+++ /dev/null
-\input texinfo @c -*-Texinfo-*-
-@c Copyright (c) 1991 1992 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-@c %**start of header
-@setfilename as.info
-@settitle Using as
-@setchapternewpage odd
-@c @smallbook
-@c @cropmarks
-@c %**end of header
-
-@ifinfo
-@format
-START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
-* As: (as). The GNU assembler.
-END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
-@end format
-@end ifinfo
-
-@finalout
-@syncodeindex ky cp
-
-@c
-@ifinfo
-This file documents the GNU Assembler "as".
-
-Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
-this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
-are preserved on all copies.
-
-@ignore
-Permission is granted to process this file through Tex and print the
-results, provided the printed document carries copying permission
-notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
-(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
-
-@end ignore
-Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
-manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
-section entitled ``GNU General Public License'' is included exactly as
-in the original, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is
-distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this
-one.
-
-Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
-into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
-except that the section entitled ``GNU General Public License'' may be
-included in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation
-instead of in the original English.
-@end ifinfo
-
-@titlepage
-@title Using as
-@subtitle The GNU Assembler
-@sp 1
-@subtitle March 1993
-@sp 1
-@sp 13
-The Free Software Foundation Inc. thanks The Nice Computer
-Company of Australia for loaning Dean Elsner to write the
-first (Vax) version of @code{as} for Project GNU.
-The proprietors, management and staff of TNCCA thank FSF for
-distracting the boss while they got some work
-done.
-@sp 3
-@author Dean Elsner, Jay Fenlason & friends
-@c edited by: pesch@cygnus.com
-@page
-@tex
-{\parskip=0pt
-\hfill {\it Using {\tt as}}\par
-\hfill Edited by Roland Pesch for Cygnus Support\par
-}
-%"boxit" macro for figures:
-%Modified from Knuth's ``boxit'' macro from TeXbook (answer to exercise 21.3)
-\gdef\boxit#1#2{\vbox{\hrule\hbox{\vrule\kern3pt
- \vbox{\parindent=0pt\parskip=0pt\hsize=#1\kern3pt\strut\hfil
-#2\hfil\strut\kern3pt}\kern3pt\vrule}\hrule}}%box with visible outline
-\gdef\ibox#1#2{\hbox to #1{#2\hfil}\kern8pt}% invisible box
-@end tex
-
-@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
-Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
-this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
-are preserved on all copies.
-
-Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
-manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
-section entitled ``GNU General Public License'' is included exactly as
-in the original, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is
-distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this
-one.
-
-Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
-into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
-except that the section entitled ``GNU General Public License'' may be
-included in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation
-instead of in the original English.
-@end titlepage
-@page
-@ifinfo
-@node Top
-@top Using as
-
-This file is a user guide to the GNU assembler @code{as}.
-@menu
-* Overview:: Overview
-* Invoking:: Command-Line Options
-* Syntax:: Syntax
-* Sections:: Sections and Relocation
-* Symbols:: Symbols
-* Expressions:: Expressions
-* Pseudo Ops:: Assembler Directives
-* Machine Dependent:: Machine Dependent Features
-* Copying:: GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
-* Index:: Index
-@end menu
-@end ifinfo
-
-@node Overview
-@chapter Overview
-@iftex
-This manual is a user guide to the GNU assembler @code{as}.
-@end iftex
-
-@cindex invocation summary
-@cindex option summary
-@cindex summary of options
-Here is a brief summary of how to invoke @code{as}. For details,
-@pxref{Invoking,,Comand-Line Options}.
-
-@c We don't use deffn and friends for the following because they seem
-@c to be limited to one line for the header.
-@smallexample
- as [ -a | -al | -as ] [ -D ] [ -f ]
- [ -I @var{path} ] [ -K ] [ -L ]
- [ -o @var{objfile} ] [ -R ] [ -v ] [ -w ]
-@c am29k has no machine-dependent assembler options
-@c h8/300 and 500 have no machine-dependent assembler options
-@c Z8000 has no machine-dependent assembler options
-@c see md_parse_option in tc-i960.c
- [ -ACA | -ACA_A | -ACB | -ACC | -AKA | -AKB | -AKC | -AMC ]
- [ -b ] [ -norelax ]
- [ -l ] [ -mc68000 | -mc68010 | -mc68020 ]
- [ -- | @var{files} @dots{} ]
-@end smallexample
-
-@table @code
-@item -a[dhlns]
-Turn on listings;
-@samp{-ad}, omit debugging pseudo-ops from listing,
-@samp{-ah}, include high-level source,
-@samp{-al}, assembly listing,
-@samp{-an}, no forms processing,
-@samp{-as}, symbols. These options may be combined; @emph{e.g.},
-@samp{-aln} for assembly listing without forms processing.
-By itself, @samp{-a} defaults to @samp{-ahls} --- that is, all listings
-turned on.
-
-@item -D
-This option is accepted only for script compatibility with calls to
-other assemblers; it has no effect on @code{as}.
-
-@item -f
-``fast''---skip preprocessing (assume source is compiler output)
-
-@item -I @var{path}
-Add @var{path} to the search list for @code{.include} directives
-
-@item -K
-Issue warnings when difference tables altered for long displacements.
-
-@item -L
-Keep (in symbol table) local symbols, starting with @samp{L}
-
-@item -o @var{objfile}
-Name the object-file output from @code{as}
-
-@item -R
-Fold data section into text section
-
-@item -v
-Announce @code{as} version
-
-@item -W
-Suppress warning messages
-
-@item -- | @var{files} @dots{}
-Standard input, or source files to assemble.
-
-@end table
-
-The following options are available when as is configured for the
-Intel 80960 processor.
-
-@table @code
-@item -ACA | -ACA_A | -ACB | -ACC | -AKA | -AKB | -AKC | -AMC
-Specify which variant of the 960 architecture is the target.
-
-@item -b
-Add code to collect statistics about branches taken.
-
-@item -norelax
-Do not alter compare-and-branch instructions for long displacements;
-error if necessary.
-
-@end table
-
-The following options are available when as is configured for the
-Motorola 68000 series.
-
-@table @code
-
-@item -l
-Shorten references to undefined symbols, to one word instead of two.
-
-@item -m68000 | -m68008 | -m68010 | -m68020 | -m68030 | -m68040 | -mcpu32
-Specify what processor in the 68000 family is the target. The default
-is normally the 68020, but this can be changed at configuration time.
-
-@item -m68881 | -m68882 | -mno-68881 | -mno-68882
-The target machine does (or does not) have a floating-point coprocessor.
-The default is to assume a coprocessor for 68020, 68030, and cpu32. Although
-the basic 68000 is not compatible with the 68881, a combination of the
-two can be specified, since it's possible to do emulation of the
-coprocessor instructions with the main processor.
-
-@item -m68851 | -mno-68851
-The target machine does (or does not) have a memory-management
-unit coprocessor. The default is to assume an MMU for 68020 and up.
-
-@end table
-
-@menu
-* Manual:: Structure of this Manual
-* GNU Assembler:: as, the GNU Assembler
-* Object Formats:: Object File Formats
-* Command Line:: Command Line
-* Input Files:: Input Files
-* Object:: Output (Object) File
-* Errors:: Error and Warning Messages
-@end menu
-
-@node Manual
-@section Structure of this Manual
-
-@cindex manual, structure and purpose
-This manual is intended to describe what you need to know to use
-@sc{gnu} @code{as}. We cover the syntax expected in source files, including
-notation for symbols, constants, and expressions; the directives that
-@code{as} understands; and of course how to invoke @code{as}.
-
-This manual also describes some of the machine-dependent features of
-various flavors of the assembler.
-@refill
-
-@cindex machine instructions (not covered)
-On the other hand, this manual is @emph{not} intended as an introduction
-to programming in assembly language---let alone programming in general!
-In a similar vein, we make no attempt to introduce the machine
-architecture; we do @emph{not} describe the instruction set, standard
-mnemonics, registers or addressing modes that are standard to a
-particular architecture.
-You may want to consult the manufacturer's
-machine architecture manual for this information.
-
-
-@c I think this is premature---pesch@cygnus.com, 17jan1991
-@ignore
-Throughout this manual, we assume that you are running @dfn{GNU},
-the portable operating system from the @dfn{Free Software
-Foundation, Inc.}. This restricts our attention to certain kinds of
-computer (in particular, the kinds of computers that GNU can run on);
-once this assumption is granted examples and definitions need less
-qualification.
-
-@code{as} is part of a team of programs that turn a high-level
-human-readable series of instructions into a low-level
-computer-readable series of instructions. Different versions of
-@code{as} are used for different kinds of computer.
-@end ignore
-
-@c There used to be a section "Terminology" here, which defined
-@c "contents", "byte", "word", and "long". Defining "word" to any
-@c particular size is confusing when the .word directive may generate 16
-@c bits on one machine and 32 bits on another; in general, for the user
-@c version of this manual, none of these terms seem essential to define.
-@c They were used very little even in the former draft of the manual;
-@c this draft makes an effort to avoid them (except in names of
-@c directives).
-
-@node GNU Assembler
-@section as, the GNU Assembler
-
-GNU @code{as} is really a family of assemblers.
-If you use (or have used) the GNU assembler on one architecture, you
-should find a fairly similar environment when you use it on another
-architecture. Each version has much in common with the others,
-including object file formats, most assembler directives (often called
-@dfn{pseudo-ops}) and assembler syntax.@refill
-
-@cindex purpose of @sc{gnu} @code{as}
-@code{as} is primarily intended to assemble the output of the GNU C
-compiler @code{gcc} for use by the linker @code{ld}. Nevertheless,
-we've tried to make @code{as} assemble correctly everything that the native
-assembler would.
-Any exceptions are documented explicitly (@pxref{Machine Dependent}).
-This doesn't mean @code{as} always uses the same syntax as another
-assembler for the same architecture; for example, we know of several
-incompatible versions of 680x0 assembly language syntax.
-
-Unlike older assemblers, @code{as} is designed to assemble a source
-program in one pass of the source file. This has a subtle impact on the
-@kbd{.org} directive (@pxref{Org,,@code{.org}}).
-
-@node Object Formats
-@section Object File Formats
-
-@cindex object file format
-The GNU assembler can be configured to produce several alternative
-object file formats. For the most part, this does not affect how you
-write assembly language programs; but directives for debugging symbols
-are typically different in different file formats. @xref{Symbol
-Attributes,,Symbol Attributes}.
-
-@node Command Line
-@section Command Line
-
-@cindex command line conventions
-After the program name @code{as}, the command line may contain
-options and file names. Options may appear in any order, and may be
-before, after, or between file names. The order of file names is
-significant.
-
-@cindex standard input, as input file
-@kindex --
-@file{--} (two hyphens) by itself names the standard input file
-explicitly, as one of the files for @code{as} to assemble.
-
-@cindex options, command line
-Except for @samp{--} any command line argument that begins with a
-hyphen (@samp{-}) is an option. Each option changes the behavior of
-@code{as}. No option changes the way another option works. An
-option is a @samp{-} followed by one or more letters; the case of
-the letter is important. All options are optional.
-
-Some options expect exactly one file name to follow them. The file
-name may either immediately follow the option's letter (compatible
-with older assemblers) or it may be the next command argument (GNU
-standard). These two command lines are equivalent:
-
-@smallexample
-as -o my-object-file.o mumble.s
-as -omy-object-file.o mumble.s
-@end smallexample
-
-@node Input Files
-@section Input Files
-
-@cindex input
-@cindex source program
-@cindex files, input
-We use the phrase @dfn{source program}, abbreviated @dfn{source}, to
-describe the program input to one run of @code{as}. The program may
-be in one or more files; how the source is partitioned into files
-doesn't change the meaning of the source.
-
-@c I added "con" prefix to "catenation" just to prove I can overcome my
-@c APL training... pesch@cygnus.com
-The source program is a concatenation of the text in all the files, in the
-order specified.
-
-Each time you run @code{as} it assembles exactly one source
-program. The source program is made up of one or more files.
-(The standard input is also a file.)
-
-You give @code{as} a command line that has zero or more input file
-names. The input files are read (from left file name to right). A
-command line argument (in any position) that has no special meaning
-is taken to be an input file name.
-
-If you give @code{as} no file names it attempts to read one input file
-from the @code{as} standard input, which is normally your terminal. You
-may have to type @key{ctl-D} to tell @code{as} there is no more program
-to assemble.
-
-Use @samp{--} if you need to explicitly name the standard input file
-in your command line.
-
-If the source is empty, @code{as} will produce a small, empty object
-file.
-
-@subheading Filenames and Line-numbers
-
-@cindex input file linenumbers
-@cindex line numbers, in input files
-There are two ways of locating a line in the input file (or files) and
-either may be used in reporting error messages. One way refers to a line
-number in a physical file; the other refers to a line number in a
-``logical'' file. @xref{Errors, ,Error and Warning Messages}.
-
-@dfn{Physical files} are those files named in the command line given
-to @code{as}.
-
-@dfn{Logical files} are simply names declared explicitly by assembler
-directives; they bear no relation to physical files. Logical file names
-help error messages reflect the original source file, when @code{as}
-source is itself synthesized from other files.
-@xref{App-File,,@code{.app-file}}.
-
-@node Object
-@section Output (Object) File
-
-@cindex object file
-@cindex output file
-@kindex a.out
-@kindex .o
-Every time you run @code{as} it produces an output file, which is
-your assembly language program translated into numbers. This file
-is the object file, named
-@code{b.out},
-if @code{as} is configured for the Intel 80960, or
-unless you tell @code{as} to
-give it another name by using the @code{-o} option. Conventionally,
-object file names end with @file{.o}. The default name of
-@file{a.out} is used for historical reasons: older assemblers were
-capable of assembling self-contained programs directly into a
-runnable program.
-(For some formats, this isn't currently possible, but it can be done for
-@code{a.out} format.)
-
-@cindex linker
-@kindex ld
-The object file is meant for input to the linker @code{ld}. It contains
-assembled program code, information to help @code{ld} integrate
-the assembled program into a runnable file, and (optionally) symbolic
-information for the debugger.
-
-@c link above to some info file(s) like the description of a.out.
-@c don't forget to describe GNU info as well as Unix lossage.
-
-@node Errors
-@section Error and Warning Messages
-
-@cindex error messsages
-@cindex warning messages
-@cindex messages from @code{as}
-@code{as} may write warnings and error messages to the standard error
-file (usually your terminal). This should not happen when a compiler
-runs @code{as} automatically. Warnings report an assumption made so
-that @code{as} could keep assembling a flawed program; errors report a
-grave problem that stops the assembly.
-
-@cindex format of warning messages
-Warning messages have the format
-
-@smallexample
-file_name:@b{NNN}:Warning Message Text
-@end smallexample
-
-@noindent
-@cindex line numbers, in warnings/errors
-(where @b{NNN} is a line number). If a logical file name has
-been given (@pxref{App-File,,@code{.app-file}}) it is used for the
-filename, otherwise the
-name of the current input file is used. If a logical line number was
-given
-(@pxref{Ln,,@code{.ln}})
-then it is used to calculate the number printed,
-otherwise the actual line in the current source file is printed. The
-message text is intended to be self explanatory (in the grand Unix
-tradition). @refill
-
-@cindex format of error messages
-Error messages have the format
-@smallexample
-file_name:@b{NNN}:FATAL:Error Message Text
-@end smallexample
-The file name and line number are derived as for warning
-messages. The actual message text may be rather less explanatory
-because many of them aren't supposed to happen.
-
-@node Invoking
-@chapter Command-Line Options
-
-@cindex options, all versions of @code{as}
-This chapter describes command-line options available in @emph{all}
-versions of the GNU assembler; @pxref{Machine Dependent}, for options specific
-to particular machine architectures.
-
-If you are invoking @code{as} via the GNU C compiler (version 2), you
-can use the @samp{-Wa} option to pass arguments through to the
-assembler. The assembler arguments must be separated from each other
-(and the @samp{-Wa}) by commas. For example:
-
-@smallexample
-gcc -c -g -O -Wa,-alh,-L file.c
-@end smallexample
-
-will cause a listing to be emitted to standard output with high-level
-and assembly source.
-
-Many compiler command-line options, such as @samp{-R} and many
-machine-specific options, will be automatically be passed to the
-assembler by the compiler, so usually you do not need to use this
-@samp{-Wa} mechanism.
-
-@menu
-* a:: -a[dhlns] enable listings
-* D:: -D for compatibility
-* f:: -f to work faster
-* I:: -I for .include search path
-* K:: -K for difference tables
-* L:: -L to retain local labels
-* o:: -o to name the object file
-* R:: -R to join data and text sections
-* v:: -v to announce version
-* W:: -W to suppress warnings
-@end menu
-
-@node a
-@section Enable Listings: @code{-a[dhlns]}
-
-@kindex -a
-@kindex -ad
-@kindex -ah
-@kindex -al
-@kindex -an
-@kindex -as
-@cindex listings, enabling
-@cindex assembly listings, enabling
-
-These options enable listing output from the assembler. By itself,
-@samp{-a} requests high-level, assembly, and symbols listing.
-Other letters may be used to select specific options for the list:
-@samp{-ah} requests a high-level language listing,
-@samp{-al} requests an output-program assembly listing, and
-@samp{-as} requests a symbol table listing.
-High-level listings require that a compiler debugging option like
-@samp{-g} be used, and that assembly listings (@samp{-al}) be requested
-also.
-
-The @samp{-ad} option may be used to omit debugging pseudo-ops from the
-listing.
-
-Once you have specified one of these options, you can further control
-listing output and its appearance using the directives @code{.list},
-@code{.nolist}, @code{.psize}, @code{.eject}, @code{.title}, and
-@code{.sbttl}.
-The @samp{-an} option turns off all forms processing.
-If you do not request listing output with one of the @samp{-a} options, the
-listing-control directives have no effect.
-
-The letters after @samp{-a} may be combined into one option,
-@emph{e.g.}, @samp{-aln}.
-
-@node D
-@section @code{-D}
-
-@kindex -D
-This option has no effect whatsoever, but it is accepted to make it more
-likely that scripts written for other assemblers will also work with
-@code{as}.
-
-@node f
-@section Work Faster: @code{-f}
-
-@kindex -f
-@cindex trusted compiler
-@cindex faster processing (@code{-f})
-@samp{-f} should only be used when assembling programs written by a
-(trusted) compiler. @samp{-f} stops the assembler from pre-processing
-the input file(s) before assembling them. @xref{Pre-processing,
-,Pre-processing}.
