
+class For_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  For_statement(Block* init, Expression* cond, Block* post,
+               source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_FOR, location),
+      init_(init), cond_(cond), post_(post), statements_(NULL),
+      break_label_(NULL), continue_label_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  // Add the statements.
+  void
+  add_statements(Block* statements)
+  {
+    go_assert(this->statements_ == NULL);
+    this->statements_ = statements;
+  }
+
+  // Return the break label for this for statement.
+  Unnamed_label*
+  break_label();
+
+  // Return the continue label for this for statement.
+  Unnamed_label*
+  continue_label();
+
+  // Set the break and continue labels for this statement.
+  void
+  set_break_continue_labels(Unnamed_label* break_label,
+                           Unnamed_label* continue_label);
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context*)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // The initialization statements.  This may be NULL.
+  Block* init_;
+  // The condition.  This may be NULL.
+  Expression* cond_;
+  // The statements to run after each iteration.  This may be NULL.
+  Block* post_;
+  // The statements in the loop itself.
+  Block* statements_;
+  // The break label, if needed.
+  Unnamed_label* break_label_;
+  // The continue label, if needed.
+  Unnamed_label* continue_label_;
+};
+
+// A for statement over a range clause.
+
+class For_range_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  For_range_statement(Expression* index_var, Expression* value_var,
+                     Expression* range, source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_FOR_RANGE, location),
+      index_var_(index_var), value_var_(value_var), range_(range),
+      statements_(NULL), break_label_(NULL), continue_label_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  // Add the statements.
+  void
+  add_statements(Block* statements)
+  {
+    go_assert(this->statements_ == NULL);
+    this->statements_ = statements;
+  }
+
+  // Return the break label for this for statement.
+  Unnamed_label*
+  break_label();
+
+  // Return the continue label for this for statement.
+  Unnamed_label*
+  continue_label();
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context*)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  Expression*
+  make_range_ref(Named_object*, Temporary_statement*, source_location);
+
+  Expression*
+  call_builtin(Gogo*, const char* funcname, Expression* arg, source_location);
+
+  void
+  lower_range_array(Gogo*, Block*, Block*, Named_object*, Temporary_statement*,
+                   Temporary_statement*, Temporary_statement*,
+                   Block**, Expression**, Block**, Block**);
+
+  void
+  lower_range_string(Gogo*, Block*, Block*, Named_object*, Temporary_statement*,
+                    Temporary_statement*, Temporary_statement*,
+                    Block**, Expression**, Block**, Block**);
+
+  void
+  lower_range_map(Gogo*, Block*, Block*, Named_object*, Temporary_statement*,
+                 Temporary_statement*, Temporary_statement*,
+                 Block**, Expression**, Block**, Block**);
+
+  void
+  lower_range_channel(Gogo*, Block*, Block*, Named_object*,
+                     Temporary_statement*, Temporary_statement*,
+                     Temporary_statement*, Block**, Expression**, Block**,
+                     Block**);
+
+  // The variable which is set to the index value.
+  Expression* index_var_;
+  // The variable which is set to the element value.  This may be
+  // NULL.
+  Expression* value_var_;
+  // The expression we are ranging over.
+  Expression* range_;
+  // The statements in the block.
+  Block* statements_;
+  // The break label, if needed.
+  Unnamed_label* break_label_;
+  // The continue label, if needed.
+  Unnamed_label* continue_label_;
+};
+
+// Class Case_clauses holds the clauses of a switch statement.  This
+// is built by the parser.
+
+class Case_clauses
+{
+ public:
+  Case_clauses()
+    : clauses_()
+  { }
+
+  // Add a new clause.  CASES is a list of case expressions; it may be
+  // NULL.  IS_DEFAULT is true if this is the default case.
+  // STATEMENTS is a block of statements.  IS_FALLTHROUGH is true if
+  // after the statements the case clause should fall through to the
+  // next clause.
+  void
+  add(Expression_list* cases, bool is_default, Block* statements,
+      bool is_fallthrough, source_location location)
+  {
+    this->clauses_.push_back(Case_clause(cases, is_default, statements,
+                                        is_fallthrough, location));
+  }
+
+  // Return whether there are no clauses.
+  bool
+  empty() const
+  { return this->clauses_.empty(); }
+
+  // Traverse the case clauses.
+  int
+  traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  // Lower for a nonconstant switch.
+  void
+  lower(Block*, Temporary_statement*, Unnamed_label*) const;
+
+  // Determine types of expressions.  The Type parameter is the type
+  // of the switch value.
+  void
+  determine_types(Type*);
+
+  // Check types.  The Type parameter is the type of the switch value.
+  bool
+  check_types(Type*);
+
+  // Return true if all the clauses are constant values.
+  bool
+  is_constant() const;
+
+  // Return true if these clauses may fall through to the statements
+  // following the switch statement.
+  bool
+  may_fall_through() const;
+
+  // Return the body of a SWITCH_EXPR when all the clauses are
+  // constants.
+  void
+  get_backend(Translate_context*, Unnamed_label* break_label,
+             std::vector<std::vector<Bexpression*> >* all_cases,
+             std::vector<Bstatement*>* all_statements) const;
+
+ private:
+  // For a constant switch we need to keep a record of constants we
+  // have already seen.
+  class Hash_integer_value;
+  class Eq_integer_value;
+  typedef Unordered_set_hash(Expression*, Hash_integer_value,
+                            Eq_integer_value) Case_constants;
+
+  // One case clause.
+  class Case_clause
+  {
+   public:
+    Case_clause()
+      : cases_(NULL), statements_(NULL), is_default_(false),
+       is_fallthrough_(false), location_(UNKNOWN_LOCATION)
+    { }
+
+    Case_clause(Expression_list* cases, bool is_default, Block* statements,
+               bool is_fallthrough, source_location location)
+      : cases_(cases), statements_(statements), is_default_(is_default),
+       is_fallthrough_(is_fallthrough), location_(location)
+    { }
+
+    // Whether this clause falls through to the next clause.
+    bool
+    is_fallthrough() const
+    { return this->is_fallthrough_; }
+
+    // Whether this is the default.
+    bool
+    is_default() const
+    { return this->is_default_; }
+
+    // The location of this clause.
+    source_location
+    location() const
+    { return this->location_; }
+
+    // Traversal.
+    int
+    traverse(Traverse*);
+
+    // Lower for a nonconstant switch.
+    void
+    lower(Block*, Temporary_statement*, Unnamed_label*, Unnamed_label*) const;
+
+    // Determine types.
+    void
+    determine_types(Type*);
+
+    // Check types.
+    bool
+    check_types(Type*);
+
+    // Return true if all the case expressions are constant.
+    bool
+    is_constant() const;
+
+    // Return true if this clause may fall through to execute the
+    // statements following the switch statement.  This is not the
+    // same as whether this clause falls through to the next clause.
+    bool
+    may_fall_through() const;
+
+    // Convert the case values and statements to the backend
+    // representation.
+    Bstatement*
+    get_backend(Translate_context*, Unnamed_label* break_label,
+               Case_constants*, std::vector<Bexpression*>* cases) const;
+
+   private:
+    // The list of case expressions.
+    Expression_list* cases_;
+    // The statements to execute.
+    Block* statements_;
+    // Whether this is the default case.
+    bool is_default_;
+    // Whether this falls through after the statements.
+    bool is_fallthrough_;
+    // The location of this case clause.
+    source_location location_;
+  };
+
+  friend class Case_clause;
+
+  // The type of the list of clauses.
+  typedef std::vector<Case_clause> Clauses;
+
+  // All the case clauses.
+  Clauses clauses_;
+};
+
+// A switch statement.
+
+class Switch_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Switch_statement(Expression* val, source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_SWITCH, location),
+      val_(val), clauses_(NULL), break_label_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  // Add the clauses.
+  void
+  add_clauses(Case_clauses* clauses)
+  {
+    go_assert(this->clauses_ == NULL);
+    this->clauses_ = clauses;
+  }
+
+  // Return the break label for this switch statement.
+  Unnamed_label*
+  break_label();
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context*)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // The value to switch on.  This may be NULL.
+  Expression* val_;
+  // The case clauses.
+  Case_clauses* clauses_;
+  // The break label, if needed.
+  Unnamed_label* break_label_;
+};
+
+// Class Type_case_clauses holds the clauses of a type switch
+// statement.  This is built by the parser.
+
+class Type_case_clauses
+{
+ public:
+  Type_case_clauses()
+    : clauses_()
+  { }
+
+  // Add a new clause.  TYPE is the type for this clause; it may be
+  // NULL.  IS_FALLTHROUGH is true if this falls through to the next
+  // clause; in this case STATEMENTS will be NULL.  IS_DEFAULT is true
+  // if this is the default case.  STATEMENTS is a block of
+  // statements; it may be NULL.
+  void
+  add(Type* type, bool is_fallthrough, bool is_default, Block* statements,
+      source_location location)
+  {
+    this->clauses_.push_back(Type_case_clause(type, is_fallthrough, is_default,
+                                             statements, location));
+  }
+
+  // Return whether there are no clauses.
+  bool
+  empty() const
+  { return this->clauses_.empty(); }
+
+  // Traverse the type case clauses.
+  int
+  traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  // Check for duplicates.
+  void
+  check_duplicates() const;
+
+  // Lower to if and goto statements.
+  void
+  lower(Block*, Temporary_statement* descriptor_temp,
+       Unnamed_label* break_label) const;
+
+ private:
+  // One type case clause.
+  class Type_case_clause
+  {
+   public:
+    Type_case_clause()
+      : type_(NULL), statements_(NULL), is_default_(false),
+       location_(UNKNOWN_LOCATION)
+    { }
+
+    Type_case_clause(Type* type, bool is_fallthrough, bool is_default,
+                    Block* statements, source_location location)
+      : type_(type), statements_(statements), is_fallthrough_(is_fallthrough),
+       is_default_(is_default), location_(location)
+    { }
+
+    // The type.
+    Type*
+    type() const
+    { return this->type_; }
+
+    // Whether this is the default.
+    bool
+    is_default() const
+    { return this->is_default_; }
+
+    // The location of this type clause.
+    source_location
+    location() const
+    { return this->location_; }
+
+    // Traversal.
+    int
+    traverse(Traverse*);
+
+    // Lower to if and goto statements.
+    void
+    lower(Block*, Temporary_statement* descriptor_temp,
+         Unnamed_label* break_label, Unnamed_label** stmts_label) const;
+
+   private:
+    // The type for this type clause.
+    Type* type_;
+    // The statements to execute.
+    Block* statements_;
+    // Whether this falls through--this is true for "case T1, T2".
+    bool is_fallthrough_;
+    // Whether this is the default case.
+    bool is_default_;
+    // The location of this type case clause.
+    source_location location_;
+  };
+
+  friend class Type_case_clause;
+
+  // The type of the list of type clauses.
+  typedef std::vector<Type_case_clause> Type_clauses;
+
+  // All the type case clauses.
+  Type_clauses clauses_;
+};
+
+// A type switch statement.
+
+class Type_switch_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Type_switch_statement(Named_object* var, Expression* expr,
+                       source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_TYPE_SWITCH, location),
+      var_(var), expr_(expr), clauses_(NULL), break_label_(NULL)
+  { go_assert(var == NULL || expr == NULL); }
+
+  // Add the clauses.
+  void
+  add_clauses(Type_case_clauses* clauses)
+  {
+    go_assert(this->clauses_ == NULL);
+    this->clauses_ = clauses;
+  }
+
+  // Return the break label for this type switch statement.
+  Unnamed_label*
+  break_label();
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  Bstatement*
+  do_get_backend(Translate_context*)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // The variable holding the value we are switching on.
+  Named_object* var_;
+  // The expression we are switching on if there is no variable.
+  Expression* expr_;
+  // The type case clauses.
+  Type_case_clauses* clauses_;
+  // The break label, if needed.
+  Unnamed_label* break_label_;
+};
+
+#endif // !defined(GO_STATEMENTS_H)
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/statements.h.working b/gcc/go/gofrontend/statements.h.working
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..5199981
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,1461 @@
+// statements.h -- Go frontend statements.     -*- C++ -*-
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#ifndef GO_STATEMENTS_H
+#define GO_STATEMENTS_H
+
+#include "operator.h"
+
+class Gogo;
+class Traverse;
+class Block;
+class Function;
+class Unnamed_label;
+class Temporary_statement;
+class Variable_declaration_statement;
+class Return_statement;
+class Thunk_statement;
+class Label_statement;
+class For_statement;
+class For_range_statement;
+class Switch_statement;
+class Type_switch_statement;
+class Send_statement;
+class Select_statement;
+class Variable;
+class Named_object;
+class Label;
+class Translate_context;
+class Expression;
+class Expression_list;
+class Struct_type;
+class Call_expression;
+class Map_index_expression;
+class Receive_expression;
+class Case_clauses;
+class Type_case_clauses;
+class Select_clauses;
+class Typed_identifier_list;
+
+// This class is used to traverse assignments made by a statement
+// which makes assignments.
+
+class Traverse_assignments
+{
+ public:
+  Traverse_assignments()
+  { }
+
+  virtual ~Traverse_assignments()
+  { }
+
+  // This is called for a variable initialization.
+  virtual void
+  initialize_variable(Named_object*) = 0;
+
+  // This is called for each assignment made by the statement.  PLHS
+  // points to the left hand side, and PRHS points to the right hand
+  // side.  PRHS may be NULL if there is no associated expression, as
+  // in the bool set by a non-blocking receive.
+  virtual void
+  assignment(Expression** plhs, Expression** prhs) = 0;
+
+  // This is called for each expression which is not passed to the
+  // assignment function.  This is used for some of the statements
+  // which assign two values, for which there is no expression which
+  // describes the value.  For ++ and -- the value is passed to both
+  // the assignment method and the rhs method.  IS_STORED is true if
+  // this value is being stored directly.  It is false if the value is
+  // computed but not stored.  IS_LOCAL is true if the value is being
+  // stored in a local variable or this is being called by a return
+  // statement.
+  virtual void
+  value(Expression**, bool is_stored, bool is_local) = 0;
+};
+
+// A single statement.
+
+class Statement
+{
+ public:
+  // The types of statements.
+  enum Statement_classification
+  {
+    STATEMENT_ERROR,
+    STATEMENT_VARIABLE_DECLARATION,
+    STATEMENT_TEMPORARY,
+    STATEMENT_ASSIGNMENT,
+    STATEMENT_EXPRESSION,
+    STATEMENT_BLOCK,
+    STATEMENT_GO,
+    STATEMENT_DEFER,
+    STATEMENT_RETURN,
+    STATEMENT_BREAK_OR_CONTINUE,
+    STATEMENT_GOTO,
+    STATEMENT_GOTO_UNNAMED,
+    STATEMENT_LABEL,
+    STATEMENT_UNNAMED_LABEL,
+    STATEMENT_IF,
+    STATEMENT_CONSTANT_SWITCH,
+    STATEMENT_SEND,
+    STATEMENT_SELECT,
+
+    // These statements types are created by the parser, but they
+    // disappear during the lowering pass.
+    STATEMENT_ASSIGNMENT_OPERATION,
+    STATEMENT_TUPLE_ASSIGNMENT,
+    STATEMENT_TUPLE_MAP_ASSIGNMENT,
+    STATEMENT_MAP_ASSIGNMENT,
+    STATEMENT_TUPLE_RECEIVE_ASSIGNMENT,
+    STATEMENT_TUPLE_TYPE_GUARD_ASSIGNMENT,
+    STATEMENT_INCDEC,
+    STATEMENT_FOR,
+    STATEMENT_FOR_RANGE,
+    STATEMENT_SWITCH,
+    STATEMENT_TYPE_SWITCH
+  };
+
+  Statement(Statement_classification, source_location);
+
+  virtual ~Statement();
+
+  // Make a variable declaration.
+  static Statement*
+  make_variable_declaration(Named_object*);
+
+  // Make a statement which creates a temporary variable and
+  // initializes it to an expression.  The block is used if the
+  // temporary variable has to be explicitly destroyed; the variable
+  // must still be added to the block.  References to the temporary
+  // variable may be constructed using make_temporary_reference.
+  // Either the type or the initialization expression may be NULL, but
+  // not both.
+  static Temporary_statement*
+  make_temporary(Type*, Expression*, source_location);
+
+  // Make an assignment statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_assignment(Expression*, Expression*, source_location);
+
+  // Make an assignment operation (+=, etc.).
+  static Statement*
+  make_assignment_operation(Operator, Expression*, Expression*,
+                           source_location);
+
+  // Make a tuple assignment statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_tuple_assignment(Expression_list*, Expression_list*, source_location);
+
+  // Make an assignment from a map index to a pair of variables.
+  static Statement*
+  make_tuple_map_assignment(Expression* val, Expression* present,
+                           Expression*, source_location);
+
+  // Make a statement which assigns a pair of values to a map.
+  static Statement*
+  make_map_assignment(Expression*, Expression* val,
+                     Expression* should_set, source_location);
+
+  // Make an assignment from a nonblocking receive to a pair of
+  // variables.  FOR_SELECT is true is this is being created for a
+  // case x, ok := <-c in a select statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_tuple_receive_assignment(Expression* val, Expression* closed,
+                               Expression* channel, bool for_select,
+                               source_location);
+
+  // Make an assignment from a type guard to a pair of variables.
+  static Statement*
+  make_tuple_type_guard_assignment(Expression* val, Expression* ok,
+                                  Expression* expr, Type* type,
+                                  source_location);
+
+  // Make an expression statement from an Expression.
+  static Statement*
+  make_statement(Expression*);
+
+  // Make a block statement from a Block.  This is an embedded list of
+  // statements which may also include variable definitions.
+  static Statement*
+  make_block_statement(Block*, source_location);
+
+  // Make an increment statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_inc_statement(Expression*);
+
+  // Make a decrement statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_dec_statement(Expression*);
+
+  // Make a go statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_go_statement(Call_expression* call, source_location);
+
+  // Make a defer statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_defer_statement(Call_expression* call, source_location);
+
+  // Make a return statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_return_statement(const Typed_identifier_list*, Expression_list*,
+                       source_location);
+
+  // Make a break statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_break_statement(Unnamed_label* label, source_location);
+
+  // Make a continue statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_continue_statement(Unnamed_label* label, source_location);
+
+  // Make a goto statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_goto_statement(Label* label, source_location);
+
+  // Make a goto statement to an unnamed label.
+  static Statement*
+  make_goto_unnamed_statement(Unnamed_label* label, source_location);
+
+  // Make a label statement--where the label is defined.
+  static Statement*
+  make_label_statement(Label* label, source_location);
+
+  // Make an unnamed label statement--where the label is defined.
+  static Statement*
+  make_unnamed_label_statement(Unnamed_label* label);
+
+  // Make an if statement.
+  static Statement*
+  make_if_statement(Expression* cond, Block* then_block, Block* else_block,
+                   source_location);
+
+  // Make a switch statement.
+  static Switch_statement*
+  make_switch_statement(Expression* switch_val, source_location);
+
+  // Make a type switch statement.
+  static Type_switch_statement*
+  make_type_switch_statement(Named_object* var, Expression*, source_location);
+
+  // Make a send statement.
+  static Send_statement*
+  make_send_statement(Expression* channel, Expression* val, source_location);
+
+  // Make a select statement.
+  static Select_statement*
+  make_select_statement(source_location);
+
+  // Make a for statement.
+  static For_statement*
+  make_for_statement(Block* init, Expression* cond, Block* post,
+                    source_location location);
+
+  // Make a for statement with a range clause.
+  static For_range_statement*
+  make_for_range_statement(Expression* index_var, Expression* value_var,
+                          Expression* range, source_location);
+
+  // Return the statement classification.
+  Statement_classification
+  classification() const
+  { return this->classification_; }
+
+  // Get the statement location.
+  source_location
+  location() const
+  { return this->location_; }
+
+  // Traverse the tree.
+  int
+  traverse(Block*, size_t* index, Traverse*);
+
+  // Traverse the contents of this statement--the expressions and
+  // statements which it contains.
+  int
+  traverse_contents(Traverse*);
+
+  // If this statement assigns some values, it calls a function for
+  // each value to which this statement assigns a value, and returns
+  // true.  If this statement does not assign any values, it returns
+  // false.
+  bool
+  traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments* tassign);
+
+  // Lower a statement.  This is called immediately after parsing to
+  // simplify statements for further processing.  It returns the same
+  // Statement or a new one.  FUNCTION is the function containing this
+  // statement.  BLOCK is the block containing this statement.
+  Statement*
+  lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function, Block* block)
+  { return this->do_lower(gogo, function, block); }
+
+  // Set type information for unnamed constants.
+  void
+  determine_types();
+
+  // Check types in a statement.  This simply checks that any
+  // expressions used by the statement have the right type.
+  void
+  check_types(Gogo* gogo)
+  { this->do_check_types(gogo); }
+
+  // Return whether this is a block statement.
+  bool
+  is_block_statement() const
+  { return this->classification_ == STATEMENT_BLOCK; }
+
+  // If this is a variable declaration statement, return it.
+  // Otherwise return NULL.
+  Variable_declaration_statement*
+  variable_declaration_statement()
+  {
+    return this->convert<Variable_declaration_statement,
+                        STATEMENT_VARIABLE_DECLARATION>();
+  }
+
+  // If this is a return statement, return it.  Otherwise return NULL.
+  Return_statement*
+  return_statement()
+  { return this->convert<Return_statement, STATEMENT_RETURN>(); }
+
+  // If this is a thunk statement (a go or defer statement), return
+  // it.  Otherwise return NULL.
+  Thunk_statement*
+  thunk_statement();
+
+  // If this is a label statement, return it.  Otherwise return NULL.
+  Label_statement*
+  label_statement()
+  { return this->convert<Label_statement, STATEMENT_LABEL>(); }
+
+  // If this is a for statement, return it.  Otherwise return NULL.
+  For_statement*
+  for_statement()
+  { return this->convert<For_statement, STATEMENT_FOR>(); }
+
+  // If this is a for statement over a range clause, return it.
+  // Otherwise return NULL.
+  For_range_statement*
+  for_range_statement()
+  { return this->convert<For_range_statement, STATEMENT_FOR_RANGE>(); }
+
+  // If this is a switch statement, return it.  Otherwise return NULL.
+  Switch_statement*
+  switch_statement()
+  { return this->convert<Switch_statement, STATEMENT_SWITCH>(); }
+
+  // If this is a type switch statement, return it.  Otherwise return
+  // NULL.
+  Type_switch_statement*
+  type_switch_statement()
+  { return this->convert<Type_switch_statement, STATEMENT_TYPE_SWITCH>(); }
+
+  // If this is a select statement, return it.  Otherwise return NULL.
+  Select_statement*
+  select_statement()
+  { return this->convert<Select_statement, STATEMENT_SELECT>(); }
+
+  // Return true if this statement may fall through--if after
+  // executing this statement we may go on to execute the following
+  // statement, if any.
+  bool
+  may_fall_through() const
+  { return this->do_may_fall_through(); }
+
+  // Return the tree for a statement.  BLOCK is the enclosing block.
+  tree
+  get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ protected:
+  // Implemented by child class: traverse the tree.
+  virtual int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*) = 0;
+
+  // Implemented by child class: traverse assignments.  Any statement
+  // which includes an assignment should implement this.
+  virtual bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { return false; }
+
+  // Implemented by the child class: lower this statement to a simpler
+  // one.
+  virtual Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*)
+  { return this; }
+
+  // Implemented by child class: set type information for unnamed
+  // constants.  Any statement which includes an expression needs to
+  // implement this.
+  virtual void
+  do_determine_types()
+  { }
+
+  // Implemented by child class: check types of expressions used in a
+  // statement.
+  virtual void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*)
+  { }
+
+  // Implemented by child class: return true if this statement may
+  // fall through.
+  virtual bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const
+  { return true; }
+
+  // Implemented by child class: return a tree.
+  virtual tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*) = 0;
+
+  // Traverse an expression in a statement.
+  int
+  traverse_expression(Traverse*, Expression**);
+
+  // Traverse an expression list in a statement.  The Expression_list
+  // may be NULL.
+  int
+  traverse_expression_list(Traverse*, Expression_list*);
+
+  // Traverse a type in a statement.
+  int
+  traverse_type(Traverse*, Type*);
+
+  // Build a tree node with one operand, setting the location.  The
+  // first operand really has type "enum tree_code", but that enum is
+  // not defined here.
+  tree
+  build_stmt_1(int tree_code_value, tree);
+
+  // For children to call when they detect that they are in error.
+  void
+  set_is_error();
+
+  // For children to call to report an error conveniently.
+  void
+  report_error(const char*);
+
+  // For children to return an error statement from lower().
+  static Statement*
+  make_error_statement(source_location);
+
+ private:
+  // Convert to the desired statement classification, or return NULL.
+  // This is a controlled dynamic cast.
+  template<typename Statement_class, Statement_classification sc>
+  Statement_class*
+  convert()
+  {
+    return (this->classification_ == sc
+           ? static_cast<Statement_class*>(this)
+           : NULL);
+  }
+
+  template<typename Statement_class, Statement_classification sc>
+  const Statement_class*
+  convert() const
+  {
+    return (this->classification_ == sc
+           ? static_cast<const Statement_class*>(this)
+           : NULL);
+  }
+
+  // The statement classification.
+  Statement_classification classification_;
+  // The location in the input file of the start of this statement.
+  source_location location_;
+};
+
+// A statement which creates and initializes a temporary variable.
+
+class Temporary_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Temporary_statement(Type* type, Expression* init, source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_TEMPORARY, location),
+      type_(type), init_(init), decl_(NULL), is_address_taken_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Return the type of the temporary variable.
+  Type*
+  type() const;
+
+  // Return the initialization expression.
+  Expression*
+  init() const
+  { return this->init_; }
+
+  // Record that something takes the address of this temporary
+  // variable.
+  void
+  set_is_address_taken()
+  { this->is_address_taken_ = true; }
+
+  // Return the tree for the temporary variable itself.  This should
+  // not be called until after the statement itself has been expanded.
+  tree
+  get_decl() const;
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*);
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types();
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The type of the temporary variable.
+  Type* type_;
+  // The initial value of the temporary variable.  This may be NULL.
+  Expression* init_;
+  // The DECL for the temporary variable.
+  tree decl_;
+  // True if something takes the address of this temporary variable.
+  bool is_address_taken_;
+};
+
+// A variable declaration.  This marks the point in the code where a
+// variable is declared.  The Variable is also attached to a Block.
+
+class Variable_declaration_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Variable_declaration_statement(Named_object* var);
+
+  // The variable being declared.
+  Named_object*
+  var()
+  { return this->var_; }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  Named_object* var_;
+};
+
+// A return statement.
+
+class Return_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Return_statement(const Typed_identifier_list* results, Expression_list* vals,
+                  source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_RETURN, location),
+      results_(results), vals_(vals)
+  { }
+
+  // The list of values being returned.  This may be NULL.
+  const Expression_list*
+  vals() const
+  { return this->vals_; }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return this->traverse_expression_list(traverse, this->vals_); }
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*);
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types();
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const
+  { return false; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The result types of the function we are returning from.  This is
+  // here because in some of the traversals it is inconvenient to get
+  // it.
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results_;
+  // Return values.  This may be NULL.
+  Expression_list* vals_;
+};
+
+// A send statement.
+
+class Send_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Send_statement(Expression* channel, Expression* val,
+                source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_SEND, location),
+      channel_(channel), val_(val), for_select_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Note that this is for a select statement.
+  void
+  set_for_select()
+  { this->for_select_ = true; }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types();
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The channel on which to send the value.
+  Expression* channel_;
+  // The value to send.
+  Expression* val_;
+  // Whether this is for a select statement.
+  bool for_select_;
+};
+
+// Select_clauses holds the clauses of a select statement.  This is
+// built by the parser.
+
+class Select_clauses
+{
+ public:
+  Select_clauses()
+    : clauses_()
+  { }
+
+  // Add a new clause.  IS_SEND is true if this is a send clause,
+  // false for a receive clause.  For a send clause CHANNEL is the
+  // channel and VAL is the value to send.  For a receive clause
+  // CHANNEL is the channel, VAL is either NULL or a Var_expression
+  // for the variable to set, and CLOSED is either NULL or a
+  // Var_expression to set to whether the channel is closed.  If VAL
+  // is NULL, VAR may be a variable to be initialized with the
+  // received value, and CLOSEDVAR ma be a variable to be initialized
+  // with whether the channel is closed.  IS_DEFAULT is true if this
+  // is the default clause.  STATEMENTS is the list of statements to
+  // execute.
+  void
+  add(bool is_send, Expression* channel, Expression* val, Expression* closed,
+      Named_object* var, Named_object* closedvar, bool is_default,
+      Block* statements, source_location location)
+  {
+    this->clauses_.push_back(Select_clause(is_send, channel, val, closed, var,
+                                          closedvar, is_default, statements,
+                                          location));
+  }
+
+  // Traverse the select clauses.
+  int
+  traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  // Lower statements.
+  void
+  lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  // Determine types.
+  void
+  determine_types();
+
+  // Whether the select clauses may fall through to the statement
+  // which follows the overall select statement.
+  bool
+  may_fall_through() const;
+
+  // Return a tree implementing the select statement.
+  tree
+  get_tree(Translate_context*, Unnamed_label* break_label, source_location);
+
+ private:
+  // A single clause.
+  class Select_clause
+  {
+   public:
+    Select_clause()
+      : channel_(NULL), val_(NULL), closed_(NULL), var_(NULL),
+       closedvar_(NULL), statements_(NULL), is_send_(false),
+       is_default_(false)
+    { }
+
+    Select_clause(bool is_send, Expression* channel, Expression* val,
+                 Expression* closed, Named_object* var,
+                 Named_object* closedvar, bool is_default, Block* statements,
+                 source_location location)
+      : channel_(channel), val_(val), closed_(closed), var_(var),
+       closedvar_(closedvar), statements_(statements), location_(location),
+       is_send_(is_send), is_default_(is_default), is_lowered_(false)
+    { gcc_assert(is_default ? channel == NULL : channel != NULL); }
+
+    // Traverse the select clause.
+    int
+    traverse(Traverse*);
+
+    // Lower statements.
+    void
+    lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+    // Determine types.
+    void
+    determine_types();
+
+    // Return true if this is the default clause.
+    bool
+    is_default() const
+    { return this->is_default_; }
+
+    // Return the channel.  This will return NULL for the default
+    // clause.
+    Expression*
+    channel() const
+    { return this->channel_; }
+
+    // Return true for a send, false for a receive.
+    bool
+    is_send() const
+    {
+      gcc_assert(!this->is_default_);
+      return this->is_send_;
+    }
+
+    // Return the statements.
+    const Block*
+    statements() const
+    { return this->statements_; }
+
+    // Return the location.
+    source_location
+    location() const
+    { return this->location_; }
+
+    // Whether this clause may fall through to the statement which
+    // follows the overall select statement.
+    bool
+    may_fall_through() const;
+
+    // Return a tree for the statements to execute.
+    tree
+    get_statements_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+   private:
+    // The channel.
+    Expression* channel_;
+    // The value to send or the lvalue to receive into.
+    Expression* val_;
+    // The lvalue to set to whether the channel is closed on a
+    // receive.
+    Expression* closed_;
+    // The variable to initialize, for "case a := <-ch".
+    Named_object* var_;
+    // The variable to initialize to whether the channel is closed,
+    // for "case a, c := <-ch".
+    Named_object* closedvar_;
+    // The statements to execute.
+    Block* statements_;
+    // The location of this clause.
+    source_location location_;
+    // Whether this is a send or a receive.
+    bool is_send_;
+    // Whether this is the default.
+    bool is_default_;
+    // Whether this has been lowered.
+    bool is_lowered_;
+  };
+
+  void
+  add_clause_tree(Translate_context*, int, Select_clause*, Unnamed_label*,
+                 tree*);
+
+  typedef std::vector<Select_clause> Clauses;
+
+  Clauses clauses_;
+};
+
+// A select statement.
+
+class Select_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Select_statement(source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_SELECT, location),
+      clauses_(NULL), break_label_(NULL), is_lowered_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Add the clauses.
+  void
+  add_clauses(Select_clauses* clauses)
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->clauses_ == NULL);
+    this->clauses_ = clauses;
+  }
+
+  // Return the break label for this select statement.
+  Unnamed_label*
+  break_label();
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+  { return this->clauses_->traverse(traverse); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types()
+  { this->clauses_->determine_types(); }
+
+  bool
+  do_may_fall_through() const
+  { return this->clauses_->may_fall_through(); }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The select clauses.
+  Select_clauses* clauses_;
+  // The break label.
+  Unnamed_label* break_label_;
+  // Whether this statement has been lowered.
+  bool is_lowered_;
+};
+
+// A statement which requires a thunk: go or defer.
+
+class Thunk_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Thunk_statement(Statement_classification, Call_expression*,
+                 source_location);
+
+  // Return the call expression.
+  Expression*
+  call()
+  { return this->call_; }
+
+  // Simplify a go or defer statement so that it only uses a single
+  // parameter.
+  bool
+  simplify_statement(Gogo*, Block*);
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*);
+
+  void
+  do_determine_types();
+
+  void
+  do_check_types(Gogo*);
+
+  // Return the function and argument trees for the call.
+  void
+  get_fn_and_arg(Translate_context*, tree* pfn, tree* parg);
+
+ private:
+  // Return whether this is a simple go statement.
+  bool
+  is_simple(Function_type*) const;
+
+  // Build the struct to use for a complex case.
+  Struct_type*
+  build_struct(Function_type* fntype);
+
+  // Build the thunk.
+  void
+  build_thunk(Gogo*, const std::string&, Function_type* fntype);
+
+  // The field name used in the thunk structure for the function
+  // pointer.
+  static const char* const thunk_field_fn;
+
+  // The field name used in the thunk structure for the receiver, if
+  // there is one.
+  static const char* const thunk_field_receiver;
+
+  // Set the name to use for thunk field N.
+  void
+  thunk_field_param(int n, char* buf, size_t buflen);
+
+  // The function call to be executed in a separate thread (go) or
+  // later (defer).
+  Expression* call_;
+  // The type used for a struct to pass to a thunk, if this is not a
+  // simple call.
+  Struct_type* struct_type_;
+};
+
+// A go statement.
+
+class Go_statement : public Thunk_statement
+{
+ public:
+  Go_statement(Call_expression* call, source_location location)
+    : Thunk_statement(STATEMENT_GO, call, location)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+};
+
+// A defer statement.
+
+class Defer_statement : public Thunk_statement
+{
+ public:
+  Defer_statement(Call_expression* call, source_location location)
+    : Thunk_statement(STATEMENT_DEFER, call, location)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+};
+
+// A label statement.
+
+class Label_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Label_statement(Label* label, source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_LABEL, location),
+      label_(label)
+  { }
+
+  // Return the label itself.
+  const Label*
+  label() const
+  { return this->label_; }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
+
+ private:
+  // The label.
+  Label* label_;
+};
+
+// A for statement.
+
+class For_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  For_statement(Block* init, Expression* cond, Block* post,
+               source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_FOR, location),
+      init_(init), cond_(cond), post_(post), statements_(NULL),
+      break_label_(NULL), continue_label_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  // Add the statements.
+  void
+  add_statements(Block* statements)
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->statements_ == NULL);
+    this->statements_ = statements;
+  }
+
+  // Return the break label for this for statement.
+  Unnamed_label*
+  break_label();
+
+  // Return the continue label for this for statement.
+  Unnamed_label*
+  continue_label();
+
+  // Set the break and continue labels for this statement.
+  void
+  set_break_continue_labels(Unnamed_label* break_label,
+                           Unnamed_label* continue_label);
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // The initialization statements.  This may be NULL.
+  Block* init_;
+  // The condition.  This may be NULL.
+  Expression* cond_;
+  // The statements to run after each iteration.  This may be NULL.
+  Block* post_;
+  // The statements in the loop itself.
+  Block* statements_;
+  // The break label, if needed.
+  Unnamed_label* break_label_;
+  // The continue label, if needed.
+  Unnamed_label* continue_label_;
+};
+
+// A for statement over a range clause.
+
+class For_range_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  For_range_statement(Expression* index_var, Expression* value_var,
+                     Expression* range, source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_FOR_RANGE, location),
+      index_var_(index_var), value_var_(value_var), range_(range),
+      statements_(NULL), break_label_(NULL), continue_label_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  // Add the statements.
+  void
+  add_statements(Block* statements)
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->statements_ == NULL);
+    this->statements_ = statements;
+  }
+
+  // Return the break label for this for statement.
+  Unnamed_label*
+  break_label();
+
+  // Return the continue label for this for statement.
+  Unnamed_label*
+  continue_label();
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  bool
+  do_traverse_assignments(Traverse_assignments*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  Expression*
+  make_range_ref(Named_object*, Temporary_statement*, source_location);
+
+  Expression*
+  call_builtin(Gogo*, const char* funcname, Expression* arg, source_location);
+
+  void
+  lower_range_array(Gogo*, Block*, Block*, Named_object*, Temporary_statement*,
+                   Temporary_statement*, Temporary_statement*,
+                   Block**, Expression**, Block**, Block**);
+
+  void
+  lower_range_string(Gogo*, Block*, Block*, Named_object*, Temporary_statement*,
+                    Temporary_statement*, Temporary_statement*,
+                    Block**, Expression**, Block**, Block**);
+
+  void
+  lower_range_map(Gogo*, Block*, Block*, Named_object*, Temporary_statement*,
+                 Temporary_statement*, Temporary_statement*,
+                 Block**, Expression**, Block**, Block**);
+
+  void
+  lower_range_channel(Gogo*, Block*, Block*, Named_object*,
+                     Temporary_statement*, Temporary_statement*,
+                     Temporary_statement*, Block**, Expression**, Block**,
+                     Block**);
+
+  // The variable which is set to the index value.
+  Expression* index_var_;
+  // The variable which is set to the element value.  This may be
+  // NULL.
+  Expression* value_var_;
+  // The expression we are ranging over.
+  Expression* range_;
+  // The statements in the block.
+  Block* statements_;
+  // The break label, if needed.
+  Unnamed_label* break_label_;
+  // The continue label, if needed.
+  Unnamed_label* continue_label_;
+};
+
+// Class Case_clauses holds the clauses of a switch statement.  This
+// is built by the parser.
+
+class Case_clauses
+{
+ public:
+  Case_clauses()
+    : clauses_()
+  { }
+
+  // Add a new clause.  CASES is a list of case expressions; it may be
+  // NULL.  IS_DEFAULT is true if this is the default case.
+  // STATEMENTS is a block of statements.  IS_FALLTHROUGH is true if
+  // after the statements the case clause should fall through to the
+  // next clause.
+  void
+  add(Expression_list* cases, bool is_default, Block* statements,
+      bool is_fallthrough, source_location location)
+  {
+    this->clauses_.push_back(Case_clause(cases, is_default, statements,
+                                        is_fallthrough, location));
+  }
+
+  // Return whether there are no clauses.
+  bool
+  empty() const
+  { return this->clauses_.empty(); }
+
+  // Traverse the case clauses.
+  int
+  traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  // Lower for a nonconstant switch.
+  void
+  lower(Block*, Temporary_statement*, Unnamed_label*) const;
+
+  // Determine types of expressions.  The Type parameter is the type
+  // of the switch value.
+  void
+  determine_types(Type*);
+
+  // Check types.  The Type parameter is the type of the switch value.
+  bool
+  check_types(Type*);
+
+  // Return true if all the clauses are constant values.
+  bool
+  is_constant() const;
+
+  // Return true if these clauses may fall through to the statements
+  // following the switch statement.
+  bool
+  may_fall_through() const;
+
+  // Return the body of a SWITCH_EXPR when all the clauses are
+  // constants.
+  tree
+  get_constant_tree(Translate_context*, Unnamed_label* break_label) const;
+
+ private:
+  // For a constant tree we need to keep a record of constants we have
+  // already seen.  Note that INTEGER_CST trees are interned.
+  typedef Unordered_set(tree) Case_constants;
+
+  // One case clause.
+  class Case_clause
+  {
+   public:
+    Case_clause()
+      : cases_(NULL), statements_(NULL), is_default_(false),
+       is_fallthrough_(false), location_(UNKNOWN_LOCATION)
+    { }
+
+    Case_clause(Expression_list* cases, bool is_default, Block* statements,
+               bool is_fallthrough, source_location location)
+      : cases_(cases), statements_(statements), is_default_(is_default),
+       is_fallthrough_(is_fallthrough), location_(location)
+    { }
+
+    // Whether this clause falls through to the next clause.
+    bool
+    is_fallthrough() const
+    { return this->is_fallthrough_; }
+
+    // Whether this is the default.
+    bool
+    is_default() const
+    { return this->is_default_; }
+
+    // The location of this clause.
+    source_location
+    location() const
+    { return this->location_; }
+
+    // Traversal.
+    int
+    traverse(Traverse*);
+
+    // Lower for a nonconstant switch.
+    void
+    lower(Block*, Temporary_statement*, Unnamed_label*, Unnamed_label*) const;
+
+    // Determine types.
+    void
+    determine_types(Type*);
+
+    // Check types.
+    bool
+    check_types(Type*);
+
+    // Return true if all the case expressions are constant.
+    bool
+    is_constant() const;
+
+    // Return true if this clause may fall through to execute the
+    // statements following the switch statement.  This is not the
+    // same as whether this clause falls through to the next clause.
+    bool
+    may_fall_through() const;
+
+    // Build up the body of a SWITCH_EXPR when the case expressions
+    // are constant.
+    void
+    get_constant_tree(Translate_context*, Unnamed_label* break_label,
+                     Case_constants* case_constants, tree* stmt_list) const;
+
+   private:
+    // The list of case expressions.
+    Expression_list* cases_;
+    // The statements to execute.
+    Block* statements_;
+    // Whether this is the default case.
+    bool is_default_;
+    // Whether this falls through after the statements.
+    bool is_fallthrough_;
+    // The location of this case clause.
+    source_location location_;
+  };
+
+  friend class Case_clause;
+
+  // The type of the list of clauses.
+  typedef std::vector<Case_clause> Clauses;
+
+  // All the case clauses.
+  Clauses clauses_;
+};
+
+// A switch statement.
+
+class Switch_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Switch_statement(Expression* val, source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_SWITCH, location),
+      val_(val), clauses_(NULL), break_label_(NULL)
+  { }
+
+  // Add the clauses.
+  void
+  add_clauses(Case_clauses* clauses)
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->clauses_ == NULL);
+    this->clauses_ = clauses;
+  }
+
+  // Return the break label for this switch statement.
+  Unnamed_label*
+  break_label();
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // The value to switch on.  This may be NULL.
+  Expression* val_;
+  // The case clauses.
+  Case_clauses* clauses_;
+  // The break label, if needed.
+  Unnamed_label* break_label_;
+};
+
+// Class Type_case_clauses holds the clauses of a type switch
+// statement.  This is built by the parser.
+
+class Type_case_clauses
+{
+ public:
+  Type_case_clauses()
+    : clauses_()
+  { }
+
+  // Add a new clause.  TYPE is the type for this clause; it may be
+  // NULL.  IS_FALLTHROUGH is true if this falls through to the next
+  // clause; in this case STATEMENTS will be NULL.  IS_DEFAULT is true
+  // if this is the default case.  STATEMENTS is a block of
+  // statements; it may be NULL.
+  void
+  add(Type* type, bool is_fallthrough, bool is_default, Block* statements,
+      source_location location)
+  {
+    this->clauses_.push_back(Type_case_clause(type, is_fallthrough, is_default,
+                                             statements, location));
+  }
+
+  // Return whether there are no clauses.
+  bool
+  empty() const
+  { return this->clauses_.empty(); }
+
+  // Traverse the type case clauses.
+  int
+  traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  // Check for duplicates.
+  void
+  check_duplicates() const;
+
+  // Lower to if and goto statements.
+  void
+  lower(Block*, Temporary_statement* descriptor_temp,
+       Unnamed_label* break_label) const;
+
+ private:
+  // One type case clause.
+  class Type_case_clause
+  {
+   public:
+    Type_case_clause()
+      : type_(NULL), statements_(NULL), is_default_(false),
+       location_(UNKNOWN_LOCATION)
+    { }
+
+    Type_case_clause(Type* type, bool is_fallthrough, bool is_default,
+                    Block* statements, source_location location)
+      : type_(type), statements_(statements), is_fallthrough_(is_fallthrough),
+       is_default_(is_default), location_(location)
+    { }
+
+    // The type.
+    Type*
+    type() const
+    { return this->type_; }
+
+    // Whether this is the default.
+    bool
+    is_default() const
+    { return this->is_default_; }
+
+    // The location of this type clause.
+    source_location
+    location() const
+    { return this->location_; }
+
+    // Traversal.
+    int
+    traverse(Traverse*);
+
+    // Lower to if and goto statements.
+    void
+    lower(Block*, Temporary_statement* descriptor_temp,
+         Unnamed_label* break_label, Unnamed_label** stmts_label) const;
+
+   private:
+    // The type for this type clause.
+    Type* type_;
+    // The statements to execute.
+    Block* statements_;
+    // Whether this falls through--this is true for "case T1, T2".
+    bool is_fallthrough_;
+    // Whether this is the default case.
+    bool is_default_;
+    // The location of this type case clause.
+    source_location location_;
+  };
+
+  friend class Type_case_clause;
+
+  // The type of the list of type clauses.
+  typedef std::vector<Type_case_clause> Type_clauses;
+
+  // All the type case clauses.
+  Type_clauses clauses_;
+};
+
+// A type switch statement.
+
+class Type_switch_statement : public Statement
+{
+ public:
+  Type_switch_statement(Named_object* var, Expression* expr,
+                       source_location location)
+    : Statement(STATEMENT_TYPE_SWITCH, location),
+      var_(var), expr_(expr), clauses_(NULL), break_label_(NULL)
+  { gcc_assert(var == NULL || expr == NULL); }
+
+  // Add the clauses.
+  void
+  add_clauses(Type_case_clauses* clauses)
+  {
+    gcc_assert(this->clauses_ == NULL);
+    this->clauses_ = clauses;
+  }
+
+  // Return the break label for this type switch statement.
+  Unnamed_label*
+  break_label();
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  do_traverse(Traverse*);
+
+  Statement*
+  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Block*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // Get the type descriptor.
+  tree
+  get_type_descriptor(Translate_context*, Type*, tree);
+
+  // The variable holding the value we are switching on.
+  Named_object* var_;
+  // The expression we are switching on if there is no variable.
+  Expression* expr_;
+  // The type case clauses.
+  Type_case_clauses* clauses_;
+  // The break label, if needed.
+  Unnamed_label* break_label_;
+};
+
+#endif // !defined(GO_STATEMENTS_H)
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/types.cc.merge-left.r167407 b/gcc/go/gofrontend/types.cc.merge-left.r167407
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..b030a42
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,8078 @@
+// types.cc -- Go frontend types.
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "go-system.h"
+
+#include <gmp.h>
+
+#ifndef ENABLE_BUILD_WITH_CXX
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif
+
+#include "toplev.h"
+#include "intl.h"
+#include "tree.h"
+#include "gimple.h"
+#include "real.h"
+#include "convert.h"
+
+#ifndef ENABLE_BUILD_WITH_CXX
+}
+#endif
+
+#include "go-c.h"
+#include "gogo.h"
+#include "operator.h"
+#include "expressions.h"
+#include "statements.h"
+#include "export.h"
+#include "import.h"
+#include "types.h"
+
+// Class Type.
+
+Type::Type(Type_classification classification)
+  : classification_(classification), tree_(NULL_TREE),
+    type_descriptor_decl_(NULL_TREE)
+{
+}
+
+Type::~Type()
+{
+}
+
+// Get the base type for a type--skip names and forward declarations.
+
+Type*
+Type::base()
+{
+  switch (this->classification_)
+    {
+    case TYPE_NAMED:
+      return static_cast<Named_type*>(this)->real_type()->base();
+    case TYPE_FORWARD:
+      return static_cast<Forward_declaration_type*>(this)->real_type()->base();
+    default:
+      return this;
+    }
+}
+
+const Type*
+Type::base() const
+{
+  switch (this->classification_)
+    {
+    case TYPE_NAMED:
+      return static_cast<const Named_type*>(this)->real_type()->base();
+    case TYPE_FORWARD:
+      {
+       const Forward_declaration_type* ftype =
+         static_cast<const Forward_declaration_type*>(this);
+       return ftype->real_type()->base();
+      }
+    default:
+      return this;
+    }
+}
+
+// Skip defined forward declarations.
+
+Type*
+Type::forwarded()
+{
+  Type* t = this;
+  Forward_declaration_type* ftype = t->forward_declaration_type();
+  while (ftype != NULL && ftype->is_defined())
+    {
+      t = ftype->real_type();
+      ftype = t->forward_declaration_type();
+    }
+  return t;
+}
+
+const Type*
+Type::forwarded() const
+{
+  const Type* t = this;
+  const Forward_declaration_type* ftype = t->forward_declaration_type();
+  while (ftype != NULL && ftype->is_defined())
+    {
+      t = ftype->real_type();
+      ftype = t->forward_declaration_type();
+    }
+  return t;
+}
+
+// If this is a named type, return it.  Otherwise, return NULL.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::named_type()
+{
+  return this->forwarded()->convert_no_base<Named_type, TYPE_NAMED>();
+}
+
+const Named_type*
+Type::named_type() const
+{
+  return this->forwarded()->convert_no_base<const Named_type, TYPE_NAMED>();
+}
+
+// Return true if this type is not defined.
+
+bool
+Type::is_undefined() const
+{
+  return this->forwarded()->forward_declaration_type() != NULL;
+}
+
+// Return true if this is a basic type: a type which is not composed
+// of other types, and is not void.
+
+bool
+Type::is_basic_type() const
+{
+  switch (this->classification_)
+    {
+    case TYPE_INTEGER:
+    case TYPE_FLOAT:
+    case TYPE_COMPLEX:
+    case TYPE_BOOLEAN:
+    case TYPE_STRING:
+    case TYPE_NIL:
+      return true;
+
+    case TYPE_ERROR:
+    case TYPE_VOID:
+    case TYPE_FUNCTION:
+    case TYPE_POINTER:
+    case TYPE_STRUCT:
+    case TYPE_ARRAY:
+    case TYPE_MAP:
+    case TYPE_CHANNEL:
+    case TYPE_INTERFACE:
+      return false;
+
+    case TYPE_NAMED:
+    case TYPE_FORWARD:
+      return this->base()->is_basic_type();
+
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return true if this is an abstract type.
+
+bool
+Type::is_abstract() const
+{
+  switch (this->classification())
+    {
+    case TYPE_INTEGER:
+      return this->integer_type()->is_abstract();
+    case TYPE_FLOAT:
+      return this->float_type()->is_abstract();
+    case TYPE_COMPLEX:
+      return this->complex_type()->is_abstract();
+    case TYPE_STRING:
+      return this->is_abstract_string_type();
+    case TYPE_BOOLEAN:
+      return this->is_abstract_boolean_type();
+    default:
+      return false;
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a non-abstract version of an abstract type.
+
+Type*
+Type::make_non_abstract_type()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->is_abstract());
+  switch (this->classification())
+    {
+    case TYPE_INTEGER:
+      return Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+    case TYPE_FLOAT:
+      return Type::lookup_float_type("float");
+    case TYPE_COMPLEX:
+      return Type::lookup_complex_type("complex");
+    case TYPE_STRING:
+      return Type::lookup_string_type();
+    case TYPE_BOOLEAN:
+      return Type::lookup_bool_type();
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return true if this is an error type.  Don't give an error if we
+// try to dereference an undefined forwarding type, as this is called
+// in the parser when the type may legitimately be undefined.
+
+bool
+Type::is_error_type() const
+{
+  const Type* t = this->forwarded();
+  // Note that we return false for an undefined forward type.
+  switch (t->classification_)
+    {
+    case TYPE_ERROR:
+      return true;
+    case TYPE_NAMED:
+      return t->named_type()->real_type()->is_error_type();
+    default:
+      return false;
+    }
+}
+
+// If this is a pointer type, return the type to which it points.
+// Otherwise, return NULL.
+
+Type*
+Type::points_to() const
+{
+  const Pointer_type* ptype = this->convert<const Pointer_type,
+                                           TYPE_POINTER>();
+  return ptype == NULL ? NULL : ptype->points_to();
+}
+
+// Return whether this is an open array type.
+
+bool
+Type::is_open_array_type() const
+{
+  return this->array_type() != NULL && this->array_type()->length() == NULL;
+}
+
+// Return whether this is the predeclared constant nil being used as a
+// type.
+
+bool
+Type::is_nil_constant_as_type() const
+{
+  const Type* t = this->forwarded();
+  if (t->forward_declaration_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      const Named_object* no = t->forward_declaration_type()->named_object();
+      if (no->is_unknown())
+       no = no->unknown_value()->real_named_object();
+      if (no != NULL
+         && no->is_const()
+         && no->const_value()->expr()->is_nil_expression())
+       return true;
+    }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Traverse a type.
+
+int
+Type::traverse(Type* type, Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  gcc_assert((traverse->traverse_mask() & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0
+            || (traverse->traverse_mask()
+                & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0);
+  if (traverse->remember_type(type))
+    {
+      // We have already traversed this type.
+      return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    }
+  if ((traverse->traverse_mask() & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0)
+    {
+      int t = traverse->type(type);
+      if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+      else if (t == TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS)
+       return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    }
+  // An array type has an expression which we need to traverse if
+  // traverse_expressions is set.
+  if (type->do_traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Default implementation for do_traverse for child class.
+
+int
+Type::do_traverse(Traverse*)
+{
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Return whether two types are identical.  If REASON is not NULL,
+// optionally set *REASON to the reason the types are not identical.
+
+bool
+Type::are_identical(const Type* t1, const Type* t2, std::string* reason)
+{
+  if (t1 == NULL || t2 == NULL)
+    {
+      // Something is wrong.  Return true to avoid cascading errors.
+      return true;
+    }
+
+  // Skip defined forward declarations.
+  t1 = t1->forwarded();
+  t2 = t2->forwarded();
+
+  if (t1 == t2)
+    return true;
+
+  // An undefined forward declaration is an error, so we return true
+  // to avoid cascading errors.
+  if (t1->forward_declaration_type() != NULL
+      || t2->forward_declaration_type() != NULL)
+    return true;
+
+  // Avoid cascading errors with error types.
+  if (t1->is_error_type() || t2->is_error_type())
+    return true;
+
+  // Get a good reason for the sink type.  Note that the sink type on
+  // the left hand side of an assignment is handled in are_assignable.
+  if (t1->is_sink_type() || t2->is_sink_type())
+    {
+      if (reason != NULL)
+       *reason = "invalid use of _";
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  // A named type is only identical to itself.
+  if (t1->named_type() != NULL || t2->named_type() != NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  // Check type shapes.
+  if (t1->classification() != t2->classification())
+    return false;
+
+  switch (t1->classification())
+    {
+    case TYPE_VOID:
+    case TYPE_BOOLEAN:
+    case TYPE_STRING:
+    case TYPE_NIL:
+      // These types are always identical.
+      return true;
+
+    case TYPE_INTEGER:
+      return t1->integer_type()->is_identical(t2->integer_type());
+
+    case TYPE_FLOAT:
+      return t1->float_type()->is_identical(t2->float_type());
+
+    case TYPE_COMPLEX:
+      return t1->complex_type()->is_identical(t2->complex_type());
+
+    case TYPE_FUNCTION:
+      return t1->function_type()->is_identical(t2->function_type(),
+                                              false,
+                                              reason);
+
+    case TYPE_POINTER:
+      return Type::are_identical(t1->points_to(), t2->points_to(), reason);
+
+    case TYPE_STRUCT:
+      return t1->struct_type()->is_identical(t2->struct_type());
+
+    case TYPE_ARRAY:
+      return t1->array_type()->is_identical(t2->array_type());
+
+    case TYPE_MAP:
+      return t1->map_type()->is_identical(t2->map_type());
+
+    case TYPE_CHANNEL:
+      return t1->channel_type()->is_identical(t2->channel_type());
+
+    case TYPE_INTERFACE:
+      return t1->interface_type()->is_identical(t2->interface_type());
+
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return true if it's OK to have a binary operation with types LHS
+// and RHS.  This is not used for shifts or comparisons.
+
+bool
+Type::are_compatible_for_binop(const Type* lhs, const Type* rhs)
+{
+  if (Type::are_identical(lhs, rhs, NULL))
+    return true;
+
+  // A constant of abstract bool type may be mixed with any bool type.
+  if ((rhs->is_abstract_boolean_type() && lhs->is_boolean_type())
+      || (lhs->is_abstract_boolean_type() && rhs->is_boolean_type()))
+    return true;
+
+  // A constant of abstract string type may be mixed with any string
+  // type.
+  if ((rhs->is_abstract_string_type() && lhs->is_string_type())
+      || (lhs->is_abstract_string_type() && rhs->is_string_type()))
+    return true;
+
+  lhs = lhs->base();
+  rhs = rhs->base();
+
+  // A constant of abstract integer, float, or complex type may be
+  // mixed with an integer, float, or complex type.
+  if ((rhs->is_abstract()
+       && (rhs->integer_type() != NULL
+          || rhs->float_type() != NULL
+          || rhs->complex_type() != NULL)
+       && (lhs->integer_type() != NULL
+          || lhs->float_type() != NULL
+          || lhs->complex_type() != NULL))
+      || (lhs->is_abstract()
+         && (lhs->integer_type() != NULL
+             || lhs->float_type() != NULL
+             || lhs->complex_type() != NULL)
+         && (rhs->integer_type() != NULL
+             || rhs->float_type() != NULL
+             || rhs->complex_type() != NULL)))
+    return true;
+
+  // The nil type may be compared to a pointer, an interface type, a
+  // slice type, a channel type, a map type, or a function type.
+  if (lhs->is_nil_type()
+      && (rhs->points_to() != NULL
+         || rhs->interface_type() != NULL
+         || rhs->is_open_array_type()
+         || rhs->map_type() != NULL
+         || rhs->channel_type() != NULL
+         || rhs->function_type() != NULL))
+    return true;
+  if (rhs->is_nil_type()
+      && (lhs->points_to() != NULL
+         || lhs->interface_type() != NULL
+         || lhs->is_open_array_type()
+         || lhs->map_type() != NULL
+         || lhs->channel_type() != NULL
+         || lhs->function_type() != NULL))
+    return true;
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return true if a value with type RHS may be assigned to a variable
+// with type LHS.  If REASON is not NULL, set *REASON to the reason
+// the types are not assignable.
+
+bool
+Type::are_assignable(const Type* lhs, const Type* rhs, std::string* reason)
+{
+  // Do some checks first.  Make sure the types are defined.
+  if (lhs != NULL && lhs->forwarded()->forward_declaration_type() == NULL)
+    {
+      // Any value may be assigned to the blank identifier.
+      if (lhs->is_sink_type())
+       return true;
+
+      // All fields of a struct must be exported, or the assignment
+      // must be in the same package.
+      if (rhs != NULL && rhs->forwarded()->forward_declaration_type() == NULL)
+       {
+         if (lhs->has_hidden_fields(NULL, reason)
+             || rhs->has_hidden_fields(NULL, reason))
+           return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Identical types are assignable.
+  if (Type::are_identical(lhs, rhs, reason))
+    return true;
+
+  // The types are assignable if they have identical underlying types
+  // and either LHS or RHS is not a named type.
+  if (((lhs->named_type() != NULL && rhs->named_type() == NULL)
+       || (rhs->named_type() != NULL && lhs->named_type() == NULL))
+      && Type::are_identical(lhs->base(), rhs->base(), reason))
+    return true;
+
+  // The types are assignable if LHS is an interface type and RHS
+  // implements the required methods.
+  const Interface_type* lhs_interface_type = lhs->interface_type();
+  if (lhs_interface_type != NULL)
+    {
+      if (lhs_interface_type->implements_interface(rhs, reason))
+       return true;
+      const Interface_type* rhs_interface_type = rhs->interface_type();
+      if (rhs_interface_type != NULL
+         && lhs_interface_type->is_compatible_for_assign(rhs_interface_type,
+                                                         reason))
+       return true;
+    }
+
+  // The type are assignable if RHS is a bidirectional channel type,
+  // LHS is a channel type, they have identical element types, and
+  // either LHS or RHS is not a named type.
+  if (lhs->channel_type() != NULL
+      && rhs->channel_type() != NULL
+      && rhs->channel_type()->may_send()
+      && rhs->channel_type()->may_receive()
+      && (lhs->named_type() == NULL || rhs->named_type() == NULL)
+      && Type::are_identical(lhs->channel_type()->element_type(),
+                            rhs->channel_type()->element_type(),
+                            reason))
+    return true;
+
+  // The nil type may be assigned to a pointer, function, slice, map,
+  // channel, or interface type.
+  if (rhs->is_nil_type()
+      && (lhs->points_to() != NULL
+         || lhs->function_type() != NULL
+         || lhs->is_open_array_type()
+         || lhs->map_type() != NULL
+         || lhs->channel_type() != NULL
+         || lhs->interface_type() != NULL))
+    return true;
+
+  // An untyped constant may be assigned to a numeric type if it is
+  // representable in that type.
+  if (rhs->is_abstract()
+      && (lhs->integer_type() != NULL
+         || lhs->float_type() != NULL
+         || lhs->complex_type() != NULL))
+    return true;
+
+
+  // Give some better error messages.
+  if (reason != NULL && reason->empty())
+    {
+      if (rhs->interface_type() != NULL)
+       reason->assign(_("need explicit conversion"));
+      else if (rhs->is_call_multiple_result_type())
+       reason->assign(_("multiple value function call in "
+                        "single value context"));
+      else if (lhs->named_type() != NULL && rhs->named_type() != NULL)
+       {
+         size_t len = (lhs->named_type()->name().length()
+                       + rhs->named_type()->name().length()
+                       + 100);
+         char* buf = new char[len];
+         snprintf(buf, len, _("cannot use type %s as type %s"),
+                  rhs->named_type()->message_name().c_str(),
+                  lhs->named_type()->message_name().c_str());
+         reason->assign(buf);
+         delete[] buf;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return true if a value with type RHS may be converted to type LHS.
+// If REASON is not NULL, set *REASON to the reason the types are not
+// convertible.
+
+bool
+Type::are_convertible(const Type* lhs, const Type* rhs, std::string* reason)
+{
+  // The types are convertible if they are assignable.
+  if (Type::are_assignable(lhs, rhs, reason))
+    return true;
+
+  // The types are convertible if they have identical underlying
+  // types.
+  if ((lhs->named_type() != NULL || rhs->named_type() != NULL)
+      && Type::are_identical(lhs->base(), rhs->base(), reason))
+    return true;
+
+  // The types are convertible if they are both unnamed pointer types
+  // and their pointer base types have identical underlying types.
+  if (lhs->named_type() == NULL
+      && rhs->named_type() == NULL
+      && lhs->points_to() != NULL
+      && rhs->points_to() != NULL
+      && (lhs->points_to()->named_type() != NULL
+         || rhs->points_to()->named_type() != NULL)
+      && Type::are_identical(lhs->points_to()->base(),
+                            rhs->points_to()->base(),
+                            reason))
+    return true;
+
+  // Integer and floating point types are convertible to each other.
+  if ((lhs->integer_type() != NULL || lhs->float_type() != NULL)
+      && (rhs->integer_type() != NULL || rhs->float_type() != NULL))
+    return true;
+
+  // Complex types are convertible to each other.
+  if (lhs->complex_type() != NULL && rhs->complex_type() != NULL)
+    return true;
+
+  // An integer, or []byte, or []int, may be converted to a string.
+  if (lhs->is_string_type())
+    {
+      if (rhs->integer_type() != NULL)
+       return true;
+      if (rhs->is_open_array_type() && rhs->named_type() == NULL)
+       {
+         const Type* e = rhs->array_type()->element_type()->forwarded();
+         if (e->integer_type() != NULL
+             && (e == Type::lookup_integer_type("uint8")
+                 || e == Type::lookup_integer_type("int")))
+           return true;
+       }
+    }
+
+  // A string may be converted to []byte or []int.
+  if (rhs->is_string_type()
+      && lhs->is_open_array_type()
+      && lhs->named_type() == NULL)
+    {
+      const Type* e = lhs->array_type()->element_type()->forwarded();
+      if (e->integer_type() != NULL
+         && (e == Type::lookup_integer_type("uint8")
+             || e == Type::lookup_integer_type("int")))
+       return true;
+    }
+
+  // An unsafe.Pointer type may be converted to any pointer type or to
+  // uintptr, and vice-versa.
+  if (lhs->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
+      && (rhs->points_to() != NULL
+         || (rhs->integer_type() != NULL
+             && rhs->forwarded() == Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr"))))
+    return true;
+  if (rhs->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
+      && (lhs->points_to() != NULL
+         || (lhs->integer_type() != NULL
+             && lhs->forwarded() == Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr"))))
+    return true;
+
+  // Give a better error message.
+  if (reason != NULL)
+    {
+      if (reason->empty())
+       *reason = "invalid type conversion";
+      else
+       {
+         std::string s = "invalid type conversion (";
+         s += *reason;
+         s += ')';
+         *reason = s;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return whether this type has any hidden fields.  This is only a
+// possibility for a few types.
+
+bool
+Type::has_hidden_fields(const Named_type* within, std::string* reason) const
+{
+  switch (this->forwarded()->classification_)
+    {
+    case TYPE_NAMED:
+      return this->named_type()->named_type_has_hidden_fields(reason);
+    case TYPE_STRUCT:
+      return this->struct_type()->struct_has_hidden_fields(within, reason);
+    case TYPE_ARRAY:
+      return this->array_type()->array_has_hidden_fields(within, reason);
+    default:
+      return false;
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a hash code for the type to be used for method lookup.
+
+unsigned int
+Type::hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  unsigned int ret = 0;
+  if (this->classification_ != TYPE_FORWARD)
+    ret += this->classification_;
+  return ret + this->do_hash_for_method(gogo);
+}
+
+// Default implementation of do_hash_for_method.  This is appropriate
+// for types with no subfields.
+
+unsigned int
+Type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo*) const
+{
+  return 0;
+}
+
+// Return a hash code for a string, given a starting hash.
+
+unsigned int
+Type::hash_string(const std::string& s, unsigned int h)
+{
+  const char* p = s.data();
+  size_t len = s.length();
+  for (; len > 0; --len)
+    {
+      h ^= *p++;
+      h*= 16777619;
+    }
+  return h;
+}
+
+// Default check for the expression passed to make.  Any type which
+// may be used with make implements its own version of this.
+
+bool
+Type::do_check_make_expression(Expression_list*, source_location)
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Return whether an expression has an integer value.  Report an error
+// if not.  This is used when handling calls to the predeclared make
+// function.
+
+bool
+Type::check_int_value(Expression* e, const char* errmsg,
+                     source_location location)
+{
+  if (e->type()->integer_type() != NULL)
+    return true;
+
+  // Check for a floating point constant with integer value.
+  mpfr_t fval;
+  mpfr_init(fval);
+
+  Type* dummy;
+  if (e->float_constant_value(fval, &dummy))
+    {
+      mpz_t ival;
+      mpz_init(ival);
+
+      bool ok = false;
+
+      mpfr_clear_overflow();
+      mpfr_clear_erangeflag();
+      mpfr_get_z(ival, fval, GMP_RNDN);
+      if (!mpfr_overflow_p()
+         && !mpfr_erangeflag_p()
+         && mpz_sgn(ival) >= 0)
+       {
+         Named_type* ntype = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+         Integer_type* inttype = ntype->integer_type();
+         mpz_t max;
+         mpz_init_set_ui(max, 1);
+         mpz_mul_2exp(max, max, inttype->bits() - 1);
+         ok = mpz_cmp(ival, max) < 0;
+         mpz_clear(max);
+       }
+      mpz_clear(ival);
+
+      if (ok)
+       {
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         return true;
+       }
+    }
+
+  mpfr_clear(fval);
+
+  error_at(location, "%s", errmsg);
+  return false;
+}
+
+// A hash table mapping unnamed types to trees.
+
+Type::Type_trees Type::type_trees;
+
+// Return a tree representing this type.
+
+tree
+Type::get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->tree_ != NULL)
+    return this->tree_;
+
+  if (this->forward_declaration_type() != NULL
+      || this->named_type() != NULL)
+    return this->get_tree_without_hash(gogo);
+
+  // To avoid confusing GIMPLE, we need to translate all identical Go
+  // types to the same GIMPLE type.  We use a hash table to do that.
+  // There is no need to use the hash table for named types, as named
+  // types are only identical to themselves.
+
+  std::pair<Type*, tree> val(this, NULL);
+  std::pair<Type_trees::iterator, bool> ins =
+    Type::type_trees.insert(val);
+  if (!ins.second && ins.first->second != NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      this->tree_ = ins.first->second;
+      return this->tree_;
+    }
+
+  tree t = this->get_tree_without_hash(gogo);
+
+  if (ins.first->second == NULL_TREE)
+    ins.first->second = t;
+  else
+    {
+      // We have already created a tree for this type.  This can
+      // happen when an unnamed type is defined using a named type
+      // which in turns uses an identical unnamed type.  Use the tree
+      // we created earlier and ignore the one we just built.
+      t = ins.first->second;
+      this->tree_ = t;
+    }
+
+  return t;
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a type without looking in the hash table for
+// identical types.  This is used for named types, since there is no
+// point to looking in the hash table for them.
+
+tree
+Type::get_tree_without_hash(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->tree_ == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      tree t = this->do_get_tree(gogo);
+
+      // For a recursive function or pointer type, we will temporarily
+      // return ptr_type_node during the recursion.  We don't want to
+      // record that for a forwarding type, as it may confuse us
+      // later.
+      if (t == ptr_type_node && this->forward_declaration_type() != NULL)
+       return t;
+
+      this->tree_ = t;
+      go_preserve_from_gc(t);
+    }
+
+  return this->tree_;
+}
+
+// Return a tree representing a zero initialization for this type.
+
+tree
+Type::get_init_tree(Gogo* gogo, bool is_clear)
+{
+  tree type_tree = this->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  return this->do_get_init_tree(gogo, type_tree, is_clear);
+}
+
+// Any type which supports the builtin make function must implement
+// this.
+
+tree
+Type::do_make_expression_tree(Translate_context*, Expression_list*,
+                             source_location)
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Return a pointer to the type descriptor for this type.
+
+tree
+Type::type_descriptor_pointer(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  Type* t = this->forwarded();
+  if (t->type_descriptor_decl_ == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      Expression* e = t->do_type_descriptor(gogo, NULL);
+      gogo->build_type_descriptor_decl(t, e, &t->type_descriptor_decl_);
+      gcc_assert(t->type_descriptor_decl_ != NULL_TREE
+                && (t->type_descriptor_decl_ == error_mark_node
+                    || DECL_P(t->type_descriptor_decl_)));
+    }
+  if (t->type_descriptor_decl_ == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  return build_fold_addr_expr(t->type_descriptor_decl_);
+}
+
+// Return a composite literal for a type descriptor.
+
+Expression*
+Type::type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Type* type)
+{
+  return type->do_type_descriptor(gogo, NULL);
+}
+
+// Return a composite literal for a type descriptor with a name.
+
+Expression*
+Type::named_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Type* type, Named_type* name)
+{
+  gcc_assert(name != NULL && type->named_type() != name);
+  return type->do_type_descriptor(gogo, name);
+}
+
+// Make a builtin struct type from a list of fields.  The fields are
+// pairs of a name and a type.
+
+Struct_type*
+Type::make_builtin_struct_type(int nfields, ...)
+{
+  va_list ap;
+  va_start(ap, nfields);
+
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+  Struct_field_list* sfl = new Struct_field_list();
+  for (int i = 0; i < nfields; i++)
+    {
+      const char* field_name = va_arg(ap, const char *);
+      Type* type = va_arg(ap, Type*);
+      sfl->push_back(Struct_field(Typed_identifier(field_name, type, bloc)));
+    }
+
+  va_end(ap);
+
+  return Type::make_struct_type(sfl, bloc);
+}
+
+// Make a builtin named type.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::make_builtin_named_type(const char* name, Type* type)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+  Named_object* no = Named_object::make_type(name, NULL, type, bloc);
+  return no->type_value();
+}
+
+// Return the type of a type descriptor.  We should really tie this to
+// runtime.Type rather than copying it.  This must match commonType in
+// libgo/go/runtime/type.go.
+
+Type*
+Type::make_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+      Type* uint8_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uint8");
+      Type* uint32_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uint32");
+      Type* uintptr_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr");
+      Type* string_type = Type::lookup_string_type();
+      Type* pointer_string_type = Type::make_pointer_type(string_type);
+
+      // This is an unnamed version of unsafe.Pointer.  Perhaps we
+      // should use the named version instead, although that would
+      // require us to create the unsafe package if it has not been
+      // imported.  It probably doesn't matter.
+      Type* void_type = Type::make_void_type();
+      Type* unsafe_pointer_type = Type::make_pointer_type(void_type);
+
+      // Forward declaration for the type descriptor type.
+      Named_object* named_type_descriptor_type =
+       Named_object::make_type_declaration("commonType", NULL, bloc);
+      Type* ft = Type::make_forward_declaration(named_type_descriptor_type);
+      Type* pointer_type_descriptor_type = Type::make_pointer_type(ft);
+
+      // The type of a method on a concrete type.
+      Struct_type* method_type =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(5,
+                                      "name", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "pkgPath", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "mtyp", pointer_type_descriptor_type,
+                                      "typ", pointer_type_descriptor_type,
+                                      "tfn", unsafe_pointer_type);
+      Named_type* named_method_type =
+       Type::make_builtin_named_type("method", method_type);
+
+      // Information for types with a name or methods.
+      Type* slice_named_method_type =
+       Type::make_array_type(named_method_type, NULL);
+      Struct_type* uncommon_type =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(3,
+                                      "name", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "pkgPath", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "methods", slice_named_method_type);
+      Named_type* named_uncommon_type =
+       Type::make_builtin_named_type("uncommonType", uncommon_type);
+
+      Type* pointer_uncommon_type =
+       Type::make_pointer_type(named_uncommon_type);
+
+      // The type descriptor type.
+
+      Typed_identifier_list* params = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      params->push_back(Typed_identifier("", unsafe_pointer_type, bloc));
+      params->push_back(Typed_identifier("", uintptr_type, bloc));
+
+      Typed_identifier_list* results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", uintptr_type, bloc));
+
+      Type* hashfn_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, params, results, bloc);
+
+      params = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      params->push_back(Typed_identifier("", unsafe_pointer_type, bloc));
+      params->push_back(Typed_identifier("", unsafe_pointer_type, bloc));
+      params->push_back(Typed_identifier("", uintptr_type, bloc));
+
+      results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", Type::lookup_bool_type(), bloc));
+
+      Type* equalfn_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, params, results,
+                                                   bloc);
+
+      Struct_type* type_descriptor_type =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(9,
+                                      "Kind", uint8_type,
+                                      "align", uint8_type,
+                                      "fieldAlign", uint8_type,
+                                      "size", uintptr_type,
+                                      "hash", uint32_type,
+                                      "hashfn", hashfn_type,
+                                      "equalfn", equalfn_type,
+                                      "string", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "", pointer_uncommon_type);
+
+      Named_type* named = Type::make_builtin_named_type("commonType",
+                                                       type_descriptor_type);
+
+      named_type_descriptor_type->set_type_value(named);
+
+      ret = named;
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Make the type of a pointer to a type descriptor as represented in
+// Go.
+
+Type*
+Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    ret = Type::make_pointer_type(Type::make_type_descriptor_type());
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return the names of runtime functions which compute a hash code for
+// this type and which compare whether two values of this type are
+// equal.
+
+void
+Type::type_functions(const char** hash_fn, const char** equal_fn) const
+{
+  switch (this->base()->classification())
+    {
+    case Type::TYPE_ERROR:
+    case Type::TYPE_VOID:
+    case Type::TYPE_NIL:
+      // These types can not be hashed or compared.
+      *hash_fn = "__go_type_hash_error";
+      *equal_fn = "__go_type_equal_error";
+      break;
+
+    case Type::TYPE_BOOLEAN:
+    case Type::TYPE_INTEGER:
+    case Type::TYPE_FLOAT:
+    case Type::TYPE_COMPLEX:
+    case Type::TYPE_POINTER:
+    case Type::TYPE_FUNCTION:
+    case Type::TYPE_MAP:
+    case Type::TYPE_CHANNEL:
+      *hash_fn = "__go_type_hash_identity";
+      *equal_fn = "__go_type_equal_identity";
+      break;
+
+    case Type::TYPE_STRING:
+      *hash_fn = "__go_type_hash_string";
+      *equal_fn = "__go_type_equal_string";
+      break;
+
+    case Type::TYPE_STRUCT:
+    case Type::TYPE_ARRAY:
+      // These types can not be hashed or compared.
+      *hash_fn = "__go_type_hash_error";
+      *equal_fn = "__go_type_equal_error";
+      break;
+
+    case Type::TYPE_INTERFACE:
+      if (this->interface_type()->is_empty())
+       {
+         *hash_fn = "__go_type_hash_empty_interface";
+         *equal_fn = "__go_type_equal_empty_interface";
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         *hash_fn = "__go_type_hash_interface";
+         *equal_fn = "__go_type_equal_interface";
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case Type::TYPE_NAMED:
+    case Type::TYPE_FORWARD:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a composite literal for the type descriptor for a plain type
+// of kind RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND named NAME.
+
+Expression*
+Type::type_descriptor_constructor(Gogo* gogo, int runtime_type_kind,
+                                 Named_type* name, const Methods* methods,
+                                 bool only_value_methods)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Type* td_type = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = td_type->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(9);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "Kind");
+  mpz_t iv;
+  mpz_init_set_ui(iv, runtime_type_kind);
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_integer(&iv, p->type(), bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "align");
+  Expression::Type_info type_info = Expression::TYPE_INFO_ALIGNMENT;
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_info(this, type_info));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "fieldAlign");
+  type_info = Expression::TYPE_INFO_FIELD_ALIGNMENT;
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_info(this, type_info));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "size");
+  type_info = Expression::TYPE_INFO_SIZE;
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_info(this, type_info));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "hash");
+  mpz_set_ui(iv, this->hash_for_method(gogo));
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_integer(&iv, p->type(), bloc));
+
+  const char* hash_fn;
+  const char* equal_fn;
+  this->type_functions(&hash_fn, &equal_fn);
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "hashfn");
+  Function_type* fntype = p->type()->function_type();
+  Named_object* no = Named_object::make_function_declaration(hash_fn, NULL,
+                                                            fntype,
+                                                            bloc);
+  no->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(hash_fn);
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_func_reference(no, NULL, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "equalfn");
+  fntype = p->type()->function_type();
+  no = Named_object::make_function_declaration(equal_fn, NULL, fntype, bloc);
+  no->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(equal_fn);
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_func_reference(no, NULL, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "string");
+  Expression* s = Expression::make_string((name != NULL
+                                          ? name->reflection(gogo)
+                                          : this->reflection(gogo)),
+                                         bloc);
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, s, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "uncommonType");
+  if (name == NULL && methods == NULL)
+    vals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+  else
+    {
+      if (methods == NULL)
+       methods = name->methods();
+      vals->push_back(this->uncommon_type_constructor(gogo,
+                                                     p->type()->deref(),
+                                                     name, methods,
+                                                     only_value_methods));
+    }
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p == fields->end());
+
+  mpz_clear(iv);
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(td_type, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Return a composite literal for the uncommon type information for
+// this type.  UNCOMMON_STRUCT_TYPE is the type of the uncommon type
+// struct.  If name is not NULL, it is the name of the type.  If
+// METHODS is not NULL, it is the list of methods.  ONLY_VALUE_METHODS
+// is true if only value methods should be included.  At least one of
+// NAME and METHODS must not be NULL.
+
+Expression*
+Type::uncommon_type_constructor(Gogo* gogo, Type* uncommon_type,
+                               Named_type* name, const Methods* methods,
+                               bool only_value_methods) const
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = uncommon_type->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(3);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "name");
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "pkgPath");
+
+  if (name == NULL)
+    {
+      vals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+      vals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Named_object* no = name->named_object();
+      std::string n = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(no->name());
+      Expression* s = Expression::make_string(n, bloc);
+      vals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, s, bloc));
+
+      if (name->is_builtin())
+       vals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+      else
+       {
+         const Package* package = no->package();
+         const std::string& unique_prefix(package == NULL
+                                          ? gogo->unique_prefix()
+                                          : package->unique_prefix());
+         const std::string& package_name(package == NULL
+                                         ? gogo->package_name()
+                                         : package->name());
+         n.assign(unique_prefix);
+         n.append(1, '.');
+         n.append(package_name);
+         if (name->in_function() != NULL)
+           {
+             n.append(1, '.');
+             n.append(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(name->in_function()->name()));
+           }
+         s = Expression::make_string(n, bloc);
+         vals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, s, bloc));
+       }
+    }
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "methods");
+  vals->push_back(this->methods_constructor(gogo, p->type(), methods,
+                                           only_value_methods));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p == fields->end());
+
+  Expression* r = Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(uncommon_type,
+                                                           vals, bloc);
+  return Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, r, bloc);
+}
+
+// Sort methods by name.
+
+class Sort_methods
+{
+ public:
+  bool
+  operator()(const std::pair<std::string, const Method*>& m1,
+            const std::pair<std::string, const Method*>& m2) const
+  { return m1.first < m2.first; }
+};
+
+// Return a composite literal for the type method table for this type.
+// METHODS_TYPE is the type of the table, and is a slice type.
+// METHODS is the list of methods.  If ONLY_VALUE_METHODS is true,
+// then only value methods are used.
+
+Expression*
+Type::methods_constructor(Gogo* gogo, Type* methods_type,
+                         const Methods* methods,
+                         bool only_value_methods) const
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  std::vector<std::pair<std::string, const Method*> > smethods;
+  if (methods != NULL)
+    {
+      smethods.reserve(methods->count());
+      for (Methods::const_iterator p = methods->begin();
+          p != methods->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (p->second->is_ambiguous())
+           continue;
+         if (only_value_methods && !p->second->is_value_method())
+           continue;
+         smethods.push_back(std::make_pair(p->first, p->second));
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (smethods.empty())
+    return Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(methods_type, NULL, bloc);
+
+  std::sort(smethods.begin(), smethods.end(), Sort_methods());
+
+  Type* method_type = methods_type->array_type()->element_type();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(smethods.size());
+  for (std::vector<std::pair<std::string, const Method*> >::const_iterator p
+        = smethods.begin();
+       p != smethods.end();
+       ++p)
+    vals->push_back(this->method_constructor(gogo, method_type, p->first,
+                                            p->second));
+
+  return Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(methods_type, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Return a composite literal for a single method.  METHOD_TYPE is the
+// type of the entry.  METHOD_NAME is the name of the method and M is
+// the method information.
+
+Expression*
+Type::method_constructor(Gogo*, Type* method_type,
+                        const std::string& method_name,
+                        const Method* m) const
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = method_type->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(5);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "name");
+  const std::string n = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(method_name);
+  Expression* s = Expression::make_string(n, bloc);
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, s, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "pkgPath");
+  if (!Gogo::is_hidden_name(method_name))
+    vals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+  else
+    {
+      s = Expression::make_string(Gogo::hidden_name_prefix(method_name), bloc);
+      vals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, s, bloc));
+    }
+
+  Named_object* no = (m->needs_stub_method()
+                     ? m->stub_object()
+                     : m->named_object());
+
+  Function_type* mtype;
+  if (no->is_function())
+    mtype = no->func_value()->type();
+  else
+    mtype = no->func_declaration_value()->type();
+  gcc_assert(mtype->is_method());
+  Type* nonmethod_type = mtype->copy_without_receiver();
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "mtyp");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(nonmethod_type, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "typ");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(mtype, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "tfn");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_func_reference(no, NULL, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p == fields->end());
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(method_type, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Return a composite literal for the type descriptor of a plain type.
+// RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND is the value of the kind field.  If NAME is not
+// NULL, it is the name to use as well as the list of methods.
+
+Expression*
+Type::plain_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, int runtime_type_kind,
+                           Named_type* name)
+{
+  return this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo, runtime_type_kind,
+                                          name, NULL, true);
+}
+
+// Return the type reflection string for this type.
+
+std::string
+Type::reflection(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  std::string ret;
+
+  // The do_reflection virtual function should set RET to the
+  // reflection string.
+  this->do_reflection(gogo, &ret);
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return a mangled name for the type.
+
+std::string
+Type::mangled_name(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  std::string ret;
+
+  // The do_mangled_name virtual function should set RET to the
+  // mangled name.  For a composite type it should append a code for
+  // the composition and then call do_mangled_name on the components.
+  this->do_mangled_name(gogo, &ret);
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Default function to export a type.
+
+void
+Type::do_export(Export*) const
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Import a type.
+
+Type*
+Type::import_type(Import* imp)
+{
+  if (imp->match_c_string("("))
+    return Function_type::do_import(imp);
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("*"))
+    return Pointer_type::do_import(imp);
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("struct "))
+    return Struct_type::do_import(imp);
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("["))
+    return Array_type::do_import(imp);
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("map "))
+    return Map_type::do_import(imp);
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("chan "))
+    return Channel_type::do_import(imp);
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("interface"))
+    return Interface_type::do_import(imp);
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(imp->location(), "import error: expected type");
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+}
+
+// A type used to indicate a parsing error.  This exists to simplify
+// later error detection.
+
+class Error_type : public Type
+{
+ public:
+  Error_type()
+    : Type(TYPE_ERROR)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+  { return error_mark_node; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree, bool)
+  { return error_mark_node; }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_type_descriptor(Gogo*, Named_type*)
+  { return Expression::make_error(BUILTINS_LOCATION); }
+
+  void
+  do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+  { gcc_assert(saw_errors()); }
+
+  void
+  do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+  { ret->push_back('E'); }
+};
+
+Type*
+Type::make_error_type()
+{
+  static Error_type singleton_error_type;
+  return &singleton_error_type;
+}
+
+// The void type.
+
+class Void_type : public Type
+{
+ public:
+  Void_type()
+    : Type(TYPE_VOID)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+  { return void_type_node; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree, bool)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_type_descriptor(Gogo*, Named_type*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  void
+  do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+  { }
+
+  void
+  do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+  { ret->push_back('v'); }
+};
+
+Type*
+Type::make_void_type()
+{
+  static Void_type singleton_void_type;
+  return &singleton_void_type;
+}
+
+// The boolean type.
+
+class Boolean_type : public Type
+{
+ public:
+  Boolean_type()
+    : Type(TYPE_BOOLEAN)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+  { return boolean_type_node; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+  { return is_clear ? NULL : fold_convert(type_tree, boolean_false_node); }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_type_descriptor(Gogo*, Named_type* name);
+
+  // We should not be asked for the reflection string of a basic type.
+  void
+  do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+  { ret->append("bool"); }
+
+  void
+  do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+  { ret->push_back('b'); }
+};
+
+// Make the type descriptor.
+
+Expression*
+Boolean_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  if (name != NULL)
+    return this->plain_type_descriptor(gogo, RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_BOOL, name);
+  else
+    {
+      Named_object* no = gogo->lookup_global("bool");
+      gcc_assert(no != NULL);
+      return Type::type_descriptor(gogo, no->type_value());
+    }
+}
+
+Type*
+Type::make_boolean_type()
+{
+  static Boolean_type boolean_type;
+  return &boolean_type;
+}
+
+// The named type "bool".
+
+static Named_type* named_bool_type;
+
+// Get the named type "bool".
+
+Named_type*
+Type::lookup_bool_type()
+{
+  return named_bool_type;
+}
+
+// Make the named type "bool".
+
+Named_type*
+Type::make_named_bool_type()
+{
+  Type* bool_type = Type::make_boolean_type();
+  Named_object* named_object = Named_object::make_type("bool", NULL,
+                                                      bool_type,
+                                                      BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+  Named_type* named_type = named_object->type_value();
+  named_bool_type = named_type;
+  return named_type;
+}
+
+// Class Integer_type.
+
+Integer_type::Named_integer_types Integer_type::named_integer_types;
+
+// Create a new integer type.  Non-abstract integer types always have
+// names.
+
+Named_type*
+Integer_type::create_integer_type(const char* name, bool is_unsigned,
+                                 int bits, int runtime_type_kind)
+{
+  Integer_type* integer_type = new Integer_type(false, is_unsigned, bits,
+                                               runtime_type_kind);
+  std::string sname(name);
+  Named_object* named_object = Named_object::make_type(sname, NULL,
+                                                      integer_type,
+                                                      BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+  Named_type* named_type = named_object->type_value();
+  std::pair<Named_integer_types::iterator, bool> ins =
+    Integer_type::named_integer_types.insert(std::make_pair(sname, named_type));
+  gcc_assert(ins.second);
+  return named_type;
+}
+
+// Look up an existing integer type.
+
+Named_type*
+Integer_type::lookup_integer_type(const char* name)
+{
+  Named_integer_types::const_iterator p =
+    Integer_type::named_integer_types.find(name);
+  gcc_assert(p != Integer_type::named_integer_types.end());
+  return p->second;
+}
+
+// Create a new abstract integer type.
+
+Integer_type*
+Integer_type::create_abstract_integer_type()
+{
+  static Integer_type* abstract_type;
+  if (abstract_type == NULL)
+    abstract_type = new Integer_type(true, false, INT_TYPE_SIZE,
+                                    RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_INT);
+  return abstract_type;
+}
+
+// Integer type compatibility.
+
+bool
+Integer_type::is_identical(const Integer_type* t) const
+{
+  if (this->is_unsigned_ != t->is_unsigned_ || this->bits_ != t->bits_)
+    return false;
+  return this->is_abstract_ == t->is_abstract_;
+}
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Integer_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo*) const
+{
+  return ((this->bits_ << 4)
+         + ((this->is_unsigned_ ? 1 : 0) << 8)
+         + ((this->is_abstract_ ? 1 : 0) << 9));
+}
+
+// Get the tree for an Integer_type.
+
+tree
+Integer_type::do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+{
+  gcc_assert(!this->is_abstract_);
+  if (this->is_unsigned_)
+    {
+      if (this->bits_ == INT_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return unsigned_type_node;
+      else if (this->bits_ == CHAR_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return unsigned_char_type_node;
+      else if (this->bits_ == SHORT_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return short_unsigned_type_node;
+      else if (this->bits_ == LONG_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return long_unsigned_type_node;
+      else if (this->bits_ == LONG_LONG_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return long_long_unsigned_type_node;
+      else
+       return make_unsigned_type(this->bits_);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (this->bits_ == INT_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return integer_type_node;
+      else if (this->bits_ == CHAR_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return signed_char_type_node;
+      else if (this->bits_ == SHORT_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return short_integer_type_node;
+      else if (this->bits_ == LONG_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return long_integer_type_node;
+      else if (this->bits_ == LONG_LONG_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return long_long_integer_type_node;
+      else
+       return make_signed_type(this->bits_);
+    }
+}
+
+tree
+Integer_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  return is_clear ? NULL : build_int_cst(type_tree, 0);
+}
+
+// The type descriptor for an integer type.  Integer types are always
+// named.
+
+Expression*
+Integer_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  gcc_assert(name != NULL);
+  return this->plain_type_descriptor(gogo, this->runtime_type_kind_, name);
+}
+
+// We should not be asked for the reflection string of a basic type.
+
+void
+Integer_type::do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Integer_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  char buf[100];
+  snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "i%s%s%de",
+          this->is_abstract_ ? "a" : "",
+          this->is_unsigned_ ? "u" : "",
+          this->bits_);
+  ret->append(buf);
+}
+
+// Make an integer type.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::make_integer_type(const char* name, bool is_unsigned, int bits,
+                       int runtime_type_kind)
+{
+  return Integer_type::create_integer_type(name, is_unsigned, bits,
+                                          runtime_type_kind);
+}
+
+// Make an abstract integer type.
+
+Integer_type*
+Type::make_abstract_integer_type()
+{
+  return Integer_type::create_abstract_integer_type();
+}
+
+// Look up an integer type.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::lookup_integer_type(const char* name)
+{
+  return Integer_type::lookup_integer_type(name);
+}
+
+// Class Float_type.
+
+Float_type::Named_float_types Float_type::named_float_types;
+
+// Create a new float type.  Non-abstract float types always have
+// names.
+
+Named_type*
+Float_type::create_float_type(const char* name, int bits,
+                             int runtime_type_kind)
+{
+  Float_type* float_type = new Float_type(false, bits, runtime_type_kind);
+  std::string sname(name);
+  Named_object* named_object = Named_object::make_type(sname, NULL, float_type,
+                                                      BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+  Named_type* named_type = named_object->type_value();
+  std::pair<Named_float_types::iterator, bool> ins =
+    Float_type::named_float_types.insert(std::make_pair(sname, named_type));
+  gcc_assert(ins.second);
+  return named_type;
+}
+
+// Look up an existing float type.
+
+Named_type*
+Float_type::lookup_float_type(const char* name)
+{
+  Named_float_types::const_iterator p =
+    Float_type::named_float_types.find(name);
+  gcc_assert(p != Float_type::named_float_types.end());
+  return p->second;
+}
+
+// Create a new abstract float type.
+
+Float_type*
+Float_type::create_abstract_float_type()
+{
+  static Float_type* abstract_type;
+  if (abstract_type == NULL)
+    abstract_type = new Float_type(true, FLOAT_TYPE_SIZE,
+                                  RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_FLOAT);
+  return abstract_type;
+}
+
+// Whether this type is identical with T.
+
+bool
+Float_type::is_identical(const Float_type* t) const
+{
+  if (this->bits_ != t->bits_)
+    return false;
+  return this->is_abstract_ == t->is_abstract_;
+}
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Float_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo*) const
+{
+  return (this->bits_ << 4) + ((this->is_abstract_ ? 1 : 0) << 8);
+}
+
+// Get a tree without using a Gogo*.
+
+tree
+Float_type::type_tree() const
+{
+  if (this->bits_ == FLOAT_TYPE_SIZE)
+    return float_type_node;
+  else if (this->bits_ == DOUBLE_TYPE_SIZE)
+    return double_type_node;
+  else if (this->bits_ == LONG_DOUBLE_TYPE_SIZE)
+    return long_double_type_node;
+  else
+    {
+      tree ret = make_node(REAL_TYPE);
+      TYPE_PRECISION(ret) = this->bits_;
+      layout_type(ret);
+      return ret;
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree.
+
+tree
+Float_type::do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+{
+  return this->type_tree();
+}
+
+tree
+Float_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (is_clear)
+    return NULL;
+  REAL_VALUE_TYPE r;
+  real_from_integer(&r, TYPE_MODE(type_tree), 0, 0, 0);
+  return build_real(type_tree, r);
+}
+
+// The type descriptor for a float type.  Float types are always named.
+
+Expression*
+Float_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  gcc_assert(name != NULL);
+  return this->plain_type_descriptor(gogo, this->runtime_type_kind_, name);
+}
+
+// We should not be asked for the reflection string of a basic type.
+
+void
+Float_type::do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Float_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  char buf[100];
+  snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "f%s%de",
+          this->is_abstract_ ? "a" : "",
+          this->bits_);
+  ret->append(buf);
+}
+
+// Make a floating point type.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::make_float_type(const char* name, int bits, int runtime_type_kind)
+{
+  return Float_type::create_float_type(name, bits, runtime_type_kind);
+}
+
+// Make an abstract float type.
+
+Float_type*
+Type::make_abstract_float_type()
+{
+  return Float_type::create_abstract_float_type();
+}
+
+// Look up a float type.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::lookup_float_type(const char* name)
+{
+  return Float_type::lookup_float_type(name);
+}
+
+// Class Complex_type.
+
+Complex_type::Named_complex_types Complex_type::named_complex_types;
+
+// Create a new complex type.  Non-abstract complex types always have
+// names.
+
+Named_type*
+Complex_type::create_complex_type(const char* name, int bits,
+                                 int runtime_type_kind)
+{
+  Complex_type* complex_type = new Complex_type(false, bits,
+                                               runtime_type_kind);
+  std::string sname(name);
+  Named_object* named_object = Named_object::make_type(sname, NULL,
+                                                      complex_type,
+                                                      BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+  Named_type* named_type = named_object->type_value();
+  std::pair<Named_complex_types::iterator, bool> ins =
+    Complex_type::named_complex_types.insert(std::make_pair(sname,
+                                                           named_type));
+  gcc_assert(ins.second);
+  return named_type;
+}
+
+// Look up an existing complex type.
+
+Named_type*
+Complex_type::lookup_complex_type(const char* name)
+{
+  Named_complex_types::const_iterator p =
+    Complex_type::named_complex_types.find(name);
+  gcc_assert(p != Complex_type::named_complex_types.end());
+  return p->second;
+}
+
+// Create a new abstract complex type.
+
+Complex_type*
+Complex_type::create_abstract_complex_type()
+{
+  static Complex_type* abstract_type;
+  if (abstract_type == NULL)
+    abstract_type = new Complex_type(true, FLOAT_TYPE_SIZE * 2,
+                                    RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_FLOAT);
+  return abstract_type;
+}
+
+// Whether this type is identical with T.
+
+bool
+Complex_type::is_identical(const Complex_type *t) const
+{
+  if (this->bits_ != t->bits_)
+    return false;
+  return this->is_abstract_ == t->is_abstract_;
+}
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Complex_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo*) const
+{
+  return (this->bits_ << 4) + ((this->is_abstract_ ? 1 : 0) << 8);
+}
+
+// Get a tree without using a Gogo*.
+
+tree
+Complex_type::type_tree() const
+{
+  if (this->bits_ == FLOAT_TYPE_SIZE * 2)
+    return complex_float_type_node;
+  else if (this->bits_ == DOUBLE_TYPE_SIZE * 2)
+    return complex_double_type_node;
+  else if (this->bits_ == LONG_DOUBLE_TYPE_SIZE * 2)
+    return complex_long_double_type_node;
+  else
+    {
+      tree ret = make_node(REAL_TYPE);
+      TYPE_PRECISION(ret) = this->bits_ / 2;
+      layout_type(ret);
+      return build_complex_type(ret);
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree.
+
+tree
+Complex_type::do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+{
+  return this->type_tree();
+}
+
+// Zero initializer.
+
+tree
+Complex_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (is_clear)
+    return NULL;
+  REAL_VALUE_TYPE r;
+  real_from_integer(&r, TYPE_MODE(TREE_TYPE(type_tree)), 0, 0, 0);
+  return build_complex(type_tree, build_real(TREE_TYPE(type_tree), r),
+                      build_real(TREE_TYPE(type_tree), r));
+}
+
+// The type descriptor for a complex type.  Complex types are always
+// named.
+
+Expression*
+Complex_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  gcc_assert(name != NULL);
+  return this->plain_type_descriptor(gogo, this->runtime_type_kind_, name);
+}
+
+// We should not be asked for the reflection string of a basic type.
+
+void
+Complex_type::do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Complex_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  char buf[100];
+  snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "c%s%de",
+          this->is_abstract_ ? "a" : "",
+          this->bits_);
+  ret->append(buf);
+}
+
+// Make a complex type.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::make_complex_type(const char* name, int bits, int runtime_type_kind)
+{
+  return Complex_type::create_complex_type(name, bits, runtime_type_kind);
+}
+
+// Make an abstract complex type.
+
+Complex_type*
+Type::make_abstract_complex_type()
+{
+  return Complex_type::create_abstract_complex_type();
+}
+
+// Look up a complex type.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::lookup_complex_type(const char* name)
+{
+  return Complex_type::lookup_complex_type(name);
+}
+
+// Class String_type.
+
+// Return the tree for String_type.  A string is a struct with two
+// fields: a pointer to the characters and a length.
+
+tree
+String_type::do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+{
+  static tree struct_type;
+  return Gogo::builtin_struct(&struct_type, "__go_string", NULL_TREE, 2,
+                             "__data",
+                             build_pointer_type(unsigned_char_type_node),
+                             "__length",
+                             integer_type_node);
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the length of STRING.
+
+tree
+String_type::length_tree(Gogo*, tree string)
+{
+  tree string_type = TREE_TYPE(string);
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(string_type) == RECORD_TYPE);
+  tree length_field = DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(string_type));
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(length_field)),
+                   "__length") == 0);
+  return fold_build3(COMPONENT_REF, integer_type_node, string,
+                    length_field, NULL_TREE);
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a pointer to the bytes of STRING.
+
+tree
+String_type::bytes_tree(Gogo*, tree string)
+{
+  tree string_type = TREE_TYPE(string);
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(string_type) == RECORD_TYPE);
+  tree bytes_field = TYPE_FIELDS(string_type);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(bytes_field)),
+                   "__data") == 0);
+  return fold_build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(bytes_field), string,
+                    bytes_field, NULL_TREE);
+}
+
+// We initialize a string to { NULL, 0 }.
+
+tree
+String_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (is_clear)
+    return NULL_TREE;
+
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt, gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+
+  for (tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+       field != NULL_TREE;
+       field = DECL_CHAIN(field))
+    {
+      constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+      elt->index = field;
+      elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), size_zero_node);
+    }
+
+  tree ret = build_constructor(type_tree, init);
+  TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// The type descriptor for the string type.
+
+Expression*
+String_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  if (name != NULL)
+    return this->plain_type_descriptor(gogo, RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_STRING, name);
+  else
+    {
+      Named_object* no = gogo->lookup_global("string");
+      gcc_assert(no != NULL);
+      return Type::type_descriptor(gogo, no->type_value());
+    }
+}
+
+// We should not be asked for the reflection string of a basic type.
+
+void
+String_type::do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->append("string");
+}
+
+// Mangled name of a string type.
+
+void
+String_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('z');
+}
+
+// Make a string type.
+
+Type*
+Type::make_string_type()
+{
+  static String_type string_type;
+  return &string_type;
+}
+
+// The named type "string".
+
+static Named_type* named_string_type;
+
+// Get the named type "string".
+
+Named_type*
+Type::lookup_string_type()
+{
+  return named_string_type;
+}
+
+// Make the named type string.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::make_named_string_type()
+{
+  Type* string_type = Type::make_string_type();
+  Named_object* named_object = Named_object::make_type("string", NULL,
+                                                      string_type,
+                                                      BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+  Named_type* named_type = named_object->type_value();
+  named_string_type = named_type;
+  return named_type;
+}
+
+// The sink type.  This is the type of the blank identifier _.  Any
+// type may be assigned to it.
+
+class Sink_type : public Type
+{
+ public:
+  Sink_type()
+    : Type(TYPE_SINK)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree, bool)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_type_descriptor(Gogo*, Named_type*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  void
+  do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  void
+  do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+};
+
+// Make the sink type.
+
+Type*
+Type::make_sink_type()
+{
+  static Sink_type sink_type;
+  return &sink_type;
+}
+
+// Class Function_type.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Function_type::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->receiver_ != NULL
+      && Type::traverse(this->receiver_->type(), traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->parameters_ != NULL
+      && this->parameters_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->results_ != NULL
+      && this->results_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Returns whether T is a valid redeclaration of this type.  If this
+// returns false, and REASON is not NULL, *REASON may be set to a
+// brief explanation of why it returned false.
+
+bool
+Function_type::is_valid_redeclaration(const Function_type* t,
+                                     std::string* reason) const
+{
+  if (!this->is_identical(t, false, reason))
+    return false;
+
+  // A redeclaration of a function is required to use the same names
+  // for the receiver and parameters.
+  if (this->receiver() != NULL
+      && this->receiver()->name() != t->receiver()->name()
+      && this->receiver()->name() != Import::import_marker
+      && t->receiver()->name() != Import::import_marker)
+    {
+      if (reason != NULL)
+       *reason = "receiver name changed";
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parms1 = this->parameters();
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parms2 = t->parameters();
+  if (parms1 != NULL)
+    {
+      Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p1 = parms1->begin();
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p2 = parms2->begin();
+          p2 != parms2->end();
+          ++p2, ++p1)
+       {
+         if (p1->name() != p2->name()
+             && p1->name() != Import::import_marker
+             && p2->name() != Import::import_marker)
+           {
+             if (reason != NULL)
+               *reason = "parameter name changed";
+             return false;
+           }
+
+         // This is called at parse time, so we may have unknown
+         // types.
+         Type* t1 = p1->type()->forwarded();
+         Type* t2 = p2->type()->forwarded();
+         if (t1 != t2
+             && t1->forward_declaration_type() != NULL
+             && (t2->forward_declaration_type() == NULL
+                 || (t1->forward_declaration_type()->named_object()
+                     != t2->forward_declaration_type()->named_object())))
+           return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results1 = this->results();
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results2 = t->results();
+  if (results1 != NULL)
+    {
+      Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator res1 = results1->begin();
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator res2 = results2->begin();
+          res2 != results2->end();
+          ++res2, ++res1)
+       {
+         if (res1->name() != res2->name()
+             && res1->name() != Import::import_marker
+             && res2->name() != Import::import_marker)
+           {
+             if (reason != NULL)
+               *reason = "result name changed";
+             return false;
+           }
+
+         // This is called at parse time, so we may have unknown
+         // types.
+         Type* t1 = res1->type()->forwarded();
+         Type* t2 = res2->type()->forwarded();
+         if (t1 != t2
+             && t1->forward_declaration_type() != NULL
+             && (t2->forward_declaration_type() == NULL
+                 || (t1->forward_declaration_type()->named_object()
+                     != t2->forward_declaration_type()->named_object())))
+           return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Check whether T is the same as this type.
+
+bool
+Function_type::is_identical(const Function_type* t, bool ignore_receiver,
+                           std::string* reason) const
+{
+  if (!ignore_receiver)
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier* r1 = this->receiver();
+      const Typed_identifier* r2 = t->receiver();
+      if ((r1 != NULL) != (r2 != NULL))
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           *reason = _("different receiver types");
+         return false;
+       }
+      if (r1 != NULL)
+       {
+         if (!Type::are_identical(r1->type(), r2->type(), reason))
+           {
+             if (reason != NULL && !reason->empty())
+               *reason = "receiver: " + *reason;
+             return false;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parms1 = this->parameters();
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parms2 = t->parameters();
+  if ((parms1 != NULL) != (parms2 != NULL))
+    {
+      if (reason != NULL)
+       *reason = _("different number of parameters");
+      return false;
+    }
+  if (parms1 != NULL)
+    {
+      Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p1 = parms1->begin();
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p2 = parms2->begin();
+          p2 != parms2->end();
+          ++p2, ++p1)
+       {
+         if (p1 == parms1->end())
+           {
+             if (reason != NULL)
+               *reason = _("different number of parameters");
+             return false;
+           }
+
+         if (!Type::are_identical(p1->type(), p2->type(), NULL))
+           {
+             if (reason != NULL)
+               *reason = _("different parameter types");
+             return false;
+           }
+       }
+      if (p1 != parms1->end())
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           *reason = _("different number of parameters");
+       return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (this->is_varargs() != t->is_varargs())
+    {
+      if (reason != NULL)
+       *reason = _("different varargs");
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results1 = this->results();
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results2 = t->results();
+  if ((results1 != NULL) != (results2 != NULL))
+    {
+      if (reason != NULL)
+       *reason = _("different number of results");
+      return false;
+    }
+  if (results1 != NULL)
+    {
+      Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator res1 = results1->begin();
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator res2 = results2->begin();
+          res2 != results2->end();
+          ++res2, ++res1)
+       {
+         if (res1 == results1->end())
+           {
+             if (reason != NULL)
+               *reason = _("different number of results");
+             return false;
+           }
+
+         if (!Type::are_identical(res1->type(), res2->type(), NULL))
+           {
+             if (reason != NULL)
+               *reason = _("different result types");
+             return false;
+           }
+       }
+      if (res1 != results1->end())
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           *reason = _("different number of results");
+         return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Function_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  unsigned int ret = 0;
+  // We ignore the receiver type for hash codes, because we need to
+  // get the same hash code for a method in an interface and a method
+  // declared for a type.  The former will not have a receiver.
+  if (this->parameters_ != NULL)
+    {
+      int shift = 1;
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->parameters_->begin();
+          p != this->parameters_->end();
+          ++p, ++shift)
+       ret += p->type()->hash_for_method(gogo) << shift;
+    }
+  if (this->results_ != NULL)
+    {
+      int shift = 2;
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->results_->begin();
+          p != this->results_->end();
+          ++p, ++shift)
+       ret += p->type()->hash_for_method(gogo) << shift;
+    }
+  if (this->is_varargs_)
+    ret += 1;
+  ret <<= 4;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Get the tree for a function type.
+
+tree
+Function_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  tree args = NULL_TREE;
+  tree* pp = &args;
+
+  if (this->receiver_ != NULL)
+    {
+      Type* rtype = this->receiver_->type();
+      tree ptype = rtype->get_tree(gogo);
+      if (ptype == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+
+      // We always pass the address of the receiver parameter, in
+      // order to make interface calls work with unknown types.
+      if (rtype->points_to() == NULL)
+       ptype = build_pointer_type(ptype);
+
+      *pp = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, ptype, NULL_TREE);
+      pp = &TREE_CHAIN (*pp);
+    }
+
+  if (this->parameters_ != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->parameters_->begin();
+          p != this->parameters_->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         tree ptype = p->type()->get_tree(gogo);
+         if (ptype == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         *pp = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, ptype, NULL_TREE);
+         pp = &TREE_CHAIN (*pp);
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Varargs is handled entirely at the Go level.  At the tree level,
+  // functions are not varargs.
+  *pp = void_list_node;
+
+  tree result;
+  if (this->results_ == NULL)
+    result = void_type_node;
+  else if (this->results_->size() == 1)
+    result = this->results_->begin()->type()->get_tree(gogo);
+  else
+    {
+      result = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+      tree field_trees = NULL_TREE;
+      tree* pp = &field_trees;
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->results_->begin();
+          p != this->results_->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         const std::string name = (p->name().empty()
+                                   ? "UNNAMED"
+                                   : Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->name()));
+         tree name_tree = get_identifier_with_length(name.data(),
+                                                     name.length());
+         tree field_type_tree = p->type()->get_tree(gogo);
+         if (field_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         tree field = build_decl(this->location_, FIELD_DECL, name_tree,
+                                 field_type_tree);
+         DECL_CONTEXT(field) = result;
+         *pp = field;
+         pp = &DECL_CHAIN(field);
+       }
+      TYPE_FIELDS(result) = field_trees;
+      layout_type(result);
+    }
+
+  if (result == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree fntype = build_function_type(result, args);
+  if (fntype == error_mark_node)
+    return fntype;
+
+  return build_pointer_type(fntype);
+}
+
+// Functions are initialized to NULL.
+
+tree
+Function_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (is_clear)
+    return NULL;
+  return fold_convert(type_tree, null_pointer_node);
+}
+
+// The type of a function type descriptor.
+
+Type*
+Function_type::make_function_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* tdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+      Type* ptdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+
+      Type* bool_type = Type::lookup_bool_type();
+
+      Type* slice_type = Type::make_array_type(ptdt, NULL);
+
+      Struct_type* s = Type::make_builtin_struct_type(4,
+                                                     "", tdt,
+                                                     "dotdotdot", bool_type,
+                                                     "in", slice_type,
+                                                     "out", slice_type);
+
+      ret = Type::make_builtin_named_type("FuncType", s);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// The type descriptor for a function type.
+
+Expression*
+Function_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Type* ftdt = Function_type::make_function_type_descriptor_type();
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = ftdt->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(4);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "commonType");
+  vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo,
+                                                   RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_FUNC,
+                                                   name, NULL, true));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "dotdotdot");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_boolean(this->is_varargs(), bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "in");
+  vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_params(p->type(), this->receiver(),
+                                              this->parameters()));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "out");
+  vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_params(p->type(), NULL,
+                                              this->results()));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p == fields->end());
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(ftdt, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Return a composite literal for the parameters or results of a type
+// descriptor.
+
+Expression*
+Function_type::type_descriptor_params(Type* params_type,
+                                     const Typed_identifier* receiver,
+                                     const Typed_identifier_list* params)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  if (receiver == NULL && params == NULL)
+    return Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(params_type, NULL, bloc);
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve((params == NULL ? 0 : params->size())
+               + (receiver != NULL ? 1 : 0));
+
+  if (receiver != NULL)
+    {
+      Type* rtype = receiver->type();
+      // The receiver is always passed as a pointer.  FIXME: Is this
+      // right?  Should that fact affect the type descriptor?
+      if (rtype->points_to() == NULL)
+       rtype = Type::make_pointer_type(rtype);
+      vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(rtype, bloc));
+    }
+
+  if (params != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = params->begin();
+          p != params->end();
+          ++p)
+       vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(p->type(), bloc));
+    }
+
+  return Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(params_type, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// The reflection string.
+
+void
+Function_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  // FIXME: Turn this off until we straighten out the type of the
+  // struct field used in a go statement which calls a method.
+  // gcc_assert(this->receiver_ == NULL);
+
+  ret->append("func");
+
+  if (this->receiver_ != NULL)
+    {
+      ret->push_back('(');
+      this->append_reflection(this->receiver_->type(), gogo, ret);
+      ret->push_back(')');
+    }
+
+  ret->push_back('(');
+  const Typed_identifier_list* params = this->parameters();
+  if (params != NULL)
+    {
+      bool is_varargs = this->is_varargs_;
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = params->begin();
+          p != params->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (p != params->begin())
+           ret->append(", ");
+         if (!is_varargs || p + 1 != params->end())
+           this->append_reflection(p->type(), gogo, ret);
+         else
+           {
+             ret->append("...");
+             this->append_reflection(p->type()->array_type()->element_type(),
+                                     gogo, ret);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  ret->push_back(')');
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = this->results();
+  if (results != NULL && !results->empty())
+    {
+      if (results->size() == 1)
+       ret->push_back(' ');
+      else
+       ret->append(" (");
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = results->begin();
+          p != results->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (p != results->begin())
+           ret->append(", ");
+         this->append_reflection(p->type(), gogo, ret);
+       }
+      if (results->size() > 1)
+       ret->push_back(')');
+    }
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Function_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('F');
+
+  if (this->receiver_ != NULL)
+    {
+      ret->push_back('m');
+      this->append_mangled_name(this->receiver_->type(), gogo, ret);
+    }
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* params = this->parameters();
+  if (params != NULL)
+    {
+      ret->push_back('p');
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = params->begin();
+          p != params->end();
+          ++p)
+       this->append_mangled_name(p->type(), gogo, ret);
+      if (this->is_varargs_)
+       ret->push_back('V');
+      ret->push_back('e');
+    }
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = this->results();
+  if (results != NULL)
+    {
+      ret->push_back('r');
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = results->begin();
+          p != results->end();
+          ++p)
+       this->append_mangled_name(p->type(), gogo, ret);
+      ret->push_back('e');
+    }
+
+  ret->push_back('e');
+}
+
+// Export a function type.
+
+void
+Function_type::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  // We don't write out the receiver.  The only function types which
+  // should have a receiver are the ones associated with explicitly
+  // defined methods.  For those the receiver type is written out by
+  // Function::export_func.
+
+  exp->write_c_string("(");
+  bool first = true;
+  if (this->parameters_ != NULL)
+    {
+      bool is_varargs = this->is_varargs_;
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p =
+            this->parameters_->begin();
+          p != this->parameters_->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (first)
+           first = false;
+         else
+           exp->write_c_string(", ");
+         if (!is_varargs || p + 1 != this->parameters_->end())
+           exp->write_type(p->type());
+         else
+           {
+             exp->write_c_string("...");
+             exp->write_type(p->type()->array_type()->element_type());
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  exp->write_c_string(")");
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = this->results_;
+  if (results != NULL)
+    {
+      exp->write_c_string(" ");
+      if (results->size() == 1)
+       exp->write_type(results->begin()->type());
+      else
+       {
+         first = true;
+         exp->write_c_string("(");
+         for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = results->begin();
+              p != results->end();
+              ++p)
+           {
+             if (first)
+               first = false;
+             else
+               exp->write_c_string(", ");
+             exp->write_type(p->type());
+           }
+         exp->write_c_string(")");
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Import a function type.
+
+Function_type*
+Function_type::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("(");
+  Typed_identifier_list* parameters;
+  bool is_varargs = false;
+  if (imp->peek_char() == ')')
+    parameters = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      parameters = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      while (true)
+       {
+         if (imp->match_c_string("..."))
+           {
+             imp->advance(3);
+             is_varargs = true;
+           }
+
+         Type* ptype = imp->read_type();
+         if (is_varargs)
+           ptype = Type::make_array_type(ptype, NULL);
+         parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker,
+                                                ptype, imp->location()));
+         if (imp->peek_char() != ',')
+           break;
+         gcc_assert(!is_varargs);
+         imp->require_c_string(", ");
+       }
+    }
+  imp->require_c_string(")");
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* results;
+  if (imp->peek_char() != ' ')
+    results = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      imp->advance(1);
+      results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+      if (imp->peek_char() != '(')
+       {
+         Type* rtype = imp->read_type();
+         results->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker, rtype,
+                                             imp->location()));
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         imp->advance(1);
+         while (true)
+           {
+             Type* rtype = imp->read_type();
+             results->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker,
+                                                 rtype, imp->location()));
+             if (imp->peek_char() != ',')
+               break;
+             imp->require_c_string(", ");
+           }
+         imp->require_c_string(")");
+       }
+    }
+
+  Function_type* ret = Type::make_function_type(NULL, parameters, results,
+                                               imp->location());
+  if (is_varargs)
+    ret->set_is_varargs();
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Make a copy of a function type without a receiver.
+
+Function_type*
+Function_type::copy_without_receiver() const
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->is_method());
+  Function_type *ret = Type::make_function_type(NULL, this->parameters_,
+                                               this->results_,
+                                               this->location_);
+  if (this->is_varargs())
+    ret->set_is_varargs();
+  if (this->is_builtin())
+    ret->set_is_builtin();
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Make a copy of a function type with a receiver.
+
+Function_type*
+Function_type::copy_with_receiver(Type* receiver_type) const
+{
+  gcc_assert(!this->is_method());
+  Typed_identifier* receiver = new Typed_identifier("", receiver_type,
+                                                   this->location_);
+  return Type::make_function_type(receiver, this->parameters_,
+                                 this->results_, this->location_);
+}
+
+// Make a function type.
+
+Function_type*
+Type::make_function_type(Typed_identifier* receiver,
+                        Typed_identifier_list* parameters,
+                        Typed_identifier_list* results,
+                        source_location location)
+{
+  return new Function_type(receiver, parameters, results, location);
+}
+
+// Class Pointer_type.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Pointer_type::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  return Type::traverse(this->to_type_, traverse);
+}
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Pointer_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  return this->to_type_->hash_for_method(gogo) << 4;
+}
+
+// The tree for a pointer type.
+
+tree
+Pointer_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  return build_pointer_type(this->to_type_->get_tree(gogo));
+}
+
+// Initialize a pointer type.
+
+tree
+Pointer_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (is_clear)
+    return NULL;
+  return fold_convert(type_tree, null_pointer_node);
+}
+
+// The type of a pointer type descriptor.
+
+Type*
+Pointer_type::make_pointer_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* tdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+      Type* ptdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+
+      Struct_type* s = Type::make_builtin_struct_type(2,
+                                                     "", tdt,
+                                                     "elem", ptdt);
+
+      ret = Type::make_builtin_named_type("PtrType", s);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// The type descriptor for a pointer type.
+
+Expression*
+Pointer_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  if (this->is_unsafe_pointer_type())
+    {
+      gcc_assert(name != NULL);
+      return this->plain_type_descriptor(gogo,
+                                        RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_UNSAFE_POINTER,
+                                        name);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+      const Methods* methods;
+      Type* deref = this->points_to();
+      if (deref->named_type() != NULL)
+       methods = deref->named_type()->methods();
+      else if (deref->struct_type() != NULL)
+       methods = deref->struct_type()->methods();
+      else
+       methods = NULL;
+
+      Type* ptr_tdt = Pointer_type::make_pointer_type_descriptor_type();
+
+      const Struct_field_list* fields = ptr_tdt->struct_type()->fields();
+
+      Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+      vals->reserve(2);
+
+      Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+      gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "commonType");
+      vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo,
+                                                       RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_PTR,
+                                                       name, methods, false));
+
+      ++p;
+      gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "elem");
+      vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(deref, bloc));
+
+      return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(ptr_tdt, vals, bloc);
+    }
+}
+
+// Reflection string.
+
+void
+Pointer_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('*');
+  this->append_reflection(this->to_type_, gogo, ret);
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Pointer_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('p');
+  this->append_mangled_name(this->to_type_, gogo, ret);
+}
+
+// Export.
+
+void
+Pointer_type::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("*");
+  if (this->is_unsafe_pointer_type())
+    exp->write_c_string("any");
+  else
+    exp->write_type(this->to_type_);
+}
+
+// Import.
+
+Pointer_type*
+Pointer_type::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("*");
+  if (imp->match_c_string("any"))
+    {
+      imp->advance(3);
+      return Type::make_pointer_type(Type::make_void_type());
+    }
+  Type* to = imp->read_type();
+  return Type::make_pointer_type(to);
+}
+
+// Make a pointer type.
+
+Pointer_type*
+Type::make_pointer_type(Type* to_type)
+{
+  typedef Unordered_map(Type*, Pointer_type*) Hashtable;
+  static Hashtable pointer_types;
+  Hashtable::const_iterator p = pointer_types.find(to_type);
+  if (p != pointer_types.end())
+    return p->second;
+  Pointer_type* ret = new Pointer_type(to_type);
+  pointer_types[to_type] = ret;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// The nil type.  We use a special type for nil because it is not the
+// same as any other type.  In C term nil has type void*, but there is
+// no such type in Go.
+
+class Nil_type : public Type
+{
+ public:
+  Nil_type()
+    : Type(TYPE_NIL)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+  { return ptr_type_node; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+  { return is_clear ? NULL : fold_convert(type_tree, null_pointer_node); }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_type_descriptor(Gogo*, Named_type*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  void
+  do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  void
+  do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+  { ret->push_back('n'); }
+};
+
+// Make the nil type.
+
+Type*
+Type::make_nil_type()
+{
+  static Nil_type singleton_nil_type;
+  return &singleton_nil_type;
+}
+
+// The type of a function call which returns multiple values.  This is
+// really a struct, but we don't want to confuse a function call which
+// returns a struct with a function call which returns multiple
+// values.
+
+class Call_multiple_result_type : public Type
+{
+ public:
+  Call_multiple_result_type(Call_expression* call)
+    : Type(TYPE_CALL_MULTIPLE_RESULT),
+      call_(call)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  bool
+  do_has_pointer() const
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Gogo*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree, bool)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_type_descriptor(Gogo*, Named_type*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  void
+  do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  void
+  do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+ private:
+  // The expression being called.
+  Call_expression* call_;
+};
+
+// Return the tree for a call result.
+
+tree
+Call_multiple_result_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  Function_type* fntype = this->call_->get_function_type();
+  gcc_assert(fntype != NULL);
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = fntype->results();
+  gcc_assert(results != NULL && results->size() > 1);
+
+  Struct_field_list* sfl = new Struct_field_list;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = results->begin();
+       p != results->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      const std::string name = ((p->name().empty()
+                                || p->name() == Import::import_marker)
+                               ? "UNNAMED"
+                               : p->name());
+      sfl->push_back(Struct_field(Typed_identifier(name, p->type(),
+                                                  this->call_->location())));
+    }
+  return Type::make_struct_type(sfl, this->call_->location())->get_tree(gogo);
+}
+
+// Make a call result type.
+
+Type*
+Type::make_call_multiple_result_type(Call_expression* call)
+{
+  return new Call_multiple_result_type(call);
+}
+
+// Class Struct_field.
+
+// Get the name of a field.
+
+const std::string&
+Struct_field::field_name() const
+{
+  const std::string& name(this->typed_identifier_.name());
+  if (!name.empty())
+    return name;
+  else
+    {
+      // This is called during parsing, before anything is lowered, so
+      // we have to be pretty careful to avoid dereferencing an
+      // unknown type name.
+      Type* t = this->typed_identifier_.type();
+      Type* dt = t;
+      if (t->classification() == Type::TYPE_POINTER)
+       {
+         // Very ugly.
+         Pointer_type* ptype = static_cast<Pointer_type*>(t);
+         dt = ptype->points_to();
+       }
+      if (dt->forward_declaration_type() != NULL)
+       return dt->forward_declaration_type()->name();
+      else if (dt->named_type() != NULL)
+       return dt->named_type()->name();
+      else if (t->is_error_type() || dt->is_error_type())
+       {
+         static const std::string error_string = "*error*";
+         return error_string;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // Avoid crashing in the erroneous case where T is named but
+         // DT is not.
+         gcc_assert(t != dt);
+         if (t->forward_declaration_type() != NULL)
+           return t->forward_declaration_type()->name();
+         else if (t->named_type() != NULL)
+           return t->named_type()->name();
+         else
+           gcc_unreachable();
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Class Struct_type.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Struct_type::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields_;
+  if (fields != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Struct_field_list::iterator p = fields->begin();
+          p != fields->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (Type::traverse(p->type(), traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+           return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+       }
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Verify that the struct type is complete and valid.
+
+bool
+Struct_type::do_verify()
+{
+  Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields_;
+  if (fields == NULL)
+    return true;
+  for (Struct_field_list::iterator p = fields->begin();
+       p != fields->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Type* t = p->type();
+      if (t->is_undefined())
+       {
+         error_at(p->location(), "struct field type is incomplete");
+         p->set_type(Type::make_error_type());
+         return false;
+       }
+      else if (p->is_anonymous())
+       {
+         if (t->named_type() != NULL && t->points_to() != NULL)
+           {
+             error_at(p->location(), "embedded type may not be a pointer");
+             p->set_type(Type::make_error_type());
+             return false;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Whether this contains a pointer.
+
+bool
+Struct_type::do_has_pointer() const
+{
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields();
+  if (fields == NULL)
+    return false;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+       p != fields->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->type()->has_pointer())
+       return true;
+    }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Whether this type is identical to T.
+
+bool
+Struct_type::is_identical(const Struct_type* t) const
+{
+  const Struct_field_list* fields1 = this->fields();
+  const Struct_field_list* fields2 = t->fields();
+  if (fields1 == NULL || fields2 == NULL)
+    return fields1 == fields2;
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf2 = fields2->begin();
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf1 = fields1->begin();
+       pf1 != fields1->end();
+       ++pf1, ++pf2)
+    {
+      if (pf2 == fields2->end())
+       return false;
+      if (pf1->field_name() != pf2->field_name())
+       return false;
+      if (pf1->is_anonymous() != pf2->is_anonymous()
+         || !Type::are_identical(pf1->type(), pf2->type(), NULL))
+       return false;
+      if (!pf1->has_tag())
+       {
+         if (pf2->has_tag())
+           return false;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         if (!pf2->has_tag())
+           return false;
+         if (pf1->tag() != pf2->tag())
+           return false;
+       }
+    }
+  if (pf2 != fields2->end())
+    return false;
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Whether this struct type has any hidden fields.
+
+bool
+Struct_type::struct_has_hidden_fields(const Named_type* within,
+                                     std::string* reason) const
+{
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields();
+  if (fields == NULL)
+    return false;
+  const Package* within_package = (within == NULL
+                                  ? NULL
+                                  : within->named_object()->package());
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf)
+    {
+      if (within_package != NULL
+         && !pf->is_anonymous()
+         && Gogo::is_hidden_name(pf->field_name()))
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           {
+             std::string within_name = within->named_object()->message_name();
+             std::string name = Gogo::message_name(pf->field_name());
+             size_t bufsize = 200 + within_name.length() + name.length();
+             char* buf = new char[bufsize];
+             snprintf(buf, bufsize,
+                      _("implicit assignment of %s%s%s hidden field %s%s%s"),
+                      open_quote, within_name.c_str(), close_quote,
+                      open_quote, name.c_str(), close_quote);
+             reason->assign(buf);
+             delete[] buf;
+           }
+         return true;
+       }
+
+      if (pf->type()->has_hidden_fields(within, reason))
+       return true;
+    }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Struct_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  unsigned int ret = 0;
+  if (this->fields() != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = this->fields()->begin();
+          pf != this->fields()->end();
+          ++pf)
+       ret = (ret << 1) + pf->type()->hash_for_method(gogo);
+    }
+  return ret <<= 2;
+}
+
+// Find the local field NAME.
+
+const Struct_field*
+Struct_type::find_local_field(const std::string& name,
+                             unsigned int *pindex) const
+{
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields_;
+  if (fields == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+  unsigned int i = 0;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf, ++i)
+    {
+      if (pf->field_name() == name)
+       {
+         if (pindex != NULL)
+           *pindex = i;
+         return &*pf;
+       }
+    }
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+// Return an expression for field NAME in STRUCT_EXPR, or NULL.
+
+Field_reference_expression*
+Struct_type::field_reference(Expression* struct_expr, const std::string& name,
+                            source_location location) const
+{
+  unsigned int depth;
+  return this->field_reference_depth(struct_expr, name, location, &depth);
+}
+
+// Return an expression for a field, along with the depth at which it
+// was found.
+
+Field_reference_expression*
+Struct_type::field_reference_depth(Expression* struct_expr,
+                                  const std::string& name,
+                                  source_location location,
+                                  unsigned int* depth) const
+{
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields_;
+  if (fields == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+
+  // Look for a field with this name.
+  unsigned int i = 0;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf, ++i)
+    {
+      if (pf->field_name() == name)
+       {
+         *depth = 0;
+         return Expression::make_field_reference(struct_expr, i, location);
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Look for an anonymous field which contains a field with this
+  // name.
+  unsigned int found_depth = 0;
+  Field_reference_expression* ret = NULL;
+  i = 0;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf, ++i)
+    {
+      if (!pf->is_anonymous())
+       continue;
+
+      Struct_type* st = pf->type()->deref()->struct_type();
+      if (st == NULL)
+       continue;
+
+      // Look for a reference using a NULL struct expression.  If we
+      // find one, fill in the struct expression with a reference to
+      // this field.
+      unsigned int subdepth;
+      Field_reference_expression* sub = st->field_reference_depth(NULL, name,
+                                                                 location,
+                                                                 &subdepth);
+      if (sub == NULL)
+       continue;
+
+      if (ret == NULL || subdepth < found_depth)
+       {
+         if (ret != NULL)
+           delete ret;
+         ret = sub;
+         found_depth = subdepth;
+         Expression* here = Expression::make_field_reference(struct_expr, i,
+                                                             location);
+         if (pf->type()->points_to() != NULL)
+           here = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, here, location);
+         while (sub->expr() != NULL)
+           {
+             sub = sub->expr()->deref()->field_reference_expression();
+             gcc_assert(sub != NULL);
+           }
+         sub->set_struct_expression(here);
+       }
+      else if (subdepth > found_depth)
+       delete sub;
+      else
+       {
+         // We do not handle ambiguity here--it should be handled by
+         // Type::bind_field_or_method.
+         delete sub;
+         found_depth = 0;
+         ret = NULL;
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (ret != NULL)
+    *depth = found_depth + 1;
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return the total number of fields, including embedded fields.
+
+unsigned int
+Struct_type::total_field_count() const
+{
+  if (this->fields_ == NULL)
+    return 0;
+  unsigned int ret = 0;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = this->fields_->begin();
+       pf != this->fields_->end();
+       ++pf)
+    {
+      if (!pf->is_anonymous() || pf->type()->deref()->struct_type() == NULL)
+       ++ret;
+      else
+       ret += pf->type()->struct_type()->total_field_count();
+    }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return whether NAME is an unexported field, for better error reporting.
+
+bool
+Struct_type::is_unexported_local_field(Gogo* gogo,
+                                      const std::string& name) const
+{
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields_;
+  if (fields != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+          pf != fields->end();
+          ++pf)
+       {
+         const std::string& field_name(pf->field_name());
+         if (Gogo::is_hidden_name(field_name)
+             && name == Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(field_name)
+             && gogo->pack_hidden_name(name, false) != field_name)
+           return true;
+       }
+    }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Finalize the methods of an unnamed struct.
+
+void
+Struct_type::finalize_methods(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  Type::finalize_methods(gogo, this, this->location_, &this->all_methods_);
+}
+
+// Return the method NAME, or NULL if there isn't one or if it is
+// ambiguous.  Set *IS_AMBIGUOUS if the method exists but is
+// ambiguous.
+
+Method*
+Struct_type::method_function(const std::string& name, bool* is_ambiguous) const
+{
+  return Type::method_function(this->all_methods_, name, is_ambiguous);
+}
+
+// Get the tree for a struct type.
+
+tree
+Struct_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  tree type = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+  return this->fill_in_tree(gogo, type);
+}
+
+// Fill in the fields for a struct type.
+
+tree
+Struct_type::fill_in_tree(Gogo* gogo, tree type)
+{
+  tree field_trees = NULL_TREE;
+  tree* pp = &field_trees;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = this->fields_->begin();
+       p != this->fields_->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      std::string name = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->field_name());
+      tree name_tree = get_identifier_with_length(name.data(), name.length());
+      tree field_type_tree = p->type()->get_tree(gogo);
+      if (field_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      tree field = build_decl(p->location(), FIELD_DECL, name_tree,
+                             field_type_tree);
+      DECL_CONTEXT(field) = type;
+      *pp = field;
+      pp = &DECL_CHAIN(field);
+    }
+
+  TYPE_FIELDS(type) = field_trees;
+
+  layout_type(type);
+
+  return type;
+}
+
+// Initialize struct fields.
+
+tree
+Struct_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo* gogo, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (this->fields_ == NULL || this->fields_->empty())
+    {
+      if (is_clear)
+       return NULL;
+      else
+       {
+         tree ret = build_constructor(type_tree,
+                                      VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 0));
+         TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+         return ret;
+       }
+    }
+
+  bool is_constant = true;
+  bool any_fields_set = false;
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc,
+                                           this->fields_->size());
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = this->fields_->begin();
+  for (tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+       field != NULL_TREE;
+       field = DECL_CHAIN(field), ++p)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(p != this->fields_->end());
+      tree value = p->type()->get_init_tree(gogo, is_clear);
+      if (value != NULL)
+       {
+         constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+         elt->index = field;
+         elt->value = value;
+         any_fields_set = true;
+         if (!TREE_CONSTANT(value))
+           is_constant = false;
+       }
+    }
+  gcc_assert(p == this->fields_->end());
+
+  if (!any_fields_set)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(is_clear);
+      VEC_free(constructor_elt, gc, init);
+      return NULL;
+    }
+
+  tree ret = build_constructor(type_tree, init);
+  if (is_constant)
+    TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// The type of a struct type descriptor.
+
+Type*
+Struct_type::make_struct_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* tdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+      Type* ptdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+
+      Type* uintptr_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr");
+      Type* string_type = Type::lookup_string_type();
+      Type* pointer_string_type = Type::make_pointer_type(string_type);
+
+      Struct_type* sf =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(5,
+                                      "name", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "pkgPath", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "typ", ptdt,
+                                      "tag", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "offset", uintptr_type);
+      Type* nsf = Type::make_builtin_named_type("structField", sf);
+
+      Type* slice_type = Type::make_array_type(nsf, NULL);
+
+      Struct_type* s = Type::make_builtin_struct_type(2,
+                                                     "", tdt,
+                                                     "fields", slice_type);
+
+      ret = Type::make_builtin_named_type("StructType", s);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for a struct type.
+
+Expression*
+Struct_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Type* stdt = Struct_type::make_struct_type_descriptor_type();
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = stdt->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(2);
+
+  const Methods* methods = this->methods();
+  // A named struct should not have methods--the methods should attach
+  // to the named type.
+  gcc_assert(methods == NULL || name == NULL);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator ps = fields->begin();
+  gcc_assert(ps->field_name() == "commonType");
+  vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo,
+                                                   RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_STRUCT,
+                                                   name, methods, true));
+
+  ++ps;
+  gcc_assert(ps->field_name() == "fields");
+
+  Expression_list* elements = new Expression_list();
+  elements->reserve(this->fields_->size());
+  Type* element_type = ps->type()->array_type()->element_type();
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = this->fields_->begin();
+       pf != this->fields_->end();
+       ++pf)
+    {
+      const Struct_field_list* f = element_type->struct_type()->fields();
+
+      Expression_list* fvals = new Expression_list();
+      fvals->reserve(5);
+
+      Struct_field_list::const_iterator q = f->begin();
+      gcc_assert(q->field_name() == "name");
+      if (pf->is_anonymous())
+       fvals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+      else
+       {
+         std::string n = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(pf->field_name());
+         Expression* s = Expression::make_string(n, bloc);
+         fvals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, s, bloc));
+       }
+
+      ++q;
+      gcc_assert(q->field_name() == "pkgPath");
+      if (!Gogo::is_hidden_name(pf->field_name()))
+       fvals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+      else
+       {
+         std::string n = Gogo::hidden_name_prefix(pf->field_name());
+         Expression* s = Expression::make_string(n, bloc);
+         fvals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, s, bloc));
+       }
+
+      ++q;
+      gcc_assert(q->field_name() == "typ");
+      fvals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(pf->type(), bloc));
+
+      ++q;
+      gcc_assert(q->field_name() == "tag");
+      if (!pf->has_tag())
+       fvals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+      else
+       {
+         Expression* s = Expression::make_string(pf->tag(), bloc);
+         fvals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, s, bloc));
+       }
+
+      ++q;
+      gcc_assert(q->field_name() == "offset");
+      fvals->push_back(Expression::make_struct_field_offset(this, &*pf));
+
+      Expression* v = Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(element_type,
+                                                               fvals, bloc);
+      elements->push_back(v);
+    }
+
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(ps->type(),
+                                                          elements, bloc));
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(stdt, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Reflection string.
+
+void
+Struct_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->append("struct { ");
+
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = this->fields_->begin();
+       p != this->fields_->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p != this->fields_->begin())
+       ret->append("; ");
+      if (p->is_anonymous())
+       ret->push_back('?');
+      else
+       ret->append(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->field_name()));
+      ret->push_back(' ');
+      this->append_reflection(p->type(), gogo, ret);
+
+      if (p->has_tag())
+       {
+         const std::string& tag(p->tag());
+         ret->append(" \"");
+         for (std::string::const_iterator p = tag.begin();
+              p != tag.end();
+              ++p)
+           {
+             if (*p == '\0')
+               ret->append("\\x00");
+             else if (*p == '\n')
+               ret->append("\\n");
+             else if (*p == '\t')
+               ret->append("\\t");
+             else if (*p == '"')
+               ret->append("\\\"");
+             else if (*p == '\\')
+               ret->append("\\\\");
+             else
+               ret->push_back(*p);
+           }
+         ret->push_back('"');
+       }
+    }
+
+  ret->append(" }");
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Struct_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('S');
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields_;
+  if (fields != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+          p != fields->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (p->is_anonymous())
+           ret->append("0_");
+         else
+           {
+             std::string n = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->field_name());
+             char buf[20];
+             snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%u_",
+                      static_cast<unsigned int>(n.length()));
+             ret->append(buf);
+             ret->append(n);
+           }
+         this->append_mangled_name(p->type(), gogo, ret);
+         if (p->has_tag())
+           {
+             const std::string& tag(p->tag());
+             std::string out;
+             for (std::string::const_iterator p = tag.begin();
+                  p != tag.end();
+                  ++p)
+               {
+                 if (ISALNUM(*p) || *p == '_')
+                   out.push_back(*p);
+                 else
+                   {
+                     char buf[20];
+                     snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, ".%x.",
+                              static_cast<unsigned int>(*p));
+                     out.append(buf);
+                   }
+               }
+             char buf[20];
+             snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "T%u_",
+                      static_cast<unsigned int>(out.length()));
+             ret->append(buf);
+             ret->append(out);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  ret->push_back('e');
+}
+
+// Export.
+
+void
+Struct_type::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("struct { ");
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields_;
+  gcc_assert(fields != NULL);
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+       p != fields->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->is_anonymous())
+       exp->write_string("? ");
+      else
+       {
+         exp->write_string(p->field_name());
+         exp->write_c_string(" ");
+       }
+      exp->write_type(p->type());
+
+      if (p->has_tag())
+       {
+         exp->write_c_string(" ");
+         Expression* expr = Expression::make_string(p->tag(),
+                                                    BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+         expr->export_expression(exp);
+         delete expr;
+       }
+
+      exp->write_c_string("; ");
+    }
+  exp->write_c_string("}");
+}
+
+// Import.
+
+Struct_type*
+Struct_type::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("struct { ");
+  Struct_field_list* fields = new Struct_field_list;
+  if (imp->peek_char() != '}')
+    {
+      while (true)
+       {
+         std::string name;
+         if (imp->match_c_string("? "))
+           imp->advance(2);
+         else
+           {
+             name = imp->read_identifier();
+             imp->require_c_string(" ");
+           }
+         Type* ftype = imp->read_type();
+
+         Struct_field sf(Typed_identifier(name, ftype, imp->location()));
+
+         if (imp->peek_char() == ' ')
+           {
+             imp->advance(1);
+             Expression* expr = Expression::import_expression(imp);
+             String_expression* sexpr = expr->string_expression();
+             gcc_assert(sexpr != NULL);
+             sf.set_tag(sexpr->val());
+             delete sexpr;
+           }
+
+         imp->require_c_string("; ");
+         fields->push_back(sf);
+         if (imp->peek_char() == '}')
+           break;
+       }
+    }
+  imp->require_c_string("}");
+
+  return Type::make_struct_type(fields, imp->location());
+}
+
+// Make a struct type.
+
+Struct_type*
+Type::make_struct_type(Struct_field_list* fields,
+                      source_location location)
+{
+  return new Struct_type(fields, location);
+}
+
+// Class Array_type.
+
+// Whether two array types are identical.
+
+bool
+Array_type::is_identical(const Array_type* t) const
+{
+  if (!Type::are_identical(this->element_type(), t->element_type(), NULL))
+    return false;
+
+  Expression* l1 = this->length();
+  Expression* l2 = t->length();
+
+  // Slices of the same element type are identical.
+  if (l1 == NULL && l2 == NULL)
+    return true;
+
+  // Arrays of the same element type are identical if they have the
+  // same length.
+  if (l1 != NULL && l2 != NULL)
+    {
+      if (l1 == l2)
+       return true;
+
+      // Try to determine the lengths.  If we can't, assume the arrays
+      // are not identical.
+      bool ret = false;
+      mpz_t v1;
+      mpz_init(v1);
+      Type* type1;
+      mpz_t v2;
+      mpz_init(v2);
+      Type* type2;
+      if (l1->integer_constant_value(true, v1, &type1)
+         && l2->integer_constant_value(true, v2, &type2))
+       ret = mpz_cmp(v1, v2) == 0;
+      mpz_clear(v1);
+      mpz_clear(v2);
+      return ret;
+    }
+
+  // Otherwise the arrays are not identical.
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Array_type::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Type::traverse(this->element_type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->length_ != NULL
+      && Expression::traverse(&this->length_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check that the length is valid.
+
+bool
+Array_type::verify_length()
+{
+  if (this->length_ == NULL)
+    return true;
+  if (!this->length_->is_constant())
+    {
+      error_at(this->length_->location(), "array bound is not constant");
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  mpz_t val;
+
+  Type* t = this->length_->type();
+  if (t->integer_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      Type* vt;
+      mpz_init(val);
+      if (!this->length_->integer_constant_value(true, val, &vt))
+       {
+         error_at(this->length_->location(),
+                  "array bound is not constant");
+         mpz_clear(val);
+         return false;
+       }
+    }
+  else if (t->float_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      Type* vt;
+      mpfr_t fval;
+      mpfr_init(fval);
+      if (!this->length_->float_constant_value(fval, &vt))
+       {
+         error_at(this->length_->location(),
+                  "array bound is not constant");
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         return false;
+       }
+      if (!mpfr_integer_p(fval))
+       {
+         error_at(this->length_->location(),
+                  "array bound truncated to integer");
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         return false;
+       }
+      mpz_init(val);
+      mpfr_get_z(val, fval, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (!t->is_error_type())
+       error_at(this->length_->location(), "array bound is not numeric");
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  if (mpz_sgn(val) < 0)
+    {
+      error_at(this->length_->location(), "negative array bound");
+      mpz_clear(val);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  Type* int_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+  int tbits = int_type->integer_type()->bits();
+  int vbits = mpz_sizeinbase(val, 2);
+  if (vbits + 1 > tbits)
+    {
+      error_at(this->length_->location(), "array bound overflows");
+      mpz_clear(val);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  mpz_clear(val);
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Verify the type.
+
+bool
+Array_type::do_verify()
+{
+  if (!this->verify_length())
+    {
+      this->length_ = Expression::make_error(this->length_->location());
+      return false;
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Array type hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Array_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  // There is no very convenient way to get a hash code for the
+  // length.
+  return this->element_type_->hash_for_method(gogo) + 1;
+}
+
+// See if the expression passed to make is suitable.  The first
+// argument is required, and gives the length.  An optional second
+// argument is permitted for the capacity.
+
+bool
+Array_type::do_check_make_expression(Expression_list* args,
+                                    source_location location)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->length_ == NULL);
+  if (args == NULL || args->empty())
+    {
+      error_at(location, "length required when allocating a slice");
+      return false;
+    }
+  else if (args->size() > 2)
+    {
+      error_at(location, "too many expressions passed to make");
+      return false;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (!Type::check_int_value(args->front(),
+                                _("bad length when making slice"), location))
+       return false;
+
+      if (args->size() > 1)
+       {
+         if (!Type::check_int_value(args->back(),
+                                    _("bad capacity when making slice"),
+                                    location))
+           return false;
+       }
+
+      return true;
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree for the length of a fixed array.  The length may be
+// computed using a function call, so we must only evaluate it once.
+
+tree
+Array_type::get_length_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->length_ != NULL);
+  if (this->length_tree_ == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      mpz_t val;
+      mpz_init(val);
+      Type* t;
+      if (this->length_->integer_constant_value(true, val, &t))
+       {
+         if (t == NULL)
+           t = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+         else if (t->is_abstract())
+           t = t->make_non_abstract_type();
+         tree tt = t->get_tree(gogo);
+         this->length_tree_ = Expression::integer_constant_tree(val, tt);
+         mpz_clear(val);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         mpz_clear(val);
+
+         // Make up a translation context for the array length
+         // expression.  FIXME: This won't work in general.
+         Translate_context context(gogo, NULL, NULL, NULL_TREE);
+         tree len = this->length_->get_tree(&context);
+         len = convert_to_integer(integer_type_node, len);
+         this->length_tree_ = save_expr(len);
+       }
+    }
+  return this->length_tree_;
+}
+
+// Get a tree for the type of this array.  A fixed array is simply
+// represented as ARRAY_TYPE with the appropriate index--i.e., it is
+// just like an array in C.  An open array is a struct with three
+// fields: a data pointer, the length, and the capacity.
+
+tree
+Array_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->length_ == NULL)
+    {
+      tree struct_type = gogo->slice_type_tree(void_type_node);
+      return this->fill_in_tree(gogo, struct_type);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      tree element_type_tree = this->element_type_->get_tree(gogo);
+      tree length_tree = this->get_length_tree(gogo);
+      if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node
+         || length_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+
+      length_tree = fold_convert(sizetype, length_tree);
+
+      // build_index_type takes the maximum index, which is one less
+      // than the length.
+      tree index_type = build_index_type(fold_build2(MINUS_EXPR, sizetype,
+                                                    length_tree,
+                                                    size_one_node));
+
+      return build_array_type(element_type_tree, index_type);
+    }
+}
+
+// Fill in the fields for a slice type.  This is used for named slice
+// types.
+
+tree
+Array_type::fill_in_tree(Gogo* gogo, tree struct_type)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->length_ == NULL);
+
+  tree element_type_tree = this->element_type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(struct_type);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__values") == 0);
+  gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(field))
+            && TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(field)) == void_type_node);
+  TREE_TYPE(field) = build_pointer_type(element_type_tree);
+
+  return struct_type;
+}
+
+// Return an initializer for an array type.
+
+tree
+Array_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo* gogo, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (this->length_ == NULL)
+    {
+      // Open array.
+
+      if (is_clear)
+       return NULL;
+
+      gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+      VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 3);
+
+      for (tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+          field != NULL_TREE;
+          field = DECL_CHAIN(field))
+       {
+         constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init,
+                                               NULL);
+         elt->index = field;
+         elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), size_zero_node);
+       }
+
+      tree ret = build_constructor(type_tree, init);
+      TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // Fixed array.
+
+      tree value = this->element_type_->get_init_tree(gogo, is_clear);
+      if (value == NULL)
+       return NULL;
+
+      tree length_tree = this->get_length_tree(gogo);
+      length_tree = fold_convert(sizetype, length_tree);
+      tree range = build2(RANGE_EXPR, sizetype, size_zero_node,
+                         fold_build2(MINUS_EXPR, sizetype,
+                                     length_tree, size_one_node));
+      tree ret = build_constructor_single(type_tree, range, value);
+      if (TREE_CONSTANT(value))
+       TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+      return ret;
+    }
+}
+
+// Handle the builtin make function for a slice.
+
+tree
+Array_type::do_make_expression_tree(Translate_context* context,
+                                   Expression_list* args,
+                                   source_location location)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->length_ == NULL);
+
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree type_tree = this->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree values_field = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(values_field)),
+                   "__values") == 0);
+
+  tree count_field = DECL_CHAIN(values_field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(count_field)),
+                   "__count") == 0);
+
+  tree element_type_tree = this->element_type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  tree element_size_tree = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(element_type_tree);
+
+  tree value = this->element_type_->get_init_tree(gogo, true);
+
+  // The first argument is the number of elements, the optional second
+  // argument is the capacity.
+  gcc_assert(args != NULL && args->size() >= 1 && args->size() <= 2);
+
+  tree length_tree = args->front()->get_tree(context);
+  if (length_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  if (!DECL_P(length_tree))
+    length_tree = save_expr(length_tree);
+  if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(length_tree)))
+    length_tree = convert_to_integer(TREE_TYPE(count_field), length_tree);
+
+  tree bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(length_tree,
+                                           TREE_TYPE(count_field),
+                                           NULL_TREE, location);
+
+  length_tree = fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(count_field), length_tree);
+  tree capacity_tree;
+  if (args->size() == 1)
+    capacity_tree = length_tree;
+  else
+    {
+      capacity_tree = args->back()->get_tree(context);
+      if (capacity_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      if (!DECL_P(capacity_tree))
+       capacity_tree = save_expr(capacity_tree);
+      if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(capacity_tree)))
+       capacity_tree = convert_to_integer(TREE_TYPE(count_field),
+                                          capacity_tree);
+
+      bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(capacity_tree,
+                                          TREE_TYPE(count_field),
+                                          bad_index, location);
+
+      tree chktype = (((TYPE_SIZE(TREE_TYPE(capacity_tree))
+                       > TYPE_SIZE(TREE_TYPE(length_tree)))
+                      || ((TYPE_SIZE(TREE_TYPE(capacity_tree))
+                           == TYPE_SIZE(TREE_TYPE(length_tree)))
+                          && TYPE_UNSIGNED(TREE_TYPE(capacity_tree))))
+                     ? TREE_TYPE(capacity_tree)
+                     : TREE_TYPE(length_tree));
+      tree chk = fold_build2_loc(location, LT_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                                fold_convert_loc(location, chktype,
+                                                 capacity_tree),
+                                fold_convert_loc(location, chktype,
+                                                 length_tree));
+      if (bad_index == NULL_TREE)
+       bad_index = chk;
+      else
+       bad_index = fold_build2_loc(location, TRUTH_OR_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                                   bad_index, chk);
+
+      capacity_tree = fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(count_field),
+                                      capacity_tree);
+    }
+
+  tree size_tree = fold_build2_loc(location, MULT_EXPR, sizetype,
+                                  element_size_tree,
+                                  fold_convert_loc(location, sizetype,
+                                                   capacity_tree));
+
+  tree chk = fold_build2_loc(location, TRUTH_AND_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                            fold_build2_loc(location, GT_EXPR,
+                                            boolean_type_node,
+                                            fold_convert_loc(location,
+                                                             sizetype,
+                                                             capacity_tree),
+                                            size_zero_node),
+                            fold_build2_loc(location, LT_EXPR,
+                                            boolean_type_node,
+                                            size_tree, element_size_tree));
+  if (bad_index == NULL_TREE)
+    bad_index = chk;
+  else
+    bad_index = fold_build2_loc(location, TRUTH_OR_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                               bad_index, chk);
+
+  tree space = context->gogo()->allocate_memory(this->element_type_,
+                                               size_tree, location);
+
+  if (value != NULL_TREE)
+    space = save_expr(space);
+
+  space = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(values_field), space);
+
+  if (bad_index != NULL_TREE && bad_index != boolean_false_node)
+    {
+      tree crash = Gogo::runtime_error(RUNTIME_ERROR_MAKE_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS,
+                                      location);
+      space = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(space),
+                    build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                           bad_index, crash, NULL_TREE),
+                    space);
+    }
+
+  tree constructor = gogo->slice_constructor(type_tree, space, length_tree,
+                                            capacity_tree);
+
+  if (value == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      // The array contents are zero initialized.
+      return constructor;
+    }
+
+  // The elements must be initialized.
+
+  tree max = fold_build2_loc(location, MINUS_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(count_field),
+                            capacity_tree,
+                            fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(count_field),
+                                             integer_one_node));
+
+  tree array_type = build_array_type(element_type_tree,
+                                    build_index_type(max));
+
+  tree value_pointer = fold_convert_loc(location,
+                                       build_pointer_type(array_type),
+                                       space);
+
+  tree range = build2(RANGE_EXPR, sizetype, size_zero_node, max);
+  tree space_init = build_constructor_single(array_type, range, value);
+
+  return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(space),
+               build2(MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                      build_fold_indirect_ref(value_pointer),
+                      space_init),
+               constructor);
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a pointer to the values in ARRAY.
+
+tree
+Array_type::value_pointer_tree(Gogo*, tree array) const
+{
+  tree ret;
+  if (this->length() != NULL)
+    {
+      // Fixed array.
+      ret = fold_convert(build_pointer_type(TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(array))),
+                        build_fold_addr_expr(array));
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // Open array.
+      tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(TREE_TYPE(array));
+      gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),
+                       "__values") == 0);
+      ret = fold_build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), array, field,
+                       NULL_TREE);
+    }
+  if (TREE_CONSTANT(array))
+    TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the length of the array ARRAY which has this
+// type.
+
+tree
+Array_type::length_tree(Gogo* gogo, tree array)
+{
+  if (this->length_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (TREE_CODE(array) == SAVE_EXPR)
+       return fold_convert(integer_type_node, this->get_length_tree(gogo));
+      else
+       return omit_one_operand(integer_type_node,
+                               this->get_length_tree(gogo), array);
+    }
+
+  // This is an open array.  We need to read the length field.
+
+  tree type = TREE_TYPE(array);
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(type) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  tree field = DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(type));
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__count") == 0);
+
+  tree ret = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), array, field, NULL_TREE);
+  if (TREE_CONSTANT(array))
+    TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the capacity of the array ARRAY which has this
+// type.
+
+tree
+Array_type::capacity_tree(Gogo* gogo, tree array)
+{
+  if (this->length_ != NULL)
+    return omit_one_operand(sizetype, this->get_length_tree(gogo), array);
+
+  // This is an open array.  We need to read the capacity field.
+
+  tree type = TREE_TYPE(array);
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(type) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  tree field = DECL_CHAIN(DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(type)));
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__capacity") == 0);
+
+  return build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), array, field, NULL_TREE);
+}
+
+// Export.
+
+void
+Array_type::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("[");
+  if (this->length_ != NULL)
+    this->length_->export_expression(exp);
+  exp->write_c_string("] ");
+  exp->write_type(this->element_type_);
+}
+
+// Import.
+
+Array_type*
+Array_type::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("[");
+  Expression* length;
+  if (imp->peek_char() == ']')
+    length = NULL;
+  else
+    length = Expression::import_expression(imp);
+  imp->require_c_string("] ");
+  Type* element_type = imp->read_type();
+  return Type::make_array_type(element_type, length);
+}
+
+// The type of an array type descriptor.
+
+Type*
+Array_type::make_array_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* tdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+      Type* ptdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+
+      Type* uintptr_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr");
+
+      Struct_type* sf =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(3,
+                                      "", tdt,
+                                      "elem", ptdt,
+                                      "len", uintptr_type);
+
+      ret = Type::make_builtin_named_type("ArrayType", sf);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// The type of an slice type descriptor.
+
+Type*
+Array_type::make_slice_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* tdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+      Type* ptdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+
+      Struct_type* sf =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(2,
+                                      "", tdt,
+                                      "elem", ptdt);
+
+      ret = Type::make_builtin_named_type("SliceType", sf);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for an array/slice type.
+
+Expression*
+Array_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  if (this->length_ != NULL)
+    return this->array_type_descriptor(gogo, name);
+  else
+    return this->slice_type_descriptor(gogo, name);
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for an array type.
+
+Expression*
+Array_type::array_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Type* atdt = Array_type::make_array_type_descriptor_type();
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = atdt->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(3);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "commonType");
+  vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo,
+                                                   RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_ARRAY,
+                                                   name, NULL, true));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "elem");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(this->element_type_, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "len");
+  vals->push_back(this->length_);
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p == fields->end());
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(atdt, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for a slice type.
+
+Expression*
+Array_type::slice_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Type* stdt = Array_type::make_slice_type_descriptor_type();
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = stdt->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(2);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "commonType");
+  vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo,
+                                                   RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_SLICE,
+                                                   name, NULL, true));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "elem");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(this->element_type_, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p == fields->end());
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(stdt, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Reflection string.
+
+void
+Array_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('[');
+  if (this->length_ != NULL)
+    {
+      mpz_t val;
+      mpz_init(val);
+      Type* type;
+      if (!this->length_->integer_constant_value(true, val, &type))
+       error_at(this->length_->location(),
+                "array length must be integer constant expression");
+      else if (mpz_cmp_si(val, 0) < 0)
+       error_at(this->length_->location(), "array length is negative");
+      else if (mpz_cmp_ui(val, mpz_get_ui(val)) != 0)
+       error_at(this->length_->location(), "array length is too large");
+      else
+       {
+         char buf[50];
+         snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%lu", mpz_get_ui(val));
+         ret->append(buf);
+       }
+      mpz_clear(val);
+    }
+  ret->push_back(']');
+
+  this->append_reflection(this->element_type_, gogo, ret);
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Array_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('A');
+  this->append_mangled_name(this->element_type_, gogo, ret);
+  if (this->length_ != NULL)
+    {
+      mpz_t val;
+      mpz_init(val);
+      Type* type;
+      if (!this->length_->integer_constant_value(true, val, &type))
+       error_at(this->length_->location(),
+                "array length must be integer constant expression");
+      else if (mpz_cmp_si(val, 0) < 0)
+       error_at(this->length_->location(), "array length is negative");
+      else if (mpz_cmp_ui(val, mpz_get_ui(val)) != 0)
+       error_at(this->length_->location(), "array size is too large");
+      else
+       {
+         char buf[50];
+         snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%lu", mpz_get_ui(val));
+         ret->append(buf);
+       }
+      mpz_clear(val);
+    }
+  ret->push_back('e');
+}
+
+// Make an array type.
+
+Array_type*
+Type::make_array_type(Type* element_type, Expression* length)
+{
+  return new Array_type(element_type, length);
+}
+
+// Class Map_type.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Map_type::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Type::traverse(this->key_type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || Type::traverse(this->val_type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check that the map type is OK.
+
+bool
+Map_type::do_verify()
+{
+  if (this->key_type_->struct_type() != NULL
+      || this->key_type_->array_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      error_at(this->location_, "invalid map key type");
+      return false;
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Whether two map types are identical.
+
+bool
+Map_type::is_identical(const Map_type* t) const
+{
+  return (Type::are_identical(this->key_type(), t->key_type(), NULL)
+         && Type::are_identical(this->val_type(), t->val_type(), NULL));
+}
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Map_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  return (this->key_type_->hash_for_method(gogo)
+         + this->val_type_->hash_for_method(gogo)
+         + 2);
+}
+
+// Check that a call to the builtin make function is valid.  For a map
+// the optional argument is the number of spaces to preallocate for
+// values.
+
+bool
+Map_type::do_check_make_expression(Expression_list* args,
+                                  source_location location)
+{
+  if (args != NULL && !args->empty())
+    {
+      if (!Type::check_int_value(args->front(), _("bad size when making map"),
+                                location))
+       return false;
+      else if (args->size() > 1)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "too many arguments when making map");
+         return false;
+       }
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a map type.  A map type is represented as a pointer
+// to a struct.  The struct is __go_map in libgo/map.h.
+
+tree
+Map_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  static tree type_tree;
+  if (type_tree == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      tree struct_type = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+
+      tree map_descriptor_type = gogo->map_descriptor_type();
+      tree const_map_descriptor_type =
+       build_qualified_type(map_descriptor_type, TYPE_QUAL_CONST);
+      tree name = get_identifier("__descriptor");
+      tree field = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, FIELD_DECL, name,
+                             build_pointer_type(const_map_descriptor_type));
+      DECL_CONTEXT(field) = struct_type;
+      TYPE_FIELDS(struct_type) = field;
+      tree last_field = field;
+
+      name = get_identifier("__element_count");
+      field = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, FIELD_DECL, name, sizetype);
+      DECL_CONTEXT(field) = struct_type;
+      DECL_CHAIN(last_field) = field;
+      last_field = field;
+
+      name = get_identifier("__bucket_count");
+      field = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, FIELD_DECL, name, sizetype);
+      DECL_CONTEXT(field) = struct_type;
+      DECL_CHAIN(last_field) = field;
+      last_field = field;
+
+      name = get_identifier("__buckets");
+      field = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, FIELD_DECL, name,
+                        build_pointer_type(ptr_type_node));
+      DECL_CONTEXT(field) = struct_type;
+      DECL_CHAIN(last_field) = field;
+
+      layout_type(struct_type);
+
+      // Give the struct a name for better debugging info.
+      name = get_identifier("__go_map");
+      tree type_decl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, TYPE_DECL, name,
+                                 struct_type);
+      DECL_ARTIFICIAL(type_decl) = 1;
+      TYPE_NAME(struct_type) = type_decl;
+      go_preserve_from_gc(type_decl);
+      rest_of_decl_compilation(type_decl, 1, 0);
+
+      type_tree = build_pointer_type(struct_type);
+      go_preserve_from_gc(type_tree);
+    }
+
+  return type_tree;
+}
+
+// Initialize a map.
+
+tree
+Map_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (is_clear)
+    return NULL;
+  return fold_convert(type_tree, null_pointer_node);
+}
+
+// Return an expression for a newly allocated map.
+
+tree
+Map_type::do_make_expression_tree(Translate_context* context,
+                                 Expression_list* args,
+                                 source_location location)
+{
+  tree bad_index = NULL_TREE;
+
+  tree expr_tree;
+  if (args == NULL || args->empty())
+    expr_tree = size_zero_node;
+  else
+    {
+      expr_tree = args->front()->get_tree(context);
+      if (expr_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      if (!DECL_P(expr_tree))
+       expr_tree = save_expr(expr_tree);
+      if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(expr_tree)))
+       expr_tree = convert_to_integer(sizetype, expr_tree);
+      bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(expr_tree, sizetype, bad_index,
+                                          location);
+    }
+
+  tree map_type = this->get_tree(context->gogo());
+
+  static tree new_map_fndecl;
+  tree ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&new_map_fndecl,
+                               location,
+                               "__go_new_map",
+                               2,
+                               map_type,
+                               TREE_TYPE(TYPE_FIELDS(TREE_TYPE(map_type))),
+                               context->gogo()->map_descriptor(this),
+                               sizetype,
+                               expr_tree);
+  // This can panic if the capacity is out of range.
+  TREE_NOTHROW(new_map_fndecl) = 0;
+
+  if (bad_index == NULL_TREE)
+    return ret;
+  else
+    {
+      tree crash = Gogo::runtime_error(RUNTIME_ERROR_MAKE_MAP_OUT_OF_BOUNDS,
+                                      location);
+      return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(ret),
+                   build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                          bad_index, crash, NULL_TREE),
+                   ret);
+    }
+}
+
+// The type of a map type descriptor.
+
+Type*
+Map_type::make_map_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* tdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+      Type* ptdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+
+      Struct_type* sf =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(3,
+                                      "", tdt,
+                                      "key", ptdt,
+                                      "elem", ptdt);
+
+      ret = Type::make_builtin_named_type("MapType", sf);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for a map type.
+
+Expression*
+Map_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Type* mtdt = Map_type::make_map_type_descriptor_type();
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = mtdt->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(3);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "commonType");
+  vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo,
+                                                   RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_MAP,
+                                                   name, NULL, true));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "key");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(this->key_type_, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "elem");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(this->val_type_, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p == fields->end());
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(mtdt, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Reflection string for a map.
+
+void
+Map_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->append("map[");
+  this->append_reflection(this->key_type_, gogo, ret);
+  ret->append("] ");
+  this->append_reflection(this->val_type_, gogo, ret);
+}
+
+// Mangled name for a map.
+
+void
+Map_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('M');
+  this->append_mangled_name(this->key_type_, gogo, ret);
+  ret->append("__");
+  this->append_mangled_name(this->val_type_, gogo, ret);
+}
+
+// Export a map type.
+
+void
+Map_type::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("map [");
+  exp->write_type(this->key_type_);
+  exp->write_c_string("] ");
+  exp->write_type(this->val_type_);
+}
+
+// Import a map type.
+
+Map_type*
+Map_type::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("map [");
+  Type* key_type = imp->read_type();
+  imp->require_c_string("] ");
+  Type* val_type = imp->read_type();
+  return Type::make_map_type(key_type, val_type, imp->location());
+}
+
+// Make a map type.
+
+Map_type*
+Type::make_map_type(Type* key_type, Type* val_type, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Map_type(key_type, val_type, location);
+}
+
+// Class Channel_type.
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Channel_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  unsigned int ret = 0;
+  if (this->may_send_)
+    ret += 1;
+  if (this->may_receive_)
+    ret += 2;
+  if (this->element_type_ != NULL)
+    ret += this->element_type_->hash_for_method(gogo) << 2;
+  return ret << 3;
+}
+
+// Whether this type is the same as T.
+
+bool
+Channel_type::is_identical(const Channel_type* t) const
+{
+  if (!Type::are_identical(this->element_type(), t->element_type(), NULL))
+    return false;
+  return (this->may_send_ == t->may_send_
+         && this->may_receive_ == t->may_receive_);
+}
+
+// Check whether the parameters for a call to the builtin function
+// make are OK for a channel.  A channel can take an optional single
+// parameter which is the buffer size.
+
+bool
+Channel_type::do_check_make_expression(Expression_list* args,
+                                     source_location location)
+{
+  if (args != NULL && !args->empty())
+    {
+      if (!Type::check_int_value(args->front(),
+                                _("bad buffer size when making channel"),
+                                location))
+       return false;
+      else if (args->size() > 1)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "too many arguments when making channel");
+         return false;
+       }
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Return the tree for a channel type.  A channel is a pointer to a
+// __go_channel struct.  The __go_channel struct is defined in
+// libgo/runtime/channel.h.