-
-@quotation
-@emph{Warning:} if the files actually need to be pre-processed (if they
-contain comments, for example), @code{as} will not work correctly if
-@samp{-f} is used.
-@end quotation
-
-@node I
-@section @code{.include} search path: @code{-I} @var{path}
-
-@kindex -I @var{path}
-@cindex paths for @code{.include}
-@cindex search path for @code{.include}
-@cindex @code{include} directive search path
-Use this option to add a @var{path} to the list of directories
-@code{as} will search for files specified in @code{.include}
-directives (@pxref{Include,,@code{.include}}). You may use @code{-I} as
-many times as necessary to include a variety of paths. The current
-working directory is always searched first; after that, @code{as}
-searches any @samp{-I} directories in the same order as they were
-specified (left to right) on the command line.
-
-@node K
-@section Difference Tables: @code{-K}
-
-@kindex -K
-
-@cindex difference tables, warning
-@cindex warning for altered difference tables
-@code{as} sometimes alters the code emitted for directives of the form
-@samp{.word @var{sym1}-@var{sym2}}; @pxref{Word,,@code{.word}}.
-You can use the @samp{-K} option if you want a warning issued when this
-is done.
-
-@node L
-@section Include Local Labels: @code{-L}
-
-@kindex -L
-@cindex local labels, retaining in output
-Labels beginning with @samp{L} (upper case only) are called @dfn{local
-labels}. @xref{Symbol Names}. Normally you don't see such labels when
-debugging, because they are intended for the use of programs (like
-compilers) that compose assembler programs, not for your notice.
-Normally both @code{as} and @code{ld} discard such labels, so you don't
-normally debug with them.
-
-This option tells @code{as} to retain those @samp{L@dots{}} symbols
-in the object file. Usually if you do this you also tell the linker
-@code{ld} to preserve symbols whose names begin with @samp{L}.
-
-@node o
-@section Name the Object File: @code{-o}
-
-@kindex -o
-@cindex naming object file
-@cindex object file name
-There is always one object file output when you run @code{as}. By
-default it has the name
-@file{a.out} or @file{b.out}, depending on the target for which
-@code{as} is configured.
-You use this option (which
-takes exactly one filename) to give the object file a different name.
-
-Whatever the object file is called, @code{as} will overwrite any
-existing file of the same name.
-
-@node R
-@section Join Data and Text Sections: @code{-R}
-
-@kindex -R
-@cindex data and text sections, joining
-@cindex text and data sections, joining
-@cindex joining text and data sections
-@cindex merging text and data sections
-@code{-R} tells @code{as} to write the object file as if all
-data-section data lives in the text section. This is only done at
-the very last moment: your binary data are the same, but data
-section parts are relocated differently. The data section part of
-your object file is zero bytes long because all its bytes are
-appended to the text section. (@xref{Sections,,Sections and Relocation}.)
-
-When you specify @code{-R} it would be possible to generate shorter
-address displacements (because we don't have to cross between text and
-data section). We refrain from doing this simply for compatibility with
-older versions of @code{as}. In future, @code{-R} may work this way.
-
-When @code{as} is configured for COFF output,
-this option is only useful if you use sections named @samp{.text} and
-@samp{.data}.
-
-@node v
-@section Announce Version: @code{-v}
-
-@kindex -v
-@kindex -version
-@cindex @code{as} version
-@cindex version of @code{as}
-You can find out what version of as is running by including the
-option @samp{-v} (which you can also spell as @samp{-version}) on the
-command line.
-
-@node W
-@section Suppress Warnings: @code{-W}
-
-@kindex -W
-@cindex suppressing warnings
-@cindex warnings, suppressing
-@code{as} should never give a warning or error message when
-assembling compiler output. But programs written by people often
-cause @code{as} to give a warning that a particular assumption was
-made. All such warnings are directed to the standard error file.
-If you use this option, no warnings are issued. This option only
-affects the warning messages: it does not change any particular of how
-@code{as} assembles your file. Errors, which stop the assembly, are
-still reported.
-
-@node Syntax
-@chapter Syntax
-
-@cindex machine-independent syntax
-@cindex syntax, machine-independent
-This chapter describes the machine-independent syntax allowed in a
-source file. @code{as} syntax is similar to what many other assemblers
-use; it is inspired by the BSD 4.2
-assembler, except that @code{as} does not assemble Vax bit-fields.
-
-@menu
-* Pre-processing:: Pre-processing
-* Whitespace:: Whitespace
-* Comments:: Comments
-* Symbol Intro:: Symbols
-* Statements:: Statements
-* Constants:: Constants
-@end menu
-
-@node Pre-processing
-@section Pre-Processing
-
-@cindex preprocessing
-The pre-processor:
-@itemize @bullet
-@cindex whitespace, removed by preprocessor
-@item
-adjusts and removes extra whitespace. It leaves one space or tab before
-the keywords on a line, and turns any other whitespace on the line into
-a single space.
-
-@cindex comments, removed by preprocessor
-@item
-removes all comments, replacing them with a single space, or an
-appropriate number of newlines.
-
-@cindex constants, converted by preprocessor
-@item
-converts character constants into the appropriate numeric values.
-@end itemize
-
-Excess whitespace, comments, and character constants
-cannot be used in the portions of the input text that are not
-pre-processed.
-
-@cindex turning preprocessing on and off
-@cindex preprocessing, turning on and off
-@kindex #NO_APP
-@kindex #APP
-If the first line of an input file is @code{#NO_APP} or the @samp{-f}
-option is given, the input file will not be pre-processed. Within such
-an input file, parts of the file can be pre-processed by putting a line
-that says @code{#APP} before the text that should be pre-processed, and
-putting a line that says @code{#NO_APP} after them. This feature is
-mainly intend to support @code{asm} statements in compilers whose output
-normally does not need to be pre-processed.
-
-@node Whitespace
-@section Whitespace
-
-@cindex whitespace
-@dfn{Whitespace} is one or more blanks or tabs, in any order.
-Whitespace is used to separate symbols, and to make programs neater for
-people to read. Unless within character constants
-(@pxref{Characters,,Character Constants}), any whitespace means the same
-as exactly one space.
-
-@node Comments
-@section Comments
-
-@cindex comments
-There are two ways of rendering comments to @code{as}. In both
-cases the comment is equivalent to one space.
-
-Anything from @samp{/*} through the next @samp{*/} is a comment.
-This means you may not nest these comments.
-
-@smallexample
-/*
- The only way to include a newline ('\n') in a comment
- is to use this sort of comment.
-*/
-
-/* This sort of comment does not nest. */
-@end smallexample
-
-@cindex line comment character
-Anything from the @dfn{line comment} character to the next newline
-is considered a comment and is ignored. The line comment character is
-@samp{#} on the Vax;
-@samp{#} on the i960;
-@samp{!} on the SPARC;
-@samp{|} on the 680x0;
-@samp{;} for the AMD 29K family;
-@samp{;} for the H8/300 family;
-@samp{!} for the H8/500 family;
-@samp{!} for the Z8000;
-see @ref{Machine Dependent}. @refill
-@c FIXME What about i386, m88k, i860?
-
-On some machines there are two different line comment characters. One
-will only begin a comment if it is the first non-whitespace character on
-a line, while the other will always begin a comment.
-
-@kindex #
-@cindex lines starting with @code{#}
-@cindex logical line numbers
-To be compatible with past assemblers, a special interpretation is
-given to lines that begin with @samp{#}. Following the @samp{#} an
-absolute expression (@pxref{Expressions}) is expected: this will be
-the logical line number of the @b{next} line. Then a string
-(@xref{Strings}.) is allowed: if present it is a new logical file
-name. The rest of the line, if any, should be whitespace.
-
-If the first non-whitespace characters on the line are not numeric,
-the line is ignored. (Just like a comment.)
-@smallexample
- # This is an ordinary comment.
-# 42-6 "new_file_name" # New logical file name
- # This is logical line # 36.
-@end smallexample
-This feature is deprecated, and may disappear from future versions
-of @code{as}.
-
-@node Symbol Intro
-@section Symbols
-
-@cindex characters used in symbols
-A @dfn{symbol} is one or more characters chosen from the set of all
-letters (both upper and lower case), digits and
-On most machines, you can also use @code{$} in symbol names; exceptions
-are noted in @ref{Machine Dependent}.
-No symbol may begin with a digit. Case is significant.
-There is no length limit: all characters are significant. Symbols are
-delimited by characters not in that set, or by the beginning of a file
-(since the source program must end with a newline, the end of a file is
-not a possible symbol delimiter). @xref{Symbols}.
-@cindex length of symbols
-
-@node Statements
-@section Statements
-
-@cindex statements, structure of
-@cindex line separator character
-@cindex statement separator character
-A @dfn{statement} ends at a newline character (@samp{\n}) or line
-separator character. (The line separator is usually @samp{;}, unless
-this conflicts with the comment character; @pxref{Machine Dependent}.) The
-newline or separator character is considered part of the preceding
-statement. Newlines and separators within character constants are an
-exception: they don't end statements.
-
-@cindex newline, required at file end
-@cindex EOF, newline must precede
-It is an error to end any statement with end-of-file: the last
-character of any input file should be a newline.@refill
-
-@cindex continuing statements
-@cindex multi-line statements
-@cindex statement on multiple lines
-You may write a statement on more than one line if you put a
-backslash (@kbd{\}) immediately in front of any newlines within the
-statement. When @code{as} reads a backslashed newline both
-characters are ignored. You can even put backslashed newlines in
-the middle of symbol names without changing the meaning of your
-source program.
-
-An empty statement is allowed, and may include whitespace. It is ignored.
-
-@cindex instructions and directives
-@cindex directives and instructions
-@c "key symbol" is not used elsewhere in the document; seems pedantic to
-@c @defn{} it in that case, as was done previously... pesch@cygnus.com,
-@c 13feb91.
-A statement begins with zero or more labels, optionally followed by a
-key symbol which determines what kind of statement it is. The key
-symbol determines the syntax of the rest of the statement. If the
-symbol begins with a dot @samp{.} then the statement is an assembler
-directive: typically valid for any computer. If the symbol begins with
-a letter the statement is an assembly language @dfn{instruction}: it
-will assemble into a machine language instruction.
-Different versions of @code{as} for different computers will
-recognize different instructions. In fact, the same symbol may
-represent a different instruction in a different computer's assembly
-language.@refill
-
-@cindex @code{:} (label)
-@cindex label (@code{:})
-A label is a symbol immediately followed by a colon (@code{:}).
-Whitespace before a label or after a colon is permitted, but you may not
-have whitespace between a label's symbol and its colon. @xref{Labels}.
-
-@smallexample
-label: .directive followed by something
-another_label: # This is an empty statement.
- instruction operand_1, operand_2, @dots{}
-@end smallexample
-
-@node Constants
-@section Constants
-
-@cindex constants
-A constant is a number, written so that its value is known by
-inspection, without knowing any context. Like this:
-@smallexample
-.byte 74, 0112, 092, 0x4A, 0X4a, 'J, '\J # All the same value.
-.ascii "Ring the bell\7" # A string constant.
-.octa 0x123456789abcdef0123456789ABCDEF0 # A bignum.
-.float 0f-314159265358979323846264338327\
-95028841971.693993751E-40 # - pi, a flonum.
-@end smallexample
-
-@menu
-* Characters:: Character Constants
-* Numbers:: Number Constants
-@end menu
-
-@node Characters
-@subsection Character Constants
-
-@cindex character constants
-@cindex constants, character
-There are two kinds of character constants. A @dfn{character} stands
-for one character in one byte and its value may be used in
-numeric expressions. String constants (properly called string
-@emph{literals}) are potentially many bytes and their values may not be
-used in arithmetic expressions.
-
-@menu
-* Strings:: Strings
-* Chars:: Characters
-@end menu
-
-@node Strings
-@subsubsection Strings
-
-@cindex string constants
-@cindex constants, string
-A @dfn{string} is written between double-quotes. It may contain
-double-quotes or null characters. The way to get special characters
-into a string is to @dfn{escape} these characters: precede them with
-a backslash @samp{\} character. For example @samp{\\} represents
-one backslash: the first @code{\} is an escape which tells
-@code{as} to interpret the second character literally as a backslash
-(which prevents @code{as} from recognizing the second @code{\} as an
-escape character). The complete list of escapes follows.
-
-@cindex escape codes, character
-@cindex character escape codes
-@table @kbd
-@c @item \a
-@c Mnemonic for ACKnowledge; for ASCII this is octal code 007.
-@c
-@item \b
-@cindex @code{\b} (backspace character)
-@cindex backspace (@code{\b})
-Mnemonic for backspace; for ASCII this is octal code 010.
-
-@c @item \e
-@c Mnemonic for EOText; for ASCII this is octal code 004.
-@c
-@item \f
-@cindex @code{\f} (formfeed character)
-@cindex formfeed (@code{\f})
-Mnemonic for FormFeed; for ASCII this is octal code 014.
-
-@item \n
-@cindex @code{\n} (newline character)
-@cindex newline (@code{\n})
-Mnemonic for newline; for ASCII this is octal code 012.
-
-@c @item \p
-@c Mnemonic for prefix; for ASCII this is octal code 033, usually known as @code{escape}.
-@c
-@item \r
-@cindex @code{\r} (carriage return character)
-@cindex carriage return (@code{\r})
-Mnemonic for carriage-Return; for ASCII this is octal code 015.
-
-@c @item \s
-@c Mnemonic for space; for ASCII this is octal code 040. Included for compliance with
-@c other assemblers.
-@c
-@item \t
-@cindex @code{\t} (tab)
-@cindex tab (@code{\t})
-Mnemonic for horizontal Tab; for ASCII this is octal code 011.
-
-@c @item \v
-@c Mnemonic for Vertical tab; for ASCII this is octal code 013.
-@c @item \x @var{digit} @var{digit} @var{digit}
-@c A hexadecimal character code. The numeric code is 3 hexadecimal digits.
-@c
-@item \ @var{digit} @var{digit} @var{digit}
-@cindex @code{\@var{ddd}} (octal character code)
-@cindex octal character code (@code{\@var{ddd}})
-An octal character code. The numeric code is 3 octal digits.
-For compatibility with other Unix systems, 8 and 9 are accepted as digits:
-for example, @code{\008} has the value 010, and @code{\009} the value 011.
-
-@item \\
-@cindex @code{\\} (@samp{\} character)
-@cindex backslash (@code{\\})
-Represents one @samp{\} character.
-
-@c @item \'
-@c Represents one @samp{'} (accent acute) character.
-@c This is needed in single character literals
-@c (@xref{Characters,,Character Constants}.) to represent
-@c a @samp{'}.
-@c
-@item \"
-@cindex @code{\"} (doublequote character)
-@cindex doublequote (@code{\"})
-Represents one @samp{"} character. Needed in strings to represent
-this character, because an unescaped @samp{"} would end the string.
-
-@item \ @var{anything-else}
-Any other character when escaped by @kbd{\} will give a warning, but
-assemble as if the @samp{\} was not present. The idea is that if
-you used an escape sequence you clearly didn't want the literal
-interpretation of the following character. However @code{as} has no
-other interpretation, so @code{as} knows it is giving you the wrong
-code and warns you of the fact.
-@end table
-
-Which characters are escapable, and what those escapes represent,
-varies widely among assemblers. The current set is what we think
-the BSD 4.2 assembler recognizes, and is a subset of what most C
-compilers recognize. If you are in doubt, don't use an escape
-sequence.
-
-@node Chars
-@subsubsection Characters
-
-@cindex single character constant
-@cindex character, single
-@cindex constant, single character
-A single character may be written as a single quote immediately
-followed by that character. The same escapes apply to characters as
-to strings. So if you want to write the character backslash, you
-must write @kbd{'\\} where the first @code{\} escapes the second
-@code{\}. As you can see, the quote is an acute accent, not a
-grave accent. A newline
-immediately following an acute accent is taken as a literal character
-and does not count as the end of a statement. The value of a character
-constant in a numeric expression is the machine's byte-wide code for
-that character. @code{as} assumes your character code is ASCII:
-@kbd{'A} means 65, @kbd{'B} means 66, and so on. @refill
-
-@node Numbers
-@subsection Number Constants
-
-@cindex constants, number
-@cindex number constants
-@code{as} distinguishes three kinds of numbers according to how they
-are stored in the target machine. @emph{Integers} are numbers that
-would fit into an @code{int} in the C language. @emph{Bignums} are
-integers, but they are stored in more than 32 bits. @emph{Flonums}
-are floating point numbers, described below.
-
-@menu
-* Integers:: Integers
-* Bignums:: Bignums
-* Flonums:: Flonums
-@end menu
-
-@node Integers
-@subsubsection Integers
-@cindex integers
-@cindex constants, integer
-
-@cindex binary integers
-@cindex integers, binary
-A binary integer is @samp{0b} or @samp{0B} followed by zero or more of
-the binary digits @samp{01}.
-
-@cindex octal integers
-@cindex integers, octal
-An octal integer is @samp{0} followed by zero or more of the octal
-digits (@samp{01234567}).
-
-@cindex decimal integers
-@cindex integers, decimal
-A decimal integer starts with a non-zero digit followed by zero or
-more digits (@samp{0123456789}).
-
-@cindex hexadecimal integers
-@cindex integers, hexadecimal
-A hexadecimal integer is @samp{0x} or @samp{0X} followed by one or
-more hexadecimal digits chosen from @samp{0123456789abcdefABCDEF}.
-
-Integers have the usual values. To denote a negative integer, use
-the prefix operator @samp{-} discussed under expressions
-(@pxref{Prefix Ops,,Prefix Operators}).
-
-@node Bignums
-@subsubsection Bignums
-
-@cindex bignums
-@cindex constants, bignum
-A @dfn{bignum} has the same syntax and semantics as an integer
-except that the number (or its negative) takes more than 32 bits to
-represent in binary. The distinction is made because in some places
-integers are permitted while bignums are not.
-
-@node Flonums
-@subsubsection Flonums
-@cindex flonums
-@cindex floating point numbers
-@cindex constants, floating point
-
-@cindex precision, floating point
-A @dfn{flonum} represents a floating point number. The translation is
-indirect: a decimal floating point number from the text is converted by
-@code{as} to a generic binary floating point number of more than
-sufficient precision. This generic floating point number is converted
-to a particular computer's floating point format (or formats) by a
-portion of @code{as} specialized to that computer.
-
-A flonum is written by writing (in order)
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-The digit @samp{0}.
-@item
-A letter, to tell @code{as} the rest of the number is a flonum.