+
+tree
+Channel_type::do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+{
+  static tree type_tree;
+  if (type_tree == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      tree ret = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+      TYPE_NAME(ret) = get_identifier("__go_channel");
+      TYPE_STUB_DECL(ret) = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, TYPE_DECL, NULL_TREE,
+                                      ret);
+      type_tree = build_pointer_type(ret);
+      go_preserve_from_gc(type_tree);
+    }
+  return type_tree;
+}
+
+// Initialize a channel variable.
+
+tree
+Channel_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (is_clear)
+    return NULL;
+  return fold_convert(type_tree, null_pointer_node);
+}
+
+// Handle the builtin function make for a channel.
+
+tree
+Channel_type::do_make_expression_tree(Translate_context* context,
+                                     Expression_list* args,
+                                     source_location location)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree channel_type = this->get_tree(gogo);
+
+  tree element_tree = this->element_type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  tree element_size_tree = size_in_bytes(element_tree);
+
+  tree bad_index = NULL_TREE;
+
+  tree expr_tree;
+  if (args == NULL || args->empty())
+    expr_tree = size_zero_node;
+  else
+    {
+      expr_tree = args->front()->get_tree(context);
+      if (expr_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      if (!DECL_P(expr_tree))
+       expr_tree = save_expr(expr_tree);
+      if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(expr_tree)))
+       expr_tree = convert_to_integer(sizetype, expr_tree);
+      bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(expr_tree, sizetype, bad_index,
+                                          location);
+    }
+
+  static tree new_channel_fndecl;
+  tree ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&new_channel_fndecl,
+                               location,
+                               "__go_new_channel",
+                               2,
+                               channel_type,
+                               sizetype,
+                               element_size_tree,
+                               sizetype,
+                               expr_tree);
+  // This can panic if the capacity is out of range.
+  TREE_NOTHROW(new_channel_fndecl) = 0;
+
+  if (bad_index == NULL_TREE)
+    return ret;
+  else
+    {
+      tree crash = Gogo::runtime_error(RUNTIME_ERROR_MAKE_CHAN_OUT_OF_BOUNDS,
+                                      location);
+      return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(ret),
+                   build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                          bad_index, crash, NULL_TREE),
+                   ret);
+    }
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for a channel type.
+
+Type*
+Channel_type::make_chan_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* tdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+      Type* ptdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+
+      Type* uintptr_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr");
+
+      Struct_type* sf =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(3,
+                                      "", tdt,
+                                      "elem", ptdt,
+                                      "dir", uintptr_type);
+
+      ret = Type::make_builtin_named_type("ChanType", sf);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for a map type.
+
+Expression*
+Channel_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Type* ctdt = Channel_type::make_chan_type_descriptor_type();
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = ctdt->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(3);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "commonType");
+  vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo,
+                                                   RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_CHAN,
+                                                   name, NULL, true));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "elem");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(this->element_type_, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "dir");
+  // These bits must match the ones in libgo/runtime/go-type.h.
+  int val = 0;
+  if (this->may_receive_)
+    val |= 1;
+  if (this->may_send_)
+    val |= 2;
+  mpz_t iv;
+  mpz_init_set_ui(iv, val);
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_integer(&iv, p->type(), bloc));
+  mpz_clear(iv);
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p == fields->end());
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(ctdt, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Reflection string.
+
+void
+Channel_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  if (!this->may_send_)
+    ret->append("<-");
+  ret->append("chan");
+  if (!this->may_receive_)
+    ret->append("<-");
+  ret->push_back(' ');
+  this->append_reflection(this->element_type_, gogo, ret);
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Channel_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('C');
+  this->append_mangled_name(this->element_type_, gogo, ret);
+  if (this->may_send_)
+    ret->push_back('s');
+  if (this->may_receive_)
+    ret->push_back('r');
+  ret->push_back('e');
+}
+
+// Export.
+
+void
+Channel_type::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("chan ");
+  if (this->may_send_ && !this->may_receive_)
+    exp->write_c_string("-< ");
+  else if (this->may_receive_ && !this->may_send_)
+    exp->write_c_string("<- ");
+  exp->write_type(this->element_type_);
+}
+
+// Import.
+
+Channel_type*
+Channel_type::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("chan ");
+
+  bool may_send;
+  bool may_receive;
+  if (imp->match_c_string("-< "))
+    {
+      imp->advance(3);
+      may_send = true;
+      may_receive = false;
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("<- "))
+    {
+      imp->advance(3);
+      may_receive = true;
+      may_send = false;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      may_send = true;
+      may_receive = true;
+    }
+
+  Type* element_type = imp->read_type();
+
+  return Type::make_channel_type(may_send, may_receive, element_type);
+}
+
+// Make a new channel type.
+
+Channel_type*
+Type::make_channel_type(bool send, bool receive, Type* element_type)
+{
+  return new Channel_type(send, receive, element_type);
+}
+
+// Class Interface_type.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Interface_type::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->methods_ == NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  return this->methods_->traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Finalize the methods.  This handles interface inheritance.
+
+void
+Interface_type::finalize_methods()
+{
+  if (this->methods_ == NULL)
+    return;
+  bool is_recursive = false;
+  size_t from = 0;
+  size_t to = 0;
+  while (from < this->methods_->size())
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier* p = &this->methods_->at(from);
+      if (!p->name().empty())
+       {
+         if (from != to)
+           this->methods_->set(to, *p);
+         ++from;
+         ++to;
+         continue;
+       }
+      Interface_type* it = p->type()->interface_type();
+      if (it == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(p->location(), "interface contains embedded non-interface");
+         ++from;
+         continue;
+       }
+      if (it == this)
+       {
+         if (!is_recursive)
+           {
+             error_at(p->location(), "invalid recursive interface");
+             is_recursive = true;
+           }
+         ++from;
+         continue;
+       }
+      const Typed_identifier_list* methods = it->methods();
+      if (methods == NULL)
+       {
+         ++from;
+         continue;
+       }
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator q = methods->begin();
+          q != methods->end();
+          ++q)
+       {
+         if (q->name().empty() || this->find_method(q->name()) == NULL)
+           this->methods_->push_back(Typed_identifier(q->name(), q->type(),
+                                                      p->location()));
+         else
+           {
+             if (!is_recursive)
+               error_at(p->location(), "inherited method %qs is ambiguous",
+                        Gogo::message_name(q->name()).c_str());
+           }
+       }
+      ++from;
+    }
+  if (to == 0)
+    {
+      delete this->methods_;
+      this->methods_ = NULL;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      this->methods_->resize(to);
+      this->methods_->sort_by_name();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return the method NAME, or NULL.
+
+const Typed_identifier*
+Interface_type::find_method(const std::string& name) const
+{
+  if (this->methods_ == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->methods_->begin();
+       p != this->methods_->end();
+       ++p)
+    if (p->name() == name)
+      return &*p;
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+// Return the method index.
+
+size_t
+Interface_type::method_index(const std::string& name) const
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->methods_ != NULL);
+  size_t ret = 0;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->methods_->begin();
+       p != this->methods_->end();
+       ++p, ++ret)
+    if (p->name() == name)
+      return ret;
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Return whether NAME is an unexported method, for better error
+// reporting.
+
+bool
+Interface_type::is_unexported_method(Gogo* gogo, const std::string& name) const
+{
+  if (this->methods_ == NULL)
+    return false;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->methods_->begin();
+       p != this->methods_->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      const std::string& method_name(p->name());
+      if (Gogo::is_hidden_name(method_name)
+         && name == Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(method_name)
+         && gogo->pack_hidden_name(name, false) != method_name)
+       return true;
+    }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Whether this type is identical with T.
+
+bool
+Interface_type::is_identical(const Interface_type* t) const
+{
+  // We require the same methods with the same types.  The methods
+  // have already been sorted.
+  if (this->methods() == NULL || t->methods() == NULL)
+    return this->methods() == t->methods();
+
+  Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p1 = this->methods()->begin();
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p2 = t->methods()->begin();
+       p2 != t->methods()->end();
+       ++p1, ++p2)
+    {
+      if (p1 == this->methods()->end())
+       return false;
+      if (p1->name() != p2->name()
+         || !Type::are_identical(p1->type(), p2->type(), NULL))
+       return false;
+    }
+  if (p1 != this->methods()->end())
+    return false;
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Whether we can assign the interface type T to this type.  The types
+// are known to not be identical.  An interface assignment is only
+// permitted if T is known to implement all methods in THIS.
+// Otherwise a type guard is required.
+
+bool
+Interface_type::is_compatible_for_assign(const Interface_type* t,
+                                        std::string* reason) const
+{
+  if (this->methods() == NULL)
+    return true;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->methods()->begin();
+       p != this->methods()->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier* m = t->find_method(p->name());
+      if (m == NULL)
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           {
+             char buf[200];
+             snprintf(buf, sizeof buf,
+                      _("need explicit conversion; missing method %s%s%s"),
+                      open_quote, Gogo::message_name(p->name()).c_str(),
+                      close_quote);
+             reason->assign(buf);
+           }
+         return false;
+       }
+
+      std::string subreason;
+      if (!Type::are_identical(p->type(), m->type(), &subreason))
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           {
+             std::string n = Gogo::message_name(p->name());
+             size_t len = 100 + n.length() + subreason.length();
+             char* buf = new char[len];
+             if (subreason.empty())
+               snprintf(buf, len, _("incompatible type for method %s%s%s"),
+                        open_quote, n.c_str(), close_quote);
+             else
+               snprintf(buf, len,
+                        _("incompatible type for method %s%s%s (%s)"),
+                        open_quote, n.c_str(), close_quote,
+                        subreason.c_str());
+             reason->assign(buf);
+             delete[] buf;
+           }
+         return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Interface_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  unsigned int ret = 0;
+  if (this->methods_ != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->methods_->begin();
+          p != this->methods_->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         ret = Type::hash_string(p->name(), ret);
+         ret += p->type()->hash_for_method(gogo);
+         ret <<= 1;
+       }
+    }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return true if T implements the interface.  If it does not, and
+// REASON is not NULL, set *REASON to a useful error message.
+
+bool
+Interface_type::implements_interface(const Type* t, std::string* reason) const
+{
+  if (this->methods_ == NULL)
+    return true;
+
+  bool is_pointer = false;
+  const Named_type* nt = t->named_type();
+  const Struct_type* st = t->struct_type();
+  // If we start with a named type, we don't dereference it to find
+  // methods.
+  if (nt == NULL)
+    {
+      const Type* pt = t->points_to();
+      if (pt != NULL)
+       {
+         // If T is a pointer to a named type, then we need to look at
+         // the type to which it points.
+         is_pointer = true;
+         nt = pt->named_type();
+         st = pt->struct_type();
+       }
+    }
+
+  // If we have a named type, get the methods from it rather than from
+  // any struct type.
+  if (nt != NULL)
+    st = NULL;
+
+  // Only named and struct types have methods.
+  if (nt == NULL && st == NULL)
+    {
+      if (reason != NULL)
+       {
+         if (t->points_to() != NULL
+             && t->points_to()->interface_type() != NULL)
+           reason->assign(_("pointer to interface type has no methods"));
+         else
+           reason->assign(_("type has no methods"));
+       }
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  if (nt != NULL ? !nt->has_any_methods() : !st->has_any_methods())
+    {
+      if (reason != NULL)
+       {
+         if (t->points_to() != NULL
+             && t->points_to()->interface_type() != NULL)
+           reason->assign(_("pointer to interface type has no methods"));
+         else
+           reason->assign(_("type has no methods"));
+       }
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->methods_->begin();
+       p != this->methods_->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      bool is_ambiguous = false;
+      Method* m = (nt != NULL
+                  ? nt->method_function(p->name(), &is_ambiguous)
+                  : st->method_function(p->name(), &is_ambiguous));
+      if (m == NULL)
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           {
+             std::string n = Gogo::message_name(p->name());
+             size_t len = n.length() + 100;
+             char* buf = new char[len];
+             if (is_ambiguous)
+               snprintf(buf, len, _("ambiguous method %s%s%s"),
+                        open_quote, n.c_str(), close_quote);
+             else
+               snprintf(buf, len, _("missing method %s%s%s"),
+                        open_quote, n.c_str(), close_quote);
+             reason->assign(buf);
+             delete[] buf;
+           }
+         return false;
+       }
+
+      Function_type *p_fn_type = p->type()->function_type();
+      Function_type* m_fn_type = m->type()->function_type();
+      gcc_assert(p_fn_type != NULL && m_fn_type != NULL);
+      std::string subreason;
+      if (!p_fn_type->is_identical(m_fn_type, true, &subreason))
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           {
+             std::string n = Gogo::message_name(p->name());
+             size_t len = 100 + n.length() + subreason.length();
+             char* buf = new char[len];
+             if (subreason.empty())
+               snprintf(buf, len, _("incompatible type for method %s%s%s"),
+                        open_quote, n.c_str(), close_quote);
+             else
+               snprintf(buf, len,
+                        _("incompatible type for method %s%s%s (%s)"),
+                        open_quote, n.c_str(), close_quote,
+                        subreason.c_str());
+             reason->assign(buf);
+             delete[] buf;
+           }
+         return false;
+       }
+
+      if (!is_pointer && !m->is_value_method())
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           {
+             std::string n = Gogo::message_name(p->name());
+             size_t len = 100 + n.length();
+             char* buf = new char[len];
+             snprintf(buf, len, _("method %s%s%s requires a pointer"),
+                      open_quote, n.c_str(), close_quote);
+             reason->assign(buf);
+             delete[] buf;
+           }
+         return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Return a tree for an interface type.  An interface is a pointer to
+// a struct.  The struct has three fields.  The first field is a
+// pointer to the type descriptor for the dynamic type of the object.
+// The second field is a pointer to a table of methods for the
+// interface to be used with the object.  The third field is the value
+// of the object itself.
+
+tree
+Interface_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->methods_ == NULL)
+    {
+      // At the tree level, use the same type for all empty
+      // interfaces.  This lets us assign them to each other directly
+      // without triggering GIMPLE type errors.
+      tree dtype = Type::make_type_descriptor_type()->get_tree(gogo);
+      dtype = build_pointer_type(build_qualified_type(dtype, TYPE_QUAL_CONST));
+      static tree empty_interface;
+      return Gogo::builtin_struct(&empty_interface, "__go_empty_interface",
+                                 NULL_TREE, 2,
+                                 "__type_descriptor",
+                                 dtype,
+                                 "__object",
+                                 ptr_type_node);
+    }
+
+  return this->fill_in_tree(gogo, make_node(RECORD_TYPE));
+}
+
+// Fill in the tree for an interface type.  This is used for named
+// interface types.
+
+tree
+Interface_type::fill_in_tree(Gogo* gogo, tree type)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->methods_ != NULL);
+
+  // Build the type of the table of methods.
+
+  tree method_table = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  // The first field is a pointer to the type descriptor.
+  tree name_tree = get_identifier("__type_descriptor");
+  tree dtype = Type::make_type_descriptor_type()->get_tree(gogo);
+  dtype = build_pointer_type(build_qualified_type(dtype, TYPE_QUAL_CONST));
+  tree field = build_decl(this->location_, FIELD_DECL, name_tree, dtype);
+  DECL_CONTEXT(field) = method_table;
+  TYPE_FIELDS(method_table) = field;
+
+  std::string last_name = "";
+  tree* pp = &DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->methods_->begin();
+       p != this->methods_->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      std::string name = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->name());
+      name_tree = get_identifier_with_length(name.data(), name.length());
+      tree field_type = p->type()->get_tree(gogo);
+      if (field_type == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      field = build_decl(this->location_, FIELD_DECL, name_tree, field_type);
+      DECL_CONTEXT(field) = method_table;
+      *pp = field;
+      pp = &DECL_CHAIN(field);
+      // Sanity check: the names should be sorted.
+      gcc_assert(p->name() > last_name);
+      last_name = p->name();
+    }
+  layout_type(method_table);
+
+  tree mtype = build_pointer_type(method_table);
+
+  tree field_trees = NULL_TREE;
+  pp = &field_trees;
+
+  name_tree = get_identifier("__methods");
+  field = build_decl(this->location_, FIELD_DECL, name_tree, mtype);
+  DECL_CONTEXT(field) = type;
+  *pp = field;
+  pp = &DECL_CHAIN(field);
+
+  name_tree = get_identifier("__object");
+  field = build_decl(this->location_, FIELD_DECL, name_tree, ptr_type_node);
+  DECL_CONTEXT(field) = type;
+  *pp = field;
+
+  TYPE_FIELDS(type) = field_trees;
+
+  layout_type(type);
+
+  return type;
+}
+
+// Initialization value.
+
+tree
+Interface_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (is_clear)
+    return NULL;
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+  for (tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+       field != NULL_TREE;
+       field = DECL_CHAIN(field))
+    {
+      constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+      elt->index = field;
+      elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), null_pointer_node);
+    }
+
+  tree ret = build_constructor(type_tree, init);
+  TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// The type of an interface type descriptor.
+
+Type*
+Interface_type::make_interface_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* tdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+      Type* ptdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+
+      Type* string_type = Type::lookup_string_type();
+      Type* pointer_string_type = Type::make_pointer_type(string_type);
+
+      Struct_type* sm =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(3,
+                                      "name", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "pkgPath", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "typ", ptdt);
+
+      Type* nsm = Type::make_builtin_named_type("imethod", sm);
+
+      Type* slice_nsm = Type::make_array_type(nsm, NULL);
+
+      Struct_type* s = Type::make_builtin_struct_type(2,
+                                                     "", tdt,
+                                                     "methods", slice_nsm);
+
+      ret = Type::make_builtin_named_type("InterfaceType", s);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for an interface type.
+
+Expression*
+Interface_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Type* itdt = Interface_type::make_interface_type_descriptor_type();
+
+  const Struct_field_list* ifields = itdt->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* ivals = new Expression_list();
+  ivals->reserve(2);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator pif = ifields->begin();
+  gcc_assert(pif->field_name() == "commonType");
+  ivals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo,
+                                                    RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_INTERFACE,
+                                                    name, NULL, true));
+
+  ++pif;
+  gcc_assert(pif->field_name() == "methods");
+
+  Expression_list* methods = new Expression_list();
+  if (this->methods_ != NULL && !this->methods_->empty())
+    {
+      Type* elemtype = pif->type()->array_type()->element_type();
+
+      methods->reserve(this->methods_->size());
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pm = this->methods_->begin();
+          pm != this->methods_->end();
+          ++pm)
+       {
+         const Struct_field_list* mfields = elemtype->struct_type()->fields();
+
+         Expression_list* mvals = new Expression_list();
+         mvals->reserve(3);
+
+         Struct_field_list::const_iterator pmf = mfields->begin();
+         gcc_assert(pmf->field_name() == "name");
+         std::string s = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(pm->name());
+         Expression* e = Expression::make_string(s, bloc);
+         mvals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, e, bloc));
+
+         ++pmf;
+         gcc_assert(pmf->field_name() == "pkgPath");
+         if (!Gogo::is_hidden_name(pm->name()))
+           mvals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+         else
+           {
+             s = Gogo::hidden_name_prefix(pm->name());
+             e = Expression::make_string(s, bloc);
+             mvals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, e, bloc));
+           }
+
+         ++pmf;
+         gcc_assert(pmf->field_name() == "typ");
+         mvals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(pm->type(), bloc));
+
+         ++pmf;
+         gcc_assert(pmf == mfields->end());
+
+         e = Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(elemtype, mvals,
+                                                       bloc);
+         methods->push_back(e);
+       }
+    }
+
+  ivals->push_back(Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(pif->type(),
+                                                           methods, bloc));
+
+  ++pif;
+  gcc_assert(pif == ifields->end());
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(itdt, ivals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Reflection string.
+
+void
+Interface_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->append("interface {");
+  if (this->methods_ != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->methods_->begin();
+          p != this->methods_->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (p != this->methods_->begin())
+           ret->append(";");
+         ret->push_back(' ');
+         ret->append(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->name()));
+         std::string sub = p->type()->reflection(gogo);
+         gcc_assert(sub.compare(0, 4, "func") == 0);
+         sub = sub.substr(4);
+         ret->append(sub);
+       }
+    }
+  ret->append(" }");
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Interface_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('I');
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* methods = this->methods_;
+  if (methods != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = methods->begin();
+          p != methods->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         std::string n = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->name());
+         char buf[20];
+         snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%u_",
+                  static_cast<unsigned int>(n.length()));
+         ret->append(buf);
+         ret->append(n);
+         this->append_mangled_name(p->type(), gogo, ret);
+       }
+    }
+
+  ret->push_back('e');
+}
+
+// Export.
+
+void
+Interface_type::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("interface { ");
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* methods = this->methods_;
+  if (methods != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pm = methods->begin();
+          pm != methods->end();
+          ++pm)
+       {
+         exp->write_string(pm->name());
+         exp->write_c_string(" (");
+
+         const Function_type* fntype = pm->type()->function_type();
+
+         bool first = true;
+         const Typed_identifier_list* parameters = fntype->parameters();
+         if (parameters != NULL)
+           {
+             bool is_varargs = fntype->is_varargs();
+             for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pp =
+                    parameters->begin();
+                  pp != parameters->end();
+                  ++pp)
+               {
+                 if (first)
+                   first = false;
+                 else
+                   exp->write_c_string(", ");
+                 if (!is_varargs || pp + 1 != parameters->end())
+                   exp->write_type(pp->type());
+                 else
+                   {
+                     exp->write_c_string("...");
+                     Type *pptype = pp->type();
+                     exp->write_type(pptype->array_type()->element_type());
+                   }
+               }
+           }
+
+         exp->write_c_string(")");
+
+         const Typed_identifier_list* results = fntype->results();
+         if (results != NULL)
+           {
+             exp->write_c_string(" ");
+             if (results->size() == 1)
+               exp->write_type(results->begin()->type());
+             else
+               {
+                 first = true;
+                 exp->write_c_string("(");
+                 for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p =
+                        results->begin();
+                      p != results->end();
+                      ++p)
+                   {
+                     if (first)
+                       first = false;
+                     else
+                       exp->write_c_string(", ");
+                     exp->write_type(p->type());
+                   }
+                 exp->write_c_string(")");
+               }
+           }
+
+         exp->write_c_string("; ");
+       }
+    }
+
+  exp->write_c_string("}");
+}
+
+// Import an interface type.
+
+Interface_type*
+Interface_type::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("interface { ");
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* methods = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  while (imp->peek_char() != '}')
+    {
+      std::string name = imp->read_identifier();
+      imp->require_c_string(" (");
+
+      Typed_identifier_list* parameters;
+      bool is_varargs = false;
+      if (imp->peek_char() == ')')
+       parameters = NULL;
+      else
+       {
+         parameters = new Typed_identifier_list;
+         while (true)
+           {
+             if (imp->match_c_string("..."))
+               {
+                 imp->advance(3);
+                 is_varargs = true;
+               }
+
+             Type* ptype = imp->read_type();
+             if (is_varargs)
+               ptype = Type::make_array_type(ptype, NULL);
+             parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker,
+                                                    ptype, imp->location()));
+             if (imp->peek_char() != ',')
+               break;
+             gcc_assert(!is_varargs);
+             imp->require_c_string(", ");
+           }
+       }
+      imp->require_c_string(")");
+
+      Typed_identifier_list* results;
+      if (imp->peek_char() != ' ')
+       results = NULL;
+      else
+       {
+         results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+         imp->advance(1);
+         if (imp->peek_char() != '(')
+           {
+             Type* rtype = imp->read_type();
+             results->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker,
+                                                 rtype, imp->location()));
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             imp->advance(1);
+             while (true)
+               {
+                 Type* rtype = imp->read_type();
+                 results->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker,
+                                                     rtype, imp->location()));
+                 if (imp->peek_char() != ',')
+                   break;
+                 imp->require_c_string(", ");
+               }
+             imp->require_c_string(")");
+           }
+       }
+
+      Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, parameters,
+                                                      results,
+                                                      imp->location());
+      if (is_varargs)
+       fntype->set_is_varargs();
+      methods->push_back(Typed_identifier(name, fntype, imp->location()));
+
+      imp->require_c_string("; ");
+    }
+
+  imp->require_c_string("}");
+
+  if (methods->empty())
+    {
+      delete methods;
+      methods = NULL;
+    }
+
+  return Type::make_interface_type(methods, imp->location());
+}
+
+// Make an interface type.
+
+Interface_type*
+Type::make_interface_type(Typed_identifier_list* methods,
+                         source_location location)
+{
+  return new Interface_type(methods, location);
+}
+
+// Class Method.
+
+// Bind a method to an object.
+
+Expression*
+Method::bind_method(Expression* expr, source_location location) const
+{
+  if (this->stub_ == NULL)
+    {
+      // When there is no stub object, the binding is determined by
+      // the child class.
+      return this->do_bind_method(expr, location);
+    }
+
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(this->stub_, NULL,
+                                                    location);
+  return Expression::make_bound_method(expr, func, location);
+}
+
+// Return the named object associated with a method.  This may only be
+// called after methods are finalized.
+
+Named_object*
+Method::named_object() const
+{
+  if (this->stub_ != NULL)
+    return this->stub_;
+  return this->do_named_object();
+}
+
+// Class Named_method.
+
+// The type of the method.
+
+Function_type*
+Named_method::do_type() const
+{
+  if (this->named_object_->is_function())
+    return this->named_object_->func_value()->type();
+  else if (this->named_object_->is_function_declaration())
+    return this->named_object_->func_declaration_value()->type();
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Return the location of the method receiver.
+
+source_location
+Named_method::do_receiver_location() const
+{
+  return this->do_type()->receiver()->location();
+}
+
+// Bind a method to an object.
+
+Expression*
+Named_method::do_bind_method(Expression* expr, source_location location) const
+{
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(this->named_object_, NULL,
+                                                    location);
+  Bound_method_expression* bme = Expression::make_bound_method(expr, func,
+                                                              location);
+  // If this is not a local method, and it does not use a stub, then
+  // the real method expects a different type.  We need to cast the
+  // first argument.
+  if (this->depth() > 0 && !this->needs_stub_method())
+    {
+      Function_type* ftype = this->do_type();
+      gcc_assert(ftype->is_method());
+      Type* frtype = ftype->receiver()->type();
+      bme->set_first_argument_type(frtype);
+    }
+  return bme;
+}
+
+// Class Interface_method.
+
+// Bind a method to an object.
+
+Expression*
+Interface_method::do_bind_method(Expression* expr,
+                                source_location location) const
+{
+  return Expression::make_interface_field_reference(expr, this->name_,
+                                                   location);
+}
+
+// Class Methods.
+
+// Insert a new method.  Return true if it was inserted, false
+// otherwise.
+
+bool
+Methods::insert(const std::string& name, Method* m)
+{
+  std::pair<Method_map::iterator, bool> ins =
+    this->methods_.insert(std::make_pair(name, m));
+  if (ins.second)
+    return true;
+  else
+    {
+      Method* old_method = ins.first->second;
+      if (m->depth() < old_method->depth())
+       {
+         delete old_method;
+         ins.first->second = m;
+         return true;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         if (m->depth() == old_method->depth())
+           old_method->set_is_ambiguous();
+         return false;
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Return the number of unambiguous methods.
+
+size_t
+Methods::count() const
+{
+  size_t ret = 0;
+  for (Method_map::const_iterator p = this->methods_.begin();
+       p != this->methods_.end();
+       ++p)
+    if (!p->second->is_ambiguous())
+      ++ret;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Class Named_type.
+
+// Return the name of the type.
+
+const std::string&
+Named_type::name() const
+{
+  return this->named_object_->name();
+}
+
+// Return the name of the type to use in an error message.
+
+std::string
+Named_type::message_name() const
+{
+  return this->named_object_->message_name();
+}
+
+// Add a method to this type.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_type::add_method(const std::string& name, Function* function)
+{
+  if (this->local_methods_ == NULL)
+    this->local_methods_ = new Bindings(NULL);
+  return this->local_methods_->add_function(name, NULL, function);
+}
+
+// Add a method declaration to this type.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_type::add_method_declaration(const std::string& name, Package* package,
+                                  Function_type* type,
+                                  source_location location)
+{
+  if (this->local_methods_ == NULL)
+    this->local_methods_ = new Bindings(NULL);
+  return this->local_methods_->add_function_declaration(name, package, type,
+                                                       location);
+}
+
+// Add an existing method to this type.
+
+void
+Named_type::add_existing_method(Named_object* no)
+{
+  if (this->local_methods_ == NULL)
+    this->local_methods_ = new Bindings(NULL);
+  this->local_methods_->add_named_object(no);
+}
+
+// Look for a local method NAME, and returns its named object, or NULL
+// if not there.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_type::find_local_method(const std::string& name) const
+{
+  if (this->local_methods_ == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+  return this->local_methods_->lookup(name);
+}
+
+// Return whether NAME is an unexported field or method, for better
+// error reporting.
+
+bool
+Named_type::is_unexported_local_method(Gogo* gogo,
+                                      const std::string& name) const
+{
+  Bindings* methods = this->local_methods_;
+  if (methods != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Bindings::const_declarations_iterator p =
+            methods->begin_declarations();
+          p != methods->end_declarations();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (Gogo::is_hidden_name(p->first)
+             && name == Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->first)
+             && gogo->pack_hidden_name(name, false) != p->first)
+           return true;
+       }
+    }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Build the complete list of methods for this type, which means
+// recursively including all methods for anonymous fields.  Create all
+// stub methods.
+
+void
+Named_type::finalize_methods(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->local_methods_ != NULL
+      && (this->points_to() != NULL || this->interface_type() != NULL))
+    {
+      const Bindings* lm = this->local_methods_;
+      for (Bindings::const_declarations_iterator p = lm->begin_declarations();
+          p != lm->end_declarations();
+          ++p)
+       error_at(p->second->location(),
+                "invalid pointer or interface receiver type");
+      delete this->local_methods_;
+      this->local_methods_ = NULL;
+      return;
+    }
+
+  Type::finalize_methods(gogo, this, this->location_, &this->all_methods_);
+}
+
+// Return the method NAME, or NULL if there isn't one or if it is
+// ambiguous.  Set *IS_AMBIGUOUS if the method exists but is
+// ambiguous.
+
+Method*
+Named_type::method_function(const std::string& name, bool* is_ambiguous) const
+{
+  return Type::method_function(this->all_methods_, name, is_ambiguous);
+}
+
+// Return a pointer to the interface method table for this type for
+// the interface INTERFACE.  IS_POINTER is true if this is for a
+// pointer to THIS.
+
+tree
+Named_type::interface_method_table(Gogo* gogo, const Interface_type* interface,
+                                  bool is_pointer)
+{
+  gcc_assert(!interface->is_empty());
+
+  Interface_method_tables** pimt = (is_pointer
+                                   ? &this->interface_method_tables_
+                                   : &this->pointer_interface_method_tables_);
+
+  if (*pimt == NULL)
+    *pimt = new Interface_method_tables(5);
+
+  std::pair<const Interface_type*, tree> val(interface, NULL_TREE);
+  std::pair<Interface_method_tables::iterator, bool> ins = (*pimt)->insert(val);
+
+  if (ins.second)
+    {
+      // This is a new entry in the hash table.
+      gcc_assert(ins.first->second == NULL_TREE);
+      ins.first->second = gogo->interface_method_table_for_type(interface,
+                                                               this,
+                                                               is_pointer);
+    }
+
+  tree decl = ins.first->second;
+  if (decl == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  gcc_assert(decl != NULL_TREE && TREE_CODE(decl) == VAR_DECL);
+  return build_fold_addr_expr(decl);
+}
+
+// Return whether a named type has any hidden fields.
+
+bool
+Named_type::named_type_has_hidden_fields(std::string* reason) const
+{
+  if (this->seen_)
+    return false;
+  this->seen_ = true;
+  bool ret = this->type_->has_hidden_fields(this, reason);
+  this->seen_ = false;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Look for a use of a complete type within another type.  This is
+// used to check that we don't try to use a type within itself.
+
+class Find_type_use : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Find_type_use(Type* find_type)
+    : Traverse(traverse_types),
+      find_type_(find_type), found_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Whether we found the type.
+  bool
+  found() const
+  { return this->found_; }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  type(Type*);
+
+ private:
+  // The type we are looking for.
+  Type* find_type_;
+  // Whether we found the type.
+  bool found_;
+};
+
+// Check for FIND_TYPE in TYPE.
+
+int
+Find_type_use::type(Type* type)
+{
+  if (this->find_type_ == type)
+    {
+      this->found_ = true;
+      return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  // It's OK if we see a reference to the type in any type which is
+  // essentially a pointer: a pointer, a slice, a function, a map, or
+  // a channel.
+  if (type->points_to() != NULL
+      || type->is_open_array_type()
+      || type->function_type() != NULL
+      || type->map_type() != NULL
+      || type->channel_type() != NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+
+  // For an interface, a reference to the type in a method type should
+  // be ignored, but we have to consider direct inheritance.  When
+  // this is called, there may be cases of direct inheritance
+  // represented as a method with no name.
+  if (type->interface_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier_list* methods = type->interface_type()->methods();
+      if (methods != NULL)
+       {
+         for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = methods->begin();
+              p != methods->end();
+              ++p)
+           {
+             if (p->name().empty())
+               {
+                 if (Type::traverse(p->type(), this) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+      return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+    }
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Verify that a named type does not refer to itself.
+
+bool
+Named_type::do_verify()
+{
+  Find_type_use find(this);
+  Type::traverse(this->type_, &find);
+  if (find.found())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location_, "invalid recursive type %qs",
+              this->message_name().c_str());
+      this->is_error_ = true;
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  // Check whether any of the local methods overloads an existing
+  // struct field or interface method.  We don't need to check the
+  // list of methods against itself: that is handled by the Bindings
+  // code.
+  if (this->local_methods_ != NULL)
+    {
+      Struct_type* st = this->type_->struct_type();
+      Interface_type* it = this->type_->interface_type();
+      bool found_dup = false;
+      if (st != NULL || it != NULL)
+       {
+         for (Bindings::const_declarations_iterator p =
+                this->local_methods_->begin_declarations();
+              p != this->local_methods_->end_declarations();
+              ++p)
+           {
+             const std::string& name(p->first);
+             if (st != NULL && st->find_local_field(name, NULL) != NULL)
+               {
+                 error_at(p->second->location(),
+                          "method %qs redeclares struct field name",
+                          Gogo::message_name(name).c_str());
+                 found_dup = true;
+               }
+             if (it != NULL && it->find_method(name) != NULL)
+               {
+                 error_at(p->second->location(),
+                          "method %qs redeclares interface method name",
+                          Gogo::message_name(name).c_str());
+                 found_dup = true;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+      if (found_dup)
+       return false;
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Return a hash code.  This is used for method lookup.  We simply
+// hash on the name itself.
+
+unsigned int
+Named_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  const std::string& name(this->named_object()->name());
+  unsigned int ret = Type::hash_string(name, 0);
+
+  // GOGO will be NULL here when called from Type_hash_identical.
+  // That is OK because that is only used for internal hash tables
+  // where we are going to be comparing named types for equality.  In
+  // other cases, which are cases where the runtime is going to
+  // compare hash codes to see if the types are the same, we need to
+  // include the package prefix and name in the hash.
+  if (gogo != NULL && !Gogo::is_hidden_name(name) && !this->is_builtin())
+    {
+      const Package* package = this->named_object()->package();
+      if (package == NULL)
+       {
+         ret = Type::hash_string(gogo->unique_prefix(), ret);
+         ret = Type::hash_string(gogo->package_name(), ret);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         ret = Type::hash_string(package->unique_prefix(), ret);
+         ret = Type::hash_string(package->name(), ret);
+       }
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a named type.
+
+tree
+Named_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->is_error_)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  // Go permits types to refer to themselves in various ways.  Break
+  // the recursion here.
+  tree t;
+  switch (this->type_->forwarded()->classification())
+    {
+    case TYPE_ERROR:
+      return error_mark_node;
+
+    case TYPE_VOID:
+    case TYPE_BOOLEAN:
+    case TYPE_INTEGER:
+    case TYPE_FLOAT:
+    case TYPE_COMPLEX:
+    case TYPE_STRING:
+    case TYPE_NIL:
+      // These types can not refer to themselves.
+    case TYPE_MAP:
+    case TYPE_CHANNEL:
+      // All maps and channels have the same type in GENERIC.
+      t = Type::get_named_type_tree(gogo, this->type_);
+      if (t == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      // Build a copy to set TYPE_NAME.
+      t = build_variant_type_copy(t);
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_FUNCTION:
+      // GENERIC can't handle a pointer to a function type whose
+      // return type is a pointer to the function type itself.  It
+      // does into infinite loops when walking the types.
+      if (this->seen_
+         && this->function_type()->results() != NULL
+         && this->function_type()->results()->size() == 1
+         && (this->function_type()->results()->front().type()->forwarded()
+             == this))
+       return ptr_type_node;
+      this->seen_ = true;
+      t = Type::get_named_type_tree(gogo, this->type_);
+      this->seen_ = false;
+      if (t == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      t = build_variant_type_copy(t);
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_POINTER:
+      // GENERIC can't handle a pointer type which points to itself.
+      // It goes into infinite loops when walking the types.
+      if (this->seen_ && this->points_to()->forwarded() == this)
+       return ptr_type_node;
+      this->seen_ = true;
+      t = Type::get_named_type_tree(gogo, this->type_);
+      this->seen_ = false;
+      if (t == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      t = build_variant_type_copy(t);
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_STRUCT:
+      if (this->named_tree_ != NULL_TREE)
+       return this->named_tree_;
+      t = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+      this->named_tree_ = t;
+      this->type_->struct_type()->fill_in_tree(gogo, t);
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_ARRAY:
+      if (!this->is_open_array_type())
+       t = Type::get_named_type_tree(gogo, this->type_);
+      else
+       {
+         if (this->named_tree_ != NULL_TREE)
+           return this->named_tree_;
+         t = gogo->slice_type_tree(void_type_node);
+         this->named_tree_ = t;
+         t = this->type_->array_type()->fill_in_tree(gogo, t);
+       }
+      if (t == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      t = build_variant_type_copy(t);
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_INTERFACE:
+      if (this->type_->interface_type()->is_empty())
+       {
+         t = Type::get_named_type_tree(gogo, this->type_);
+         if (t == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         t = build_variant_type_copy(t);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         if (this->named_tree_ != NULL_TREE)
+           return this->named_tree_;
+         t = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+         this->named_tree_ = t;
+         t = this->type_->interface_type()->fill_in_tree(gogo, t);
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_NAMED:
+      {
+       // When a named type T1 is defined as another named type T2,
+       // the definition must simply be "type T1 T2".  If the
+       // definition of T2 may refer to T1, then we must simply
+       // return the type for T2 here.  It's not precisely correct,
+       // but it's as close as we can get with GENERIC.
+       bool was_seen = this->seen_;
+       this->seen_ = true;
+       t = Type::get_named_type_tree(gogo, this->type_);
+       this->seen_ = was_seen;
+       if (was_seen)
+         return t;
+       if (t == error_mark_node)
+         return error_mark_node;
+       t = build_variant_type_copy(t);
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_FORWARD:
+      // An undefined forwarding type.  Make sure the error is
+      // emitted.
+      this->type_->forward_declaration_type()->real_type();
+      return error_mark_node;
+
+    default:
+    case TYPE_SINK:
+    case TYPE_CALL_MULTIPLE_RESULT:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  tree id = this->named_object_->get_id(gogo);
+  tree decl = build_decl(this->location_, TYPE_DECL, id, t);
+  TYPE_NAME(t) = decl;
+
+  return t;
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for a named type.
+
+Expression*
+Named_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  // If NAME is not NULL, then we don't really want the type
+  // descriptor for this type; we want the descriptor for the
+  // underlying type, giving it the name NAME.
+  return this->named_type_descriptor(gogo, this->type_,
+                                    name == NULL ? this : name);
+}
+
+// Add to the reflection string.  This is used mostly for the name of
+// the type used in a type descriptor, not for actual reflection
+// strings.
+
+void
+Named_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  if (this->location() != BUILTINS_LOCATION)
+    {
+      const Package* package = this->named_object_->package();
+      if (package != NULL)
+       ret->append(package->name());
+      else
+       ret->append(gogo->package_name());
+      ret->push_back('.');
+    }
+  if (this->in_function_ != NULL)
+    {
+      ret->append(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(this->in_function_->name()));
+      ret->push_back('$');
+    }
+  ret->append(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(this->named_object_->name()));
+}
+
+// Get the mangled name.
+
+void
+Named_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  Named_object* no = this->named_object_;
+  std::string name;
+  if (this->location() == BUILTINS_LOCATION)
+    gcc_assert(this->in_function_ == NULL);
+  else
+    {
+      const std::string& unique_prefix(no->package() == NULL
+                                      ? gogo->unique_prefix()
+                                      : no->package()->unique_prefix());
+      const std::string& package_name(no->package() == NULL
+                                     ? gogo->package_name()
+                                     : no->package()->name());
+      name = unique_prefix;
+      name.append(1, '.');
+      name.append(package_name);
+      name.append(1, '.');
+      if (this->in_function_ != NULL)
+       {
+         name.append(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(this->in_function_->name()));
+         name.append(1, '$');
+       }
+    }
+  name.append(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(no->name()));
+  char buf[20];
+  snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "N%u_", static_cast<unsigned int>(name.length()));
+  ret->append(buf);
+  ret->append(name);
+}
+
+// Export the type.  This is called to export a global type.
+
+void
+Named_type::export_named_type(Export* exp, const std::string&) const
+{
+  // We don't need to write the name of the type here, because it will
+  // be written by Export::write_type anyhow.
+  exp->write_c_string("type ");
+  exp->write_type(this);
+  exp->write_c_string(";\n");
+}
+
+// Import a named type.
+
+void
+Named_type::import_named_type(Import* imp, Named_type** ptype)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("type ");
+  Type *type = imp->read_type();
+  *ptype = type->named_type();
+  gcc_assert(*ptype != NULL);
+  imp->require_c_string(";\n");
+}
+
+// Export the type when it is referenced by another type.  In this
+// case Export::export_type will already have issued the name.
+
+void
+Named_type::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_type(this->type_);
+
+  // To save space, we only export the methods directly attached to
+  // this type.
+  Bindings* methods = this->local_methods_;
+  if (methods == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  exp->write_c_string("\n");
+  for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator p = methods->begin_definitions();
+       p != methods->end_definitions();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      exp->write_c_string(" ");
+      (*p)->export_named_object(exp);
+    }
+
+  for (Bindings::const_declarations_iterator p = methods->begin_declarations();
+       p != methods->end_declarations();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->second->is_function_declaration())
+       {
+         exp->write_c_string(" ");
+         p->second->export_named_object(exp);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Make a named type.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::make_named_type(Named_object* named_object, Type* type,
+                     source_location location)
+{
+  return new Named_type(named_object, type, location);
+}
+
+// Finalize the methods for TYPE.  It will be a named type or a struct
+// type.  This sets *ALL_METHODS to the list of methods, and builds
+// all required stubs.
+
+void
+Type::finalize_methods(Gogo* gogo, const Type* type, source_location location,
+                      Methods** all_methods)
+{
+  *all_methods = NULL;
+  Types_seen types_seen;
+  Type::add_methods_for_type(type, NULL, 0, false, false, &types_seen,
+                            all_methods);
+  Type::build_stub_methods(gogo, type, *all_methods, location);
+}
+
+// Add the methods for TYPE to *METHODS.  FIELD_INDEXES is used to
+// build up the struct field indexes as we go.  DEPTH is the depth of
+// the field within TYPE.  IS_EMBEDDED_POINTER is true if we are
+// adding these methods for an anonymous field with pointer type.
+// NEEDS_STUB_METHOD is true if we need to use a stub method which
+// calls the real method.  TYPES_SEEN is used to avoid infinite
+// recursion.
+
+void
+Type::add_methods_for_type(const Type* type,
+                          const Method::Field_indexes* field_indexes,
+                          unsigned int depth,
+                          bool is_embedded_pointer,
+                          bool needs_stub_method,
+                          Types_seen* types_seen,
+                          Methods** methods)
+{
+  // Pointer types may not have methods.
+  if (type->points_to() != NULL)
+    return;
+
+  const Named_type* nt = type->named_type();
+  if (nt != NULL)
+    {
+      std::pair<Types_seen::iterator, bool> ins = types_seen->insert(nt);
+      if (!ins.second)
+       return;
+    }
+
+  if (nt != NULL)
+    Type::add_local_methods_for_type(nt, field_indexes, depth,
+                                    is_embedded_pointer, needs_stub_method,
+                                    methods);
+
+  Type::add_embedded_methods_for_type(type, field_indexes, depth,
+                                     is_embedded_pointer, needs_stub_method,
+                                     types_seen, methods);
+
+  // If we are called with depth > 0, then we are looking at an
+  // anonymous field of a struct.  If such a field has interface type,
+  // then we need to add the interface methods.  We don't want to add
+  // them when depth == 0, because we will already handle them
+  // following the usual rules for an interface type.
+  if (depth > 0)
+    Type::add_interface_methods_for_type(type, field_indexes, depth, methods);
+}
+
+// Add the local methods for the named type NT to *METHODS.  The
+// parameters are as for add_methods_to_type.
+
+void
+Type::add_local_methods_for_type(const Named_type* nt,
+                                const Method::Field_indexes* field_indexes,
+                                unsigned int depth,
+                                bool is_embedded_pointer,
+                                bool needs_stub_method,
+                                Methods** methods)
+{
+  const Bindings* local_methods = nt->local_methods();
+  if (local_methods == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  if (*methods == NULL)
+    *methods = new Methods();
+
+  for (Bindings::const_declarations_iterator p =
+        local_methods->begin_declarations();
+       p != local_methods->end_declarations();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Named_object* no = p->second;
+      bool is_value_method = (is_embedded_pointer
+                             || !Type::method_expects_pointer(no));
+      Method* m = new Named_method(no, field_indexes, depth, is_value_method,
+                                  (needs_stub_method
+                                   || (depth > 0 && is_value_method)));
+      if (!(*methods)->insert(no->name(), m))
+       delete m;
+    }
+}
+
+// Add the embedded methods for TYPE to *METHODS.  These are the
+// methods attached to anonymous fields.  The parameters are as for
+// add_methods_to_type.
+
+void
+Type::add_embedded_methods_for_type(const Type* type,
+                                   const Method::Field_indexes* field_indexes,
+                                   unsigned int depth,
+                                   bool is_embedded_pointer,
+                                   bool needs_stub_method,
+                                   Types_seen* types_seen,
+                                   Methods** methods)
+{
+  // Look for anonymous fields in TYPE.  TYPE has fields if it is a
+  // struct.
+  const Struct_type* st = type->struct_type();
+  if (st == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = st->fields();
+  if (fields == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  unsigned int i = 0;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf, ++i)
+    {
+      if (!pf->is_anonymous())
+       continue;
+
+      Type* ftype = pf->type();
+      bool is_pointer = false;
+      if (ftype->points_to() != NULL)
+       {
+         ftype = ftype->points_to();
+         is_pointer = true;
+       }
+      Named_type* fnt = ftype->named_type();
+      if (fnt == NULL)
+       {
+         // This is an error, but it will be diagnosed elsewhere.
+         continue;
+       }
+
+      Method::Field_indexes* sub_field_indexes = new Method::Field_indexes();
+      sub_field_indexes->next = field_indexes;
+      sub_field_indexes->field_index = i;
+
+      Type::add_methods_for_type(fnt, sub_field_indexes, depth + 1,
+                                (is_embedded_pointer || is_pointer),
+                                (needs_stub_method
+                                 || is_pointer
+                                 || i > 0),
+                                types_seen,
+                                methods);
+    }
+}
+
+// If TYPE is an interface type, then add its method to *METHODS.
+// This is for interface methods attached to an anonymous field.  The
+// parameters are as for add_methods_for_type.
+
+void
+Type::add_interface_methods_for_type(const Type* type,
+                                    const Method::Field_indexes* field_indexes,
+                                    unsigned int depth,
+                                    Methods** methods)
+{
+  const Interface_type* it = type->interface_type();
+  if (it == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* imethods = it->methods();
+  if (imethods == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  if (*methods == NULL)
+    *methods = new Methods();
+
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pm = imethods->begin();
+       pm != imethods->end();
+       ++pm)
+    {
+      Function_type* fntype = pm->type()->function_type();
+      gcc_assert(fntype != NULL && !fntype->is_method());
+      fntype = fntype->copy_with_receiver(const_cast<Type*>(type));
+      Method* m = new Interface_method(pm->name(), pm->location(), fntype,
+                                      field_indexes, depth);
+      if (!(*methods)->insert(pm->name(), m))
+       delete m;
+    }
+}
+
+// Build stub methods for TYPE as needed.  METHODS is the set of
+// methods for the type.  A stub method may be needed when a type
+// inherits a method from an anonymous field.  When we need the
+// address of the method, as in a type descriptor, we need to build a
+// little stub which does the required field dereferences and jumps to
+// the real method.  LOCATION is the location of the type definition.
+
+void
+Type::build_stub_methods(Gogo* gogo, const Type* type, const Methods* methods,
+                        source_location location)
+{
+  if (methods == NULL)
+    return;
+  for (Methods::const_iterator p = methods->begin();
+       p != methods->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Method* m = p->second;
+      if (m->is_ambiguous() || !m->needs_stub_method())
+       continue;
+
+      const std::string& name(p->first);
+
+      // Build a stub method.
+
+      const Function_type* fntype = m->type();
+
+      static unsigned int counter;
+      char buf[100];
+      snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "$this%u", counter);
+      ++counter;
+
+      Type* receiver_type = const_cast<Type*>(type);
+      if (!m->is_value_method())
+       receiver_type = Type::make_pointer_type(receiver_type);
+      source_location receiver_location = m->receiver_location();
+      Typed_identifier* receiver = new Typed_identifier(buf, receiver_type,
+                                                       receiver_location);
+
+      const Typed_identifier_list* fnparams = fntype->parameters();
+      Typed_identifier_list* stub_params;
+      if (fnparams == NULL || fnparams->empty())
+       stub_params = NULL;
+      else
+       {
+         // We give each stub parameter a unique name.
+         stub_params = new Typed_identifier_list();
+         for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pp = fnparams->begin();
+              pp != fnparams->end();
+              ++pp)
+           {
+             char pbuf[100];
+             snprintf(pbuf, sizeof pbuf, "$p%u", counter);
+             stub_params->push_back(Typed_identifier(pbuf, pp->type(),
+                                                     pp->location()));
+             ++counter;
+           }
+       }
+
+      const Typed_identifier_list* fnresults = fntype->results();
+      Typed_identifier_list* stub_results;
+      if (fnresults == NULL || fnresults->empty())
+       stub_results = NULL;
+      else
+       {
+         // We create the result parameters without any names, since
+         // we won't refer to them.
+         stub_results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+         for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pr = fnresults->begin();
+              pr != fnresults->end();
+              ++pr)
+           stub_results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", pr->type(),
+                                                    pr->location()));
+       }
+
+      Function_type* stub_type = Type::make_function_type(receiver,
+                                                         stub_params,
+                                                         stub_results,
+                                                         fntype->location());
+      if (fntype->is_varargs())
+       stub_type->set_is_varargs();
+
+      // We only create the function in the package which creates the
+      // type.
+      const Package* package;
+      if (type->named_type() == NULL)
+       package = NULL;
+      else
+       package = type->named_type()->named_object()->package();
+      Named_object* stub;
+      if (package != NULL)
+       stub = Named_object::make_function_declaration(name, package,
+                                                      stub_type, location);
+      else
+       {
+         stub = gogo->start_function(name, stub_type, false,
+                                     fntype->location());
+         Type::build_one_stub_method(gogo, m, buf, stub_params,
+                                     fntype->is_varargs(), location);
+         gogo->finish_function(fntype->location());
+       }
+
+      m->set_stub_object(stub);
+    }
+}
+
+// Build a stub method which adjusts the receiver as required to call
+// METHOD.  RECEIVER_NAME is the name we used for the receiver.
+// PARAMS is the list of function parameters.
+
+void
+Type::build_one_stub_method(Gogo* gogo, Method* method,
+                           const char* receiver_name,
+                           const Typed_identifier_list* params,
+                           bool is_varargs,
+                           source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* receiver_object = gogo->lookup(receiver_name, NULL);
+  gcc_assert(receiver_object != NULL);
+
+  Expression* expr = Expression::make_var_reference(receiver_object, location);
+  expr = Type::apply_field_indexes(expr, method->field_indexes(), location);
+  if (expr->type()->points_to() == NULL)
+    expr = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, expr, location);
+
+  Expression_list* arguments;
+  if (params == NULL || params->empty())
+    arguments = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      arguments = new Expression_list();
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = params->begin();
+          p != params->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         Named_object* param = gogo->lookup(p->name(), NULL);
+         gcc_assert(param != NULL);
+         Expression* param_ref = Expression::make_var_reference(param,
+                                                                location);
+         arguments->push_back(param_ref);
+       }
+    }
+
+  Expression* func = method->bind_method(expr, location);
+  gcc_assert(func != NULL);
+  Call_expression* call = Expression::make_call(func, arguments, is_varargs,
+                                               location);
+  size_t count = call->result_count();
+  if (count == 0)
+    gogo->add_statement(Statement::make_statement(call));
+  else
+    {
+      Expression_list* retvals = new Expression_list();
+      if (count <= 1)
+       retvals->push_back(call);
+      else
+       {
+         for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i)
+           retvals->push_back(Expression::make_call_result(call, i));
+       }
+      const Function* function = gogo->current_function()->func_value();
+      const Typed_identifier_list* results = function->type()->results();
+      Statement* retstat = Statement::make_return_statement(results, retvals,
+                                                           location);
+      gogo->add_statement(retstat);
+    }
+}
+
+// Apply FIELD_INDEXES to EXPR.  The field indexes have to be applied
+// in reverse order.
+
+Expression*
+Type::apply_field_indexes(Expression* expr,
+                         const Method::Field_indexes* field_indexes,
+                         source_location location)
+{
+  if (field_indexes == NULL)
+    return expr;
+  expr = Type::apply_field_indexes(expr, field_indexes->next, location);
+  Struct_type* stype = expr->type()->deref()->struct_type();
+  gcc_assert(stype != NULL
+            && field_indexes->field_index < stype->field_count());
+  if (expr->type()->struct_type() == NULL)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(expr->type()->points_to() != NULL);
+      expr = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, expr, location);
+      gcc_assert(expr->type()->struct_type() == stype);
+    }
+  return Expression::make_field_reference(expr, field_indexes->field_index,
+                                         location);
+}
+
+// Return whether NO is a method for which the receiver is a pointer.
+
+bool
+Type::method_expects_pointer(const Named_object* no)
+{
+  const Function_type *fntype;
+  if (no->is_function())
+    fntype = no->func_value()->type();
+  else if (no->is_function_declaration())
+    fntype = no->func_declaration_value()->type();
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+  return fntype->receiver()->type()->points_to() != NULL;
+}
+
+// Given a set of methods for a type, METHODS, return the method NAME,
+// or NULL if there isn't one or if it is ambiguous.  If IS_AMBIGUOUS
+// is not NULL, then set *IS_AMBIGUOUS to true if the method exists
+// but is ambiguous (and return NULL).
+
+Method*
+Type::method_function(const Methods* methods, const std::string& name,
+                     bool* is_ambiguous)
+{
+  if (is_ambiguous != NULL)
+    *is_ambiguous = false;
+  if (methods == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+  Methods::const_iterator p = methods->find(name);
+  if (p == methods->end())
+    return NULL;
+  Method* m = p->second;
+  if (m->is_ambiguous())
+    {
+      if (is_ambiguous != NULL)
+       *is_ambiguous = true;
+      return NULL;
+    }
+  return m;
+}
+
+// Look for field or method NAME for TYPE.  Return an Expression for
+// the field or method bound to EXPR.  If there is no such field or
+// method, give an appropriate error and return an error expression.
+
+Expression*
+Type::bind_field_or_method(Gogo* gogo, const Type* type, Expression* expr,
+                          const std::string& name,
+                          source_location location)
+{
+  if (type->is_error_type())
+    return Expression::make_error(location);
+
+  const Named_type* nt = type->named_type();
+  if (nt == NULL)
+    nt = type->deref()->named_type();
+  const Struct_type* st = type->deref()->struct_type();
+  const Interface_type* it = type->deref()->interface_type();
+
+  // If this is a pointer to a pointer, then it is possible that the
+  // pointed-to type has methods.
+  if (nt == NULL
+      && st == NULL
+      && it == NULL
+      && type->points_to() != NULL
+      && type->points_to()->points_to() != NULL)
+    {
+      expr = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, expr, location);
+      type = type->points_to();
+      nt = type->points_to()->named_type();
+      st = type->points_to()->struct_type();
+      it = type->points_to()->interface_type();
+    }
+
+  bool receiver_can_be_pointer = (expr->type()->points_to() != NULL
+                                 || expr->is_addressable());
+  bool is_method = false;
+  bool found_pointer_method = false;
+  std::string ambig1;
+  std::string ambig2;
+  if (Type::find_field_or_method(type, name, receiver_can_be_pointer, NULL,
+                                &is_method, &found_pointer_method,
+                                &ambig1, &ambig2))
+    {
+      Expression* ret;
+      if (!is_method)
+       {
+         gcc_assert(st != NULL);
+         if (type->struct_type() == NULL)
+           {
+             gcc_assert(type->points_to() != NULL);
+             expr = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, expr,
+                                           location);
+             gcc_assert(expr->type()->struct_type() == st);
+           }
+         ret = st->field_reference(expr, name, location);
+       }
+      else if (it != NULL && it->find_method(name) != NULL)
+       ret = Expression::make_interface_field_reference(expr, name,
+                                                        location);
+      else
+       {
+         Method* m;
+         if (nt != NULL)
+           m = nt->method_function(name, NULL);
+         else if (st != NULL)
+           m = st->method_function(name, NULL);
+         else
+           gcc_unreachable();
+         gcc_assert(m != NULL);
+         if (!m->is_value_method() && expr->type()->points_to() == NULL)
+           expr = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, expr, location);
+         ret = m->bind_method(expr, location);
+       }
+      gcc_assert(ret != NULL);
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (!ambig1.empty())
+       error_at(location, "%qs is ambiguous via %qs and %qs",
+                Gogo::message_name(name).c_str(),
+                Gogo::message_name(ambig1).c_str(),
+                Gogo::message_name(ambig2).c_str());
+      else if (found_pointer_method)
+       error_at(location, "method requires a pointer");
+      else if (nt == NULL && st == NULL && it == NULL)
+       error_at(location,
+                ("reference to field %qs in object which "
+                 "has no fields or methods"),
+                Gogo::message_name(name).c_str());
+      else
+       {
+         bool is_unexported;
+         if (!Gogo::is_hidden_name(name))
+           is_unexported = false;
+         else
+           {
+             std::string unpacked = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(name);
+             is_unexported = Type::is_unexported_field_or_method(gogo, type,
+                                                                 unpacked);
+           }
+         if (is_unexported)
+           error_at(location, "reference to unexported field or method %qs",
+                    Gogo::message_name(name).c_str());
+         else
+           error_at(location, "reference to undefined field or method %qs",
+                    Gogo::message_name(name).c_str());
+       }
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    }
+}
+
+// Look in TYPE for a field or method named NAME, return true if one
+// is found.  This looks through embedded anonymous fields and handles
+// ambiguity.  If a method is found, sets *IS_METHOD to true;
+// otherwise, if a field is found, set it to false.  If
+// RECEIVER_CAN_BE_POINTER is false, then the receiver is a value
+// whose address can not be taken.  When returning false, this sets
+// *FOUND_POINTER_METHOD if we found a method we couldn't use because
+// it requires a pointer.  LEVEL is used for recursive calls, and can
+// be NULL for a non-recursive call.  When this function returns false
+// because it finds that the name is ambiguous, it will store a path
+// to the ambiguous names in *AMBIG1 and *AMBIG2.  If the name is not
+// found at all, *AMBIG1 and *AMBIG2 will be unchanged.
+
+// This function just returns whether or not there is a field or
+// method, and whether it is a field or method.  It doesn't build an
+// expression to refer to it.  If it is a method, we then look in the
+// list of all methods for the type.  If it is a field, the search has
+// to be done again, looking only for fields, and building up the
+// expression as we go.
+
+bool
+Type::find_field_or_method(const Type* type,
+                          const std::string& name,
+                          bool receiver_can_be_pointer,
+                          int* level,
+                          bool* is_method,
+                          bool* found_pointer_method,
+                          std::string* ambig1,
+                          std::string* ambig2)
+{
+  // Named types can have locally defined methods.
+  const Named_type* nt = type->named_type();
+  if (nt == NULL && type->points_to() != NULL)
+    nt = type->points_to()->named_type();
+  if (nt != NULL)
+    {
+      Named_object* no = nt->find_local_method(name);
+      if (no != NULL)
+       {
+         if (receiver_can_be_pointer || !Type::method_expects_pointer(no))
+           {
+             *is_method = true;
+             return true;
+           }
+
+         // Record that we have found a pointer method in order to
+         // give a better error message if we don't find anything
+         // else.
+         *found_pointer_method = true;
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Interface types can have methods.
+  const Interface_type* it = type->deref()->interface_type();
+  if (it != NULL && it->find_method(name) != NULL)
+    {
+      *is_method = true;
+      return true;
+    }
+
+  // Struct types can have fields.  They can also inherit fields and
+  // methods from anonymous fields.
+  const Struct_type* st = type->deref()->struct_type();
+  if (st == NULL)
+    return false;
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = st->fields();
+  if (fields == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  int found_level = 0;
+  bool found_is_method = false;
+  std::string found_ambig1;
+  std::string found_ambig2;
+  const Struct_field* found_parent = NULL;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf)
+    {
+      if (pf->field_name() == name)
+       {
+         *is_method = false;
+         return true;
+       }
+
+      if (!pf->is_anonymous())
+       continue;
+
+      Named_type* fnt = pf->type()->deref()->named_type();
+      gcc_assert(fnt != NULL);
+
+      int sublevel = level == NULL ? 1 : *level + 1;
+      bool sub_is_method;
+      std::string subambig1;
+      std::string subambig2;
+      bool subfound = Type::find_field_or_method(fnt,
+                                                name,
+                                                receiver_can_be_pointer,
+                                                &sublevel,
+                                                &sub_is_method,
+                                                found_pointer_method,
+                                                &subambig1,
+                                                &subambig2);
+      if (!subfound)
+       {
+         if (!subambig1.empty())
+           {
+             // The name was found via this field, but is ambiguous.
+             // if the ambiguity is lower or at the same level as
+             // anything else we have already found, then we want to
+             // pass the ambiguity back to the caller.
+             if (found_level == 0 || sublevel <= found_level)
+               {
+                 found_ambig1 = pf->field_name() + '.' + subambig1;
+                 found_ambig2 = pf->field_name() + '.' + subambig2;
+                 found_level = sublevel;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // The name was found via this field.  Use the level to see
+         // if we want to use this one, or whether it introduces an
+         // ambiguity.
+         if (found_level == 0 || sublevel < found_level)
+           {
+             found_level = sublevel;
+             found_is_method = sub_is_method;
+             found_ambig1.clear();
+             found_ambig2.clear();
+             found_parent = &*pf;
+           }
+         else if (sublevel > found_level)
+           ;
+         else if (found_ambig1.empty())
+           {
+             // We found an ambiguity.
+             gcc_assert(found_parent != NULL);
+             found_ambig1 = found_parent->field_name();
+             found_ambig2 = pf->field_name();
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             // We found an ambiguity, but we already know of one.
+             // Just report the earlier one.
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Here if we didn't find anything FOUND_LEVEL is 0.  If we found
+  // something ambiguous, FOUND_LEVEL is not 0 and FOUND_AMBIG1 and
+  // FOUND_AMBIG2 are not empty.  If we found the field, FOUND_LEVEL
+  // is not 0 and FOUND_AMBIG1 and FOUND_AMBIG2 are empty.
+
+  if (found_level == 0)
+    return false;
+  else if (!found_ambig1.empty())
+    {
+      gcc_assert(!found_ambig1.empty());
+      ambig1->assign(found_ambig1);
+      ambig2->assign(found_ambig2);
+      if (level != NULL)
+       *level = found_level;
+      return false;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (level != NULL)
+       *level = found_level;
+      *is_method = found_is_method;
+      return true;
+    }
+}
+
+// Return whether NAME is an unexported field or method for TYPE.
+
+bool
+Type::is_unexported_field_or_method(Gogo* gogo, const Type* type,
+                                   const std::string& name)
+{
+  type = type->deref();
+
+  const Named_type* nt = type->named_type();
+  if (nt != NULL && nt->is_unexported_local_method(gogo, name))
+    return true;
+
+  const Interface_type* it = type->interface_type();
+  if (it != NULL && it->is_unexported_method(gogo, name))
+    return true;
+
+  const Struct_type* st = type->struct_type();
+  if (st != NULL && st->is_unexported_local_field(gogo, name))
+    return true;
+
+  if (st == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = st->fields();
+  if (fields == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf)
+    {
+      if (pf->is_anonymous())
+       {
+         Named_type* subtype = pf->type()->deref()->named_type();
+         gcc_assert(subtype != NULL);
+         if (Type::is_unexported_field_or_method(gogo, subtype, name))
+           return true;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Class Forward_declaration.
+
+Forward_declaration_type::Forward_declaration_type(Named_object* named_object)
+  : Type(TYPE_FORWARD),
+    named_object_(named_object->resolve()), warned_(false)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->named_object_->is_unknown()
+            || this->named_object_->is_type_declaration());
+}
+
+// Return the named object.
+
+Named_object*
+Forward_declaration_type::named_object()
+{
+  return this->named_object_->resolve();
+}
+
+const Named_object*
+Forward_declaration_type::named_object() const
+{
+  return this->named_object_->resolve();
+}
+
+// Return the name of the forward declared type.
+
+const std::string&
+Forward_declaration_type::name() const
+{
+  return this->named_object()->name();
+}
+
+// Warn about a use of a type which has been declared but not defined.
+
+void
+Forward_declaration_type::warn() const
+{
+  Named_object* no = this->named_object_->resolve();
+  if (no->is_unknown())
+    {
+      // The name was not defined anywhere.
+      if (!this->warned_)
+       {
+         error_at(this->named_object_->location(),
+                  "use of undefined type %qs",
+                  no->message_name().c_str());
+         this->warned_ = true;
+       }
+    }
+  else if (no->is_type_declaration())
+    {
+      // The name was seen as a type, but the type was never defined.
+      if (no->type_declaration_value()->using_type())
+       {
+         error_at(this->named_object_->location(),
+                  "use of undefined type %qs",
+                  no->message_name().c_str());
+         this->warned_ = true;
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // The name was defined, but not as a type.
+      if (!this->warned_)
+       {
+         error_at(this->named_object_->location(), "expected type");
+         this->warned_ = true;
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Get the base type of a declaration.  This gives an error if the
+// type has not yet been defined.
+
+Type*
+Forward_declaration_type::real_type()
+{
+  if (this->is_defined())
+    return this->named_object()->type_value();
+  else
+    {
+      this->warn();
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+}
+
+const Type*
+Forward_declaration_type::real_type() const
+{
+  if (this->is_defined())
+    return this->named_object()->type_value();
+  else
+    {
+      this->warn();
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return whether the base type is defined.
+
+bool
+Forward_declaration_type::is_defined() const
+{
+  return this->named_object()->is_type();
+}
+
+// Add a method.  This is used when methods are defined before the
+// type.
+
+Named_object*
+Forward_declaration_type::add_method(const std::string& name,
+                                    Function* function)
+{
+  Named_object* no = this->named_object();
+  gcc_assert(no->is_type_declaration());
+  return no->type_declaration_value()->add_method(name, function);
+}
+
+// Add a method declaration.  This is used when methods are declared
+// before the type.
+
+Named_object*
+Forward_declaration_type::add_method_declaration(const std::string& name,
+                                                Function_type* type,
+                                                source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* no = this->named_object();
+  gcc_assert(no->is_type_declaration());
+  Type_declaration* td = no->type_declaration_value();
+  return td->add_method_declaration(name, type, location);
+}
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Forward_declaration_type::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->is_defined()
+      && Type::traverse(this->real_type(), traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Get a tree for the type.
+
+tree
+Forward_declaration_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->is_defined())
+    return Type::get_named_type_tree(gogo, this->real_type());
+
+  if (this->warned_)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  // We represent an undefined type as a struct with no fields.  That
+  // should work fine for the middle-end, since the same case can
+  // arise in C.
+  Named_object* no = this->named_object();
+  tree type_tree = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+  tree id = no->get_id(gogo);
+  tree decl = build_decl(no->location(), TYPE_DECL, id, type_tree);
+  TYPE_NAME(type_tree) = decl;
+  return type_tree;
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for a forwarded type.
+
+Expression*
+Forward_declaration_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  if (!this->is_defined())
+    return Expression::make_nil(BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+  else
+    {
+      Type* t = this->real_type();
+      if (name != NULL)
+       return this->named_type_descriptor(gogo, t, name);
+      else
+       return Expression::make_type_descriptor(t, BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+    }
+}
+
+// The reflection string.
+
+void
+Forward_declaration_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  this->append_reflection(this->real_type(), gogo, ret);
+}
+
+// The mangled name.
+
+void
+Forward_declaration_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  if (this->is_defined())
+    this->append_mangled_name(this->real_type(), gogo, ret);
+  else
+    {
+      const Named_object* no = this->named_object();
+      std::string name;
+      if (no->package() == NULL)
+       name = gogo->package_name();
+      else
+       name = no->package()->name();
+      name += '.';
+      name += Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(no->name());
+      char buf[20];
+      snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "N%u_",
+              static_cast<unsigned int>(name.length()));
+      ret->append(buf);
+      ret->append(name);
+    }
+}
+
+// Export a forward declaration.  This can happen when a defined type
+// refers to a type which is only declared (and is presumably defined
+// in some other file in the same package).
+
+void
+Forward_declaration_type::do_export(Export*) const
+{
+  // If there is a base type, that should be exported instead of this.
+  gcc_assert(!this->is_defined());
+
+  // We don't output anything.
+}
+
+// Make a forward declaration.
+
+Type*
+Type::make_forward_declaration(Named_object* named_object)
+{
+  return new Forward_declaration_type(named_object);
+}
+
+// Class Typed_identifier_list.
+
+// Sort the entries by name.
+
+struct Typed_identifier_list_sort
+{
+ public:
+  bool
+  operator()(const Typed_identifier& t1, const Typed_identifier& t2) const
+  { return t1.name() < t2.name(); }
+};
+
+void
+Typed_identifier_list::sort_by_name()
+{
+  std::sort(this->entries_.begin(), this->entries_.end(),
+           Typed_identifier_list_sort());
+}
+
+// Traverse types.
+
+int
+Typed_identifier_list::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->begin();
+       p != this->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (Type::traverse(p->type(), traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Copy the list.
+
+Typed_identifier_list*
+Typed_identifier_list::copy() const
+{
+  Typed_identifier_list* ret = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->begin();
+       p != this->end();
+       ++p)
+    ret->push_back(Typed_identifier(p->name(), p->type(), p->location()));
+  return ret;
+}
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/types.cc.merge-right.r172891 b/gcc/go/gofrontend/types.cc.merge-right.r172891
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..86d65c1
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,8676 @@
+// types.cc -- Go frontend types.
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "go-system.h"
+
+#include <gmp.h>
+
+#ifndef ENABLE_BUILD_WITH_CXX
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif
+
+#include "toplev.h"
+#include "intl.h"
+#include "tree.h"
+#include "gimple.h"
+#include "real.h"
+#include "convert.h"
+
+#ifndef ENABLE_BUILD_WITH_CXX
+}
+#endif
+
+#include "go-c.h"
+#include "gogo.h"
+#include "operator.h"
+#include "expressions.h"
+#include "statements.h"
+#include "export.h"
+#include "import.h"
+#include "types.h"
+
+// Class Type.
+
+Type::Type(Type_classification classification)
+  : classification_(classification), tree_(NULL_TREE),
+    type_descriptor_decl_(NULL_TREE)
+{
+}
+
+Type::~Type()
+{
+}
+
+// Get the base type for a type--skip names and forward declarations.
+
+Type*
+Type::base()
+{
+  switch (this->classification_)
+    {
+    case TYPE_NAMED:
+      return this->named_type()->named_base();
+    case TYPE_FORWARD:
+      return this->forward_declaration_type()->real_type()->base();
+    default:
+      return this;
+    }
+}
+
+const Type*
+Type::base() const
+{
+  switch (this->classification_)
+    {
+    case TYPE_NAMED:
+      return this->named_type()->named_base();
+    case TYPE_FORWARD:
+      return this->forward_declaration_type()->real_type()->base();
+    default:
+      return this;
+    }
+}
+
+// Skip defined forward declarations.
+
+Type*
+Type::forwarded()
+{
+  Type* t = this;
+  Forward_declaration_type* ftype = t->forward_declaration_type();
+  while (ftype != NULL && ftype->is_defined())
+    {
+      t = ftype->real_type();
+      ftype = t->forward_declaration_type();
+    }
+  return t;
+}
+
+const Type*
+Type::forwarded() const
+{
+  const Type* t = this;
+  const Forward_declaration_type* ftype = t->forward_declaration_type();
+  while (ftype != NULL && ftype->is_defined())
+    {
+      t = ftype->real_type();
+      ftype = t->forward_declaration_type();
+    }
+  return t;
+}
+
+// If this is a named type, return it.  Otherwise, return NULL.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::named_type()
+{
+  return this->forwarded()->convert_no_base<Named_type, TYPE_NAMED>();
+}
+
+const Named_type*
+Type::named_type() const
+{
+  return this->forwarded()->convert_no_base<const Named_type, TYPE_NAMED>();
+}
+
+// Return true if this type is not defined.
+
+bool
+Type::is_undefined() const
+{
+  return this->forwarded()->forward_declaration_type() != NULL;
+}
+
+// Return true if this is a basic type: a type which is not composed
+// of other types, and is not void.
+
+bool
+Type::is_basic_type() const
+{
+  switch (this->classification_)
+    {
+    case TYPE_INTEGER:
+    case TYPE_FLOAT:
+    case TYPE_COMPLEX:
+    case TYPE_BOOLEAN:
+    case TYPE_STRING:
+    case TYPE_NIL:
+      return true;
+
+    case TYPE_ERROR:
+    case TYPE_VOID:
+    case TYPE_FUNCTION:
+    case TYPE_POINTER:
+    case TYPE_STRUCT:
+    case TYPE_ARRAY:
+    case TYPE_MAP:
+    case TYPE_CHANNEL:
+    case TYPE_INTERFACE:
+      return false;
+
+    case TYPE_NAMED:
+    case TYPE_FORWARD:
+      return this->base()->is_basic_type();
+
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return true if this is an abstract type.
+
+bool
+Type::is_abstract() const
+{
+  switch (this->classification())
+    {
+    case TYPE_INTEGER:
+      return this->integer_type()->is_abstract();
+    case TYPE_FLOAT:
+      return this->float_type()->is_abstract();
+    case TYPE_COMPLEX:
+      return this->complex_type()->is_abstract();
+    case TYPE_STRING:
+      return this->is_abstract_string_type();
+    case TYPE_BOOLEAN:
+      return this->is_abstract_boolean_type();
+    default:
+      return false;
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a non-abstract version of an abstract type.
+
+Type*
+Type::make_non_abstract_type()
+{
+  go_assert(this->is_abstract());
+  switch (this->classification())
+    {
+    case TYPE_INTEGER:
+      return Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+    case TYPE_FLOAT:
+      return Type::lookup_float_type("float64");
+    case TYPE_COMPLEX:
+      return Type::lookup_complex_type("complex128");
+    case TYPE_STRING:
+      return Type::lookup_string_type();
+    case TYPE_BOOLEAN:
+      return Type::lookup_bool_type();
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return true if this is an error type.  Don't give an error if we
+// try to dereference an undefined forwarding type, as this is called
+// in the parser when the type may legitimately be undefined.
+
+bool
+Type::is_error_type() const
+{
+  const Type* t = this->forwarded();
+  // Note that we return false for an undefined forward type.
+  switch (t->classification_)
+    {
+    case TYPE_ERROR:
+      return true;
+    case TYPE_NAMED:
+      return t->named_type()->is_named_error_type();
+    default:
+      return false;
+    }
+}
+
+// If this is a pointer type, return the type to which it points.
+// Otherwise, return NULL.
+
+Type*
+Type::points_to() const
+{
+  const Pointer_type* ptype = this->convert<const Pointer_type,
+                                           TYPE_POINTER>();
+  return ptype == NULL ? NULL : ptype->points_to();
+}
+
+// Return whether this is an open array type.
+
+bool
+Type::is_open_array_type() const
+{
+  return this->array_type() != NULL && this->array_type()->length() == NULL;
+}
+
+// Return whether this is the predeclared constant nil being used as a
+// type.
+
+bool
+Type::is_nil_constant_as_type() const
+{
+  const Type* t = this->forwarded();
+  if (t->forward_declaration_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      const Named_object* no = t->forward_declaration_type()->named_object();
+      if (no->is_unknown())
+       no = no->unknown_value()->real_named_object();
+      if (no != NULL
+         && no->is_const()
+         && no->const_value()->expr()->is_nil_expression())
+       return true;
+    }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Traverse a type.
+
+int
+Type::traverse(Type* type, Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  go_assert((traverse->traverse_mask() & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0
+            || (traverse->traverse_mask()
+                & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0);
+  if (traverse->remember_type(type))
+    {
+      // We have already traversed this type.
+      return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    }
+  if ((traverse->traverse_mask() & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0)
+    {
+      int t = traverse->type(type);
+      if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+      else if (t == TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS)
+       return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    }
+  // An array type has an expression which we need to traverse if
+  // traverse_expressions is set.
+  if (type->do_traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Default implementation for do_traverse for child class.
+
+int
+Type::do_traverse(Traverse*)
+{
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Return whether two types are identical.  If ERRORS_ARE_IDENTICAL,
+// then return true for all erroneous types; this is used to avoid
+// cascading errors.  If REASON is not NULL, optionally set *REASON to
+// the reason the types are not identical.
+
+bool
+Type::are_identical(const Type* t1, const Type* t2, bool errors_are_identical,
+                   std::string* reason)
+{
+  if (t1 == NULL || t2 == NULL)
+    {
+      // Something is wrong.
+      return errors_are_identical ? true : t1 == t2;
+    }
+
+  // Skip defined forward declarations.
+  t1 = t1->forwarded();
+  t2 = t2->forwarded();
+
+  if (t1 == t2)
+    return true;
+
+  // An undefined forward declaration is an error.
+  if (t1->forward_declaration_type() != NULL
+      || t2->forward_declaration_type() != NULL)
+    return errors_are_identical;
+
+  // Avoid cascading errors with error types.
+  if (t1->is_error_type() || t2->is_error_type())
+    {
+      if (errors_are_identical)
+       return true;
+      return t1->is_error_type() && t2->is_error_type();
+    }
+
+  // Get a good reason for the sink type.  Note that the sink type on
+  // the left hand side of an assignment is handled in are_assignable.
+  if (t1->is_sink_type() || t2->is_sink_type())
+    {
+      if (reason != NULL)
+       *reason = "invalid use of _";
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  // A named type is only identical to itself.
+  if (t1->named_type() != NULL || t2->named_type() != NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  // Check type shapes.
+  if (t1->classification() != t2->classification())
+    return false;
+
+  switch (t1->classification())
+    {
+    case TYPE_VOID:
+    case TYPE_BOOLEAN:
+    case TYPE_STRING:
+    case TYPE_NIL:
+      // These types are always identical.
+      return true;
+
+    case TYPE_INTEGER:
+      return t1->integer_type()->is_identical(t2->integer_type());
+
+    case TYPE_FLOAT:
+      return t1->float_type()->is_identical(t2->float_type());
+
+    case TYPE_COMPLEX:
+      return t1->complex_type()->is_identical(t2->complex_type());
+
+    case TYPE_FUNCTION:
+      return t1->function_type()->is_identical(t2->function_type(),
+                                              false,
+                                              errors_are_identical,
+                                              reason);
+
+    case TYPE_POINTER:
+      return Type::are_identical(t1->points_to(), t2->points_to(),
+                                errors_are_identical, reason);
+
+    case TYPE_STRUCT:
+      return t1->struct_type()->is_identical(t2->struct_type(),
+                                            errors_are_identical);
+
+    case TYPE_ARRAY:
+      return t1->array_type()->is_identical(t2->array_type(),
+                                           errors_are_identical);
+
+    case TYPE_MAP:
+      return t1->map_type()->is_identical(t2->map_type(),
+                                         errors_are_identical);
+
+    case TYPE_CHANNEL:
+      return t1->channel_type()->is_identical(t2->channel_type(),
+                                             errors_are_identical);
+
+    case TYPE_INTERFACE:
+      return t1->interface_type()->is_identical(t2->interface_type(),
+                                               errors_are_identical);
+
+    case TYPE_CALL_MULTIPLE_RESULT:
+      if (reason != NULL)
+       *reason = "invalid use of multiple value function call";
+      return false;
+
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return true if it's OK to have a binary operation with types LHS
+// and RHS.  This is not used for shifts or comparisons.
+
+bool
+Type::are_compatible_for_binop(const Type* lhs, const Type* rhs)
+{
+  if (Type::are_identical(lhs, rhs, true, NULL))
+    return true;
+
+  // A constant of abstract bool type may be mixed with any bool type.
+  if ((rhs->is_abstract_boolean_type() && lhs->is_boolean_type())
+      || (lhs->is_abstract_boolean_type() && rhs->is_boolean_type()))
+    return true;
+
+  // A constant of abstract string type may be mixed with any string
+  // type.
+  if ((rhs->is_abstract_string_type() && lhs->is_string_type())
+      || (lhs->is_abstract_string_type() && rhs->is_string_type()))
+    return true;
+
+  lhs = lhs->base();
+  rhs = rhs->base();
+
+  // A constant of abstract integer, float, or complex type may be
+  // mixed with an integer, float, or complex type.
+  if ((rhs->is_abstract()
+       && (rhs->integer_type() != NULL
+          || rhs->float_type() != NULL
+          || rhs->complex_type() != NULL)
+       && (lhs->integer_type() != NULL
+          || lhs->float_type() != NULL
+          || lhs->complex_type() != NULL))
+      || (lhs->is_abstract()
+         && (lhs->integer_type() != NULL
+             || lhs->float_type() != NULL
+             || lhs->complex_type() != NULL)
+         && (rhs->integer_type() != NULL
+             || rhs->float_type() != NULL
+             || rhs->complex_type() != NULL)))
+    return true;
+
+  // The nil type may be compared to a pointer, an interface type, a
+  // slice type, a channel type, a map type, or a function type.
+  if (lhs->is_nil_type()
+      && (rhs->points_to() != NULL
+         || rhs->interface_type() != NULL
+         || rhs->is_open_array_type()
+         || rhs->map_type() != NULL
+         || rhs->channel_type() != NULL
+         || rhs->function_type() != NULL))
+    return true;
+  if (rhs->is_nil_type()
+      && (lhs->points_to() != NULL
+         || lhs->interface_type() != NULL
+         || lhs->is_open_array_type()
+         || lhs->map_type() != NULL
+         || lhs->channel_type() != NULL
+         || lhs->function_type() != NULL))
+    return true;
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return true if a value with type RHS may be assigned to a variable
+// with type LHS.  If CHECK_HIDDEN_FIELDS is true, check whether any
+// hidden fields are modified.  If REASON is not NULL, set *REASON to
+// the reason the types are not assignable.
+
+bool
+Type::are_assignable_check_hidden(const Type* lhs, const Type* rhs,
+                                 bool check_hidden_fields,
+                                 std::string* reason)
+{
+  // Do some checks first.  Make sure the types are defined.
+  if (rhs != NULL
+      && rhs->forwarded()->forward_declaration_type() == NULL
+      && rhs->is_void_type())
+    {
+      if (reason != NULL)
+       *reason = "non-value used as value";
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  if (lhs != NULL && lhs->forwarded()->forward_declaration_type() == NULL)
+    {
+      // Any value may be assigned to the blank identifier.
+      if (lhs->is_sink_type())
+       return true;
+
+      // All fields of a struct must be exported, or the assignment
+      // must be in the same package.
+      if (check_hidden_fields
+         && rhs != NULL
+         && rhs->forwarded()->forward_declaration_type() == NULL)
+       {
+         if (lhs->has_hidden_fields(NULL, reason)
+             || rhs->has_hidden_fields(NULL, reason))
+           return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Identical types are assignable.
+  if (Type::are_identical(lhs, rhs, true, reason))
+    return true;
+
+  // The types are assignable if they have identical underlying types
+  // and either LHS or RHS is not a named type.
+  if (((lhs->named_type() != NULL && rhs->named_type() == NULL)
+       || (rhs->named_type() != NULL && lhs->named_type() == NULL))
+      && Type::are_identical(lhs->base(), rhs->base(), true, reason))
+    return true;
+
+  // The types are assignable if LHS is an interface type and RHS
+  // implements the required methods.
+  const Interface_type* lhs_interface_type = lhs->interface_type();
+  if (lhs_interface_type != NULL)
+    {
+      if (lhs_interface_type->implements_interface(rhs, reason))
+       return true;
+      const Interface_type* rhs_interface_type = rhs->interface_type();
+      if (rhs_interface_type != NULL
+         && lhs_interface_type->is_compatible_for_assign(rhs_interface_type,
+                                                         reason))
+       return true;
+    }
+
+  // The type are assignable if RHS is a bidirectional channel type,
+  // LHS is a channel type, they have identical element types, and
+  // either LHS or RHS is not a named type.
+  if (lhs->channel_type() != NULL
+      && rhs->channel_type() != NULL
+      && rhs->channel_type()->may_send()
+      && rhs->channel_type()->may_receive()
+      && (lhs->named_type() == NULL || rhs->named_type() == NULL)
+      && Type::are_identical(lhs->channel_type()->element_type(),
+                            rhs->channel_type()->element_type(),
+                            true,
+                            reason))
+    return true;
+
+  // The nil type may be assigned to a pointer, function, slice, map,
+  // channel, or interface type.
+  if (rhs->is_nil_type()
+      && (lhs->points_to() != NULL
+         || lhs->function_type() != NULL
+         || lhs->is_open_array_type()
+         || lhs->map_type() != NULL
+         || lhs->channel_type() != NULL
+         || lhs->interface_type() != NULL))
+    return true;
+
+  // An untyped numeric constant may be assigned to a numeric type if
+  // it is representable in that type.
+  if ((rhs->is_abstract()
+       && (rhs->integer_type() != NULL
+          || rhs->float_type() != NULL
+          || rhs->complex_type() != NULL))
+      && (lhs->integer_type() != NULL
+         || lhs->float_type() != NULL
+         || lhs->complex_type() != NULL))
+    return true;
+
+  // Give some better error messages.
+  if (reason != NULL && reason->empty())
+    {
+      if (rhs->interface_type() != NULL)
+       reason->assign(_("need explicit conversion"));
+      else if (rhs->is_call_multiple_result_type())
+       reason->assign(_("multiple value function call in "
+                        "single value context"));
+      else if (lhs->named_type() != NULL && rhs->named_type() != NULL)
+       {
+         size_t len = (lhs->named_type()->name().length()
+                       + rhs->named_type()->name().length()
+                       + 100);
+         char* buf = new char[len];
+         snprintf(buf, len, _("cannot use type %s as type %s"),
+                  rhs->named_type()->message_name().c_str(),
+                  lhs->named_type()->message_name().c_str());
+         reason->assign(buf);
+         delete[] buf;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return true if a value with type RHS may be assigned to a variable
+// with type LHS.  If REASON is not NULL, set *REASON to the reason
+// the types are not assignable.
+
+bool
+Type::are_assignable(const Type* lhs, const Type* rhs, std::string* reason)
+{
+  return Type::are_assignable_check_hidden(lhs, rhs, true, reason);
+}
+
+// Like are_assignable but don't check for hidden fields.
+
+bool
+Type::are_assignable_hidden_ok(const Type* lhs, const Type* rhs,
+                              std::string* reason)
+{
+  return Type::are_assignable_check_hidden(lhs, rhs, false, reason);
+}
+
+// Return true if a value with type RHS may be converted to type LHS.
+// If REASON is not NULL, set *REASON to the reason the types are not
+// convertible.
+
+bool
+Type::are_convertible(const Type* lhs, const Type* rhs, std::string* reason)
+{
+  // The types are convertible if they are assignable.
+  if (Type::are_assignable(lhs, rhs, reason))
+    return true;
+
+  // The types are convertible if they have identical underlying
+  // types.
+  if ((lhs->named_type() != NULL || rhs->named_type() != NULL)
+      && Type::are_identical(lhs->base(), rhs->base(), true, reason))
+    return true;
+
+  // The types are convertible if they are both unnamed pointer types
+  // and their pointer base types have identical underlying types.
+  if (lhs->named_type() == NULL
+      && rhs->named_type() == NULL
+      && lhs->points_to() != NULL
+      && rhs->points_to() != NULL
+      && (lhs->points_to()->named_type() != NULL
+         || rhs->points_to()->named_type() != NULL)
+      && Type::are_identical(lhs->points_to()->base(),
+                            rhs->points_to()->base(),
+                            true,
+                            reason))
+    return true;
+
+  // Integer and floating point types are convertible to each other.
+  if ((lhs->integer_type() != NULL || lhs->float_type() != NULL)
+      && (rhs->integer_type() != NULL || rhs->float_type() != NULL))
+    return true;
+
+  // Complex types are convertible to each other.
+  if (lhs->complex_type() != NULL && rhs->complex_type() != NULL)
+    return true;
+
+  // An integer, or []byte, or []int, may be converted to a string.
+  if (lhs->is_string_type())
+    {
+      if (rhs->integer_type() != NULL)
+       return true;
+      if (rhs->is_open_array_type() && rhs->named_type() == NULL)
+       {
+         const Type* e = rhs->array_type()->element_type()->forwarded();
+         if (e->integer_type() != NULL
+             && (e == Type::lookup_integer_type("uint8")
+                 || e == Type::lookup_integer_type("int")))
+           return true;
+       }
+    }
+
+  // A string may be converted to []byte or []int.
+  if (rhs->is_string_type()
+      && lhs->is_open_array_type()
+      && lhs->named_type() == NULL)
+    {
+      const Type* e = lhs->array_type()->element_type()->forwarded();
+      if (e->integer_type() != NULL
+         && (e == Type::lookup_integer_type("uint8")
+             || e == Type::lookup_integer_type("int")))
+       return true;
+    }
+
+  // An unsafe.Pointer type may be converted to any pointer type or to
+  // uintptr, and vice-versa.
+  if (lhs->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
+      && (rhs->points_to() != NULL
+         || (rhs->integer_type() != NULL
+             && rhs->forwarded() == Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr"))))
+    return true;
+  if (rhs->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
+      && (lhs->points_to() != NULL
+         || (lhs->integer_type() != NULL
+             && lhs->forwarded() == Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr"))))
+    return true;
+
+  // Give a better error message.
+  if (reason != NULL)
+    {
+      if (reason->empty())
+       *reason = "invalid type conversion";
+      else
+       {
+         std::string s = "invalid type conversion (";
+         s += *reason;
+         s += ')';
+         *reason = s;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return whether this type has any hidden fields.  This is only a
+// possibility for a few types.
+
+bool
+Type::has_hidden_fields(const Named_type* within, std::string* reason) const
+{
+  switch (this->forwarded()->classification_)
+    {
+    case TYPE_NAMED:
+      return this->named_type()->named_type_has_hidden_fields(reason);
+    case TYPE_STRUCT:
+      return this->struct_type()->struct_has_hidden_fields(within, reason);
+    case TYPE_ARRAY:
+      return this->array_type()->array_has_hidden_fields(within, reason);
+    default:
+      return false;
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a hash code for the type to be used for method lookup.
+
+unsigned int
+Type::hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  unsigned int ret = 0;
+  if (this->classification_ != TYPE_FORWARD)
+    ret += this->classification_;
+  return ret + this->do_hash_for_method(gogo);
+}
+
+// Default implementation of do_hash_for_method.  This is appropriate
+// for types with no subfields.
+
+unsigned int
+Type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo*) const
+{
+  return 0;
+}
+
+// Return a hash code for a string, given a starting hash.
+
+unsigned int
+Type::hash_string(const std::string& s, unsigned int h)
+{
+  const char* p = s.data();
+  size_t len = s.length();
+  for (; len > 0; --len)
+    {
+      h ^= *p++;
+      h*= 16777619;
+    }
+  return h;
+}
+
+// Default check for the expression passed to make.  Any type which
+// may be used with make implements its own version of this.
+
+bool
+Type::do_check_make_expression(Expression_list*, source_location)
+{
+  go_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Return whether an expression has an integer value.  Report an error
+// if not.  This is used when handling calls to the predeclared make
+// function.
+
+bool
+Type::check_int_value(Expression* e, const char* errmsg,
+                     source_location location)
+{
+  if (e->type()->integer_type() != NULL)
+    return true;
+
+  // Check for a floating point constant with integer value.
+  mpfr_t fval;
+  mpfr_init(fval);
+
+  Type* dummy;
+  if (e->float_constant_value(fval, &dummy) && mpfr_integer_p(fval))
+    {
+      mpz_t ival;
+      mpz_init(ival);
+
+      bool ok = false;
+
+      mpfr_clear_overflow();
+      mpfr_clear_erangeflag();
+      mpfr_get_z(ival, fval, GMP_RNDN);
+      if (!mpfr_overflow_p()
+         && !mpfr_erangeflag_p()
+         && mpz_sgn(ival) >= 0)
+       {
+         Named_type* ntype = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+         Integer_type* inttype = ntype->integer_type();
+         mpz_t max;
+         mpz_init_set_ui(max, 1);
+         mpz_mul_2exp(max, max, inttype->bits() - 1);
+         ok = mpz_cmp(ival, max) < 0;
+         mpz_clear(max);
+       }
+      mpz_clear(ival);
+
+      if (ok)
+       {
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         return true;
+       }
+    }
+
+  mpfr_clear(fval);
+
+  error_at(location, "%s", errmsg);
+  return false;
+}
+
+// A hash table mapping unnamed types to trees.
+
+Type::Type_trees Type::type_trees;
+
+// Return a tree representing this type.
+
+tree
+Type::get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->tree_ != NULL)
+    return this->tree_;
+
+  if (this->forward_declaration_type() != NULL
+      || this->named_type() != NULL)
+    return this->get_tree_without_hash(gogo);
+
+  if (this->is_error_type())
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  // To avoid confusing GIMPLE, we need to translate all identical Go
+  // types to the same GIMPLE type.  We use a hash table to do that.
+  // There is no need to use the hash table for named types, as named
+  // types are only identical to themselves.
+
+  std::pair<Type*, tree> val(this, NULL);
+  std::pair<Type_trees::iterator, bool> ins =
+    Type::type_trees.insert(val);
+  if (!ins.second && ins.first->second != NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      if (gogo != NULL && gogo->named_types_are_converted())
+       this->tree_ = ins.first->second;
+      return ins.first->second;
+    }
+
+  tree t = this->get_tree_without_hash(gogo);
+
+  if (ins.first->second == NULL_TREE)
+    ins.first->second = t;
+  else
+    {
+      // We have already created a tree for this type.  This can
+      // happen when an unnamed type is defined using a named type
+      // which in turns uses an identical unnamed type.  Use the tree
+      // we created earlier and ignore the one we just built.
+      t = ins.first->second;
+      if (gogo == NULL || !gogo->named_types_are_converted())
+       return t;
+      this->tree_ = t;
+    }
+
+  return t;
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a type without looking in the hash table for
+// identical types.  This is used for named types, since there is no
+// point to looking in the hash table for them.
+
+tree
+Type::get_tree_without_hash(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->tree_ == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      tree t = this->do_get_tree(gogo);
+
+      // For a recursive function or pointer type, we will temporarily
+      // return ptr_type_node during the recursion.  We don't want to
+      // record that for a forwarding type, as it may confuse us
+      // later.
+      if (t == ptr_type_node && this->forward_declaration_type() != NULL)
+       return t;
+
+      if (gogo == NULL || !gogo->named_types_are_converted())
+       return t;
+
+      this->tree_ = t;
+      go_preserve_from_gc(t);
+    }
+
+  return this->tree_;
+}
+
+// Return a tree representing a zero initialization for this type.
+
+tree
+Type::get_init_tree(Gogo* gogo, bool is_clear)
+{
+  tree type_tree = this->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  return this->do_get_init_tree(gogo, type_tree, is_clear);
+}
+
+// Any type which supports the builtin make function must implement
+// this.
+
+tree
+Type::do_make_expression_tree(Translate_context*, Expression_list*,
+                             source_location)
+{
+  go_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Return a pointer to the type descriptor for this type.
+
+tree
+Type::type_descriptor_pointer(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  Type* t = this->forwarded();
+  if (t->type_descriptor_decl_ == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      Expression* e = t->do_type_descriptor(gogo, NULL);
+      gogo->build_type_descriptor_decl(t, e, &t->type_descriptor_decl_);
+      go_assert(t->type_descriptor_decl_ != NULL_TREE
+                && (t->type_descriptor_decl_ == error_mark_node
+                    || DECL_P(t->type_descriptor_decl_)));
+    }
+  if (t->type_descriptor_decl_ == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  return build_fold_addr_expr(t->type_descriptor_decl_);
+}
+
+// Return a composite literal for a type descriptor.
+
+Expression*
+Type::type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Type* type)
+{
+  return type->do_type_descriptor(gogo, NULL);
+}
+
+// Return a composite literal for a type descriptor with a name.
+
+Expression*
+Type::named_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Type* type, Named_type* name)
+{
+  go_assert(name != NULL && type->named_type() != name);
+  return type->do_type_descriptor(gogo, name);
+}
+
+// Make a builtin struct type from a list of fields.  The fields are
+// pairs of a name and a type.
+
+Struct_type*
+Type::make_builtin_struct_type(int nfields, ...)
+{
+  va_list ap;
+  va_start(ap, nfields);
+
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+  Struct_field_list* sfl = new Struct_field_list();
+  for (int i = 0; i < nfields; i++)
+    {
+      const char* field_name = va_arg(ap, const char *);
+      Type* type = va_arg(ap, Type*);
+      sfl->push_back(Struct_field(Typed_identifier(field_name, type, bloc)));
+    }
+
+  va_end(ap);
+
+  return Type::make_struct_type(sfl, bloc);
+}
+
+// A list of builtin named types.
+
+std::vector<Named_type*> Type::named_builtin_types;
+
+// Make a builtin named type.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::make_builtin_named_type(const char* name, Type* type)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+  Named_object* no = Named_object::make_type(name, NULL, type, bloc);
+  Named_type* ret = no->type_value();
+  Type::named_builtin_types.push_back(ret);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Convert the named builtin types.
+
+void
+Type::convert_builtin_named_types(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  for (std::vector<Named_type*>::const_iterator p =
+        Type::named_builtin_types.begin();
+       p != Type::named_builtin_types.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      bool r = (*p)->verify();
+      go_assert(r);
+      (*p)->convert(gogo);
+    }
+}
+
+// Return the type of a type descriptor.  We should really tie this to
+// runtime.Type rather than copying it.  This must match commonType in
+// libgo/go/runtime/type.go.
+
+Type*
+Type::make_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+      Type* uint8_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uint8");
+      Type* uint32_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uint32");
+      Type* uintptr_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr");
+      Type* string_type = Type::lookup_string_type();
+      Type* pointer_string_type = Type::make_pointer_type(string_type);
+
+      // This is an unnamed version of unsafe.Pointer.  Perhaps we
+      // should use the named version instead, although that would
+      // require us to create the unsafe package if it has not been
+      // imported.  It probably doesn't matter.
+      Type* void_type = Type::make_void_type();
+      Type* unsafe_pointer_type = Type::make_pointer_type(void_type);
+
+      // Forward declaration for the type descriptor type.
+      Named_object* named_type_descriptor_type =
+       Named_object::make_type_declaration("commonType", NULL, bloc);
+      Type* ft = Type::make_forward_declaration(named_type_descriptor_type);
+      Type* pointer_type_descriptor_type = Type::make_pointer_type(ft);
+
+      // The type of a method on a concrete type.
+      Struct_type* method_type =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(5,
+                                      "name", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "pkgPath", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "mtyp", pointer_type_descriptor_type,
+                                      "typ", pointer_type_descriptor_type,
+                                      "tfn", unsafe_pointer_type);
+      Named_type* named_method_type =
+       Type::make_builtin_named_type("method", method_type);
+
+      // Information for types with a name or methods.
+      Type* slice_named_method_type =
+       Type::make_array_type(named_method_type, NULL);
+      Struct_type* uncommon_type =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(3,
+                                      "name", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "pkgPath", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "methods", slice_named_method_type);
+      Named_type* named_uncommon_type =
+       Type::make_builtin_named_type("uncommonType", uncommon_type);
+
+      Type* pointer_uncommon_type =
+       Type::make_pointer_type(named_uncommon_type);
+
+      // The type descriptor type.
+
+      Typed_identifier_list* params = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      params->push_back(Typed_identifier("", unsafe_pointer_type, bloc));
+      params->push_back(Typed_identifier("", uintptr_type, bloc));
+
+      Typed_identifier_list* results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", uintptr_type, bloc));
+
+      Type* hashfn_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, params, results, bloc);
+
+      params = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      params->push_back(Typed_identifier("", unsafe_pointer_type, bloc));
+      params->push_back(Typed_identifier("", unsafe_pointer_type, bloc));
+      params->push_back(Typed_identifier("", uintptr_type, bloc));
+
+      results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", Type::lookup_bool_type(), bloc));
+
+      Type* equalfn_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, params, results,
+                                                   bloc);
+
+      Struct_type* type_descriptor_type =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(10,
+                                      "Kind", uint8_type,
+                                      "align", uint8_type,
+                                      "fieldAlign", uint8_type,
+                                      "size", uintptr_type,
+                                      "hash", uint32_type,
+                                      "hashfn", hashfn_type,
+                                      "equalfn", equalfn_type,
+                                      "string", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "", pointer_uncommon_type,
+                                      "ptrToThis",
+                                      pointer_type_descriptor_type);
+
+      Named_type* named = Type::make_builtin_named_type("commonType",
+                                                       type_descriptor_type);
+
+      named_type_descriptor_type->set_type_value(named);
+
+      ret = named;
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Make the type of a pointer to a type descriptor as represented in
+// Go.
+
+Type*
+Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    ret = Type::make_pointer_type(Type::make_type_descriptor_type());
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return the names of runtime functions which compute a hash code for
+// this type and which compare whether two values of this type are
+// equal.
+
+void
+Type::type_functions(const char** hash_fn, const char** equal_fn) const
+{
+  switch (this->base()->classification())
+    {
+    case Type::TYPE_ERROR:
+    case Type::TYPE_VOID:
+    case Type::TYPE_NIL:
+      // These types can not be hashed or compared.
+      *hash_fn = "__go_type_hash_error";
+      *equal_fn = "__go_type_equal_error";
+      break;
+
+    case Type::TYPE_BOOLEAN:
+    case Type::TYPE_INTEGER:
+    case Type::TYPE_FLOAT:
+    case Type::TYPE_COMPLEX:
+    case Type::TYPE_POINTER:
+    case Type::TYPE_FUNCTION:
+    case Type::TYPE_MAP:
+    case Type::TYPE_CHANNEL:
+      *hash_fn = "__go_type_hash_identity";
+      *equal_fn = "__go_type_equal_identity";
+      break;
+
+    case Type::TYPE_STRING:
+      *hash_fn = "__go_type_hash_string";
+      *equal_fn = "__go_type_equal_string";
+      break;
+
+    case Type::TYPE_STRUCT:
+    case Type::TYPE_ARRAY:
+      // These types can not be hashed or compared.
+      *hash_fn = "__go_type_hash_error";
+      *equal_fn = "__go_type_equal_error";
+      break;
+
+    case Type::TYPE_INTERFACE:
+      if (this->interface_type()->is_empty())
+       {
+         *hash_fn = "__go_type_hash_empty_interface";
+         *equal_fn = "__go_type_equal_empty_interface";
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         *hash_fn = "__go_type_hash_interface";
+         *equal_fn = "__go_type_equal_interface";
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case Type::TYPE_NAMED:
+    case Type::TYPE_FORWARD:
+      go_unreachable();
+
+    default:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a composite literal for the type descriptor for a plain type
+// of kind RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND named NAME.
+
+Expression*
+Type::type_descriptor_constructor(Gogo* gogo, int runtime_type_kind,
+                                 Named_type* name, const Methods* methods,
+                                 bool only_value_methods)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Type* td_type = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = td_type->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(9);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "Kind");
+  mpz_t iv;
+  mpz_init_set_ui(iv, runtime_type_kind);
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_integer(&iv, p->type(), bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "align");
+  Expression::Type_info type_info = Expression::TYPE_INFO_ALIGNMENT;
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_info(this, type_info));
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "fieldAlign");
+  type_info = Expression::TYPE_INFO_FIELD_ALIGNMENT;
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_info(this, type_info));
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "size");
+  type_info = Expression::TYPE_INFO_SIZE;
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_info(this, type_info));
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "hash");
+  mpz_set_ui(iv, this->hash_for_method(gogo));
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_integer(&iv, p->type(), bloc));
+
+  const char* hash_fn;
+  const char* equal_fn;
+  this->type_functions(&hash_fn, &equal_fn);
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "hashfn");
+  Function_type* fntype = p->type()->function_type();
+  Named_object* no = Named_object::make_function_declaration(hash_fn, NULL,
+                                                            fntype,
+                                                            bloc);
+  no->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(hash_fn);
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_func_reference(no, NULL, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "equalfn");
+  fntype = p->type()->function_type();
+  no = Named_object::make_function_declaration(equal_fn, NULL, fntype, bloc);
+  no->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(equal_fn);
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_func_reference(no, NULL, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "string");
+  Expression* s = Expression::make_string((name != NULL
+                                          ? name->reflection(gogo)
+                                          : this->reflection(gogo)),
+                                         bloc);
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, s, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "uncommonType");
+  if (name == NULL && methods == NULL)
+    vals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+  else
+    {
+      if (methods == NULL)
+       methods = name->methods();
+      vals->push_back(this->uncommon_type_constructor(gogo,
+                                                     p->type()->deref(),
+                                                     name, methods,
+                                                     only_value_methods));
+    }
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "ptrToThis");
+  if (name == NULL)
+    vals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+  else
+    {
+      Type* pt = Type::make_pointer_type(name);
+      vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(pt, bloc));
+    }
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p == fields->end());
+
+  mpz_clear(iv);
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(td_type, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Return a composite literal for the uncommon type information for
+// this type.  UNCOMMON_STRUCT_TYPE is the type of the uncommon type
+// struct.  If name is not NULL, it is the name of the type.  If
+// METHODS is not NULL, it is the list of methods.  ONLY_VALUE_METHODS
+// is true if only value methods should be included.  At least one of
+// NAME and METHODS must not be NULL.
+
+Expression*
+Type::uncommon_type_constructor(Gogo* gogo, Type* uncommon_type,
+                               Named_type* name, const Methods* methods,
+                               bool only_value_methods) const
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = uncommon_type->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(3);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "name");
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "pkgPath");
+
+  if (name == NULL)
+    {
+      vals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+      vals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Named_object* no = name->named_object();
+      std::string n = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(no->name());
+      Expression* s = Expression::make_string(n, bloc);
+      vals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, s, bloc));
+
+      if (name->is_builtin())
+       vals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+      else
+       {
+         const Package* package = no->package();
+         const std::string& unique_prefix(package == NULL
+                                          ? gogo->unique_prefix()
+                                          : package->unique_prefix());
+         const std::string& package_name(package == NULL
+                                         ? gogo->package_name()
+                                         : package->name());
+         n.assign(unique_prefix);
+         n.append(1, '.');
+         n.append(package_name);
+         if (name->in_function() != NULL)
+           {
+             n.append(1, '.');
+             n.append(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(name->in_function()->name()));
+           }
+         s = Expression::make_string(n, bloc);
+         vals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, s, bloc));
+       }
+    }
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "methods");
+  vals->push_back(this->methods_constructor(gogo, p->type(), methods,
+                                           only_value_methods));
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p == fields->end());
+
+  Expression* r = Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(uncommon_type,
+                                                           vals, bloc);
+  return Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, r, bloc);
+}
+
+// Sort methods by name.
+
+class Sort_methods
+{
+ public:
+  bool
+  operator()(const std::pair<std::string, const Method*>& m1,
+            const std::pair<std::string, const Method*>& m2) const
+  { return m1.first < m2.first; }
+};
+
+// Return a composite literal for the type method table for this type.
+// METHODS_TYPE is the type of the table, and is a slice type.
+// METHODS is the list of methods.  If ONLY_VALUE_METHODS is true,
+// then only value methods are used.
+
+Expression*
+Type::methods_constructor(Gogo* gogo, Type* methods_type,
+                         const Methods* methods,
+                         bool only_value_methods) const
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  std::vector<std::pair<std::string, const Method*> > smethods;
+  if (methods != NULL)
+    {
+      smethods.reserve(methods->count());
+      for (Methods::const_iterator p = methods->begin();
+          p != methods->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (p->second->is_ambiguous())
+           continue;
+         if (only_value_methods && !p->second->is_value_method())
+           continue;
+         smethods.push_back(std::make_pair(p->first, p->second));
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (smethods.empty())
+    return Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(methods_type, NULL, bloc);
+
+  std::sort(smethods.begin(), smethods.end(), Sort_methods());
+
+  Type* method_type = methods_type->array_type()->element_type();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(smethods.size());
+  for (std::vector<std::pair<std::string, const Method*> >::const_iterator p
+        = smethods.begin();
+       p != smethods.end();
+       ++p)
+    vals->push_back(this->method_constructor(gogo, method_type, p->first,
+                                            p->second));
+
+  return Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(methods_type, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Return a composite literal for a single method.  METHOD_TYPE is the
+// type of the entry.  METHOD_NAME is the name of the method and M is
+// the method information.
+
+Expression*
+Type::method_constructor(Gogo*, Type* method_type,
+                        const std::string& method_name,
+                        const Method* m) const
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = method_type->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(5);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "name");
+  const std::string n = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(method_name);
+  Expression* s = Expression::make_string(n, bloc);
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, s, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "pkgPath");
+  if (!Gogo::is_hidden_name(method_name))
+    vals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+  else
+    {
+      s = Expression::make_string(Gogo::hidden_name_prefix(method_name), bloc);
+      vals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, s, bloc));
+    }
+
+  Named_object* no = (m->needs_stub_method()
+                     ? m->stub_object()
+                     : m->named_object());
+
+  Function_type* mtype;
+  if (no->is_function())
+    mtype = no->func_value()->type();
+  else
+    mtype = no->func_declaration_value()->type();
+  go_assert(mtype->is_method());
+  Type* nonmethod_type = mtype->copy_without_receiver();
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "mtyp");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(nonmethod_type, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "typ");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(mtype, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "tfn");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_func_reference(no, NULL, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p == fields->end());
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(method_type, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Return a composite literal for the type descriptor of a plain type.
+// RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND is the value of the kind field.  If NAME is not
+// NULL, it is the name to use as well as the list of methods.
+
+Expression*
+Type::plain_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, int runtime_type_kind,
+                           Named_type* name)
+{
+  return this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo, runtime_type_kind,
+                                          name, NULL, true);
+}
+
+// Return the type reflection string for this type.
+
+std::string
+Type::reflection(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  std::string ret;
+
+  // The do_reflection virtual function should set RET to the
+  // reflection string.
+  this->do_reflection(gogo, &ret);
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return a mangled name for the type.
+
+std::string
+Type::mangled_name(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  std::string ret;
+
+  // The do_mangled_name virtual function should set RET to the
+  // mangled name.  For a composite type it should append a code for
+  // the composition and then call do_mangled_name on the components.
+  this->do_mangled_name(gogo, &ret);
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Default function to export a type.
+
+void
+Type::do_export(Export*) const
+{
+  go_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Import a type.
+
+Type*
+Type::import_type(Import* imp)
+{
+  if (imp->match_c_string("("))
+    return Function_type::do_import(imp);
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("*"))
+    return Pointer_type::do_import(imp);
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("struct "))
+    return Struct_type::do_import(imp);
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("["))
+    return Array_type::do_import(imp);
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("map "))
+    return Map_type::do_import(imp);
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("chan "))
+    return Channel_type::do_import(imp);
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("interface"))
+    return Interface_type::do_import(imp);
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(imp->location(), "import error: expected type");
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+}
+
+// A type used to indicate a parsing error.  This exists to simplify
+// later error detection.
+
+class Error_type : public Type
+{
+ public:
+  Error_type()
+    : Type(TYPE_ERROR)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+  { return error_mark_node; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree, bool)
+  { return error_mark_node; }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_type_descriptor(Gogo*, Named_type*)
+  { return Expression::make_error(BUILTINS_LOCATION); }
+
+  void
+  do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+  { go_assert(saw_errors()); }
+
+  void
+  do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+  { ret->push_back('E'); }
+};
+
+Type*
+Type::make_error_type()
+{
+  static Error_type singleton_error_type;
+  return &singleton_error_type;
+}
+
+// The void type.
+
+class Void_type : public Type
+{
+ public:
+  Void_type()
+    : Type(TYPE_VOID)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+  { return void_type_node; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree, bool)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_type_descriptor(Gogo*, Named_type*)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+  void
+  do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+  { }
+
+  void
+  do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+  { ret->push_back('v'); }
+};
+
+Type*
+Type::make_void_type()
+{
+  static Void_type singleton_void_type;
+  return &singleton_void_type;
+}
+
+// The boolean type.
+
+class Boolean_type : public Type
+{
+ public:
+  Boolean_type()
+    : Type(TYPE_BOOLEAN)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+  { return boolean_type_node; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+  { return is_clear ? NULL : fold_convert(type_tree, boolean_false_node); }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_type_descriptor(Gogo*, Named_type* name);
+
+  // We should not be asked for the reflection string of a basic type.
+  void
+  do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+  { ret->append("bool"); }
+
+  void
+  do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+  { ret->push_back('b'); }
+};
+
+// Make the type descriptor.
+
+Expression*
+Boolean_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  if (name != NULL)
+    return this->plain_type_descriptor(gogo, RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_BOOL, name);
+  else
+    {
+      Named_object* no = gogo->lookup_global("bool");
+      go_assert(no != NULL);
+      return Type::type_descriptor(gogo, no->type_value());
+    }
+}
+
+Type*
+Type::make_boolean_type()
+{
+  static Boolean_type boolean_type;
+  return &boolean_type;
+}
+
+// The named type "bool".
+
+static Named_type* named_bool_type;
+
+// Get the named type "bool".
+
+Named_type*
+Type::lookup_bool_type()
+{
+  return named_bool_type;
+}
+
+// Make the named type "bool".
+
+Named_type*
+Type::make_named_bool_type()
+{
+  Type* bool_type = Type::make_boolean_type();
+  Named_object* named_object = Named_object::make_type("bool", NULL,
+                                                      bool_type,
+                                                      BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+  Named_type* named_type = named_object->type_value();
+  named_bool_type = named_type;
+  return named_type;
+}
+
+// Class Integer_type.
+
+Integer_type::Named_integer_types Integer_type::named_integer_types;
+
+// Create a new integer type.  Non-abstract integer types always have
+// names.
+
+Named_type*
+Integer_type::create_integer_type(const char* name, bool is_unsigned,
+                                 int bits, int runtime_type_kind)
+{
+  Integer_type* integer_type = new Integer_type(false, is_unsigned, bits,
+                                               runtime_type_kind);
+  std::string sname(name);
+  Named_object* named_object = Named_object::make_type(sname, NULL,
+                                                      integer_type,
+                                                      BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+  Named_type* named_type = named_object->type_value();
+  std::pair<Named_integer_types::iterator, bool> ins =
+    Integer_type::named_integer_types.insert(std::make_pair(sname, named_type));
+  go_assert(ins.second);
+  return named_type;
+}
+
+// Look up an existing integer type.
+
+Named_type*
+Integer_type::lookup_integer_type(const char* name)
+{
+  Named_integer_types::const_iterator p =
+    Integer_type::named_integer_types.find(name);
+  go_assert(p != Integer_type::named_integer_types.end());
+  return p->second;
+}
+
+// Create a new abstract integer type.
+
+Integer_type*
+Integer_type::create_abstract_integer_type()
+{
+  static Integer_type* abstract_type;
+  if (abstract_type == NULL)
+    abstract_type = new Integer_type(true, false, INT_TYPE_SIZE,
+                                    RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_INT);
+  return abstract_type;
+}
+
+// Integer type compatibility.
+
+bool
+Integer_type::is_identical(const Integer_type* t) const
+{
+  if (this->is_unsigned_ != t->is_unsigned_ || this->bits_ != t->bits_)
+    return false;
+  return this->is_abstract_ == t->is_abstract_;
+}
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Integer_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo*) const
+{
+  return ((this->bits_ << 4)
+         + ((this->is_unsigned_ ? 1 : 0) << 8)
+         + ((this->is_abstract_ ? 1 : 0) << 9));
+}
+
+// Get the tree for an Integer_type.
+
+tree
+Integer_type::do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->is_abstract_)
+    {
+      go_assert(saw_errors());
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  if (this->is_unsigned_)
+    {
+      if (this->bits_ == INT_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return unsigned_type_node;
+      else if (this->bits_ == CHAR_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return unsigned_char_type_node;
+      else if (this->bits_ == SHORT_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return short_unsigned_type_node;
+      else if (this->bits_ == LONG_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return long_unsigned_type_node;
+      else if (this->bits_ == LONG_LONG_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return long_long_unsigned_type_node;
+      else
+       return make_unsigned_type(this->bits_);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (this->bits_ == INT_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return integer_type_node;
+      else if (this->bits_ == CHAR_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return signed_char_type_node;
+      else if (this->bits_ == SHORT_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return short_integer_type_node;
+      else if (this->bits_ == LONG_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return long_integer_type_node;
+      else if (this->bits_ == LONG_LONG_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return long_long_integer_type_node;
+      else
+       return make_signed_type(this->bits_);
+    }
+}
+
+tree
+Integer_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  return is_clear ? NULL : build_int_cst(type_tree, 0);
+}
+
+// The type descriptor for an integer type.  Integer types are always
+// named.
+
+Expression*
+Integer_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  go_assert(name != NULL);
+  return this->plain_type_descriptor(gogo, this->runtime_type_kind_, name);
+}
+
+// We should not be asked for the reflection string of a basic type.
+
+void
+Integer_type::do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+{
+  go_assert(saw_errors());
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Integer_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  char buf[100];
+  snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "i%s%s%de",
+          this->is_abstract_ ? "a" : "",
+          this->is_unsigned_ ? "u" : "",
+          this->bits_);
+  ret->append(buf);
+}
+
+// Make an integer type.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::make_integer_type(const char* name, bool is_unsigned, int bits,
+                       int runtime_type_kind)
+{
+  return Integer_type::create_integer_type(name, is_unsigned, bits,
+                                          runtime_type_kind);
+}
+
+// Make an abstract integer type.
+
+Integer_type*
+Type::make_abstract_integer_type()
+{
+  return Integer_type::create_abstract_integer_type();
+}
+
+// Look up an integer type.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::lookup_integer_type(const char* name)
+{
+  return Integer_type::lookup_integer_type(name);
+}
+
+// Class Float_type.
+
+Float_type::Named_float_types Float_type::named_float_types;
+
+// Create a new float type.  Non-abstract float types always have
+// names.
+
+Named_type*
+Float_type::create_float_type(const char* name, int bits,
+                             int runtime_type_kind)
+{
+  Float_type* float_type = new Float_type(false, bits, runtime_type_kind);
+  std::string sname(name);
+  Named_object* named_object = Named_object::make_type(sname, NULL, float_type,
+                                                      BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+  Named_type* named_type = named_object->type_value();
+  std::pair<Named_float_types::iterator, bool> ins =
+    Float_type::named_float_types.insert(std::make_pair(sname, named_type));
+  go_assert(ins.second);
+  return named_type;
+}
+
+// Look up an existing float type.
+
+Named_type*
+Float_type::lookup_float_type(const char* name)
+{
+  Named_float_types::const_iterator p =
+    Float_type::named_float_types.find(name);
+  go_assert(p != Float_type::named_float_types.end());
+  return p->second;
+}
+
+// Create a new abstract float type.
+
+Float_type*
+Float_type::create_abstract_float_type()
+{
+  static Float_type* abstract_type;
+  if (abstract_type == NULL)
+    abstract_type = new Float_type(true, 64, RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_FLOAT64);
+  return abstract_type;
+}
+
+// Whether this type is identical with T.
+
+bool
+Float_type::is_identical(const Float_type* t) const
+{
+  if (this->bits_ != t->bits_)
+    return false;
+  return this->is_abstract_ == t->is_abstract_;
+}
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Float_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo*) const
+{
+  return (this->bits_ << 4) + ((this->is_abstract_ ? 1 : 0) << 8);
+}
+
+// Get a tree without using a Gogo*.
+
+tree
+Float_type::type_tree() const
+{
+  if (this->bits_ == FLOAT_TYPE_SIZE)
+    return float_type_node;
+  else if (this->bits_ == DOUBLE_TYPE_SIZE)
+    return double_type_node;
+  else if (this->bits_ == LONG_DOUBLE_TYPE_SIZE)
+    return long_double_type_node;
+  else
+    {
+      tree ret = make_node(REAL_TYPE);
+      TYPE_PRECISION(ret) = this->bits_;
+      layout_type(ret);
+      return ret;
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree.
+
+tree
+Float_type::do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+{
+  return this->type_tree();
+}
+
+tree
+Float_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (is_clear)
+    return NULL;
+  REAL_VALUE_TYPE r;
+  real_from_integer(&r, TYPE_MODE(type_tree), 0, 0, 0);
+  return build_real(type_tree, r);
+}
+
+// The type descriptor for a float type.  Float types are always named.
+
+Expression*
+Float_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  go_assert(name != NULL);
+  return this->plain_type_descriptor(gogo, this->runtime_type_kind_, name);
+}
+
+// We should not be asked for the reflection string of a basic type.
+
+void
+Float_type::do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+{
+  go_assert(saw_errors());
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Float_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  char buf[100];
+  snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "f%s%de",
+          this->is_abstract_ ? "a" : "",
+          this->bits_);
+  ret->append(buf);
+}
+
+// Make a floating point type.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::make_float_type(const char* name, int bits, int runtime_type_kind)
+{
+  return Float_type::create_float_type(name, bits, runtime_type_kind);
+}
+
+// Make an abstract float type.
+
+Float_type*
+Type::make_abstract_float_type()
+{
+  return Float_type::create_abstract_float_type();
+}
+
+// Look up a float type.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::lookup_float_type(const char* name)
+{
+  return Float_type::lookup_float_type(name);
+}
+
+// Class Complex_type.
+
+Complex_type::Named_complex_types Complex_type::named_complex_types;
+
+// Create a new complex type.  Non-abstract complex types always have
+// names.
+
+Named_type*
+Complex_type::create_complex_type(const char* name, int bits,
+                                 int runtime_type_kind)
+{
+  Complex_type* complex_type = new Complex_type(false, bits,
+                                               runtime_type_kind);
+  std::string sname(name);
+  Named_object* named_object = Named_object::make_type(sname, NULL,
+                                                      complex_type,
+                                                      BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+  Named_type* named_type = named_object->type_value();
+  std::pair<Named_complex_types::iterator, bool> ins =
+    Complex_type::named_complex_types.insert(std::make_pair(sname,
+                                                           named_type));
+  go_assert(ins.second);
+  return named_type;
+}
+
+// Look up an existing complex type.
+
+Named_type*
+Complex_type::lookup_complex_type(const char* name)
+{
+  Named_complex_types::const_iterator p =
+    Complex_type::named_complex_types.find(name);
+  go_assert(p != Complex_type::named_complex_types.end());
+  return p->second;
+}
+
+// Create a new abstract complex type.
+
+Complex_type*
+Complex_type::create_abstract_complex_type()
+{
+  static Complex_type* abstract_type;
+  if (abstract_type == NULL)
+    abstract_type = new Complex_type(true, 128, RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_COMPLEX128);
+  return abstract_type;
+}
+
+// Whether this type is identical with T.
+
+bool
+Complex_type::is_identical(const Complex_type *t) const
+{
+  if (this->bits_ != t->bits_)
+    return false;
+  return this->is_abstract_ == t->is_abstract_;
+}
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Complex_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo*) const
+{
+  return (this->bits_ << 4) + ((this->is_abstract_ ? 1 : 0) << 8);
+}
+
+// Get a tree without using a Gogo*.
+
+tree
+Complex_type::type_tree() const
+{
+  if (this->bits_ == FLOAT_TYPE_SIZE * 2)
+    return complex_float_type_node;
+  else if (this->bits_ == DOUBLE_TYPE_SIZE * 2)
+    return complex_double_type_node;
+  else if (this->bits_ == LONG_DOUBLE_TYPE_SIZE * 2)
+    return complex_long_double_type_node;
+  else
+    {
+      tree ret = make_node(REAL_TYPE);
+      TYPE_PRECISION(ret) = this->bits_ / 2;
+      layout_type(ret);
+      return build_complex_type(ret);
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree.
+
+tree
+Complex_type::do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+{
+  return this->type_tree();
+}
+
+// Zero initializer.
+
+tree
+Complex_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (is_clear)
+    return NULL;
+  REAL_VALUE_TYPE r;
+  real_from_integer(&r, TYPE_MODE(TREE_TYPE(type_tree)), 0, 0, 0);
+  return build_complex(type_tree, build_real(TREE_TYPE(type_tree), r),
+                      build_real(TREE_TYPE(type_tree), r));
+}
+
+// The type descriptor for a complex type.  Complex types are always
+// named.
+
+Expression*
+Complex_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  go_assert(name != NULL);
+  return this->plain_type_descriptor(gogo, this->runtime_type_kind_, name);
+}
+
+// We should not be asked for the reflection string of a basic type.
+
+void
+Complex_type::do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+{
+  go_assert(saw_errors());
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Complex_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  char buf[100];
+  snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "c%s%de",
+          this->is_abstract_ ? "a" : "",
+          this->bits_);
+  ret->append(buf);
+}
+
+// Make a complex type.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::make_complex_type(const char* name, int bits, int runtime_type_kind)
+{
+  return Complex_type::create_complex_type(name, bits, runtime_type_kind);
+}
+
+// Make an abstract complex type.
+
+Complex_type*
+Type::make_abstract_complex_type()
+{
+  return Complex_type::create_abstract_complex_type();
+}
+
+// Look up a complex type.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::lookup_complex_type(const char* name)
+{
+  return Complex_type::lookup_complex_type(name);
+}
+
+// Class String_type.
+
+// Return the tree for String_type.  A string is a struct with two
+// fields: a pointer to the characters and a length.
+
+tree
+String_type::do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+{
+  static tree struct_type;
+  return Gogo::builtin_struct(&struct_type, "__go_string", NULL_TREE, 2,
+                             "__data",
+                             build_pointer_type(unsigned_char_type_node),
+                             "__length",
+                             integer_type_node);
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the length of STRING.
+
+tree
+String_type::length_tree(Gogo*, tree string)
+{
+  tree string_type = TREE_TYPE(string);
+  go_assert(TREE_CODE(string_type) == RECORD_TYPE);
+  tree length_field = DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(string_type));
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(length_field)),
+                   "__length") == 0);
+  return fold_build3(COMPONENT_REF, integer_type_node, string,
+                    length_field, NULL_TREE);
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a pointer to the bytes of STRING.
+
+tree
+String_type::bytes_tree(Gogo*, tree string)
+{
+  tree string_type = TREE_TYPE(string);
+  go_assert(TREE_CODE(string_type) == RECORD_TYPE);
+  tree bytes_field = TYPE_FIELDS(string_type);
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(bytes_field)),
+                   "__data") == 0);
+  return fold_build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(bytes_field), string,
+                    bytes_field, NULL_TREE);
+}
+
+// We initialize a string to { NULL, 0 }.
+
+tree
+String_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (is_clear)
+    return NULL_TREE;
+
+  go_assert(TREE_CODE(type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt, gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+
+  for (tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+       field != NULL_TREE;
+       field = DECL_CHAIN(field))
+    {
+      constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+      elt->index = field;
+      elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), size_zero_node);
+    }
+
+  tree ret = build_constructor(type_tree, init);
+  TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// The type descriptor for the string type.
+
+Expression*
+String_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  if (name != NULL)
+    return this->plain_type_descriptor(gogo, RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_STRING, name);
+  else
+    {
+      Named_object* no = gogo->lookup_global("string");
+      go_assert(no != NULL);
+      return Type::type_descriptor(gogo, no->type_value());
+    }
+}
+
+// We should not be asked for the reflection string of a basic type.
+
+void
+String_type::do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->append("string");
+}
+
+// Mangled name of a string type.
+
+void
+String_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('z');
+}
+
+// Make a string type.
+
+Type*
+Type::make_string_type()
+{
+  static String_type string_type;
+  return &string_type;
+}
+
+// The named type "string".
+
+static Named_type* named_string_type;
+
+// Get the named type "string".
+
+Named_type*
+Type::lookup_string_type()
+{
+  return named_string_type;
+}
+
+// Make the named type string.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::make_named_string_type()
+{
+  Type* string_type = Type::make_string_type();
+  Named_object* named_object = Named_object::make_type("string", NULL,
+                                                      string_type,
+                                                      BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+  Named_type* named_type = named_object->type_value();
+  named_string_type = named_type;
+  return named_type;
+}
+
+// The sink type.  This is the type of the blank identifier _.  Any
+// type may be assigned to it.
+
+class Sink_type : public Type
+{
+ public:
+  Sink_type()
+    : Type(TYPE_SINK)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree, bool)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_type_descriptor(Gogo*, Named_type*)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+  void
+  do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+  void
+  do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+};
+
+// Make the sink type.
+
+Type*
+Type::make_sink_type()
+{
+  static Sink_type sink_type;
+  return &sink_type;
+}
+
+// Class Function_type.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Function_type::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->receiver_ != NULL
+      && Type::traverse(this->receiver_->type(), traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->parameters_ != NULL
+      && this->parameters_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->results_ != NULL
+      && this->results_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Returns whether T is a valid redeclaration of this type.  If this
+// returns false, and REASON is not NULL, *REASON may be set to a
+// brief explanation of why it returned false.
+
+bool
+Function_type::is_valid_redeclaration(const Function_type* t,
+                                     std::string* reason) const
+{
+  if (!this->is_identical(t, false, true, reason))
+    return false;
+
+  // A redeclaration of a function is required to use the same names
+  // for the receiver and parameters.
+  if (this->receiver() != NULL
+      && this->receiver()->name() != t->receiver()->name()
+      && this->receiver()->name() != Import::import_marker
+      && t->receiver()->name() != Import::import_marker)
+    {
+      if (reason != NULL)
+       *reason = "receiver name changed";
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parms1 = this->parameters();
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parms2 = t->parameters();
+  if (parms1 != NULL)
+    {
+      Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p1 = parms1->begin();
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p2 = parms2->begin();
+          p2 != parms2->end();
+          ++p2, ++p1)
+       {
+         if (p1->name() != p2->name()
+             && p1->name() != Import::import_marker
+             && p2->name() != Import::import_marker)
+           {
+             if (reason != NULL)
+               *reason = "parameter name changed";
+             return false;
+           }
+
+         // This is called at parse time, so we may have unknown
+         // types.
+         Type* t1 = p1->type()->forwarded();
+         Type* t2 = p2->type()->forwarded();
+         if (t1 != t2
+             && t1->forward_declaration_type() != NULL
+             && (t2->forward_declaration_type() == NULL
+                 || (t1->forward_declaration_type()->named_object()
+                     != t2->forward_declaration_type()->named_object())))
+           return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results1 = this->results();
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results2 = t->results();
+  if (results1 != NULL)
+    {
+      Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator res1 = results1->begin();
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator res2 = results2->begin();
+          res2 != results2->end();
+          ++res2, ++res1)
+       {
+         if (res1->name() != res2->name()
+             && res1->name() != Import::import_marker
+             && res2->name() != Import::import_marker)
+           {
+             if (reason != NULL)
+               *reason = "result name changed";
+             return false;
+           }
+
+         // This is called at parse time, so we may have unknown
+         // types.
+         Type* t1 = res1->type()->forwarded();
+         Type* t2 = res2->type()->forwarded();
+         if (t1 != t2
+             && t1->forward_declaration_type() != NULL
+             && (t2->forward_declaration_type() == NULL
+                 || (t1->forward_declaration_type()->named_object()
+                     != t2->forward_declaration_type()->named_object())))
+           return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Check whether T is the same as this type.
+
+bool
+Function_type::is_identical(const Function_type* t, bool ignore_receiver,
+                           bool errors_are_identical,
+                           std::string* reason) const
+{
+  if (!ignore_receiver)
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier* r1 = this->receiver();
+      const Typed_identifier* r2 = t->receiver();
+      if ((r1 != NULL) != (r2 != NULL))
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           *reason = _("different receiver types");
+         return false;
+       }
+      if (r1 != NULL)
+       {
+         if (!Type::are_identical(r1->type(), r2->type(), errors_are_identical,
+                                  reason))
+           {
+             if (reason != NULL && !reason->empty())
+               *reason = "receiver: " + *reason;
+             return false;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parms1 = this->parameters();
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parms2 = t->parameters();
+  if ((parms1 != NULL) != (parms2 != NULL))
+    {
+      if (reason != NULL)
+       *reason = _("different number of parameters");
+      return false;
+    }
+  if (parms1 != NULL)
+    {
+      Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p1 = parms1->begin();
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p2 = parms2->begin();
+          p2 != parms2->end();
+          ++p2, ++p1)
+       {
+         if (p1 == parms1->end())
+           {
+             if (reason != NULL)
+               *reason = _("different number of parameters");
+             return false;
+           }
+
+         if (!Type::are_identical(p1->type(), p2->type(),
+                                  errors_are_identical, NULL))
+           {
+             if (reason != NULL)
+               *reason = _("different parameter types");
+             return false;
+           }
+       }
+      if (p1 != parms1->end())
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           *reason = _("different number of parameters");
+       return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (this->is_varargs() != t->is_varargs())
+    {
+      if (reason != NULL)
+       *reason = _("different varargs");
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results1 = this->results();
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results2 = t->results();
+  if ((results1 != NULL) != (results2 != NULL))
+    {
+      if (reason != NULL)
+       *reason = _("different number of results");
+      return false;
+    }
+  if (results1 != NULL)
+    {
+      Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator res1 = results1->begin();
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator res2 = results2->begin();
+          res2 != results2->end();
+          ++res2, ++res1)
+       {
+         if (res1 == results1->end())
+           {
+             if (reason != NULL)
+               *reason = _("different number of results");
+             return false;
+           }
+
+         if (!Type::are_identical(res1->type(), res2->type(),
+                                  errors_are_identical, NULL))
+           {
+             if (reason != NULL)
+               *reason = _("different result types");
+             return false;
+           }
+       }
+      if (res1 != results1->end())
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           *reason = _("different number of results");
+         return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Function_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  unsigned int ret = 0;
+  // We ignore the receiver type for hash codes, because we need to
+  // get the same hash code for a method in an interface and a method
+  // declared for a type.  The former will not have a receiver.
+  if (this->parameters_ != NULL)
+    {
+      int shift = 1;
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->parameters_->begin();
+          p != this->parameters_->end();
+          ++p, ++shift)
+       ret += p->type()->hash_for_method(gogo) << shift;
+    }
+  if (this->results_ != NULL)
+    {
+      int shift = 2;
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->results_->begin();
+          p != this->results_->end();
+          ++p, ++shift)
+       ret += p->type()->hash_for_method(gogo) << shift;
+    }
+  if (this->is_varargs_)
+    ret += 1;
+  ret <<= 4;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Get the tree for a function type.
+
+tree
+Function_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  tree args = NULL_TREE;
+  tree* pp = &args;
+
+  if (this->receiver_ != NULL)
+    {
+      Type* rtype = this->receiver_->type();
+      tree ptype = rtype->get_tree(gogo);
+      if (ptype == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+
+      // We always pass the address of the receiver parameter, in
+      // order to make interface calls work with unknown types.
+      if (rtype->points_to() == NULL)
+       ptype = build_pointer_type(ptype);
+
+      *pp = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, ptype, NULL_TREE);
+      pp = &TREE_CHAIN (*pp);
+    }
+
+  if (this->parameters_ != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->parameters_->begin();
+          p != this->parameters_->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         tree ptype = p->type()->get_tree(gogo);
+         if (ptype == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         *pp = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, ptype, NULL_TREE);
+         pp = &TREE_CHAIN (*pp);
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Varargs is handled entirely at the Go level.  At the tree level,
+  // functions are not varargs.
+  *pp = void_list_node;
+
+  tree result;
+  if (this->results_ == NULL)
+    result = void_type_node;
+  else if (this->results_->size() == 1)
+    result = this->results_->begin()->type()->get_tree(gogo);
+  else
+    {
+      result = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+      tree field_trees = NULL_TREE;
+      tree* pp = &field_trees;
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->results_->begin();
+          p != this->results_->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         const std::string name = (p->name().empty()
+                                   ? "UNNAMED"
+                                   : Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->name()));
+         tree name_tree = get_identifier_with_length(name.data(),
+                                                     name.length());
+         tree field_type_tree = p->type()->get_tree(gogo);
+         if (field_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         tree field = build_decl(this->location_, FIELD_DECL, name_tree,
+                                 field_type_tree);
+         DECL_CONTEXT(field) = result;
+         *pp = field;
+         pp = &DECL_CHAIN(field);
+       }
+      TYPE_FIELDS(result) = field_trees;
+      layout_type(result);
+    }
+
+  if (result == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree fntype = build_function_type(result, args);
+  if (fntype == error_mark_node)
+    return fntype;
+
+  return build_pointer_type(fntype);
+}
+
+// Functions are initialized to NULL.
+
+tree
+Function_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (is_clear)
+    return NULL;
+  return fold_convert(type_tree, null_pointer_node);
+}
+
+// The type of a function type descriptor.
+
+Type*
+Function_type::make_function_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* tdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+      Type* ptdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+
+      Type* bool_type = Type::lookup_bool_type();
+
+      Type* slice_type = Type::make_array_type(ptdt, NULL);
+
+      Struct_type* s = Type::make_builtin_struct_type(4,
+                                                     "", tdt,
+                                                     "dotdotdot", bool_type,
+                                                     "in", slice_type,
+                                                     "out", slice_type);
+
+      ret = Type::make_builtin_named_type("FuncType", s);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// The type descriptor for a function type.
+
+Expression*
+Function_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Type* ftdt = Function_type::make_function_type_descriptor_type();
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = ftdt->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(4);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "commonType");
+  vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo,
+                                                   RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_FUNC,
+                                                   name, NULL, true));
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "dotdotdot");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_boolean(this->is_varargs(), bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "in");
+  vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_params(p->type(), this->receiver(),
+                                              this->parameters()));
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "out");
+  vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_params(p->type(), NULL,
+                                              this->results()));
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p == fields->end());
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(ftdt, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Return a composite literal for the parameters or results of a type
+// descriptor.
+
+Expression*
+Function_type::type_descriptor_params(Type* params_type,
+                                     const Typed_identifier* receiver,
+                                     const Typed_identifier_list* params)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  if (receiver == NULL && params == NULL)
+    return Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(params_type, NULL, bloc);
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve((params == NULL ? 0 : params->size())
+               + (receiver != NULL ? 1 : 0));
+
+  if (receiver != NULL)
+    {
+      Type* rtype = receiver->type();
+      // The receiver is always passed as a pointer.  FIXME: Is this
+      // right?  Should that fact affect the type descriptor?
+      if (rtype->points_to() == NULL)
+       rtype = Type::make_pointer_type(rtype);
+      vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(rtype, bloc));
+    }
+
+  if (params != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = params->begin();
+          p != params->end();
+          ++p)
+       vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(p->type(), bloc));
+    }
+
+  return Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(params_type, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// The reflection string.
+
+void
+Function_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  // FIXME: Turn this off until we straighten out the type of the
+  // struct field used in a go statement which calls a method.
+  // go_assert(this->receiver_ == NULL);
+
+  ret->append("func");
+
+  if (this->receiver_ != NULL)
+    {
+      ret->push_back('(');
+      this->append_reflection(this->receiver_->type(), gogo, ret);
+      ret->push_back(')');
+    }
+
+  ret->push_back('(');
+  const Typed_identifier_list* params = this->parameters();
+  if (params != NULL)
+    {
+      bool is_varargs = this->is_varargs_;
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = params->begin();
+          p != params->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (p != params->begin())
+           ret->append(", ");
+         if (!is_varargs || p + 1 != params->end())
+           this->append_reflection(p->type(), gogo, ret);
+         else
+           {
+             ret->append("...");
+             this->append_reflection(p->type()->array_type()->element_type(),
+                                     gogo, ret);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  ret->push_back(')');
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = this->results();
+  if (results != NULL && !results->empty())
+    {
+      if (results->size() == 1)
+       ret->push_back(' ');
+      else
+       ret->append(" (");
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = results->begin();
+          p != results->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (p != results->begin())
+           ret->append(", ");
+         this->append_reflection(p->type(), gogo, ret);
+       }
+      if (results->size() > 1)
+       ret->push_back(')');
+    }
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Function_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('F');
+
+  if (this->receiver_ != NULL)
+    {
+      ret->push_back('m');
+      this->append_mangled_name(this->receiver_->type(), gogo, ret);
+    }
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* params = this->parameters();
+  if (params != NULL)
+    {
+      ret->push_back('p');
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = params->begin();
+          p != params->end();
+          ++p)
+       this->append_mangled_name(p->type(), gogo, ret);
+      if (this->is_varargs_)
+       ret->push_back('V');
+      ret->push_back('e');
+    }
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = this->results();
+  if (results != NULL)
+    {
+      ret->push_back('r');
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = results->begin();
+          p != results->end();
+          ++p)
+       this->append_mangled_name(p->type(), gogo, ret);
+      ret->push_back('e');
+    }
+
+  ret->push_back('e');
+}
+
+// Export a function type.
+
+void
+Function_type::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  // We don't write out the receiver.  The only function types which
+  // should have a receiver are the ones associated with explicitly
+  // defined methods.  For those the receiver type is written out by
+  // Function::export_func.
+
+  exp->write_c_string("(");
+  bool first = true;
+  if (this->parameters_ != NULL)
+    {
+      bool is_varargs = this->is_varargs_;
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p =
+            this->parameters_->begin();
+          p != this->parameters_->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (first)
+           first = false;
+         else
+           exp->write_c_string(", ");
+         if (!is_varargs || p + 1 != this->parameters_->end())
+           exp->write_type(p->type());
+         else
+           {
+             exp->write_c_string("...");
+             exp->write_type(p->type()->array_type()->element_type());
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  exp->write_c_string(")");
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = this->results_;
+  if (results != NULL)
+    {
+      exp->write_c_string(" ");
+      if (results->size() == 1)
+       exp->write_type(results->begin()->type());
+      else
+       {
+         first = true;
+         exp->write_c_string("(");
+         for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = results->begin();
+              p != results->end();
+              ++p)
+           {
+             if (first)
+               first = false;
+             else
+               exp->write_c_string(", ");
+             exp->write_type(p->type());
+           }
+         exp->write_c_string(")");
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Import a function type.
+
+Function_type*
+Function_type::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("(");
+  Typed_identifier_list* parameters;
+  bool is_varargs = false;
+  if (imp->peek_char() == ')')
+    parameters = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      parameters = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      while (true)
+       {
+         if (imp->match_c_string("..."))
+           {
+             imp->advance(3);
+             is_varargs = true;
+           }
+
+         Type* ptype = imp->read_type();
+         if (is_varargs)
+           ptype = Type::make_array_type(ptype, NULL);
+         parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker,
+                                                ptype, imp->location()));
+         if (imp->peek_char() != ',')
+           break;
+         go_assert(!is_varargs);
+         imp->require_c_string(", ");
+       }
+    }
+  imp->require_c_string(")");
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* results;
+  if (imp->peek_char() != ' ')
+    results = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      imp->advance(1);
+      results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+      if (imp->peek_char() != '(')
+       {
+         Type* rtype = imp->read_type();
+         results->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker, rtype,
+                                             imp->location()));
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         imp->advance(1);
+         while (true)
+           {
+             Type* rtype = imp->read_type();
+             results->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker,
+                                                 rtype, imp->location()));
+             if (imp->peek_char() != ',')
+               break;
+             imp->require_c_string(", ");
+           }
+         imp->require_c_string(")");
+       }
+    }
+
+  Function_type* ret = Type::make_function_type(NULL, parameters, results,
+                                               imp->location());
+  if (is_varargs)
+    ret->set_is_varargs();
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Make a copy of a function type without a receiver.
+
+Function_type*
+Function_type::copy_without_receiver() const
+{
+  go_assert(this->is_method());
+  Function_type *ret = Type::make_function_type(NULL, this->parameters_,
+                                               this->results_,
+                                               this->location_);
+  if (this->is_varargs())
+    ret->set_is_varargs();
+  if (this->is_builtin())
+    ret->set_is_builtin();
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Make a copy of a function type with a receiver.
+
+Function_type*
+Function_type::copy_with_receiver(Type* receiver_type) const
+{
+  go_assert(!this->is_method());
+  Typed_identifier* receiver = new Typed_identifier("", receiver_type,
+                                                   this->location_);
+  return Type::make_function_type(receiver, this->parameters_,
+                                 this->results_, this->location_);
+}
+
+// Make a function type.
+
+Function_type*
+Type::make_function_type(Typed_identifier* receiver,
+                        Typed_identifier_list* parameters,
+                        Typed_identifier_list* results,
+                        source_location location)
+{
+  return new Function_type(receiver, parameters, results, location);
+}
+
+// Class Pointer_type.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Pointer_type::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  return Type::traverse(this->to_type_, traverse);
+}
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Pointer_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  return this->to_type_->hash_for_method(gogo) << 4;
+}
+
+// The tree for a pointer type.
+
+tree
+Pointer_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  return build_pointer_type(this->to_type_->get_tree(gogo));
+}
+
+// Initialize a pointer type.
+
+tree
+Pointer_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (is_clear)
+    return NULL;
+  return fold_convert(type_tree, null_pointer_node);
+}
+
+// The type of a pointer type descriptor.
+
+Type*
+Pointer_type::make_pointer_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* tdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+      Type* ptdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+
+      Struct_type* s = Type::make_builtin_struct_type(2,
+                                                     "", tdt,
+                                                     "elem", ptdt);
+
+      ret = Type::make_builtin_named_type("PtrType", s);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// The type descriptor for a pointer type.
+
+Expression*
+Pointer_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  if (this->is_unsafe_pointer_type())
+    {
+      go_assert(name != NULL);
+      return this->plain_type_descriptor(gogo,
+                                        RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_UNSAFE_POINTER,
+                                        name);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+      const Methods* methods;
+      Type* deref = this->points_to();
+      if (deref->named_type() != NULL)
+       methods = deref->named_type()->methods();
+      else if (deref->struct_type() != NULL)
+       methods = deref->struct_type()->methods();
+      else
+       methods = NULL;
+
+      Type* ptr_tdt = Pointer_type::make_pointer_type_descriptor_type();
+
+      const Struct_field_list* fields = ptr_tdt->struct_type()->fields();
+
+      Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+      vals->reserve(2);
+
+      Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+      go_assert(p->field_name() == "commonType");
+      vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo,
+                                                       RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_PTR,
+                                                       name, methods, false));
+
+      ++p;
+      go_assert(p->field_name() == "elem");
+      vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(deref, bloc));
+
+      return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(ptr_tdt, vals, bloc);
+    }
+}
+
+// Reflection string.
+
+void
+Pointer_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('*');
+  this->append_reflection(this->to_type_, gogo, ret);
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Pointer_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('p');
+  this->append_mangled_name(this->to_type_, gogo, ret);
+}
+
+// Export.
+
+void
+Pointer_type::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("*");
+  if (this->is_unsafe_pointer_type())
+    exp->write_c_string("any");
+  else
+    exp->write_type(this->to_type_);
+}
+
+// Import.
+
+Pointer_type*
+Pointer_type::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("*");
+  if (imp->match_c_string("any"))
+    {
+      imp->advance(3);
+      return Type::make_pointer_type(Type::make_void_type());
+    }
+  Type* to = imp->read_type();
+  return Type::make_pointer_type(to);
+}
+
+// Make a pointer type.
+
+Pointer_type*
+Type::make_pointer_type(Type* to_type)
+{
+  typedef Unordered_map(Type*, Pointer_type*) Hashtable;
+  static Hashtable pointer_types;
+  Hashtable::const_iterator p = pointer_types.find(to_type);
+  if (p != pointer_types.end())
+    return p->second;
+  Pointer_type* ret = new Pointer_type(to_type);
+  pointer_types[to_type] = ret;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// The nil type.  We use a special type for nil because it is not the
+// same as any other type.  In C term nil has type void*, but there is
+// no such type in Go.
+
+class Nil_type : public Type
+{
+ public:
+  Nil_type()
+    : Type(TYPE_NIL)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+  { return ptr_type_node; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+  { return is_clear ? NULL : fold_convert(type_tree, null_pointer_node); }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_type_descriptor(Gogo*, Named_type*)
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+  void
+  do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+  { go_unreachable(); }
+
+  void
+  do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+  { ret->push_back('n'); }
+};
+
+// Make the nil type.
+
+Type*
+Type::make_nil_type()
+{
+  static Nil_type singleton_nil_type;
+  return &singleton_nil_type;
+}
+
+// The type of a function call which returns multiple values.  This is
+// really a struct, but we don't want to confuse a function call which
+// returns a struct with a function call which returns multiple
+// values.
+
+class Call_multiple_result_type : public Type
+{
+ public:
+  Call_multiple_result_type(Call_expression* call)
+    : Type(TYPE_CALL_MULTIPLE_RESULT),
+      call_(call)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  bool
+  do_has_pointer() const
+  {
+    go_assert(saw_errors());
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Gogo*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree, bool)
+  {
+    go_assert(saw_errors());
+    return error_mark_node;
+  }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_type_descriptor(Gogo*, Named_type*)
+  {
+    go_assert(saw_errors());
+    return Expression::make_error(UNKNOWN_LOCATION);
+  }
+
+  void
+  do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+  { go_assert(saw_errors()); }
+
+  void
+  do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+  { go_assert(saw_errors()); }
+
+ private:
+  // The expression being called.
+  Call_expression* call_;
+};
+
+// Return the tree for a call result.
+
+tree
+Call_multiple_result_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  Function_type* fntype = this->call_->get_function_type();
+  go_assert(fntype != NULL);
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = fntype->results();
+  go_assert(results != NULL && results->size() > 1);
+  tree fntype_tree = fntype->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (fntype_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  return TREE_TYPE(fntype_tree);
+}
+
+// Make a call result type.
+
+Type*
+Type::make_call_multiple_result_type(Call_expression* call)
+{
+  return new Call_multiple_result_type(call);
+}
+
+// Class Struct_field.
+
+// Get the name of a field.
+
+const std::string&
+Struct_field::field_name() const
+{
+  const std::string& name(this->typed_identifier_.name());
+  if (!name.empty())
+    return name;
+  else
+    {
+      // This is called during parsing, before anything is lowered, so
+      // we have to be pretty careful to avoid dereferencing an
+      // unknown type name.
+      Type* t = this->typed_identifier_.type();
+      Type* dt = t;
+      if (t->classification() == Type::TYPE_POINTER)
+       {
+         // Very ugly.
+         Pointer_type* ptype = static_cast<Pointer_type*>(t);
+         dt = ptype->points_to();
+       }
+      if (dt->forward_declaration_type() != NULL)
+       return dt->forward_declaration_type()->name();
+      else if (dt->named_type() != NULL)
+       return dt->named_type()->name();
+      else if (t->is_error_type() || dt->is_error_type())
+       {
+         static const std::string error_string = "*error*";
+         return error_string;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // Avoid crashing in the erroneous case where T is named but
+         // DT is not.
+         go_assert(t != dt);
+         if (t->forward_declaration_type() != NULL)
+           return t->forward_declaration_type()->name();
+         else if (t->named_type() != NULL)
+           return t->named_type()->name();
+         else
+           go_unreachable();
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Class Struct_type.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Struct_type::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields_;
+  if (fields != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Struct_field_list::iterator p = fields->begin();
+          p != fields->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (Type::traverse(p->type(), traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+           return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+       }
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Verify that the struct type is complete and valid.
+
+bool
+Struct_type::do_verify()
+{
+  Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields_;
+  if (fields == NULL)
+    return true;
+  bool ret = true;
+  for (Struct_field_list::iterator p = fields->begin();
+       p != fields->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Type* t = p->type();
+      if (t->is_undefined())
+       {
+         error_at(p->location(), "struct field type is incomplete");
+         p->set_type(Type::make_error_type());
+         ret = false;
+       }
+      else if (p->is_anonymous())
+       {
+         if (t->named_type() != NULL && t->points_to() != NULL)
+           {
+             error_at(p->location(), "embedded type may not be a pointer");
+             p->set_type(Type::make_error_type());
+             return false;
+           }
+         if (t->points_to() != NULL
+             && t->points_to()->interface_type() != NULL)
+           {
+             error_at(p->location(),
+                      "embedded type may not be pointer to interface");
+             p->set_type(Type::make_error_type());
+             return false;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Whether this contains a pointer.
+
+bool
+Struct_type::do_has_pointer() const
+{
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields();
+  if (fields == NULL)
+    return false;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+       p != fields->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->type()->has_pointer())
+       return true;
+    }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Whether this type is identical to T.
+
+bool
+Struct_type::is_identical(const Struct_type* t,
+                         bool errors_are_identical) const
+{
+  const Struct_field_list* fields1 = this->fields();
+  const Struct_field_list* fields2 = t->fields();
+  if (fields1 == NULL || fields2 == NULL)
+    return fields1 == fields2;
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf2 = fields2->begin();
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf1 = fields1->begin();
+       pf1 != fields1->end();
+       ++pf1, ++pf2)
+    {
+      if (pf2 == fields2->end())
+       return false;
+      if (pf1->field_name() != pf2->field_name())
+       return false;
+      if (pf1->is_anonymous() != pf2->is_anonymous()
+         || !Type::are_identical(pf1->type(), pf2->type(),
+                                 errors_are_identical, NULL))
+       return false;
+      if (!pf1->has_tag())
+       {
+         if (pf2->has_tag())
+           return false;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         if (!pf2->has_tag())
+           return false;
+         if (pf1->tag() != pf2->tag())
+           return false;
+       }
+    }
+  if (pf2 != fields2->end())
+    return false;
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Whether this struct type has any hidden fields.
+
+bool
+Struct_type::struct_has_hidden_fields(const Named_type* within,
+                                     std::string* reason) const
+{
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields();
+  if (fields == NULL)
+    return false;
+  const Package* within_package = (within == NULL
+                                  ? NULL
+                                  : within->named_object()->package());
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf)
+    {
+      if (within_package != NULL
+         && !pf->is_anonymous()
+         && Gogo::is_hidden_name(pf->field_name()))
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           {
+             std::string within_name = within->named_object()->message_name();
+             std::string name = Gogo::message_name(pf->field_name());
+             size_t bufsize = 200 + within_name.length() + name.length();
+             char* buf = new char[bufsize];
+             snprintf(buf, bufsize,
+                      _("implicit assignment of %s%s%s hidden field %s%s%s"),
+                      open_quote, within_name.c_str(), close_quote,
+                      open_quote, name.c_str(), close_quote);
+             reason->assign(buf);
+             delete[] buf;
+           }
+         return true;
+       }
+
+      if (pf->type()->has_hidden_fields(within, reason))
+       return true;
+    }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Struct_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  unsigned int ret = 0;
+  if (this->fields() != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = this->fields()->begin();
+          pf != this->fields()->end();
+          ++pf)
+       ret = (ret << 1) + pf->type()->hash_for_method(gogo);
+    }
+  return ret <<= 2;
+}
+
+// Find the local field NAME.
+
+const Struct_field*
+Struct_type::find_local_field(const std::string& name,
+                             unsigned int *pindex) const
+{
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields_;
+  if (fields == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+  unsigned int i = 0;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf, ++i)
+    {
+      if (pf->field_name() == name)
+       {
+         if (pindex != NULL)
+           *pindex = i;
+         return &*pf;
+       }
+    }
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+// Return an expression for field NAME in STRUCT_EXPR, or NULL.
+
+Field_reference_expression*
+Struct_type::field_reference(Expression* struct_expr, const std::string& name,
+                            source_location location) const
+{
+  unsigned int depth;
+  return this->field_reference_depth(struct_expr, name, location, NULL,
+                                    &depth);
+}
+
+// Return an expression for a field, along with the depth at which it
+// was found.
+
+Field_reference_expression*
+Struct_type::field_reference_depth(Expression* struct_expr,
+                                  const std::string& name,
+                                  source_location location,
+                                  Saw_named_type* saw,
+                                  unsigned int* depth) const
+{
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields_;
+  if (fields == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+
+  // Look for a field with this name.
+  unsigned int i = 0;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf, ++i)
+    {
+      if (pf->field_name() == name)
+       {
+         *depth = 0;
+         return Expression::make_field_reference(struct_expr, i, location);
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Look for an anonymous field which contains a field with this
+  // name.
+  unsigned int found_depth = 0;
+  Field_reference_expression* ret = NULL;
+  i = 0;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf, ++i)
+    {
+      if (!pf->is_anonymous())
+       continue;
+
+      Struct_type* st = pf->type()->deref()->struct_type();
+      if (st == NULL)
+       continue;
+
+      Saw_named_type* hold_saw = saw;
+      Saw_named_type saw_here;
+      Named_type* nt = pf->type()->named_type();
+      if (nt == NULL)
+       nt = pf->type()->deref()->named_type();
+      if (nt != NULL)
+       {
+         Saw_named_type* q;
+         for (q = saw; q != NULL; q = q->next)
+           {
+             if (q->nt == nt)
+               {
+                 // If this is an error, it will be reported
+                 // elsewhere.
+                 break;
+               }
+           }
+         if (q != NULL)
+           continue;
+         saw_here.next = saw;
+         saw_here.nt = nt;
+         saw = &saw_here;
+       }
+
+      // Look for a reference using a NULL struct expression.  If we
+      // find one, fill in the struct expression with a reference to
+      // this field.
+      unsigned int subdepth;
+      Field_reference_expression* sub = st->field_reference_depth(NULL, name,
+                                                                 location,
+                                                                 saw,
+                                                                 &subdepth);
+
+      saw = hold_saw;
+
+      if (sub == NULL)
+       continue;
+
+      if (ret == NULL || subdepth < found_depth)
+       {
+         if (ret != NULL)
+           delete ret;
+         ret = sub;
+         found_depth = subdepth;
+         Expression* here = Expression::make_field_reference(struct_expr, i,
+                                                             location);
+         if (pf->type()->points_to() != NULL)
+           here = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, here, location);
+         while (sub->expr() != NULL)
+           {
+             sub = sub->expr()->deref()->field_reference_expression();
+             go_assert(sub != NULL);
+           }
+         sub->set_struct_expression(here);
+       }
+      else if (subdepth > found_depth)
+       delete sub;
+      else
+       {
+         // We do not handle ambiguity here--it should be handled by
+         // Type::bind_field_or_method.
+         delete sub;
+         found_depth = 0;
+         ret = NULL;
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (ret != NULL)
+    *depth = found_depth + 1;
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return the total number of fields, including embedded fields.
+
+unsigned int
+Struct_type::total_field_count() const
+{
+  if (this->fields_ == NULL)
+    return 0;
+  unsigned int ret = 0;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = this->fields_->begin();
+       pf != this->fields_->end();
+       ++pf)
+    {
+      if (!pf->is_anonymous() || pf->type()->deref()->struct_type() == NULL)
+       ++ret;
+      else
+       ret += pf->type()->struct_type()->total_field_count();
+    }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return whether NAME is an unexported field, for better error reporting.
+
+bool
+Struct_type::is_unexported_local_field(Gogo* gogo,
+                                      const std::string& name) const
+{
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields_;
+  if (fields != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+          pf != fields->end();
+          ++pf)
+       {
+         const std::string& field_name(pf->field_name());
+         if (Gogo::is_hidden_name(field_name)
+             && name == Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(field_name)
+             && gogo->pack_hidden_name(name, false) != field_name)
+           return true;
+       }
+    }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Finalize the methods of an unnamed struct.
+
+void
+Struct_type::finalize_methods(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->all_methods_ != NULL)
+    return;
+  Type::finalize_methods(gogo, this, this->location_, &this->all_methods_);
+}
+
+// Return the method NAME, or NULL if there isn't one or if it is
+// ambiguous.  Set *IS_AMBIGUOUS if the method exists but is
+// ambiguous.
+
+Method*
+Struct_type::method_function(const std::string& name, bool* is_ambiguous) const
+{
+  return Type::method_function(this->all_methods_, name, is_ambiguous);
+}
+
+// Get the tree for a struct type.
+
+tree
+Struct_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  tree type = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+  return this->fill_in_tree(gogo, type);
+}
+
+// Fill in the fields for a struct type.
+
+tree
+Struct_type::fill_in_tree(Gogo* gogo, tree type)
+{
+  tree field_trees = NULL_TREE;
+  tree* pp = &field_trees;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = this->fields_->begin();
+       p != this->fields_->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      std::string name = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->field_name());
+      tree name_tree = get_identifier_with_length(name.data(), name.length());
+
+      tree field_type_tree = p->type()->get_tree(gogo);
+      if (field_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      go_assert(TYPE_SIZE(field_type_tree) != NULL_TREE);
+
+      tree field = build_decl(p->location(), FIELD_DECL, name_tree,
+                             field_type_tree);
+      DECL_CONTEXT(field) = type;
+      *pp = field;
+      pp = &DECL_CHAIN(field);
+    }
+
+  TYPE_FIELDS(type) = field_trees;
+
+  layout_type(type);
+
+  return type;
+}
+
+// Initialize struct fields.
+
+tree
+Struct_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo* gogo, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (this->fields_ == NULL || this->fields_->empty())
+    {
+      if (is_clear)
+       return NULL;
+      else
+       {
+         tree ret = build_constructor(type_tree,
+                                      VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 0));
+         TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+         return ret;
+       }
+    }
+
+  bool is_constant = true;
+  bool any_fields_set = false;
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc,
+                                           this->fields_->size());
+
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = this->fields_->begin();
+       p != this->fields_->end();
+       ++p, field = DECL_CHAIN(field))
+    {
+      tree value = p->type()->get_init_tree(gogo, is_clear);
+      if (value == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      go_assert(field != NULL_TREE);
+      if (value != NULL)
+       {
+         constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+         elt->index = field;
+         elt->value = value;
+         any_fields_set = true;
+         if (!TREE_CONSTANT(value))
+           is_constant = false;
+       }
+    }
+  go_assert(field == NULL_TREE);
+
+  if (!any_fields_set)
+    {
+      go_assert(is_clear);
+      VEC_free(constructor_elt, gc, init);
+      return NULL;
+    }
+
+  tree ret = build_constructor(type_tree, init);
+  if (is_constant)
+    TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// The type of a struct type descriptor.
+
+Type*
+Struct_type::make_struct_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* tdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+      Type* ptdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+
+      Type* uintptr_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr");
+      Type* string_type = Type::lookup_string_type();
+      Type* pointer_string_type = Type::make_pointer_type(string_type);
+
+      Struct_type* sf =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(5,
+                                      "name", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "pkgPath", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "typ", ptdt,
+                                      "tag", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "offset", uintptr_type);
+      Type* nsf = Type::make_builtin_named_type("structField", sf);
+
+      Type* slice_type = Type::make_array_type(nsf, NULL);
+
+      Struct_type* s = Type::make_builtin_struct_type(2,
+                                                     "", tdt,
+                                                     "fields", slice_type);
+
+      ret = Type::make_builtin_named_type("StructType", s);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for a struct type.
+
+Expression*
+Struct_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Type* stdt = Struct_type::make_struct_type_descriptor_type();
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = stdt->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(2);
+
+  const Methods* methods = this->methods();
+  // A named struct should not have methods--the methods should attach
+  // to the named type.
+  go_assert(methods == NULL || name == NULL);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator ps = fields->begin();
+  go_assert(ps->field_name() == "commonType");
+  vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo,
+                                                   RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_STRUCT,
+                                                   name, methods, true));
+
+  ++ps;
+  go_assert(ps->field_name() == "fields");
+
+  Expression_list* elements = new Expression_list();
+  elements->reserve(this->fields_->size());
+  Type* element_type = ps->type()->array_type()->element_type();
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = this->fields_->begin();
+       pf != this->fields_->end();
+       ++pf)
+    {
+      const Struct_field_list* f = element_type->struct_type()->fields();
+
+      Expression_list* fvals = new Expression_list();
+      fvals->reserve(5);
+
+      Struct_field_list::const_iterator q = f->begin();
+      go_assert(q->field_name() == "name");
+      if (pf->is_anonymous())
+       fvals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+      else
+       {
+         std::string n = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(pf->field_name());
+         Expression* s = Expression::make_string(n, bloc);
+         fvals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, s, bloc));
+       }
+
+      ++q;
+      go_assert(q->field_name() == "pkgPath");
+      if (!Gogo::is_hidden_name(pf->field_name()))
+       fvals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+      else
+       {
+         std::string n = Gogo::hidden_name_prefix(pf->field_name());
+         Expression* s = Expression::make_string(n, bloc);
+         fvals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, s, bloc));
+       }
+
+      ++q;
+      go_assert(q->field_name() == "typ");
+      fvals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(pf->type(), bloc));
+
+      ++q;
+      go_assert(q->field_name() == "tag");
+      if (!pf->has_tag())
+       fvals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+      else
+       {
+         Expression* s = Expression::make_string(pf->tag(), bloc);
+         fvals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, s, bloc));
+       }
+
+      ++q;
+      go_assert(q->field_name() == "offset");
+      fvals->push_back(Expression::make_struct_field_offset(this, &*pf));
+
+      Expression* v = Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(element_type,
+                                                               fvals, bloc);
+      elements->push_back(v);
+    }
+
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(ps->type(),
+                                                          elements, bloc));
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(stdt, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Reflection string.