-@kbd{e} is recommended. Case is not important.
-@ignore
-@c FIXME: verify if flonum syntax really this vague for most cases
- (Any otherwise illegal letter
-will work here, but that might be changed. Vax BSD 4.2 assembler seems
-to allow any of @samp{defghDEFGH}.)
-@end ignore
-On the AMD 29K, H8/300, and H8/500 architectures, the letter must be:
-One of the letters @samp{DFPRSX} (in upper or lower case).
-On the Intel 960 architecture, the letter must be:
-One of the letters @samp{DFT} (in upper or lower case).
-@item
-An optional sign: either @samp{+} or @samp{-}.
-@item
-An optional @dfn{integer part}: zero or more decimal digits.
-@item
-An optional @dfn{fractional part}: @samp{.} followed by zero
-or more decimal digits.
-@item
-An optional exponent, consisting of:
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-An @samp{E} or @samp{e}.
-@c I can't find a config where "EXP_CHARS" is other than 'eE', but in
-@c principle this can perfectly well be different on different targets.
-@item
-Optional sign: either @samp{+} or @samp{-}.
-@item
-One or more decimal digits.
-@end itemize
-@end itemize
-
-At least one of the integer part or the fractional part must be
-present. The floating point number has the usual base-10 value.
-
-@code{as} does all processing using integers. Flonums are computed
-independently of any floating point hardware in the computer running
-@code{as}.
-
-
-@node Sections
-@chapter Sections and Relocation
-@cindex sections
-@cindex relocation
-
-@menu
-* Secs Background:: Background
-* ld Sections:: ld Sections
-* as Sections:: as Internal Sections
-* Sub-Sections:: Sub-Sections
-* bss:: bss Section
-@end menu
-
-@node Secs Background
-@section Background
-
-Roughly, a section is a range of addresses, with no gaps; all data
-``in'' those addresses is treated the same for some particular purpose.
-For example there may be a ``read only'' section.
-
-@cindex linker, and assembler
-@cindex assembler, and linker
-The linker @code{ld} reads many object files (partial programs) and
-combines their contents to form a runnable program. When @code{as}
-emits an object file, the partial program is assumed to start at address
-0. @code{ld} will assign the final addresses the partial program
-occupies, so that different partial programs don't overlap. This is
-actually an over-simplification, but it will suffice to explain how
-@code{as} uses sections.
-
-@code{ld} moves blocks of bytes of your program to their run-time
-addresses. These blocks slide to their run-time addresses as rigid
-units; their length does not change and neither does the order of bytes
-within them. Such a rigid unit is called a @emph{section}. Assigning
-run-time addresses to sections is called @dfn{relocation}. It includes
-the task of adjusting mentions of object-file addresses so they refer to
-the proper run-time addresses.
-For the H8/300 and H8/500, @code{as} pads sections if needed to
-ensure they end on a word (sixteen bit) boundary.
-
-@cindex standard @code{as} sections
-An object file written by @code{as} has at least three sections, any
-of which may be empty. These are named @dfn{text}, @dfn{data} and
-@dfn{bss} sections.
-
-When it generates COFF output,
-@code{as} can also generate whatever other named sections you specify
-using the @samp{.section} directive (@pxref{Section,,@code{.section}}).
-If you don't use any directives that place output in the @samp{.text}
-or @samp{.data} sections, these sections will still exist, but will be empty.
-
-Within the object file, the text section starts at address @code{0}, the
-data section follows, and the bss section follows the data section.
-
-To let @code{ld} know which data will change when the sections are
-relocated, and how to change that data, @code{as} also writes to the
-object file details of the relocation needed. To perform relocation
-@code{ld} must know, each time an address in the object
-file is mentioned:
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-Where in the object file is the beginning of this reference to
-an address?
-@item
-How long (in bytes) is this reference?
-@item
-Which section does the address refer to? What is the numeric value of
-@display
-(@var{address}) @minus{} (@var{start-address of section})?
-@end display
-@item
-Is the reference to an address ``Program-Counter relative''?
-@end itemize
-
-@cindex addresses, format of
-@cindex section-relative addressing
-In fact, every address @code{as} ever uses is expressed as
-@display
-(@var{section}) + (@var{offset into section})
-@end display
-@noindent
-Further, every expression @code{as} computes is of this section-relative
-nature. @dfn{Absolute expression} means an expression with section
-``absolute'' (@pxref{ld Sections}). A @dfn{pass1 expression} means
-an expression with section ``pass1'' (@pxref{as Sections,,as
-Internal Sections}). In this manual we use the notation @{@var{secname}
-@var{N}@} to mean ``offset @var{N} into section @var{secname}''.
-
-Apart from text, data and bss sections you need to know about the
-@dfn{absolute} section. When @code{ld} mixes partial programs,
-addresses in the absolute section remain unchanged. For example, address
-@code{@{absolute 0@}} is ``relocated'' to run-time address 0 by @code{ld}.
-Although two partial programs' data sections will not overlap addresses
-after linking, @emph{by definition} their absolute sections will overlap.
-Address @code{@{absolute@ 239@}} in one partial program will always be the same
-address when the program is running as address @code{@{absolute@ 239@}} in any
-other partial program.
-
-The idea of sections is extended to the @dfn{undefined} section. Any
-address whose section is unknown at assembly time is by definition
-rendered @{undefined @var{U}@}---where @var{U} will be filled in later.
-Since numbers are always defined, the only way to generate an undefined
-address is to mention an undefined symbol. A reference to a named
-common block would be such a symbol: its value is unknown at assembly
-time so it has section @emph{undefined}.
-
-By analogy the word @emph{section} is used to describe groups of sections in
-the linked program. @code{ld} puts all partial programs' text
-sections in contiguous addresses in the linked program. It is
-customary to refer to the @emph{text section} of a program, meaning all
-the addresses of all partial program's text sections. Likewise for
-data and bss sections.
-
-Some sections are manipulated by @code{ld}; others are invented for
-use of @code{as} and have no meaning except during assembly.
-
-@node ld Sections
-@section ld Sections
-@code{ld} deals with just four kinds of sections, summarized below.
-
-@table @strong
-
-@cindex named sections
-@cindex sections, named
-@item named sections
-@cindex text section
-@cindex data section
-@item text section
-@itemx data section
-These sections hold your program. @code{as} and @code{ld} treat them as
-separate but equal sections. Anything you can say of one section is
-true another.
-When the program is running, however, it is
-customary for the text section to be unalterable. The
-text section is often shared among processes: it will contain
-instructions, constants and the like. The data section of a running
-program is usually alterable: for example, C variables would be stored
-in the data section.
-
-@cindex bss section
-@item bss section
-This section contains zeroed bytes when your program begins running. It
-is used to hold unitialized variables or common storage. The length of
-each partial program's bss section is important, but because it starts
-out containing zeroed bytes there is no need to store explicit zero
-bytes in the object file. The bss section was invented to eliminate
-those explicit zeros from object files.
-
-@cindex absolute section
-@item absolute section
-Address 0 of this section is always ``relocated'' to runtime address 0.
-This is useful if you want to refer to an address that @code{ld} must
-not change when relocating. In this sense we speak of absolute
-addresses being ``unrelocatable'': they don't change during relocation.
-
-@cindex undefined section
-@item undefined section
-This ``section'' is a catch-all for address references to objects not in
-the preceding sections.
-@c FIXME: ref to some other doc on obj-file formats could go here.
-@end table
-
-@cindex relocation example
-An idealized example of three relocatable sections follows.
-The example uses the traditional section names @samp{.text} and @samp{.data}.
-Memory addresses are on the horizontal axis.
-
-@c TEXI2ROFF-KILL
-@ifinfo
-@c END TEXI2ROFF-KILL
-@smallexample
- +-----+----+--+
-partial program # 1: |ttttt|dddd|00|
- +-----+----+--+
-
- text data bss
- seg. seg. seg.
-
- +---+---+---+
-partial program # 2: |TTT|DDD|000|
- +---+---+---+
-
- +--+---+-----+--+----+---+-----+~~
-linked program: | |TTT|ttttt| |dddd|DDD|00000|
- +--+---+-----+--+----+---+-----+~~
-
- addresses: 0 @dots{}
-@end smallexample
-@c TEXI2ROFF-KILL
-@end ifinfo
-@c FIXME make sure no page breaks inside figure!!
-@tex
-
-\line{\it Partial program \#1: \hfil}
-\line{\ibox{2.5cm}{\tt text}\ibox{2cm}{\tt data}\ibox{1cm}{\tt bss}\hfil}
-\line{\boxit{2.5cm}{\tt ttttt}\boxit{2cm}{\tt dddd}\boxit{1cm}{\tt 00}\hfil}
-
-\line{\it Partial program \#2: \hfil}
-\line{\ibox{1cm}{\tt text}\ibox{1.5cm}{\tt data}\ibox{1cm}{\tt bss}\hfil}
-\line{\boxit{1cm}{\tt TTT}\boxit{1.5cm}{\tt DDDD}\boxit{1cm}{\tt 000}\hfil}
-
-\line{\it linked program: \hfil}
-\line{\ibox{.5cm}{}\ibox{1cm}{\tt text}\ibox{2.5cm}{}\ibox{.75cm}{}\ibox{2cm}{\tt data}\ibox{1.5cm}{}\ibox{2cm}{\tt bss}\hfil}
-\line{\boxit{.5cm}{}\boxit{1cm}{\tt TTT}\boxit{2.5cm}{\tt
-ttttt}\boxit{.75cm}{}\boxit{2cm}{\tt dddd}\boxit{1.5cm}{\tt
-DDDD}\boxit{2cm}{\tt 00000}\ \dots\hfil}
-
-\line{\it addresses: \hfil}
-\line{0\dots\hfil}
-
-@end tex
-@c END TEXI2ROFF-KILL
-
-@node as Sections
-@section as Internal Sections
-
-@cindex internal @code{as} sections
-@cindex sections in messages, internal
-These sections are meant only for the internal use of @code{as}. They
-have no meaning at run-time. You don't really need to know about these
-sections for most purposes; but they can be mentioned in @code{as}
-warning messages, so it might be helpful to have an idea of their
-meanings to @code{as}. These sections are used to permit the
-value of every expression in your assembly language program to be a
-section-relative address.
-
-@table @b
-@item absent
-@cindex absent (internal section)
-An expression was expected and none was found.
-
-@item ASSEMBLER-INTERNAL-LOGIC-ERROR!
-@cindex assembler internal logic error
-An internal assembler logic error has been found. This means there is a
-bug in the assembler.
-
-@item bignum/flonum
-@cindex bignum/flonum (internal section)
-If a number can't be written as a C @code{int} constant (a bignum or a
-flonum, but not an integer), it is recorded as belonging to this
-``section''. @code{as} has to remember that a flonum or a bignum
-does not fit into 32 bits, and cannot be an argument (@pxref{Arguments})
-in an expression: this is done by making a flonum or bignum be in a
-separate internal section. This is purely for internal @code{as}
-convenience; bignum/flonum section behaves similarly to absolute
-section.
-
-@item pass1 section
-@cindex pass1 (internal section)
-The expression was impossible to evaluate in the first pass. The
-assembler will attempt a second pass (second reading of the source) to
-evaluate the expression. Your expression mentioned an undefined symbol
-in a way that defies the one-pass (section + offset in section) assembly
-process. No compiler need emit such an expression.
-
-@quotation
-@emph{Warning:} the second pass is currently not implemented. @code{as}
-will abort with an error message if one is required.
-@end quotation
-
-@item difference section
-@cindex difference (internal section)
-As an assist to the C compiler, expressions of the forms
-@display
- (@var{undefined symbol}) @minus{} (@var{expression})
- @var{something} @minus{} (@var{undefined symbol})
- (@var{undefined symbol}) @minus{} (@var{undefined symbol})
-@end display
-
-are permitted, and belong to the difference section. @code{as}
-re-evaluates such expressions after the source file has been read and
-the symbol table built. If by that time there are no undefined symbols
-in the expression then the expression assumes a new section. The
-intention is to permit statements like
-@samp{.word label - base_of_table}
-to be assembled in one pass where both @code{label} and
-@code{base_of_table} are undefined. This is useful for compiling C and
-Algol switch statements, Pascal case statements, FORTRAN computed goto
-statements and the like.
-@c FIXME item debug
-@c FIXME item transfer[t] vector preload
-@c FIXME item transfer[t] vector postload
-@c FIXME item register
-@end table
-
-@node Sub-Sections
-@section Sub-Sections
-
-@cindex numbered subsections
-@cindex grouping data
-Assembled bytes
-conventionally
-fall into two sections: text and data.
-You may have separate groups of
-data in named sections
-that you want to end up near to each other in the object
-file, even though they are not contiguous in the assembler source.
-@code{as} allows you to use @dfn{subsections} for this purpose.
-Within each section, there can be numbered subsections with
-values from 0 to 8192. Objects assembled into the same subsection will
-be grouped with other objects in the same subsection when they are all
-put into the object file. For example, a compiler might want to store
-constants in the text section, but might not want to have them
-interspersed with the program being assembled. In this case, the
-compiler could issue a @samp{.text 0} before each section of code being
-output, and a @samp{.text 1} before each group of constants being output.
-
-Subsections are optional. If you don't use subsections, everything
-will be stored in subsection number zero.
-
-Each subsection is zero-padded up to a multiple of four bytes.
-(Subsections may be padded a different amount on different flavors
-of @code{as}.)
-
-Subsections appear in your object file in numeric order, lowest numbered
-to highest. (All this to be compatible with other people's assemblers.)
-The object file contains no representation of subsections; @code{ld} and
-other programs that manipulate object files will see no trace of them.
-They just see all your text subsections as a text section, and all your
-data subsections as a data section.
-
-To specify which subsection you want subsequent statements assembled
-into, use a numeric argument to specify it, in a @samp{.text
-@var{expression}} or a @samp{.data @var{expression}} statement.
-When generating COFF output, you
-can also use an extra subsection
-argument with arbitrary named sections: @samp{.section @var{name},
-@var{expression}}.
-@var{Expression} should be an absolute expression.
-(@xref{Expressions}.) If you just say @samp{.text} then @samp{.text 0}
-is assumed. Likewise @samp{.data} means @samp{.data 0}. Assembly
-begins in @code{text 0}. For instance:
-@smallexample
-.text 0 # The default subsection is text 0 anyway.
-.ascii "This lives in the first text subsection. *"
-.text 1
-.ascii "But this lives in the second text subsection."
-.data 0
-.ascii "This lives in the data section,"
-.ascii "in the first data subsection."
-.text 0
-.ascii "This lives in the first text section,"
-.ascii "immediately following the asterisk (*)."
-@end smallexample
-
-Each section has a @dfn{location counter} incremented by one for every
-byte assembled into that section. Because subsections are merely a
-convenience restricted to @code{as} there is no concept of a subsection
-location counter. There is no way to directly manipulate a location
-counter---but the @code{.align} directive will change it, and any label
-definition will capture its current value. The location counter of the
-section that statements are being assembled into is said to be the
-@dfn{active} location counter.
-
-@node bss
-@section bss Section
-
-@cindex bss section
-@cindex common variable storage
-The bss section is used for local common variable storage.
-You may allocate address space in the bss section, but you may
-not dictate data to load into it before your program executes. When
-your program starts running, all the contents of the bss
-section are zeroed bytes.
-
-Addresses in the bss section are allocated with special directives; you
-may not assemble anything directly into the bss section. Hence there
-are no bss subsections. @xref{Comm,,@code{.comm}},
-@pxref{Lcomm,,@code{.lcomm}}.
-
-@node Symbols
-@chapter Symbols
-
-@cindex symbols
-Symbols are a central concept: the programmer uses symbols to name
-things, the linker uses symbols to link, and the debugger uses symbols
-to debug.
-
-@quotation
-@cindex debuggers, and symbol order
-@emph{Warning:} @code{as} does not place symbols in the object file in
-the same order they were declared. This may break some debuggers.
-@end quotation
-
-@menu
-* Labels:: Labels
-* Setting Symbols:: Giving Symbols Other Values
-* Symbol Names:: Symbol Names
-* Dot:: The Special Dot Symbol
-* Symbol Attributes:: Symbol Attributes
-@end menu
-
-@node Labels
-@section Labels
-
-@cindex labels
-A @dfn{label} is written as a symbol immediately followed by a colon
-@samp{:}. The symbol then represents the current value of the
-active location counter, and is, for example, a suitable instruction
-operand. You are warned if you use the same symbol to represent two
-different locations: the first definition overrides any other
-definitions.
-
-@node Setting Symbols
-@section Giving Symbols Other Values
-
-@cindex assigning values to symbols
-@cindex symbol values, assigning
-A symbol can be given an arbitrary value by writing a symbol, followed
-by an equals sign @samp{=}, followed by an expression
-(@pxref{Expressions}). This is equivalent to using the @code{.set}
-directive. @xref{Set,,@code{.set}}.
-
-@node Symbol Names
-@section Symbol Names
-
-@cindex symbol names
-@cindex names, symbol
-Symbol names begin with a letter or with one of @samp{._}. On most
-machines, you can also use @code{$} in symbol names; exceptions are
-noted in @ref{Machine Dependent}. That character may be followed by any
-string of digits, letters, dollar signs (unless otherwise noted in
-@ref{Machine Dependent}), and underscores.
-Case of letters is significant: @code{foo} is a different symbol name
-than @code{Foo}.
-
-For the AMD 29K family, @samp{?} is also allowed in the
-body of a symbol name, though not at its beginning.
-
-Each symbol has exactly one name. Each name in an assembly language
-program refers to exactly one symbol. You may use that symbol name any
-number of times in a program.
-
-@subheading Local Symbol Names
-
-@cindex local symbol names
-@cindex symbol names, local
-@cindex temporary symbol names
-@cindex symbol names, temporary
-Local symbols help compilers and programmers use names temporarily.
-There are ten local symbol names, which are re-used throughout the
-program. You may refer to them using the names @samp{0} @samp{1}
-@dots{} @samp{9}. To define a local symbol, write a label of the form
-@samp{@b{N}:} (where @b{N} represents any digit). To refer to the most
-recent previous definition of that symbol write @samp{@b{N}b}, using the
-same digit as when you defined the label. To refer to the next
-definition of a local label, write @samp{@b{N}f}---where @b{N} gives you
-a choice of 10 forward references. The @samp{b} stands for
-``backwards'' and the @samp{f} stands for ``forwards''.
-
-Local symbols are not emitted by the current GNU C compiler.