+
+void
+Struct_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->append("struct { ");
+
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = this->fields_->begin();
+       p != this->fields_->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p != this->fields_->begin())
+       ret->append("; ");
+      if (p->is_anonymous())
+       ret->push_back('?');
+      else
+       ret->append(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->field_name()));
+      ret->push_back(' ');
+      this->append_reflection(p->type(), gogo, ret);
+
+      if (p->has_tag())
+       {
+         const std::string& tag(p->tag());
+         ret->append(" \"");
+         for (std::string::const_iterator p = tag.begin();
+              p != tag.end();
+              ++p)
+           {
+             if (*p == '\0')
+               ret->append("\\x00");
+             else if (*p == '\n')
+               ret->append("\\n");
+             else if (*p == '\t')
+               ret->append("\\t");
+             else if (*p == '"')
+               ret->append("\\\"");
+             else if (*p == '\\')
+               ret->append("\\\\");
+             else
+               ret->push_back(*p);
+           }
+         ret->push_back('"');
+       }
+    }
+
+  ret->append(" }");
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Struct_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('S');
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields_;
+  if (fields != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+          p != fields->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (p->is_anonymous())
+           ret->append("0_");
+         else
+           {
+             std::string n = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->field_name());
+             char buf[20];
+             snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%u_",
+                      static_cast<unsigned int>(n.length()));
+             ret->append(buf);
+             ret->append(n);
+           }
+         this->append_mangled_name(p->type(), gogo, ret);
+         if (p->has_tag())
+           {
+             const std::string& tag(p->tag());
+             std::string out;
+             for (std::string::const_iterator p = tag.begin();
+                  p != tag.end();
+                  ++p)
+               {
+                 if (ISALNUM(*p) || *p == '_')
+                   out.push_back(*p);
+                 else
+                   {
+                     char buf[20];
+                     snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, ".%x.",
+                              static_cast<unsigned int>(*p));
+                     out.append(buf);
+                   }
+               }
+             char buf[20];
+             snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "T%u_",
+                      static_cast<unsigned int>(out.length()));
+             ret->append(buf);
+             ret->append(out);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  ret->push_back('e');
+}
+
+// Export.
+
+void
+Struct_type::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("struct { ");
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields_;
+  go_assert(fields != NULL);
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+       p != fields->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->is_anonymous())
+       exp->write_string("? ");
+      else
+       {
+         exp->write_string(p->field_name());
+         exp->write_c_string(" ");
+       }
+      exp->write_type(p->type());
+
+      if (p->has_tag())
+       {
+         exp->write_c_string(" ");
+         Expression* expr = Expression::make_string(p->tag(),
+                                                    BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+         expr->export_expression(exp);
+         delete expr;
+       }
+
+      exp->write_c_string("; ");
+    }
+  exp->write_c_string("}");
+}
+
+// Import.
+
+Struct_type*
+Struct_type::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("struct { ");
+  Struct_field_list* fields = new Struct_field_list;
+  if (imp->peek_char() != '}')
+    {
+      while (true)
+       {
+         std::string name;
+         if (imp->match_c_string("? "))
+           imp->advance(2);
+         else
+           {
+             name = imp->read_identifier();
+             imp->require_c_string(" ");
+           }
+         Type* ftype = imp->read_type();
+
+         Struct_field sf(Typed_identifier(name, ftype, imp->location()));
+
+         if (imp->peek_char() == ' ')
+           {
+             imp->advance(1);
+             Expression* expr = Expression::import_expression(imp);
+             String_expression* sexpr = expr->string_expression();
+             go_assert(sexpr != NULL);
+             sf.set_tag(sexpr->val());
+             delete sexpr;
+           }
+
+         imp->require_c_string("; ");
+         fields->push_back(sf);
+         if (imp->peek_char() == '}')
+           break;
+       }
+    }
+  imp->require_c_string("}");
+
+  return Type::make_struct_type(fields, imp->location());
+}
+
+// Make a struct type.
+
+Struct_type*
+Type::make_struct_type(Struct_field_list* fields,
+                      source_location location)
+{
+  return new Struct_type(fields, location);
+}
+
+// Class Array_type.
+
+// Whether two array types are identical.
+
+bool
+Array_type::is_identical(const Array_type* t, bool errors_are_identical) const
+{
+  if (!Type::are_identical(this->element_type(), t->element_type(),
+                          errors_are_identical, NULL))
+    return false;
+
+  Expression* l1 = this->length();
+  Expression* l2 = t->length();
+
+  // Slices of the same element type are identical.
+  if (l1 == NULL && l2 == NULL)
+    return true;
+
+  // Arrays of the same element type are identical if they have the
+  // same length.
+  if (l1 != NULL && l2 != NULL)
+    {
+      if (l1 == l2)
+       return true;
+
+      // Try to determine the lengths.  If we can't, assume the arrays
+      // are not identical.
+      bool ret = false;
+      mpz_t v1;
+      mpz_init(v1);
+      Type* type1;
+      mpz_t v2;
+      mpz_init(v2);
+      Type* type2;
+      if (l1->integer_constant_value(true, v1, &type1)
+         && l2->integer_constant_value(true, v2, &type2))
+       ret = mpz_cmp(v1, v2) == 0;
+      mpz_clear(v1);
+      mpz_clear(v2);
+      return ret;
+    }
+
+  // Otherwise the arrays are not identical.
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Array_type::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Type::traverse(this->element_type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->length_ != NULL
+      && Expression::traverse(&this->length_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check that the length is valid.
+
+bool
+Array_type::verify_length()
+{
+  if (this->length_ == NULL)
+    return true;
+
+  Type_context context(Type::lookup_integer_type("int"), false);
+  this->length_->determine_type(&context);
+
+  if (!this->length_->is_constant())
+    {
+      error_at(this->length_->location(), "array bound is not constant");
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  mpz_t val;
+  mpz_init(val);
+  Type* vt;
+  if (!this->length_->integer_constant_value(true, val, &vt))
+    {
+      mpfr_t fval;
+      mpfr_init(fval);
+      if (!this->length_->float_constant_value(fval, &vt))
+       {
+         if (this->length_->type()->integer_type() != NULL
+             || this->length_->type()->float_type() != NULL)
+           error_at(this->length_->location(),
+                    "array bound is not constant");
+         else
+           error_at(this->length_->location(),
+                    "array bound is not numeric");
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         mpz_clear(val);
+         return false;
+       }
+      if (!mpfr_integer_p(fval))
+       {
+         error_at(this->length_->location(),
+                  "array bound truncated to integer");
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         mpz_clear(val);
+         return false;
+       }
+      mpz_init(val);
+      mpfr_get_z(val, fval, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+    }
+
+  if (mpz_sgn(val) < 0)
+    {
+      error_at(this->length_->location(), "negative array bound");
+      mpz_clear(val);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  Type* int_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+  int tbits = int_type->integer_type()->bits();
+  int vbits = mpz_sizeinbase(val, 2);
+  if (vbits + 1 > tbits)
+    {
+      error_at(this->length_->location(), "array bound overflows");
+      mpz_clear(val);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  mpz_clear(val);
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Verify the type.
+
+bool
+Array_type::do_verify()
+{
+  if (!this->verify_length())
+    {
+      this->length_ = Expression::make_error(this->length_->location());
+      return false;
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Array type hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Array_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  // There is no very convenient way to get a hash code for the
+  // length.
+  return this->element_type_->hash_for_method(gogo) + 1;
+}
+
+// See if the expression passed to make is suitable.  The first
+// argument is required, and gives the length.  An optional second
+// argument is permitted for the capacity.
+
+bool
+Array_type::do_check_make_expression(Expression_list* args,
+                                    source_location location)
+{
+  go_assert(this->length_ == NULL);
+  if (args == NULL || args->empty())
+    {
+      error_at(location, "length required when allocating a slice");
+      return false;
+    }
+  else if (args->size() > 2)
+    {
+      error_at(location, "too many expressions passed to make");
+      return false;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (!Type::check_int_value(args->front(),
+                                _("bad length when making slice"), location))
+       return false;
+
+      if (args->size() > 1)
+       {
+         if (!Type::check_int_value(args->back(),
+                                    _("bad capacity when making slice"),
+                                    location))
+           return false;
+       }
+
+      return true;
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree for the length of a fixed array.  The length may be
+// computed using a function call, so we must only evaluate it once.
+
+tree
+Array_type::get_length_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  go_assert(this->length_ != NULL);
+  if (this->length_tree_ == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      mpz_t val;
+      mpz_init(val);
+      Type* t;
+      if (this->length_->integer_constant_value(true, val, &t))
+       {
+         if (t == NULL)
+           t = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+         else if (t->is_abstract())
+           t = t->make_non_abstract_type();
+         tree tt = t->get_tree(gogo);
+         this->length_tree_ = Expression::integer_constant_tree(val, tt);
+         mpz_clear(val);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         mpz_clear(val);
+
+         // Make up a translation context for the array length
+         // expression.  FIXME: This won't work in general.
+         Translate_context context(gogo, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+         tree len = this->length_->get_tree(&context);
+         if (len != error_mark_node)
+           {
+             len = convert_to_integer(integer_type_node, len);
+             len = save_expr(len);
+           }
+         this->length_tree_ = len;
+       }
+    }
+  return this->length_tree_;
+}
+
+// Get a tree for the type of this array.  A fixed array is simply
+// represented as ARRAY_TYPE with the appropriate index--i.e., it is
+// just like an array in C.  An open array is a struct with three
+// fields: a data pointer, the length, and the capacity.
+
+tree
+Array_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->length_ == NULL)
+    {
+      tree struct_type = gogo->slice_type_tree(void_type_node);
+      return this->fill_in_slice_tree(gogo, struct_type);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      tree array_type = make_node(ARRAY_TYPE);
+      return this->fill_in_array_tree(gogo, array_type);
+    }
+}
+
+// Fill in the fields for an array type.  This is used for named array
+// types.
+
+tree
+Array_type::fill_in_array_tree(Gogo* gogo, tree array_type)
+{
+  go_assert(this->length_ != NULL);
+
+  tree element_type_tree = this->element_type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  tree length_tree = this->get_length_tree(gogo);
+  if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node
+      || length_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  go_assert(TYPE_SIZE(element_type_tree) != NULL_TREE);
+
+  length_tree = fold_convert(sizetype, length_tree);
+
+  // build_index_type takes the maximum index, which is one less than
+  // the length.
+  tree index_type = build_index_type(fold_build2(MINUS_EXPR, sizetype,
+                                                length_tree,
+                                                size_one_node));
+
+  TREE_TYPE(array_type) = element_type_tree;
+  TYPE_DOMAIN(array_type) = index_type;
+  TYPE_ADDR_SPACE(array_type) = TYPE_ADDR_SPACE(element_type_tree);
+  layout_type(array_type);
+
+  if (TYPE_STRUCTURAL_EQUALITY_P(element_type_tree)
+      || TYPE_STRUCTURAL_EQUALITY_P(index_type))
+    SET_TYPE_STRUCTURAL_EQUALITY(array_type);
+  else if (TYPE_CANONICAL(element_type_tree) != element_type_tree
+          || TYPE_CANONICAL(index_type) != index_type)
+    TYPE_CANONICAL(array_type) =
+      build_array_type(TYPE_CANONICAL(element_type_tree),
+                      TYPE_CANONICAL(index_type));
+
+  return array_type;
+}
+
+// Fill in the fields for a slice type.  This is used for named slice
+// types.
+
+tree
+Array_type::fill_in_slice_tree(Gogo* gogo, tree struct_type)
+{
+  go_assert(this->length_ == NULL);
+
+  tree element_type_tree = this->element_type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(struct_type);
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__values") == 0);
+  go_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(field))
+            && TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(field)) == void_type_node);
+  TREE_TYPE(field) = build_pointer_type(element_type_tree);
+
+  return struct_type;
+}
+
+// Return an initializer for an array type.
+
+tree
+Array_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo* gogo, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (this->length_ == NULL)
+    {
+      // Open array.
+
+      if (is_clear)
+       return NULL;
+
+      go_assert(TREE_CODE(type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+      VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 3);
+
+      for (tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+          field != NULL_TREE;
+          field = DECL_CHAIN(field))
+       {
+         constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init,
+                                               NULL);
+         elt->index = field;
+         elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), size_zero_node);
+       }
+
+      tree ret = build_constructor(type_tree, init);
+      TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // Fixed array.
+
+      tree value = this->element_type_->get_init_tree(gogo, is_clear);
+      if (value == NULL)
+       return NULL;
+      if (value == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+
+      tree length_tree = this->get_length_tree(gogo);
+      if (length_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+
+      length_tree = fold_convert(sizetype, length_tree);
+      tree range = build2(RANGE_EXPR, sizetype, size_zero_node,
+                         fold_build2(MINUS_EXPR, sizetype,
+                                     length_tree, size_one_node));
+      tree ret = build_constructor_single(type_tree, range, value);
+      if (TREE_CONSTANT(value))
+       TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+      return ret;
+    }
+}
+
+// Handle the builtin make function for a slice.
+
+tree
+Array_type::do_make_expression_tree(Translate_context* context,
+                                   Expression_list* args,
+                                   source_location location)
+{
+  go_assert(this->length_ == NULL);
+
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree type_tree = this->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree values_field = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(values_field)),
+                   "__values") == 0);
+
+  tree count_field = DECL_CHAIN(values_field);
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(count_field)),
+                   "__count") == 0);
+
+  tree element_type_tree = this->element_type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  tree element_size_tree = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(element_type_tree);
+
+  tree value = this->element_type_->get_init_tree(gogo, true);
+  if (value == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  // The first argument is the number of elements, the optional second
+  // argument is the capacity.
+  go_assert(args != NULL && args->size() >= 1 && args->size() <= 2);
+
+  tree length_tree = args->front()->get_tree(context);
+  if (length_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  if (!DECL_P(length_tree))
+    length_tree = save_expr(length_tree);
+  if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(length_tree)))
+    length_tree = convert_to_integer(TREE_TYPE(count_field), length_tree);
+
+  tree bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(length_tree,
+                                           TREE_TYPE(count_field),
+                                           NULL_TREE, location);
+
+  length_tree = fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(count_field), length_tree);
+  tree capacity_tree;
+  if (args->size() == 1)
+    capacity_tree = length_tree;
+  else
+    {
+      capacity_tree = args->back()->get_tree(context);
+      if (capacity_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      if (!DECL_P(capacity_tree))
+       capacity_tree = save_expr(capacity_tree);
+      if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(capacity_tree)))
+       capacity_tree = convert_to_integer(TREE_TYPE(count_field),
+                                          capacity_tree);
+
+      bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(capacity_tree,
+                                          TREE_TYPE(count_field),
+                                          bad_index, location);
+
+      tree chktype = (((TYPE_SIZE(TREE_TYPE(capacity_tree))
+                       > TYPE_SIZE(TREE_TYPE(length_tree)))
+                      || ((TYPE_SIZE(TREE_TYPE(capacity_tree))
+                           == TYPE_SIZE(TREE_TYPE(length_tree)))
+                          && TYPE_UNSIGNED(TREE_TYPE(capacity_tree))))
+                     ? TREE_TYPE(capacity_tree)
+                     : TREE_TYPE(length_tree));
+      tree chk = fold_build2_loc(location, LT_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                                fold_convert_loc(location, chktype,
+                                                 capacity_tree),
+                                fold_convert_loc(location, chktype,
+                                                 length_tree));
+      if (bad_index == NULL_TREE)
+       bad_index = chk;
+      else
+       bad_index = fold_build2_loc(location, TRUTH_OR_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                                   bad_index, chk);
+
+      capacity_tree = fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(count_field),
+                                      capacity_tree);
+    }
+
+  tree size_tree = fold_build2_loc(location, MULT_EXPR, sizetype,
+                                  element_size_tree,
+                                  fold_convert_loc(location, sizetype,
+                                                   capacity_tree));
+
+  tree chk = fold_build2_loc(location, TRUTH_AND_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                            fold_build2_loc(location, GT_EXPR,
+                                            boolean_type_node,
+                                            fold_convert_loc(location,
+                                                             sizetype,
+                                                             capacity_tree),
+                                            size_zero_node),
+                            fold_build2_loc(location, LT_EXPR,
+                                            boolean_type_node,
+                                            size_tree, element_size_tree));
+  if (bad_index == NULL_TREE)
+    bad_index = chk;
+  else
+    bad_index = fold_build2_loc(location, TRUTH_OR_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                               bad_index, chk);
+
+  tree space = context->gogo()->allocate_memory(this->element_type_,
+                                               size_tree, location);
+
+  if (value != NULL_TREE)
+    space = save_expr(space);
+
+  space = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(values_field), space);
+
+  if (bad_index != NULL_TREE && bad_index != boolean_false_node)
+    {
+      tree crash = Gogo::runtime_error(RUNTIME_ERROR_MAKE_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS,
+                                      location);
+      space = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(space),
+                    build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                           bad_index, crash, NULL_TREE),
+                    space);
+    }
+
+  tree constructor = gogo->slice_constructor(type_tree, space, length_tree,
+                                            capacity_tree);
+
+  if (value == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      // The array contents are zero initialized.
+      return constructor;
+    }
+
+  // The elements must be initialized.
+
+  tree max = fold_build2_loc(location, MINUS_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(count_field),
+                            capacity_tree,
+                            fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(count_field),
+                                             integer_one_node));
+
+  tree array_type = build_array_type(element_type_tree,
+                                    build_index_type(max));
+
+  tree value_pointer = fold_convert_loc(location,
+                                       build_pointer_type(array_type),
+                                       space);
+
+  tree range = build2(RANGE_EXPR, sizetype, size_zero_node, max);
+  tree space_init = build_constructor_single(array_type, range, value);
+
+  return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(constructor),
+               build2(MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                      build_fold_indirect_ref(value_pointer),
+                      space_init),
+               constructor);
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a pointer to the values in ARRAY.
+
+tree
+Array_type::value_pointer_tree(Gogo*, tree array) const
+{
+  tree ret;
+  if (this->length() != NULL)
+    {
+      // Fixed array.
+      ret = fold_convert(build_pointer_type(TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(array))),
+                        build_fold_addr_expr(array));
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // Open array.
+      tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(TREE_TYPE(array));
+      go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),
+                       "__values") == 0);
+      ret = fold_build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), array, field,
+                       NULL_TREE);
+    }
+  if (TREE_CONSTANT(array))
+    TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the length of the array ARRAY which has this
+// type.
+
+tree
+Array_type::length_tree(Gogo* gogo, tree array)
+{
+  if (this->length_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (TREE_CODE(array) == SAVE_EXPR)
+       return fold_convert(integer_type_node, this->get_length_tree(gogo));
+      else
+       return omit_one_operand(integer_type_node,
+                               this->get_length_tree(gogo), array);
+    }
+
+  // This is an open array.  We need to read the length field.
+
+  tree type = TREE_TYPE(array);
+  go_assert(TREE_CODE(type) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  tree field = DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(type));
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__count") == 0);
+
+  tree ret = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), array, field, NULL_TREE);
+  if (TREE_CONSTANT(array))
+    TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the capacity of the array ARRAY which has this
+// type.
+
+tree
+Array_type::capacity_tree(Gogo* gogo, tree array)
+{
+  if (this->length_ != NULL)
+    return omit_one_operand(sizetype, this->get_length_tree(gogo), array);
+
+  // This is an open array.  We need to read the capacity field.
+
+  tree type = TREE_TYPE(array);
+  go_assert(TREE_CODE(type) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  tree field = DECL_CHAIN(DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(type)));
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__capacity") == 0);
+
+  return build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), array, field, NULL_TREE);
+}
+
+// Export.
+
+void
+Array_type::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("[");
+  if (this->length_ != NULL)
+    this->length_->export_expression(exp);
+  exp->write_c_string("] ");
+  exp->write_type(this->element_type_);
+}
+
+// Import.
+
+Array_type*
+Array_type::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("[");
+  Expression* length;
+  if (imp->peek_char() == ']')
+    length = NULL;
+  else
+    length = Expression::import_expression(imp);
+  imp->require_c_string("] ");
+  Type* element_type = imp->read_type();
+  return Type::make_array_type(element_type, length);
+}
+
+// The type of an array type descriptor.
+
+Type*
+Array_type::make_array_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* tdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+      Type* ptdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+
+      Type* uintptr_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr");
+
+      Struct_type* sf =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(3,
+                                      "", tdt,
+                                      "elem", ptdt,
+                                      "len", uintptr_type);
+
+      ret = Type::make_builtin_named_type("ArrayType", sf);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// The type of an slice type descriptor.
+
+Type*
+Array_type::make_slice_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* tdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+      Type* ptdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+
+      Struct_type* sf =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(2,
+                                      "", tdt,
+                                      "elem", ptdt);
+
+      ret = Type::make_builtin_named_type("SliceType", sf);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for an array/slice type.
+
+Expression*
+Array_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  if (this->length_ != NULL)
+    return this->array_type_descriptor(gogo, name);
+  else
+    return this->slice_type_descriptor(gogo, name);
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for an array type.
+
+Expression*
+Array_type::array_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Type* atdt = Array_type::make_array_type_descriptor_type();
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = atdt->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(3);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "commonType");
+  vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo,
+                                                   RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_ARRAY,
+                                                   name, NULL, true));
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "elem");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(this->element_type_, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "len");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_cast(p->type(), this->length_, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p == fields->end());
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(atdt, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for a slice type.
+
+Expression*
+Array_type::slice_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Type* stdt = Array_type::make_slice_type_descriptor_type();
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = stdt->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(2);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "commonType");
+  vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo,
+                                                   RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_SLICE,
+                                                   name, NULL, true));
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "elem");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(this->element_type_, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p == fields->end());
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(stdt, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Reflection string.
+
+void
+Array_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('[');
+  if (this->length_ != NULL)
+    {
+      mpz_t val;
+      mpz_init(val);
+      Type* type;
+      if (!this->length_->integer_constant_value(true, val, &type))
+       error_at(this->length_->location(),
+                "array length must be integer constant expression");
+      else if (mpz_cmp_si(val, 0) < 0)
+       error_at(this->length_->location(), "array length is negative");
+      else if (mpz_cmp_ui(val, mpz_get_ui(val)) != 0)
+       error_at(this->length_->location(), "array length is too large");
+      else
+       {
+         char buf[50];
+         snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%lu", mpz_get_ui(val));
+         ret->append(buf);
+       }
+      mpz_clear(val);
+    }
+  ret->push_back(']');
+
+  this->append_reflection(this->element_type_, gogo, ret);
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Array_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('A');
+  this->append_mangled_name(this->element_type_, gogo, ret);
+  if (this->length_ != NULL)
+    {
+      mpz_t val;
+      mpz_init(val);
+      Type* type;
+      if (!this->length_->integer_constant_value(true, val, &type))
+       error_at(this->length_->location(),
+                "array length must be integer constant expression");
+      else if (mpz_cmp_si(val, 0) < 0)
+       error_at(this->length_->location(), "array length is negative");
+      else if (mpz_cmp_ui(val, mpz_get_ui(val)) != 0)
+       error_at(this->length_->location(), "array size is too large");
+      else
+       {
+         char buf[50];
+         snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%lu", mpz_get_ui(val));
+         ret->append(buf);
+       }
+      mpz_clear(val);
+    }
+  ret->push_back('e');
+}
+
+// Make an array type.
+
+Array_type*
+Type::make_array_type(Type* element_type, Expression* length)
+{
+  return new Array_type(element_type, length);
+}
+
+// Class Map_type.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Map_type::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Type::traverse(this->key_type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || Type::traverse(this->val_type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check that the map type is OK.
+
+bool
+Map_type::do_verify()
+{
+  if (this->key_type_->struct_type() != NULL
+      || this->key_type_->array_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      error_at(this->location_, "invalid map key type");
+      return false;
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Whether two map types are identical.
+
+bool
+Map_type::is_identical(const Map_type* t, bool errors_are_identical) const
+{
+  return (Type::are_identical(this->key_type(), t->key_type(),
+                             errors_are_identical, NULL)
+         && Type::are_identical(this->val_type(), t->val_type(),
+                                errors_are_identical, NULL));
+}
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Map_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  return (this->key_type_->hash_for_method(gogo)
+         + this->val_type_->hash_for_method(gogo)
+         + 2);
+}
+
+// Check that a call to the builtin make function is valid.  For a map
+// the optional argument is the number of spaces to preallocate for
+// values.
+
+bool
+Map_type::do_check_make_expression(Expression_list* args,
+                                  source_location location)
+{
+  if (args != NULL && !args->empty())
+    {
+      if (!Type::check_int_value(args->front(), _("bad size when making map"),
+                                location))
+       return false;
+      else if (args->size() > 1)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "too many arguments when making map");
+         return false;
+       }
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a map type.  A map type is represented as a pointer
+// to a struct.  The struct is __go_map in libgo/map.h.
+
+tree
+Map_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  static tree type_tree;
+  if (type_tree == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      tree struct_type = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+
+      tree map_descriptor_type = gogo->map_descriptor_type();
+      tree const_map_descriptor_type =
+       build_qualified_type(map_descriptor_type, TYPE_QUAL_CONST);
+      tree name = get_identifier("__descriptor");
+      tree field = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, FIELD_DECL, name,
+                             build_pointer_type(const_map_descriptor_type));
+      DECL_CONTEXT(field) = struct_type;
+      TYPE_FIELDS(struct_type) = field;
+      tree last_field = field;
+
+      name = get_identifier("__element_count");
+      field = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, FIELD_DECL, name, sizetype);
+      DECL_CONTEXT(field) = struct_type;
+      DECL_CHAIN(last_field) = field;
+      last_field = field;
+
+      name = get_identifier("__bucket_count");
+      field = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, FIELD_DECL, name, sizetype);
+      DECL_CONTEXT(field) = struct_type;
+      DECL_CHAIN(last_field) = field;
+      last_field = field;
+
+      name = get_identifier("__buckets");
+      field = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, FIELD_DECL, name,
+                        build_pointer_type(ptr_type_node));
+      DECL_CONTEXT(field) = struct_type;
+      DECL_CHAIN(last_field) = field;
+
+      layout_type(struct_type);
+
+      // Give the struct a name for better debugging info.
+      name = get_identifier("__go_map");
+      tree type_decl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, TYPE_DECL, name,
+                                 struct_type);
+      DECL_ARTIFICIAL(type_decl) = 1;
+      TYPE_NAME(struct_type) = type_decl;
+      go_preserve_from_gc(type_decl);
+      rest_of_decl_compilation(type_decl, 1, 0);
+
+      type_tree = build_pointer_type(struct_type);
+      go_preserve_from_gc(type_tree);
+    }
+
+  return type_tree;
+}
+
+// Initialize a map.
+
+tree
+Map_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (is_clear)
+    return NULL;
+  return fold_convert(type_tree, null_pointer_node);
+}
+
+// Return an expression for a newly allocated map.
+
+tree
+Map_type::do_make_expression_tree(Translate_context* context,
+                                 Expression_list* args,
+                                 source_location location)
+{
+  tree bad_index = NULL_TREE;
+
+  tree expr_tree;
+  if (args == NULL || args->empty())
+    expr_tree = size_zero_node;
+  else
+    {
+      expr_tree = args->front()->get_tree(context);
+      if (expr_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      if (!DECL_P(expr_tree))
+       expr_tree = save_expr(expr_tree);
+      if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(expr_tree)))
+       expr_tree = convert_to_integer(sizetype, expr_tree);
+      bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(expr_tree, sizetype, bad_index,
+                                          location);
+    }
+
+  tree map_type = this->get_tree(context->gogo());
+
+  static tree new_map_fndecl;
+  tree ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&new_map_fndecl,
+                               location,
+                               "__go_new_map",
+                               2,
+                               map_type,
+                               TREE_TYPE(TYPE_FIELDS(TREE_TYPE(map_type))),
+                               context->gogo()->map_descriptor(this),
+                               sizetype,
+                               expr_tree);
+  if (ret == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  // This can panic if the capacity is out of range.
+  TREE_NOTHROW(new_map_fndecl) = 0;
+
+  if (bad_index == NULL_TREE)
+    return ret;
+  else
+    {
+      tree crash = Gogo::runtime_error(RUNTIME_ERROR_MAKE_MAP_OUT_OF_BOUNDS,
+                                      location);
+      return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(ret),
+                   build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                          bad_index, crash, NULL_TREE),
+                   ret);
+    }
+}
+
+// The type of a map type descriptor.
+
+Type*
+Map_type::make_map_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* tdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+      Type* ptdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+
+      Struct_type* sf =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(3,
+                                      "", tdt,
+                                      "key", ptdt,
+                                      "elem", ptdt);
+
+      ret = Type::make_builtin_named_type("MapType", sf);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for a map type.
+
+Expression*
+Map_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Type* mtdt = Map_type::make_map_type_descriptor_type();
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = mtdt->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(3);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "commonType");
+  vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo,
+                                                   RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_MAP,
+                                                   name, NULL, true));
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "key");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(this->key_type_, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "elem");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(this->val_type_, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p == fields->end());
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(mtdt, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Reflection string for a map.
+
+void
+Map_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->append("map[");
+  this->append_reflection(this->key_type_, gogo, ret);
+  ret->append("] ");
+  this->append_reflection(this->val_type_, gogo, ret);
+}
+
+// Mangled name for a map.
+
+void
+Map_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('M');
+  this->append_mangled_name(this->key_type_, gogo, ret);
+  ret->append("__");
+  this->append_mangled_name(this->val_type_, gogo, ret);
+}
+
+// Export a map type.
+
+void
+Map_type::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("map [");
+  exp->write_type(this->key_type_);
+  exp->write_c_string("] ");
+  exp->write_type(this->val_type_);
+}
+
+// Import a map type.
+
+Map_type*
+Map_type::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("map [");
+  Type* key_type = imp->read_type();
+  imp->require_c_string("] ");
+  Type* val_type = imp->read_type();
+  return Type::make_map_type(key_type, val_type, imp->location());
+}
+
+// Make a map type.
+
+Map_type*
+Type::make_map_type(Type* key_type, Type* val_type, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Map_type(key_type, val_type, location);
+}
+
+// Class Channel_type.
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Channel_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  unsigned int ret = 0;
+  if (this->may_send_)
+    ret += 1;
+  if (this->may_receive_)
+    ret += 2;
+  if (this->element_type_ != NULL)
+    ret += this->element_type_->hash_for_method(gogo) << 2;
+  return ret << 3;
+}
+
+// Whether this type is the same as T.
+
+bool
+Channel_type::is_identical(const Channel_type* t,
+                          bool errors_are_identical) const
+{
+  if (!Type::are_identical(this->element_type(), t->element_type(),
+                          errors_are_identical, NULL))
+    return false;
+  return (this->may_send_ == t->may_send_
+         && this->may_receive_ == t->may_receive_);
+}
+
+// Check whether the parameters for a call to the builtin function
+// make are OK for a channel.  A channel can take an optional single
+// parameter which is the buffer size.
+
+bool
+Channel_type::do_check_make_expression(Expression_list* args,
+                                     source_location location)
+{
+  if (args != NULL && !args->empty())
+    {
+      if (!Type::check_int_value(args->front(),
+                                _("bad buffer size when making channel"),
+                                location))
+       return false;
+      else if (args->size() > 1)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "too many arguments when making channel");
+         return false;
+       }
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Return the tree for a channel type.  A channel is a pointer to a
+// __go_channel struct.  The __go_channel struct is defined in
+// libgo/runtime/channel.h.
+
+tree
+Channel_type::do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+{
+  static tree type_tree;
+  if (type_tree == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      tree ret = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+      TYPE_NAME(ret) = get_identifier("__go_channel");
+      TYPE_STUB_DECL(ret) = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, TYPE_DECL, NULL_TREE,
+                                      ret);
+      type_tree = build_pointer_type(ret);
+      go_preserve_from_gc(type_tree);
+    }
+  return type_tree;
+}
+
+// Initialize a channel variable.
+
+tree
+Channel_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (is_clear)
+    return NULL;
+  return fold_convert(type_tree, null_pointer_node);
+}
+
+// Handle the builtin function make for a channel.
+
+tree
+Channel_type::do_make_expression_tree(Translate_context* context,
+                                     Expression_list* args,
+                                     source_location location)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree channel_type = this->get_tree(gogo);
+
+  tree element_tree = this->element_type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  tree element_size_tree = size_in_bytes(element_tree);
+
+  tree bad_index = NULL_TREE;
+
+  tree expr_tree;
+  if (args == NULL || args->empty())
+    expr_tree = size_zero_node;
+  else
+    {
+      expr_tree = args->front()->get_tree(context);
+      if (expr_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      if (!DECL_P(expr_tree))
+       expr_tree = save_expr(expr_tree);
+      if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(expr_tree)))
+       expr_tree = convert_to_integer(sizetype, expr_tree);
+      bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(expr_tree, sizetype, bad_index,
+                                          location);
+    }
+
+  static tree new_channel_fndecl;
+  tree ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&new_channel_fndecl,
+                               location,
+                               "__go_new_channel",
+                               2,
+                               channel_type,
+                               sizetype,
+                               element_size_tree,
+                               sizetype,
+                               expr_tree);
+  if (ret == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  // This can panic if the capacity is out of range.
+  TREE_NOTHROW(new_channel_fndecl) = 0;
+
+  if (bad_index == NULL_TREE)
+    return ret;
+  else
+    {
+      tree crash = Gogo::runtime_error(RUNTIME_ERROR_MAKE_CHAN_OUT_OF_BOUNDS,
+                                      location);
+      return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(ret),
+                   build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                          bad_index, crash, NULL_TREE),
+                   ret);
+    }
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for a channel type.
+
+Type*
+Channel_type::make_chan_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* tdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+      Type* ptdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+
+      Type* uintptr_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr");
+
+      Struct_type* sf =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(3,
+                                      "", tdt,
+                                      "elem", ptdt,
+                                      "dir", uintptr_type);
+
+      ret = Type::make_builtin_named_type("ChanType", sf);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for a map type.
+
+Expression*
+Channel_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Type* ctdt = Channel_type::make_chan_type_descriptor_type();
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = ctdt->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(3);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "commonType");
+  vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo,
+                                                   RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_CHAN,
+                                                   name, NULL, true));
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "elem");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(this->element_type_, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p->field_name() == "dir");
+  // These bits must match the ones in libgo/runtime/go-type.h.
+  int val = 0;
+  if (this->may_receive_)
+    val |= 1;
+  if (this->may_send_)
+    val |= 2;
+  mpz_t iv;
+  mpz_init_set_ui(iv, val);
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_integer(&iv, p->type(), bloc));
+  mpz_clear(iv);
+
+  ++p;
+  go_assert(p == fields->end());
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(ctdt, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Reflection string.
+
+void
+Channel_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  if (!this->may_send_)
+    ret->append("<-");
+  ret->append("chan");
+  if (!this->may_receive_)
+    ret->append("<-");
+  ret->push_back(' ');
+  this->append_reflection(this->element_type_, gogo, ret);
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Channel_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('C');
+  this->append_mangled_name(this->element_type_, gogo, ret);
+  if (this->may_send_)
+    ret->push_back('s');
+  if (this->may_receive_)
+    ret->push_back('r');
+  ret->push_back('e');
+}
+
+// Export.
+
+void
+Channel_type::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("chan ");
+  if (this->may_send_ && !this->may_receive_)
+    exp->write_c_string("-< ");
+  else if (this->may_receive_ && !this->may_send_)
+    exp->write_c_string("<- ");
+  exp->write_type(this->element_type_);
+}
+
+// Import.
+
+Channel_type*
+Channel_type::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("chan ");
+
+  bool may_send;
+  bool may_receive;
+  if (imp->match_c_string("-< "))
+    {
+      imp->advance(3);
+      may_send = true;
+      may_receive = false;
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("<- "))
+    {
+      imp->advance(3);
+      may_receive = true;
+      may_send = false;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      may_send = true;
+      may_receive = true;
+    }
+
+  Type* element_type = imp->read_type();
+
+  return Type::make_channel_type(may_send, may_receive, element_type);
+}
+
+// Make a new channel type.
+
+Channel_type*
+Type::make_channel_type(bool send, bool receive, Type* element_type)
+{
+  return new Channel_type(send, receive, element_type);
+}
+
+// Class Interface_type.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Interface_type::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->methods_ == NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  return this->methods_->traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Finalize the methods.  This handles interface inheritance.
+
+void
+Interface_type::finalize_methods()
+{
+  if (this->methods_ == NULL)
+    return;
+  std::vector<Named_type*> seen;
+  bool is_recursive = false;
+  size_t from = 0;
+  size_t to = 0;
+  while (from < this->methods_->size())
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier* p = &this->methods_->at(from);
+      if (!p->name().empty())
+       {
+         size_t i;
+         for (i = 0; i < to; ++i)
+           {
+             if (this->methods_->at(i).name() == p->name())
+               {
+                 error_at(p->location(), "duplicate method %qs",
+                          Gogo::message_name(p->name()).c_str());
+                 break;
+               }
+           }
+         if (i == to)
+           {
+             if (from != to)
+               this->methods_->set(to, *p);
+             ++to;
+           }
+         ++from;
+         continue;
+       }
+
+      Interface_type* it = p->type()->interface_type();
+      if (it == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(p->location(), "interface contains embedded non-interface");
+         ++from;
+         continue;
+       }
+      if (it == this)
+       {
+         if (!is_recursive)
+           {
+             error_at(p->location(), "invalid recursive interface");
+             is_recursive = true;
+           }
+         ++from;
+         continue;
+       }
+
+      Named_type* nt = p->type()->named_type();
+      if (nt != NULL)
+       {
+         std::vector<Named_type*>::const_iterator q;
+         for (q = seen.begin(); q != seen.end(); ++q)
+           {
+             if (*q == nt)
+               {
+                 error_at(p->location(), "inherited interface loop");
+                 break;
+               }
+           }
+         if (q != seen.end())
+           {
+             ++from;
+             continue;
+           }
+         seen.push_back(nt);
+       }
+
+      const Typed_identifier_list* methods = it->methods();
+      if (methods == NULL)
+       {
+         ++from;
+         continue;
+       }
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator q = methods->begin();
+          q != methods->end();
+          ++q)
+       {
+         if (q->name().empty())
+           {
+             if (q->type()->forwarded() == p->type()->forwarded())
+               error_at(p->location(), "interface inheritance loop");
+             else
+               {
+                 size_t i;
+                 for (i = from + 1; i < this->methods_->size(); ++i)
+                   {
+                     const Typed_identifier* r = &this->methods_->at(i);
+                     if (r->name().empty()
+                         && r->type()->forwarded() == q->type()->forwarded())
+                       {
+                         error_at(p->location(),
+                                  "inherited interface listed twice");
+                         break;
+                       }
+                   }
+                 if (i == this->methods_->size())
+                   this->methods_->push_back(Typed_identifier(q->name(),
+                                                              q->type(),
+                                                              p->location()));
+               }
+           }
+         else if (this->find_method(q->name()) == NULL)
+           this->methods_->push_back(Typed_identifier(q->name(), q->type(),
+                                                      p->location()));
+         else
+           {
+             if (!is_recursive)
+               error_at(p->location(), "inherited method %qs is ambiguous",
+                        Gogo::message_name(q->name()).c_str());
+           }
+       }
+      ++from;
+    }
+  if (to == 0)
+    {
+      delete this->methods_;
+      this->methods_ = NULL;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      this->methods_->resize(to);
+      this->methods_->sort_by_name();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return the method NAME, or NULL.
+
+const Typed_identifier*
+Interface_type::find_method(const std::string& name) const
+{
+  if (this->methods_ == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->methods_->begin();
+       p != this->methods_->end();
+       ++p)
+    if (p->name() == name)
+      return &*p;
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+// Return the method index.
+
+size_t
+Interface_type::method_index(const std::string& name) const
+{
+  go_assert(this->methods_ != NULL);
+  size_t ret = 0;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->methods_->begin();
+       p != this->methods_->end();
+       ++p, ++ret)
+    if (p->name() == name)
+      return ret;
+  go_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Return whether NAME is an unexported method, for better error
+// reporting.
+
+bool
+Interface_type::is_unexported_method(Gogo* gogo, const std::string& name) const
+{
+  if (this->methods_ == NULL)
+    return false;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->methods_->begin();
+       p != this->methods_->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      const std::string& method_name(p->name());
+      if (Gogo::is_hidden_name(method_name)
+         && name == Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(method_name)
+         && gogo->pack_hidden_name(name, false) != method_name)
+       return true;
+    }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Whether this type is identical with T.
+
+bool
+Interface_type::is_identical(const Interface_type* t,
+                            bool errors_are_identical) const
+{
+  // We require the same methods with the same types.  The methods
+  // have already been sorted.
+  if (this->methods() == NULL || t->methods() == NULL)
+    return this->methods() == t->methods();
+
+  Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p1 = this->methods()->begin();
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p2 = t->methods()->begin();
+       p2 != t->methods()->end();
+       ++p1, ++p2)
+    {
+      if (p1 == this->methods()->end())
+       return false;
+      if (p1->name() != p2->name()
+         || !Type::are_identical(p1->type(), p2->type(),
+                                 errors_are_identical, NULL))
+       return false;
+    }
+  if (p1 != this->methods()->end())
+    return false;
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Whether we can assign the interface type T to this type.  The types
+// are known to not be identical.  An interface assignment is only
+// permitted if T is known to implement all methods in THIS.
+// Otherwise a type guard is required.
+
+bool
+Interface_type::is_compatible_for_assign(const Interface_type* t,
+                                        std::string* reason) const
+{
+  if (this->methods() == NULL)
+    return true;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->methods()->begin();
+       p != this->methods()->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier* m = t->find_method(p->name());
+      if (m == NULL)
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           {
+             char buf[200];
+             snprintf(buf, sizeof buf,
+                      _("need explicit conversion; missing method %s%s%s"),
+                      open_quote, Gogo::message_name(p->name()).c_str(),
+                      close_quote);
+             reason->assign(buf);
+           }
+         return false;
+       }
+
+      std::string subreason;
+      if (!Type::are_identical(p->type(), m->type(), true, &subreason))
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           {
+             std::string n = Gogo::message_name(p->name());
+             size_t len = 100 + n.length() + subreason.length();
+             char* buf = new char[len];
+             if (subreason.empty())
+               snprintf(buf, len, _("incompatible type for method %s%s%s"),
+                        open_quote, n.c_str(), close_quote);
+             else
+               snprintf(buf, len,
+                        _("incompatible type for method %s%s%s (%s)"),
+                        open_quote, n.c_str(), close_quote,
+                        subreason.c_str());
+             reason->assign(buf);
+             delete[] buf;
+           }
+         return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Interface_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  unsigned int ret = 0;
+  if (this->methods_ != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->methods_->begin();
+          p != this->methods_->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         ret = Type::hash_string(p->name(), ret);
+         ret += p->type()->hash_for_method(gogo);
+         ret <<= 1;
+       }
+    }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return true if T implements the interface.  If it does not, and
+// REASON is not NULL, set *REASON to a useful error message.
+
+bool
+Interface_type::implements_interface(const Type* t, std::string* reason) const
+{
+  if (this->methods_ == NULL)
+    return true;
+
+  bool is_pointer = false;
+  const Named_type* nt = t->named_type();
+  const Struct_type* st = t->struct_type();
+  // If we start with a named type, we don't dereference it to find
+  // methods.
+  if (nt == NULL)
+    {
+      const Type* pt = t->points_to();
+      if (pt != NULL)
+       {
+         // If T is a pointer to a named type, then we need to look at
+         // the type to which it points.
+         is_pointer = true;
+         nt = pt->named_type();
+         st = pt->struct_type();
+       }
+    }
+
+  // If we have a named type, get the methods from it rather than from
+  // any struct type.
+  if (nt != NULL)
+    st = NULL;
+
+  // Only named and struct types have methods.
+  if (nt == NULL && st == NULL)
+    {
+      if (reason != NULL)
+       {
+         if (t->points_to() != NULL
+             && t->points_to()->interface_type() != NULL)
+           reason->assign(_("pointer to interface type has no methods"));
+         else
+           reason->assign(_("type has no methods"));
+       }
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  if (nt != NULL ? !nt->has_any_methods() : !st->has_any_methods())
+    {
+      if (reason != NULL)
+       {
+         if (t->points_to() != NULL
+             && t->points_to()->interface_type() != NULL)
+           reason->assign(_("pointer to interface type has no methods"));
+         else
+           reason->assign(_("type has no methods"));
+       }
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->methods_->begin();
+       p != this->methods_->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      bool is_ambiguous = false;
+      Method* m = (nt != NULL
+                  ? nt->method_function(p->name(), &is_ambiguous)
+                  : st->method_function(p->name(), &is_ambiguous));
+      if (m == NULL)
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           {
+             std::string n = Gogo::message_name(p->name());
+             size_t len = n.length() + 100;
+             char* buf = new char[len];
+             if (is_ambiguous)
+               snprintf(buf, len, _("ambiguous method %s%s%s"),
+                        open_quote, n.c_str(), close_quote);
+             else
+               snprintf(buf, len, _("missing method %s%s%s"),
+                        open_quote, n.c_str(), close_quote);
+             reason->assign(buf);
+             delete[] buf;
+           }
+         return false;
+       }
+
+      Function_type *p_fn_type = p->type()->function_type();
+      Function_type* m_fn_type = m->type()->function_type();
+      go_assert(p_fn_type != NULL && m_fn_type != NULL);
+      std::string subreason;
+      if (!p_fn_type->is_identical(m_fn_type, true, true, &subreason))
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           {
+             std::string n = Gogo::message_name(p->name());
+             size_t len = 100 + n.length() + subreason.length();
+             char* buf = new char[len];
+             if (subreason.empty())
+               snprintf(buf, len, _("incompatible type for method %s%s%s"),
+                        open_quote, n.c_str(), close_quote);
+             else
+               snprintf(buf, len,
+                        _("incompatible type for method %s%s%s (%s)"),
+                        open_quote, n.c_str(), close_quote,
+                        subreason.c_str());
+             reason->assign(buf);
+             delete[] buf;
+           }
+         return false;
+       }
+
+      if (!is_pointer && !m->is_value_method())
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           {
+             std::string n = Gogo::message_name(p->name());
+             size_t len = 100 + n.length();
+             char* buf = new char[len];
+             snprintf(buf, len, _("method %s%s%s requires a pointer"),
+                      open_quote, n.c_str(), close_quote);
+             reason->assign(buf);
+             delete[] buf;
+           }
+         return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Return a tree for an interface type.  An interface is a pointer to
+// a struct.  The struct has three fields.  The first field is a
+// pointer to the type descriptor for the dynamic type of the object.
+// The second field is a pointer to a table of methods for the
+// interface to be used with the object.  The third field is the value
+// of the object itself.
+
+tree
+Interface_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->methods_ == NULL)
+    return Interface_type::empty_type_tree(gogo);
+  else
+    {
+      tree t = Interface_type::non_empty_type_tree(this->location_);
+      return this->fill_in_tree(gogo, t);
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a singleton struct for an empty interface type.  We use the
+// same type for all empty interfaces.  This lets us assign them to
+// each other directly without triggering GIMPLE type errors.
+
+tree
+Interface_type::empty_type_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  static tree empty_interface;
+  if (empty_interface != NULL_TREE)
+    return empty_interface;
+
+  tree dtype = Type::make_type_descriptor_type()->get_tree(gogo);
+  dtype = build_pointer_type(build_qualified_type(dtype, TYPE_QUAL_CONST));
+  return Gogo::builtin_struct(&empty_interface, "__go_empty_interface",
+                             NULL_TREE, 2,
+                             "__type_descriptor",
+                             dtype,
+                             "__object",
+                             ptr_type_node);
+}
+
+// Return a new struct for a non-empty interface type.  The correct
+// values are filled in by fill_in_tree.
+
+tree
+Interface_type::non_empty_type_tree(source_location location)
+{
+  tree ret = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  tree field_trees = NULL_TREE;
+  tree* pp = &field_trees;
+
+  tree name_tree = get_identifier("__methods");
+  tree field = build_decl(location, FIELD_DECL, name_tree, ptr_type_node);
+  DECL_CONTEXT(field) = ret;
+  *pp = field;
+  pp = &DECL_CHAIN(field);
+
+  name_tree = get_identifier("__object");
+  field = build_decl(location, FIELD_DECL, name_tree, ptr_type_node);
+  DECL_CONTEXT(field) = ret;
+  *pp = field;
+
+  TYPE_FIELDS(ret) = field_trees;
+
+  layout_type(ret);
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Fill in the tree for an interface type.  This is used for named
+// interface types.
+
+tree
+Interface_type::fill_in_tree(Gogo* gogo, tree type)
+{
+  go_assert(this->methods_ != NULL);
+
+  // Build the type of the table of methods.
+
+  tree method_table = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  // The first field is a pointer to the type descriptor.
+  tree name_tree = get_identifier("__type_descriptor");
+  tree dtype = Type::make_type_descriptor_type()->get_tree(gogo);
+  dtype = build_pointer_type(build_qualified_type(dtype, TYPE_QUAL_CONST));
+  tree field = build_decl(this->location_, FIELD_DECL, name_tree, dtype);
+  DECL_CONTEXT(field) = method_table;
+  TYPE_FIELDS(method_table) = field;
+
+  std::string last_name = "";
+  tree* pp = &DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->methods_->begin();
+       p != this->methods_->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      std::string name = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->name());
+      name_tree = get_identifier_with_length(name.data(), name.length());
+      tree field_type = p->type()->get_tree(gogo);
+      if (field_type == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      field = build_decl(this->location_, FIELD_DECL, name_tree, field_type);
+      DECL_CONTEXT(field) = method_table;
+      *pp = field;
+      pp = &DECL_CHAIN(field);
+      // Sanity check: the names should be sorted.
+      go_assert(p->name() > last_name);
+      last_name = p->name();
+    }
+  layout_type(method_table);
+
+  // Update the type of the __methods field from a generic pointer to
+  // a pointer to the method table.
+  field = TYPE_FIELDS(type);
+  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__methods") == 0);
+
+  TREE_TYPE(field) = build_pointer_type(method_table);
+
+  return type;
+}
+
+// Initialization value.
+
+tree
+Interface_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (is_clear)
+    return NULL;
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+  for (tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+       field != NULL_TREE;
+       field = DECL_CHAIN(field))
+    {
+      constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+      elt->index = field;
+      elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), null_pointer_node);
+    }
+
+  tree ret = build_constructor(type_tree, init);
+  TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// The type of an interface type descriptor.
+
+Type*
+Interface_type::make_interface_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* tdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+      Type* ptdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+
+      Type* string_type = Type::lookup_string_type();
+      Type* pointer_string_type = Type::make_pointer_type(string_type);
+
+      Struct_type* sm =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(3,
+                                      "name", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "pkgPath", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "typ", ptdt);
+
+      Type* nsm = Type::make_builtin_named_type("imethod", sm);
+
+      Type* slice_nsm = Type::make_array_type(nsm, NULL);
+
+      Struct_type* s = Type::make_builtin_struct_type(2,
+                                                     "", tdt,
+                                                     "methods", slice_nsm);
+
+      ret = Type::make_builtin_named_type("InterfaceType", s);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for an interface type.
+
+Expression*
+Interface_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Type* itdt = Interface_type::make_interface_type_descriptor_type();
+
+  const Struct_field_list* ifields = itdt->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* ivals = new Expression_list();
+  ivals->reserve(2);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator pif = ifields->begin();
+  go_assert(pif->field_name() == "commonType");
+  ivals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo,
+                                                    RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_INTERFACE,
+                                                    name, NULL, true));
+
+  ++pif;
+  go_assert(pif->field_name() == "methods");
+
+  Expression_list* methods = new Expression_list();
+  if (this->methods_ != NULL && !this->methods_->empty())
+    {
+      Type* elemtype = pif->type()->array_type()->element_type();
+
+      methods->reserve(this->methods_->size());
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pm = this->methods_->begin();
+          pm != this->methods_->end();
+          ++pm)
+       {
+         const Struct_field_list* mfields = elemtype->struct_type()->fields();
+
+         Expression_list* mvals = new Expression_list();
+         mvals->reserve(3);
+
+         Struct_field_list::const_iterator pmf = mfields->begin();
+         go_assert(pmf->field_name() == "name");
+         std::string s = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(pm->name());
+         Expression* e = Expression::make_string(s, bloc);
+         mvals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, e, bloc));
+
+         ++pmf;
+         go_assert(pmf->field_name() == "pkgPath");
+         if (!Gogo::is_hidden_name(pm->name()))
+           mvals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+         else
+           {
+             s = Gogo::hidden_name_prefix(pm->name());
+             e = Expression::make_string(s, bloc);
+             mvals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, e, bloc));
+           }
+
+         ++pmf;
+         go_assert(pmf->field_name() == "typ");
+         mvals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(pm->type(), bloc));
+
+         ++pmf;
+         go_assert(pmf == mfields->end());
+
+         e = Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(elemtype, mvals,
+                                                       bloc);
+         methods->push_back(e);
+       }
+    }
+
+  ivals->push_back(Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(pif->type(),
+                                                           methods, bloc));
+
+  ++pif;
+  go_assert(pif == ifields->end());
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(itdt, ivals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Reflection string.
+
+void
+Interface_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->append("interface {");
+  if (this->methods_ != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->methods_->begin();
+          p != this->methods_->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (p != this->methods_->begin())
+           ret->append(";");
+         ret->push_back(' ');
+         ret->append(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->name()));
+         std::string sub = p->type()->reflection(gogo);
+         go_assert(sub.compare(0, 4, "func") == 0);
+         sub = sub.substr(4);
+         ret->append(sub);
+       }
+    }
+  ret->append(" }");
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Interface_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('I');
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* methods = this->methods_;
+  if (methods != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = methods->begin();
+          p != methods->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         std::string n = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->name());
+         char buf[20];
+         snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%u_",
+                  static_cast<unsigned int>(n.length()));
+         ret->append(buf);
+         ret->append(n);
+         this->append_mangled_name(p->type(), gogo, ret);
+       }
+    }
+
+  ret->push_back('e');
+}
+
+// Export.
+
+void
+Interface_type::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("interface { ");
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* methods = this->methods_;
+  if (methods != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pm = methods->begin();
+          pm != methods->end();
+          ++pm)
+       {
+         exp->write_string(pm->name());
+         exp->write_c_string(" (");
+
+         const Function_type* fntype = pm->type()->function_type();
+
+         bool first = true;
+         const Typed_identifier_list* parameters = fntype->parameters();
+         if (parameters != NULL)
+           {
+             bool is_varargs = fntype->is_varargs();
+             for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pp =
+                    parameters->begin();
+                  pp != parameters->end();
+                  ++pp)
+               {
+                 if (first)
+                   first = false;
+                 else
+                   exp->write_c_string(", ");
+                 if (!is_varargs || pp + 1 != parameters->end())
+                   exp->write_type(pp->type());
+                 else
+                   {
+                     exp->write_c_string("...");
+                     Type *pptype = pp->type();
+                     exp->write_type(pptype->array_type()->element_type());
+                   }
+               }
+           }
+
+         exp->write_c_string(")");
+
+         const Typed_identifier_list* results = fntype->results();
+         if (results != NULL)
+           {
+             exp->write_c_string(" ");
+             if (results->size() == 1)
+               exp->write_type(results->begin()->type());
+             else
+               {
+                 first = true;
+                 exp->write_c_string("(");
+                 for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p =
+                        results->begin();
+                      p != results->end();
+                      ++p)
+                   {
+                     if (first)
+                       first = false;
+                     else
+                       exp->write_c_string(", ");
+                     exp->write_type(p->type());
+                   }
+                 exp->write_c_string(")");
+               }
+           }
+
+         exp->write_c_string("; ");
+       }
+    }
+
+  exp->write_c_string("}");
+}
+
+// Import an interface type.
+
+Interface_type*
+Interface_type::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("interface { ");
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* methods = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  while (imp->peek_char() != '}')
+    {
+      std::string name = imp->read_identifier();
+      imp->require_c_string(" (");
+
+      Typed_identifier_list* parameters;
+      bool is_varargs = false;
+      if (imp->peek_char() == ')')
+       parameters = NULL;
+      else
+       {
+         parameters = new Typed_identifier_list;
+         while (true)
+           {
+             if (imp->match_c_string("..."))
+               {
+                 imp->advance(3);
+                 is_varargs = true;
+               }
+
+             Type* ptype = imp->read_type();
+             if (is_varargs)
+               ptype = Type::make_array_type(ptype, NULL);
+             parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker,
+                                                    ptype, imp->location()));
+             if (imp->peek_char() != ',')
+               break;
+             go_assert(!is_varargs);
+             imp->require_c_string(", ");
+           }
+       }
+      imp->require_c_string(")");
+
+      Typed_identifier_list* results;
+      if (imp->peek_char() != ' ')
+       results = NULL;
+      else
+       {
+         results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+         imp->advance(1);
+         if (imp->peek_char() != '(')
+           {
+             Type* rtype = imp->read_type();
+             results->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker,
+                                                 rtype, imp->location()));
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             imp->advance(1);
+             while (true)
+               {
+                 Type* rtype = imp->read_type();
+                 results->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker,
+                                                     rtype, imp->location()));
+                 if (imp->peek_char() != ',')
+                   break;
+                 imp->require_c_string(", ");
+               }
+             imp->require_c_string(")");
+           }
+       }
+
+      Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, parameters,
+                                                      results,
+                                                      imp->location());
+      if (is_varargs)
+       fntype->set_is_varargs();
+      methods->push_back(Typed_identifier(name, fntype, imp->location()));
+
+      imp->require_c_string("; ");
+    }
+
+  imp->require_c_string("}");
+
+  if (methods->empty())
+    {
+      delete methods;
+      methods = NULL;
+    }
+
+  return Type::make_interface_type(methods, imp->location());
+}
+
+// Make an interface type.
+
+Interface_type*
+Type::make_interface_type(Typed_identifier_list* methods,
+                         source_location location)
+{
+  return new Interface_type(methods, location);
+}
+
+// Class Method.
+
+// Bind a method to an object.
+
+Expression*
+Method::bind_method(Expression* expr, source_location location) const
+{
+  if (this->stub_ == NULL)
+    {
+      // When there is no stub object, the binding is determined by
+      // the child class.
+      return this->do_bind_method(expr, location);
+    }
+
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(this->stub_, NULL,
+                                                    location);
+  return Expression::make_bound_method(expr, func, location);
+}
+
+// Return the named object associated with a method.  This may only be
+// called after methods are finalized.
+
+Named_object*
+Method::named_object() const
+{
+  if (this->stub_ != NULL)
+    return this->stub_;
+  return this->do_named_object();
+}
+
+// Class Named_method.
+
+// The type of the method.
+
+Function_type*
+Named_method::do_type() const
+{
+  if (this->named_object_->is_function())
+    return this->named_object_->func_value()->type();
+  else if (this->named_object_->is_function_declaration())
+    return this->named_object_->func_declaration_value()->type();
+  else
+    go_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Return the location of the method receiver.
+
+source_location
+Named_method::do_receiver_location() const
+{
+  return this->do_type()->receiver()->location();
+}
+
+// Bind a method to an object.
+
+Expression*
+Named_method::do_bind_method(Expression* expr, source_location location) const
+{
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(this->named_object_, NULL,
+                                                    location);
+  Bound_method_expression* bme = Expression::make_bound_method(expr, func,
+                                                              location);
+  // If this is not a local method, and it does not use a stub, then
+  // the real method expects a different type.  We need to cast the
+  // first argument.
+  if (this->depth() > 0 && !this->needs_stub_method())
+    {
+      Function_type* ftype = this->do_type();
+      go_assert(ftype->is_method());
+      Type* frtype = ftype->receiver()->type();
+      bme->set_first_argument_type(frtype);
+    }
+  return bme;
+}
+
+// Class Interface_method.
+
+// Bind a method to an object.
+
+Expression*
+Interface_method::do_bind_method(Expression* expr,
+                                source_location location) const
+{
+  return Expression::make_interface_field_reference(expr, this->name_,
+                                                   location);
+}
+
+// Class Methods.
+
+// Insert a new method.  Return true if it was inserted, false
+// otherwise.
+
+bool
+Methods::insert(const std::string& name, Method* m)
+{
+  std::pair<Method_map::iterator, bool> ins =
+    this->methods_.insert(std::make_pair(name, m));
+  if (ins.second)
+    return true;
+  else
+    {
+      Method* old_method = ins.first->second;
+      if (m->depth() < old_method->depth())
+       {
+         delete old_method;
+         ins.first->second = m;
+         return true;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         if (m->depth() == old_method->depth())
+           old_method->set_is_ambiguous();
+         return false;
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Return the number of unambiguous methods.
+
+size_t
+Methods::count() const
+{
+  size_t ret = 0;
+  for (Method_map::const_iterator p = this->methods_.begin();
+       p != this->methods_.end();
+       ++p)
+    if (!p->second->is_ambiguous())
+      ++ret;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Class Named_type.
+
+// Return the name of the type.
+
+const std::string&
+Named_type::name() const
+{
+  return this->named_object_->name();
+}
+
+// Return the name of the type to use in an error message.
+
+std::string
+Named_type::message_name() const
+{
+  return this->named_object_->message_name();
+}
+
+// Return the base type for this type.  We have to be careful about
+// circular type definitions, which are invalid but may be seen here.
+
+Type*
+Named_type::named_base()
+{
+  if (this->seen_ > 0)
+    return this;
+  ++this->seen_;
+  Type* ret = this->type_->base();
+  --this->seen_;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+const Type*
+Named_type::named_base() const
+{
+  if (this->seen_ > 0)
+    return this;
+  ++this->seen_;
+  const Type* ret = this->type_->base();
+  --this->seen_;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return whether this is an error type.  We have to be careful about
+// circular type definitions, which are invalid but may be seen here.
+
+bool
+Named_type::is_named_error_type() const
+{
+  if (this->seen_ > 0)
+    return false;
+  ++this->seen_;
+  bool ret = this->type_->is_error_type();
+  --this->seen_;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Add a method to this type.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_type::add_method(const std::string& name, Function* function)
+{
+  if (this->local_methods_ == NULL)
+    this->local_methods_ = new Bindings(NULL);
+  return this->local_methods_->add_function(name, NULL, function);
+}
+
+// Add a method declaration to this type.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_type::add_method_declaration(const std::string& name, Package* package,
+                                  Function_type* type,
+                                  source_location location)
+{
+  if (this->local_methods_ == NULL)
+    this->local_methods_ = new Bindings(NULL);
+  return this->local_methods_->add_function_declaration(name, package, type,
+                                                       location);
+}
+
+// Add an existing method to this type.
+
+void
+Named_type::add_existing_method(Named_object* no)
+{
+  if (this->local_methods_ == NULL)
+    this->local_methods_ = new Bindings(NULL);
+  this->local_methods_->add_named_object(no);
+}
+
+// Look for a local method NAME, and returns its named object, or NULL
+// if not there.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_type::find_local_method(const std::string& name) const
+{
+  if (this->local_methods_ == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+  return this->local_methods_->lookup(name);
+}
+
+// Return whether NAME is an unexported field or method, for better
+// error reporting.
+
+bool
+Named_type::is_unexported_local_method(Gogo* gogo,
+                                      const std::string& name) const
+{
+  Bindings* methods = this->local_methods_;
+  if (methods != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Bindings::const_declarations_iterator p =
+            methods->begin_declarations();
+          p != methods->end_declarations();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (Gogo::is_hidden_name(p->first)
+             && name == Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->first)
+             && gogo->pack_hidden_name(name, false) != p->first)
+           return true;
+       }
+    }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Build the complete list of methods for this type, which means
+// recursively including all methods for anonymous fields.  Create all
+// stub methods.
+
+void
+Named_type::finalize_methods(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->all_methods_ != NULL)
+    return;
+
+  if (this->local_methods_ != NULL
+      && (this->points_to() != NULL || this->interface_type() != NULL))
+    {
+      const Bindings* lm = this->local_methods_;
+      for (Bindings::const_declarations_iterator p = lm->begin_declarations();
+          p != lm->end_declarations();
+          ++p)
+       error_at(p->second->location(),
+                "invalid pointer or interface receiver type");
+      delete this->local_methods_;
+      this->local_methods_ = NULL;
+      return;
+    }
+
+  Type::finalize_methods(gogo, this, this->location_, &this->all_methods_);
+}
+
+// Return the method NAME, or NULL if there isn't one or if it is
+// ambiguous.  Set *IS_AMBIGUOUS if the method exists but is
+// ambiguous.
+
+Method*
+Named_type::method_function(const std::string& name, bool* is_ambiguous) const
+{
+  return Type::method_function(this->all_methods_, name, is_ambiguous);
+}
+
+// Return a pointer to the interface method table for this type for
+// the interface INTERFACE.  IS_POINTER is true if this is for a
+// pointer to THIS.
+
+tree
+Named_type::interface_method_table(Gogo* gogo, const Interface_type* interface,
+                                  bool is_pointer)
+{
+  go_assert(!interface->is_empty());
+
+  Interface_method_tables** pimt = (is_pointer
+                                   ? &this->interface_method_tables_
+                                   : &this->pointer_interface_method_tables_);
+
+  if (*pimt == NULL)
+    *pimt = new Interface_method_tables(5);
+
+  std::pair<const Interface_type*, tree> val(interface, NULL_TREE);
+  std::pair<Interface_method_tables::iterator, bool> ins = (*pimt)->insert(val);
+
+  if (ins.second)
+    {
+      // This is a new entry in the hash table.
+      go_assert(ins.first->second == NULL_TREE);
+      ins.first->second = gogo->interface_method_table_for_type(interface,
+                                                               this,
+                                                               is_pointer);
+    }
+
+  tree decl = ins.first->second;
+  if (decl == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  go_assert(decl != NULL_TREE && TREE_CODE(decl) == VAR_DECL);
+  return build_fold_addr_expr(decl);
+}
+
+// Return whether a named type has any hidden fields.
+
+bool
+Named_type::named_type_has_hidden_fields(std::string* reason) const
+{
+  if (this->seen_ > 0)
+    return false;
+  ++this->seen_;
+  bool ret = this->type_->has_hidden_fields(this, reason);
+  --this->seen_;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Look for a use of a complete type within another type.  This is
+// used to check that we don't try to use a type within itself.
+
+class Find_type_use : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Find_type_use(Named_type* find_type)
+    : Traverse(traverse_types),
+      find_type_(find_type), found_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Whether we found the type.
+  bool
+  found() const
+  { return this->found_; }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  type(Type*);
+
+ private:
+  // The type we are looking for.
+  Named_type* find_type_;
+  // Whether we found the type.
+  bool found_;
+};
+
+// Check for FIND_TYPE in TYPE.
+
+int
+Find_type_use::type(Type* type)
+{
+  if (type->named_type() != NULL && this->find_type_ == type->named_type())
+    {
+      this->found_ = true;
+      return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+
+  // It's OK if we see a reference to the type in any type which is
+  // essentially a pointer: a pointer, a slice, a function, a map, or
+  // a channel.
+  if (type->points_to() != NULL
+      || type->is_open_array_type()
+      || type->function_type() != NULL
+      || type->map_type() != NULL
+      || type->channel_type() != NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+
+  // For an interface, a reference to the type in a method type should
+  // be ignored, but we have to consider direct inheritance.  When
+  // this is called, there may be cases of direct inheritance
+  // represented as a method with no name.
+  if (type->interface_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier_list* methods = type->interface_type()->methods();
+      if (methods != NULL)
+       {
+         for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = methods->begin();
+              p != methods->end();
+              ++p)
+           {
+             if (p->name().empty())
+               {
+                 if (Type::traverse(p->type(), this) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+      return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+    }
+
+  // Otherwise, FIND_TYPE_ depends on TYPE, in the sense that we need
+  // to convert TYPE to the backend representation before we convert
+  // FIND_TYPE_.
+  if (type->named_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      switch (type->base()->classification())
+       {
+       case Type::TYPE_ERROR:
+       case Type::TYPE_BOOLEAN:
+       case Type::TYPE_INTEGER:
+       case Type::TYPE_FLOAT:
+       case Type::TYPE_COMPLEX:
+       case Type::TYPE_STRING:
+       case Type::TYPE_NIL:
+         break;
+
+       case Type::TYPE_ARRAY:
+       case Type::TYPE_STRUCT:
+         this->find_type_->add_dependency(type->named_type());
+         break;
+
+       case Type::TYPE_VOID:
+       case Type::TYPE_SINK:
+       case Type::TYPE_FUNCTION:
+       case Type::TYPE_POINTER:
+       case Type::TYPE_CALL_MULTIPLE_RESULT:
+       case Type::TYPE_MAP:
+       case Type::TYPE_CHANNEL:
+       case Type::TYPE_INTERFACE:
+       case Type::TYPE_NAMED:
+       case Type::TYPE_FORWARD:
+       default:
+         go_unreachable();
+       }
+    }
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Verify that a named type does not refer to itself.
+
+bool
+Named_type::do_verify()
+{
+  Find_type_use find(this);
+  Type::traverse(this->type_, &find);
+  if (find.found())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location_, "invalid recursive type %qs",
+              this->message_name().c_str());
+      this->is_error_ = true;
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  // Check whether any of the local methods overloads an existing
+  // struct field or interface method.  We don't need to check the
+  // list of methods against itself: that is handled by the Bindings
+  // code.
+  if (this->local_methods_ != NULL)
+    {
+      Struct_type* st = this->type_->struct_type();
+      bool found_dup = false;
+      if (st != NULL)
+       {
+         for (Bindings::const_declarations_iterator p =
+                this->local_methods_->begin_declarations();
+              p != this->local_methods_->end_declarations();
+              ++p)
+           {
+             const std::string& name(p->first);
+             if (st != NULL && st->find_local_field(name, NULL) != NULL)
+               {
+                 error_at(p->second->location(),
+                          "method %qs redeclares struct field name",
+                          Gogo::message_name(name).c_str());
+                 found_dup = true;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+      if (found_dup)
+       return false;
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Return whether this type is or contains a pointer.
+
+bool
+Named_type::do_has_pointer() const
+{
+  if (this->seen_ > 0)
+    return false;
+  ++this->seen_;
+  bool ret = this->type_->has_pointer();
+  --this->seen_;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return a hash code.  This is used for method lookup.  We simply
+// hash on the name itself.
+
+unsigned int
+Named_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  const std::string& name(this->named_object()->name());
+  unsigned int ret = Type::hash_string(name, 0);
+
+  // GOGO will be NULL here when called from Type_hash_identical.
+  // That is OK because that is only used for internal hash tables
+  // where we are going to be comparing named types for equality.  In
+  // other cases, which are cases where the runtime is going to
+  // compare hash codes to see if the types are the same, we need to
+  // include the package prefix and name in the hash.
+  if (gogo != NULL && !Gogo::is_hidden_name(name) && !this->is_builtin())
+    {
+      const Package* package = this->named_object()->package();
+      if (package == NULL)
+       {
+         ret = Type::hash_string(gogo->unique_prefix(), ret);
+         ret = Type::hash_string(gogo->package_name(), ret);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         ret = Type::hash_string(package->unique_prefix(), ret);
+         ret = Type::hash_string(package->name(), ret);
+       }
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Convert a named type to the backend representation.  In order to
+// get dependencies right, we fill in a dummy structure for this type,
+// then convert all the dependencies, then complete this type.  When
+// this function is complete, the size of the type is known.
+
+void
+Named_type::convert(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->is_error_ || this->is_converted_)
+    return;
+
+  this->create_placeholder(gogo);
+
+  // Convert all the dependencies.  If they refer indirectly back to
+  // this type, they will pick up the intermediate tree we just
+  // created.
+  for (std::vector<Named_type*>::const_iterator p = this->dependencies_.begin();
+       p != this->dependencies_.end();
+       ++p)
+    (*p)->convert(gogo);
+
+  // Complete this type.
+  tree t = this->named_tree_;
+  Type* base = this->type_->base();
+  switch (base->classification())
+    {
+    case TYPE_VOID:
+    case TYPE_BOOLEAN:
+    case TYPE_INTEGER:
+    case TYPE_FLOAT:
+    case TYPE_COMPLEX:
+    case TYPE_STRING:
+    case TYPE_NIL:
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_MAP:
+    case TYPE_CHANNEL:
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_FUNCTION:
+    case TYPE_POINTER:
+      // The size of these types is already correct.
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_STRUCT:
+      t = base->struct_type()->fill_in_tree(gogo, t);
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_ARRAY:
+      if (!base->is_open_array_type())
+       t = base->array_type()->fill_in_array_tree(gogo, t);
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_INTERFACE:
+      if (!base->interface_type()->is_empty())
+       t = base->interface_type()->fill_in_tree(gogo, t);
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_ERROR:
+      return;
+
+    default:
+    case TYPE_SINK:
+    case TYPE_CALL_MULTIPLE_RESULT:
+    case TYPE_NAMED:
+    case TYPE_FORWARD:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  this->named_tree_ = t;
+
+  if (t == error_mark_node)
+    this->is_error_ = true;
+  else
+    go_assert(TYPE_SIZE(t) != NULL_TREE);
+
+  this->is_converted_ = true;
+}
+
+// Create the placeholder for a named type.  This is the first step in
+// converting to the backend representation.
+
+void
+Named_type::create_placeholder(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->is_error_)
+    this->named_tree_ = error_mark_node;
+
+  if (this->named_tree_ != NULL_TREE)
+    return;
+
+  // Create the structure for this type.  Note that because we call
+  // base() here, we don't attempt to represent a named type defined
+  // as another named type.  Instead both named types will point to
+  // different base representations.
+  Type* base = this->type_->base();
+  tree t;
+  switch (base->classification())
+    {
+    case TYPE_ERROR:
+      this->is_error_ = true;
+      this->named_tree_ = error_mark_node;
+      return;
+
+    case TYPE_VOID:
+    case TYPE_BOOLEAN:
+    case TYPE_INTEGER:
+    case TYPE_FLOAT:
+    case TYPE_COMPLEX:
+    case TYPE_STRING:
+    case TYPE_NIL:
+      // These are simple basic types, we can just create them
+      // directly.
+      t = Type::get_named_type_tree(gogo, base);
+      if (t == error_mark_node)
+       {
+         this->is_error_ = true;
+         this->named_tree_ = error_mark_node;
+         return;
+       }
+      t = build_variant_type_copy(t);
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_MAP:
+    case TYPE_CHANNEL:
+      // All maps and channels have the same type in GENERIC.
+      t = Type::get_named_type_tree(gogo, base);
+      if (t == error_mark_node)
+       {
+         this->is_error_ = true;
+         this->named_tree_ = error_mark_node;
+         return;
+       }
+      t = build_variant_type_copy(t);
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_FUNCTION:
+    case TYPE_POINTER:
+      t = build_variant_type_copy(ptr_type_node);
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_STRUCT:
+      t = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_ARRAY:
+      if (base->is_open_array_type())
+       t = gogo->slice_type_tree(void_type_node);
+      else
+       t = make_node(ARRAY_TYPE);
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_INTERFACE:
+      if (base->interface_type()->is_empty())
+       {
+         t = Interface_type::empty_type_tree(gogo);
+         t = build_variant_type_copy(t);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         source_location loc = base->interface_type()->location();
+         t = Interface_type::non_empty_type_tree(loc);
+       }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+    case TYPE_SINK:
+    case TYPE_CALL_MULTIPLE_RESULT:
+    case TYPE_NAMED:
+    case TYPE_FORWARD:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  // Create the named type.
+
+  tree id = this->named_object_->get_id(gogo);
+  tree decl = build_decl(this->location_, TYPE_DECL, id, t);
+  TYPE_NAME(t) = decl;
+
+  this->named_tree_ = t;
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a named type.
+
+tree
+Named_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->is_error_)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree t = this->named_tree_;
+
+  // FIXME: GOGO can be NULL when called from go_type_for_size, which
+  // is only used for basic types.
+  if (gogo == NULL || !gogo->named_types_are_converted())
+    {
+      // We have not completed converting named types.  NAMED_TREE_ is
+      // a placeholder and we shouldn't do anything further.
+      if (t != NULL_TREE)
+       return t;
+
+      // We don't build dependencies for types whose sizes do not
+      // change or are not relevant, so we may see them here while
+      // converting types.
+      this->create_placeholder(gogo);
+      t = this->named_tree_;
+      go_assert(t != NULL_TREE);
+      return t;
+    }
+
+  // We are not converting types.  This should only be called if the
+  // type has already been converted.
+  if (!this->is_converted_)
+    {
+      go_assert(saw_errors());
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  go_assert(t != NULL_TREE && TYPE_SIZE(t) != NULL_TREE);
+
+  // Complete the tree.
+  Type* base = this->type_->base();
+  tree t1;
+  switch (base->classification())
+    {
+    case TYPE_ERROR:
+      return error_mark_node;
+
+    case TYPE_VOID:
+    case TYPE_BOOLEAN:
+    case TYPE_INTEGER:
+    case TYPE_FLOAT:
+    case TYPE_COMPLEX:
+    case TYPE_STRING:
+    case TYPE_NIL:
+    case TYPE_MAP:
+    case TYPE_CHANNEL:
+    case TYPE_STRUCT:
+    case TYPE_INTERFACE:
+      return t;
+
+    case TYPE_FUNCTION:
+      // Don't build a circular data structure.  GENERIC can't handle
+      // it.
+      if (this->seen_ > 0)
+       {
+         this->is_circular_ = true;
+         return ptr_type_node;
+       }
+      ++this->seen_;
+      t1 = Type::get_named_type_tree(gogo, base);
+      --this->seen_;
+      if (t1 == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      if (this->is_circular_)
+       t1 = ptr_type_node;
+      go_assert(t != NULL_TREE && TREE_CODE(t) == POINTER_TYPE);
+      go_assert(TREE_CODE(t1) == POINTER_TYPE);
+      TREE_TYPE(t) = TREE_TYPE(t1);
+      return t;
+
+    case TYPE_POINTER:
+      // Don't build a circular data structure. GENERIC can't handle
+      // it.
+      if (this->seen_ > 0)
+       {
+         this->is_circular_ = true;
+         return ptr_type_node;
+       }
+      ++this->seen_;
+      t1 = Type::get_named_type_tree(gogo, base);
+      --this->seen_;
+      if (t1 == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      if (this->is_circular_)
+       t1 = ptr_type_node;
+      go_assert(t != NULL_TREE && TREE_CODE(t) == POINTER_TYPE);
+      go_assert(TREE_CODE(t1) == POINTER_TYPE);
+      TREE_TYPE(t) = TREE_TYPE(t1);
+      return t;
+
+    case TYPE_ARRAY:
+      if (base->is_open_array_type())
+       {
+         if (this->seen_ > 0)
+           return t;
+         else
+           {
+             ++this->seen_;
+             t = base->array_type()->fill_in_slice_tree(gogo, t);
+             --this->seen_;
+           }
+       }
+      return t;
+
+    default:
+    case TYPE_SINK:
+    case TYPE_CALL_MULTIPLE_RESULT:
+    case TYPE_NAMED:
+    case TYPE_FORWARD:
+      go_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  go_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for a named type.
+
+Expression*
+Named_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  // If NAME is not NULL, then we don't really want the type
+  // descriptor for this type; we want the descriptor for the
+  // underlying type, giving it the name NAME.
+  return this->named_type_descriptor(gogo, this->type_,
+                                    name == NULL ? this : name);
+}
+
+// Add to the reflection string.  This is used mostly for the name of
+// the type used in a type descriptor, not for actual reflection
+// strings.
+
+void
+Named_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  if (this->location() != BUILTINS_LOCATION)
+    {
+      const Package* package = this->named_object_->package();
+      if (package != NULL)
+       ret->append(package->name());
+      else
+       ret->append(gogo->package_name());
+      ret->push_back('.');
+    }
+  if (this->in_function_ != NULL)
+    {
+      ret->append(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(this->in_function_->name()));
+      ret->push_back('$');
+    }
+  ret->append(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(this->named_object_->name()));
+}
+
+// Get the mangled name.
+
+void
+Named_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  Named_object* no = this->named_object_;
+  std::string name;
+  if (this->location() == BUILTINS_LOCATION)
+    go_assert(this->in_function_ == NULL);
+  else
+    {
+      const std::string& unique_prefix(no->package() == NULL
+                                      ? gogo->unique_prefix()
+                                      : no->package()->unique_prefix());
+      const std::string& package_name(no->package() == NULL
+                                     ? gogo->package_name()
+                                     : no->package()->name());
+      name = unique_prefix;
+      name.append(1, '.');
+      name.append(package_name);
+      name.append(1, '.');
+      if (this->in_function_ != NULL)
+       {
+         name.append(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(this->in_function_->name()));
+         name.append(1, '$');
+       }
+    }
+  name.append(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(no->name()));
+  char buf[20];
+  snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "N%u_", static_cast<unsigned int>(name.length()));
+  ret->append(buf);
+  ret->append(name);
+}
+
+// Export the type.  This is called to export a global type.
+
+void
+Named_type::export_named_type(Export* exp, const std::string&) const
+{
+  // We don't need to write the name of the type here, because it will
+  // be written by Export::write_type anyhow.
+  exp->write_c_string("type ");
+  exp->write_type(this);
+  exp->write_c_string(";\n");
+}
+
+// Import a named type.
+
+void
+Named_type::import_named_type(Import* imp, Named_type** ptype)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("type ");
+  Type *type = imp->read_type();
+  *ptype = type->named_type();
+  go_assert(*ptype != NULL);
+  imp->require_c_string(";\n");
+}
+
+// Export the type when it is referenced by another type.  In this
+// case Export::export_type will already have issued the name.
+
+void
+Named_type::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_type(this->type_);
+
+  // To save space, we only export the methods directly attached to
+  // this type.
+  Bindings* methods = this->local_methods_;
+  if (methods == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  exp->write_c_string("\n");
+  for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator p = methods->begin_definitions();
+       p != methods->end_definitions();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      exp->write_c_string(" ");
+      (*p)->export_named_object(exp);
+    }
+
+  for (Bindings::const_declarations_iterator p = methods->begin_declarations();
+       p != methods->end_declarations();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->second->is_function_declaration())
+       {
+         exp->write_c_string(" ");
+         p->second->export_named_object(exp);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Make a named type.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::make_named_type(Named_object* named_object, Type* type,
+                     source_location location)
+{
+  return new Named_type(named_object, type, location);
+}
+
+// Finalize the methods for TYPE.  It will be a named type or a struct
+// type.  This sets *ALL_METHODS to the list of methods, and builds
+// all required stubs.
+
+void
+Type::finalize_methods(Gogo* gogo, const Type* type, source_location location,
+                      Methods** all_methods)
+{
+  *all_methods = NULL;
+  Types_seen types_seen;
+  Type::add_methods_for_type(type, NULL, 0, false, false, &types_seen,
+                            all_methods);
+  Type::build_stub_methods(gogo, type, *all_methods, location);
+}
+
+// Add the methods for TYPE to *METHODS.  FIELD_INDEXES is used to
+// build up the struct field indexes as we go.  DEPTH is the depth of
+// the field within TYPE.  IS_EMBEDDED_POINTER is true if we are
+// adding these methods for an anonymous field with pointer type.
+// NEEDS_STUB_METHOD is true if we need to use a stub method which
+// calls the real method.  TYPES_SEEN is used to avoid infinite
+// recursion.
+
+void
+Type::add_methods_for_type(const Type* type,
+                          const Method::Field_indexes* field_indexes,
+                          unsigned int depth,
+                          bool is_embedded_pointer,
+                          bool needs_stub_method,
+                          Types_seen* types_seen,
+                          Methods** methods)
+{
+  // Pointer types may not have methods.