-
-There is no restriction on how you can use these labels, but
-remember that at any point in the assembly you can refer to at most
-10 prior local labels and to at most 10 forward local labels.
-
-Local symbol names are only a notation device. They are immediately
-transformed into more conventional symbol names before the assembler
-uses them. The symbol names stored in the symbol table, appearing in
-error messages and optionally emitted to the object file have these
-parts:
-
-@table @code
-@item L
-All local labels begin with @samp{L}. Normally both @code{as} and
-@code{ld} forget symbols that start with @samp{L}. These labels are
-used for symbols you are never intended to see. If you give the
-@samp{-L} option then @code{as} will retain these symbols in the
-object file. If you also instruct @code{ld} to retain these symbols,
-you may use them in debugging.
-
-@item @var{digit}
-If the label is written @samp{0:} then the digit is @samp{0}.
-If the label is written @samp{1:} then the digit is @samp{1}.
-And so on up through @samp{9:}.
-
-@item @ctrl{A}
-This unusual character is included so you don't accidentally invent
-a symbol of the same name. The character has ASCII value
-@samp{\001}.
-
-@item @emph{ordinal number}
-This is a serial number to keep the labels distinct. The first
-@samp{0:} gets the number @samp{1}; The 15th @samp{0:} gets the
-number @samp{15}; @emph{etc.}. Likewise for the other labels @samp{1:}
-through @samp{9:}.
-@end table
-
-For instance, the first @code{1:} is named @code{L1@ctrl{A}1}, the 44th
-@code{3:} is named @code{L3@ctrl{A}44}.
-
-@node Dot
-@section The Special Dot Symbol
-
-@cindex dot (symbol)
-@cindex @code{.} (symbol)
-@cindex current address
-@cindex location counter
-The special symbol @samp{.} refers to the current address that
-@code{as} is assembling into. Thus, the expression @samp{melvin:
-.long .} will cause @code{melvin} to contain its own address.
-Assigning a value to @code{.} is treated the same as a @code{.org}
-directive. Thus, the expression @samp{.=.+4} is the same as saying
-@samp{.block 4}.
-
-@node Symbol Attributes
-@section Symbol Attributes
-
-@cindex symbol attributes
-@cindex attributes, symbol
-Every symbol has, as well as its name, the attributes ``Value'' and
-``Type''. Depending on output format, symbols can also have auxiliary
-attributes.
-
-If you use a symbol without defining it, @code{as} assumes zero for
-all these attributes, and probably won't warn you. This makes the
-symbol an externally defined symbol, which is generally what you
-would want.
-
-@menu
-* Symbol Value:: Value
-* Symbol Type:: Type
-* a.out Symbols:: Symbol Attributes: @code{a.out}
-* COFF Symbols:: Symbol Attributes for COFF
-@end menu
-
-@node Symbol Value
-@subsection Value
-
-@cindex value of a symbol
-@cindex symbol value
-The value of a symbol is (usually) 32 bits. For a symbol which labels a
-location in the text, data, bss or absolute sections the value is the
-number of addresses from the start of that section to the label.
-Naturally for text, data and bss sections the value of a symbol changes
-as @code{ld} changes section base addresses during linking. Absolute
-symbols' values do not change during linking: that is why they are
-called absolute.
-
-The value of an undefined symbol is treated in a special way. If it is
-0 then the symbol is not defined in this assembler source program, and
-@code{ld} will try to determine its value from other programs it is
-linked with. You make this kind of symbol simply by mentioning a symbol
-name without defining it. A non-zero value represents a @code{.comm}
-common declaration. The value is how much common storage to reserve, in
-bytes (addresses). The symbol refers to the first address of the
-allocated storage.
-
-@node Symbol Type
-@subsection Type
-
-@cindex type of a symbol
-@cindex symbol type
-The type attribute of a symbol contains relocation (section)
-information, any flag settings indicating that a symbol is external, and
-(optionally), other information for linkers and debuggers. The exact
-format depends on the object-code output format in use.
-
-@node a.out Symbols
-@subsection Symbol Attributes: @code{a.out}
-
-@cindex @code{a.out} symbol attributes
-@cindex symbol attributes, @code{a.out}
-
-@menu
-* Symbol Desc:: Descriptor
-* Symbol Other:: Other
-@end menu
-
-@node Symbol Desc
-@subsubsection Descriptor
-
-@cindex descriptor, of @code{a.out} symbol
-This is an arbitrary 16-bit value. You may establish a symbol's
-descriptor value by using a @code{.desc} statement
-(@pxref{Desc,,@code{.desc}}). A descriptor value means nothing to
-@code{as}.
-
-@node Symbol Other
-@subsubsection Other
-
-@cindex other attribute, of @code{a.out} symbol
-This is an arbitrary 8-bit value. It means nothing to @code{as}.
-
-@node COFF Symbols
-@subsection Symbol Attributes for COFF
-
-@cindex COFF symbol attributes
-@cindex symbol attributes, COFF
-
-The COFF format supports a multitude of auxiliary symbol attributes;
-like the primary symbol attributes, they are set between @code{.def} and
-@code{.endef} directives.
-
-@subsubsection Primary Attributes
-
-@cindex primary attributes, COFF symbols
-The symbol name is set with @code{.def}; the value and type,
-respectively, with @code{.val} and @code{.type}.
-
-@subsubsection Auxiliary Attributes
-
-@cindex auxiliary attributes, COFF symbols
-The @code{as} directives @code{.dim}, @code{.line}, @code{.scl},
-@code{.size}, and @code{.tag} can generate auxiliary symbol table
-information for COFF.
-
-@node Expressions
-@chapter Expressions
-
-@cindex expressions
-@cindex addresses
-@cindex numeric values
-An @dfn{expression} specifies an address or numeric value.
-Whitespace may precede and/or follow an expression.
-
-@menu
-* Empty Exprs:: Empty Expressions
-* Integer Exprs:: Integer Expressions
-@end menu
-
-@node Empty Exprs
-@section Empty Expressions
-
-@cindex empty expressions
-@cindex expressions, empty
-An empty expression has no value: it is just whitespace or null.
-Wherever an absolute expression is required, you may omit the
-expression and @code{as} will assume a value of (absolute) 0. This
-is compatible with other assemblers.
-
-@node Integer Exprs
-@section Integer Expressions
-
-@cindex integer expressions
-@cindex expressions, integer
-An @dfn{integer expression} is one or more @emph{arguments} delimited
-by @emph{operators}.
-
-@menu
-* Arguments:: Arguments
-* Operators:: Operators
-* Prefix Ops:: Prefix Operators
-* Infix Ops:: Infix Operators
-@end menu
-
-@node Arguments
-@subsection Arguments
-
-@cindex expression arguments
-@cindex arguments in expressions
-@cindex operands in expressions
-@cindex arithmetic operands
-@dfn{Arguments} are symbols, numbers or subexpressions. In other
-contexts arguments are sometimes called ``arithmetic operands''. In
-this manual, to avoid confusing them with the ``instruction operands'' of
-the machine language, we use the term ``argument'' to refer to parts of
-expressions only, reserving the word ``operand'' to refer only to machine
-instruction operands.
-
-Symbols are evaluated to yield @{@var{section} @var{NNN}@} where
-@var{section} is one of text, data, bss, absolute,
-or undefined. @var{NNN} is a signed, 2's complement 32 bit
-integer.
-
-Numbers are usually integers.
-
-A number can be a flonum or bignum. In this case, you are warned
-that only the low order 32 bits are used, and @code{as} pretends
-these 32 bits are an integer. You may write integer-manipulating
-instructions that act on exotic constants, compatible with other
-assemblers.
-
-@cindex subexpressions
-Subexpressions are a left parenthesis @samp{(} followed by an integer
-expression, followed by a right parenthesis @samp{)}; or a prefix
-operator followed by an argument.
-
-@node Operators
-@subsection Operators
-
-@cindex operators, in expressions
-@cindex arithmetic functions
-@cindex functions, in expressions
-@dfn{Operators} are arithmetic functions, like @code{+} or @code{%}. Prefix
-operators are followed by an argument. Infix operators appear
-between their arguments. Operators may be preceded and/or followed by
-whitespace.
-
-@node Prefix Ops
-@subsection Prefix Operator
-
-@cindex prefix operators
-@code{as} has the following @dfn{prefix operators}. They each take
-one argument, which must be absolute.
-
-@c the tex/end tex stuff surrounding this small table is meant to make
-@c it align, on the printed page, with the similar table in the next
-@c section (which is inside an enumerate).
-@tex
-\global\advance\leftskip by \itemindent
-@end tex
-
-@table @code
-@item -
-@dfn{Negation}. Two's complement negation.
-@item ~
-@dfn{Complementation}. Bitwise not.
-@end table
-
-@tex
-\global\advance\leftskip by -\itemindent
-@end tex
-
-@node Infix Ops
-@subsection Infix Operators
-
-@cindex infix operators
-@cindex operators, permitted arguments
-@dfn{Infix operators} take two arguments, one on either side. Operators
-have precedence, but operations with equal precedence are performed left
-to right. Apart from @code{+} or @code{-}, both arguments must be
-absolute, and the result is absolute.
-
-@enumerate
-@cindex operator precedence
-@cindex precedence of operators
-
-@item
-Highest Precedence
-
-@table @code
-@item *
-@dfn{Multiplication}.
-
-@item /
-@dfn{Division}. Truncation is the same as the C operator @samp{/}
-
-@item %
-@dfn{Remainder}.
-
-@item <
-@itemx <<
-@dfn{Shift Left}. Same as the C operator @samp{<<}
-
-@item >
-@itemx >>
-@dfn{Shift Right}. Same as the C operator @samp{>>}
-@end table
-
-@item
-Intermediate precedence
-
-@table @code
-@item |
-
-@dfn{Bitwise Inclusive Or}.
-
-@item &
-@dfn{Bitwise And}.
-
-@item ^
-@dfn{Bitwise Exclusive Or}.
-
-@item !
-@dfn{Bitwise Or Not}.
-@end table
-
-@item
-Lowest Precedence
-
-@table @code
-@item +
-@cindex addition, permitted arguments
-@cindex plus, permitted arguments
-@cindex arguments for addition
-@dfn{Addition}. If either argument is absolute, the result
-has the section of the other argument.
-If either argument is pass1 or undefined, the result is pass1.
-Otherwise @code{+} is illegal.
-
-@item -
-@cindex subtraction, permitted arguments
-@cindex minus, permitted arguments
-@cindex arguments for subtraction
-@dfn{Subtraction}. If the right argument is absolute, the
-result has the section of the left argument.
-If either argument is pass1 the result is pass1.
-If either argument is undefined the result is difference section.
-If both arguments are in the same section, the result is absolute---provided
-that section is one of text, data or bss.
-Otherwise subtraction is illegal.
-@end table
-@end enumerate
-
-The sense of the rule for addition is that it's only meaningful to add
-the @emph{offsets} in an address; you can only have a defined section in
-one of the two arguments.
-
-Similarly, you can't subtract quantities from two different sections.
-
-@node Pseudo Ops
-@chapter Assembler Directives
-
-@cindex directives, machine independent
-@cindex pseudo-ops, machine independent
-@cindex machine independent directives
-All assembler directives have names that begin with a period (@samp{.}).
-The rest of the name is letters, usually in lower case.
-
-This chapter discusses directives present regardless of the target
-machine configuration for the GNU assembler.
-@xref{Machine Dependent} for additional directives.
-
-@menu
-* Abort:: @code{.abort}
-* coff-ABORT:: @code{.ABORT}
-* Align:: @code{.align @var{abs-expr} , @var{abs-expr}}
-* App-File:: @code{.app-file @var{string}}
-* Ascii:: @code{.ascii "@var{string}"}@dots{}
-* Asciz:: @code{.asciz "@var{string}"}@dots{}
-* Byte:: @code{.byte @var{expressions}}
-* Comm:: @code{.comm @var{symbol} , @var{length} }
-* Data:: @code{.data @var{subsection}}
-* Def:: @code{.def @var{name}}
-* Desc:: @code{.desc @var{symbol}, @var{abs-expression}}
-* Dim:: @code{.dim}
-* Double:: @code{.double @var{flonums}}
-* Eject:: @code{.eject}
-* Else:: @code{.else}
-* Endef:: @code{.endef}
-* Endif:: @code{.endif}
-* Equ:: @code{.equ @var{symbol}, @var{expression}}
-* Extern:: @code{.extern}
-* File:: @code{.file @var{string}}
-* Fill:: @code{.fill @var{repeat} , @var{size} , @var{value}}
-* Float:: @code{.float @var{flonums}}
-* Global:: @code{.global @var{symbol}}, @code{.globl @var{symbol}}
-* hword:: @code{.hword @var{expressions}}
-* Ident:: @code{.ident}
-* If:: @code{.if @var{absolute expression}}
-* Include:: @code{.include "@var{file}"}
-* Int:: @code{.int @var{expressions}}
-* Lcomm:: @code{.lcomm @var{symbol} , @var{length}}
-* Lflags:: @code{.lflags}
-* Line:: @code{.line @var{line-number}}
-* Ln:: @code{.ln @var{line-number}}
-* List:: @code{.list}
-* Long:: @code{.long @var{expressions}}
-* Nolist:: @code{.nolist}
-* Octa:: @code{.octa @var{bignums}}
-* Org:: @code{.org @var{new-lc} , @var{fill}}
-* Psize:: @code{.psize @var{lines}, @var{columns}}
-* Quad:: @code{.quad @var{bignums}}
-* Sbttl:: @code{.sbttl "@var{subheading}"}
-* Scl:: @code{.scl @var{class}}
-* Section:: @code{.section @var{name}, @var{subsection}}
-* Set:: @code{.set @var{symbol}, @var{expression}}
-* Short:: @code{.short @var{expressions}}
-* Single:: @code{.single @var{flonums}}
-* Size:: @code{.size}
-* Space:: @code{.space @var{size} , @var{fill}}
-* Stab:: @code{.stabd, .stabn, .stabs}
-* Tag:: @code{.tag @var{structname}}
-* Text:: @code{.text @var{subsection}}
-* Title:: @code{.title "@var{heading}"}
-* Type:: @code{.type @var{int}}
-* Val:: @code{.val @var{addr}}
-* Word:: @code{.word @var{expressions}}
-* Deprecated:: Deprecated Directives
-@end menu
-
-@node Abort
-@section @code{.abort}
-
-@cindex @code{abort} directive
-@cindex stopping the assembly
-This directive stops the assembly immediately. It is for
-compatibility with other assemblers. The original idea was that the
-assembly language source would be piped into the assembler. If the sender
-of the source quit, it could use this directive tells @code{as} to
-quit also. One day @code{.abort} will not be supported.
-
-@node coff-ABORT
-@section @code{.ABORT}
-
-@cindex @code{ABORT} directive
-When producing COFF output, @code{as} accepts this directive as a
-synonym for @samp{.abort}.
-
-
-When producing @code{b.out} output, @code{as} accepts this directive,
-but ignores it.
-
-@node Align
-@section @code{.align @var{abs-expr} , @var{abs-expr}}
-
-@cindex padding the location counter
-@cindex @code{align} directive
-Pad the location counter (in the current subsection) to a particular
-storage boundary. The first expression (which must be absolute) is the
-number of low-order zero bits the location counter will have after
-advancement. For example @samp{.align 3} will advance the location
-counter until it a multiple of 8. If the location counter is already a
-multiple of 8, no change is needed.
-
-The second expression (also absolute) gives the value to be stored in
-the padding bytes. It (and the comma) may be omitted. If it is
-omitted, the padding bytes are zero.
-
-@node App-File
-@section @code{.app-file @var{string}}
-
-@cindex logical file name
-@cindex file name, logical
-@cindex @code{app-file} directive
-@code{.app-file}
-tells @code{as} that we are about to start a new
-logical file. @var{string} is the new file name. In general, the
-filename is recognized whether or not it is surrounded by quotes @samp{"};
-but if you wish to specify an empty file name is permitted,
-you must give the quotes--@code{""}. This statement may go away in
-future: it is only recognized to be compatible with old @code{as}
-programs.@refill
-
-@node Ascii
-@section @code{.ascii "@var{string}"}@dots{}
-
-@cindex @code{ascii} directive
-@cindex string literals
-@code{.ascii} expects zero or more string literals (@pxref{Strings})
-separated by commas. It assembles each string (with no automatic
-trailing zero byte) into consecutive addresses.
-
-@node Asciz
-@section @code{.asciz "@var{string}"}@dots{}
-
-@cindex @code{asciz} directive
-@cindex zero-terminated strings
-@cindex null-terminated strings
-@code{.asciz} is just like @code{.ascii}, but each string is followed by
-a zero byte. The ``z'' in @samp{.asciz} stands for ``zero''.
-
-@node Byte
-@section @code{.byte @var{expressions}}
-
-@cindex @code{byte} directive
-@cindex integers, one byte
-@code{.byte} expects zero or more expressions, separated by commas.
-Each expression is assembled into the next byte.
-
-@node Comm
-@section @code{.comm @var{symbol} , @var{length} }
-
-@cindex @code{comm} directive
-@cindex symbol, common
-@code{.comm} declares a named common area in the bss section. Normally
-@code{ld} reserves memory addresses for it during linking, so no partial
-program defines the location of the symbol. Use @code{.comm} to tell
-@code{ld} that it must be at least @var{length} bytes long. @code{ld}
-will allocate space for each @code{.comm} symbol that is at least as
-long as the longest @code{.comm} request in any of the partial programs
-linked. @var{length} is an absolute expression.
-
-@node Data
-@section @code{.data @var{subsection}}
-
-@cindex @code{data} directive
-@code{.data} tells @code{as} to assemble the following statements onto the
-end of the data subsection numbered @var{subsection} (which is an
-absolute expression). If @var{subsection} is omitted, it defaults
-to zero.
-
-@node Def
-@section @code{.def @var{name}}
-
-@cindex @code{def} directive
-@cindex COFF symbols, debugging
-@cindex debugging COFF symbols
-Begin defining debugging information for a symbol @var{name}; the
-definition extends until the @code{.endef} directive is encountered.
-
-This directive is only observed when @code{as} is configured for COFF
-format output; when producing @code{b.out}, @samp{.def} is recognized,
-but ignored.
-
-@node Desc
-@section @code{.desc @var{symbol}, @var{abs-expression}}
-
-@cindex @code{desc} directive
-@cindex COFF symbol descriptor
-@cindex symbol descriptor, COFF
-This directive sets the descriptor of the symbol (@pxref{Symbol Attributes})
-to the low 16 bits of an absolute expression.