+  if (type->points_to() != NULL)
+    return;
+
+  const Named_type* nt = type->named_type();
+  if (nt != NULL)
+    {
+      std::pair<Types_seen::iterator, bool> ins = types_seen->insert(nt);
+      if (!ins.second)
+       return;
+    }
+
+  if (nt != NULL)
+    Type::add_local_methods_for_type(nt, field_indexes, depth,
+                                    is_embedded_pointer, needs_stub_method,
+                                    methods);
+
+  Type::add_embedded_methods_for_type(type, field_indexes, depth,
+                                     is_embedded_pointer, needs_stub_method,
+                                     types_seen, methods);
+
+  // If we are called with depth > 0, then we are looking at an
+  // anonymous field of a struct.  If such a field has interface type,
+  // then we need to add the interface methods.  We don't want to add
+  // them when depth == 0, because we will already handle them
+  // following the usual rules for an interface type.
+  if (depth > 0)
+    Type::add_interface_methods_for_type(type, field_indexes, depth, methods);
+}
+
+// Add the local methods for the named type NT to *METHODS.  The
+// parameters are as for add_methods_to_type.
+
+void
+Type::add_local_methods_for_type(const Named_type* nt,
+                                const Method::Field_indexes* field_indexes,
+                                unsigned int depth,
+                                bool is_embedded_pointer,
+                                bool needs_stub_method,
+                                Methods** methods)
+{
+  const Bindings* local_methods = nt->local_methods();
+  if (local_methods == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  if (*methods == NULL)
+    *methods = new Methods();
+
+  for (Bindings::const_declarations_iterator p =
+        local_methods->begin_declarations();
+       p != local_methods->end_declarations();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Named_object* no = p->second;
+      bool is_value_method = (is_embedded_pointer
+                             || !Type::method_expects_pointer(no));
+      Method* m = new Named_method(no, field_indexes, depth, is_value_method,
+                                  (needs_stub_method
+                                   || (depth > 0 && is_value_method)));
+      if (!(*methods)->insert(no->name(), m))
+       delete m;
+    }
+}
+
+// Add the embedded methods for TYPE to *METHODS.  These are the
+// methods attached to anonymous fields.  The parameters are as for
+// add_methods_to_type.
+
+void
+Type::add_embedded_methods_for_type(const Type* type,
+                                   const Method::Field_indexes* field_indexes,
+                                   unsigned int depth,
+                                   bool is_embedded_pointer,
+                                   bool needs_stub_method,
+                                   Types_seen* types_seen,
+                                   Methods** methods)
+{
+  // Look for anonymous fields in TYPE.  TYPE has fields if it is a
+  // struct.
+  const Struct_type* st = type->struct_type();
+  if (st == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = st->fields();
+  if (fields == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  unsigned int i = 0;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf, ++i)
+    {
+      if (!pf->is_anonymous())
+       continue;
+
+      Type* ftype = pf->type();
+      bool is_pointer = false;
+      if (ftype->points_to() != NULL)
+       {
+         ftype = ftype->points_to();
+         is_pointer = true;
+       }
+      Named_type* fnt = ftype->named_type();
+      if (fnt == NULL)
+       {
+         // This is an error, but it will be diagnosed elsewhere.
+         continue;
+       }
+
+      Method::Field_indexes* sub_field_indexes = new Method::Field_indexes();
+      sub_field_indexes->next = field_indexes;
+      sub_field_indexes->field_index = i;
+
+      Type::add_methods_for_type(fnt, sub_field_indexes, depth + 1,
+                                (is_embedded_pointer || is_pointer),
+                                (needs_stub_method
+                                 || is_pointer
+                                 || i > 0),
+                                types_seen,
+                                methods);
+    }
+}
+
+// If TYPE is an interface type, then add its method to *METHODS.
+// This is for interface methods attached to an anonymous field.  The
+// parameters are as for add_methods_for_type.
+
+void
+Type::add_interface_methods_for_type(const Type* type,
+                                    const Method::Field_indexes* field_indexes,
+                                    unsigned int depth,
+                                    Methods** methods)
+{
+  const Interface_type* it = type->interface_type();
+  if (it == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* imethods = it->methods();
+  if (imethods == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  if (*methods == NULL)
+    *methods = new Methods();
+
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pm = imethods->begin();
+       pm != imethods->end();
+       ++pm)
+    {
+      Function_type* fntype = pm->type()->function_type();
+      if (fntype == NULL)
+       {
+         // This is an error, but it should be reported elsewhere
+         // when we look at the methods for IT.
+         continue;
+       }
+      go_assert(!fntype->is_method());
+      fntype = fntype->copy_with_receiver(const_cast<Type*>(type));
+      Method* m = new Interface_method(pm->name(), pm->location(), fntype,
+                                      field_indexes, depth);
+      if (!(*methods)->insert(pm->name(), m))
+       delete m;
+    }
+}
+
+// Build stub methods for TYPE as needed.  METHODS is the set of
+// methods for the type.  A stub method may be needed when a type
+// inherits a method from an anonymous field.  When we need the
+// address of the method, as in a type descriptor, we need to build a
+// little stub which does the required field dereferences and jumps to
+// the real method.  LOCATION is the location of the type definition.
+
+void
+Type::build_stub_methods(Gogo* gogo, const Type* type, const Methods* methods,
+                        source_location location)
+{
+  if (methods == NULL)
+    return;
+  for (Methods::const_iterator p = methods->begin();
+       p != methods->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Method* m = p->second;
+      if (m->is_ambiguous() || !m->needs_stub_method())
+       continue;
+
+      const std::string& name(p->first);
+
+      // Build a stub method.
+
+      const Function_type* fntype = m->type();
+
+      static unsigned int counter;
+      char buf[100];
+      snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "$this%u", counter);
+      ++counter;
+
+      Type* receiver_type = const_cast<Type*>(type);
+      if (!m->is_value_method())
+       receiver_type = Type::make_pointer_type(receiver_type);
+      source_location receiver_location = m->receiver_location();
+      Typed_identifier* receiver = new Typed_identifier(buf, receiver_type,
+                                                       receiver_location);
+
+      const Typed_identifier_list* fnparams = fntype->parameters();
+      Typed_identifier_list* stub_params;
+      if (fnparams == NULL || fnparams->empty())
+       stub_params = NULL;
+      else
+       {
+         // We give each stub parameter a unique name.
+         stub_params = new Typed_identifier_list();
+         for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pp = fnparams->begin();
+              pp != fnparams->end();
+              ++pp)
+           {
+             char pbuf[100];
+             snprintf(pbuf, sizeof pbuf, "$p%u", counter);
+             stub_params->push_back(Typed_identifier(pbuf, pp->type(),
+                                                     pp->location()));
+             ++counter;
+           }
+       }
+
+      const Typed_identifier_list* fnresults = fntype->results();
+      Typed_identifier_list* stub_results;
+      if (fnresults == NULL || fnresults->empty())
+       stub_results = NULL;
+      else
+       {
+         // We create the result parameters without any names, since
+         // we won't refer to them.
+         stub_results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+         for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pr = fnresults->begin();
+              pr != fnresults->end();
+              ++pr)
+           stub_results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", pr->type(),
+                                                    pr->location()));
+       }
+
+      Function_type* stub_type = Type::make_function_type(receiver,
+                                                         stub_params,
+                                                         stub_results,
+                                                         fntype->location());
+      if (fntype->is_varargs())
+       stub_type->set_is_varargs();
+
+      // We only create the function in the package which creates the
+      // type.
+      const Package* package;
+      if (type->named_type() == NULL)
+       package = NULL;
+      else
+       package = type->named_type()->named_object()->package();
+      Named_object* stub;
+      if (package != NULL)
+       stub = Named_object::make_function_declaration(name, package,
+                                                      stub_type, location);
+      else
+       {
+         stub = gogo->start_function(name, stub_type, false,
+                                     fntype->location());
+         Type::build_one_stub_method(gogo, m, buf, stub_params,
+                                     fntype->is_varargs(), location);
+         gogo->finish_function(fntype->location());
+       }
+
+      m->set_stub_object(stub);
+    }
+}
+
+// Build a stub method which adjusts the receiver as required to call
+// METHOD.  RECEIVER_NAME is the name we used for the receiver.
+// PARAMS is the list of function parameters.
+
+void
+Type::build_one_stub_method(Gogo* gogo, Method* method,
+                           const char* receiver_name,
+                           const Typed_identifier_list* params,
+                           bool is_varargs,
+                           source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* receiver_object = gogo->lookup(receiver_name, NULL);
+  go_assert(receiver_object != NULL);
+
+  Expression* expr = Expression::make_var_reference(receiver_object, location);
+  expr = Type::apply_field_indexes(expr, method->field_indexes(), location);
+  if (expr->type()->points_to() == NULL)
+    expr = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, expr, location);
+
+  Expression_list* arguments;
+  if (params == NULL || params->empty())
+    arguments = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      arguments = new Expression_list();
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = params->begin();
+          p != params->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         Named_object* param = gogo->lookup(p->name(), NULL);
+         go_assert(param != NULL);
+         Expression* param_ref = Expression::make_var_reference(param,
+                                                                location);
+         arguments->push_back(param_ref);
+       }
+    }
+
+  Expression* func = method->bind_method(expr, location);
+  go_assert(func != NULL);
+  Call_expression* call = Expression::make_call(func, arguments, is_varargs,
+                                               location);
+  size_t count = call->result_count();
+  if (count == 0)
+    gogo->add_statement(Statement::make_statement(call));
+  else
+    {
+      Expression_list* retvals = new Expression_list();
+      if (count <= 1)
+       retvals->push_back(call);
+      else
+       {
+         for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i)
+           retvals->push_back(Expression::make_call_result(call, i));
+       }
+      Statement* retstat = Statement::make_return_statement(retvals, location);
+      gogo->add_statement(retstat);
+    }
+}
+
+// Apply FIELD_INDEXES to EXPR.  The field indexes have to be applied
+// in reverse order.
+
+Expression*
+Type::apply_field_indexes(Expression* expr,
+                         const Method::Field_indexes* field_indexes,
+                         source_location location)
+{
+  if (field_indexes == NULL)
+    return expr;
+  expr = Type::apply_field_indexes(expr, field_indexes->next, location);
+  Struct_type* stype = expr->type()->deref()->struct_type();
+  go_assert(stype != NULL
+            && field_indexes->field_index < stype->field_count());
+  if (expr->type()->struct_type() == NULL)
+    {
+      go_assert(expr->type()->points_to() != NULL);
+      expr = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, expr, location);
+      go_assert(expr->type()->struct_type() == stype);
+    }
+  return Expression::make_field_reference(expr, field_indexes->field_index,
+                                         location);
+}
+
+// Return whether NO is a method for which the receiver is a pointer.
+
+bool
+Type::method_expects_pointer(const Named_object* no)
+{
+  const Function_type *fntype;
+  if (no->is_function())
+    fntype = no->func_value()->type();
+  else if (no->is_function_declaration())
+    fntype = no->func_declaration_value()->type();
+  else
+    go_unreachable();
+  return fntype->receiver()->type()->points_to() != NULL;
+}
+
+// Given a set of methods for a type, METHODS, return the method NAME,
+// or NULL if there isn't one or if it is ambiguous.  If IS_AMBIGUOUS
+// is not NULL, then set *IS_AMBIGUOUS to true if the method exists
+// but is ambiguous (and return NULL).
+
+Method*
+Type::method_function(const Methods* methods, const std::string& name,
+                     bool* is_ambiguous)
+{
+  if (is_ambiguous != NULL)
+    *is_ambiguous = false;
+  if (methods == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+  Methods::const_iterator p = methods->find(name);
+  if (p == methods->end())
+    return NULL;
+  Method* m = p->second;
+  if (m->is_ambiguous())
+    {
+      if (is_ambiguous != NULL)
+       *is_ambiguous = true;
+      return NULL;
+    }
+  return m;
+}
+
+// Look for field or method NAME for TYPE.  Return an Expression for
+// the field or method bound to EXPR.  If there is no such field or
+// method, give an appropriate error and return an error expression.
+
+Expression*
+Type::bind_field_or_method(Gogo* gogo, const Type* type, Expression* expr,
+                          const std::string& name,
+                          source_location location)
+{
+  if (type->deref()->is_error_type())
+    return Expression::make_error(location);
+
+  const Named_type* nt = type->deref()->named_type();
+  const Struct_type* st = type->deref()->struct_type();
+  const Interface_type* it = type->interface_type();
+
+  // If this is a pointer to a pointer, then it is possible that the
+  // pointed-to type has methods.
+  if (nt == NULL
+      && st == NULL
+      && it == NULL
+      && type->points_to() != NULL
+      && type->points_to()->points_to() != NULL)
+    {
+      expr = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, expr, location);
+      type = type->points_to();
+      if (type->deref()->is_error_type())
+       return Expression::make_error(location);
+      nt = type->points_to()->named_type();
+      st = type->points_to()->struct_type();
+    }
+
+  bool receiver_can_be_pointer = (expr->type()->points_to() != NULL
+                                 || expr->is_addressable());
+  std::vector<const Named_type*> seen;
+  bool is_method = false;
+  bool found_pointer_method = false;
+  std::string ambig1;
+  std::string ambig2;
+  if (Type::find_field_or_method(type, name, receiver_can_be_pointer,
+                                &seen, NULL, &is_method,
+                                &found_pointer_method, &ambig1, &ambig2))
+    {
+      Expression* ret;
+      if (!is_method)
+       {
+         go_assert(st != NULL);
+         if (type->struct_type() == NULL)
+           {
+             go_assert(type->points_to() != NULL);
+             expr = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, expr,
+                                           location);
+             go_assert(expr->type()->struct_type() == st);
+           }
+         ret = st->field_reference(expr, name, location);
+       }
+      else if (it != NULL && it->find_method(name) != NULL)
+       ret = Expression::make_interface_field_reference(expr, name,
+                                                        location);
+      else
+       {
+         Method* m;
+         if (nt != NULL)
+           m = nt->method_function(name, NULL);
+         else if (st != NULL)
+           m = st->method_function(name, NULL);
+         else
+           go_unreachable();
+         go_assert(m != NULL);
+         if (!m->is_value_method() && expr->type()->points_to() == NULL)
+           expr = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, expr, location);
+         ret = m->bind_method(expr, location);
+       }
+      go_assert(ret != NULL);
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (!ambig1.empty())
+       error_at(location, "%qs is ambiguous via %qs and %qs",
+                Gogo::message_name(name).c_str(),
+                Gogo::message_name(ambig1).c_str(),
+                Gogo::message_name(ambig2).c_str());
+      else if (found_pointer_method)
+       error_at(location, "method requires a pointer");
+      else if (nt == NULL && st == NULL && it == NULL)
+       error_at(location,
+                ("reference to field %qs in object which "
+                 "has no fields or methods"),
+                Gogo::message_name(name).c_str());
+      else
+       {
+         bool is_unexported;
+         if (!Gogo::is_hidden_name(name))
+           is_unexported = false;
+         else
+           {
+             std::string unpacked = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(name);
+             seen.clear();
+             is_unexported = Type::is_unexported_field_or_method(gogo, type,
+                                                                 unpacked,
+                                                                 &seen);
+           }
+         if (is_unexported)
+           error_at(location, "reference to unexported field or method %qs",
+                    Gogo::message_name(name).c_str());
+         else
+           error_at(location, "reference to undefined field or method %qs",
+                    Gogo::message_name(name).c_str());
+       }
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    }
+}
+
+// Look in TYPE for a field or method named NAME, return true if one
+// is found.  This looks through embedded anonymous fields and handles
+// ambiguity.  If a method is found, sets *IS_METHOD to true;
+// otherwise, if a field is found, set it to false.  If
+// RECEIVER_CAN_BE_POINTER is false, then the receiver is a value
+// whose address can not be taken.  SEEN is used to avoid infinite
+// recursion on invalid types.
+
+// When returning false, this sets *FOUND_POINTER_METHOD if we found a
+// method we couldn't use because it requires a pointer.  LEVEL is
+// used for recursive calls, and can be NULL for a non-recursive call.
+// When this function returns false because it finds that the name is
+// ambiguous, it will store a path to the ambiguous names in *AMBIG1
+// and *AMBIG2.  If the name is not found at all, *AMBIG1 and *AMBIG2
+// will be unchanged.
+
+// This function just returns whether or not there is a field or
+// method, and whether it is a field or method.  It doesn't build an
+// expression to refer to it.  If it is a method, we then look in the
+// list of all methods for the type.  If it is a field, the search has
+// to be done again, looking only for fields, and building up the
+// expression as we go.
+
+bool
+Type::find_field_or_method(const Type* type,
+                          const std::string& name,
+                          bool receiver_can_be_pointer,
+                          std::vector<const Named_type*>* seen,
+                          int* level,
+                          bool* is_method,
+                          bool* found_pointer_method,
+                          std::string* ambig1,
+                          std::string* ambig2)
+{
+  // Named types can have locally defined methods.
+  const Named_type* nt = type->named_type();
+  if (nt == NULL && type->points_to() != NULL)
+    nt = type->points_to()->named_type();
+  if (nt != NULL)
+    {
+      Named_object* no = nt->find_local_method(name);
+      if (no != NULL)
+       {
+         if (receiver_can_be_pointer || !Type::method_expects_pointer(no))
+           {
+             *is_method = true;
+             return true;
+           }
+
+         // Record that we have found a pointer method in order to
+         // give a better error message if we don't find anything
+         // else.
+         *found_pointer_method = true;
+       }
+
+      for (std::vector<const Named_type*>::const_iterator p = seen->begin();
+          p != seen->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (*p == nt)
+           {
+             // We've already seen this type when searching for methods.
+             return false;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Interface types can have methods.
+  const Interface_type* it = type->interface_type();
+  if (it != NULL && it->find_method(name) != NULL)
+    {
+      *is_method = true;
+      return true;
+    }
+
+  // Struct types can have fields.  They can also inherit fields and
+  // methods from anonymous fields.
+  const Struct_type* st = type->deref()->struct_type();
+  if (st == NULL)
+    return false;
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = st->fields();
+  if (fields == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  if (nt != NULL)
+    seen->push_back(nt);
+
+  int found_level = 0;
+  bool found_is_method = false;
+  std::string found_ambig1;
+  std::string found_ambig2;
+  const Struct_field* found_parent = NULL;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf)
+    {
+      if (pf->field_name() == name)
+       {
+         *is_method = false;
+         if (nt != NULL)
+           seen->pop_back();
+         return true;
+       }
+
+      if (!pf->is_anonymous())
+       continue;
+
+      if (pf->type()->deref()->is_error_type()
+         || pf->type()->deref()->is_undefined())
+       continue;
+
+      Named_type* fnt = pf->type()->named_type();
+      if (fnt == NULL)
+       fnt = pf->type()->deref()->named_type();
+      go_assert(fnt != NULL);
+
+      int sublevel = level == NULL ? 1 : *level + 1;
+      bool sub_is_method;
+      std::string subambig1;
+      std::string subambig2;
+      bool subfound = Type::find_field_or_method(fnt,
+                                                name,
+                                                receiver_can_be_pointer,
+                                                seen,
+                                                &sublevel,
+                                                &sub_is_method,
+                                                found_pointer_method,
+                                                &subambig1,
+                                                &subambig2);
+      if (!subfound)
+       {
+         if (!subambig1.empty())
+           {
+             // The name was found via this field, but is ambiguous.
+             // if the ambiguity is lower or at the same level as
+             // anything else we have already found, then we want to
+             // pass the ambiguity back to the caller.
+             if (found_level == 0 || sublevel <= found_level)
+               {
+                 found_ambig1 = pf->field_name() + '.' + subambig1;
+                 found_ambig2 = pf->field_name() + '.' + subambig2;
+                 found_level = sublevel;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // The name was found via this field.  Use the level to see
+         // if we want to use this one, or whether it introduces an
+         // ambiguity.
+         if (found_level == 0 || sublevel < found_level)
+           {
+             found_level = sublevel;
+             found_is_method = sub_is_method;
+             found_ambig1.clear();
+             found_ambig2.clear();
+             found_parent = &*pf;
+           }
+         else if (sublevel > found_level)
+           ;
+         else if (found_ambig1.empty())
+           {
+             // We found an ambiguity.
+             go_assert(found_parent != NULL);
+             found_ambig1 = found_parent->field_name();
+             found_ambig2 = pf->field_name();
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             // We found an ambiguity, but we already know of one.
+             // Just report the earlier one.
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Here if we didn't find anything FOUND_LEVEL is 0.  If we found
+  // something ambiguous, FOUND_LEVEL is not 0 and FOUND_AMBIG1 and
+  // FOUND_AMBIG2 are not empty.  If we found the field, FOUND_LEVEL
+  // is not 0 and FOUND_AMBIG1 and FOUND_AMBIG2 are empty.
+
+  if (nt != NULL)
+    seen->pop_back();
+
+  if (found_level == 0)
+    return false;
+  else if (!found_ambig1.empty())
+    {
+      go_assert(!found_ambig1.empty());
+      ambig1->assign(found_ambig1);
+      ambig2->assign(found_ambig2);
+      if (level != NULL)
+       *level = found_level;
+      return false;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (level != NULL)
+       *level = found_level;
+      *is_method = found_is_method;
+      return true;
+    }
+}
+
+// Return whether NAME is an unexported field or method for TYPE.
+
+bool
+Type::is_unexported_field_or_method(Gogo* gogo, const Type* type,
+                                   const std::string& name,
+                                   std::vector<const Named_type*>* seen)
+{
+  const Named_type* nt = type->named_type();
+  if (nt == NULL)
+    nt = type->deref()->named_type();
+  if (nt != NULL)
+    {
+      if (nt->is_unexported_local_method(gogo, name))
+       return true;
+
+      for (std::vector<const Named_type*>::const_iterator p = seen->begin();
+          p != seen->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (*p == nt)
+           {
+             // We've already seen this type.
+             return false;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  const Interface_type* it = type->interface_type();
+  if (it != NULL && it->is_unexported_method(gogo, name))
+    return true;
+
+  type = type->deref();
+
+  const Struct_type* st = type->struct_type();
+  if (st != NULL && st->is_unexported_local_field(gogo, name))
+    return true;
+
+  if (st == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = st->fields();
+  if (fields == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  if (nt != NULL)
+    seen->push_back(nt);
+
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf)
+    {
+      if (pf->is_anonymous()
+         && !pf->type()->deref()->is_error_type()
+         && !pf->type()->deref()->is_undefined())
+       {
+         Named_type* subtype = pf->type()->named_type();
+         if (subtype == NULL)
+           subtype = pf->type()->deref()->named_type();
+         if (subtype == NULL)
+           {
+             // This is an error, but it will be diagnosed elsewhere.
+             continue;
+           }
+         if (Type::is_unexported_field_or_method(gogo, subtype, name, seen))
+           {
+             if (nt != NULL)
+               seen->pop_back();
+             return true;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (nt != NULL)
+    seen->pop_back();
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Class Forward_declaration.
+
+Forward_declaration_type::Forward_declaration_type(Named_object* named_object)
+  : Type(TYPE_FORWARD),
+    named_object_(named_object->resolve()), warned_(false)
+{
+  go_assert(this->named_object_->is_unknown()
+            || this->named_object_->is_type_declaration());
+}
+
+// Return the named object.
+
+Named_object*
+Forward_declaration_type::named_object()
+{
+  return this->named_object_->resolve();
+}
+
+const Named_object*
+Forward_declaration_type::named_object() const
+{
+  return this->named_object_->resolve();
+}
+
+// Return the name of the forward declared type.
+
+const std::string&
+Forward_declaration_type::name() const
+{
+  return this->named_object()->name();
+}
+
+// Warn about a use of a type which has been declared but not defined.
+
+void
+Forward_declaration_type::warn() const
+{
+  Named_object* no = this->named_object_->resolve();
+  if (no->is_unknown())
+    {
+      // The name was not defined anywhere.
+      if (!this->warned_)
+       {
+         error_at(this->named_object_->location(),
+                  "use of undefined type %qs",
+                  no->message_name().c_str());
+         this->warned_ = true;
+       }
+    }
+  else if (no->is_type_declaration())
+    {
+      // The name was seen as a type, but the type was never defined.
+      if (no->type_declaration_value()->using_type())
+       {
+         error_at(this->named_object_->location(),
+                  "use of undefined type %qs",
+                  no->message_name().c_str());
+         this->warned_ = true;
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // The name was defined, but not as a type.
+      if (!this->warned_)
+       {
+         error_at(this->named_object_->location(), "expected type");
+         this->warned_ = true;
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Get the base type of a declaration.  This gives an error if the
+// type has not yet been defined.
+
+Type*
+Forward_declaration_type::real_type()
+{
+  if (this->is_defined())
+    return this->named_object()->type_value();
+  else
+    {
+      this->warn();
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+}
+
+const Type*
+Forward_declaration_type::real_type() const
+{
+  if (this->is_defined())
+    return this->named_object()->type_value();
+  else
+    {
+      this->warn();
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return whether the base type is defined.
+
+bool
+Forward_declaration_type::is_defined() const
+{
+  return this->named_object()->is_type();
+}
+
+// Add a method.  This is used when methods are defined before the
+// type.
+
+Named_object*
+Forward_declaration_type::add_method(const std::string& name,
+                                    Function* function)
+{
+  Named_object* no = this->named_object();
+  if (no->is_unknown())
+    no->declare_as_type();
+  return no->type_declaration_value()->add_method(name, function);
+}
+
+// Add a method declaration.  This is used when methods are declared
+// before the type.
+
+Named_object*
+Forward_declaration_type::add_method_declaration(const std::string& name,
+                                                Function_type* type,
+                                                source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* no = this->named_object();
+  if (no->is_unknown())
+    no->declare_as_type();
+  Type_declaration* td = no->type_declaration_value();
+  return td->add_method_declaration(name, type, location);
+}
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Forward_declaration_type::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->is_defined()
+      && Type::traverse(this->real_type(), traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Get a tree for the type.
+
+tree
+Forward_declaration_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->is_defined())
+    return Type::get_named_type_tree(gogo, this->real_type());
+
+  if (this->warned_)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  // We represent an undefined type as a struct with no fields.  That
+  // should work fine for the middle-end, since the same case can
+  // arise in C.
+  Named_object* no = this->named_object();
+  tree type_tree = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+  tree id = no->get_id(gogo);
+  tree decl = build_decl(no->location(), TYPE_DECL, id, type_tree);
+  TYPE_NAME(type_tree) = decl;
+  layout_type(type_tree);
+  return type_tree;
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for a forwarded type.
+
+Expression*
+Forward_declaration_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  if (!this->is_defined())
+    return Expression::make_nil(BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+  else
+    {
+      Type* t = this->real_type();
+      if (name != NULL)
+       return this->named_type_descriptor(gogo, t, name);
+      else
+       return Expression::make_type_descriptor(t, BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+    }
+}
+
+// The reflection string.
+
+void
+Forward_declaration_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  this->append_reflection(this->real_type(), gogo, ret);
+}
+
+// The mangled name.
+
+void
+Forward_declaration_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  if (this->is_defined())
+    this->append_mangled_name(this->real_type(), gogo, ret);
+  else
+    {
+      const Named_object* no = this->named_object();
+      std::string name;
+      if (no->package() == NULL)
+       name = gogo->package_name();
+      else
+       name = no->package()->name();
+      name += '.';
+      name += Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(no->name());
+      char buf[20];
+      snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "N%u_",
+              static_cast<unsigned int>(name.length()));
+      ret->append(buf);
+      ret->append(name);
+    }
+}
+
+// Export a forward declaration.  This can happen when a defined type
+// refers to a type which is only declared (and is presumably defined
+// in some other file in the same package).
+
+void
+Forward_declaration_type::do_export(Export*) const
+{
+  // If there is a base type, that should be exported instead of this.
+  go_assert(!this->is_defined());
+
+  // We don't output anything.
+}
+
+// Make a forward declaration.
+
+Type*
+Type::make_forward_declaration(Named_object* named_object)
+{
+  return new Forward_declaration_type(named_object);
+}
+
+// Class Typed_identifier_list.
+
+// Sort the entries by name.
+
+struct Typed_identifier_list_sort
+{
+ public:
+  bool
+  operator()(const Typed_identifier& t1, const Typed_identifier& t2) const
+  { return t1.name() < t2.name(); }
+};
+
+void
+Typed_identifier_list::sort_by_name()
+{
+  std::sort(this->entries_.begin(), this->entries_.end(),
+           Typed_identifier_list_sort());
+}
+
+// Traverse types.
+
+int
+Typed_identifier_list::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->begin();
+       p != this->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (Type::traverse(p->type(), traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Copy the list.
+
+Typed_identifier_list*
+Typed_identifier_list::copy() const
+{
+  Typed_identifier_list* ret = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->begin();
+       p != this->end();
+       ++p)
+    ret->push_back(Typed_identifier(p->name(), p->type(), p->location()));
+  return ret;
+}
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/types.cc.working b/gcc/go/gofrontend/types.cc.working
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..2eecafd
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,8656 @@
+// types.cc -- Go frontend types.
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "go-system.h"
+
+#include <gmp.h>
+
+#ifndef ENABLE_BUILD_WITH_CXX
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif
+
+#include "toplev.h"
+#include "intl.h"
+#include "tree.h"
+#include "gimple.h"
+#include "real.h"
+#include "convert.h"
+
+#ifndef ENABLE_BUILD_WITH_CXX
+}
+#endif
+
+#include "go-c.h"
+#include "gogo.h"
+#include "operator.h"
+#include "expressions.h"
+#include "statements.h"
+#include "export.h"
+#include "import.h"
+#include "types.h"
+
+// Class Type.
+
+Type::Type(Type_classification classification)
+  : classification_(classification), tree_(NULL_TREE),
+    type_descriptor_decl_(NULL_TREE)
+{
+}
+
+Type::~Type()
+{
+}
+
+// Get the base type for a type--skip names and forward declarations.
+
+Type*
+Type::base()
+{
+  switch (this->classification_)
+    {
+    case TYPE_NAMED:
+      return this->named_type()->named_base();
+    case TYPE_FORWARD:
+      return this->forward_declaration_type()->real_type()->base();
+    default:
+      return this;
+    }
+}
+
+const Type*
+Type::base() const
+{
+  switch (this->classification_)
+    {
+    case TYPE_NAMED:
+      return this->named_type()->named_base();
+    case TYPE_FORWARD:
+      return this->forward_declaration_type()->real_type()->base();
+    default:
+      return this;
+    }
+}
+
+// Skip defined forward declarations.
+
+Type*
+Type::forwarded()
+{
+  Type* t = this;
+  Forward_declaration_type* ftype = t->forward_declaration_type();
+  while (ftype != NULL && ftype->is_defined())
+    {
+      t = ftype->real_type();
+      ftype = t->forward_declaration_type();
+    }
+  return t;
+}
+
+const Type*
+Type::forwarded() const
+{
+  const Type* t = this;
+  const Forward_declaration_type* ftype = t->forward_declaration_type();
+  while (ftype != NULL && ftype->is_defined())
+    {
+      t = ftype->real_type();
+      ftype = t->forward_declaration_type();
+    }
+  return t;
+}
+
+// If this is a named type, return it.  Otherwise, return NULL.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::named_type()
+{
+  return this->forwarded()->convert_no_base<Named_type, TYPE_NAMED>();
+}
+
+const Named_type*
+Type::named_type() const
+{
+  return this->forwarded()->convert_no_base<const Named_type, TYPE_NAMED>();
+}
+
+// Return true if this type is not defined.
+
+bool
+Type::is_undefined() const
+{
+  return this->forwarded()->forward_declaration_type() != NULL;
+}
+
+// Return true if this is a basic type: a type which is not composed
+// of other types, and is not void.
+
+bool
+Type::is_basic_type() const
+{
+  switch (this->classification_)
+    {
+    case TYPE_INTEGER:
+    case TYPE_FLOAT:
+    case TYPE_COMPLEX:
+    case TYPE_BOOLEAN:
+    case TYPE_STRING:
+    case TYPE_NIL:
+      return true;
+
+    case TYPE_ERROR:
+    case TYPE_VOID:
+    case TYPE_FUNCTION:
+    case TYPE_POINTER:
+    case TYPE_STRUCT:
+    case TYPE_ARRAY:
+    case TYPE_MAP:
+    case TYPE_CHANNEL:
+    case TYPE_INTERFACE:
+      return false;
+
+    case TYPE_NAMED:
+    case TYPE_FORWARD:
+      return this->base()->is_basic_type();
+
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return true if this is an abstract type.
+
+bool
+Type::is_abstract() const
+{
+  switch (this->classification())
+    {
+    case TYPE_INTEGER:
+      return this->integer_type()->is_abstract();
+    case TYPE_FLOAT:
+      return this->float_type()->is_abstract();
+    case TYPE_COMPLEX:
+      return this->complex_type()->is_abstract();
+    case TYPE_STRING:
+      return this->is_abstract_string_type();
+    case TYPE_BOOLEAN:
+      return this->is_abstract_boolean_type();
+    default:
+      return false;
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a non-abstract version of an abstract type.
+
+Type*
+Type::make_non_abstract_type()
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->is_abstract());
+  switch (this->classification())
+    {
+    case TYPE_INTEGER:
+      return Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+    case TYPE_FLOAT:
+      return Type::lookup_float_type("float64");
+    case TYPE_COMPLEX:
+      return Type::lookup_complex_type("complex128");
+    case TYPE_STRING:
+      return Type::lookup_string_type();
+    case TYPE_BOOLEAN:
+      return Type::lookup_bool_type();
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return true if this is an error type.  Don't give an error if we
+// try to dereference an undefined forwarding type, as this is called
+// in the parser when the type may legitimately be undefined.
+
+bool
+Type::is_error_type() const
+{
+  const Type* t = this->forwarded();
+  // Note that we return false for an undefined forward type.
+  switch (t->classification_)
+    {
+    case TYPE_ERROR:
+      return true;
+    case TYPE_NAMED:
+      return t->named_type()->is_named_error_type();
+    default:
+      return false;
+    }
+}
+
+// If this is a pointer type, return the type to which it points.
+// Otherwise, return NULL.
+
+Type*
+Type::points_to() const
+{
+  const Pointer_type* ptype = this->convert<const Pointer_type,
+                                           TYPE_POINTER>();
+  return ptype == NULL ? NULL : ptype->points_to();
+}
+
+// Return whether this is an open array type.
+
+bool
+Type::is_open_array_type() const
+{
+  return this->array_type() != NULL && this->array_type()->length() == NULL;
+}
+
+// Return whether this is the predeclared constant nil being used as a
+// type.
+
+bool
+Type::is_nil_constant_as_type() const
+{
+  const Type* t = this->forwarded();
+  if (t->forward_declaration_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      const Named_object* no = t->forward_declaration_type()->named_object();
+      if (no->is_unknown())
+       no = no->unknown_value()->real_named_object();
+      if (no != NULL
+         && no->is_const()
+         && no->const_value()->expr()->is_nil_expression())
+       return true;
+    }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Traverse a type.
+
+int
+Type::traverse(Type* type, Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  gcc_assert((traverse->traverse_mask() & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0
+            || (traverse->traverse_mask()
+                & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0);
+  if (traverse->remember_type(type))
+    {
+      // We have already traversed this type.
+      return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    }
+  if ((traverse->traverse_mask() & Traverse::traverse_types) != 0)
+    {
+      int t = traverse->type(type);
+      if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+      else if (t == TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS)
+       return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+    }
+  // An array type has an expression which we need to traverse if
+  // traverse_expressions is set.
+  if (type->do_traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Default implementation for do_traverse for child class.
+
+int
+Type::do_traverse(Traverse*)
+{
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Return whether two types are identical.  If ERRORS_ARE_IDENTICAL,
+// then return true for all erroneous types; this is used to avoid
+// cascading errors.  If REASON is not NULL, optionally set *REASON to
+// the reason the types are not identical.
+
+bool
+Type::are_identical(const Type* t1, const Type* t2, bool errors_are_identical,
+                   std::string* reason)
+{
+  if (t1 == NULL || t2 == NULL)
+    {
+      // Something is wrong.
+      return errors_are_identical ? true : t1 == t2;
+    }
+
+  // Skip defined forward declarations.
+  t1 = t1->forwarded();
+  t2 = t2->forwarded();
+
+  if (t1 == t2)
+    return true;
+
+  // An undefined forward declaration is an error.
+  if (t1->forward_declaration_type() != NULL
+      || t2->forward_declaration_type() != NULL)
+    return errors_are_identical;
+
+  // Avoid cascading errors with error types.
+  if (t1->is_error_type() || t2->is_error_type())
+    {
+      if (errors_are_identical)
+       return true;
+      return t1->is_error_type() && t2->is_error_type();
+    }
+
+  // Get a good reason for the sink type.  Note that the sink type on
+  // the left hand side of an assignment is handled in are_assignable.
+  if (t1->is_sink_type() || t2->is_sink_type())
+    {
+      if (reason != NULL)
+       *reason = "invalid use of _";
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  // A named type is only identical to itself.
+  if (t1->named_type() != NULL || t2->named_type() != NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  // Check type shapes.
+  if (t1->classification() != t2->classification())
+    return false;
+
+  switch (t1->classification())
+    {
+    case TYPE_VOID:
+    case TYPE_BOOLEAN:
+    case TYPE_STRING:
+    case TYPE_NIL:
+      // These types are always identical.
+      return true;
+
+    case TYPE_INTEGER:
+      return t1->integer_type()->is_identical(t2->integer_type());
+
+    case TYPE_FLOAT:
+      return t1->float_type()->is_identical(t2->float_type());
+
+    case TYPE_COMPLEX:
+      return t1->complex_type()->is_identical(t2->complex_type());
+
+    case TYPE_FUNCTION:
+      return t1->function_type()->is_identical(t2->function_type(),
+                                              false,
+                                              errors_are_identical,
+                                              reason);
+
+    case TYPE_POINTER:
+      return Type::are_identical(t1->points_to(), t2->points_to(),
+                                errors_are_identical, reason);
+
+    case TYPE_STRUCT:
+      return t1->struct_type()->is_identical(t2->struct_type(),
+                                            errors_are_identical);
+
+    case TYPE_ARRAY:
+      return t1->array_type()->is_identical(t2->array_type(),
+                                           errors_are_identical);
+
+    case TYPE_MAP:
+      return t1->map_type()->is_identical(t2->map_type(),
+                                         errors_are_identical);
+
+    case TYPE_CHANNEL:
+      return t1->channel_type()->is_identical(t2->channel_type(),
+                                             errors_are_identical);
+
+    case TYPE_INTERFACE:
+      return t1->interface_type()->is_identical(t2->interface_type(),
+                                               errors_are_identical);
+
+    case TYPE_CALL_MULTIPLE_RESULT:
+      if (reason != NULL)
+       *reason = "invalid use of multiple value function call";
+      return false;
+
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return true if it's OK to have a binary operation with types LHS
+// and RHS.  This is not used for shifts or comparisons.
+
+bool
+Type::are_compatible_for_binop(const Type* lhs, const Type* rhs)
+{
+  if (Type::are_identical(lhs, rhs, true, NULL))
+    return true;
+
+  // A constant of abstract bool type may be mixed with any bool type.
+  if ((rhs->is_abstract_boolean_type() && lhs->is_boolean_type())
+      || (lhs->is_abstract_boolean_type() && rhs->is_boolean_type()))
+    return true;
+
+  // A constant of abstract string type may be mixed with any string
+  // type.
+  if ((rhs->is_abstract_string_type() && lhs->is_string_type())
+      || (lhs->is_abstract_string_type() && rhs->is_string_type()))
+    return true;
+
+  lhs = lhs->base();
+  rhs = rhs->base();
+
+  // A constant of abstract integer, float, or complex type may be
+  // mixed with an integer, float, or complex type.
+  if ((rhs->is_abstract()
+       && (rhs->integer_type() != NULL
+          || rhs->float_type() != NULL
+          || rhs->complex_type() != NULL)
+       && (lhs->integer_type() != NULL
+          || lhs->float_type() != NULL
+          || lhs->complex_type() != NULL))
+      || (lhs->is_abstract()
+         && (lhs->integer_type() != NULL
+             || lhs->float_type() != NULL
+             || lhs->complex_type() != NULL)
+         && (rhs->integer_type() != NULL
+             || rhs->float_type() != NULL
+             || rhs->complex_type() != NULL)))
+    return true;
+
+  // The nil type may be compared to a pointer, an interface type, a
+  // slice type, a channel type, a map type, or a function type.
+  if (lhs->is_nil_type()
+      && (rhs->points_to() != NULL
+         || rhs->interface_type() != NULL
+         || rhs->is_open_array_type()
+         || rhs->map_type() != NULL
+         || rhs->channel_type() != NULL
+         || rhs->function_type() != NULL))
+    return true;
+  if (rhs->is_nil_type()
+      && (lhs->points_to() != NULL
+         || lhs->interface_type() != NULL
+         || lhs->is_open_array_type()
+         || lhs->map_type() != NULL
+         || lhs->channel_type() != NULL
+         || lhs->function_type() != NULL))
+    return true;
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return true if a value with type RHS may be assigned to a variable
+// with type LHS.  If REASON is not NULL, set *REASON to the reason
+// the types are not assignable.
+
+bool
+Type::are_assignable(const Type* lhs, const Type* rhs, std::string* reason)
+{
+  // Do some checks first.  Make sure the types are defined.
+  if (rhs != NULL
+      && rhs->forwarded()->forward_declaration_type() == NULL
+      && rhs->is_void_type())
+    {
+      if (reason != NULL)
+       *reason = "non-value used as value";
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  if (lhs != NULL && lhs->forwarded()->forward_declaration_type() == NULL)
+    {
+      // Any value may be assigned to the blank identifier.
+      if (lhs->is_sink_type())
+       return true;
+
+      // All fields of a struct must be exported, or the assignment
+      // must be in the same package.
+      if (rhs != NULL && rhs->forwarded()->forward_declaration_type() == NULL)
+       {
+         if (lhs->has_hidden_fields(NULL, reason)
+             || rhs->has_hidden_fields(NULL, reason))
+           return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Identical types are assignable.
+  if (Type::are_identical(lhs, rhs, true, reason))
+    return true;
+
+  // The types are assignable if they have identical underlying types
+  // and either LHS or RHS is not a named type.
+  if (((lhs->named_type() != NULL && rhs->named_type() == NULL)
+       || (rhs->named_type() != NULL && lhs->named_type() == NULL))
+      && Type::are_identical(lhs->base(), rhs->base(), true, reason))
+    return true;
+
+  // The types are assignable if LHS is an interface type and RHS
+  // implements the required methods.
+  const Interface_type* lhs_interface_type = lhs->interface_type();
+  if (lhs_interface_type != NULL)
+    {
+      if (lhs_interface_type->implements_interface(rhs, reason))
+       return true;
+      const Interface_type* rhs_interface_type = rhs->interface_type();
+      if (rhs_interface_type != NULL
+         && lhs_interface_type->is_compatible_for_assign(rhs_interface_type,
+                                                         reason))
+       return true;
+    }
+
+  // The type are assignable if RHS is a bidirectional channel type,
+  // LHS is a channel type, they have identical element types, and
+  // either LHS or RHS is not a named type.
+  if (lhs->channel_type() != NULL
+      && rhs->channel_type() != NULL
+      && rhs->channel_type()->may_send()
+      && rhs->channel_type()->may_receive()
+      && (lhs->named_type() == NULL || rhs->named_type() == NULL)
+      && Type::are_identical(lhs->channel_type()->element_type(),
+                            rhs->channel_type()->element_type(),
+                            true,
+                            reason))
+    return true;
+
+  // The nil type may be assigned to a pointer, function, slice, map,
+  // channel, or interface type.
+  if (rhs->is_nil_type()
+      && (lhs->points_to() != NULL
+         || lhs->function_type() != NULL
+         || lhs->is_open_array_type()
+         || lhs->map_type() != NULL
+         || lhs->channel_type() != NULL
+         || lhs->interface_type() != NULL))
+    return true;
+
+  // An untyped numeric constant may be assigned to a numeric type if
+  // it is representable in that type.
+  if ((rhs->is_abstract()
+       && (rhs->integer_type() != NULL
+          || rhs->float_type() != NULL
+          || rhs->complex_type() != NULL))
+      && (lhs->integer_type() != NULL
+         || lhs->float_type() != NULL
+         || lhs->complex_type() != NULL))
+    return true;
+
+  // Give some better error messages.
+  if (reason != NULL && reason->empty())
+    {
+      if (rhs->interface_type() != NULL)
+       reason->assign(_("need explicit conversion"));
+      else if (rhs->is_call_multiple_result_type())
+       reason->assign(_("multiple value function call in "
+                        "single value context"));
+      else if (lhs->named_type() != NULL && rhs->named_type() != NULL)
+       {
+         size_t len = (lhs->named_type()->name().length()
+                       + rhs->named_type()->name().length()
+                       + 100);
+         char* buf = new char[len];
+         snprintf(buf, len, _("cannot use type %s as type %s"),
+                  rhs->named_type()->message_name().c_str(),
+                  lhs->named_type()->message_name().c_str());
+         reason->assign(buf);
+         delete[] buf;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return true if a value with type RHS may be converted to type LHS.
+// If REASON is not NULL, set *REASON to the reason the types are not
+// convertible.
+
+bool
+Type::are_convertible(const Type* lhs, const Type* rhs, std::string* reason)
+{
+  // The types are convertible if they are assignable.
+  if (Type::are_assignable(lhs, rhs, reason))
+    return true;
+
+  // The types are convertible if they have identical underlying
+  // types.
+  if ((lhs->named_type() != NULL || rhs->named_type() != NULL)
+      && Type::are_identical(lhs->base(), rhs->base(), true, reason))
+    return true;
+
+  // The types are convertible if they are both unnamed pointer types
+  // and their pointer base types have identical underlying types.
+  if (lhs->named_type() == NULL
+      && rhs->named_type() == NULL
+      && lhs->points_to() != NULL
+      && rhs->points_to() != NULL
+      && (lhs->points_to()->named_type() != NULL
+         || rhs->points_to()->named_type() != NULL)
+      && Type::are_identical(lhs->points_to()->base(),
+                            rhs->points_to()->base(),
+                            true,
+                            reason))
+    return true;
+
+  // Integer and floating point types are convertible to each other.
+  if ((lhs->integer_type() != NULL || lhs->float_type() != NULL)
+      && (rhs->integer_type() != NULL || rhs->float_type() != NULL))
+    return true;
+
+  // Complex types are convertible to each other.
+  if (lhs->complex_type() != NULL && rhs->complex_type() != NULL)
+    return true;
+
+  // An integer, or []byte, or []int, may be converted to a string.
+  if (lhs->is_string_type())
+    {
+      if (rhs->integer_type() != NULL)
+       return true;
+      if (rhs->is_open_array_type() && rhs->named_type() == NULL)
+       {
+         const Type* e = rhs->array_type()->element_type()->forwarded();
+         if (e->integer_type() != NULL
+             && (e == Type::lookup_integer_type("uint8")
+                 || e == Type::lookup_integer_type("int")))
+           return true;
+       }
+    }
+
+  // A string may be converted to []byte or []int.
+  if (rhs->is_string_type()
+      && lhs->is_open_array_type()
+      && lhs->named_type() == NULL)
+    {
+      const Type* e = lhs->array_type()->element_type()->forwarded();
+      if (e->integer_type() != NULL
+         && (e == Type::lookup_integer_type("uint8")
+             || e == Type::lookup_integer_type("int")))
+       return true;
+    }
+
+  // An unsafe.Pointer type may be converted to any pointer type or to
+  // uintptr, and vice-versa.
+  if (lhs->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
+      && (rhs->points_to() != NULL
+         || (rhs->integer_type() != NULL
+             && rhs->forwarded() == Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr"))))
+    return true;
+  if (rhs->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
+      && (lhs->points_to() != NULL
+         || (lhs->integer_type() != NULL
+             && lhs->forwarded() == Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr"))))
+    return true;
+
+  // Give a better error message.
+  if (reason != NULL)
+    {
+      if (reason->empty())
+       *reason = "invalid type conversion";
+      else
+       {
+         std::string s = "invalid type conversion (";
+         s += *reason;
+         s += ')';
+         *reason = s;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Return whether this type has any hidden fields.  This is only a
+// possibility for a few types.
+
+bool
+Type::has_hidden_fields(const Named_type* within, std::string* reason) const
+{
+  switch (this->forwarded()->classification_)
+    {
+    case TYPE_NAMED:
+      return this->named_type()->named_type_has_hidden_fields(reason);
+    case TYPE_STRUCT:
+      return this->struct_type()->struct_has_hidden_fields(within, reason);
+    case TYPE_ARRAY:
+      return this->array_type()->array_has_hidden_fields(within, reason);
+    default:
+      return false;
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a hash code for the type to be used for method lookup.
+
+unsigned int
+Type::hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  unsigned int ret = 0;
+  if (this->classification_ != TYPE_FORWARD)
+    ret += this->classification_;
+  return ret + this->do_hash_for_method(gogo);
+}
+
+// Default implementation of do_hash_for_method.  This is appropriate
+// for types with no subfields.
+
+unsigned int
+Type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo*) const
+{
+  return 0;
+}
+
+// Return a hash code for a string, given a starting hash.
+
+unsigned int
+Type::hash_string(const std::string& s, unsigned int h)
+{
+  const char* p = s.data();
+  size_t len = s.length();
+  for (; len > 0; --len)
+    {
+      h ^= *p++;
+      h*= 16777619;
+    }
+  return h;
+}
+
+// Default check for the expression passed to make.  Any type which
+// may be used with make implements its own version of this.
+
+bool
+Type::do_check_make_expression(Expression_list*, source_location)
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Return whether an expression has an integer value.  Report an error
+// if not.  This is used when handling calls to the predeclared make
+// function.
+
+bool
+Type::check_int_value(Expression* e, const char* errmsg,
+                     source_location location)
+{
+  if (e->type()->integer_type() != NULL)
+    return true;
+
+  // Check for a floating point constant with integer value.
+  mpfr_t fval;
+  mpfr_init(fval);
+
+  Type* dummy;
+  if (e->float_constant_value(fval, &dummy) && mpfr_integer_p(fval))
+    {
+      mpz_t ival;
+      mpz_init(ival);
+
+      bool ok = false;
+
+      mpfr_clear_overflow();
+      mpfr_clear_erangeflag();
+      mpfr_get_z(ival, fval, GMP_RNDN);
+      if (!mpfr_overflow_p()
+         && !mpfr_erangeflag_p()
+         && mpz_sgn(ival) >= 0)
+       {
+         Named_type* ntype = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+         Integer_type* inttype = ntype->integer_type();
+         mpz_t max;
+         mpz_init_set_ui(max, 1);
+         mpz_mul_2exp(max, max, inttype->bits() - 1);
+         ok = mpz_cmp(ival, max) < 0;
+         mpz_clear(max);
+       }
+      mpz_clear(ival);
+
+      if (ok)
+       {
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         return true;
+       }
+    }
+
+  mpfr_clear(fval);
+
+  error_at(location, "%s", errmsg);
+  return false;
+}
+
+// A hash table mapping unnamed types to trees.
+
+Type::Type_trees Type::type_trees;
+
+// Return a tree representing this type.
+
+tree
+Type::get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->tree_ != NULL)
+    return this->tree_;
+
+  if (this->forward_declaration_type() != NULL
+      || this->named_type() != NULL)
+    return this->get_tree_without_hash(gogo);
+
+  if (this->is_error_type())
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  // To avoid confusing GIMPLE, we need to translate all identical Go
+  // types to the same GIMPLE type.  We use a hash table to do that.
+  // There is no need to use the hash table for named types, as named
+  // types are only identical to themselves.
+
+  std::pair<Type*, tree> val(this, NULL);
+  std::pair<Type_trees::iterator, bool> ins =
+    Type::type_trees.insert(val);
+  if (!ins.second && ins.first->second != NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      if (gogo != NULL && gogo->named_types_are_converted())
+       this->tree_ = ins.first->second;
+      return ins.first->second;
+    }
+
+  tree t = this->get_tree_without_hash(gogo);
+
+  if (ins.first->second == NULL_TREE)
+    ins.first->second = t;
+  else
+    {
+      // We have already created a tree for this type.  This can
+      // happen when an unnamed type is defined using a named type
+      // which in turns uses an identical unnamed type.  Use the tree
+      // we created earlier and ignore the one we just built.
+      t = ins.first->second;
+      if (gogo == NULL || !gogo->named_types_are_converted())
+       return t;
+      this->tree_ = t;
+    }
+
+  return t;
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a type without looking in the hash table for
+// identical types.  This is used for named types, since there is no
+// point to looking in the hash table for them.
+
+tree
+Type::get_tree_without_hash(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->tree_ == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      tree t = this->do_get_tree(gogo);
+
+      // For a recursive function or pointer type, we will temporarily
+      // return ptr_type_node during the recursion.  We don't want to
+      // record that for a forwarding type, as it may confuse us
+      // later.
+      if (t == ptr_type_node && this->forward_declaration_type() != NULL)
+       return t;
+
+      if (gogo == NULL || !gogo->named_types_are_converted())
+       return t;
+
+      this->tree_ = t;
+      go_preserve_from_gc(t);
+    }
+
+  return this->tree_;
+}
+
+// Return a tree representing a zero initialization for this type.
+
+tree
+Type::get_init_tree(Gogo* gogo, bool is_clear)
+{
+  tree type_tree = this->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  return this->do_get_init_tree(gogo, type_tree, is_clear);
+}
+
+// Any type which supports the builtin make function must implement
+// this.
+
+tree
+Type::do_make_expression_tree(Translate_context*, Expression_list*,
+                             source_location)
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Return a pointer to the type descriptor for this type.
+
+tree
+Type::type_descriptor_pointer(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  Type* t = this->forwarded();
+  if (t->type_descriptor_decl_ == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      Expression* e = t->do_type_descriptor(gogo, NULL);
+      gogo->build_type_descriptor_decl(t, e, &t->type_descriptor_decl_);
+      gcc_assert(t->type_descriptor_decl_ != NULL_TREE
+                && (t->type_descriptor_decl_ == error_mark_node
+                    || DECL_P(t->type_descriptor_decl_)));
+    }
+  if (t->type_descriptor_decl_ == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  return build_fold_addr_expr(t->type_descriptor_decl_);
+}
+
+// Return a composite literal for a type descriptor.
+
+Expression*
+Type::type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Type* type)
+{
+  return type->do_type_descriptor(gogo, NULL);
+}
+
+// Return a composite literal for a type descriptor with a name.
+
+Expression*
+Type::named_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Type* type, Named_type* name)
+{
+  gcc_assert(name != NULL && type->named_type() != name);
+  return type->do_type_descriptor(gogo, name);
+}
+
+// Make a builtin struct type from a list of fields.  The fields are
+// pairs of a name and a type.
+
+Struct_type*
+Type::make_builtin_struct_type(int nfields, ...)
+{
+  va_list ap;
+  va_start(ap, nfields);
+
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+  Struct_field_list* sfl = new Struct_field_list();
+  for (int i = 0; i < nfields; i++)
+    {
+      const char* field_name = va_arg(ap, const char *);
+      Type* type = va_arg(ap, Type*);
+      sfl->push_back(Struct_field(Typed_identifier(field_name, type, bloc)));
+    }
+
+  va_end(ap);
+
+  return Type::make_struct_type(sfl, bloc);
+}
+
+// A list of builtin named types.
+
+std::vector<Named_type*> Type::named_builtin_types;
+
+// Make a builtin named type.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::make_builtin_named_type(const char* name, Type* type)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+  Named_object* no = Named_object::make_type(name, NULL, type, bloc);
+  Named_type* ret = no->type_value();
+  Type::named_builtin_types.push_back(ret);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Convert the named builtin types.
+
+void
+Type::convert_builtin_named_types(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  for (std::vector<Named_type*>::const_iterator p =
+        Type::named_builtin_types.begin();
+       p != Type::named_builtin_types.end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      bool r = (*p)->verify();
+      gcc_assert(r);
+      (*p)->convert(gogo);
+    }
+}
+
+// Return the type of a type descriptor.  We should really tie this to
+// runtime.Type rather than copying it.  This must match commonType in
+// libgo/go/runtime/type.go.
+
+Type*
+Type::make_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+      Type* uint8_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uint8");
+      Type* uint32_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uint32");
+      Type* uintptr_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr");
+      Type* string_type = Type::lookup_string_type();
+      Type* pointer_string_type = Type::make_pointer_type(string_type);
+
+      // This is an unnamed version of unsafe.Pointer.  Perhaps we
+      // should use the named version instead, although that would
+      // require us to create the unsafe package if it has not been
+      // imported.  It probably doesn't matter.
+      Type* void_type = Type::make_void_type();
+      Type* unsafe_pointer_type = Type::make_pointer_type(void_type);
+
+      // Forward declaration for the type descriptor type.
+      Named_object* named_type_descriptor_type =
+       Named_object::make_type_declaration("commonType", NULL, bloc);
+      Type* ft = Type::make_forward_declaration(named_type_descriptor_type);
+      Type* pointer_type_descriptor_type = Type::make_pointer_type(ft);
+
+      // The type of a method on a concrete type.
+      Struct_type* method_type =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(5,
+                                      "name", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "pkgPath", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "mtyp", pointer_type_descriptor_type,
+                                      "typ", pointer_type_descriptor_type,
+                                      "tfn", unsafe_pointer_type);
+      Named_type* named_method_type =
+       Type::make_builtin_named_type("method", method_type);
+
+      // Information for types with a name or methods.
+      Type* slice_named_method_type =
+       Type::make_array_type(named_method_type, NULL);
+      Struct_type* uncommon_type =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(3,
+                                      "name", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "pkgPath", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "methods", slice_named_method_type);
+      Named_type* named_uncommon_type =
+       Type::make_builtin_named_type("uncommonType", uncommon_type);
+
+      Type* pointer_uncommon_type =
+       Type::make_pointer_type(named_uncommon_type);
+
+      // The type descriptor type.
+
+      Typed_identifier_list* params = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      params->push_back(Typed_identifier("", unsafe_pointer_type, bloc));
+      params->push_back(Typed_identifier("", uintptr_type, bloc));
+
+      Typed_identifier_list* results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", uintptr_type, bloc));
+
+      Type* hashfn_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, params, results, bloc);
+
+      params = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      params->push_back(Typed_identifier("", unsafe_pointer_type, bloc));
+      params->push_back(Typed_identifier("", unsafe_pointer_type, bloc));
+      params->push_back(Typed_identifier("", uintptr_type, bloc));
+
+      results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", Type::lookup_bool_type(), bloc));
+
+      Type* equalfn_type = Type::make_function_type(NULL, params, results,
+                                                   bloc);
+
+      Struct_type* type_descriptor_type =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(10,
+                                      "Kind", uint8_type,
+                                      "align", uint8_type,
+                                      "fieldAlign", uint8_type,
+                                      "size", uintptr_type,
+                                      "hash", uint32_type,
+                                      "hashfn", hashfn_type,
+                                      "equalfn", equalfn_type,
+                                      "string", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "", pointer_uncommon_type,
+                                      "ptrToThis",
+                                      pointer_type_descriptor_type);
+
+      Named_type* named = Type::make_builtin_named_type("commonType",
+                                                       type_descriptor_type);
+
+      named_type_descriptor_type->set_type_value(named);
+
+      ret = named;
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Make the type of a pointer to a type descriptor as represented in
+// Go.
+
+Type*
+Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    ret = Type::make_pointer_type(Type::make_type_descriptor_type());
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return the names of runtime functions which compute a hash code for
+// this type and which compare whether two values of this type are
+// equal.
+
+void
+Type::type_functions(const char** hash_fn, const char** equal_fn) const
+{
+  switch (this->base()->classification())
+    {
+    case Type::TYPE_ERROR:
+    case Type::TYPE_VOID:
+    case Type::TYPE_NIL:
+      // These types can not be hashed or compared.
+      *hash_fn = "__go_type_hash_error";
+      *equal_fn = "__go_type_equal_error";
+      break;
+
+    case Type::TYPE_BOOLEAN:
+    case Type::TYPE_INTEGER:
+    case Type::TYPE_FLOAT:
+    case Type::TYPE_COMPLEX:
+    case Type::TYPE_POINTER:
+    case Type::TYPE_FUNCTION:
+    case Type::TYPE_MAP:
+    case Type::TYPE_CHANNEL:
+      *hash_fn = "__go_type_hash_identity";
+      *equal_fn = "__go_type_equal_identity";
+      break;
+
+    case Type::TYPE_STRING:
+      *hash_fn = "__go_type_hash_string";
+      *equal_fn = "__go_type_equal_string";
+      break;
+
+    case Type::TYPE_STRUCT:
+    case Type::TYPE_ARRAY:
+      // These types can not be hashed or compared.
+      *hash_fn = "__go_type_hash_error";
+      *equal_fn = "__go_type_equal_error";
+      break;
+
+    case Type::TYPE_INTERFACE:
+      if (this->interface_type()->is_empty())
+       {
+         *hash_fn = "__go_type_hash_empty_interface";
+         *equal_fn = "__go_type_equal_empty_interface";
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         *hash_fn = "__go_type_hash_interface";
+         *equal_fn = "__go_type_equal_interface";
+       }
+      break;
+
+    case Type::TYPE_NAMED:
+    case Type::TYPE_FORWARD:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+
+    default:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a composite literal for the type descriptor for a plain type
+// of kind RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND named NAME.
+
+Expression*
+Type::type_descriptor_constructor(Gogo* gogo, int runtime_type_kind,
+                                 Named_type* name, const Methods* methods,
+                                 bool only_value_methods)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Type* td_type = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = td_type->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(9);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "Kind");
+  mpz_t iv;
+  mpz_init_set_ui(iv, runtime_type_kind);
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_integer(&iv, p->type(), bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "align");
+  Expression::Type_info type_info = Expression::TYPE_INFO_ALIGNMENT;
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_info(this, type_info));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "fieldAlign");
+  type_info = Expression::TYPE_INFO_FIELD_ALIGNMENT;
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_info(this, type_info));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "size");
+  type_info = Expression::TYPE_INFO_SIZE;
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_info(this, type_info));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "hash");
+  mpz_set_ui(iv, this->hash_for_method(gogo));
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_integer(&iv, p->type(), bloc));
+
+  const char* hash_fn;
+  const char* equal_fn;
+  this->type_functions(&hash_fn, &equal_fn);
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "hashfn");
+  Function_type* fntype = p->type()->function_type();
+  Named_object* no = Named_object::make_function_declaration(hash_fn, NULL,
+                                                            fntype,
+                                                            bloc);
+  no->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(hash_fn);
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_func_reference(no, NULL, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "equalfn");
+  fntype = p->type()->function_type();
+  no = Named_object::make_function_declaration(equal_fn, NULL, fntype, bloc);
+  no->func_declaration_value()->set_asm_name(equal_fn);
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_func_reference(no, NULL, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "string");
+  Expression* s = Expression::make_string((name != NULL
+                                          ? name->reflection(gogo)
+                                          : this->reflection(gogo)),
+                                         bloc);
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, s, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "uncommonType");
+  if (name == NULL && methods == NULL)
+    vals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+  else
+    {
+      if (methods == NULL)
+       methods = name->methods();
+      vals->push_back(this->uncommon_type_constructor(gogo,
+                                                     p->type()->deref(),
+                                                     name, methods,
+                                                     only_value_methods));
+    }
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "ptrToThis");
+  if (name == NULL)
+    vals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+  else
+    {
+      Type* pt = Type::make_pointer_type(name);
+      vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(pt, bloc));
+    }
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p == fields->end());
+
+  mpz_clear(iv);
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(td_type, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Return a composite literal for the uncommon type information for
+// this type.  UNCOMMON_STRUCT_TYPE is the type of the uncommon type
+// struct.  If name is not NULL, it is the name of the type.  If
+// METHODS is not NULL, it is the list of methods.  ONLY_VALUE_METHODS
+// is true if only value methods should be included.  At least one of
+// NAME and METHODS must not be NULL.
+
+Expression*
+Type::uncommon_type_constructor(Gogo* gogo, Type* uncommon_type,
+                               Named_type* name, const Methods* methods,
+                               bool only_value_methods) const
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = uncommon_type->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(3);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "name");
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "pkgPath");
+
+  if (name == NULL)
+    {
+      vals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+      vals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      Named_object* no = name->named_object();
+      std::string n = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(no->name());
+      Expression* s = Expression::make_string(n, bloc);
+      vals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, s, bloc));
+
+      if (name->is_builtin())
+       vals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+      else
+       {
+         const Package* package = no->package();
+         const std::string& unique_prefix(package == NULL
+                                          ? gogo->unique_prefix()
+                                          : package->unique_prefix());
+         const std::string& package_name(package == NULL
+                                         ? gogo->package_name()
+                                         : package->name());
+         n.assign(unique_prefix);
+         n.append(1, '.');
+         n.append(package_name);
+         if (name->in_function() != NULL)
+           {
+             n.append(1, '.');
+             n.append(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(name->in_function()->name()));
+           }
+         s = Expression::make_string(n, bloc);
+         vals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, s, bloc));
+       }
+    }
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "methods");
+  vals->push_back(this->methods_constructor(gogo, p->type(), methods,
+                                           only_value_methods));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p == fields->end());
+
+  Expression* r = Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(uncommon_type,
+                                                           vals, bloc);
+  return Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, r, bloc);
+}
+
+// Sort methods by name.
+
+class Sort_methods
+{
+ public:
+  bool
+  operator()(const std::pair<std::string, const Method*>& m1,
+            const std::pair<std::string, const Method*>& m2) const
+  { return m1.first < m2.first; }
+};
+
+// Return a composite literal for the type method table for this type.
+// METHODS_TYPE is the type of the table, and is a slice type.
+// METHODS is the list of methods.  If ONLY_VALUE_METHODS is true,
+// then only value methods are used.
+
+Expression*
+Type::methods_constructor(Gogo* gogo, Type* methods_type,
+                         const Methods* methods,
+                         bool only_value_methods) const
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  std::vector<std::pair<std::string, const Method*> > smethods;
+  if (methods != NULL)
+    {
+      smethods.reserve(methods->count());
+      for (Methods::const_iterator p = methods->begin();
+          p != methods->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (p->second->is_ambiguous())
+           continue;
+         if (only_value_methods && !p->second->is_value_method())
+           continue;
+         smethods.push_back(std::make_pair(p->first, p->second));
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (smethods.empty())
+    return Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(methods_type, NULL, bloc);
+
+  std::sort(smethods.begin(), smethods.end(), Sort_methods());
+
+  Type* method_type = methods_type->array_type()->element_type();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(smethods.size());
+  for (std::vector<std::pair<std::string, const Method*> >::const_iterator p
+        = smethods.begin();
+       p != smethods.end();
+       ++p)
+    vals->push_back(this->method_constructor(gogo, method_type, p->first,
+                                            p->second));
+
+  return Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(methods_type, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Return a composite literal for a single method.  METHOD_TYPE is the
+// type of the entry.  METHOD_NAME is the name of the method and M is
+// the method information.
+
+Expression*
+Type::method_constructor(Gogo*, Type* method_type,
+                        const std::string& method_name,
+                        const Method* m) const
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = method_type->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(5);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "name");
+  const std::string n = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(method_name);
+  Expression* s = Expression::make_string(n, bloc);
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, s, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "pkgPath");
+  if (!Gogo::is_hidden_name(method_name))
+    vals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+  else
+    {
+      s = Expression::make_string(Gogo::hidden_name_prefix(method_name), bloc);
+      vals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, s, bloc));
+    }
+
+  Named_object* no = (m->needs_stub_method()
+                     ? m->stub_object()
+                     : m->named_object());
+
+  Function_type* mtype;
+  if (no->is_function())
+    mtype = no->func_value()->type();
+  else
+    mtype = no->func_declaration_value()->type();
+  gcc_assert(mtype->is_method());
+  Type* nonmethod_type = mtype->copy_without_receiver();
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "mtyp");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(nonmethod_type, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "typ");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(mtype, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "tfn");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_func_reference(no, NULL, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p == fields->end());
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(method_type, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Return a composite literal for the type descriptor of a plain type.
+// RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND is the value of the kind field.  If NAME is not
+// NULL, it is the name to use as well as the list of methods.
+
+Expression*
+Type::plain_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, int runtime_type_kind,
+                           Named_type* name)
+{
+  return this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo, runtime_type_kind,
+                                          name, NULL, true);
+}
+
+// Return the type reflection string for this type.
+
+std::string
+Type::reflection(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  std::string ret;
+
+  // The do_reflection virtual function should set RET to the
+  // reflection string.
+  this->do_reflection(gogo, &ret);
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return a mangled name for the type.
+
+std::string
+Type::mangled_name(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  std::string ret;
+
+  // The do_mangled_name virtual function should set RET to the
+  // mangled name.  For a composite type it should append a code for
+  // the composition and then call do_mangled_name on the components.
+  this->do_mangled_name(gogo, &ret);
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Default function to export a type.
+
+void
+Type::do_export(Export*) const
+{
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Import a type.
+
+Type*
+Type::import_type(Import* imp)
+{
+  if (imp->match_c_string("("))
+    return Function_type::do_import(imp);
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("*"))
+    return Pointer_type::do_import(imp);
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("struct "))
+    return Struct_type::do_import(imp);
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("["))
+    return Array_type::do_import(imp);
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("map "))
+    return Map_type::do_import(imp);
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("chan "))
+    return Channel_type::do_import(imp);
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("interface"))
+    return Interface_type::do_import(imp);
+  else
+    {
+      error_at(imp->location(), "import error: expected type");
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+}
+
+// A type used to indicate a parsing error.  This exists to simplify
+// later error detection.
+
+class Error_type : public Type
+{
+ public:
+  Error_type()
+    : Type(TYPE_ERROR)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+  { return error_mark_node; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree, bool)
+  { return error_mark_node; }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_type_descriptor(Gogo*, Named_type*)
+  { return Expression::make_error(BUILTINS_LOCATION); }
+
+  void
+  do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+  { gcc_assert(saw_errors()); }
+
+  void
+  do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+  { ret->push_back('E'); }
+};
+
+Type*
+Type::make_error_type()
+{
+  static Error_type singleton_error_type;
+  return &singleton_error_type;
+}
+
+// The void type.
+
+class Void_type : public Type
+{
+ public:
+  Void_type()
+    : Type(TYPE_VOID)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+  { return void_type_node; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree, bool)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_type_descriptor(Gogo*, Named_type*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  void
+  do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+  { }
+
+  void
+  do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+  { ret->push_back('v'); }
+};
+
+Type*
+Type::make_void_type()
+{
+  static Void_type singleton_void_type;
+  return &singleton_void_type;
+}
+
+// The boolean type.
+
+class Boolean_type : public Type
+{
+ public:
+  Boolean_type()
+    : Type(TYPE_BOOLEAN)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+  { return boolean_type_node; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+  { return is_clear ? NULL : fold_convert(type_tree, boolean_false_node); }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_type_descriptor(Gogo*, Named_type* name);
+
+  // We should not be asked for the reflection string of a basic type.
+  void
+  do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+  { ret->append("bool"); }
+
+  void
+  do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+  { ret->push_back('b'); }
+};
+
+// Make the type descriptor.
+
+Expression*
+Boolean_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  if (name != NULL)
+    return this->plain_type_descriptor(gogo, RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_BOOL, name);
+  else
+    {
+      Named_object* no = gogo->lookup_global("bool");
+      gcc_assert(no != NULL);
+      return Type::type_descriptor(gogo, no->type_value());
+    }
+}
+
+Type*
+Type::make_boolean_type()
+{
+  static Boolean_type boolean_type;
+  return &boolean_type;
+}
+
+// The named type "bool".
+
+static Named_type* named_bool_type;
+
+// Get the named type "bool".
+
+Named_type*
+Type::lookup_bool_type()
+{
+  return named_bool_type;
+}
+
+// Make the named type "bool".
+
+Named_type*
+Type::make_named_bool_type()
+{
+  Type* bool_type = Type::make_boolean_type();
+  Named_object* named_object = Named_object::make_type("bool", NULL,
+                                                      bool_type,
+                                                      BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+  Named_type* named_type = named_object->type_value();
+  named_bool_type = named_type;
+  return named_type;
+}
+
+// Class Integer_type.
+
+Integer_type::Named_integer_types Integer_type::named_integer_types;
+
+// Create a new integer type.  Non-abstract integer types always have
+// names.
+
+Named_type*
+Integer_type::create_integer_type(const char* name, bool is_unsigned,
+                                 int bits, int runtime_type_kind)
+{
+  Integer_type* integer_type = new Integer_type(false, is_unsigned, bits,
+                                               runtime_type_kind);
+  std::string sname(name);
+  Named_object* named_object = Named_object::make_type(sname, NULL,
+                                                      integer_type,
+                                                      BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+  Named_type* named_type = named_object->type_value();
+  std::pair<Named_integer_types::iterator, bool> ins =
+    Integer_type::named_integer_types.insert(std::make_pair(sname, named_type));
+  gcc_assert(ins.second);
+  return named_type;
+}
+
+// Look up an existing integer type.
+
+Named_type*
+Integer_type::lookup_integer_type(const char* name)
+{
+  Named_integer_types::const_iterator p =
+    Integer_type::named_integer_types.find(name);
+  gcc_assert(p != Integer_type::named_integer_types.end());
+  return p->second;
+}
+
+// Create a new abstract integer type.
+
+Integer_type*
+Integer_type::create_abstract_integer_type()
+{
+  static Integer_type* abstract_type;
+  if (abstract_type == NULL)
+    abstract_type = new Integer_type(true, false, INT_TYPE_SIZE,
+                                    RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_INT);
+  return abstract_type;
+}
+
+// Integer type compatibility.
+
+bool
+Integer_type::is_identical(const Integer_type* t) const
+{
+  if (this->is_unsigned_ != t->is_unsigned_ || this->bits_ != t->bits_)
+    return false;
+  return this->is_abstract_ == t->is_abstract_;
+}
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Integer_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo*) const
+{
+  return ((this->bits_ << 4)
+         + ((this->is_unsigned_ ? 1 : 0) << 8)
+         + ((this->is_abstract_ ? 1 : 0) << 9));
+}
+
+// Get the tree for an Integer_type.
+
+tree
+Integer_type::do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+{
+  if (this->is_abstract_)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  if (this->is_unsigned_)
+    {
+      if (this->bits_ == INT_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return unsigned_type_node;
+      else if (this->bits_ == CHAR_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return unsigned_char_type_node;
+      else if (this->bits_ == SHORT_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return short_unsigned_type_node;
+      else if (this->bits_ == LONG_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return long_unsigned_type_node;
+      else if (this->bits_ == LONG_LONG_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return long_long_unsigned_type_node;
+      else
+       return make_unsigned_type(this->bits_);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (this->bits_ == INT_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return integer_type_node;
+      else if (this->bits_ == CHAR_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return signed_char_type_node;
+      else if (this->bits_ == SHORT_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return short_integer_type_node;
+      else if (this->bits_ == LONG_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return long_integer_type_node;
+      else if (this->bits_ == LONG_LONG_TYPE_SIZE)
+       return long_long_integer_type_node;
+      else
+       return make_signed_type(this->bits_);
+    }
+}
+
+tree
+Integer_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  return is_clear ? NULL : build_int_cst(type_tree, 0);
+}
+
+// The type descriptor for an integer type.  Integer types are always
+// named.
+
+Expression*
+Integer_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  gcc_assert(name != NULL);
+  return this->plain_type_descriptor(gogo, this->runtime_type_kind_, name);
+}
+
+// We should not be asked for the reflection string of a basic type.
+
+void
+Integer_type::do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+{
+  gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Integer_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  char buf[100];
+  snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "i%s%s%de",
+          this->is_abstract_ ? "a" : "",
+          this->is_unsigned_ ? "u" : "",
+          this->bits_);
+  ret->append(buf);
+}
+
+// Make an integer type.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::make_integer_type(const char* name, bool is_unsigned, int bits,
+                       int runtime_type_kind)
+{
+  return Integer_type::create_integer_type(name, is_unsigned, bits,
+                                          runtime_type_kind);
+}
+
+// Make an abstract integer type.
+
+Integer_type*
+Type::make_abstract_integer_type()
+{
+  return Integer_type::create_abstract_integer_type();
+}
+
+// Look up an integer type.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::lookup_integer_type(const char* name)
+{
+  return Integer_type::lookup_integer_type(name);
+}
+
+// Class Float_type.
+
+Float_type::Named_float_types Float_type::named_float_types;
+
+// Create a new float type.  Non-abstract float types always have
+// names.
+
+Named_type*
+Float_type::create_float_type(const char* name, int bits,
+                             int runtime_type_kind)
+{
+  Float_type* float_type = new Float_type(false, bits, runtime_type_kind);
+  std::string sname(name);
+  Named_object* named_object = Named_object::make_type(sname, NULL, float_type,
+                                                      BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+  Named_type* named_type = named_object->type_value();
+  std::pair<Named_float_types::iterator, bool> ins =
+    Float_type::named_float_types.insert(std::make_pair(sname, named_type));
+  gcc_assert(ins.second);
+  return named_type;
+}
+
+// Look up an existing float type.
+
+Named_type*
+Float_type::lookup_float_type(const char* name)
+{
+  Named_float_types::const_iterator p =
+    Float_type::named_float_types.find(name);
+  gcc_assert(p != Float_type::named_float_types.end());
+  return p->second;
+}
+
+// Create a new abstract float type.
+
+Float_type*
+Float_type::create_abstract_float_type()
+{
+  static Float_type* abstract_type;
+  if (abstract_type == NULL)
+    abstract_type = new Float_type(true, 64, RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_FLOAT64);
+  return abstract_type;
+}
+
+// Whether this type is identical with T.
+
+bool
+Float_type::is_identical(const Float_type* t) const
+{
+  if (this->bits_ != t->bits_)
+    return false;
+  return this->is_abstract_ == t->is_abstract_;
+}
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Float_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo*) const
+{
+  return (this->bits_ << 4) + ((this->is_abstract_ ? 1 : 0) << 8);
+}
+
+// Get a tree without using a Gogo*.
+
+tree
+Float_type::type_tree() const
+{
+  if (this->bits_ == FLOAT_TYPE_SIZE)
+    return float_type_node;
+  else if (this->bits_ == DOUBLE_TYPE_SIZE)
+    return double_type_node;
+  else if (this->bits_ == LONG_DOUBLE_TYPE_SIZE)
+    return long_double_type_node;
+  else
+    {
+      tree ret = make_node(REAL_TYPE);
+      TYPE_PRECISION(ret) = this->bits_;
+      layout_type(ret);
+      return ret;
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree.
+
+tree
+Float_type::do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+{
+  return this->type_tree();
+}
+
+tree
+Float_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (is_clear)
+    return NULL;
+  REAL_VALUE_TYPE r;
+  real_from_integer(&r, TYPE_MODE(type_tree), 0, 0, 0);
+  return build_real(type_tree, r);
+}
+
+// The type descriptor for a float type.  Float types are always named.
+
+Expression*
+Float_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  gcc_assert(name != NULL);
+  return this->plain_type_descriptor(gogo, this->runtime_type_kind_, name);
+}
+
+// We should not be asked for the reflection string of a basic type.
+
+void
+Float_type::do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+{
+  gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Float_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  char buf[100];
+  snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "f%s%de",
+          this->is_abstract_ ? "a" : "",
+          this->bits_);
+  ret->append(buf);
+}
+
+// Make a floating point type.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::make_float_type(const char* name, int bits, int runtime_type_kind)
+{
+  return Float_type::create_float_type(name, bits, runtime_type_kind);
+}
+
+// Make an abstract float type.
+
+Float_type*
+Type::make_abstract_float_type()
+{
+  return Float_type::create_abstract_float_type();
+}
+
+// Look up a float type.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::lookup_float_type(const char* name)
+{
+  return Float_type::lookup_float_type(name);
+}
+
+// Class Complex_type.
+
+Complex_type::Named_complex_types Complex_type::named_complex_types;
+
+// Create a new complex type.  Non-abstract complex types always have
+// names.
+
+Named_type*
+Complex_type::create_complex_type(const char* name, int bits,
+                                 int runtime_type_kind)
+{
+  Complex_type* complex_type = new Complex_type(false, bits,
+                                               runtime_type_kind);
+  std::string sname(name);
+  Named_object* named_object = Named_object::make_type(sname, NULL,
+                                                      complex_type,
+                                                      BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+  Named_type* named_type = named_object->type_value();
+  std::pair<Named_complex_types::iterator, bool> ins =
+    Complex_type::named_complex_types.insert(std::make_pair(sname,
+                                                           named_type));
+  gcc_assert(ins.second);
+  return named_type;
+}
+
+// Look up an existing complex type.
+
+Named_type*
+Complex_type::lookup_complex_type(const char* name)
+{
+  Named_complex_types::const_iterator p =
+    Complex_type::named_complex_types.find(name);
+  gcc_assert(p != Complex_type::named_complex_types.end());
+  return p->second;
+}
+
+// Create a new abstract complex type.
+
+Complex_type*
+Complex_type::create_abstract_complex_type()
+{
+  static Complex_type* abstract_type;
+  if (abstract_type == NULL)
+    abstract_type = new Complex_type(true, 128, RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_COMPLEX128);
+  return abstract_type;
+}
+
+// Whether this type is identical with T.
+
+bool
+Complex_type::is_identical(const Complex_type *t) const
+{
+  if (this->bits_ != t->bits_)
+    return false;
+  return this->is_abstract_ == t->is_abstract_;
+}
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Complex_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo*) const
+{
+  return (this->bits_ << 4) + ((this->is_abstract_ ? 1 : 0) << 8);
+}
+
+// Get a tree without using a Gogo*.
+
+tree
+Complex_type::type_tree() const
+{
+  if (this->bits_ == FLOAT_TYPE_SIZE * 2)
+    return complex_float_type_node;
+  else if (this->bits_ == DOUBLE_TYPE_SIZE * 2)
+    return complex_double_type_node;
+  else if (this->bits_ == LONG_DOUBLE_TYPE_SIZE * 2)
+    return complex_long_double_type_node;
+  else
+    {
+      tree ret = make_node(REAL_TYPE);
+      TYPE_PRECISION(ret) = this->bits_ / 2;
+      layout_type(ret);
+      return build_complex_type(ret);
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree.
+
+tree
+Complex_type::do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+{
+  return this->type_tree();
+}
+
+// Zero initializer.
+
+tree
+Complex_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (is_clear)
+    return NULL;
+  REAL_VALUE_TYPE r;
+  real_from_integer(&r, TYPE_MODE(TREE_TYPE(type_tree)), 0, 0, 0);
+  return build_complex(type_tree, build_real(TREE_TYPE(type_tree), r),
+                      build_real(TREE_TYPE(type_tree), r));
+}
+
+// The type descriptor for a complex type.  Complex types are always
+// named.
+
+Expression*
+Complex_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  gcc_assert(name != NULL);
+  return this->plain_type_descriptor(gogo, this->runtime_type_kind_, name);
+}
+
+// We should not be asked for the reflection string of a basic type.
+
+void
+Complex_type::do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+{
+  gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Complex_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  char buf[100];
+  snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "c%s%de",
+          this->is_abstract_ ? "a" : "",
+          this->bits_);
+  ret->append(buf);
+}
+
+// Make a complex type.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::make_complex_type(const char* name, int bits, int runtime_type_kind)
+{
+  return Complex_type::create_complex_type(name, bits, runtime_type_kind);
+}
+
+// Make an abstract complex type.
+
+Complex_type*
+Type::make_abstract_complex_type()
+{
+  return Complex_type::create_abstract_complex_type();
+}
+
+// Look up a complex type.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::lookup_complex_type(const char* name)
+{
+  return Complex_type::lookup_complex_type(name);
+}
+
+// Class String_type.