-
-The @samp{.desc} directive is not available when @code{as} is
-configured for COFF output; it is only for @code{a.out} or @code{b.out}
-object format. For the sake of compatibility, @code{as} will accept
-it, but produce no output, when configured for COFF.
-
-@node Dim
-@section @code{.dim}
-
-@cindex @code{dim} directive
-@cindex COFF auxiliary symbol information
-@cindex auxiliary symbol information, COFF
-This directive is generated by compilers to include auxiliary debugging
-information in the symbol table. It is only permitted inside
-@code{.def}/@code{.endef} pairs.
-
-@samp{.dim} is only meaningful when generating COFF format output; when
-@code{as} is generating @code{b.out}, it accepts this directive but
-ignores it.
-
-@node Double
-@section @code{.double @var{flonums}}
-
-@cindex @code{double} directive
-@cindex floating point numbers (double)
-@code{.double} expects zero or more flonums, separated by commas. It
-assembles floating point numbers.
-The exact kind of floating point numbers emitted depends on how
-@code{as} is configured. @xref{Machine Dependent}.
-
-@node Eject
-@section @code{.eject}
-
-@cindex @code{eject} directive
-@cindex new page, in listings
-@cindex page, in listings
-@cindex listing control: new page
-Force a page break at this point, when generating assembly listings.
-
-@node Else
-@section @code{.else}
-
-@cindex @code{else} directive
-@code{.else} is part of the @code{as} support for conditional
-assembly; @pxref{If,,@code{.if}}. It marks the beginning of a section
-of code to be assembled if the condition for the preceding @code{.if}
-was false.
-
-
-@node Endef
-@section @code{.endef}
-
-@cindex @code{endef} directive
-This directive flags the end of a symbol definition begun with
-@code{.def}.
-
-@samp{.endef} is only meaningful when generating COFF format output; if
-@code{as} is configured to generate @code{b.out}, it accepts this
-directive but ignores it.
-
-@node Endif
-@section @code{.endif}
-
-@cindex @code{endif} directive
-@code{.endif} is part of the @code{as} support for conditional assembly;
-it marks the end of a block of code that is only assembled
-conditionally. @xref{If,,@code{.if}}.
-
-@node Equ
-@section @code{.equ @var{symbol}, @var{expression}}
-
-@cindex @code{equ} directive
-@cindex assigning values to symbols
-@cindex symbols, assigning values to
-This directive sets the value of @var{symbol} to @var{expression}.
-It is synonymous with @samp{.set}; @pxref{Set,,@code{.set}}.
-
-@node Extern
-@section @code{.extern}
-
-@cindex @code{extern} directive
-@code{.extern} is accepted in the source program---for compatibility
-with other assemblers---but it is ignored. @code{as} treats
-all undefined symbols as external.
-
-@node File
-@section @code{.file @var{string}}
-
-@cindex @code{file} directive
-@cindex logical file name
-@cindex file name, logical
-@code{.file} (which may also be spelled @samp{.app-file}) tells
-@code{as} that we are about to start a new logical file.
-@var{string} is the new file name. In general, the filename is
-recognized whether or not it is surrounded by quotes @samp{"}; but if
-you wish to specify an empty file name, you must give the
-quotes--@code{""}. This statement may go away in future: it is only
-recognized to be compatible with old @code{as} programs.
-In some configurations of @code{as}, @code{.file} has already been
-removed to avoid conflicts with other assemblers. @xref{Machine Dependent}.
-
-@node Fill
-@section @code{.fill @var{repeat} , @var{size} , @var{value}}
-
-@cindex @code{fill} directive
-@cindex writing patterns in memory
-@cindex patterns, writing in memory
-@var{result}, @var{size} and @var{value} are absolute expressions.
-This emits @var{repeat} copies of @var{size} bytes. @var{Repeat}
-may be zero or more. @var{Size} may be zero or more, but if it is
-more than 8, then it is deemed to have the value 8, compatible with
-other people's assemblers. The contents of each @var{repeat} bytes
-is taken from an 8-byte number. The highest order 4 bytes are
-zero. The lowest order 4 bytes are @var{value} rendered in the
-byte-order of an integer on the computer @code{as} is assembling for.
-Each @var{size} bytes in a repetition is taken from the lowest order
-@var{size} bytes of this number. Again, this bizarre behavior is
-compatible with other people's assemblers.
-
-@var{size} and @var{value} are optional.
-If the second comma and @var{value} are absent, @var{value} is
-assumed zero. If the first comma and following tokens are absent,
-@var{size} is assumed to be 1.
-
-@node Float
-@section @code{.float @var{flonums}}
-
-@cindex floating point numbers (single)
-@cindex @code{float} directive
-This directive assembles zero or more flonums, separated by commas. It
-has the same effect as @code{.single}.
-The exact kind of floating point numbers emitted depends on how
-@code{as} is configured.
-@xref{Machine Dependent}.
-
-@node Global
-@section @code{.global @var{symbol}}, @code{.globl @var{symbol}}
-
-@cindex @code{global} directive
-@cindex symbol, making visible to linker
-@code{.global} makes the symbol visible to @code{ld}. If you define
-@var{symbol} in your partial program, its value is made available to
-other partial programs that are linked with it. Otherwise,
-@var{symbol} will take its attributes from a symbol of the same name
-from another partial program it is linked with.
-
-Both spellings (@samp{.globl} and @samp{.global}) are accepted, for
-compatibility with other assemblers.
-
-@node hword
-@section @code{.hword @var{expressions}}
-
-@cindex @code{hword} directive
-@cindex integers, 16-bit
-@cindex numbers, 16-bit
-@cindex sixteen bit integers
-This expects zero or more @var{expressions}, and emits
-a 16 bit number for each.
-
-This directive is a synonym for @samp{.short}; depending on the target
-architecture, it may also be a synonym for @samp{.word}.
-
-@node Ident
-@section @code{.ident}
-
-@cindex @code{ident} directive
-This directive is used by some assemblers to place tags in object files.
-@code{as} simply accepts the directive for source-file
-compatibility with such assemblers, but does not actually emit anything
-for it.
-
-@node If
-@section @code{.if @var{absolute expression}}
-
-@cindex conditional assembly
-@cindex @code{if} directive
-@code{.if} marks the beginning of a section of code which is only
-considered part of the source program being assembled if the argument
-(which must be an @var{absolute expression}) is non-zero. The end of
-the conditional section of code must be marked by @code{.endif}
-(@pxref{Endif,,@code{.endif}}); optionally, you may include code for the
-alternative condition, flagged by @code{.else} (@pxref{Else,,@code{.else}}.
-
-The following variants of @code{.if} are also supported:
-@table @code
-@item .ifdef @var{symbol}
-@cindex @code{ifdef} directive
-Assembles the following section of code if the specified @var{symbol}
-has been defined.
-
-
-@item .ifndef @var{symbol}
-@itemx ifnotdef @var{symbol}
-@cindex @code{ifndef} directive
-@cindex @code{ifnotdef} directive
-Assembles the following section of code if the specified @var{symbol}
-has not been defined. Both spelling variants are equivalent.
-
-@end table
-
-@node Include
-@section @code{.include "@var{file}"}
-
-@cindex @code{include} directive
-@cindex supporting files, including
-@cindex files, including
-This directive provides a way to include supporting files at specified
-points in your source program. The code from @var{file} is assembled as
-if it followed the point of the @code{.include}; when the end of the
-included file is reached, assembly of the original file continues. You
-can control the search paths used with the @samp{-I} command-line option
-(@pxref{Invoking,,Command-Line Options}). Quotation marks are required
-around @var{file}.
-
-@node Int
-@section @code{.int @var{expressions}}
-
-@cindex @code{int} directive
-@cindex integers, 32-bit
-Expect zero or more @var{expressions}, of any section, separated by
-commas. For each expression, emit a
-32-bit
-number that will, at run
-time, be the value of that expression. The byte order of the
-expression depends on what kind of computer will run the program.
-
-@node Lcomm
-@section @code{.lcomm @var{symbol} , @var{length}}
-
-@cindex @code{lcomm} directive
-@cindex local common symbols
-@cindex symbols, local common
-Reserve @var{length} (an absolute expression) bytes for a local common
-denoted by @var{symbol}. The section and value of @var{symbol} are
-those of the new local common. The addresses are allocated in the bss
-section, so at run-time the bytes will start off zeroed. @var{Symbol}
-is not declared global (@pxref{Global,,@code{.global}}), so is normally
-not visible to @code{ld}.
-
-@node Lflags
-@section @code{.lflags}
-
-@cindex @code{lflags} directive (ignored)
-@code{as} accepts this directive, for compatibility with other
-assemblers, but ignores it.
-
-@node Line
-@section @code{.line @var{line-number}}
-
-@cindex @code{line} directive
-@cindex logical line number
-Tell @code{as} to change the logical line number. @var{line-number} must be
-an absolute expression. The next line will have that logical line
-number. So any other statements on the current line (after a statement
-separator
-character)
-will be reported as on logical line number
-@var{line-number} @minus{} 1.
-One day this directive will be unsupported: it is used only
-for compatibility with existing assembler programs. @refill
-
-@emph{Warning:} In the AMD29K configuration of as, this command is
-only available with the name @code{.ln}, rather than as either
-@code{.line} or @code{.ln}.
-
-@node Ln
-@section @code{.ln @var{line-number}}
-
-@cindex @code{ln} directive
-@samp{.ln} is a synonym for @samp{.line}.
-
-@node List
-@section @code{.list}
-
-@cindex @code{list} directive
-@cindex listing control, turning on
-Control (in conjunction with the @code{.nolist} directive) whether or
-not assembly listings are generated. These two directives maintain an
-internal counter (which is zero initially). @code{.list} increments the
-counter, and @code{.nolist} decrements it. Assembly listings are
-generated whenever the counter is greater than zero.
-
-By default, listings are disabled. When you enable them (with the
-@samp{-a} command line option; @pxref{Invoking,,Command-Line Options}),
-the initial value of the listing counter is one.
-
-@node Long
-@section @code{.long @var{expressions}}
-
-@cindex @code{long} directive
-@code{.long} is the same as @samp{.int}, @pxref{Int,,@code{.int}}.
-
-@ignore
-@c no one seems to know what this is for or whether this description is
-@c what it really ought to do
-@node Lsym
-@section @code{.lsym @var{symbol}, @var{expression}}
-
-@cindex @code{lsym} directive
-@cindex symbol, not referenced in assembly
-@code{.lsym} creates a new symbol named @var{symbol}, but does not put it in
-the hash table, ensuring it cannot be referenced by name during the
-rest of the assembly. This sets the attributes of the symbol to be
-the same as the expression value:
-@smallexample
-@var{other} = @var{descriptor} = 0
-@var{type} = @r{(section of @var{expression})}
-@var{value} = @var{expression}
-@end smallexample
-@noindent
-The new symbol is not flagged as external.
-@end ignore
-
-@node Nolist
-@section @code{.nolist}
-
-@cindex @code{nolist} directive
-@cindex listing control, turning off
-Control (in conjunction with the @code{.list} directive) whether or
-not assembly listings are generated. These two directives maintain an
-internal counter (which is zero initially). @code{.list} increments the
-counter, and @code{.nolist} decrements it. Assembly listings are
-generated whenever the counter is greater than zero.
-
-@node Octa
-@section @code{.octa @var{bignums}}
-
-@c FIXME: double size emitted for "octa" on i960, others? Or warn?
-@cindex @code{octa} directive
-@cindex integer, 16-byte
-@cindex sixteen byte integer
-This directive expects zero or more bignums, separated by commas. For each
-bignum, it emits a 16-byte integer.
-
-The term ``octa'' comes from contexts in which a ``word'' is two bytes;
-hence @emph{octa}-word for 16 bytes.
-
-@node Org
-@section @code{.org @var{new-lc} , @var{fill}}
-
-@cindex @code{org} directive
-@cindex location counter, advancing
-@cindex advancing location counter
-@cindex current address, advancing
-@code{.org} will advance the location counter of the current section to
-@var{new-lc}. @var{new-lc} is either an absolute expression or an
-expression with the same section as the current subsection. That is,
-you can't use @code{.org} to cross sections: if @var{new-lc} has the
-wrong section, the @code{.org} directive is ignored. To be compatible
-with former assemblers, if the section of @var{new-lc} is absolute,
-@code{as} will issue a warning, then pretend the section of @var{new-lc}
-is the same as the current subsection.
-
-@code{.org} may only increase the location counter, or leave it
-unchanged; you cannot use @code{.org} to move the location counter
-backwards.
-
-@c double negative used below "not undefined" because this is a specific
-@c reference to "undefined" (as SEG_UNKNOWN is called in this manual)
-@c section. pesch@cygnus.com 18feb91
-Because @code{as} tries to assemble programs in one pass @var{new-lc}
-may not be undefined. If you really detest this restriction we eagerly await
-a chance to share your improved assembler.
-
-Beware that the origin is relative to the start of the section, not
-to the start of the subsection. This is compatible with other
-people's assemblers.
-
-When the location counter (of the current subsection) is advanced, the
-intervening bytes are filled with @var{fill} which should be an
-absolute expression. If the comma and @var{fill} are omitted,
-@var{fill} defaults to zero.
-
-@node Psize
-@section @code{.psize @var{lines} , @var{columns}}
-
-@cindex @code{psize} directive
-@cindex listing control: paper size
-@cindex paper size, for listings
-Use this directive to declare the number of lines---and, optionally, the
-number of columns---to use for each page, when generating listings.
-
-If you don't use @code{.psize}, listings will use a default line-count
-of 60. You may omit the comma and @var{columns} specification; the
-default width is 200 columns.
-
-@code{as} will generate formfeeds whenever the specified number of
-lines is exceeded (or whenever you explicitly request one, using
-@code{.eject}).
-
-If you specify @var{lines} as @code{0}, no formfeeds are generated save
-those explicitly specified with @code{.eject}.
-
-@node Quad
-@section @code{.quad @var{bignums}}
-
-@cindex @code{quad} directive
-@code{.quad} expects zero or more bignums, separated by commas. For
-each bignum, it emits
-an 8-byte integer. If the bignum won't fit in 8
-bytes, it prints a warning message; and just takes the lowest order 8
-bytes of the bignum.@refill
-@cindex eight-byte integer
-@cindex integer, 8-byte
-
-The term ``quad'' comes from contexts in which a ``word'' is two bytes;
-hence @emph{quad}-word for 8 bytes.
-
-@node Sbttl
-@section @code{.sbttl "@var{subheading}"}
-
-@cindex @code{sbttl} directive
-@cindex subtitles for listings
-@cindex listing control: subtitle
-Use @var{subheading} as the title (third line, immediately after the
-title line) when generating assembly listings.
-
-This directive affects subsequent pages, as well as the current page if
-it appears within ten lines of the top of a page.
-
-@node Scl
-@section @code{.scl @var{class}}
-
-@cindex @code{scl} directive
-@cindex symbol storage class (COFF)
-@cindex COFF symbol storage class
-Set the storage-class value for a symbol. This directive may only be
-used inside a @code{.def}/@code{.endef} pair. Storage class may flag
-whether a symbol is static or external, or it may record further
-symbolic debugging information.
-
-The @samp{.scl} directive is primarily associated with COFF output; when
-configured to generate @code{b.out} output format, @code{as} will
-accept this directive but ignore it.
-
-@node Section
-@section @code{.section @var{name}, @var{subsection}}
-
-@cindex @code{section} directive
-@cindex named section (COFF)
-@cindex COFF named section
-Assemble the following code into end of subsection numbered
-@var{subsection} in the COFF named section @var{name}. If you omit
-@var{subsection}, @code{as} uses subsection number zero.
-@samp{.section .text} is equivalent to the @code{.text} directive;
-@samp{.section .data} is equivalent to the @code{.data} directive.
-
-@node Set
-@section @code{.set @var{symbol}, @var{expression}}
-
-@cindex @code{set} directive
-@cindex symbol value, setting
-This directive sets the value of @var{symbol} to @var{expression}. This
-will change @var{symbol}'s value and type to conform to
-@var{expression}. If @var{symbol} was flagged as external, it remains
-flagged. (@xref{Symbol Attributes}.)
-
-You may @code{.set} a symbol many times in the same assembly.
-If the expression's section is unknowable during pass 1, a second
-pass over the source program will be forced. The second pass is
-currently not implemented. @code{as} will abort with an error
-message if one is required.
-
-If you @code{.set} a global symbol, the value stored in the object
-file is the last value stored into it.
-
-@node Short
-@section @code{.short @var{expressions}}
-
-@cindex @code{short} directive
-@code{.short} is the same as @samp{.word}. @xref{Word,,@code{.word}}.
-
-@node Single
-@section @code{.single @var{flonums}}
-
-@cindex @code{single} directive
-@cindex floating point numbers (single)
-This directive assembles zero or more flonums, separated by commas. It
-has the same effect as @code{.float}.
-The exact kind of floating point numbers emitted depends on how
-@code{as} is configured. @xref{Machine Dependent}.
-
-@node Size
-@section @code{.size}
-
-@cindex @code{size} directive
-This directive is generated by compilers to include auxiliary debugging
-information in the symbol table. It is only permitted inside
-@code{.def}/@code{.endef} pairs.
-
-@samp{.size} is only meaningful when generating COFF format output; when
-@code{as} is generating @code{b.out}, it accepts this directive but
-ignores it.
-
-@node Space
-@section @code{.space @var{size} , @var{fill}}
-
-@cindex @code{space} directive
-@cindex filling memory
-This directive emits @var{size} bytes, each of value @var{fill}. Both
-@var{size} and @var{fill} are absolute expressions. If the comma
-and @var{fill} are omitted, @var{fill} is assumed to be zero.
-
-On the AMD 29K, this directive is ignored; it is accepted for
-compatibility with other AMD 29K assemblers.
-
-@quotation
-@emph{Warning:} In other versions of the GNU assembler, the directive
-@code{.space} has the effect of @code{.block} @xref{Machine Dependent}.
-@end quotation
-
-@node Stab
-@section @code{.stabd, .stabn, .stabs}
-
-@cindex symbolic debuggers, information for
-@cindex @code{stab@var{x}} directives
-There are three directives that begin @samp{.stab}.
-All emit symbols (@pxref{Symbols}), for use by symbolic debuggers.
-The symbols are not entered in the @code{as} hash table: they
-cannot be referenced elsewhere in the source file.
-Up to five fields are required:
-@table @var
-@item string
-This is the symbol's name. It may contain any character except @samp{\000},
-so is more general than ordinary symbol names. Some debuggers used to
-code arbitrarily complex structures into symbol names using this field.
-@item type
-An absolute expression. The symbol's type is set to the low 8
-bits of this expression.
-Any bit pattern is permitted, but @code{ld} and debuggers will choke on
-silly bit patterns.
-@item other
-An absolute expression.
-The symbol's ``other'' attribute is set to the low 8 bits of this expression.
-@item desc
-An absolute expression.
-The symbol's descriptor is set to the low 16 bits of this expression.
-@item value
-An absolute expression which becomes the symbol's value.
-@end table
-
-If a warning is detected while reading a @code{.stabd}, @code{.stabn},
-or @code{.stabs} statement, the symbol has probably already been created
-and you will get a half-formed symbol in your object file. This is
-compatible with earlier assemblers!
-
-@table @code
-@cindex @code{stabd} directive
-@item .stabd @var{type} , @var{other} , @var{desc}
-
-The ``name'' of the symbol generated is not even an empty string.
-It is a null pointer, for compatibility. Older assemblers used a
-null pointer so they didn't waste space in object files with empty
-strings.
-
-The symbol's value is set to the location counter,
-relocatably. When your program is linked, the value of this symbol
-will be where the location counter was when the @code{.stabd} was
-assembled.
-
-@item .stabn @var{type} , @var{other} , @var{desc} , @var{value}
-@cindex @code{stabn} directive
-The name of the symbol is set to the empty string @code{""}.
-
-@item .stabs @var{string} , @var{type} , @var{other} , @var{desc} , @var{value}
-@cindex @code{stabs} directive
-All five fields are specified.
-@end table
-
-@node Tag
-@section @code{.tag @var{structname}}
-
-@cindex COFF structure debugging
-@cindex structure debugging, COFF
-@cindex @code{tag} directive
-This directive is generated by compilers to include auxiliary debugging
-information in the symbol table. It is only permitted inside
-@code{.def}/@code{.endef} pairs. Tags are used to link structure
-definitions in the symbol table with instances of those structures.
-
-@samp{.tag} is only used when generating COFF format output; when
-@code{as} is generating @code{b.out}, it accepts this directive but
-ignores it.
-
-@node Text
-@section @code{.text @var{subsection}}
-
-@cindex @code{text} directive
-Tells @code{as} to assemble the following statements onto the end of
-the text subsection numbered @var{subsection}, which is an absolute
-expression. If @var{subsection} is omitted, subsection number zero
-is used.
-
-@node Title
-@section @code{.title "@var{heading}"}
-
-@cindex @code{title} directive
-@cindex listing control: title line
-Use @var{heading} as the title (second line, immediately after the
-source file name and pagenumber) when generating assembly listings.
-
-This directive affects subsequent pages, as well as the current page if
-it appears within ten lines of the top of a page.
-
-@node Type
-@section @code{.type @var{int}}
-
-@cindex COFF symbol type
-@cindex symbol type, COFF
-@cindex @code{type} directive
-This directive, permitted only within @code{.def}/@code{.endef} pairs,
-records the integer @var{int} as the type attribute of a symbol table entry.
-
-@samp{.type} is associated only with COFF format output; when
-@code{as} is configured for @code{b.out} output, it accepts this
-directive but ignores it.
-
-@node Val
-@section @code{.val @var{addr}}
-
-@cindex @code{val} directive
-@cindex COFF value attribute
-@cindex value attribute, COFF
-This directive, permitted only within @code{.def}/@code{.endef} pairs,
-records the address @var{addr} as the value attribute of a symbol table
-entry.
-
-@samp{.val} is used only for COFF output; when @code{as} is
-configured for @code{b.out}, it accepts this directive but ignores it.
-
-@node Word
-@section @code{.word @var{expressions}}
-
-@cindex @code{word} directive
-This directive expects zero or more @var{expressions}, of any section,
-separated by commas.
-
-The size of the number emitted, and its byte order,
-depends on what kind of computer will run the program.
-
-@c on amd29k, i960, sparc the "special treatment to support compilers" doesn't
-@c happen---32-bit addressability, period; no long/short jumps.
-@cindex difference tables altered
-@cindex altered difference tables
-@quotation
-@emph{Warning: Special Treatment to support Compilers}
-@end quotation
-
-Machines with a 32-bit address space, but that do less than 32-bit
-addressing, require the following special treatment. If the machine of
-interest to you does 32-bit addressing (or doesn't require it;
-@pxref{Machine Dependent}), you can ignore this issue.
-
-In order to assemble compiler output into something that will work,
-@code{as} will occasionlly do strange things to @samp{.word} directives.
-Directives of the form @samp{.word sym1-sym2} are often emitted by
-compilers as part of jump tables. Therefore, when @code{as} assembles a
-directive of the form @samp{.word sym1-sym2}, and the difference between
-@code{sym1} and @code{sym2} does not fit in 16 bits, @code{as} will
-create a @dfn{secondary jump table}, immediately before the next label.
-This secondary jump table will be preceded by a short-jump to the
-first byte after the secondary table. This short-jump prevents the flow
-of control from accidentally falling into the new table. Inside the
-table will be a long-jump to @code{sym2}. The original @samp{.word}
-will contain @code{sym1} minus the address of the long-jump to
-@code{sym2}.
-
-If there were several occurrences of @samp{.word sym1-sym2} before the
-secondary jump table, all of them will be adjusted. If there was a
-@samp{.word sym3-sym4}, that also did not fit in sixteen bits, a
-long-jump to @code{sym4} will be included in the secondary jump table,
-and the @code{.word} directives will be adjusted to contain @code{sym3}
-minus the address of the long-jump to @code{sym4}; and so on, for as many
-entries in the original jump table as necessary.
-
-
-@node Deprecated
-@section Deprecated Directives
-
-@cindex deprecated directives
-@cindex obsolescent directives
-One day these directives won't work.
-They are included for compatibility with older assemblers.
-@table @t
-@item .abort
-@item .app-file
-@item .line
-@end table
-
-@node Machine Dependent
-@chapter Machine Dependent Features
-
-@cindex machine dependencies
-The machine instruction sets are (almost by definition) different on
-each machine where @code{as} runs. Floating point representations
-vary as well, and @code{as} often supports a few additional
-directives or command-line options for compatibility with other
-assemblers on a particular platform. Finally, some versions of
-@code{as} support special pseudo-instructions for branch
-optimization.
-
-This chapter discusses most of these differences, though it does not
-include details on any machine's instruction set. For details on that
-subject, see the hardware manufacturer's manual.
-
-@menu
-* Vax-Dependent:: VAX Dependent Features
-* AMD29K-Dependent:: AMD 29K Dependent Features
-* H8/300-Dependent:: Hitachi H8/300 Dependent Features
-* H8/500-Dependent:: Hitachi H8/500 Dependent Features
-* i960-Dependent:: Intel 80960 Dependent Features
-* M68K-Dependent:: M680x0 Dependent Features
-* Sparc-Dependent:: SPARC Dependent Features
-* Z8000-Dependent:: Z8000 Dependent Features
-* i386-Dependent:: 80386 Dependent Features
-@end menu
-
-@node Vax-Dependent
-@section VAX Dependent Features
-
-@cindex VAX support
-@menu
-* Vax-Opts:: VAX Command-Line Options
-* VAX-float:: VAX Floating Point
-* VAX-directives:: Vax Machine Directives
-* VAX-opcodes:: VAX Opcodes
-* VAX-branch:: VAX Branch Improvement
-* VAX-operands:: VAX Operands
-* VAX-no:: Not Supported on VAX
-@end menu
-
-@node Vax-Opts
-@subsection VAX Command-Line Options
-
-@cindex command-line options ignored, VAX
-@cindex VAX command-line options ignored
-The Vax version of @code{as} accepts any of the following options,
-gives a warning message that the option was ignored and proceeds.
-These options are for compatibility with scripts designed for other
-people's assemblers.
-
-@table @asis
-@item @kbd{-D} (Debug)
-@itemx @kbd{-S} (Symbol Table)
-@itemx @kbd{-T} (Token Trace)
-@cindex @code{-D}, ignored on VAX
-@cindex @code{-S}, ignored on VAX
-@cindex @code{-T}, ignored on VAX
-These are obsolete options used to debug old assemblers.
-
-@item @kbd{-d} (Displacement size for JUMPs)
-@cindex @code{-d}, VAX option
-This option expects a number following the @kbd{-d}. Like options
-that expect filenames, the number may immediately follow the
-@kbd{-d} (old standard) or constitute the whole of the command line
-argument that follows @kbd{-d} (GNU standard).
-
-@item @kbd{-V} (Virtualize Interpass Temporary File)
-@cindex @code{-V}, redundant on VAX
-Some other assemblers use a temporary file. This option
-commanded them to keep the information in active memory rather
-than in a disk file. @code{as} always does this, so this
-option is redundant.
-
-@item @kbd{-J} (JUMPify Longer Branches)
-@cindex @code{-J}, ignored on VAX
-Many 32-bit computers permit a variety of branch instructions
-to do the same job. Some of these instructions are short (and
-fast) but have a limited range; others are long (and slow) but
-can branch anywhere in virtual memory. Often there are 3
-flavors of branch: short, medium and long. Some other
-assemblers would emit short and medium branches, unless told by
-this option to emit short and long branches.
-
-@item @kbd{-t} (Temporary File Directory)
-@cindex @code{-t}, ignored on VAX
-Some other assemblers may use a temporary file, and this option
-takes a filename being the directory to site the temporary
-file. @code{as} does not use a temporary disk file, so this
-option makes no difference. @kbd{-t} needs exactly one
-filename.
-@end table
-
-@cindex VMS (VAX) options
-@cindex options for VAX/VMS
-@cindex VAX/VMS options
-@cindex @code{-h} option, VAX/VMS
-@cindex @code{-+} option, VAX/VMS
-@cindex Vax-11 C compatibility
-@cindex symbols with lowercase, VAX/VMS
-@c FIXME! look into "I think" below, correct if needed, delete.
-The Vax version of the assembler accepts two options when
-compiled for VMS. They are @kbd{-h}, and @kbd{-+}. The
-@kbd{-h} option prevents @code{as} from modifying the
-symbol-table entries for symbols that contain lowercase
-characters (I think). The @kbd{-+} option causes @code{as} to
-print warning messages if the FILENAME part of the object file,
-or any symbol name is larger than 31 characters. The @kbd{-+}
-option also insertes some code following the @samp{_main}
-symbol so that the object file will be compatible with Vax-11
-"C".
-
-@node VAX-float
-@subsection VAX Floating Point
-
-@cindex VAX floating point
-@cindex floating point, VAX
-Conversion of flonums to floating point is correct, and
-compatible with previous assemblers. Rounding is
-towards zero if the remainder is exactly half the least significant bit.
-
-@code{D}, @code{F}, @code{G} and @code{H} floating point formats
-are understood.
-
-Immediate floating literals (@emph{e.g.} @samp{S`$6.9})
-are rendered correctly. Again, rounding is towards zero in the
-boundary case.
-
-@cindex @code{float} directive, VAX
-@cindex @code{double} directive, VAX
-The @code{.float} directive produces @code{f} format numbers.
-The @code{.double} directive produces @code{d} format numbers.
-
-@node VAX-directives
-@subsection Vax Machine Directives
-
-@cindex machine directives, VAX
-@cindex VAX machine directives
-The Vax version of the assembler supports four directives for
-generating Vax floating point constants. They are described in the
-table below.
-
-@cindex wide floating point directives, VAX
-@table @code
-@item .dfloat
-@cindex @code{dfloat} directive, VAX
-This expects zero or more flonums, separated by commas, and
-assembles Vax @code{d} format 64-bit floating point constants.
-
-@item .ffloat
-@cindex @code{ffloat} directive, VAX
-This expects zero or more flonums, separated by commas, and
-assembles Vax @code{f} format 32-bit floating point constants.
-
-@item .gfloat
-@cindex @code{gfloat} directive, VAX
-This expects zero or more flonums, separated by commas, and
-assembles Vax @code{g} format 64-bit floating point constants.
-
-@item .hfloat
-@cindex @code{hfloat} directive, VAX
-This expects zero or more flonums, separated by commas, and
-assembles Vax @code{h} format 128-bit floating point constants.
-
-@end table
-
-@node VAX-opcodes
-@subsection VAX Opcodes
-
-@cindex VAX opcode mnemonics
-@cindex opcode mnemonics, VAX
-@cindex mnemonics for opcodes, VAX
-All DEC mnemonics are supported. Beware that @code{case@dots{}}
-instructions have exactly 3 operands. The dispatch table that
-follows the @code{case@dots{}} instruction should be made with
-@code{.word} statements. This is compatible with all unix
-assemblers we know of.
-
-@node VAX-branch
-@subsection VAX Branch Improvement
-
-@cindex VAX branch improvement
-@cindex branch improvement, VAX
-@cindex pseudo-ops for branch, VAX
-Certain pseudo opcodes are permitted. They are for branch
-instructions. They expand to the shortest branch instruction that
-will reach the target. Generally these mnemonics are made by
-substituting @samp{j} for @samp{b} at the start of a DEC mnemonic.
-This feature is included both for compatibility and to help
-compilers. If you don't need this feature, don't use these
-opcodes. Here are the mnemonics, and the code they can expand into.
-
-@table @code
-@item jbsb
-@samp{Jsb} is already an instruction mnemonic, so we chose @samp{jbsb}.
-@table @asis
-@item (byte displacement)
-@kbd{bsbb @dots{}}
-@item (word displacement)
-@kbd{bsbw @dots{}}
-@item (long displacement)
-@kbd{jsb @dots{}}
-@end table
-@item jbr
-@itemx jr
-Unconditional branch.
-@table @asis
-@item (byte displacement)
-@kbd{brb @dots{}}
-@item (word displacement)
-@kbd{brw @dots{}}
-@item (long displacement)
-@kbd{jmp @dots{}}
-@end table
-@item j@var{COND}
-@var{COND} may be any one of the conditional branches
-@code{neq}, @code{nequ}, @code{eql}, @code{eqlu}, @code{gtr},
-@code{geq}, @code{lss}, @code{gtru}, @code{lequ}, @code{vc}, @code{vs},
-@code{gequ}, @code{cc}, @code{lssu}, @code{cs}.
-@var{COND} may also be one of the bit tests
-@code{bs}, @code{bc}, @code{bss}, @code{bcs}, @code{bsc}, @code{bcc},
-@code{bssi}, @code{bcci}, @code{lbs}, @code{lbc}.
-@var{NOTCOND} is the opposite condition to @var{COND}.
-@table @asis
-@item (byte displacement)
-@kbd{b@var{COND} @dots{}}
-@item (word displacement)
-@kbd{b@var{NOTCOND} foo ; brw @dots{} ; foo:}
-@item (long displacement)
-@kbd{b@var{NOTCOND} foo ; jmp @dots{} ; foo:}
-@end table
-@item jacb@var{X}
-@var{X} may be one of @code{b d f g h l w}.
-@table @asis
-@item (word displacement)
-@kbd{@var{OPCODE} @dots{}}
-@item (long displacement)
-@example
-@var{OPCODE} @dots{}, foo ;
-brb bar ;
-foo: jmp @dots{} ;
-bar:
-@end example
-@end table
-@item jaob@var{YYY}
-@var{YYY} may be one of @code{lss leq}.
-@item jsob@var{ZZZ}
-@var{ZZZ} may be one of @code{geq gtr}.
-@table @asis
-@item (byte displacement)
-@kbd{@var{OPCODE} @dots{}}
-@item (word displacement)
-@example
-@var{OPCODE} @dots{}, foo ;
-brb bar ;
-foo: brw @var{destination} ;
-bar:
-@end example
-@item (long displacement)
-@example
-@var{OPCODE} @dots{}, foo ;
-brb bar ;
-foo: jmp @var{destination} ;
-bar:
-@end example
-@end table
-@item aobleq
-@itemx aoblss
-@itemx sobgeq
-@itemx sobgtr
-@table @asis
-@item (byte displacement)
-@kbd{@var{OPCODE} @dots{}}
-@item (word displacement)
-@example
-@var{OPCODE} @dots{}, foo ;
-brb bar ;
-foo: brw @var{destination} ;
-bar:
-@end example
-@item (long displacement)
-@example
-@var{OPCODE} @dots{}, foo ;
-brb bar ;
-foo: jmp @var{destination} ;
-bar:
-@end example
-@end table
-@end table
-
-@node VAX-operands
-@subsection VAX Operands
-
-@cindex VAX operand notation
-@cindex operand notation, VAX
-@cindex immediate character, VAX
-@cindex VAX immediate character
-The immediate character is @samp{$} for Unix compatibility, not
-@samp{#} as DEC writes it.
-
-@cindex indirect character, VAX
-@cindex VAX indirect character
-The indirect character is @samp{*} for Unix compatibility, not
-@samp{@@} as DEC writes it.
-
-@cindex displacement sizing character, VAX
-@cindex VAX displacement sizing character
-The displacement sizing character is @samp{`} (an accent grave) for
-Unix compatibility, not @samp{^} as DEC writes it. The letter
-preceding @samp{`} may have either case. @samp{G} is not
-understood, but all other letters (@code{b i l s w}) are understood.
-
-@cindex register names, VAX
-@cindex VAX register names
-Register names understood are @code{r0 r1 r2 @dots{} r15 ap fp sp
-pc}. Any case of letters will do.
-
-For instance
-@smallexample
-tstb *w`$4(r5)
-@end smallexample
-
-Any expression is permitted in an operand. Operands are comma
-separated.
-
-@c There is some bug to do with recognizing expressions
-@c in operands, but I forget what it is. It is
-@c a syntax clash because () is used as an address mode
-@c and to encapsulate sub-expressions.
-
-@node VAX-no
-@subsection Not Supported on VAX
-
-@cindex VAX bitfields not supported
-@cindex bitfields, not supported on VAX
-Vax bit fields can not be assembled with @code{as}. Someone
-can add the required code if they really need it.
-
-@node AMD29K-Dependent
-@section AMD 29K Dependent Features
-
-@cindex AMD 29K support
-@cindex 29K support
-@menu
-* AMD29K Options:: Options
-* AMD29K Syntax:: Syntax
-* AMD29K Floating Point:: Floating Point
-* AMD29K Directives:: AMD 29K Machine Directives
-* AMD29K Opcodes:: Opcodes
-@end menu
-
-@node AMD29K Options
-@subsection Options
-@cindex AMD 29K options (none)
-@cindex options for AMD29K (none)
-@code{as} has no additional command-line options for the AMD
-29K family.