+
+// Return the tree for String_type.  A string is a struct with two
+// fields: a pointer to the characters and a length.
+
+tree
+String_type::do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+{
+  static tree struct_type;
+  return Gogo::builtin_struct(&struct_type, "__go_string", NULL_TREE, 2,
+                             "__data",
+                             build_pointer_type(unsigned_char_type_node),
+                             "__length",
+                             integer_type_node);
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the length of STRING.
+
+tree
+String_type::length_tree(Gogo*, tree string)
+{
+  tree string_type = TREE_TYPE(string);
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(string_type) == RECORD_TYPE);
+  tree length_field = DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(string_type));
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(length_field)),
+                   "__length") == 0);
+  return fold_build3(COMPONENT_REF, integer_type_node, string,
+                    length_field, NULL_TREE);
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a pointer to the bytes of STRING.
+
+tree
+String_type::bytes_tree(Gogo*, tree string)
+{
+  tree string_type = TREE_TYPE(string);
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(string_type) == RECORD_TYPE);
+  tree bytes_field = TYPE_FIELDS(string_type);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(bytes_field)),
+                   "__data") == 0);
+  return fold_build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(bytes_field), string,
+                    bytes_field, NULL_TREE);
+}
+
+// We initialize a string to { NULL, 0 }.
+
+tree
+String_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (is_clear)
+    return NULL_TREE;
+
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt, gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+
+  for (tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+       field != NULL_TREE;
+       field = DECL_CHAIN(field))
+    {
+      constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+      elt->index = field;
+      elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), size_zero_node);
+    }
+
+  tree ret = build_constructor(type_tree, init);
+  TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// The type descriptor for the string type.
+
+Expression*
+String_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  if (name != NULL)
+    return this->plain_type_descriptor(gogo, RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_STRING, name);
+  else
+    {
+      Named_object* no = gogo->lookup_global("string");
+      gcc_assert(no != NULL);
+      return Type::type_descriptor(gogo, no->type_value());
+    }
+}
+
+// We should not be asked for the reflection string of a basic type.
+
+void
+String_type::do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->append("string");
+}
+
+// Mangled name of a string type.
+
+void
+String_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('z');
+}
+
+// Make a string type.
+
+Type*
+Type::make_string_type()
+{
+  static String_type string_type;
+  return &string_type;
+}
+
+// The named type "string".
+
+static Named_type* named_string_type;
+
+// Get the named type "string".
+
+Named_type*
+Type::lookup_string_type()
+{
+  return named_string_type;
+}
+
+// Make the named type string.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::make_named_string_type()
+{
+  Type* string_type = Type::make_string_type();
+  Named_object* named_object = Named_object::make_type("string", NULL,
+                                                      string_type,
+                                                      BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+  Named_type* named_type = named_object->type_value();
+  named_string_type = named_type;
+  return named_type;
+}
+
+// The sink type.  This is the type of the blank identifier _.  Any
+// type may be assigned to it.
+
+class Sink_type : public Type
+{
+ public:
+  Sink_type()
+    : Type(TYPE_SINK)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree, bool)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_type_descriptor(Gogo*, Named_type*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  void
+  do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  void
+  do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+};
+
+// Make the sink type.
+
+Type*
+Type::make_sink_type()
+{
+  static Sink_type sink_type;
+  return &sink_type;
+}
+
+// Class Function_type.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Function_type::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->receiver_ != NULL
+      && Type::traverse(this->receiver_->type(), traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->parameters_ != NULL
+      && this->parameters_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->results_ != NULL
+      && this->results_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Returns whether T is a valid redeclaration of this type.  If this
+// returns false, and REASON is not NULL, *REASON may be set to a
+// brief explanation of why it returned false.
+
+bool
+Function_type::is_valid_redeclaration(const Function_type* t,
+                                     std::string* reason) const
+{
+  if (!this->is_identical(t, false, true, reason))
+    return false;
+
+  // A redeclaration of a function is required to use the same names
+  // for the receiver and parameters.
+  if (this->receiver() != NULL
+      && this->receiver()->name() != t->receiver()->name()
+      && this->receiver()->name() != Import::import_marker
+      && t->receiver()->name() != Import::import_marker)
+    {
+      if (reason != NULL)
+       *reason = "receiver name changed";
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parms1 = this->parameters();
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parms2 = t->parameters();
+  if (parms1 != NULL)
+    {
+      Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p1 = parms1->begin();
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p2 = parms2->begin();
+          p2 != parms2->end();
+          ++p2, ++p1)
+       {
+         if (p1->name() != p2->name()
+             && p1->name() != Import::import_marker
+             && p2->name() != Import::import_marker)
+           {
+             if (reason != NULL)
+               *reason = "parameter name changed";
+             return false;
+           }
+
+         // This is called at parse time, so we may have unknown
+         // types.
+         Type* t1 = p1->type()->forwarded();
+         Type* t2 = p2->type()->forwarded();
+         if (t1 != t2
+             && t1->forward_declaration_type() != NULL
+             && (t2->forward_declaration_type() == NULL
+                 || (t1->forward_declaration_type()->named_object()
+                     != t2->forward_declaration_type()->named_object())))
+           return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results1 = this->results();
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results2 = t->results();
+  if (results1 != NULL)
+    {
+      Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator res1 = results1->begin();
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator res2 = results2->begin();
+          res2 != results2->end();
+          ++res2, ++res1)
+       {
+         if (res1->name() != res2->name()
+             && res1->name() != Import::import_marker
+             && res2->name() != Import::import_marker)
+           {
+             if (reason != NULL)
+               *reason = "result name changed";
+             return false;
+           }
+
+         // This is called at parse time, so we may have unknown
+         // types.
+         Type* t1 = res1->type()->forwarded();
+         Type* t2 = res2->type()->forwarded();
+         if (t1 != t2
+             && t1->forward_declaration_type() != NULL
+             && (t2->forward_declaration_type() == NULL
+                 || (t1->forward_declaration_type()->named_object()
+                     != t2->forward_declaration_type()->named_object())))
+           return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Check whether T is the same as this type.
+
+bool
+Function_type::is_identical(const Function_type* t, bool ignore_receiver,
+                           bool errors_are_identical,
+                           std::string* reason) const
+{
+  if (!ignore_receiver)
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier* r1 = this->receiver();
+      const Typed_identifier* r2 = t->receiver();
+      if ((r1 != NULL) != (r2 != NULL))
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           *reason = _("different receiver types");
+         return false;
+       }
+      if (r1 != NULL)
+       {
+         if (!Type::are_identical(r1->type(), r2->type(), errors_are_identical,
+                                  reason))
+           {
+             if (reason != NULL && !reason->empty())
+               *reason = "receiver: " + *reason;
+             return false;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parms1 = this->parameters();
+  const Typed_identifier_list* parms2 = t->parameters();
+  if ((parms1 != NULL) != (parms2 != NULL))
+    {
+      if (reason != NULL)
+       *reason = _("different number of parameters");
+      return false;
+    }
+  if (parms1 != NULL)
+    {
+      Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p1 = parms1->begin();
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p2 = parms2->begin();
+          p2 != parms2->end();
+          ++p2, ++p1)
+       {
+         if (p1 == parms1->end())
+           {
+             if (reason != NULL)
+               *reason = _("different number of parameters");
+             return false;
+           }
+
+         if (!Type::are_identical(p1->type(), p2->type(),
+                                  errors_are_identical, NULL))
+           {
+             if (reason != NULL)
+               *reason = _("different parameter types");
+             return false;
+           }
+       }
+      if (p1 != parms1->end())
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           *reason = _("different number of parameters");
+       return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (this->is_varargs() != t->is_varargs())
+    {
+      if (reason != NULL)
+       *reason = _("different varargs");
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results1 = this->results();
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results2 = t->results();
+  if ((results1 != NULL) != (results2 != NULL))
+    {
+      if (reason != NULL)
+       *reason = _("different number of results");
+      return false;
+    }
+  if (results1 != NULL)
+    {
+      Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator res1 = results1->begin();
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator res2 = results2->begin();
+          res2 != results2->end();
+          ++res2, ++res1)
+       {
+         if (res1 == results1->end())
+           {
+             if (reason != NULL)
+               *reason = _("different number of results");
+             return false;
+           }
+
+         if (!Type::are_identical(res1->type(), res2->type(),
+                                  errors_are_identical, NULL))
+           {
+             if (reason != NULL)
+               *reason = _("different result types");
+             return false;
+           }
+       }
+      if (res1 != results1->end())
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           *reason = _("different number of results");
+         return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Function_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  unsigned int ret = 0;
+  // We ignore the receiver type for hash codes, because we need to
+  // get the same hash code for a method in an interface and a method
+  // declared for a type.  The former will not have a receiver.
+  if (this->parameters_ != NULL)
+    {
+      int shift = 1;
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->parameters_->begin();
+          p != this->parameters_->end();
+          ++p, ++shift)
+       ret += p->type()->hash_for_method(gogo) << shift;
+    }
+  if (this->results_ != NULL)
+    {
+      int shift = 2;
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->results_->begin();
+          p != this->results_->end();
+          ++p, ++shift)
+       ret += p->type()->hash_for_method(gogo) << shift;
+    }
+  if (this->is_varargs_)
+    ret += 1;
+  ret <<= 4;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Get the tree for a function type.
+
+tree
+Function_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  tree args = NULL_TREE;
+  tree* pp = &args;
+
+  if (this->receiver_ != NULL)
+    {
+      Type* rtype = this->receiver_->type();
+      tree ptype = rtype->get_tree(gogo);
+      if (ptype == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+
+      // We always pass the address of the receiver parameter, in
+      // order to make interface calls work with unknown types.
+      if (rtype->points_to() == NULL)
+       ptype = build_pointer_type(ptype);
+
+      *pp = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, ptype, NULL_TREE);
+      pp = &TREE_CHAIN (*pp);
+    }
+
+  if (this->parameters_ != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->parameters_->begin();
+          p != this->parameters_->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         tree ptype = p->type()->get_tree(gogo);
+         if (ptype == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         *pp = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, ptype, NULL_TREE);
+         pp = &TREE_CHAIN (*pp);
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Varargs is handled entirely at the Go level.  At the tree level,
+  // functions are not varargs.
+  *pp = void_list_node;
+
+  tree result;
+  if (this->results_ == NULL)
+    result = void_type_node;
+  else if (this->results_->size() == 1)
+    result = this->results_->begin()->type()->get_tree(gogo);
+  else
+    {
+      result = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+      tree field_trees = NULL_TREE;
+      tree* pp = &field_trees;
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->results_->begin();
+          p != this->results_->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         const std::string name = (p->name().empty()
+                                   ? "UNNAMED"
+                                   : Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->name()));
+         tree name_tree = get_identifier_with_length(name.data(),
+                                                     name.length());
+         tree field_type_tree = p->type()->get_tree(gogo);
+         if (field_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+           return error_mark_node;
+         tree field = build_decl(this->location_, FIELD_DECL, name_tree,
+                                 field_type_tree);
+         DECL_CONTEXT(field) = result;
+         *pp = field;
+         pp = &DECL_CHAIN(field);
+       }
+      TYPE_FIELDS(result) = field_trees;
+      layout_type(result);
+    }
+
+  if (result == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree fntype = build_function_type(result, args);
+  if (fntype == error_mark_node)
+    return fntype;
+
+  return build_pointer_type(fntype);
+}
+
+// Functions are initialized to NULL.
+
+tree
+Function_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (is_clear)
+    return NULL;
+  return fold_convert(type_tree, null_pointer_node);
+}
+
+// The type of a function type descriptor.
+
+Type*
+Function_type::make_function_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* tdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+      Type* ptdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+
+      Type* bool_type = Type::lookup_bool_type();
+
+      Type* slice_type = Type::make_array_type(ptdt, NULL);
+
+      Struct_type* s = Type::make_builtin_struct_type(4,
+                                                     "", tdt,
+                                                     "dotdotdot", bool_type,
+                                                     "in", slice_type,
+                                                     "out", slice_type);
+
+      ret = Type::make_builtin_named_type("FuncType", s);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// The type descriptor for a function type.
+
+Expression*
+Function_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Type* ftdt = Function_type::make_function_type_descriptor_type();
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = ftdt->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(4);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "commonType");
+  vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo,
+                                                   RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_FUNC,
+                                                   name, NULL, true));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "dotdotdot");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_boolean(this->is_varargs(), bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "in");
+  vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_params(p->type(), this->receiver(),
+                                              this->parameters()));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "out");
+  vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_params(p->type(), NULL,
+                                              this->results()));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p == fields->end());
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(ftdt, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Return a composite literal for the parameters or results of a type
+// descriptor.
+
+Expression*
+Function_type::type_descriptor_params(Type* params_type,
+                                     const Typed_identifier* receiver,
+                                     const Typed_identifier_list* params)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  if (receiver == NULL && params == NULL)
+    return Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(params_type, NULL, bloc);
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve((params == NULL ? 0 : params->size())
+               + (receiver != NULL ? 1 : 0));
+
+  if (receiver != NULL)
+    {
+      Type* rtype = receiver->type();
+      // The receiver is always passed as a pointer.  FIXME: Is this
+      // right?  Should that fact affect the type descriptor?
+      if (rtype->points_to() == NULL)
+       rtype = Type::make_pointer_type(rtype);
+      vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(rtype, bloc));
+    }
+
+  if (params != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = params->begin();
+          p != params->end();
+          ++p)
+       vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(p->type(), bloc));
+    }
+
+  return Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(params_type, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// The reflection string.
+
+void
+Function_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  // FIXME: Turn this off until we straighten out the type of the
+  // struct field used in a go statement which calls a method.
+  // gcc_assert(this->receiver_ == NULL);
+
+  ret->append("func");
+
+  if (this->receiver_ != NULL)
+    {
+      ret->push_back('(');
+      this->append_reflection(this->receiver_->type(), gogo, ret);
+      ret->push_back(')');
+    }
+
+  ret->push_back('(');
+  const Typed_identifier_list* params = this->parameters();
+  if (params != NULL)
+    {
+      bool is_varargs = this->is_varargs_;
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = params->begin();
+          p != params->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (p != params->begin())
+           ret->append(", ");
+         if (!is_varargs || p + 1 != params->end())
+           this->append_reflection(p->type(), gogo, ret);
+         else
+           {
+             ret->append("...");
+             this->append_reflection(p->type()->array_type()->element_type(),
+                                     gogo, ret);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  ret->push_back(')');
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = this->results();
+  if (results != NULL && !results->empty())
+    {
+      if (results->size() == 1)
+       ret->push_back(' ');
+      else
+       ret->append(" (");
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = results->begin();
+          p != results->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (p != results->begin())
+           ret->append(", ");
+         this->append_reflection(p->type(), gogo, ret);
+       }
+      if (results->size() > 1)
+       ret->push_back(')');
+    }
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Function_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('F');
+
+  if (this->receiver_ != NULL)
+    {
+      ret->push_back('m');
+      this->append_mangled_name(this->receiver_->type(), gogo, ret);
+    }
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* params = this->parameters();
+  if (params != NULL)
+    {
+      ret->push_back('p');
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = params->begin();
+          p != params->end();
+          ++p)
+       this->append_mangled_name(p->type(), gogo, ret);
+      if (this->is_varargs_)
+       ret->push_back('V');
+      ret->push_back('e');
+    }
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = this->results();
+  if (results != NULL)
+    {
+      ret->push_back('r');
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = results->begin();
+          p != results->end();
+          ++p)
+       this->append_mangled_name(p->type(), gogo, ret);
+      ret->push_back('e');
+    }
+
+  ret->push_back('e');
+}
+
+// Export a function type.
+
+void
+Function_type::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  // We don't write out the receiver.  The only function types which
+  // should have a receiver are the ones associated with explicitly
+  // defined methods.  For those the receiver type is written out by
+  // Function::export_func.
+
+  exp->write_c_string("(");
+  bool first = true;
+  if (this->parameters_ != NULL)
+    {
+      bool is_varargs = this->is_varargs_;
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p =
+            this->parameters_->begin();
+          p != this->parameters_->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (first)
+           first = false;
+         else
+           exp->write_c_string(", ");
+         if (!is_varargs || p + 1 != this->parameters_->end())
+           exp->write_type(p->type());
+         else
+           {
+             exp->write_c_string("...");
+             exp->write_type(p->type()->array_type()->element_type());
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  exp->write_c_string(")");
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = this->results_;
+  if (results != NULL)
+    {
+      exp->write_c_string(" ");
+      if (results->size() == 1)
+       exp->write_type(results->begin()->type());
+      else
+       {
+         first = true;
+         exp->write_c_string("(");
+         for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = results->begin();
+              p != results->end();
+              ++p)
+           {
+             if (first)
+               first = false;
+             else
+               exp->write_c_string(", ");
+             exp->write_type(p->type());
+           }
+         exp->write_c_string(")");
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Import a function type.
+
+Function_type*
+Function_type::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("(");
+  Typed_identifier_list* parameters;
+  bool is_varargs = false;
+  if (imp->peek_char() == ')')
+    parameters = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      parameters = new Typed_identifier_list();
+      while (true)
+       {
+         if (imp->match_c_string("..."))
+           {
+             imp->advance(3);
+             is_varargs = true;
+           }
+
+         Type* ptype = imp->read_type();
+         if (is_varargs)
+           ptype = Type::make_array_type(ptype, NULL);
+         parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker,
+                                                ptype, imp->location()));
+         if (imp->peek_char() != ',')
+           break;
+         gcc_assert(!is_varargs);
+         imp->require_c_string(", ");
+       }
+    }
+  imp->require_c_string(")");
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* results;
+  if (imp->peek_char() != ' ')
+    results = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      imp->advance(1);
+      results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+      if (imp->peek_char() != '(')
+       {
+         Type* rtype = imp->read_type();
+         results->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker, rtype,
+                                             imp->location()));
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         imp->advance(1);
+         while (true)
+           {
+             Type* rtype = imp->read_type();
+             results->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker,
+                                                 rtype, imp->location()));
+             if (imp->peek_char() != ',')
+               break;
+             imp->require_c_string(", ");
+           }
+         imp->require_c_string(")");
+       }
+    }
+
+  Function_type* ret = Type::make_function_type(NULL, parameters, results,
+                                               imp->location());
+  if (is_varargs)
+    ret->set_is_varargs();
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Make a copy of a function type without a receiver.
+
+Function_type*
+Function_type::copy_without_receiver() const
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->is_method());
+  Function_type *ret = Type::make_function_type(NULL, this->parameters_,
+                                               this->results_,
+                                               this->location_);
+  if (this->is_varargs())
+    ret->set_is_varargs();
+  if (this->is_builtin())
+    ret->set_is_builtin();
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Make a copy of a function type with a receiver.
+
+Function_type*
+Function_type::copy_with_receiver(Type* receiver_type) const
+{
+  gcc_assert(!this->is_method());
+  Typed_identifier* receiver = new Typed_identifier("", receiver_type,
+                                                   this->location_);
+  return Type::make_function_type(receiver, this->parameters_,
+                                 this->results_, this->location_);
+}
+
+// Make a function type.
+
+Function_type*
+Type::make_function_type(Typed_identifier* receiver,
+                        Typed_identifier_list* parameters,
+                        Typed_identifier_list* results,
+                        source_location location)
+{
+  return new Function_type(receiver, parameters, results, location);
+}
+
+// Class Pointer_type.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Pointer_type::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  return Type::traverse(this->to_type_, traverse);
+}
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Pointer_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  return this->to_type_->hash_for_method(gogo) << 4;
+}
+
+// The tree for a pointer type.
+
+tree
+Pointer_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  return build_pointer_type(this->to_type_->get_tree(gogo));
+}
+
+// Initialize a pointer type.
+
+tree
+Pointer_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (is_clear)
+    return NULL;
+  return fold_convert(type_tree, null_pointer_node);
+}
+
+// The type of a pointer type descriptor.
+
+Type*
+Pointer_type::make_pointer_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* tdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+      Type* ptdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+
+      Struct_type* s = Type::make_builtin_struct_type(2,
+                                                     "", tdt,
+                                                     "elem", ptdt);
+
+      ret = Type::make_builtin_named_type("PtrType", s);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// The type descriptor for a pointer type.
+
+Expression*
+Pointer_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  if (this->is_unsafe_pointer_type())
+    {
+      gcc_assert(name != NULL);
+      return this->plain_type_descriptor(gogo,
+                                        RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_UNSAFE_POINTER,
+                                        name);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+      const Methods* methods;
+      Type* deref = this->points_to();
+      if (deref->named_type() != NULL)
+       methods = deref->named_type()->methods();
+      else if (deref->struct_type() != NULL)
+       methods = deref->struct_type()->methods();
+      else
+       methods = NULL;
+
+      Type* ptr_tdt = Pointer_type::make_pointer_type_descriptor_type();
+
+      const Struct_field_list* fields = ptr_tdt->struct_type()->fields();
+
+      Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+      vals->reserve(2);
+
+      Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+      gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "commonType");
+      vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo,
+                                                       RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_PTR,
+                                                       name, methods, false));
+
+      ++p;
+      gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "elem");
+      vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(deref, bloc));
+
+      return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(ptr_tdt, vals, bloc);
+    }
+}
+
+// Reflection string.
+
+void
+Pointer_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('*');
+  this->append_reflection(this->to_type_, gogo, ret);
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Pointer_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('p');
+  this->append_mangled_name(this->to_type_, gogo, ret);
+}
+
+// Export.
+
+void
+Pointer_type::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("*");
+  if (this->is_unsafe_pointer_type())
+    exp->write_c_string("any");
+  else
+    exp->write_type(this->to_type_);
+}
+
+// Import.
+
+Pointer_type*
+Pointer_type::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("*");
+  if (imp->match_c_string("any"))
+    {
+      imp->advance(3);
+      return Type::make_pointer_type(Type::make_void_type());
+    }
+  Type* to = imp->read_type();
+  return Type::make_pointer_type(to);
+}
+
+// Make a pointer type.
+
+Pointer_type*
+Type::make_pointer_type(Type* to_type)
+{
+  typedef Unordered_map(Type*, Pointer_type*) Hashtable;
+  static Hashtable pointer_types;
+  Hashtable::const_iterator p = pointer_types.find(to_type);
+  if (p != pointer_types.end())
+    return p->second;
+  Pointer_type* ret = new Pointer_type(to_type);
+  pointer_types[to_type] = ret;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// The nil type.  We use a special type for nil because it is not the
+// same as any other type.  In C term nil has type void*, but there is
+// no such type in Go.
+
+class Nil_type : public Type
+{
+ public:
+  Nil_type()
+    : Type(TYPE_NIL)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+  { return ptr_type_node; }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+  { return is_clear ? NULL : fold_convert(type_tree, null_pointer_node); }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_type_descriptor(Gogo*, Named_type*)
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  void
+  do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+  { gcc_unreachable(); }
+
+  void
+  do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string* ret) const
+  { ret->push_back('n'); }
+};
+
+// Make the nil type.
+
+Type*
+Type::make_nil_type()
+{
+  static Nil_type singleton_nil_type;
+  return &singleton_nil_type;
+}
+
+// The type of a function call which returns multiple values.  This is
+// really a struct, but we don't want to confuse a function call which
+// returns a struct with a function call which returns multiple
+// values.
+
+class Call_multiple_result_type : public Type
+{
+ public:
+  Call_multiple_result_type(Call_expression* call)
+    : Type(TYPE_CALL_MULTIPLE_RESULT),
+      call_(call)
+  { }
+
+ protected:
+  bool
+  do_has_pointer() const
+  {
+    gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  tree
+  do_get_tree(Gogo*);
+
+  tree
+  do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree, bool)
+  {
+    gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+    return error_mark_node;
+  }
+
+  Expression*
+  do_type_descriptor(Gogo*, Named_type*)
+  {
+    gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+    return Expression::make_error(UNKNOWN_LOCATION);
+  }
+
+  void
+  do_reflection(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+  { gcc_assert(saw_errors()); }
+
+  void
+  do_mangled_name(Gogo*, std::string*) const
+  { gcc_assert(saw_errors()); }
+
+ private:
+  // The expression being called.
+  Call_expression* call_;
+};
+
+// Return the tree for a call result.
+
+tree
+Call_multiple_result_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  Function_type* fntype = this->call_->get_function_type();
+  gcc_assert(fntype != NULL);
+  const Typed_identifier_list* results = fntype->results();
+  gcc_assert(results != NULL && results->size() > 1);
+  tree fntype_tree = fntype->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (fntype_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  return TREE_TYPE(fntype_tree);
+}
+
+// Make a call result type.
+
+Type*
+Type::make_call_multiple_result_type(Call_expression* call)
+{
+  return new Call_multiple_result_type(call);
+}
+
+// Class Struct_field.
+
+// Get the name of a field.
+
+const std::string&
+Struct_field::field_name() const
+{
+  const std::string& name(this->typed_identifier_.name());
+  if (!name.empty())
+    return name;
+  else
+    {
+      // This is called during parsing, before anything is lowered, so
+      // we have to be pretty careful to avoid dereferencing an
+      // unknown type name.
+      Type* t = this->typed_identifier_.type();
+      Type* dt = t;
+      if (t->classification() == Type::TYPE_POINTER)
+       {
+         // Very ugly.
+         Pointer_type* ptype = static_cast<Pointer_type*>(t);
+         dt = ptype->points_to();
+       }
+      if (dt->forward_declaration_type() != NULL)
+       return dt->forward_declaration_type()->name();
+      else if (dt->named_type() != NULL)
+       return dt->named_type()->name();
+      else if (t->is_error_type() || dt->is_error_type())
+       {
+         static const std::string error_string = "*error*";
+         return error_string;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // Avoid crashing in the erroneous case where T is named but
+         // DT is not.
+         gcc_assert(t != dt);
+         if (t->forward_declaration_type() != NULL)
+           return t->forward_declaration_type()->name();
+         else if (t->named_type() != NULL)
+           return t->named_type()->name();
+         else
+           gcc_unreachable();
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Class Struct_type.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Struct_type::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields_;
+  if (fields != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Struct_field_list::iterator p = fields->begin();
+          p != fields->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (Type::traverse(p->type(), traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+           return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+       }
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Verify that the struct type is complete and valid.
+
+bool
+Struct_type::do_verify()
+{
+  Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields_;
+  if (fields == NULL)
+    return true;
+  bool ret = true;
+  for (Struct_field_list::iterator p = fields->begin();
+       p != fields->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Type* t = p->type();
+      if (t->is_undefined())
+       {
+         error_at(p->location(), "struct field type is incomplete");
+         p->set_type(Type::make_error_type());
+         ret = false;
+       }
+      else if (p->is_anonymous())
+       {
+         if (t->named_type() != NULL && t->points_to() != NULL)
+           {
+             error_at(p->location(), "embedded type may not be a pointer");
+             p->set_type(Type::make_error_type());
+             return false;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Whether this contains a pointer.
+
+bool
+Struct_type::do_has_pointer() const
+{
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields();
+  if (fields == NULL)
+    return false;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+       p != fields->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->type()->has_pointer())
+       return true;
+    }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Whether this type is identical to T.
+
+bool
+Struct_type::is_identical(const Struct_type* t,
+                         bool errors_are_identical) const
+{
+  const Struct_field_list* fields1 = this->fields();
+  const Struct_field_list* fields2 = t->fields();
+  if (fields1 == NULL || fields2 == NULL)
+    return fields1 == fields2;
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf2 = fields2->begin();
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf1 = fields1->begin();
+       pf1 != fields1->end();
+       ++pf1, ++pf2)
+    {
+      if (pf2 == fields2->end())
+       return false;
+      if (pf1->field_name() != pf2->field_name())
+       return false;
+      if (pf1->is_anonymous() != pf2->is_anonymous()
+         || !Type::are_identical(pf1->type(), pf2->type(),
+                                 errors_are_identical, NULL))
+       return false;
+      if (!pf1->has_tag())
+       {
+         if (pf2->has_tag())
+           return false;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         if (!pf2->has_tag())
+           return false;
+         if (pf1->tag() != pf2->tag())
+           return false;
+       }
+    }
+  if (pf2 != fields2->end())
+    return false;
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Whether this struct type has any hidden fields.
+
+bool
+Struct_type::struct_has_hidden_fields(const Named_type* within,
+                                     std::string* reason) const
+{
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields();
+  if (fields == NULL)
+    return false;
+  const Package* within_package = (within == NULL
+                                  ? NULL
+                                  : within->named_object()->package());
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf)
+    {
+      if (within_package != NULL
+         && !pf->is_anonymous()
+         && Gogo::is_hidden_name(pf->field_name()))
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           {
+             std::string within_name = within->named_object()->message_name();
+             std::string name = Gogo::message_name(pf->field_name());
+             size_t bufsize = 200 + within_name.length() + name.length();
+             char* buf = new char[bufsize];
+             snprintf(buf, bufsize,
+                      _("implicit assignment of %s%s%s hidden field %s%s%s"),
+                      open_quote, within_name.c_str(), close_quote,
+                      open_quote, name.c_str(), close_quote);
+             reason->assign(buf);
+             delete[] buf;
+           }
+         return true;
+       }
+
+      if (pf->type()->has_hidden_fields(within, reason))
+       return true;
+    }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Struct_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  unsigned int ret = 0;
+  if (this->fields() != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = this->fields()->begin();
+          pf != this->fields()->end();
+          ++pf)
+       ret = (ret << 1) + pf->type()->hash_for_method(gogo);
+    }
+  return ret <<= 2;
+}
+
+// Find the local field NAME.
+
+const Struct_field*
+Struct_type::find_local_field(const std::string& name,
+                             unsigned int *pindex) const
+{
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields_;
+  if (fields == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+  unsigned int i = 0;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf, ++i)
+    {
+      if (pf->field_name() == name)
+       {
+         if (pindex != NULL)
+           *pindex = i;
+         return &*pf;
+       }
+    }
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+// Return an expression for field NAME in STRUCT_EXPR, or NULL.
+
+Field_reference_expression*
+Struct_type::field_reference(Expression* struct_expr, const std::string& name,
+                            source_location location) const
+{
+  unsigned int depth;
+  return this->field_reference_depth(struct_expr, name, location, NULL,
+                                    &depth);
+}
+
+// Return an expression for a field, along with the depth at which it
+// was found.
+
+Field_reference_expression*
+Struct_type::field_reference_depth(Expression* struct_expr,
+                                  const std::string& name,
+                                  source_location location,
+                                  Saw_named_type* saw,
+                                  unsigned int* depth) const
+{
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields_;
+  if (fields == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+
+  // Look for a field with this name.
+  unsigned int i = 0;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf, ++i)
+    {
+      if (pf->field_name() == name)
+       {
+         *depth = 0;
+         return Expression::make_field_reference(struct_expr, i, location);
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Look for an anonymous field which contains a field with this
+  // name.
+  unsigned int found_depth = 0;
+  Field_reference_expression* ret = NULL;
+  i = 0;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf, ++i)
+    {
+      if (!pf->is_anonymous())
+       continue;
+
+      Struct_type* st = pf->type()->deref()->struct_type();
+      if (st == NULL)
+       continue;
+
+      Saw_named_type* hold_saw = saw;
+      Saw_named_type saw_here;
+      Named_type* nt = pf->type()->named_type();
+      if (nt == NULL)
+       nt = pf->type()->deref()->named_type();
+      if (nt != NULL)
+       {
+         Saw_named_type* q;
+         for (q = saw; q != NULL; q = q->next)
+           {
+             if (q->nt == nt)
+               {
+                 // If this is an error, it will be reported
+                 // elsewhere.
+                 break;
+               }
+           }
+         if (q != NULL)
+           continue;
+         saw_here.next = saw;
+         saw_here.nt = nt;
+         saw = &saw_here;
+       }
+
+      // Look for a reference using a NULL struct expression.  If we
+      // find one, fill in the struct expression with a reference to
+      // this field.
+      unsigned int subdepth;
+      Field_reference_expression* sub = st->field_reference_depth(NULL, name,
+                                                                 location,
+                                                                 saw,
+                                                                 &subdepth);
+
+      saw = hold_saw;
+
+      if (sub == NULL)
+       continue;
+
+      if (ret == NULL || subdepth < found_depth)
+       {
+         if (ret != NULL)
+           delete ret;
+         ret = sub;
+         found_depth = subdepth;
+         Expression* here = Expression::make_field_reference(struct_expr, i,
+                                                             location);
+         if (pf->type()->points_to() != NULL)
+           here = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, here, location);
+         while (sub->expr() != NULL)
+           {
+             sub = sub->expr()->deref()->field_reference_expression();
+             gcc_assert(sub != NULL);
+           }
+         sub->set_struct_expression(here);
+       }
+      else if (subdepth > found_depth)
+       delete sub;
+      else
+       {
+         // We do not handle ambiguity here--it should be handled by
+         // Type::bind_field_or_method.
+         delete sub;
+         found_depth = 0;
+         ret = NULL;
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (ret != NULL)
+    *depth = found_depth + 1;
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return the total number of fields, including embedded fields.
+
+unsigned int
+Struct_type::total_field_count() const
+{
+  if (this->fields_ == NULL)
+    return 0;
+  unsigned int ret = 0;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = this->fields_->begin();
+       pf != this->fields_->end();
+       ++pf)
+    {
+      if (!pf->is_anonymous() || pf->type()->deref()->struct_type() == NULL)
+       ++ret;
+      else
+       ret += pf->type()->struct_type()->total_field_count();
+    }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return whether NAME is an unexported field, for better error reporting.
+
+bool
+Struct_type::is_unexported_local_field(Gogo* gogo,
+                                      const std::string& name) const
+{
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields_;
+  if (fields != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+          pf != fields->end();
+          ++pf)
+       {
+         const std::string& field_name(pf->field_name());
+         if (Gogo::is_hidden_name(field_name)
+             && name == Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(field_name)
+             && gogo->pack_hidden_name(name, false) != field_name)
+           return true;
+       }
+    }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Finalize the methods of an unnamed struct.
+
+void
+Struct_type::finalize_methods(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->all_methods_ != NULL)
+    return;
+  Type::finalize_methods(gogo, this, this->location_, &this->all_methods_);
+}
+
+// Return the method NAME, or NULL if there isn't one or if it is
+// ambiguous.  Set *IS_AMBIGUOUS if the method exists but is
+// ambiguous.
+
+Method*
+Struct_type::method_function(const std::string& name, bool* is_ambiguous) const
+{
+  return Type::method_function(this->all_methods_, name, is_ambiguous);
+}
+
+// Get the tree for a struct type.
+
+tree
+Struct_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  tree type = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+  return this->fill_in_tree(gogo, type);
+}
+
+// Fill in the fields for a struct type.
+
+tree
+Struct_type::fill_in_tree(Gogo* gogo, tree type)
+{
+  tree field_trees = NULL_TREE;
+  tree* pp = &field_trees;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = this->fields_->begin();
+       p != this->fields_->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      std::string name = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->field_name());
+      tree name_tree = get_identifier_with_length(name.data(), name.length());
+
+      tree field_type_tree = p->type()->get_tree(gogo);
+      if (field_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      gcc_assert(TYPE_SIZE(field_type_tree) != NULL_TREE);
+
+      tree field = build_decl(p->location(), FIELD_DECL, name_tree,
+                             field_type_tree);
+      DECL_CONTEXT(field) = type;
+      *pp = field;
+      pp = &DECL_CHAIN(field);
+    }
+
+  TYPE_FIELDS(type) = field_trees;
+
+  layout_type(type);
+
+  return type;
+}
+
+// Initialize struct fields.
+
+tree
+Struct_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo* gogo, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (this->fields_ == NULL || this->fields_->empty())
+    {
+      if (is_clear)
+       return NULL;
+      else
+       {
+         tree ret = build_constructor(type_tree,
+                                      VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 0));
+         TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+         return ret;
+       }
+    }
+
+  bool is_constant = true;
+  bool any_fields_set = false;
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc,
+                                           this->fields_->size());
+
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = this->fields_->begin();
+       p != this->fields_->end();
+       ++p, field = DECL_CHAIN(field))
+    {
+      tree value = p->type()->get_init_tree(gogo, is_clear);
+      if (value == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      gcc_assert(field != NULL_TREE);
+      if (value != NULL)
+       {
+         constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+         elt->index = field;
+         elt->value = value;
+         any_fields_set = true;
+         if (!TREE_CONSTANT(value))
+           is_constant = false;
+       }
+    }
+  gcc_assert(field == NULL_TREE);
+
+  if (!any_fields_set)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(is_clear);
+      VEC_free(constructor_elt, gc, init);
+      return NULL;
+    }
+
+  tree ret = build_constructor(type_tree, init);
+  if (is_constant)
+    TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// The type of a struct type descriptor.
+
+Type*
+Struct_type::make_struct_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* tdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+      Type* ptdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+
+      Type* uintptr_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr");
+      Type* string_type = Type::lookup_string_type();
+      Type* pointer_string_type = Type::make_pointer_type(string_type);
+
+      Struct_type* sf =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(5,
+                                      "name", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "pkgPath", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "typ", ptdt,
+                                      "tag", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "offset", uintptr_type);
+      Type* nsf = Type::make_builtin_named_type("structField", sf);
+
+      Type* slice_type = Type::make_array_type(nsf, NULL);
+
+      Struct_type* s = Type::make_builtin_struct_type(2,
+                                                     "", tdt,
+                                                     "fields", slice_type);
+
+      ret = Type::make_builtin_named_type("StructType", s);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for a struct type.
+
+Expression*
+Struct_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Type* stdt = Struct_type::make_struct_type_descriptor_type();
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = stdt->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(2);
+
+  const Methods* methods = this->methods();
+  // A named struct should not have methods--the methods should attach
+  // to the named type.
+  gcc_assert(methods == NULL || name == NULL);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator ps = fields->begin();
+  gcc_assert(ps->field_name() == "commonType");
+  vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo,
+                                                   RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_STRUCT,
+                                                   name, methods, true));
+
+  ++ps;
+  gcc_assert(ps->field_name() == "fields");
+
+  Expression_list* elements = new Expression_list();
+  elements->reserve(this->fields_->size());
+  Type* element_type = ps->type()->array_type()->element_type();
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = this->fields_->begin();
+       pf != this->fields_->end();
+       ++pf)
+    {
+      const Struct_field_list* f = element_type->struct_type()->fields();
+
+      Expression_list* fvals = new Expression_list();
+      fvals->reserve(5);
+
+      Struct_field_list::const_iterator q = f->begin();
+      gcc_assert(q->field_name() == "name");
+      if (pf->is_anonymous())
+       fvals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+      else
+       {
+         std::string n = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(pf->field_name());
+         Expression* s = Expression::make_string(n, bloc);
+         fvals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, s, bloc));
+       }
+
+      ++q;
+      gcc_assert(q->field_name() == "pkgPath");
+      if (!Gogo::is_hidden_name(pf->field_name()))
+       fvals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+      else
+       {
+         std::string n = Gogo::hidden_name_prefix(pf->field_name());
+         Expression* s = Expression::make_string(n, bloc);
+         fvals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, s, bloc));
+       }
+
+      ++q;
+      gcc_assert(q->field_name() == "typ");
+      fvals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(pf->type(), bloc));
+
+      ++q;
+      gcc_assert(q->field_name() == "tag");
+      if (!pf->has_tag())
+       fvals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+      else
+       {
+         Expression* s = Expression::make_string(pf->tag(), bloc);
+         fvals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, s, bloc));
+       }
+
+      ++q;
+      gcc_assert(q->field_name() == "offset");
+      fvals->push_back(Expression::make_struct_field_offset(this, &*pf));
+
+      Expression* v = Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(element_type,
+                                                               fvals, bloc);
+      elements->push_back(v);
+    }
+
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(ps->type(),
+                                                          elements, bloc));
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(stdt, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Reflection string.
+
+void
+Struct_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->append("struct { ");
+
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = this->fields_->begin();
+       p != this->fields_->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p != this->fields_->begin())
+       ret->append("; ");
+      if (p->is_anonymous())
+       ret->push_back('?');
+      else
+       ret->append(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->field_name()));
+      ret->push_back(' ');
+      this->append_reflection(p->type(), gogo, ret);
+
+      if (p->has_tag())
+       {
+         const std::string& tag(p->tag());
+         ret->append(" \"");
+         for (std::string::const_iterator p = tag.begin();
+              p != tag.end();
+              ++p)
+           {
+             if (*p == '\0')
+               ret->append("\\x00");
+             else if (*p == '\n')
+               ret->append("\\n");
+             else if (*p == '\t')
+               ret->append("\\t");
+             else if (*p == '"')
+               ret->append("\\\"");
+             else if (*p == '\\')
+               ret->append("\\\\");
+             else
+               ret->push_back(*p);
+           }
+         ret->push_back('"');
+       }
+    }
+
+  ret->append(" }");
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Struct_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('S');
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields_;
+  if (fields != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+          p != fields->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (p->is_anonymous())
+           ret->append("0_");
+         else
+           {
+             std::string n = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->field_name());
+             char buf[20];
+             snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%u_",
+                      static_cast<unsigned int>(n.length()));
+             ret->append(buf);
+             ret->append(n);
+           }
+         this->append_mangled_name(p->type(), gogo, ret);
+         if (p->has_tag())
+           {
+             const std::string& tag(p->tag());
+             std::string out;
+             for (std::string::const_iterator p = tag.begin();
+                  p != tag.end();
+                  ++p)
+               {
+                 if (ISALNUM(*p) || *p == '_')
+                   out.push_back(*p);
+                 else
+                   {
+                     char buf[20];
+                     snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, ".%x.",
+                              static_cast<unsigned int>(*p));
+                     out.append(buf);
+                   }
+               }
+             char buf[20];
+             snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "T%u_",
+                      static_cast<unsigned int>(out.length()));
+             ret->append(buf);
+             ret->append(out);
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  ret->push_back('e');
+}
+
+// Export.
+
+void
+Struct_type::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("struct { ");
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->fields_;
+  gcc_assert(fields != NULL);
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+       p != fields->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->is_anonymous())
+       exp->write_string("? ");
+      else
+       {
+         exp->write_string(p->field_name());
+         exp->write_c_string(" ");
+       }
+      exp->write_type(p->type());
+
+      if (p->has_tag())
+       {
+         exp->write_c_string(" ");
+         Expression* expr = Expression::make_string(p->tag(),
+                                                    BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+         expr->export_expression(exp);
+         delete expr;
+       }
+
+      exp->write_c_string("; ");
+    }
+  exp->write_c_string("}");
+}
+
+// Import.
+
+Struct_type*
+Struct_type::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("struct { ");
+  Struct_field_list* fields = new Struct_field_list;
+  if (imp->peek_char() != '}')
+    {
+      while (true)
+       {
+         std::string name;
+         if (imp->match_c_string("? "))
+           imp->advance(2);
+         else
+           {
+             name = imp->read_identifier();
+             imp->require_c_string(" ");
+           }
+         Type* ftype = imp->read_type();
+
+         Struct_field sf(Typed_identifier(name, ftype, imp->location()));
+
+         if (imp->peek_char() == ' ')
+           {
+             imp->advance(1);
+             Expression* expr = Expression::import_expression(imp);
+             String_expression* sexpr = expr->string_expression();
+             gcc_assert(sexpr != NULL);
+             sf.set_tag(sexpr->val());
+             delete sexpr;
+           }
+
+         imp->require_c_string("; ");
+         fields->push_back(sf);
+         if (imp->peek_char() == '}')
+           break;
+       }
+    }
+  imp->require_c_string("}");
+
+  return Type::make_struct_type(fields, imp->location());
+}
+
+// Make a struct type.
+
+Struct_type*
+Type::make_struct_type(Struct_field_list* fields,
+                      source_location location)
+{
+  return new Struct_type(fields, location);
+}
+
+// Class Array_type.
+
+// Whether two array types are identical.
+
+bool
+Array_type::is_identical(const Array_type* t, bool errors_are_identical) const
+{
+  if (!Type::are_identical(this->element_type(), t->element_type(),
+                          errors_are_identical, NULL))
+    return false;
+
+  Expression* l1 = this->length();
+  Expression* l2 = t->length();
+
+  // Slices of the same element type are identical.
+  if (l1 == NULL && l2 == NULL)
+    return true;
+
+  // Arrays of the same element type are identical if they have the
+  // same length.
+  if (l1 != NULL && l2 != NULL)
+    {
+      if (l1 == l2)
+       return true;
+
+      // Try to determine the lengths.  If we can't, assume the arrays
+      // are not identical.
+      bool ret = false;
+      mpz_t v1;
+      mpz_init(v1);
+      Type* type1;
+      mpz_t v2;
+      mpz_init(v2);
+      Type* type2;
+      if (l1->integer_constant_value(true, v1, &type1)
+         && l2->integer_constant_value(true, v2, &type2))
+       ret = mpz_cmp(v1, v2) == 0;
+      mpz_clear(v1);
+      mpz_clear(v2);
+      return ret;
+    }
+
+  // Otherwise the arrays are not identical.
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Array_type::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Type::traverse(this->element_type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  if (this->length_ != NULL
+      && Expression::traverse(&this->length_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check that the length is valid.
+
+bool
+Array_type::verify_length()
+{
+  if (this->length_ == NULL)
+    return true;
+
+  Type_context context(Type::lookup_integer_type("int"), false);
+  this->length_->determine_type(&context);
+
+  if (!this->length_->is_constant())
+    {
+      error_at(this->length_->location(), "array bound is not constant");
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  mpz_t val;
+  mpz_init(val);
+  Type* vt;
+  if (!this->length_->integer_constant_value(true, val, &vt))
+    {
+      mpfr_t fval;
+      mpfr_init(fval);
+      if (!this->length_->float_constant_value(fval, &vt))
+       {
+         if (this->length_->type()->integer_type() != NULL
+             || this->length_->type()->float_type() != NULL)
+           error_at(this->length_->location(),
+                    "array bound is not constant");
+         else
+           error_at(this->length_->location(),
+                    "array bound is not numeric");
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         mpz_clear(val);
+         return false;
+       }
+      if (!mpfr_integer_p(fval))
+       {
+         error_at(this->length_->location(),
+                  "array bound truncated to integer");
+         mpfr_clear(fval);
+         mpz_clear(val);
+         return false;
+       }
+      mpz_init(val);
+      mpfr_get_z(val, fval, GMP_RNDN);
+      mpfr_clear(fval);
+    }
+
+  if (mpz_sgn(val) < 0)
+    {
+      error_at(this->length_->location(), "negative array bound");
+      mpz_clear(val);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  Type* int_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+  int tbits = int_type->integer_type()->bits();
+  int vbits = mpz_sizeinbase(val, 2);
+  if (vbits + 1 > tbits)
+    {
+      error_at(this->length_->location(), "array bound overflows");
+      mpz_clear(val);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  mpz_clear(val);
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Verify the type.
+
+bool
+Array_type::do_verify()
+{
+  if (!this->verify_length())
+    {
+      this->length_ = Expression::make_error(this->length_->location());
+      return false;
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Array type hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Array_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  // There is no very convenient way to get a hash code for the
+  // length.
+  return this->element_type_->hash_for_method(gogo) + 1;
+}
+
+// See if the expression passed to make is suitable.  The first
+// argument is required, and gives the length.  An optional second
+// argument is permitted for the capacity.
+
+bool
+Array_type::do_check_make_expression(Expression_list* args,
+                                    source_location location)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->length_ == NULL);
+  if (args == NULL || args->empty())
+    {
+      error_at(location, "length required when allocating a slice");
+      return false;
+    }
+  else if (args->size() > 2)
+    {
+      error_at(location, "too many expressions passed to make");
+      return false;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (!Type::check_int_value(args->front(),
+                                _("bad length when making slice"), location))
+       return false;
+
+      if (args->size() > 1)
+       {
+         if (!Type::check_int_value(args->back(),
+                                    _("bad capacity when making slice"),
+                                    location))
+           return false;
+       }
+
+      return true;
+    }
+}
+
+// Get a tree for the length of a fixed array.  The length may be
+// computed using a function call, so we must only evaluate it once.
+
+tree
+Array_type::get_length_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->length_ != NULL);
+  if (this->length_tree_ == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      mpz_t val;
+      mpz_init(val);
+      Type* t;
+      if (this->length_->integer_constant_value(true, val, &t))
+       {
+         if (t == NULL)
+           t = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
+         else if (t->is_abstract())
+           t = t->make_non_abstract_type();
+         tree tt = t->get_tree(gogo);
+         this->length_tree_ = Expression::integer_constant_tree(val, tt);
+         mpz_clear(val);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         mpz_clear(val);
+
+         // Make up a translation context for the array length
+         // expression.  FIXME: This won't work in general.
+         Translate_context context(gogo, NULL, NULL, NULL_TREE);
+         tree len = this->length_->get_tree(&context);
+         if (len != error_mark_node)
+           {
+             len = convert_to_integer(integer_type_node, len);
+             len = save_expr(len);
+           }
+         this->length_tree_ = len;
+       }
+    }
+  return this->length_tree_;
+}
+
+// Get a tree for the type of this array.  A fixed array is simply
+// represented as ARRAY_TYPE with the appropriate index--i.e., it is
+// just like an array in C.  An open array is a struct with three
+// fields: a data pointer, the length, and the capacity.
+
+tree
+Array_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->length_ == NULL)
+    {
+      tree struct_type = gogo->slice_type_tree(void_type_node);
+      return this->fill_in_slice_tree(gogo, struct_type);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      tree array_type = make_node(ARRAY_TYPE);
+      return this->fill_in_array_tree(gogo, array_type);
+    }
+}
+
+// Fill in the fields for an array type.  This is used for named array
+// types.
+
+tree
+Array_type::fill_in_array_tree(Gogo* gogo, tree array_type)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->length_ != NULL);
+
+  tree element_type_tree = this->element_type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  tree length_tree = this->get_length_tree(gogo);
+  if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node
+      || length_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  gcc_assert(TYPE_SIZE(element_type_tree) != NULL_TREE);
+
+  length_tree = fold_convert(sizetype, length_tree);
+
+  // build_index_type takes the maximum index, which is one less than
+  // the length.
+  tree index_type = build_index_type(fold_build2(MINUS_EXPR, sizetype,
+                                                length_tree,
+                                                size_one_node));
+
+  TREE_TYPE(array_type) = element_type_tree;
+  TYPE_DOMAIN(array_type) = index_type;
+  TYPE_ADDR_SPACE(array_type) = TYPE_ADDR_SPACE(element_type_tree);
+  layout_type(array_type);
+
+  if (TYPE_STRUCTURAL_EQUALITY_P(element_type_tree)
+      || TYPE_STRUCTURAL_EQUALITY_P(index_type))
+    SET_TYPE_STRUCTURAL_EQUALITY(array_type);
+  else if (TYPE_CANONICAL(element_type_tree) != element_type_tree
+          || TYPE_CANONICAL(index_type) != index_type)
+    TYPE_CANONICAL(array_type) =
+      build_array_type(TYPE_CANONICAL(element_type_tree),
+                      TYPE_CANONICAL(index_type));
+
+  return array_type;
+}
+
+// Fill in the fields for a slice type.  This is used for named slice
+// types.
+
+tree
+Array_type::fill_in_slice_tree(Gogo* gogo, tree struct_type)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->length_ == NULL);
+
+  tree element_type_tree = this->element_type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(struct_type);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__values") == 0);
+  gcc_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(field))
+            && TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(field)) == void_type_node);
+  TREE_TYPE(field) = build_pointer_type(element_type_tree);
+
+  return struct_type;
+}
+
+// Return an initializer for an array type.
+
+tree
+Array_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo* gogo, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (this->length_ == NULL)
+    {
+      // Open array.
+
+      if (is_clear)
+       return NULL;
+
+      gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+      VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 3);
+
+      for (tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+          field != NULL_TREE;
+          field = DECL_CHAIN(field))
+       {
+         constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init,
+                                               NULL);
+         elt->index = field;
+         elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), size_zero_node);
+       }
+
+      tree ret = build_constructor(type_tree, init);
+      TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // Fixed array.
+
+      tree value = this->element_type_->get_init_tree(gogo, is_clear);
+      if (value == NULL)
+       return NULL;
+      if (value == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+
+      tree length_tree = this->get_length_tree(gogo);
+      if (length_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+
+      length_tree = fold_convert(sizetype, length_tree);
+      tree range = build2(RANGE_EXPR, sizetype, size_zero_node,
+                         fold_build2(MINUS_EXPR, sizetype,
+                                     length_tree, size_one_node));
+      tree ret = build_constructor_single(type_tree, range, value);
+      if (TREE_CONSTANT(value))
+       TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+      return ret;
+    }
+}
+
+// Handle the builtin make function for a slice.
+
+tree
+Array_type::do_make_expression_tree(Translate_context* context,
+                                   Expression_list* args,
+                                   source_location location)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->length_ == NULL);
+
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree type_tree = this->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree values_field = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(values_field)),
+                   "__values") == 0);
+
+  tree count_field = DECL_CHAIN(values_field);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(count_field)),
+                   "__count") == 0);
+
+  tree element_type_tree = this->element_type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  tree element_size_tree = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(element_type_tree);
+
+  tree value = this->element_type_->get_init_tree(gogo, true);
+  if (value == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  // The first argument is the number of elements, the optional second
+  // argument is the capacity.
+  gcc_assert(args != NULL && args->size() >= 1 && args->size() <= 2);
+
+  tree length_tree = args->front()->get_tree(context);
+  if (length_tree == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  if (!DECL_P(length_tree))
+    length_tree = save_expr(length_tree);
+  if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(length_tree)))
+    length_tree = convert_to_integer(TREE_TYPE(count_field), length_tree);
+
+  tree bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(length_tree,
+                                           TREE_TYPE(count_field),
+                                           NULL_TREE, location);
+
+  length_tree = fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(count_field), length_tree);
+  tree capacity_tree;
+  if (args->size() == 1)
+    capacity_tree = length_tree;
+  else
+    {
+      capacity_tree = args->back()->get_tree(context);
+      if (capacity_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      if (!DECL_P(capacity_tree))
+       capacity_tree = save_expr(capacity_tree);
+      if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(capacity_tree)))
+       capacity_tree = convert_to_integer(TREE_TYPE(count_field),
+                                          capacity_tree);
+
+      bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(capacity_tree,
+                                          TREE_TYPE(count_field),
+                                          bad_index, location);
+
+      tree chktype = (((TYPE_SIZE(TREE_TYPE(capacity_tree))
+                       > TYPE_SIZE(TREE_TYPE(length_tree)))
+                      || ((TYPE_SIZE(TREE_TYPE(capacity_tree))
+                           == TYPE_SIZE(TREE_TYPE(length_tree)))
+                          && TYPE_UNSIGNED(TREE_TYPE(capacity_tree))))
+                     ? TREE_TYPE(capacity_tree)
+                     : TREE_TYPE(length_tree));
+      tree chk = fold_build2_loc(location, LT_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                                fold_convert_loc(location, chktype,
+                                                 capacity_tree),
+                                fold_convert_loc(location, chktype,
+                                                 length_tree));
+      if (bad_index == NULL_TREE)
+       bad_index = chk;
+      else
+       bad_index = fold_build2_loc(location, TRUTH_OR_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                                   bad_index, chk);
+
+      capacity_tree = fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(count_field),
+                                      capacity_tree);
+    }
+
+  tree size_tree = fold_build2_loc(location, MULT_EXPR, sizetype,
+                                  element_size_tree,
+                                  fold_convert_loc(location, sizetype,
+                                                   capacity_tree));
+
+  tree chk = fold_build2_loc(location, TRUTH_AND_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                            fold_build2_loc(location, GT_EXPR,
+                                            boolean_type_node,
+                                            fold_convert_loc(location,
+                                                             sizetype,
+                                                             capacity_tree),
+                                            size_zero_node),
+                            fold_build2_loc(location, LT_EXPR,
+                                            boolean_type_node,
+                                            size_tree, element_size_tree));
+  if (bad_index == NULL_TREE)
+    bad_index = chk;
+  else
+    bad_index = fold_build2_loc(location, TRUTH_OR_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
+                               bad_index, chk);
+
+  tree space = context->gogo()->allocate_memory(this->element_type_,
+                                               size_tree, location);
+
+  if (value != NULL_TREE)
+    space = save_expr(space);
+
+  space = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(values_field), space);
+
+  if (bad_index != NULL_TREE && bad_index != boolean_false_node)
+    {
+      tree crash = Gogo::runtime_error(RUNTIME_ERROR_MAKE_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS,
+                                      location);
+      space = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(space),
+                    build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                           bad_index, crash, NULL_TREE),
+                    space);
+    }
+
+  tree constructor = gogo->slice_constructor(type_tree, space, length_tree,
+                                            capacity_tree);
+
+  if (value == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      // The array contents are zero initialized.
+      return constructor;
+    }
+
+  // The elements must be initialized.
+
+  tree max = fold_build2_loc(location, MINUS_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(count_field),
+                            capacity_tree,
+                            fold_convert_loc(location, TREE_TYPE(count_field),
+                                             integer_one_node));
+
+  tree array_type = build_array_type(element_type_tree,
+                                    build_index_type(max));
+
+  tree value_pointer = fold_convert_loc(location,
+                                       build_pointer_type(array_type),
+                                       space);
+
+  tree range = build2(RANGE_EXPR, sizetype, size_zero_node, max);
+  tree space_init = build_constructor_single(array_type, range, value);
+
+  return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(constructor),
+               build2(MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                      build_fold_indirect_ref(value_pointer),
+                      space_init),
+               constructor);
+}
+
+// Return a tree for a pointer to the values in ARRAY.
+
+tree
+Array_type::value_pointer_tree(Gogo*, tree array) const
+{
+  tree ret;
+  if (this->length() != NULL)
+    {
+      // Fixed array.
+      ret = fold_convert(build_pointer_type(TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(array))),
+                        build_fold_addr_expr(array));
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // Open array.
+      tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(TREE_TYPE(array));
+      gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),
+                       "__values") == 0);
+      ret = fold_build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), array, field,
+                       NULL_TREE);
+    }
+  if (TREE_CONSTANT(array))
+    TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the length of the array ARRAY which has this
+// type.
+
+tree
+Array_type::length_tree(Gogo* gogo, tree array)
+{
+  if (this->length_ != NULL)
+    {
+      if (TREE_CODE(array) == SAVE_EXPR)
+       return fold_convert(integer_type_node, this->get_length_tree(gogo));
+      else
+       return omit_one_operand(integer_type_node,
+                               this->get_length_tree(gogo), array);
+    }
+
+  // This is an open array.  We need to read the length field.
+
+  tree type = TREE_TYPE(array);
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(type) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  tree field = DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(type));
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__count") == 0);
+
+  tree ret = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), array, field, NULL_TREE);
+  if (TREE_CONSTANT(array))
+    TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return a tree for the capacity of the array ARRAY which has this
+// type.
+
+tree
+Array_type::capacity_tree(Gogo* gogo, tree array)
+{
+  if (this->length_ != NULL)
+    return omit_one_operand(sizetype, this->get_length_tree(gogo), array);
+
+  // This is an open array.  We need to read the capacity field.
+
+  tree type = TREE_TYPE(array);
+  gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(type) == RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  tree field = DECL_CHAIN(DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(type)));
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__capacity") == 0);
+
+  return build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), array, field, NULL_TREE);
+}
+
+// Export.
+
+void
+Array_type::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("[");
+  if (this->length_ != NULL)
+    this->length_->export_expression(exp);
+  exp->write_c_string("] ");
+  exp->write_type(this->element_type_);
+}
+
+// Import.
+
+Array_type*
+Array_type::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("[");
+  Expression* length;
+  if (imp->peek_char() == ']')
+    length = NULL;
+  else
+    length = Expression::import_expression(imp);
+  imp->require_c_string("] ");
+  Type* element_type = imp->read_type();
+  return Type::make_array_type(element_type, length);
+}
+
+// The type of an array type descriptor.
+
+Type*
+Array_type::make_array_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* tdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+      Type* ptdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+
+      Type* uintptr_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr");
+
+      Struct_type* sf =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(3,
+                                      "", tdt,
+                                      "elem", ptdt,
+                                      "len", uintptr_type);
+
+      ret = Type::make_builtin_named_type("ArrayType", sf);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// The type of an slice type descriptor.
+
+Type*
+Array_type::make_slice_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* tdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+      Type* ptdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+
+      Struct_type* sf =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(2,
+                                      "", tdt,
+                                      "elem", ptdt);
+
+      ret = Type::make_builtin_named_type("SliceType", sf);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for an array/slice type.
+
+Expression*
+Array_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  if (this->length_ != NULL)
+    return this->array_type_descriptor(gogo, name);
+  else
+    return this->slice_type_descriptor(gogo, name);
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for an array type.
+
+Expression*
+Array_type::array_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Type* atdt = Array_type::make_array_type_descriptor_type();
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = atdt->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(3);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "commonType");
+  vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo,
+                                                   RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_ARRAY,
+                                                   name, NULL, true));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "elem");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(this->element_type_, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "len");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_cast(p->type(), this->length_, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p == fields->end());
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(atdt, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for a slice type.
+
+Expression*
+Array_type::slice_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Type* stdt = Array_type::make_slice_type_descriptor_type();
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = stdt->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(2);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "commonType");
+  vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo,
+                                                   RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_SLICE,
+                                                   name, NULL, true));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "elem");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(this->element_type_, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p == fields->end());
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(stdt, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Reflection string.
+
+void
+Array_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('[');
+  if (this->length_ != NULL)
+    {
+      mpz_t val;
+      mpz_init(val);
+      Type* type;
+      if (!this->length_->integer_constant_value(true, val, &type))
+       error_at(this->length_->location(),
+                "array length must be integer constant expression");
+      else if (mpz_cmp_si(val, 0) < 0)
+       error_at(this->length_->location(), "array length is negative");
+      else if (mpz_cmp_ui(val, mpz_get_ui(val)) != 0)
+       error_at(this->length_->location(), "array length is too large");
+      else
+       {
+         char buf[50];
+         snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%lu", mpz_get_ui(val));
+         ret->append(buf);
+       }
+      mpz_clear(val);
+    }
+  ret->push_back(']');
+
+  this->append_reflection(this->element_type_, gogo, ret);
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Array_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('A');
+  this->append_mangled_name(this->element_type_, gogo, ret);
+  if (this->length_ != NULL)
+    {
+      mpz_t val;
+      mpz_init(val);
+      Type* type;
+      if (!this->length_->integer_constant_value(true, val, &type))
+       error_at(this->length_->location(),
+                "array length must be integer constant expression");
+      else if (mpz_cmp_si(val, 0) < 0)
+       error_at(this->length_->location(), "array length is negative");
+      else if (mpz_cmp_ui(val, mpz_get_ui(val)) != 0)
+       error_at(this->length_->location(), "array size is too large");
+      else
+       {
+         char buf[50];
+         snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%lu", mpz_get_ui(val));
+         ret->append(buf);
+       }
+      mpz_clear(val);
+    }
+  ret->push_back('e');
+}
+
+// Make an array type.
+
+Array_type*
+Type::make_array_type(Type* element_type, Expression* length)
+{
+  return new Array_type(element_type, length);
+}
+
+// Class Map_type.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Map_type::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (Type::traverse(this->key_type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
+      || Type::traverse(this->val_type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Check that the map type is OK.
+
+bool
+Map_type::do_verify()
+{
+  if (this->key_type_->struct_type() != NULL
+      || this->key_type_->array_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      error_at(this->location_, "invalid map key type");
+      return false;
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Whether two map types are identical.
+
+bool
+Map_type::is_identical(const Map_type* t, bool errors_are_identical) const
+{
+  return (Type::are_identical(this->key_type(), t->key_type(),
+                             errors_are_identical, NULL)
+         && Type::are_identical(this->val_type(), t->val_type(),
+                                errors_are_identical, NULL));
+}
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Map_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  return (this->key_type_->hash_for_method(gogo)
+         + this->val_type_->hash_for_method(gogo)
+         + 2);
+}
+
+// Check that a call to the builtin make function is valid.  For a map
+// the optional argument is the number of spaces to preallocate for
+// values.
+
+bool
+Map_type::do_check_make_expression(Expression_list* args,
+                                  source_location location)
+{
+  if (args != NULL && !args->empty())
+    {
+      if (!Type::check_int_value(args->front(), _("bad size when making map"),
+                                location))
+       return false;
+      else if (args->size() > 1)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "too many arguments when making map");
+         return false;
+       }
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a map type.  A map type is represented as a pointer
+// to a struct.  The struct is __go_map in libgo/map.h.
+
+tree
+Map_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  static tree type_tree;
+  if (type_tree == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      tree struct_type = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+
+      tree map_descriptor_type = gogo->map_descriptor_type();
+      tree const_map_descriptor_type =
+       build_qualified_type(map_descriptor_type, TYPE_QUAL_CONST);
+      tree name = get_identifier("__descriptor");
+      tree field = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, FIELD_DECL, name,
+                             build_pointer_type(const_map_descriptor_type));
+      DECL_CONTEXT(field) = struct_type;
+      TYPE_FIELDS(struct_type) = field;
+      tree last_field = field;
+
+      name = get_identifier("__element_count");
+      field = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, FIELD_DECL, name, sizetype);
+      DECL_CONTEXT(field) = struct_type;
+      DECL_CHAIN(last_field) = field;
+      last_field = field;
+
+      name = get_identifier("__bucket_count");
+      field = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, FIELD_DECL, name, sizetype);
+      DECL_CONTEXT(field) = struct_type;
+      DECL_CHAIN(last_field) = field;
+      last_field = field;
+
+      name = get_identifier("__buckets");
+      field = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, FIELD_DECL, name,
+                        build_pointer_type(ptr_type_node));
+      DECL_CONTEXT(field) = struct_type;
+      DECL_CHAIN(last_field) = field;
+
+      layout_type(struct_type);
+
+      // Give the struct a name for better debugging info.
+      name = get_identifier("__go_map");
+      tree type_decl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, TYPE_DECL, name,
+                                 struct_type);
+      DECL_ARTIFICIAL(type_decl) = 1;
+      TYPE_NAME(struct_type) = type_decl;
+      go_preserve_from_gc(type_decl);
+      rest_of_decl_compilation(type_decl, 1, 0);
+
+      type_tree = build_pointer_type(struct_type);
+      go_preserve_from_gc(type_tree);
+    }
+
+  return type_tree;
+}
+
+// Initialize a map.
+
+tree
+Map_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (is_clear)
+    return NULL;
+  return fold_convert(type_tree, null_pointer_node);
+}
+
+// Return an expression for a newly allocated map.
+
+tree
+Map_type::do_make_expression_tree(Translate_context* context,
+                                 Expression_list* args,
+                                 source_location location)
+{
+  tree bad_index = NULL_TREE;
+
+  tree expr_tree;
+  if (args == NULL || args->empty())
+    expr_tree = size_zero_node;
+  else
+    {
+      expr_tree = args->front()->get_tree(context);
+      if (expr_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      if (!DECL_P(expr_tree))
+       expr_tree = save_expr(expr_tree);
+      if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(expr_tree)))
+       expr_tree = convert_to_integer(sizetype, expr_tree);
+      bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(expr_tree, sizetype, bad_index,
+                                          location);
+    }
+
+  tree map_type = this->get_tree(context->gogo());
+
+  static tree new_map_fndecl;
+  tree ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&new_map_fndecl,
+                               location,
+                               "__go_new_map",
+                               2,
+                               map_type,
+                               TREE_TYPE(TYPE_FIELDS(TREE_TYPE(map_type))),
+                               context->gogo()->map_descriptor(this),
+                               sizetype,
+                               expr_tree);
+  if (ret == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  // This can panic if the capacity is out of range.
+  TREE_NOTHROW(new_map_fndecl) = 0;
+
+  if (bad_index == NULL_TREE)
+    return ret;
+  else
+    {
+      tree crash = Gogo::runtime_error(RUNTIME_ERROR_MAKE_MAP_OUT_OF_BOUNDS,
+                                      location);
+      return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(ret),
+                   build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                          bad_index, crash, NULL_TREE),
+                   ret);
+    }
+}
+
+// The type of a map type descriptor.
+
+Type*
+Map_type::make_map_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* tdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+      Type* ptdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+
+      Struct_type* sf =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(3,
+                                      "", tdt,
+                                      "key", ptdt,
+                                      "elem", ptdt);
+
+      ret = Type::make_builtin_named_type("MapType", sf);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for a map type.
+
+Expression*
+Map_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Type* mtdt = Map_type::make_map_type_descriptor_type();
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = mtdt->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(3);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "commonType");
+  vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo,
+                                                   RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_MAP,
+                                                   name, NULL, true));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "key");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(this->key_type_, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "elem");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(this->val_type_, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p == fields->end());
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(mtdt, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Reflection string for a map.
+
+void
+Map_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->append("map[");
+  this->append_reflection(this->key_type_, gogo, ret);
+  ret->append("] ");
+  this->append_reflection(this->val_type_, gogo, ret);
+}
+
+// Mangled name for a map.
+
+void
+Map_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('M');
+  this->append_mangled_name(this->key_type_, gogo, ret);
+  ret->append("__");
+  this->append_mangled_name(this->val_type_, gogo, ret);
+}
+
+// Export a map type.
+
+void
+Map_type::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("map [");
+  exp->write_type(this->key_type_);
+  exp->write_c_string("] ");
+  exp->write_type(this->val_type_);
+}
+
+// Import a map type.
+
+Map_type*
+Map_type::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("map [");
+  Type* key_type = imp->read_type();
+  imp->require_c_string("] ");
+  Type* val_type = imp->read_type();
+  return Type::make_map_type(key_type, val_type, imp->location());
+}
+
+// Make a map type.
+
+Map_type*
+Type::make_map_type(Type* key_type, Type* val_type, source_location location)
+{
+  return new Map_type(key_type, val_type, location);
+}
+
+// Class Channel_type.
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Channel_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  unsigned int ret = 0;
+  if (this->may_send_)
+    ret += 1;
+  if (this->may_receive_)
+    ret += 2;
+  if (this->element_type_ != NULL)
+    ret += this->element_type_->hash_for_method(gogo) << 2;
+  return ret << 3;
+}
+
+// Whether this type is the same as T.
+
+bool
+Channel_type::is_identical(const Channel_type* t,
+                          bool errors_are_identical) const
+{
+  if (!Type::are_identical(this->element_type(), t->element_type(),
+                          errors_are_identical, NULL))
+    return false;
+  return (this->may_send_ == t->may_send_
+         && this->may_receive_ == t->may_receive_);
+}
+
+// Check whether the parameters for a call to the builtin function
+// make are OK for a channel.  A channel can take an optional single
+// parameter which is the buffer size.
+
+bool
+Channel_type::do_check_make_expression(Expression_list* args,
+                                     source_location location)
+{
+  if (args != NULL && !args->empty())
+    {
+      if (!Type::check_int_value(args->front(),
+                                _("bad buffer size when making channel"),
+                                location))
+       return false;
+      else if (args->size() > 1)
+       {
+         error_at(location, "too many arguments when making channel");
+         return false;
+       }
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Return the tree for a channel type.  A channel is a pointer to a
+// __go_channel struct.  The __go_channel struct is defined in
+// libgo/runtime/channel.h.
+
+tree
+Channel_type::do_get_tree(Gogo*)
+{
+  static tree type_tree;
+  if (type_tree == NULL_TREE)
+    {
+      tree ret = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+      TYPE_NAME(ret) = get_identifier("__go_channel");
+      TYPE_STUB_DECL(ret) = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, TYPE_DECL, NULL_TREE,
+                                      ret);
+      type_tree = build_pointer_type(ret);
+      go_preserve_from_gc(type_tree);
+    }
+  return type_tree;
+}
+
+// Initialize a channel variable.
+
+tree
+Channel_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (is_clear)
+    return NULL;
+  return fold_convert(type_tree, null_pointer_node);
+}
+
+// Handle the builtin function make for a channel.
+
+tree
+Channel_type::do_make_expression_tree(Translate_context* context,
+                                     Expression_list* args,
+                                     source_location location)
+{
+  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
+  tree channel_type = this->get_tree(gogo);
+
+  tree element_tree = this->element_type_->get_tree(gogo);
+  tree element_size_tree = size_in_bytes(element_tree);
+
+  tree bad_index = NULL_TREE;
+
+  tree expr_tree;
+  if (args == NULL || args->empty())
+    expr_tree = size_zero_node;
+  else
+    {
+      expr_tree = args->front()->get_tree(context);
+      if (expr_tree == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      if (!DECL_P(expr_tree))
+       expr_tree = save_expr(expr_tree);
+      if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(expr_tree)))
+       expr_tree = convert_to_integer(sizetype, expr_tree);
+      bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(expr_tree, sizetype, bad_index,
+                                          location);
+    }
+
+  static tree new_channel_fndecl;
+  tree ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&new_channel_fndecl,
+                               location,
+                               "__go_new_channel",
+                               2,
+                               channel_type,
+                               sizetype,
+                               element_size_tree,
+                               sizetype,
+                               expr_tree);
+  if (ret == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  // This can panic if the capacity is out of range.
+  TREE_NOTHROW(new_channel_fndecl) = 0;
+
+  if (bad_index == NULL_TREE)
+    return ret;
+  else
+    {
+      tree crash = Gogo::runtime_error(RUNTIME_ERROR_MAKE_CHAN_OUT_OF_BOUNDS,
+                                      location);
+      return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(ret),
+                   build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
+                          bad_index, crash, NULL_TREE),
+                   ret);
+    }
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for a channel type.
+
+Type*
+Channel_type::make_chan_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* tdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+      Type* ptdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+
+      Type* uintptr_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr");
+
+      Struct_type* sf =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(3,
+                                      "", tdt,
+                                      "elem", ptdt,
+                                      "dir", uintptr_type);
+
+      ret = Type::make_builtin_named_type("ChanType", sf);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for a map type.
+
+Expression*
+Channel_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Type* ctdt = Channel_type::make_chan_type_descriptor_type();
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = ctdt->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
+  vals->reserve(3);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p = fields->begin();
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "commonType");
+  vals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo,
+                                                   RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_CHAN,
+                                                   name, NULL, true));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "elem");
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(this->element_type_, bloc));
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p->field_name() == "dir");
+  // These bits must match the ones in libgo/runtime/go-type.h.
+  int val = 0;
+  if (this->may_receive_)
+    val |= 1;
+  if (this->may_send_)
+    val |= 2;
+  mpz_t iv;
+  mpz_init_set_ui(iv, val);
+  vals->push_back(Expression::make_integer(&iv, p->type(), bloc));
+  mpz_clear(iv);
+
+  ++p;
+  gcc_assert(p == fields->end());
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(ctdt, vals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Reflection string.
+
+void
+Channel_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  if (!this->may_send_)
+    ret->append("<-");
+  ret->append("chan");
+  if (!this->may_receive_)
+    ret->append("<-");
+  ret->push_back(' ');
+  this->append_reflection(this->element_type_, gogo, ret);
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Channel_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('C');
+  this->append_mangled_name(this->element_type_, gogo, ret);
+  if (this->may_send_)
+    ret->push_back('s');
+  if (this->may_receive_)
+    ret->push_back('r');
+  ret->push_back('e');
+}
+
+// Export.
+
+void
+Channel_type::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("chan ");
+  if (this->may_send_ && !this->may_receive_)
+    exp->write_c_string("-< ");
+  else if (this->may_receive_ && !this->may_send_)
+    exp->write_c_string("<- ");
+  exp->write_type(this->element_type_);
+}
+
+// Import.
+
+Channel_type*
+Channel_type::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("chan ");
+
+  bool may_send;
+  bool may_receive;
+  if (imp->match_c_string("-< "))
+    {
+      imp->advance(3);
+      may_send = true;
+      may_receive = false;
+    }
+  else if (imp->match_c_string("<- "))
+    {
+      imp->advance(3);
+      may_receive = true;
+      may_send = false;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      may_send = true;
+      may_receive = true;
+    }
+
+  Type* element_type = imp->read_type();
+
+  return Type::make_channel_type(may_send, may_receive, element_type);
+}
+
+// Make a new channel type.
+
+Channel_type*
+Type::make_channel_type(bool send, bool receive, Type* element_type)
+{
+  return new Channel_type(send, receive, element_type);
+}
+
+// Class Interface_type.
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Interface_type::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->methods_ == NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+  return this->methods_->traverse(traverse);
+}
+
+// Finalize the methods.  This handles interface inheritance.
+
+void
+Interface_type::finalize_methods()
+{
+  if (this->methods_ == NULL)
+    return;
+  std::vector<Named_type*> seen;
+  bool is_recursive = false;
+  size_t from = 0;
+  size_t to = 0;
+  while (from < this->methods_->size())
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier* p = &this->methods_->at(from);
+      if (!p->name().empty())
+       {
+         size_t i;
+         for (i = 0; i < to; ++i)
+           {
+             if (this->methods_->at(i).name() == p->name())
+               {
+                 error_at(p->location(), "duplicate method %qs",
+                          Gogo::message_name(p->name()).c_str());
+                 break;
+               }
+           }
+         if (i == to)
+           {
+             if (from != to)
+               this->methods_->set(to, *p);
+             ++to;
+           }
+         ++from;
+         continue;
+       }
+
+      Interface_type* it = p->type()->interface_type();
+      if (it == NULL)
+       {
+         error_at(p->location(), "interface contains embedded non-interface");
+         ++from;
+         continue;
+       }
+      if (it == this)
+       {
+         if (!is_recursive)
+           {
+             error_at(p->location(), "invalid recursive interface");
+             is_recursive = true;
+           }
+         ++from;
+         continue;
+       }
+
+      Named_type* nt = p->type()->named_type();
+      if (nt != NULL)
+       {
+         std::vector<Named_type*>::const_iterator q;
+         for (q = seen.begin(); q != seen.end(); ++q)
+           {
+             if (*q == nt)
+               {
+                 error_at(p->location(), "inherited interface loop");
+                 break;
+               }
+           }
+         if (q != seen.end())
+           {
+             ++from;
+             continue;
+           }
+         seen.push_back(nt);
+       }
+
+      const Typed_identifier_list* methods = it->methods();
+      if (methods == NULL)
+       {
+         ++from;
+         continue;
+       }
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator q = methods->begin();
+          q != methods->end();
+          ++q)
+       {
+         if (q->name().empty())
+           {
+             if (q->type()->forwarded() == p->type()->forwarded())
+               error_at(p->location(), "interface inheritance loop");
+             else
+               {
+                 size_t i;
+                 for (i = from + 1; i < this->methods_->size(); ++i)
+                   {
+                     const Typed_identifier* r = &this->methods_->at(i);
+                     if (r->name().empty()
+                         && r->type()->forwarded() == q->type()->forwarded())
+                       {
+                         error_at(p->location(),
+                                  "inherited interface listed twice");
+                         break;
+                       }
+                   }
+                 if (i == this->methods_->size())
+                   this->methods_->push_back(Typed_identifier(q->name(),
+                                                              q->type(),
+                                                              p->location()));
+               }
+           }
+         else if (this->find_method(q->name()) == NULL)
+           this->methods_->push_back(Typed_identifier(q->name(), q->type(),
+                                                      p->location()));
+         else
+           {
+             if (!is_recursive)
+               error_at(p->location(), "inherited method %qs is ambiguous",
+                        Gogo::message_name(q->name()).c_str());
+           }
+       }
+      ++from;
+    }
+  if (to == 0)
+    {
+      delete this->methods_;
+      this->methods_ = NULL;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      this->methods_->resize(to);
+      this->methods_->sort_by_name();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return the method NAME, or NULL.
+
+const Typed_identifier*
+Interface_type::find_method(const std::string& name) const
+{
+  if (this->methods_ == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->methods_->begin();
+       p != this->methods_->end();
+       ++p)
+    if (p->name() == name)
+      return &*p;
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+// Return the method index.
+
+size_t
+Interface_type::method_index(const std::string& name) const
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->methods_ != NULL);
+  size_t ret = 0;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->methods_->begin();
+       p != this->methods_->end();
+       ++p, ++ret)
+    if (p->name() == name)
+      return ret;
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Return whether NAME is an unexported method, for better error
+// reporting.
+
+bool
+Interface_type::is_unexported_method(Gogo* gogo, const std::string& name) const
+{
+  if (this->methods_ == NULL)
+    return false;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->methods_->begin();
+       p != this->methods_->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      const std::string& method_name(p->name());
+      if (Gogo::is_hidden_name(method_name)
+         && name == Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(method_name)
+         && gogo->pack_hidden_name(name, false) != method_name)
+       return true;
+    }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Whether this type is identical with T.
+
+bool
+Interface_type::is_identical(const Interface_type* t,
+                            bool errors_are_identical) const
+{
+  // We require the same methods with the same types.  The methods
+  // have already been sorted.
+  if (this->methods() == NULL || t->methods() == NULL)
+    return this->methods() == t->methods();
+
+  Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p1 = this->methods()->begin();
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p2 = t->methods()->begin();
+       p2 != t->methods()->end();
+       ++p1, ++p2)
+    {
+      if (p1 == this->methods()->end())
+       return false;
+      if (p1->name() != p2->name()
+         || !Type::are_identical(p1->type(), p2->type(),
+                                 errors_are_identical, NULL))
+       return false;
+    }
+  if (p1 != this->methods()->end())
+    return false;
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Whether we can assign the interface type T to this type.  The types
+// are known to not be identical.  An interface assignment is only
+// permitted if T is known to implement all methods in THIS.
+// Otherwise a type guard is required.
+
+bool
+Interface_type::is_compatible_for_assign(const Interface_type* t,
+                                        std::string* reason) const
+{
+  if (this->methods() == NULL)
+    return true;
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->methods()->begin();
+       p != this->methods()->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier* m = t->find_method(p->name());
+      if (m == NULL)
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           {
+             char buf[200];
+             snprintf(buf, sizeof buf,
+                      _("need explicit conversion; missing method %s%s%s"),
+                      open_quote, Gogo::message_name(p->name()).c_str(),
+                      close_quote);
+             reason->assign(buf);
+           }
+         return false;
+       }
+
+      std::string subreason;
+      if (!Type::are_identical(p->type(), m->type(), true, &subreason))
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           {
+             std::string n = Gogo::message_name(p->name());
+             size_t len = 100 + n.length() + subreason.length();
+             char* buf = new char[len];
+             if (subreason.empty())
+               snprintf(buf, len, _("incompatible type for method %s%s%s"),
+                        open_quote, n.c_str(), close_quote);
+             else
+               snprintf(buf, len,
+                        _("incompatible type for method %s%s%s (%s)"),
+                        open_quote, n.c_str(), close_quote,
+                        subreason.c_str());
+             reason->assign(buf);
+             delete[] buf;
+           }
+         return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Hash code.
+
+unsigned int
+Interface_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  unsigned int ret = 0;
+  if (this->methods_ != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->methods_->begin();
+          p != this->methods_->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         ret = Type::hash_string(p->name(), ret);
+         ret += p->type()->hash_for_method(gogo);
+         ret <<= 1;
+       }
+    }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return true if T implements the interface.  If it does not, and
+// REASON is not NULL, set *REASON to a useful error message.
+
+bool
+Interface_type::implements_interface(const Type* t, std::string* reason) const
+{
+  if (this->methods_ == NULL)
+    return true;
+
+  bool is_pointer = false;
+  const Named_type* nt = t->named_type();
+  const Struct_type* st = t->struct_type();
+  // If we start with a named type, we don't dereference it to find
+  // methods.
+  if (nt == NULL)
+    {
+      const Type* pt = t->points_to();
+      if (pt != NULL)
+       {
+         // If T is a pointer to a named type, then we need to look at
+         // the type to which it points.