-
-@node AMD29K Syntax
-@subsection Syntax
-@menu
-* AMD29K-Chars:: Special Characters
-* AMD29K-Regs:: Register Names
-@end menu
-
-@node AMD29K-Chars
-@subsubsection Special Characters
-
-@cindex line comment character, AMD 29K
-@cindex AMD 29K line comment character
-@samp{;} is the line comment character.
-
-@cindex line separator, AMD 29K
-@cindex AMD 29K line separator
-@cindex statement separator, AMD 29K
-@cindex AMD 29K statement separator
-@samp{@@} can be used instead of a newline to separate statements.
-
-@cindex identifiers, AMD 29K
-@cindex AMD 29K identifiers
-The character @samp{?} is permitted in identifiers (but may not begin
-an identifier).
-
-@node AMD29K-Regs
-@subsubsection Register Names
-
-@cindex AMD 29K register names
-@cindex register names, AMD 29K
-General-purpose registers are represented by predefined symbols of the
-form @samp{GR@var{nnn}} (for global registers) or @samp{LR@var{nnn}}
-(for local registers), where @var{nnn} represents a number between
-@code{0} and @code{127}, written with no leading zeros. The leading
-letters may be in either upper or lower case; for example, @samp{gr13}
-and @samp{LR7} are both valid register names.
-
-You may also refer to general-purpose registers by specifying the
-register number as the result of an expression (prefixed with @samp{%%}
-to flag the expression as a register number):
-@smallexample
-%%@var{expression}
-@end smallexample
-@noindent
----where @var{expression} must be an absolute expression evaluating to a
-number between @code{0} and @code{255}. The range [0, 127] refers to
-global registers, and the range [128, 255] to local registers.
-
-@cindex special purpose registers, AMD 29K
-@cindex AMD 29K special purpose registers
-@cindex protected registers, AMD 29K
-@cindex AMD 29K protected registers
-In addition, @code{as} understands the following protected
-special-purpose register names for the AMD 29K family:
-
-@smallexample
- vab chd pc0
- ops chc pc1
- cps rbp pc2
- cfg tmc mmu
- cha tmr lru
-@end smallexample
-
-These unprotected special-purpose register names are also recognized:
-@smallexample
- ipc alu fpe
- ipa bp inte
- ipb fc fps
- q cr exop
-@end smallexample
-
-@node AMD29K Floating Point
-@subsection Floating Point
-
-@cindex floating point, AMD 29K (@sc{ieee})
-@cindex AMD 29K floating point (@sc{ieee})
-The AMD 29K family uses @sc{ieee} floating-point numbers.
-
-@node AMD29K Directives
-@subsection AMD 29K Machine Directives
-
-@cindex machine directives, AMD 29K
-@cindex AMD 29K machine directives
-@table @code
-@item .block @var{size} , @var{fill}
-@cindex @code{block} directive, AMD 29K
-This directive emits @var{size} bytes, each of value @var{fill}. Both
-@var{size} and @var{fill} are absolute expressions. If the comma
-and @var{fill} are omitted, @var{fill} is assumed to be zero.
-
-In other versions of the GNU assembler, this directive is called
-@samp{.space}.
-@end table
-
-@table @code
-@item .cputype
-@cindex @code{cputype} directive, AMD 29K
-This directive is ignored; it is accepted for compatibility with other
-AMD 29K assemblers.
-
-@item .file
-@cindex @code{file} directive, AMD 29K
-This directive is ignored; it is accepted for compatibility with other
-AMD 29K assemblers.
-
-@quotation
-@emph{Warning:} in other versions of the GNU assembler, @code{.file} is
-used for the directive called @code{.app-file} in the AMD 29K support.
-@end quotation
-
-@item .line
-@cindex @code{line} directive, AMD 29K
-This directive is ignored; it is accepted for compatibility with other
-AMD 29K assemblers.
-
-@ignore
-@c since we're ignoring .lsym...
-@item .reg @var{symbol}, @var{expression}
-@cindex @code{reg} directive, AMD 29K
-@code{.reg} has the same effect as @code{.lsym}; @pxref{Lsym,,@code{.lsym}}.
-@end ignore
-
-@item .sect
-@cindex @code{sect} directive, AMD 29K
-This directive is ignored; it is accepted for compatibility with other
-AMD 29K assemblers.
-
-@item .use @var{section name}
-@cindex @code{use} directive, AMD 29K
-Establishes the section and subsection for the following code;
-@var{section name} may be one of @code{.text}, @code{.data},
-@code{.data1}, or @code{.lit}. With one of the first three @var{section
-name} options, @samp{.use} is equivalent to the machine directive
-@var{section name}; the remaining case, @samp{.use .lit}, is the same as
-@samp{.data 200}.
-@end table
-
-@node AMD29K Opcodes
-@subsection Opcodes
-
-@cindex AMD 29K opcodes
-@cindex opcodes for AMD 29K
-@code{as} implements all the standard AMD 29K opcodes. No
-additional pseudo-instructions are needed on this family.
-
-For information on the 29K machine instruction set, see @cite{Am29000
-User's Manual}, Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
-
-@node H8/300-Dependent
-@section H8/300 Dependent Features
-
-@cindex H8/300 support
-@menu
-* H8/300 Options:: Options
-* H8/300 Syntax:: Syntax
-* H8/300 Floating Point:: Floating Point
-* H8/300 Directives:: H8/300 Machine Directives
-* H8/300 Opcodes:: Opcodes
-@end menu
-
-@node H8/300 Options
-@subsection Options
-
-@cindex H8/300 options (none)
-@cindex options, H8/300 (none)
-@code{as} has no additional command-line options for the Hitachi
-H8/300 family.
-
-@node H8/300 Syntax
-@subsection Syntax
-@menu
-* H8/300-Chars:: Special Characters
-* H8/300-Regs:: Register Names
-* H8/300-Addressing:: Addressing Modes
-@end menu
-
-@node H8/300-Chars
-@subsubsection Special Characters
-
-@cindex line comment character, H8/300
-@cindex H8/300 line comment character
-@samp{;} is the line comment character.
-
-@cindex line separator, H8/300
-@cindex statement separator, H8/300
-@cindex H8/300 line separator
-@samp{$} can be used instead of a newline to separate statements.
-Therefore @emph{you may not use @samp{$} in symbol names} on the H8/300.
-
-@node H8/300-Regs
-@subsubsection Register Names
-
-@cindex H8/300 registers
-@cindex registers, H8/300
-You can use predefined symbols of the form @samp{r@var{n}h} and
-@samp{r@var{n}l} to refer to the H8/300 registers as sixteen 8-bit
-general-purpose registers. @var{n} is a digit from @samp{0} to
-@samp{7}); for instance, both @samp{r0h} and @samp{r7l} are valid
-register names.
-
-You can also use the eight predefined symbols @samp{r@var{n}} to refer
-to the H8/300 registers as 16-bit registers (you must use this form for
-addressing).
-
-The two control registers are called @code{pc} (program counter; a
-16-bit register) and @code{ccr} (condition code register; an 8-bit
-register). @code{r7} is used as the stack pointer, and can also be
-called @code{sp}.
-
-@node H8/300-Addressing
-@subsubsection Addressing Modes
-
-@cindex addressing modes, H8/300
-@cindex H8/300 addressing modes
-as understands the following addressing modes for the H8/300:
-@table @code
-@item r@var{n}
-Register direct
-
-@item @@r@var{n}
-Register indirect
-
-@item @@(@var{d}, r@var{n})
-@itemx @@(@var{d}:16, r@var{n})
-Register indirect: 16-bit displacement @var{d} from register @var{n}.
-(You may specify the @samp{:16} for clarity if you wish, but it is not
-required and has no effect.)
-
-@item @@r@var{n}+
-Register indirect with post-increment
-
-@item @@-r@var{n}
-Register indirect with pre-decrement
-
-@item @code{@@}@var{aa}
-@itemx @code{@@}@var{aa}:8
-@itemx @code{@@}@var{aa}:16
-Absolute address @code{aa}. You may specify the @samp{:8} or @samp{:16}
-for clarity, if you wish; but @code{as} neither requires this nor
-uses it---the address size required is taken from context.
-
-@item #@var{xx}
-@itemx #@var{xx}:8
-@itemx #@var{xx}:16
-Immediate data @var{xx}. You may specify the @samp{:8} or @samp{:16}
-for clarity, if you wish; but @code{as} neither requires this nor
-uses it---the data size required is taken from context.
-
-@item @code{@@}@code{@@}@var{aa}
-@itemx @code{@@}@code{@@}@var{aa}:8
-Memory indirect. You may specify the @samp{:8} for clarity, if you
-wish; but @code{as} neither requires this nor uses it.
-@end table
-
-@node H8/300 Floating Point
-@subsection Floating Point
-
-@cindex floating point, H8/300 (@sc{ieee})
-@cindex H8/300 floating point (@sc{ieee})
-The H8/300 family uses @sc{ieee} floating-point numbers.
-
-@node H8/300 Directives
-@subsection H8/300 Machine Directives
-
-@cindex H8/300 machine directives (none)
-@cindex machine directives, H8/300 (none)
-@cindex @code{word} directive, H8/300
-@cindex @code{int} directive, H8/300
-@code{as} has no machine-dependent directives for the H8/300.
-However, on this platform the @samp{.int} and @samp{.word} directives
-generate 16-bit numbers.
-
-@node H8/300 Opcodes
-@subsection Opcodes
-
-@cindex H8/300 opcode summary
-@cindex opcode summary, H8/300
-@cindex mnemonics, H8/300
-@cindex instruction summary, H8/300
-For detailed information on the H8/300 machine instruction set, see
-@cite{H8/300 Series Programming Manual} (Hitachi ADE--602--025).
-
-@code{as} implements all the standard H8/300 opcodes. No additional
-pseudo-instructions are needed on this family.
-
-The following table summarizes the opcodes and their arguments:
-@c kluge due to lack of group outside example
-@page
-@smallexample
-@group
- @i{Legend:}
- Rs @r{source register}
- Rd @r{destination register}
- imm @r{immediate data}
- x:3 @r{a bit (as a number between 0 and 7)}
- d:8 @r{eight bit displacement from @code{pc}}
- d:16 @r{sixteen bit displacement from @code{Rs}}
-
-add.b Rs,Rd biand #x:3,Rd
-add.b #imm:8,Rd biand #x:3,@@Rd
-add.w Rs,Rd biand #x:3,@@aa:8
-adds #1,Rd bild #x:3,Rd
-adds #2,Rd bild #x:3,@@Rd
-addx #imm:8,Rd bild #x:3,@@aa:8
-addx Rs,Rd bior #x:3,Rd
-and #imm:8,Rd bior #x:3,@@Rd
-and Rs,Rd bior #x:3,@@aa:8
-andc #imm:8,ccr bist #x:3,Rd
-band #x:3,Rd bist #x:3,@@Rd
-band #x:3,@@Rd bist #x:3,@@aa:8
-bra d:8 bixor #x:3,Rd
-bt d:8 bixor #x:3,@@Rd
-brn d:8 bixor #x:3,@@aa:8
-bf d:8 bld #x:3,Rd
-bhi d:8 bld #x:3,@@Rd
-bls d:8 bld #x:3,@@aa:8
-bcc d:8 bnot #x:3,Rd
-bhs d:8 bnot #x:3,@@Rd
-bcs d:8 bnot #x:3,@@aa:8
-blo d:8 bnot Rs,Rd
-bne d:8 bnot Rs,@@Rd
-beq d:8 bnot Rs,@@aa:8
-bvc d:8 bor #x:3,Rd
-bvs d:8 bor #x:3,@@Rd
-bpl d:8 bor #x:3,@@aa:8
-bmi d:8 bset #x:3,@@Rd
-bge d:8 bset #x:3,@@aa:8
-blt d:8 bset Rs,Rd
-bgt d:8 bset Rs,@@Rd
-ble d:8 bset Rs,@@aa:8
-bclr #x:3,Rd bsr d:8
-bclr #x:3,@@Rd bst #x:3,Rd
-bclr #x:3,@@aa:8 bst #x:3,@@Rd
-bclr Rs,Rd bst #x:3,@@aa:8
-bclr Rs,@@Rd btst #x:3,Rd
-@end group
-@group
-btst #x:3,@@Rd mov.w @@(d:16, Rs),Rd
-btst #x:3,@@aa:8 mov.w @@Rs+,Rd
-btst Rs,Rd mov.w @@aa:16,Rd
-btst Rs,@@Rd mov.w Rs,@@Rd
-btst Rs,@@aa:8 mov.w Rs,@@(d:16, Rd)
-bxor #x:3,Rd mov.w Rs,@@-Rd
-bxor #x:3,@@Rd mov.w Rs,@@aa:16
-bxor #x:3,@@aa:8 movfpe @@aa:16,Rd
-cmp.b #imm:8,Rd movtpe Rs,@@aa:16
-cmp.b Rs,Rd mulxu Rs,Rd
-cmp.w Rs,Rd neg Rs
-daa Rs nop
-das Rs not Rs
-dec Rs or #imm:8,Rd
-divxu Rs,Rd or Rs,Rd
-eepmov orc #imm:8,ccr
-inc Rs pop Rs
-jmp @@Rs push Rs
-jmp @@aa:16 rotl Rs
-jmp @@@@aa rotr Rs
-jsr @@Rs rotxl Rs
-jsr @@aa:16 rotxr Rs
-jsr @@@@aa:8 rte
-ldc #imm:8,ccr rts
-ldc Rs,ccr shal Rs
-mov.b Rs,Rd shar Rs
-mov.b #imm:8,Rd shll Rs
-mov.b @@Rs,Rd shlr Rs
-mov.b @@(d:16, Rs),Rd sleep
-mov.b @@Rs+,Rd stc ccr,Rd
-mov.b @@aa:16,Rd sub.b Rs,Rd
-mov.b @@aa:8,Rd sub.w Rs,Rd
-mov.b Rs,@@Rd subs #1,Rd
-mov.b Rs,@@(d:16, Rd) subs #2,Rd
-mov.b Rs,@@-Rd subx #imm:8,Rd
-mov.b Rs,@@aa:16 subx Rs,Rd
-mov.b Rs,@@aa:8 xor #imm:8,Rd
-mov.w Rs,Rd xor Rs,Rd
-mov.w #imm:16,Rd xorc #imm:8,ccr
-mov.w @@Rs,Rd
-@end group
-@end smallexample
-
-@cindex size suffixes, H8/300
-@cindex H8/300 size suffixes
-Four H8/300 instructions (@code{add}, @code{cmp}, @code{mov},
-@code{sub}) are defined with variants using the suffixes @samp{.b} and
-@samp{.w} to specify the size of a memory operand. @code{as}
-supports these suffixes, but does not require them; since one of the
-operands is always a register, @code{as} can deduce the correct size.
-
-For example, since @code{r0} refers to a 16-bit register,
-@example
-mov r0,@@foo
-@exdent is equivalent to
-mov.w r0,@@foo
-@end example
-
-If you use the size suffixes, @code{as} will issue a warning if
-there's a mismatch between the suffix and the register size.
-
-@node H8/500-Dependent
-@section H8/500 Dependent Features
-
-@cindex H8/500 support
-@menu
-* H8/500 Options:: Options
-* H8/500 Syntax:: Syntax
-* H8/500 Floating Point:: Floating Point
-* H8/500 Directives:: H8/500 Machine Directives
-* H8/500 Opcodes:: Opcodes
-@end menu
-
-@node H8/500 Options
-@subsection Options
-
-@cindex H8/500 options (none)
-@cindex options, H8/500 (none)
-@code{as} has no additional command-line options for the Hitachi
-H8/500 family.
-
-@node H8/500 Syntax
-@subsection Syntax
-
-@menu
-* H8/500-Chars:: Special Characters
-* H8/500-Regs:: Register Names
-* H8/500-Addressing:: Addressing Modes
-@end menu
-
-@node H8/500-Chars
-@subsubsection Special Characters
-
-@cindex line comment character, H8/500
-@cindex H8/500 line comment character
-@samp{!} is the line comment character.
-
-@cindex line separator, H8/500
-@cindex statement separator, H8/500
-@cindex H8/500 line separator
-@samp{;} can be used instead of a newline to separate statements.
-
-@cindex symbol names, @samp{$} in
-@cindex @code{$} in symbol names
-Since @samp{$} has no special meaning, you may use it in symbol names.
-
-@node H8/500-Regs
-@subsubsection Register Names
-
-@cindex H8/500 registers
-@cindex registers, H8/500
-You can use the predefined symbols @samp{r0}, @samp{r1}, @samp{r2},
-@samp{r3}, @samp{r4}, @samp{r5}, @samp{r6}, and @samp{r7} to refer to
-the H8/500 registers.
-
-The H8/500 also has these control registers:
-
-@table @code
-@item cp
-code pointer
-
-@item dp
-data pointer
-
-@item bp
-base pointer
-
-@item tp
-stack top pointer
-
-@item ep
-extra pointer
-
-@item sr
-status register
-
-@item ccr
-condition code register
-@end table
-
-All registers are 16 bits long. To represent 32 bit numbers, use two
-adjacent registers; for distant memory addresses, use one of the segment
-pointers (@code{cp} for the program counter; @code{dp} for
-@code{r0}--@code{r3}; @code{ep} for @code{r4} and @code{r5}; and
-@code{tp} for @code{r6} and @code{r7}.
-
-@node H8/500-Addressing
-@subsubsection Addressing Modes
-
-@cindex addressing modes, H8/500
-@cindex H8/500 addressing modes
-as understands the following addressing modes for the H8/500:
-@table @code
-@item R@var{n}
-Register direct
-
-@item @@R@var{n}
-Register indirect
-
-@item @@(d:8, R@var{n})
-Register indirect with 8 bit signed displacement
-
-@item @@(d:16, R@var{n})
-Register indirect with 16 bit signed displacement
-
-@item @@-R@var{n}
-Register indirect with pre-decrement
-
-@item @@R@var{n}+
-Register indirect with post-increment
-
-@item @@@var{aa}:8
-8 bit absolute address
-
-@item @@@var{aa}:16
-16 bit absolute address
-
-@item #@var{xx}:8
-8 bit immediate
-
-@item #@var{xx}:16
-16 bit immediate
-@end table
-
-@node H8/500 Floating Point
-@subsection Floating Point
-
-@cindex floating point, H8/500 (@sc{ieee})
-@cindex H8/500 floating point (@sc{ieee})
-The H8/500 family uses @sc{ieee} floating-point numbers.