+         is_pointer = true;
+         nt = pt->named_type();
+         st = pt->struct_type();
+       }
+    }
+
+  // If we have a named type, get the methods from it rather than from
+  // any struct type.
+  if (nt != NULL)
+    st = NULL;
+
+  // Only named and struct types have methods.
+  if (nt == NULL && st == NULL)
+    {
+      if (reason != NULL)
+       {
+         if (t->points_to() != NULL
+             && t->points_to()->interface_type() != NULL)
+           reason->assign(_("pointer to interface type has no methods"));
+         else
+           reason->assign(_("type has no methods"));
+       }
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  if (nt != NULL ? !nt->has_any_methods() : !st->has_any_methods())
+    {
+      if (reason != NULL)
+       {
+         if (t->points_to() != NULL
+             && t->points_to()->interface_type() != NULL)
+           reason->assign(_("pointer to interface type has no methods"));
+         else
+           reason->assign(_("type has no methods"));
+       }
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->methods_->begin();
+       p != this->methods_->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      bool is_ambiguous = false;
+      Method* m = (nt != NULL
+                  ? nt->method_function(p->name(), &is_ambiguous)
+                  : st->method_function(p->name(), &is_ambiguous));
+      if (m == NULL)
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           {
+             std::string n = Gogo::message_name(p->name());
+             size_t len = n.length() + 100;
+             char* buf = new char[len];
+             if (is_ambiguous)
+               snprintf(buf, len, _("ambiguous method %s%s%s"),
+                        open_quote, n.c_str(), close_quote);
+             else
+               snprintf(buf, len, _("missing method %s%s%s"),
+                        open_quote, n.c_str(), close_quote);
+             reason->assign(buf);
+             delete[] buf;
+           }
+         return false;
+       }
+
+      Function_type *p_fn_type = p->type()->function_type();
+      Function_type* m_fn_type = m->type()->function_type();
+      gcc_assert(p_fn_type != NULL && m_fn_type != NULL);
+      std::string subreason;
+      if (!p_fn_type->is_identical(m_fn_type, true, true, &subreason))
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           {
+             std::string n = Gogo::message_name(p->name());
+             size_t len = 100 + n.length() + subreason.length();
+             char* buf = new char[len];
+             if (subreason.empty())
+               snprintf(buf, len, _("incompatible type for method %s%s%s"),
+                        open_quote, n.c_str(), close_quote);
+             else
+               snprintf(buf, len,
+                        _("incompatible type for method %s%s%s (%s)"),
+                        open_quote, n.c_str(), close_quote,
+                        subreason.c_str());
+             reason->assign(buf);
+             delete[] buf;
+           }
+         return false;
+       }
+
+      if (!is_pointer && !m->is_value_method())
+       {
+         if (reason != NULL)
+           {
+             std::string n = Gogo::message_name(p->name());
+             size_t len = 100 + n.length();
+             char* buf = new char[len];
+             snprintf(buf, len, _("method %s%s%s requires a pointer"),
+                      open_quote, n.c_str(), close_quote);
+             reason->assign(buf);
+             delete[] buf;
+           }
+         return false;
+       }
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Return a tree for an interface type.  An interface is a pointer to
+// a struct.  The struct has three fields.  The first field is a
+// pointer to the type descriptor for the dynamic type of the object.
+// The second field is a pointer to a table of methods for the
+// interface to be used with the object.  The third field is the value
+// of the object itself.
+
+tree
+Interface_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->methods_ == NULL)
+    return Interface_type::empty_type_tree(gogo);
+  else
+    {
+      tree t = Interface_type::non_empty_type_tree(this->location_);
+      return this->fill_in_tree(gogo, t);
+    }
+}
+
+// Return a singleton struct for an empty interface type.  We use the
+// same type for all empty interfaces.  This lets us assign them to
+// each other directly without triggering GIMPLE type errors.
+
+tree
+Interface_type::empty_type_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  static tree empty_interface;
+  if (empty_interface != NULL_TREE)
+    return empty_interface;
+
+  tree dtype = Type::make_type_descriptor_type()->get_tree(gogo);
+  dtype = build_pointer_type(build_qualified_type(dtype, TYPE_QUAL_CONST));
+  return Gogo::builtin_struct(&empty_interface, "__go_empty_interface",
+                             NULL_TREE, 2,
+                             "__type_descriptor",
+                             dtype,
+                             "__object",
+                             ptr_type_node);
+}
+
+// Return a new struct for a non-empty interface type.  The correct
+// values are filled in by fill_in_tree.
+
+tree
+Interface_type::non_empty_type_tree(source_location location)
+{
+  tree ret = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  tree field_trees = NULL_TREE;
+  tree* pp = &field_trees;
+
+  tree name_tree = get_identifier("__methods");
+  tree field = build_decl(location, FIELD_DECL, name_tree, ptr_type_node);
+  DECL_CONTEXT(field) = ret;
+  *pp = field;
+  pp = &DECL_CHAIN(field);
+
+  name_tree = get_identifier("__object");
+  field = build_decl(location, FIELD_DECL, name_tree, ptr_type_node);
+  DECL_CONTEXT(field) = ret;
+  *pp = field;
+
+  TYPE_FIELDS(ret) = field_trees;
+
+  layout_type(ret);
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Fill in the tree for an interface type.  This is used for named
+// interface types.
+
+tree
+Interface_type::fill_in_tree(Gogo* gogo, tree type)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->methods_ != NULL);
+
+  // Build the type of the table of methods.
+
+  tree method_table = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+
+  // The first field is a pointer to the type descriptor.
+  tree name_tree = get_identifier("__type_descriptor");
+  tree dtype = Type::make_type_descriptor_type()->get_tree(gogo);
+  dtype = build_pointer_type(build_qualified_type(dtype, TYPE_QUAL_CONST));
+  tree field = build_decl(this->location_, FIELD_DECL, name_tree, dtype);
+  DECL_CONTEXT(field) = method_table;
+  TYPE_FIELDS(method_table) = field;
+
+  std::string last_name = "";
+  tree* pp = &DECL_CHAIN(field);
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->methods_->begin();
+       p != this->methods_->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      std::string name = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->name());
+      name_tree = get_identifier_with_length(name.data(), name.length());
+      tree field_type = p->type()->get_tree(gogo);
+      if (field_type == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      field = build_decl(this->location_, FIELD_DECL, name_tree, field_type);
+      DECL_CONTEXT(field) = method_table;
+      *pp = field;
+      pp = &DECL_CHAIN(field);
+      // Sanity check: the names should be sorted.
+      gcc_assert(p->name() > last_name);
+      last_name = p->name();
+    }
+  layout_type(method_table);
+
+  // Update the type of the __methods field from a generic pointer to
+  // a pointer to the method table.
+  field = TYPE_FIELDS(type);
+  gcc_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__methods") == 0);
+
+  TREE_TYPE(field) = build_pointer_type(method_table);
+
+  return type;
+}
+
+// Initialization value.
+
+tree
+Interface_type::do_get_init_tree(Gogo*, tree type_tree, bool is_clear)
+{
+  if (is_clear)
+    return NULL;
+
+  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+  for (tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
+       field != NULL_TREE;
+       field = DECL_CHAIN(field))
+    {
+      constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
+      elt->index = field;
+      elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), null_pointer_node);
+    }
+
+  tree ret = build_constructor(type_tree, init);
+  TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// The type of an interface type descriptor.
+
+Type*
+Interface_type::make_interface_type_descriptor_type()
+{
+  static Type* ret;
+  if (ret == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* tdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_type();
+      Type* ptdt = Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type();
+
+      Type* string_type = Type::lookup_string_type();
+      Type* pointer_string_type = Type::make_pointer_type(string_type);
+
+      Struct_type* sm =
+       Type::make_builtin_struct_type(3,
+                                      "name", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "pkgPath", pointer_string_type,
+                                      "typ", ptdt);
+
+      Type* nsm = Type::make_builtin_named_type("imethod", sm);
+
+      Type* slice_nsm = Type::make_array_type(nsm, NULL);
+
+      Struct_type* s = Type::make_builtin_struct_type(2,
+                                                     "", tdt,
+                                                     "methods", slice_nsm);
+
+      ret = Type::make_builtin_named_type("InterfaceType", s);
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for an interface type.
+
+Expression*
+Interface_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  source_location bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  Type* itdt = Interface_type::make_interface_type_descriptor_type();
+
+  const Struct_field_list* ifields = itdt->struct_type()->fields();
+
+  Expression_list* ivals = new Expression_list();
+  ivals->reserve(2);
+
+  Struct_field_list::const_iterator pif = ifields->begin();
+  gcc_assert(pif->field_name() == "commonType");
+  ivals->push_back(this->type_descriptor_constructor(gogo,
+                                                    RUNTIME_TYPE_KIND_INTERFACE,
+                                                    name, NULL, true));
+
+  ++pif;
+  gcc_assert(pif->field_name() == "methods");
+
+  Expression_list* methods = new Expression_list();
+  if (this->methods_ != NULL && !this->methods_->empty())
+    {
+      Type* elemtype = pif->type()->array_type()->element_type();
+
+      methods->reserve(this->methods_->size());
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pm = this->methods_->begin();
+          pm != this->methods_->end();
+          ++pm)
+       {
+         const Struct_field_list* mfields = elemtype->struct_type()->fields();
+
+         Expression_list* mvals = new Expression_list();
+         mvals->reserve(3);
+
+         Struct_field_list::const_iterator pmf = mfields->begin();
+         gcc_assert(pmf->field_name() == "name");
+         std::string s = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(pm->name());
+         Expression* e = Expression::make_string(s, bloc);
+         mvals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, e, bloc));
+
+         ++pmf;
+         gcc_assert(pmf->field_name() == "pkgPath");
+         if (!Gogo::is_hidden_name(pm->name()))
+           mvals->push_back(Expression::make_nil(bloc));
+         else
+           {
+             s = Gogo::hidden_name_prefix(pm->name());
+             e = Expression::make_string(s, bloc);
+             mvals->push_back(Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, e, bloc));
+           }
+
+         ++pmf;
+         gcc_assert(pmf->field_name() == "typ");
+         mvals->push_back(Expression::make_type_descriptor(pm->type(), bloc));
+
+         ++pmf;
+         gcc_assert(pmf == mfields->end());
+
+         e = Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(elemtype, mvals,
+                                                       bloc);
+         methods->push_back(e);
+       }
+    }
+
+  ivals->push_back(Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(pif->type(),
+                                                           methods, bloc));
+
+  ++pif;
+  gcc_assert(pif == ifields->end());
+
+  return Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(itdt, ivals, bloc);
+}
+
+// Reflection string.
+
+void
+Interface_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->append("interface {");
+  if (this->methods_ != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->methods_->begin();
+          p != this->methods_->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (p != this->methods_->begin())
+           ret->append(";");
+         ret->push_back(' ');
+         ret->append(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->name()));
+         std::string sub = p->type()->reflection(gogo);
+         gcc_assert(sub.compare(0, 4, "func") == 0);
+         sub = sub.substr(4);
+         ret->append(sub);
+       }
+    }
+  ret->append(" }");
+}
+
+// Mangled name.
+
+void
+Interface_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  ret->push_back('I');
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* methods = this->methods_;
+  if (methods != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = methods->begin();
+          p != methods->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         std::string n = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->name());
+         char buf[20];
+         snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%u_",
+                  static_cast<unsigned int>(n.length()));
+         ret->append(buf);
+         ret->append(n);
+         this->append_mangled_name(p->type(), gogo, ret);
+       }
+    }
+
+  ret->push_back('e');
+}
+
+// Export.
+
+void
+Interface_type::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_c_string("interface { ");
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* methods = this->methods_;
+  if (methods != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pm = methods->begin();
+          pm != methods->end();
+          ++pm)
+       {
+         exp->write_string(pm->name());
+         exp->write_c_string(" (");
+
+         const Function_type* fntype = pm->type()->function_type();
+
+         bool first = true;
+         const Typed_identifier_list* parameters = fntype->parameters();
+         if (parameters != NULL)
+           {
+             bool is_varargs = fntype->is_varargs();
+             for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pp =
+                    parameters->begin();
+                  pp != parameters->end();
+                  ++pp)
+               {
+                 if (first)
+                   first = false;
+                 else
+                   exp->write_c_string(", ");
+                 if (!is_varargs || pp + 1 != parameters->end())
+                   exp->write_type(pp->type());
+                 else
+                   {
+                     exp->write_c_string("...");
+                     Type *pptype = pp->type();
+                     exp->write_type(pptype->array_type()->element_type());
+                   }
+               }
+           }
+
+         exp->write_c_string(")");
+
+         const Typed_identifier_list* results = fntype->results();
+         if (results != NULL)
+           {
+             exp->write_c_string(" ");
+             if (results->size() == 1)
+               exp->write_type(results->begin()->type());
+             else
+               {
+                 first = true;
+                 exp->write_c_string("(");
+                 for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p =
+                        results->begin();
+                      p != results->end();
+                      ++p)
+                   {
+                     if (first)
+                       first = false;
+                     else
+                       exp->write_c_string(", ");
+                     exp->write_type(p->type());
+                   }
+                 exp->write_c_string(")");
+               }
+           }
+
+         exp->write_c_string("; ");
+       }
+    }
+
+  exp->write_c_string("}");
+}
+
+// Import an interface type.
+
+Interface_type*
+Interface_type::do_import(Import* imp)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("interface { ");
+
+  Typed_identifier_list* methods = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  while (imp->peek_char() != '}')
+    {
+      std::string name = imp->read_identifier();
+      imp->require_c_string(" (");
+
+      Typed_identifier_list* parameters;
+      bool is_varargs = false;
+      if (imp->peek_char() == ')')
+       parameters = NULL;
+      else
+       {
+         parameters = new Typed_identifier_list;
+         while (true)
+           {
+             if (imp->match_c_string("..."))
+               {
+                 imp->advance(3);
+                 is_varargs = true;
+               }
+
+             Type* ptype = imp->read_type();
+             if (is_varargs)
+               ptype = Type::make_array_type(ptype, NULL);
+             parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker,
+                                                    ptype, imp->location()));
+             if (imp->peek_char() != ',')
+               break;
+             gcc_assert(!is_varargs);
+             imp->require_c_string(", ");
+           }
+       }
+      imp->require_c_string(")");
+
+      Typed_identifier_list* results;
+      if (imp->peek_char() != ' ')
+       results = NULL;
+      else
+       {
+         results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+         imp->advance(1);
+         if (imp->peek_char() != '(')
+           {
+             Type* rtype = imp->read_type();
+             results->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker,
+                                                 rtype, imp->location()));
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             imp->advance(1);
+             while (true)
+               {
+                 Type* rtype = imp->read_type();
+                 results->push_back(Typed_identifier(Import::import_marker,
+                                                     rtype, imp->location()));
+                 if (imp->peek_char() != ',')
+                   break;
+                 imp->require_c_string(", ");
+               }
+             imp->require_c_string(")");
+           }
+       }
+
+      Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, parameters,
+                                                      results,
+                                                      imp->location());
+      if (is_varargs)
+       fntype->set_is_varargs();
+      methods->push_back(Typed_identifier(name, fntype, imp->location()));
+
+      imp->require_c_string("; ");
+    }
+
+  imp->require_c_string("}");
+
+  if (methods->empty())
+    {
+      delete methods;
+      methods = NULL;
+    }
+
+  return Type::make_interface_type(methods, imp->location());
+}
+
+// Make an interface type.
+
+Interface_type*
+Type::make_interface_type(Typed_identifier_list* methods,
+                         source_location location)
+{
+  return new Interface_type(methods, location);
+}
+
+// Class Method.
+
+// Bind a method to an object.
+
+Expression*
+Method::bind_method(Expression* expr, source_location location) const
+{
+  if (this->stub_ == NULL)
+    {
+      // When there is no stub object, the binding is determined by
+      // the child class.
+      return this->do_bind_method(expr, location);
+    }
+
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(this->stub_, NULL,
+                                                    location);
+  return Expression::make_bound_method(expr, func, location);
+}
+
+// Return the named object associated with a method.  This may only be
+// called after methods are finalized.
+
+Named_object*
+Method::named_object() const
+{
+  if (this->stub_ != NULL)
+    return this->stub_;
+  return this->do_named_object();
+}
+
+// Class Named_method.
+
+// The type of the method.
+
+Function_type*
+Named_method::do_type() const
+{
+  if (this->named_object_->is_function())
+    return this->named_object_->func_value()->type();
+  else if (this->named_object_->is_function_declaration())
+    return this->named_object_->func_declaration_value()->type();
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Return the location of the method receiver.
+
+source_location
+Named_method::do_receiver_location() const
+{
+  return this->do_type()->receiver()->location();
+}
+
+// Bind a method to an object.
+
+Expression*
+Named_method::do_bind_method(Expression* expr, source_location location) const
+{
+  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(this->named_object_, NULL,
+                                                    location);
+  Bound_method_expression* bme = Expression::make_bound_method(expr, func,
+                                                              location);
+  // If this is not a local method, and it does not use a stub, then
+  // the real method expects a different type.  We need to cast the
+  // first argument.
+  if (this->depth() > 0 && !this->needs_stub_method())
+    {
+      Function_type* ftype = this->do_type();
+      gcc_assert(ftype->is_method());
+      Type* frtype = ftype->receiver()->type();
+      bme->set_first_argument_type(frtype);
+    }
+  return bme;
+}
+
+// Class Interface_method.
+
+// Bind a method to an object.
+
+Expression*
+Interface_method::do_bind_method(Expression* expr,
+                                source_location location) const
+{
+  return Expression::make_interface_field_reference(expr, this->name_,
+                                                   location);
+}
+
+// Class Methods.
+
+// Insert a new method.  Return true if it was inserted, false
+// otherwise.
+
+bool
+Methods::insert(const std::string& name, Method* m)
+{
+  std::pair<Method_map::iterator, bool> ins =
+    this->methods_.insert(std::make_pair(name, m));
+  if (ins.second)
+    return true;
+  else
+    {
+      Method* old_method = ins.first->second;
+      if (m->depth() < old_method->depth())
+       {
+         delete old_method;
+         ins.first->second = m;
+         return true;
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         if (m->depth() == old_method->depth())
+           old_method->set_is_ambiguous();
+         return false;
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Return the number of unambiguous methods.
+
+size_t
+Methods::count() const
+{
+  size_t ret = 0;
+  for (Method_map::const_iterator p = this->methods_.begin();
+       p != this->methods_.end();
+       ++p)
+    if (!p->second->is_ambiguous())
+      ++ret;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Class Named_type.
+
+// Return the name of the type.
+
+const std::string&
+Named_type::name() const
+{
+  return this->named_object_->name();
+}
+
+// Return the name of the type to use in an error message.
+
+std::string
+Named_type::message_name() const
+{
+  return this->named_object_->message_name();
+}
+
+// Return the base type for this type.  We have to be careful about
+// circular type definitions, which are invalid but may be seen here.
+
+Type*
+Named_type::named_base()
+{
+  if (this->seen_ > 0)
+    return this;
+  ++this->seen_;
+  Type* ret = this->type_->base();
+  --this->seen_;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+const Type*
+Named_type::named_base() const
+{
+  if (this->seen_ > 0)
+    return this;
+  ++this->seen_;
+  const Type* ret = this->type_->base();
+  --this->seen_;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return whether this is an error type.  We have to be careful about
+// circular type definitions, which are invalid but may be seen here.
+
+bool
+Named_type::is_named_error_type() const
+{
+  if (this->seen_ > 0)
+    return false;
+  ++this->seen_;
+  bool ret = this->type_->is_error_type();
+  --this->seen_;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Add a method to this type.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_type::add_method(const std::string& name, Function* function)
+{
+  if (this->local_methods_ == NULL)
+    this->local_methods_ = new Bindings(NULL);
+  return this->local_methods_->add_function(name, NULL, function);
+}
+
+// Add a method declaration to this type.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_type::add_method_declaration(const std::string& name, Package* package,
+                                  Function_type* type,
+                                  source_location location)
+{
+  if (this->local_methods_ == NULL)
+    this->local_methods_ = new Bindings(NULL);
+  return this->local_methods_->add_function_declaration(name, package, type,
+                                                       location);
+}
+
+// Add an existing method to this type.
+
+void
+Named_type::add_existing_method(Named_object* no)
+{
+  if (this->local_methods_ == NULL)
+    this->local_methods_ = new Bindings(NULL);
+  this->local_methods_->add_named_object(no);
+}
+
+// Look for a local method NAME, and returns its named object, or NULL
+// if not there.
+
+Named_object*
+Named_type::find_local_method(const std::string& name) const
+{
+  if (this->local_methods_ == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+  return this->local_methods_->lookup(name);
+}
+
+// Return whether NAME is an unexported field or method, for better
+// error reporting.
+
+bool
+Named_type::is_unexported_local_method(Gogo* gogo,
+                                      const std::string& name) const
+{
+  Bindings* methods = this->local_methods_;
+  if (methods != NULL)
+    {
+      for (Bindings::const_declarations_iterator p =
+            methods->begin_declarations();
+          p != methods->end_declarations();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (Gogo::is_hidden_name(p->first)
+             && name == Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(p->first)
+             && gogo->pack_hidden_name(name, false) != p->first)
+           return true;
+       }
+    }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Build the complete list of methods for this type, which means
+// recursively including all methods for anonymous fields.  Create all
+// stub methods.
+
+void
+Named_type::finalize_methods(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->all_methods_ != NULL)
+    return;
+
+  if (this->local_methods_ != NULL
+      && (this->points_to() != NULL || this->interface_type() != NULL))
+    {
+      const Bindings* lm = this->local_methods_;
+      for (Bindings::const_declarations_iterator p = lm->begin_declarations();
+          p != lm->end_declarations();
+          ++p)
+       error_at(p->second->location(),
+                "invalid pointer or interface receiver type");
+      delete this->local_methods_;
+      this->local_methods_ = NULL;
+      return;
+    }
+
+  Type::finalize_methods(gogo, this, this->location_, &this->all_methods_);
+}
+
+// Return the method NAME, or NULL if there isn't one or if it is
+// ambiguous.  Set *IS_AMBIGUOUS if the method exists but is
+// ambiguous.
+
+Method*
+Named_type::method_function(const std::string& name, bool* is_ambiguous) const
+{
+  return Type::method_function(this->all_methods_, name, is_ambiguous);
+}
+
+// Return a pointer to the interface method table for this type for
+// the interface INTERFACE.  IS_POINTER is true if this is for a
+// pointer to THIS.
+
+tree
+Named_type::interface_method_table(Gogo* gogo, const Interface_type* interface,
+                                  bool is_pointer)
+{
+  gcc_assert(!interface->is_empty());
+
+  Interface_method_tables** pimt = (is_pointer
+                                   ? &this->interface_method_tables_
+                                   : &this->pointer_interface_method_tables_);
+
+  if (*pimt == NULL)
+    *pimt = new Interface_method_tables(5);
+
+  std::pair<const Interface_type*, tree> val(interface, NULL_TREE);
+  std::pair<Interface_method_tables::iterator, bool> ins = (*pimt)->insert(val);
+
+  if (ins.second)
+    {
+      // This is a new entry in the hash table.
+      gcc_assert(ins.first->second == NULL_TREE);
+      ins.first->second = gogo->interface_method_table_for_type(interface,
+                                                               this,
+                                                               is_pointer);
+    }
+
+  tree decl = ins.first->second;
+  if (decl == error_mark_node)
+    return error_mark_node;
+  gcc_assert(decl != NULL_TREE && TREE_CODE(decl) == VAR_DECL);
+  return build_fold_addr_expr(decl);
+}
+
+// Return whether a named type has any hidden fields.
+
+bool
+Named_type::named_type_has_hidden_fields(std::string* reason) const
+{
+  if (this->seen_ > 0)
+    return false;
+  ++this->seen_;
+  bool ret = this->type_->has_hidden_fields(this, reason);
+  --this->seen_;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Look for a use of a complete type within another type.  This is
+// used to check that we don't try to use a type within itself.
+
+class Find_type_use : public Traverse
+{
+ public:
+  Find_type_use(Named_type* find_type)
+    : Traverse(traverse_types),
+      find_type_(find_type), found_(false)
+  { }
+
+  // Whether we found the type.
+  bool
+  found() const
+  { return this->found_; }
+
+ protected:
+  int
+  type(Type*);
+
+ private:
+  // The type we are looking for.
+  Named_type* find_type_;
+  // Whether we found the type.
+  bool found_;
+};
+
+// Check for FIND_TYPE in TYPE.
+
+int
+Find_type_use::type(Type* type)
+{
+  if (type->named_type() != NULL && this->find_type_ == type->named_type())
+    {
+      this->found_ = true;
+      return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+
+  // It's OK if we see a reference to the type in any type which is
+  // essentially a pointer: a pointer, a slice, a function, a map, or
+  // a channel.
+  if (type->points_to() != NULL
+      || type->is_open_array_type()
+      || type->function_type() != NULL
+      || type->map_type() != NULL
+      || type->channel_type() != NULL)
+    return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+
+  // For an interface, a reference to the type in a method type should
+  // be ignored, but we have to consider direct inheritance.  When
+  // this is called, there may be cases of direct inheritance
+  // represented as a method with no name.
+  if (type->interface_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      const Typed_identifier_list* methods = type->interface_type()->methods();
+      if (methods != NULL)
+       {
+         for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = methods->begin();
+              p != methods->end();
+              ++p)
+           {
+             if (p->name().empty())
+               {
+                 if (Type::traverse(p->type(), this) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+                   return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+      return TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS;
+    }
+
+  // Otherwise, FIND_TYPE_ depends on TYPE, in the sense that we need
+  // to convert TYPE to the backend representation before we convert
+  // FIND_TYPE_.
+  if (type->named_type() != NULL)
+    {
+      switch (type->base()->classification())
+       {
+       case Type::TYPE_ERROR:
+       case Type::TYPE_BOOLEAN:
+       case Type::TYPE_INTEGER:
+       case Type::TYPE_FLOAT:
+       case Type::TYPE_COMPLEX:
+       case Type::TYPE_STRING:
+       case Type::TYPE_NIL:
+         break;
+
+       case Type::TYPE_ARRAY:
+       case Type::TYPE_STRUCT:
+         this->find_type_->add_dependency(type->named_type());
+         break;
+
+       case Type::TYPE_VOID:
+       case Type::TYPE_SINK:
+       case Type::TYPE_FUNCTION:
+       case Type::TYPE_POINTER:
+       case Type::TYPE_CALL_MULTIPLE_RESULT:
+       case Type::TYPE_MAP:
+       case Type::TYPE_CHANNEL:
+       case Type::TYPE_INTERFACE:
+       case Type::TYPE_NAMED:
+       case Type::TYPE_FORWARD:
+       default:
+         gcc_unreachable();
+       }
+    }
+
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Verify that a named type does not refer to itself.
+
+bool
+Named_type::do_verify()
+{
+  Find_type_use find(this);
+  Type::traverse(this->type_, &find);
+  if (find.found())
+    {
+      error_at(this->location_, "invalid recursive type %qs",
+              this->message_name().c_str());
+      this->is_error_ = true;
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  // Check whether any of the local methods overloads an existing
+  // struct field or interface method.  We don't need to check the
+  // list of methods against itself: that is handled by the Bindings
+  // code.
+  if (this->local_methods_ != NULL)
+    {
+      Struct_type* st = this->type_->struct_type();
+      Interface_type* it = this->type_->interface_type();
+      bool found_dup = false;
+      if (st != NULL || it != NULL)
+       {
+         for (Bindings::const_declarations_iterator p =
+                this->local_methods_->begin_declarations();
+              p != this->local_methods_->end_declarations();
+              ++p)
+           {
+             const std::string& name(p->first);
+             if (st != NULL && st->find_local_field(name, NULL) != NULL)
+               {
+                 error_at(p->second->location(),
+                          "method %qs redeclares struct field name",
+                          Gogo::message_name(name).c_str());
+                 found_dup = true;
+               }
+             if (it != NULL && it->find_method(name) != NULL)
+               {
+                 error_at(p->second->location(),
+                          "method %qs redeclares interface method name",
+                          Gogo::message_name(name).c_str());
+                 found_dup = true;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+      if (found_dup)
+       return false;
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Return whether this type is or contains a pointer.
+
+bool
+Named_type::do_has_pointer() const
+{
+  if (this->seen_ > 0)
+    return false;
+  ++this->seen_;
+  bool ret = this->type_->has_pointer();
+  --this->seen_;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Return a hash code.  This is used for method lookup.  We simply
+// hash on the name itself.
+
+unsigned int
+Named_type::do_hash_for_method(Gogo* gogo) const
+{
+  const std::string& name(this->named_object()->name());
+  unsigned int ret = Type::hash_string(name, 0);
+
+  // GOGO will be NULL here when called from Type_hash_identical.
+  // That is OK because that is only used for internal hash tables
+  // where we are going to be comparing named types for equality.  In
+  // other cases, which are cases where the runtime is going to
+  // compare hash codes to see if the types are the same, we need to
+  // include the package prefix and name in the hash.
+  if (gogo != NULL && !Gogo::is_hidden_name(name) && !this->is_builtin())
+    {
+      const Package* package = this->named_object()->package();
+      if (package == NULL)
+       {
+         ret = Type::hash_string(gogo->unique_prefix(), ret);
+         ret = Type::hash_string(gogo->package_name(), ret);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         ret = Type::hash_string(package->unique_prefix(), ret);
+         ret = Type::hash_string(package->name(), ret);
+       }
+    }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+// Convert a named type to the backend representation.  In order to
+// get dependencies right, we fill in a dummy structure for this type,
+// then convert all the dependencies, then complete this type.  When
+// this function is complete, the size of the type is known.
+
+void
+Named_type::convert(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->is_error_ || this->is_converted_)
+    return;
+
+  this->create_placeholder(gogo);
+
+  // Convert all the dependencies.  If they refer indirectly back to
+  // this type, they will pick up the intermediate tree we just
+  // created.
+  for (std::vector<Named_type*>::const_iterator p = this->dependencies_.begin();
+       p != this->dependencies_.end();
+       ++p)
+    (*p)->convert(gogo);
+
+  // Complete this type.
+  tree t = this->named_tree_;
+  Type* base = this->type_->base();
+  switch (base->classification())
+    {
+    case TYPE_VOID:
+    case TYPE_BOOLEAN:
+    case TYPE_INTEGER:
+    case TYPE_FLOAT:
+    case TYPE_COMPLEX:
+    case TYPE_STRING:
+    case TYPE_NIL:
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_MAP:
+    case TYPE_CHANNEL:
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_FUNCTION:
+    case TYPE_POINTER:
+      // The size of these types is already correct.
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_STRUCT:
+      t = base->struct_type()->fill_in_tree(gogo, t);
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_ARRAY:
+      if (!base->is_open_array_type())
+       t = base->array_type()->fill_in_array_tree(gogo, t);
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_INTERFACE:
+      if (!base->interface_type()->is_empty())
+       t = base->interface_type()->fill_in_tree(gogo, t);
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_ERROR:
+      return;
+
+    default:
+    case TYPE_SINK:
+    case TYPE_CALL_MULTIPLE_RESULT:
+    case TYPE_NAMED:
+    case TYPE_FORWARD:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  this->named_tree_ = t;
+
+  if (t == error_mark_node)
+    this->is_error_ = true;
+  else
+    gcc_assert(TYPE_SIZE(t) != NULL_TREE);
+
+  this->is_converted_ = true;
+}
+
+// Create the placeholder for a named type.  This is the first step in
+// converting to the backend representation.
+
+void
+Named_type::create_placeholder(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->is_error_)
+    this->named_tree_ = error_mark_node;
+
+  if (this->named_tree_ != NULL_TREE)
+    return;
+
+  // Create the structure for this type.  Note that because we call
+  // base() here, we don't attempt to represent a named type defined
+  // as another named type.  Instead both named types will point to
+  // different base representations.
+  Type* base = this->type_->base();
+  tree t;
+  switch (base->classification())
+    {
+    case TYPE_ERROR:
+      this->is_error_ = true;
+      this->named_tree_ = error_mark_node;
+      return;
+
+    case TYPE_VOID:
+    case TYPE_BOOLEAN:
+    case TYPE_INTEGER:
+    case TYPE_FLOAT:
+    case TYPE_COMPLEX:
+    case TYPE_STRING:
+    case TYPE_NIL:
+      // These are simple basic types, we can just create them
+      // directly.
+      t = Type::get_named_type_tree(gogo, base);
+      if (t == error_mark_node)
+       {
+         this->is_error_ = true;
+         this->named_tree_ = error_mark_node;
+         return;
+       }
+      t = build_variant_type_copy(t);
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_MAP:
+    case TYPE_CHANNEL:
+      // All maps and channels have the same type in GENERIC.
+      t = Type::get_named_type_tree(gogo, base);
+      if (t == error_mark_node)
+       {
+         this->is_error_ = true;
+         this->named_tree_ = error_mark_node;
+         return;
+       }
+      t = build_variant_type_copy(t);
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_FUNCTION:
+    case TYPE_POINTER:
+      t = build_variant_type_copy(ptr_type_node);
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_STRUCT:
+      t = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_ARRAY:
+      if (base->is_open_array_type())
+       t = gogo->slice_type_tree(void_type_node);
+      else
+       t = make_node(ARRAY_TYPE);
+      break;
+
+    case TYPE_INTERFACE:
+      if (base->interface_type()->is_empty())
+       {
+         t = Interface_type::empty_type_tree(gogo);
+         t = build_variant_type_copy(t);
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         source_location loc = base->interface_type()->location();
+         t = Interface_type::non_empty_type_tree(loc);
+       }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+    case TYPE_SINK:
+    case TYPE_CALL_MULTIPLE_RESULT:
+    case TYPE_NAMED:
+    case TYPE_FORWARD:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  // Create the named type.
+
+  tree id = this->named_object_->get_id(gogo);
+  tree decl = build_decl(this->location_, TYPE_DECL, id, t);
+  TYPE_NAME(t) = decl;
+
+  this->named_tree_ = t;
+}
+
+// Get a tree for a named type.
+
+tree
+Named_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->is_error_)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  tree t = this->named_tree_;
+
+  // FIXME: GOGO can be NULL when called from go_type_for_size, which
+  // is only used for basic types.
+  if (gogo == NULL || !gogo->named_types_are_converted())
+    {
+      // We have not completed converting named types.  NAMED_TREE_ is
+      // a placeholder and we shouldn't do anything further.
+      if (t != NULL_TREE)
+       return t;
+
+      // We don't build dependencies for types whose sizes do not
+      // change or are not relevant, so we may see them here while
+      // converting types.
+      this->create_placeholder(gogo);
+      t = this->named_tree_;
+      gcc_assert(t != NULL_TREE);
+      return t;
+    }
+
+  // We are not converting types.  This should only be called if the
+  // type has already been converted.
+  if (!this->is_converted_)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  gcc_assert(t != NULL_TREE && TYPE_SIZE(t) != NULL_TREE);
+
+  // Complete the tree.
+  Type* base = this->type_->base();
+  tree t1;
+  switch (base->classification())
+    {
+    case TYPE_ERROR:
+      return error_mark_node;
+
+    case TYPE_VOID:
+    case TYPE_BOOLEAN:
+    case TYPE_INTEGER:
+    case TYPE_FLOAT:
+    case TYPE_COMPLEX:
+    case TYPE_STRING:
+    case TYPE_NIL:
+    case TYPE_MAP:
+    case TYPE_CHANNEL:
+    case TYPE_STRUCT:
+    case TYPE_INTERFACE:
+      return t;
+
+    case TYPE_FUNCTION:
+      // Don't build a circular data structure.  GENERIC can't handle
+      // it.
+      if (this->seen_ > 0)
+       {
+         this->is_circular_ = true;
+         return ptr_type_node;
+       }
+      ++this->seen_;
+      t1 = Type::get_named_type_tree(gogo, base);
+      --this->seen_;
+      if (t1 == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      if (this->is_circular_)
+       t1 = ptr_type_node;
+      gcc_assert(t != NULL_TREE && TREE_CODE(t) == POINTER_TYPE);
+      gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(t1) == POINTER_TYPE);
+      TREE_TYPE(t) = TREE_TYPE(t1);
+      return t;
+
+    case TYPE_POINTER:
+      // Don't build a circular data structure. GENERIC can't handle
+      // it.
+      if (this->seen_ > 0)
+       {
+         this->is_circular_ = true;
+         return ptr_type_node;
+       }
+      ++this->seen_;
+      t1 = Type::get_named_type_tree(gogo, base);
+      --this->seen_;
+      if (t1 == error_mark_node)
+       return error_mark_node;
+      if (this->is_circular_)
+       t1 = ptr_type_node;
+      gcc_assert(t != NULL_TREE && TREE_CODE(t) == POINTER_TYPE);
+      gcc_assert(TREE_CODE(t1) == POINTER_TYPE);
+      TREE_TYPE(t) = TREE_TYPE(t1);
+      return t;
+
+    case TYPE_ARRAY:
+      if (base->is_open_array_type())
+       {
+         if (this->seen_ > 0)
+           return t;
+         else
+           {
+             ++this->seen_;
+             t = base->array_type()->fill_in_slice_tree(gogo, t);
+             --this->seen_;
+           }
+       }
+      return t;
+
+    default:
+    case TYPE_SINK:
+    case TYPE_CALL_MULTIPLE_RESULT:
+    case TYPE_NAMED:
+    case TYPE_FORWARD:
+      gcc_unreachable();
+    }
+
+  gcc_unreachable();
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for a named type.
+
+Expression*
+Named_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  // If NAME is not NULL, then we don't really want the type
+  // descriptor for this type; we want the descriptor for the
+  // underlying type, giving it the name NAME.
+  return this->named_type_descriptor(gogo, this->type_,
+                                    name == NULL ? this : name);
+}
+
+// Add to the reflection string.  This is used mostly for the name of
+// the type used in a type descriptor, not for actual reflection
+// strings.
+
+void
+Named_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  if (this->location() != BUILTINS_LOCATION)
+    {
+      const Package* package = this->named_object_->package();
+      if (package != NULL)
+       ret->append(package->name());
+      else
+       ret->append(gogo->package_name());
+      ret->push_back('.');
+    }
+  if (this->in_function_ != NULL)
+    {
+      ret->append(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(this->in_function_->name()));
+      ret->push_back('$');
+    }
+  ret->append(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(this->named_object_->name()));
+}
+
+// Get the mangled name.
+
+void
+Named_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  Named_object* no = this->named_object_;
+  std::string name;
+  if (this->location() == BUILTINS_LOCATION)
+    gcc_assert(this->in_function_ == NULL);
+  else
+    {
+      const std::string& unique_prefix(no->package() == NULL
+                                      ? gogo->unique_prefix()
+                                      : no->package()->unique_prefix());
+      const std::string& package_name(no->package() == NULL
+                                     ? gogo->package_name()
+                                     : no->package()->name());
+      name = unique_prefix;
+      name.append(1, '.');
+      name.append(package_name);
+      name.append(1, '.');
+      if (this->in_function_ != NULL)
+       {
+         name.append(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(this->in_function_->name()));
+         name.append(1, '$');
+       }
+    }
+  name.append(Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(no->name()));
+  char buf[20];
+  snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "N%u_", static_cast<unsigned int>(name.length()));
+  ret->append(buf);
+  ret->append(name);
+}
+
+// Export the type.  This is called to export a global type.
+
+void
+Named_type::export_named_type(Export* exp, const std::string&) const
+{
+  // We don't need to write the name of the type here, because it will
+  // be written by Export::write_type anyhow.
+  exp->write_c_string("type ");
+  exp->write_type(this);
+  exp->write_c_string(";\n");
+}
+
+// Import a named type.
+
+void
+Named_type::import_named_type(Import* imp, Named_type** ptype)
+{
+  imp->require_c_string("type ");
+  Type *type = imp->read_type();
+  *ptype = type->named_type();
+  gcc_assert(*ptype != NULL);
+  imp->require_c_string(";\n");
+}
+
+// Export the type when it is referenced by another type.  In this
+// case Export::export_type will already have issued the name.
+
+void
+Named_type::do_export(Export* exp) const
+{
+  exp->write_type(this->type_);
+
+  // To save space, we only export the methods directly attached to
+  // this type.
+  Bindings* methods = this->local_methods_;
+  if (methods == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  exp->write_c_string("\n");
+  for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator p = methods->begin_definitions();
+       p != methods->end_definitions();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      exp->write_c_string(" ");
+      (*p)->export_named_object(exp);
+    }
+
+  for (Bindings::const_declarations_iterator p = methods->begin_declarations();
+       p != methods->end_declarations();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (p->second->is_function_declaration())
+       {
+         exp->write_c_string(" ");
+         p->second->export_named_object(exp);
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Make a named type.
+
+Named_type*
+Type::make_named_type(Named_object* named_object, Type* type,
+                     source_location location)
+{
+  return new Named_type(named_object, type, location);
+}
+
+// Finalize the methods for TYPE.  It will be a named type or a struct
+// type.  This sets *ALL_METHODS to the list of methods, and builds
+// all required stubs.
+
+void
+Type::finalize_methods(Gogo* gogo, const Type* type, source_location location,
+                      Methods** all_methods)
+{
+  *all_methods = NULL;
+  Types_seen types_seen;
+  Type::add_methods_for_type(type, NULL, 0, false, false, &types_seen,
+                            all_methods);
+  Type::build_stub_methods(gogo, type, *all_methods, location);
+}
+
+// Add the methods for TYPE to *METHODS.  FIELD_INDEXES is used to
+// build up the struct field indexes as we go.  DEPTH is the depth of
+// the field within TYPE.  IS_EMBEDDED_POINTER is true if we are
+// adding these methods for an anonymous field with pointer type.
+// NEEDS_STUB_METHOD is true if we need to use a stub method which
+// calls the real method.  TYPES_SEEN is used to avoid infinite
+// recursion.
+
+void
+Type::add_methods_for_type(const Type* type,
+                          const Method::Field_indexes* field_indexes,
+                          unsigned int depth,
+                          bool is_embedded_pointer,
+                          bool needs_stub_method,
+                          Types_seen* types_seen,
+                          Methods** methods)
+{
+  // Pointer types may not have methods.
+  if (type->points_to() != NULL)
+    return;
+
+  const Named_type* nt = type->named_type();
+  if (nt != NULL)
+    {
+      std::pair<Types_seen::iterator, bool> ins = types_seen->insert(nt);
+      if (!ins.second)
+       return;
+    }
+
+  if (nt != NULL)
+    Type::add_local_methods_for_type(nt, field_indexes, depth,
+                                    is_embedded_pointer, needs_stub_method,
+                                    methods);
+
+  Type::add_embedded_methods_for_type(type, field_indexes, depth,
+                                     is_embedded_pointer, needs_stub_method,
+                                     types_seen, methods);
+
+  // If we are called with depth > 0, then we are looking at an
+  // anonymous field of a struct.  If such a field has interface type,
+  // then we need to add the interface methods.  We don't want to add
+  // them when depth == 0, because we will already handle them
+  // following the usual rules for an interface type.
+  if (depth > 0)
+    Type::add_interface_methods_for_type(type, field_indexes, depth, methods);
+}
+
+// Add the local methods for the named type NT to *METHODS.  The
+// parameters are as for add_methods_to_type.
+
+void
+Type::add_local_methods_for_type(const Named_type* nt,
+                                const Method::Field_indexes* field_indexes,
+                                unsigned int depth,
+                                bool is_embedded_pointer,
+                                bool needs_stub_method,
+                                Methods** methods)
+{
+  const Bindings* local_methods = nt->local_methods();
+  if (local_methods == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  if (*methods == NULL)
+    *methods = new Methods();
+
+  for (Bindings::const_declarations_iterator p =
+        local_methods->begin_declarations();
+       p != local_methods->end_declarations();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Named_object* no = p->second;
+      bool is_value_method = (is_embedded_pointer
+                             || !Type::method_expects_pointer(no));
+      Method* m = new Named_method(no, field_indexes, depth, is_value_method,
+                                  (needs_stub_method
+                                   || (depth > 0 && is_value_method)));
+      if (!(*methods)->insert(no->name(), m))
+       delete m;
+    }
+}
+
+// Add the embedded methods for TYPE to *METHODS.  These are the
+// methods attached to anonymous fields.  The parameters are as for
+// add_methods_to_type.
+
+void
+Type::add_embedded_methods_for_type(const Type* type,
+                                   const Method::Field_indexes* field_indexes,
+                                   unsigned int depth,
+                                   bool is_embedded_pointer,
+                                   bool needs_stub_method,
+                                   Types_seen* types_seen,
+                                   Methods** methods)
+{
+  // Look for anonymous fields in TYPE.  TYPE has fields if it is a
+  // struct.
+  const Struct_type* st = type->struct_type();
+  if (st == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = st->fields();
+  if (fields == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  unsigned int i = 0;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf, ++i)
+    {
+      if (!pf->is_anonymous())
+       continue;
+
+      Type* ftype = pf->type();
+      bool is_pointer = false;
+      if (ftype->points_to() != NULL)
+       {
+         ftype = ftype->points_to();
+         is_pointer = true;
+       }
+      Named_type* fnt = ftype->named_type();
+      if (fnt == NULL)
+       {
+         // This is an error, but it will be diagnosed elsewhere.
+         continue;
+       }
+
+      Method::Field_indexes* sub_field_indexes = new Method::Field_indexes();
+      sub_field_indexes->next = field_indexes;
+      sub_field_indexes->field_index = i;
+
+      Type::add_methods_for_type(fnt, sub_field_indexes, depth + 1,
+                                (is_embedded_pointer || is_pointer),
+                                (needs_stub_method
+                                 || is_pointer
+                                 || i > 0),
+                                types_seen,
+                                methods);
+    }
+}
+
+// If TYPE is an interface type, then add its method to *METHODS.
+// This is for interface methods attached to an anonymous field.  The
+// parameters are as for add_methods_for_type.
+
+void
+Type::add_interface_methods_for_type(const Type* type,
+                                    const Method::Field_indexes* field_indexes,
+                                    unsigned int depth,
+                                    Methods** methods)
+{
+  const Interface_type* it = type->interface_type();
+  if (it == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  const Typed_identifier_list* imethods = it->methods();
+  if (imethods == NULL)
+    return;
+
+  if (*methods == NULL)
+    *methods = new Methods();
+
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pm = imethods->begin();
+       pm != imethods->end();
+       ++pm)
+    {
+      Function_type* fntype = pm->type()->function_type();
+      if (fntype == NULL)
+       {
+         // This is an error, but it should be reported elsewhere
+         // when we look at the methods for IT.
+         continue;
+       }
+      gcc_assert(!fntype->is_method());
+      fntype = fntype->copy_with_receiver(const_cast<Type*>(type));
+      Method* m = new Interface_method(pm->name(), pm->location(), fntype,
+                                      field_indexes, depth);
+      if (!(*methods)->insert(pm->name(), m))
+       delete m;
+    }
+}
+
+// Build stub methods for TYPE as needed.  METHODS is the set of
+// methods for the type.  A stub method may be needed when a type
+// inherits a method from an anonymous field.  When we need the
+// address of the method, as in a type descriptor, we need to build a
+// little stub which does the required field dereferences and jumps to
+// the real method.  LOCATION is the location of the type definition.
+
+void
+Type::build_stub_methods(Gogo* gogo, const Type* type, const Methods* methods,
+                        source_location location)
+{
+  if (methods == NULL)
+    return;
+  for (Methods::const_iterator p = methods->begin();
+       p != methods->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      Method* m = p->second;
+      if (m->is_ambiguous() || !m->needs_stub_method())
+       continue;
+
+      const std::string& name(p->first);
+
+      // Build a stub method.
+
+      const Function_type* fntype = m->type();
+
+      static unsigned int counter;
+      char buf[100];
+      snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "$this%u", counter);
+      ++counter;
+
+      Type* receiver_type = const_cast<Type*>(type);
+      if (!m->is_value_method())
+       receiver_type = Type::make_pointer_type(receiver_type);
+      source_location receiver_location = m->receiver_location();
+      Typed_identifier* receiver = new Typed_identifier(buf, receiver_type,
+                                                       receiver_location);
+
+      const Typed_identifier_list* fnparams = fntype->parameters();
+      Typed_identifier_list* stub_params;
+      if (fnparams == NULL || fnparams->empty())
+       stub_params = NULL;
+      else
+       {
+         // We give each stub parameter a unique name.
+         stub_params = new Typed_identifier_list();
+         for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pp = fnparams->begin();
+              pp != fnparams->end();
+              ++pp)
+           {
+             char pbuf[100];
+             snprintf(pbuf, sizeof pbuf, "$p%u", counter);
+             stub_params->push_back(Typed_identifier(pbuf, pp->type(),
+                                                     pp->location()));
+             ++counter;
+           }
+       }
+
+      const Typed_identifier_list* fnresults = fntype->results();
+      Typed_identifier_list* stub_results;
+      if (fnresults == NULL || fnresults->empty())
+       stub_results = NULL;
+      else
+       {
+         // We create the result parameters without any names, since
+         // we won't refer to them.
+         stub_results = new Typed_identifier_list();
+         for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pr = fnresults->begin();
+              pr != fnresults->end();
+              ++pr)
+           stub_results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", pr->type(),
+                                                    pr->location()));
+       }
+
+      Function_type* stub_type = Type::make_function_type(receiver,
+                                                         stub_params,
+                                                         stub_results,
+                                                         fntype->location());
+      if (fntype->is_varargs())
+       stub_type->set_is_varargs();
+
+      // We only create the function in the package which creates the
+      // type.
+      const Package* package;
+      if (type->named_type() == NULL)
+       package = NULL;
+      else
+       package = type->named_type()->named_object()->package();
+      Named_object* stub;
+      if (package != NULL)
+       stub = Named_object::make_function_declaration(name, package,
+                                                      stub_type, location);
+      else
+       {
+         stub = gogo->start_function(name, stub_type, false,
+                                     fntype->location());
+         Type::build_one_stub_method(gogo, m, buf, stub_params,
+                                     fntype->is_varargs(), location);
+         gogo->finish_function(fntype->location());
+       }
+
+      m->set_stub_object(stub);
+    }
+}
+
+// Build a stub method which adjusts the receiver as required to call
+// METHOD.  RECEIVER_NAME is the name we used for the receiver.
+// PARAMS is the list of function parameters.
+
+void
+Type::build_one_stub_method(Gogo* gogo, Method* method,
+                           const char* receiver_name,
+                           const Typed_identifier_list* params,
+                           bool is_varargs,
+                           source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* receiver_object = gogo->lookup(receiver_name, NULL);
+  gcc_assert(receiver_object != NULL);
+
+  Expression* expr = Expression::make_var_reference(receiver_object, location);
+  expr = Type::apply_field_indexes(expr, method->field_indexes(), location);
+  if (expr->type()->points_to() == NULL)
+    expr = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, expr, location);
+
+  Expression_list* arguments;
+  if (params == NULL || params->empty())
+    arguments = NULL;
+  else
+    {
+      arguments = new Expression_list();
+      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = params->begin();
+          p != params->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         Named_object* param = gogo->lookup(p->name(), NULL);
+         gcc_assert(param != NULL);
+         Expression* param_ref = Expression::make_var_reference(param,
+                                                                location);
+         arguments->push_back(param_ref);
+       }
+    }
+
+  Expression* func = method->bind_method(expr, location);
+  gcc_assert(func != NULL);
+  Call_expression* call = Expression::make_call(func, arguments, is_varargs,
+                                               location);
+  size_t count = call->result_count();
+  if (count == 0)
+    gogo->add_statement(Statement::make_statement(call));
+  else
+    {
+      Expression_list* retvals = new Expression_list();
+      if (count <= 1)
+       retvals->push_back(call);
+      else
+       {
+         for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i)
+           retvals->push_back(Expression::make_call_result(call, i));
+       }
+      const Function* function = gogo->current_function()->func_value();
+      const Typed_identifier_list* results = function->type()->results();
+      Statement* retstat = Statement::make_return_statement(results, retvals,
+                                                           location);
+      gogo->add_statement(retstat);
+    }
+}
+
+// Apply FIELD_INDEXES to EXPR.  The field indexes have to be applied
+// in reverse order.
+
+Expression*
+Type::apply_field_indexes(Expression* expr,
+                         const Method::Field_indexes* field_indexes,
+                         source_location location)
+{
+  if (field_indexes == NULL)
+    return expr;
+  expr = Type::apply_field_indexes(expr, field_indexes->next, location);
+  Struct_type* stype = expr->type()->deref()->struct_type();
+  gcc_assert(stype != NULL
+            && field_indexes->field_index < stype->field_count());
+  if (expr->type()->struct_type() == NULL)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(expr->type()->points_to() != NULL);
+      expr = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, expr, location);
+      gcc_assert(expr->type()->struct_type() == stype);
+    }
+  return Expression::make_field_reference(expr, field_indexes->field_index,
+                                         location);
+}
+
+// Return whether NO is a method for which the receiver is a pointer.
+
+bool
+Type::method_expects_pointer(const Named_object* no)
+{
+  const Function_type *fntype;
+  if (no->is_function())
+    fntype = no->func_value()->type();
+  else if (no->is_function_declaration())
+    fntype = no->func_declaration_value()->type();
+  else
+    gcc_unreachable();
+  return fntype->receiver()->type()->points_to() != NULL;
+}
+
+// Given a set of methods for a type, METHODS, return the method NAME,
+// or NULL if there isn't one or if it is ambiguous.  If IS_AMBIGUOUS
+// is not NULL, then set *IS_AMBIGUOUS to true if the method exists
+// but is ambiguous (and return NULL).
+
+Method*
+Type::method_function(const Methods* methods, const std::string& name,
+                     bool* is_ambiguous)
+{
+  if (is_ambiguous != NULL)
+    *is_ambiguous = false;
+  if (methods == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+  Methods::const_iterator p = methods->find(name);
+  if (p == methods->end())
+    return NULL;
+  Method* m = p->second;
+  if (m->is_ambiguous())
+    {
+      if (is_ambiguous != NULL)
+       *is_ambiguous = true;
+      return NULL;
+    }
+  return m;
+}
+
+// Look for field or method NAME for TYPE.  Return an Expression for
+// the field or method bound to EXPR.  If there is no such field or
+// method, give an appropriate error and return an error expression.
+
+Expression*
+Type::bind_field_or_method(Gogo* gogo, const Type* type, Expression* expr,
+                          const std::string& name,
+                          source_location location)
+{
+  if (type->deref()->is_error_type())
+    return Expression::make_error(location);
+
+  const Named_type* nt = type->deref()->named_type();
+  const Struct_type* st = type->deref()->struct_type();
+  const Interface_type* it = type->deref()->interface_type();
+
+  // If this is a pointer to a pointer, then it is possible that the
+  // pointed-to type has methods.
+  if (nt == NULL
+      && st == NULL
+      && it == NULL
+      && type->points_to() != NULL
+      && type->points_to()->points_to() != NULL)
+    {
+      expr = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, expr, location);
+      type = type->points_to();
+      if (type->deref()->is_error_type())
+       return Expression::make_error(location);
+      nt = type->points_to()->named_type();
+      st = type->points_to()->struct_type();
+      it = type->points_to()->interface_type();
+    }
+
+  bool receiver_can_be_pointer = (expr->type()->points_to() != NULL
+                                 || expr->is_addressable());
+  std::vector<const Named_type*> seen;
+  bool is_method = false;
+  bool found_pointer_method = false;
+  std::string ambig1;
+  std::string ambig2;
+  if (Type::find_field_or_method(type, name, receiver_can_be_pointer,
+                                &seen, NULL, &is_method,
+                                &found_pointer_method, &ambig1, &ambig2))
+    {
+      Expression* ret;
+      if (!is_method)
+       {
+         gcc_assert(st != NULL);
+         if (type->struct_type() == NULL)
+           {
+             gcc_assert(type->points_to() != NULL);
+             expr = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, expr,
+                                           location);
+             gcc_assert(expr->type()->struct_type() == st);
+           }
+         ret = st->field_reference(expr, name, location);
+       }
+      else if (it != NULL && it->find_method(name) != NULL)
+       ret = Expression::make_interface_field_reference(expr, name,
+                                                        location);
+      else
+       {
+         Method* m;
+         if (nt != NULL)
+           m = nt->method_function(name, NULL);
+         else if (st != NULL)
+           m = st->method_function(name, NULL);
+         else
+           gcc_unreachable();
+         gcc_assert(m != NULL);
+         if (!m->is_value_method() && expr->type()->points_to() == NULL)
+           expr = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, expr, location);
+         ret = m->bind_method(expr, location);
+       }
+      gcc_assert(ret != NULL);
+      return ret;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (!ambig1.empty())
+       error_at(location, "%qs is ambiguous via %qs and %qs",
+                Gogo::message_name(name).c_str(),
+                Gogo::message_name(ambig1).c_str(),
+                Gogo::message_name(ambig2).c_str());
+      else if (found_pointer_method)
+       error_at(location, "method requires a pointer");
+      else if (nt == NULL && st == NULL && it == NULL)
+       error_at(location,
+                ("reference to field %qs in object which "
+                 "has no fields or methods"),
+                Gogo::message_name(name).c_str());
+      else
+       {
+         bool is_unexported;
+         if (!Gogo::is_hidden_name(name))
+           is_unexported = false;
+         else
+           {
+             std::string unpacked = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(name);
+             seen.clear();
+             is_unexported = Type::is_unexported_field_or_method(gogo, type,
+                                                                 unpacked,
+                                                                 &seen);
+           }
+         if (is_unexported)
+           error_at(location, "reference to unexported field or method %qs",
+                    Gogo::message_name(name).c_str());
+         else
+           error_at(location, "reference to undefined field or method %qs",
+                    Gogo::message_name(name).c_str());
+       }
+      return Expression::make_error(location);
+    }
+}
+
+// Look in TYPE for a field or method named NAME, return true if one
+// is found.  This looks through embedded anonymous fields and handles
+// ambiguity.  If a method is found, sets *IS_METHOD to true;
+// otherwise, if a field is found, set it to false.  If
+// RECEIVER_CAN_BE_POINTER is false, then the receiver is a value
+// whose address can not be taken.  SEEN is used to avoid infinite
+// recursion on invalid types.
+
+// When returning false, this sets *FOUND_POINTER_METHOD if we found a
+// method we couldn't use because it requires a pointer.  LEVEL is
+// used for recursive calls, and can be NULL for a non-recursive call.
+// When this function returns false because it finds that the name is
+// ambiguous, it will store a path to the ambiguous names in *AMBIG1
+// and *AMBIG2.  If the name is not found at all, *AMBIG1 and *AMBIG2
+// will be unchanged.
+
+// This function just returns whether or not there is a field or
+// method, and whether it is a field or method.  It doesn't build an
+// expression to refer to it.  If it is a method, we then look in the
+// list of all methods for the type.  If it is a field, the search has
+// to be done again, looking only for fields, and building up the
+// expression as we go.
+
+bool
+Type::find_field_or_method(const Type* type,
+                          const std::string& name,
+                          bool receiver_can_be_pointer,
+                          std::vector<const Named_type*>* seen,
+                          int* level,
+                          bool* is_method,
+                          bool* found_pointer_method,
+                          std::string* ambig1,
+                          std::string* ambig2)
+{
+  // Named types can have locally defined methods.
+  const Named_type* nt = type->named_type();
+  if (nt == NULL && type->points_to() != NULL)
+    nt = type->points_to()->named_type();
+  if (nt != NULL)
+    {
+      Named_object* no = nt->find_local_method(name);
+      if (no != NULL)
+       {
+         if (receiver_can_be_pointer || !Type::method_expects_pointer(no))
+           {
+             *is_method = true;
+             return true;
+           }
+
+         // Record that we have found a pointer method in order to
+         // give a better error message if we don't find anything
+         // else.
+         *found_pointer_method = true;
+       }
+
+      for (std::vector<const Named_type*>::const_iterator p = seen->begin();
+          p != seen->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (*p == nt)
+           {
+             // We've already seen this type when searching for methods.
+             return false;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Interface types can have methods.
+  const Interface_type* it = type->deref()->interface_type();
+  if (it != NULL && it->find_method(name) != NULL)
+    {
+      *is_method = true;
+      return true;
+    }
+
+  // Struct types can have fields.  They can also inherit fields and
+  // methods from anonymous fields.
+  const Struct_type* st = type->deref()->struct_type();
+  if (st == NULL)
+    return false;
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = st->fields();
+  if (fields == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  if (nt != NULL)
+    seen->push_back(nt);
+
+  int found_level = 0;
+  bool found_is_method = false;
+  std::string found_ambig1;
+  std::string found_ambig2;
+  const Struct_field* found_parent = NULL;
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf)
+    {
+      if (pf->field_name() == name)
+       {
+         *is_method = false;
+         if (nt != NULL)
+           seen->pop_back();
+         return true;
+       }
+
+      if (!pf->is_anonymous())
+       continue;
+
+      if (pf->type()->deref()->is_error_type()
+         || pf->type()->deref()->is_undefined())
+       continue;
+
+      Named_type* fnt = pf->type()->named_type();
+      if (fnt == NULL)
+       fnt = pf->type()->deref()->named_type();
+      gcc_assert(fnt != NULL);
+
+      int sublevel = level == NULL ? 1 : *level + 1;
+      bool sub_is_method;
+      std::string subambig1;
+      std::string subambig2;
+      bool subfound = Type::find_field_or_method(fnt,
+                                                name,
+                                                receiver_can_be_pointer,
+                                                seen,
+                                                &sublevel,
+                                                &sub_is_method,
+                                                found_pointer_method,
+                                                &subambig1,
+                                                &subambig2);
+      if (!subfound)
+       {
+         if (!subambig1.empty())
+           {
+             // The name was found via this field, but is ambiguous.
+             // if the ambiguity is lower or at the same level as
+             // anything else we have already found, then we want to
+             // pass the ambiguity back to the caller.
+             if (found_level == 0 || sublevel <= found_level)
+               {
+                 found_ambig1 = pf->field_name() + '.' + subambig1;
+                 found_ambig2 = pf->field_name() + '.' + subambig2;
+                 found_level = sublevel;
+               }
+           }
+       }
+      else
+       {
+         // The name was found via this field.  Use the level to see
+         // if we want to use this one, or whether it introduces an
+         // ambiguity.
+         if (found_level == 0 || sublevel < found_level)
+           {
+             found_level = sublevel;
+             found_is_method = sub_is_method;
+             found_ambig1.clear();
+             found_ambig2.clear();
+             found_parent = &*pf;
+           }
+         else if (sublevel > found_level)
+           ;
+         else if (found_ambig1.empty())
+           {
+             // We found an ambiguity.
+             gcc_assert(found_parent != NULL);
+             found_ambig1 = found_parent->field_name();
+             found_ambig2 = pf->field_name();
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             // We found an ambiguity, but we already know of one.
+             // Just report the earlier one.
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  // Here if we didn't find anything FOUND_LEVEL is 0.  If we found
+  // something ambiguous, FOUND_LEVEL is not 0 and FOUND_AMBIG1 and
+  // FOUND_AMBIG2 are not empty.  If we found the field, FOUND_LEVEL
+  // is not 0 and FOUND_AMBIG1 and FOUND_AMBIG2 are empty.
+
+  if (nt != NULL)
+    seen->pop_back();
+
+  if (found_level == 0)
+    return false;
+  else if (!found_ambig1.empty())
+    {
+      gcc_assert(!found_ambig1.empty());
+      ambig1->assign(found_ambig1);
+      ambig2->assign(found_ambig2);
+      if (level != NULL)
+       *level = found_level;
+      return false;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (level != NULL)
+       *level = found_level;
+      *is_method = found_is_method;
+      return true;
+    }
+}
+
+// Return whether NAME is an unexported field or method for TYPE.
+
+bool
+Type::is_unexported_field_or_method(Gogo* gogo, const Type* type,
+                                   const std::string& name,
+                                   std::vector<const Named_type*>* seen)
+{
+  const Named_type* nt = type->named_type();
+  if (nt == NULL)
+    nt = type->deref()->named_type();
+  if (nt != NULL)
+    {
+      if (nt->is_unexported_local_method(gogo, name))
+       return true;
+
+      for (std::vector<const Named_type*>::const_iterator p = seen->begin();
+          p != seen->end();
+          ++p)
+       {
+         if (*p == nt)
+           {
+             // We've already seen this type.
+             return false;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  type = type->deref();
+
+  const Interface_type* it = type->interface_type();
+  if (it != NULL && it->is_unexported_method(gogo, name))
+    return true;
+
+  const Struct_type* st = type->struct_type();
+  if (st != NULL && st->is_unexported_local_field(gogo, name))
+    return true;
+
+  if (st == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  const Struct_field_list* fields = st->fields();
+  if (fields == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  if (nt != NULL)
+    seen->push_back(nt);
+
+  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
+       pf != fields->end();
+       ++pf)
+    {
+      if (pf->is_anonymous()
+         && !pf->type()->deref()->is_error_type()
+         && !pf->type()->deref()->is_undefined())
+       {
+         Named_type* subtype = pf->type()->named_type();
+         if (subtype == NULL)
+           subtype = pf->type()->deref()->named_type();
+         if (subtype == NULL)
+           {
+             // This is an error, but it will be diagnosed elsewhere.
+             continue;
+           }
+         if (Type::is_unexported_field_or_method(gogo, subtype, name, seen))
+           {
+             if (nt != NULL)
+               seen->pop_back();
+             return true;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+  if (nt != NULL)
+    seen->pop_back();
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Class Forward_declaration.
+
+Forward_declaration_type::Forward_declaration_type(Named_object* named_object)
+  : Type(TYPE_FORWARD),
+    named_object_(named_object->resolve()), warned_(false)
+{
+  gcc_assert(this->named_object_->is_unknown()
+            || this->named_object_->is_type_declaration());
+}
+
+// Return the named object.
+
+Named_object*
+Forward_declaration_type::named_object()
+{
+  return this->named_object_->resolve();
+}
+
+const Named_object*
+Forward_declaration_type::named_object() const
+{
+  return this->named_object_->resolve();
+}
+
+// Return the name of the forward declared type.
+
+const std::string&
+Forward_declaration_type::name() const
+{
+  return this->named_object()->name();
+}
+
+// Warn about a use of a type which has been declared but not defined.
+
+void
+Forward_declaration_type::warn() const
+{
+  Named_object* no = this->named_object_->resolve();
+  if (no->is_unknown())
+    {
+      // The name was not defined anywhere.
+      if (!this->warned_)
+       {
+         error_at(this->named_object_->location(),
+                  "use of undefined type %qs",
+                  no->message_name().c_str());
+         this->warned_ = true;
+       }
+    }
+  else if (no->is_type_declaration())
+    {
+      // The name was seen as a type, but the type was never defined.
+      if (no->type_declaration_value()->using_type())
+       {
+         error_at(this->named_object_->location(),
+                  "use of undefined type %qs",
+                  no->message_name().c_str());
+         this->warned_ = true;
+       }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      // The name was defined, but not as a type.
+      if (!this->warned_)
+       {
+         error_at(this->named_object_->location(), "expected type");
+         this->warned_ = true;
+       }
+    }
+}
+
+// Get the base type of a declaration.  This gives an error if the
+// type has not yet been defined.
+
+Type*
+Forward_declaration_type::real_type()
+{
+  if (this->is_defined())
+    return this->named_object()->type_value();
+  else
+    {
+      this->warn();
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+}
+
+const Type*
+Forward_declaration_type::real_type() const
+{
+  if (this->is_defined())
+    return this->named_object()->type_value();
+  else
+    {
+      this->warn();
+      return Type::make_error_type();
+    }
+}
+
+// Return whether the base type is defined.
+
+bool
+Forward_declaration_type::is_defined() const
+{
+  return this->named_object()->is_type();
+}
+
+// Add a method.  This is used when methods are defined before the
+// type.
+
+Named_object*
+Forward_declaration_type::add_method(const std::string& name,
+                                    Function* function)
+{
+  Named_object* no = this->named_object();
+  if (no->is_unknown())
+    no->declare_as_type();
+  return no->type_declaration_value()->add_method(name, function);
+}
+
+// Add a method declaration.  This is used when methods are declared
+// before the type.
+
+Named_object*
+Forward_declaration_type::add_method_declaration(const std::string& name,
+                                                Function_type* type,
+                                                source_location location)
+{
+  Named_object* no = this->named_object();
+  if (no->is_unknown())
+    no->declare_as_type();
+  Type_declaration* td = no->type_declaration_value();
+  return td->add_method_declaration(name, type, location);
+}
+
+// Traversal.
+
+int
+Forward_declaration_type::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  if (this->is_defined()
+      && Type::traverse(this->real_type(), traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Get a tree for the type.
+
+tree
+Forward_declaration_type::do_get_tree(Gogo* gogo)
+{
+  if (this->is_defined())
+    return Type::get_named_type_tree(gogo, this->real_type());
+
+  if (this->warned_)
+    return error_mark_node;
+
+  // We represent an undefined type as a struct with no fields.  That
+  // should work fine for the middle-end, since the same case can
+  // arise in C.
+  Named_object* no = this->named_object();
+  tree type_tree = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
+  tree id = no->get_id(gogo);
+  tree decl = build_decl(no->location(), TYPE_DECL, id, type_tree);
+  TYPE_NAME(type_tree) = decl;
+  layout_type(type_tree);
+  return type_tree;
+}
+
+// Build a type descriptor for a forwarded type.
+
+Expression*
+Forward_declaration_type::do_type_descriptor(Gogo* gogo, Named_type* name)
+{
+  if (!this->is_defined())
+    return Expression::make_nil(BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+  else
+    {
+      Type* t = this->real_type();
+      if (name != NULL)
+       return this->named_type_descriptor(gogo, t, name);
+      else
+       return Expression::make_type_descriptor(t, BUILTINS_LOCATION);
+    }
+}
+
+// The reflection string.
+
+void
+Forward_declaration_type::do_reflection(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  this->append_reflection(this->real_type(), gogo, ret);
+}
+
+// The mangled name.
+
+void
+Forward_declaration_type::do_mangled_name(Gogo* gogo, std::string* ret) const
+{
+  if (this->is_defined())
+    this->append_mangled_name(this->real_type(), gogo, ret);
+  else
+    {
+      const Named_object* no = this->named_object();
+      std::string name;
+      if (no->package() == NULL)
+       name = gogo->package_name();
+      else
+       name = no->package()->name();
+      name += '.';
+      name += Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(no->name());
+      char buf[20];
+      snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "N%u_",
+              static_cast<unsigned int>(name.length()));
+      ret->append(buf);
+      ret->append(name);
+    }
+}
+
+// Export a forward declaration.  This can happen when a defined type
+// refers to a type which is only declared (and is presumably defined
+// in some other file in the same package).
+
+void
+Forward_declaration_type::do_export(Export*) const
+{
+  // If there is a base type, that should be exported instead of this.
+  gcc_assert(!this->is_defined());
+
+  // We don't output anything.
+}
+
+// Make a forward declaration.
+
+Type*
+Type::make_forward_declaration(Named_object* named_object)
+{
+  return new Forward_declaration_type(named_object);
+}
+
+// Class Typed_identifier_list.
+
+// Sort the entries by name.
+
+struct Typed_identifier_list_sort
+{
+ public:
+  bool
+  operator()(const Typed_identifier& t1, const Typed_identifier& t2) const
+  { return t1.name() < t2.name(); }
+};
+
+void
+Typed_identifier_list::sort_by_name()
+{
+  std::sort(this->entries_.begin(), this->entries_.end(),
+           Typed_identifier_list_sort());
+}
+
+// Traverse types.
+
+int
+Typed_identifier_list::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
+{
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->begin();
+       p != this->end();
+       ++p)
+    {
+      if (Type::traverse(p->type(), traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
+       return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
+    }
+  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// Copy the list.
+
+Typed_identifier_list*
+Typed_identifier_list::copy() const
+{
+  Typed_identifier_list* ret = new Typed_identifier_list();
+  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = this->begin();
+       p != this->end();
+       ++p)
+    ret->push_back(Typed_identifier(p->name(), p->type(), p->location()));
+  return ret;
+}
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/unsafe.cc.merge-left.r167407 b/gcc/go/gofrontend/unsafe.cc.merge-left.r167407
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..51d812b
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+// unsafe.cc -- Go frontend builtin unsafe package.
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "go-system.h"
+
+#include "types.h"
+#include "gogo.h"
+
+// Set up the builtin unsafe package.  This should probably be driven
+// by a table.
+
+void
+Gogo::import_unsafe(const std::string& local_name, bool is_local_name_exported,
+                   source_location location)
+{
+  location_t bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  bool add_to_globals;
+  Package* package = this->add_imported_package("unsafe", local_name,
+                                               is_local_name_exported,
+                                               "libgo_unsafe",
+                                               location, &add_to_globals);
+  package->set_is_imported();
+
+  Bindings* bindings = package->bindings();
+
+  // The type may have already been created by an import.
+  Named_object* no = package->bindings()->lookup("Pointer");
+  if (no == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* type = Type::make_pointer_type(Type::make_void_type());
+      no = bindings->add_type("Pointer", package, type, UNKNOWN_LOCATION);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      gcc_assert(no->package() == package);
+      gcc_assert(no->is_type());
+      gcc_assert(no->type_value()->is_unsafe_pointer_type());
+      no->type_value()->set_is_visible();
+    }
+  Named_type* pointer_type = no->type_value();
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_type(pointer_type);
+
+  Type* int_type = this->lookup_global("int")->type_value();
+
+  // Sizeof.
+  Typed_identifier_list* results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", int_type, bloc));
+  Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, results, bloc);
+  fntype->set_is_builtin();
+  no = bindings->add_function_declaration("Sizeof", package, fntype, bloc);
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_object(no);
+
+  // Offsetof.
+  results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", int_type, bloc));
+  fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, results, bloc);
+  fntype->set_is_varargs();
+  fntype->set_is_builtin();
+  no = bindings->add_function_declaration("Offsetof", package, fntype, bloc);
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_object(no);
+
+  // Alignof.
+  results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", int_type, bloc));
+  fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, results, bloc);
+  fntype->set_is_varargs();
+  fntype->set_is_builtin();
+  no = bindings->add_function_declaration("Alignof", package, fntype, bloc);
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_object(no);
+
+  // Typeof.
+  Type* empty_interface = Type::make_interface_type(NULL, bloc);
+  Typed_identifier_list* parameters = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier("i", empty_interface, bloc));
+  results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", empty_interface, bloc));
+  fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, parameters, results, bloc);
+  no = bindings->add_function_declaration("Typeof", package, fntype, bloc);
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_object(no);
+
+  // Reflect.
+  parameters = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier("it", empty_interface, bloc));
+  results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", empty_interface, bloc));
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", pointer_type, bloc));
+  fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, parameters, results, bloc);
+  no = bindings->add_function_declaration("Reflect", package, fntype, bloc);
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_object(no);
+
+  // Unreflect.
+  parameters = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier("typ", empty_interface, bloc));
+  parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier("addr", pointer_type, bloc));
+  results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", empty_interface, bloc));
+  fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, parameters, results, bloc);
+  no = bindings->add_function_declaration("Unreflect", package, fntype, bloc);
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_object(no);
+
+  // New.
+  parameters = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier("typ", empty_interface, bloc));
+  results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", pointer_type, bloc));
+  fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, parameters, results, bloc);
+  no = bindings->add_function_declaration("New", package, fntype, bloc);
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_object(no);
+
+  // NewArray.
+  parameters = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier("typ", empty_interface, bloc));
+  parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier("n", int_type, bloc));
+  results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", pointer_type, bloc));
+  fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, parameters, results, bloc);
+  no = bindings->add_function_declaration("NewArray", package, fntype, bloc);
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_object(no);
+
+  this->imported_unsafe_ = true;
+}
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/unsafe.cc.merge-right.r172891 b/gcc/go/gofrontend/unsafe.cc.merge-right.r172891
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..80b367c
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+// unsafe.cc -- Go frontend builtin unsafe package.
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "go-system.h"
+
+#include "go-c.h"
+#include "types.h"
+#include "gogo.h"
+
+// Set up the builtin unsafe package.  This should probably be driven
+// by a table.
+
+void
+Gogo::import_unsafe(const std::string& local_name, bool is_local_name_exported,
+                   source_location location)
+{
+  location_t bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  bool add_to_globals;
+  Package* package = this->add_imported_package("unsafe", local_name,
+                                               is_local_name_exported,
+                                               "libgo_unsafe",
+                                               location, &add_to_globals);
+
+  if (package == NULL)
+    {
+      go_assert(saw_errors());
+      return;
+    }
+
+  package->set_is_imported();
+
+  Bindings* bindings = package->bindings();
+
+  // The type may have already been created by an import.
+  Named_object* no = package->bindings()->lookup("Pointer");
+  if (no == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* type = Type::make_pointer_type(Type::make_void_type());
+      no = bindings->add_type("Pointer", package, type, UNKNOWN_LOCATION);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      go_assert(no->package() == package);
+      go_assert(no->is_type());
+      go_assert(no->type_value()->is_unsafe_pointer_type());
+      no->type_value()->set_is_visible();
+    }
+  Named_type* pointer_type = no->type_value();
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_type(pointer_type);
+
+  Type* int_type = this->lookup_global("int")->type_value();
+
+  // Sizeof.
+  Typed_identifier_list* results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", int_type, bloc));
+  Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, results, bloc);
+  fntype->set_is_builtin();
+  no = bindings->add_function_declaration("Sizeof", package, fntype, bloc);
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_object(no);
+
+  // Offsetof.
+  results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", int_type, bloc));
+  fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, results, bloc);
+  fntype->set_is_varargs();
+  fntype->set_is_builtin();
+  no = bindings->add_function_declaration("Offsetof", package, fntype, bloc);
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_object(no);
+
+  // Alignof.
+  results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", int_type, bloc));
+  fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, results, bloc);
+  fntype->set_is_varargs();
+  fntype->set_is_builtin();
+  no = bindings->add_function_declaration("Alignof", package, fntype, bloc);
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_object(no);
+
+  // Typeof.
+  Type* empty_interface = Type::make_interface_type(NULL, bloc);
+  Typed_identifier_list* parameters = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier("i", empty_interface, bloc));
+  results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", empty_interface, bloc));
+  fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, parameters, results, bloc);
+  no = bindings->add_function_declaration("Typeof", package, fntype, bloc);
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_object(no);
+
+  // Reflect.
+  parameters = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier("it", empty_interface, bloc));
+  results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", empty_interface, bloc));
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", pointer_type, bloc));
+  fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, parameters, results, bloc);
+  no = bindings->add_function_declaration("Reflect", package, fntype, bloc);
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_object(no);
+
+  // Unreflect.
+  parameters = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier("typ", empty_interface, bloc));
+  parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier("addr", pointer_type, bloc));
+  results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", empty_interface, bloc));
+  fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, parameters, results, bloc);
+  no = bindings->add_function_declaration("Unreflect", package, fntype, bloc);
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_object(no);
+
+  // New.
+  parameters = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier("typ", empty_interface, bloc));
+  results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", pointer_type, bloc));
+  fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, parameters, results, bloc);
+  no = bindings->add_function_declaration("New", package, fntype, bloc);
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_object(no);
+
+  // NewArray.
+  parameters = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier("typ", empty_interface, bloc));
+  parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier("n", int_type, bloc));
+  results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", pointer_type, bloc));
+  fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, parameters, results, bloc);
+  no = bindings->add_function_declaration("NewArray", package, fntype, bloc);
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_object(no);
+
+  if (!this->imported_unsafe_)
+    {
+      go_imported_unsafe();
+      this->imported_unsafe_ = true;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/gcc/go/gofrontend/unsafe.cc.working b/gcc/go/gofrontend/unsafe.cc.working
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..9d51b4d
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+// unsafe.cc -- Go frontend builtin unsafe package.
+
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "go-system.h"
+
+#include "go-c.h"
+#include "types.h"
+#include "gogo.h"
+
+// Set up the builtin unsafe package.  This should probably be driven
+// by a table.
+
+void
+Gogo::import_unsafe(const std::string& local_name, bool is_local_name_exported,
+                   source_location location)
+{
+  location_t bloc = BUILTINS_LOCATION;
+
+  bool add_to_globals;
+  Package* package = this->add_imported_package("unsafe", local_name,
+                                               is_local_name_exported,
+                                               "libgo_unsafe",
+                                               location, &add_to_globals);
+
+  if (package == NULL)
+    {
+      gcc_assert(saw_errors());
+      return;
+    }
+
+  package->set_is_imported();
+
+  Bindings* bindings = package->bindings();
+
+  // The type may have already been created by an import.
+  Named_object* no = package->bindings()->lookup("Pointer");
+  if (no == NULL)
+    {
+      Type* type = Type::make_pointer_type(Type::make_void_type());
+      no = bindings->add_type("Pointer", package, type, UNKNOWN_LOCATION);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      gcc_assert(no->package() == package);
+      gcc_assert(no->is_type());
+      gcc_assert(no->type_value()->is_unsafe_pointer_type());
+      no->type_value()->set_is_visible();
+    }
+  Named_type* pointer_type = no->type_value();
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_type(pointer_type);
+
+  Type* int_type = this->lookup_global("int")->type_value();
+
+  // Sizeof.
+  Typed_identifier_list* results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", int_type, bloc));
+  Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, results, bloc);
+  fntype->set_is_builtin();
+  no = bindings->add_function_declaration("Sizeof", package, fntype, bloc);
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_object(no);
+
+  // Offsetof.
+  results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", int_type, bloc));
+  fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, results, bloc);
+  fntype->set_is_varargs();
+  fntype->set_is_builtin();
+  no = bindings->add_function_declaration("Offsetof", package, fntype, bloc);
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_object(no);
+
+  // Alignof.
+  results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", int_type, bloc));
+  fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, NULL, results, bloc);
+  fntype->set_is_varargs();
+  fntype->set_is_builtin();
+  no = bindings->add_function_declaration("Alignof", package, fntype, bloc);
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_object(no);
+
+  // Typeof.
+  Type* empty_interface = Type::make_interface_type(NULL, bloc);
+  Typed_identifier_list* parameters = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier("i", empty_interface, bloc));
+  results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", empty_interface, bloc));
+  fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, parameters, results, bloc);
+  no = bindings->add_function_declaration("Typeof", package, fntype, bloc);
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_object(no);
+
+  // Reflect.
+  parameters = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier("it", empty_interface, bloc));
+  results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", empty_interface, bloc));
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", pointer_type, bloc));
+  fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, parameters, results, bloc);
+  no = bindings->add_function_declaration("Reflect", package, fntype, bloc);
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_object(no);
+
+  // Unreflect.
+  parameters = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier("typ", empty_interface, bloc));
+  parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier("addr", pointer_type, bloc));
+  results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", empty_interface, bloc));
+  fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, parameters, results, bloc);
+  no = bindings->add_function_declaration("Unreflect", package, fntype, bloc);
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_object(no);
+
+  // New.
+  parameters = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier("typ", empty_interface, bloc));
+  results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", pointer_type, bloc));
+  fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, parameters, results, bloc);
+  no = bindings->add_function_declaration("New", package, fntype, bloc);
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_object(no);
+
+  // NewArray.
+  parameters = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier("typ", empty_interface, bloc));
+  parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier("n", int_type, bloc));
+  results = new Typed_identifier_list;
+  results->push_back(Typed_identifier("", pointer_type, bloc));
+  fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, parameters, results, bloc);
+  no = bindings->add_function_declaration("NewArray", package, fntype, bloc);
+  if (add_to_globals)
+    this->add_named_object(no);
+
+  if (!this->imported_unsafe_)
+    {
+      go_imported_unsafe();
+      this->imported_unsafe_ = true;
+    }
+}