-
-@node H8/500 Directives
-@subsection H8/500 Machine Directives
-
-@cindex H8/500 machine directives (none)
-@cindex machine directives, H8/500 (none)
-@cindex @code{word} directive, H8/500
-@cindex @code{int} directive, H8/500
-@code{as} has no machine-dependent directives for the H8/500.
-However, on this platform the @samp{.int} and @samp{.word} directives
-generate 16-bit numbers.
-
-@node H8/500 Opcodes
-@subsection Opcodes
-
-@cindex H8/500 opcode summary
-@cindex opcode summary, H8/500
-@cindex mnemonics, H8/500
-@cindex instruction summary, H8/500
-For detailed information on the H8/500 machine instruction set, see
-@cite{H8/500 Series Programming Manual} (Hitachi M21T001).
-
-@code{as} implements all the standard H8/500 opcodes. No additional
-pseudo-instructions are needed on this family.
-
-The following summary of H8/500 opcodes uses this notation to classify
-the allowable operands:
-
-@table @var
-@item abs@r{nn}
-(@var{abs8}, @var{abs16}, @var{abs24}): nn-bit absolute address
-
-@item crb
-@code{ccr}, @code{br}, @code{ep}, @code{dp}, @code{tp}, @code{dp}
-
-@item disp8
-Eight-bit displacement
-
-@item ea
-@code{rn}, @code{@@rn}, @code{@@(d:8, rn)}, @code{@@(d:16, rn)},@*
-@code{@@-rn}, @code{@@rn+}, @code{@@aa:8}, @code{@@aa:16},@*
-@code{#xx:8}, @code{#xx:16}
-
-@item ea_mem
-@code{@@rn}, @code{@@(d:8, rn)}, @code{@@(d:16, rn)},@*
-@code{@@-rn}, @code{@@rn+}, @code{@@aa:8}, @code{@@aa:16}
-
-@item ea_noimm
-@code{rn}, @code{@@rn}, @code{@@(d:8, rn)}, @code{@@(d:16, rn)},@*
-@code{@@-rn}, @code{@@rn+}, @code{@@aa:8}, @code{@@aa:16}
-
-@item @t{fp}
-@code{r6}
-
-@item imm@r{nn}
-(@var{imm4}, @var{imm8}, @var{imm16}): nn-bit immediate data
-
-@item pcrel@r{nn}
-(@var{pcrel8}, @var{pcrel16}): nn-bit address, interpreted as offset
-from program counter
-
-@item qim
-@code{-2}, @code{-1}, @code{1}, @code{2}
-
-@item rd
-Any register
-
-@item rs
-A register (distinct from @var{rd}, if both used in the same schema)
-
-@item rlist
-A comma-separated list of registers in parentheses; register ranges
-@code{@var{rd}-@var{rs}} are allowed. @samp{(r0-r2,r5)} is an
-@var{rlist} equivalent to @samp{(r0,r1,r2,r5)}.
-
-@item @t{sp}
-Stack pointer (@code{r7})
-
-@item @t{sr}
-Status register
-
-@item sz
-Size; @samp{.b} or @samp{.w}. May be omitted, with default @samp{.w}
-@end table
-
-@noindent
-Here is a summary of the opcodes and their arguments:
-
-@example
-ldc[.b] @var{ea},@var{crb}
-ldc[.w] @var{ea},sr
-add[:q]@var{sz} @var{qim},@var{ea_noimm}
-add[:g]@var{sz} @var{ea},@var{rd}
-adds@var{sz} @var{ea},@var{rd}
-addx@var{sz} @var{ea},@var{rd}
-and@var{sz} @var{ea},@var{rd}
-andc[.b] @var{imm8},@var{crb}
-andc[.w] @var{imm16},sr
-bpt
-bra[.w] @var{pcrel16}
-bra[.b] @var{pcrel8}
-bt[.w] @var{pcrel16}
-bt[.b] @var{pcrel8}
-brn[.w] @var{pcrel16}
-brn[.b] @var{pcrel8}
-bf[.w] @var{pcrel16}
-bf[.b] @var{pcrel8}
-bhi[.w] @var{pcrel16}
-bhi[.b] @var{pcrel8}
-bls[.w] @var{pcrel16}
-bls[.b] @var{pcrel8}
-bcc[.w] @var{pcrel16}
-bcc[.b] @var{pcrel8}
-bhs[.w] @var{pcrel16}
-bhs[.b] @var{pcrel8}
-bcs[.w] @var{pcrel16}
-bcs[.b] @var{pcrel8}
-blo[.w] @var{pcrel16}
-blo[.b] @var{pcrel8}
-bne[.w] @var{pcrel16}
-bne[.b] @var{pcrel8}
-beq[.w] @var{pcrel16}
-beq[.b] @var{pcrel8}
-bvc[.w] @var{pcrel16}
-bvc[.b] @var{pcrel8}
-bvs[.w] @var{pcrel16}
-bvs[.b] @var{pcrel8}
-bpl[.w] @var{pcrel16}
-bpl[.b] @var{pcrel8}
-bmi[.w] @var{pcrel16}
-bmi[.b] @var{pcrel8}
-bge[.w] @var{pcrel16}
-bge[.b] @var{pcrel8}
-blt[.w] @var{pcrel16}
-blt[.b] @var{pcrel8}
-bgt[.w] @var{pcrel16}
-bgt[.b] @var{pcrel8}
-ble[.w] @var{pcrel16}
-ble[.b] @var{pcrel8}
-bclr@var{sz} @var{imm4},@var{ea_noimm}
-bclr@var{sz} @var{rs},@var{ea_noimm}
-bnot@var{sz} @var{imm4},@var{ea_noimm}
-bnot@var{sz} @var{rs},@var{ea_noimm}
-bset@var{sz} @var{imm4},@var{ea_noimm}
-bset@var{sz} @var{rs},@var{ea_noimm}
-bsr[.b] @var{pcrel8}
-bsr[.w] @var{pcrel16}
-btst@var{sz} @var{imm4},@var{ea_noimm}
-btst@var{sz} @var{rs},@var{ea_noimm}
-clr@var{sz} @var{ea}
-cmp[:e][.b] @var{imm8},@var{rd}
-cmp[:i][.w] @var{imm16},@var{rd}
-cmp[:g].b @var{imm8},@var{ea_noimm}
-cmp[:g][.w] @var{imm16},@var{ea_noimm}
-cmp[:g]@var{sz} @var{ea},@var{rd}
-dadd @var{rs},@var{rd}
-divxu@var{sz} @var{ea},@var{rd}
-dsub @var{rs},@var{rd}
-exts[.b] @var{rd}
-extu[.b] @var{rd}
-jmp @@@var{rd}
-jmp @@(@var{imm8},@var{rd})
-jmp @@(@var{imm16},@var{rd})
-jmp @var{abs16}
-jsr @@@var{rd}
-jsr @@(@var{imm8},@var{rd})
-jsr @@(@var{imm16},@var{rd})
-jsr @var{abs16}
-ldm @@sp+,(@var{rlist})
-link fp,@var{imm8}
-link fp,@var{imm16}
-mov[:e][.b] @var{imm8},@var{rd}
-mov[:i][.w] @var{imm16},@var{rd}
-mov[:l][.w] @var{abs8},@var{rd}
-mov[:l].b @var{abs8},@var{rd}
-mov[:s][.w] @var{rs},@var{abs8}
-mov[:s].b @var{rs},@var{abs8}
-mov[:f][.w] @@(@var{disp8},fp),@var{rd}
-mov[:f][.w] @var{rs},@@(@var{disp8},fp)
-mov[:f].b @@(@var{disp8},fp),@var{rd}
-mov[:f].b @var{rs},@@(@var{disp8},fp)
-mov[:g]@var{sz} @var{rs},@var{ea_mem}
-mov[:g]@var{sz} @var{ea},@var{rd}
-mov[:g][.b] @var{imm8},@var{ea_mem}
-mov[:g][.w] @var{imm16},@var{ea_mem}
-movfpe[.b] @var{ea},@var{rd}
-movtpe[.b] @var{rs},@var{ea_noimm}
-mulxu@var{sz} @var{ea},@var{rd}
-neg@var{sz} @var{ea}
-nop
-not@var{sz} @var{ea}
-or@var{sz} @var{ea},@var{rd}
-orc[.b] @var{imm8},@var{crb}
-orc[.w] @var{imm16},sr
-pjmp @var{abs24}
-pjmp @@@var{rd}
-pjsr @var{abs24}
-pjsr @@@var{rd}
-prtd @var{imm8}
-prtd @var{imm16}
-prts
-rotl@var{sz} @var{ea}
-rotr@var{sz} @var{ea}
-rotxl@var{sz} @var{ea}
-rotxr@var{sz} @var{ea}
-rtd @var{imm8}
-rtd @var{imm16}
-rts
-scb/f @var{rs},@var{pcrel8}
-scb/ne @var{rs},@var{pcrel8}
-scb/eq @var{rs},@var{pcrel8}
-shal@var{sz} @var{ea}
-shar@var{sz} @var{ea}
-shll@var{sz} @var{ea}
-shlr@var{sz} @var{ea}
-sleep
-stc[.b] @var{crb},@var{ea_noimm}
-stc[.w] sr,@var{ea_noimm}
-stm (@var{rlist}),@@-sp
-sub@var{sz} @var{ea},@var{rd}
-subs@var{sz} @var{ea},@var{rd}
-subx@var{sz} @var{ea},@var{rd}
-swap[.b] @var{rd}
-tas[.b] @var{ea}
-trapa @var{imm4}
-trap/vs
-tst@var{sz} @var{ea}
-unlk fp
-xch[.w] @var{rs},@var{rd}
-xor@var{sz} @var{ea},@var{rd}
-xorc.b @var{imm8},@var{crb}
-xorc.w @var{imm16},sr
-@end example
-@node i960-Dependent
-@section Intel 80960 Dependent Features
-
-@cindex i960 support
-@menu
-* Options-i960:: i960 Command-line Options
-* Floating Point-i960:: Floating Point
-* Directives-i960:: i960 Machine Directives
-* Opcodes for i960:: i960 Opcodes
-@end menu
-
-@c FIXME! Add Syntax sec with discussion of bitfields here, at least so
-@c long as they're not turned on for other machines than 960.
-
-@node Options-i960
-
-@subsection i960 Command-line Options
-
-@cindex i960 options
-@cindex options, i960
-@table @code
-
-@item -ACA | -ACA_A | -ACB | -ACC | -AKA | -AKB | -AKC | -AMC
-@cindex i960 architecture options
-@cindex architecture options, i960
-@cindex @code{-A} options, i960
-Select the 80960 architecture. Instructions or features not supported
-by the selected architecture cause fatal errors.
-
-@samp{-ACA} is equivalent to @samp{-ACA_A}; @samp{-AKC} is equivalent to
-@samp{-AMC}. Synonyms are provided for compatibility with other tools.
-
-If none of these options is specified, @code{as} will generate code for any
-instruction or feature that is supported by @emph{some} version of the
-960 (even if this means mixing architectures!). In principle,
-@code{as} will attempt to deduce the minimal sufficient processor
-type if none is specified; depending on the object code format, the
-processor type may be recorded in the object file. If it is critical
-that the @code{as} output match a specific architecture, specify that
-architecture explicitly.
-
-@item -b
-@cindex @code{-b} option, i960
-@cindex branch recording, i960
-@cindex i960 branch recording
-Add code to collect information about conditional branches taken, for
-later optimization using branch prediction bits. (The conditional branch
-instructions have branch prediction bits in the CA, CB, and CC
-architectures.) If @var{BR} represents a conditional branch instruction,
-the following represents the code generated by the assembler when
-@samp{-b} is specified:
-
-@smallexample
- call @var{increment routine}
- .word 0 # pre-counter
-Label: @var{BR}
- call @var{increment routine}
- .word 0 # post-counter
-@end smallexample
-
-The counter following a branch records the number of times that branch
-was @emph{not} taken; the differenc between the two counters is the
-number of times the branch @emph{was} taken.
-
-@cindex @code{gbr960}, i960 postprocessor
-@cindex branch statistics table, i960
-A table of every such @code{Label} is also generated, so that the
-external postprocessor @code{gbr960} (supplied by Intel) can locate all
-the counters. This table is always labelled @samp{__BRANCH_TABLE__};
-this is a local symbol to permit collecting statistics for many separate
-object files. The table is word aligned, and begins with a two-word
-header. The first word, initialized to 0, is used in maintaining linked
-lists of branch tables. The second word is a count of the number of
-entries in the table, which follow immediately: each is a word, pointing
-to one of the labels illustrated above.
-
-@c TEXI2ROFF-KILL
-@ifinfo
-@c END TEXI2ROFF-KILL
-@example
- +------------+------------+------------+ ... +------------+
- | | | | | |
- | *NEXT | COUNT: N | *BRLAB 1 | | *BRLAB N |
- | | | | | |
- +------------+------------+------------+ ... +------------+
-
- __BRANCH_TABLE__ layout
-@end example
-@c TEXI2ROFF-KILL
-@end ifinfo
-@tex
-\vskip 1pc
-\line{\leftskip=0pt\hskip\tableindent
-\boxit{2cm}{\tt *NEXT}\boxit{2cm}{\tt COUNT: \it N}\boxit{2cm}{\tt
-*BRLAB 1}\ibox{1cm}{\quad\dots}\boxit{2cm}{\tt *BRLAB \it N}\hfil}
-\centerline{\it {\tt \_\_BRANCH\_TABLE\_\_} layout}
-@end tex
-@c END TEXI2ROFF-KILL
-
-The first word of the header is used to locate multiple branch tables,
-since each object file may contain one. Normally the links are
-maintained with a call to an initialization routine, placed at the
-beginning of each function in the file. The GNU C compiler will
-generate these calls automatically when you give it a @samp{-b} option.
-For further details, see the documentation of @samp{gbr960}.
-
-@item -norelax
-@cindex @code{-norelax} option, i960
-Normally, Compare-and-Branch instructions with targets that require
-displacements greater than 13 bits (or that have external targets) are
-replaced with the corresponding compare (or @samp{chkbit}) and branch
-instructions. You can use the @samp{-norelax} option to specify that
-@code{as} should generate errors instead, if the target displacement
-is larger than 13 bits.
-
-This option does not affect the Compare-and-Jump instructions; the code
-emitted for them is @emph{always} adjusted when necessary (depending on
-displacement size), regardless of whether you use @samp{-norelax}.
-@end table
-
-@node Floating Point-i960
-@subsection Floating Point
-
-@cindex floating point, i960 (@sc{ieee})
-@cindex i960 floating point (@sc{ieee})
-@code{as} generates @sc{ieee} floating-point numbers for the directives
-@samp{.float}, @samp{.double}, @samp{.extended}, and @samp{.single}.
-
-@node Directives-i960
-@subsection i960 Machine Directives
-
-@cindex machine directives, i960
-@cindex i960 machine directives
-
-@table @code
-@cindex @code{bss} directive, i960
-@item .bss @var{symbol}, @var{length}, @var{align}
-Reserve @var{length} bytes in the bss section for a local @var{symbol},
-aligned to the power of two specified by @var{align}. @var{length} and
-@var{align} must be positive absolute expressions. This directive
-differs from @samp{.lcomm} only in that it permits you to specify
-an alignment. @xref{Lcomm,,@code{.lcomm}}.
-@end table
-
-@table @code
-@item .extended @var{flonums}
-@cindex @code{extended} directive, i960
-@code{.extended} expects zero or more flonums, separated by commas; for
-each flonum, @samp{.extended} emits an @sc{ieee} extended-format (80-bit)
-floating-point number.
-
-@item .leafproc @var{call-lab}, @var{bal-lab}
-@cindex @code{leafproc} directive, i960
-You can use the @samp{.leafproc} directive in conjunction with the
-optimized @code{callj} instruction to enable faster calls of leaf
-procedures. If a procedure is known to call no other procedures, you
-may define an entry point that skips procedure prolog code (and that does
-not depend on system-supplied saved context), and declare it as the
-@var{bal-lab} using @samp{.leafproc}. If the procedure also has an
-entry point that goes through the normal prolog, you can specify that
-entry point as @var{call-lab}.
-
-A @samp{.leafproc} declaration is meant for use in conjunction with the
-optimized call instruction @samp{callj}; the directive records the data
-needed later to choose between converting the @samp{callj} into a
-@code{bal} or a @code{call}.
-
-@var{call-lab} is optional; if only one argument is present, or if the
-two arguments are identical, the single argument is assumed to be the
-@code{bal} entry point.
-
-@item .sysproc @var{name}, @var{index}
-@cindex @code{sysproc} directive, i960
-The @samp{.sysproc} directive defines a name for a system procedure.
-After you define it using @samp{.sysproc}, you can use @var{name} to
-refer to the system procedure identified by @var{index} when calling
-procedures with the optimized call instruction @samp{callj}.
-
-Both arguments are required; @var{index} must be between 0 and 31
-(inclusive).
-@end table
-
-@node Opcodes for i960
-@subsection i960 Opcodes
-
-@cindex opcodes, i960
-@cindex i960 opcodes
-All Intel 960 machine instructions are supported;
-@pxref{Options-i960,,i960 Command-line Options} for a discussion of
-selecting the instruction subset for a particular 960
-architecture.@refill
-
-Some opcodes are processed beyond simply emitting a single corresponding
-instruction: @samp{callj}, and Compare-and-Branch or Compare-and-Jump
-instructions with target displacements larger than 13 bits.
-
-@menu
-* callj-i960:: @code{callj}
-* Compare-and-branch-i960:: Compare-and-Branch
-@end menu
-
-@node callj-i960
-@subsubsection @code{callj}
-
-@cindex @code{callj}, i960 pseudo-opcode
-@cindex i960 @code{callj} pseudo-opcode
-You can write @code{callj} to have the assembler or the linker determine
-the most appropriate form of subroutine call: @samp{call},
-@samp{bal}, or @samp{calls}. If the assembly source contains
-enough information---a @samp{.leafproc} or @samp{.sysproc} directive
-defining the operand---then @code{as} will translate the
-@code{callj}; if not, it will simply emit the @code{callj}, leaving it
-for the linker to resolve.
-
-@node Compare-and-branch-i960
-@subsubsection Compare-and-Branch
-
-@cindex i960 compare/branch instructions
-@cindex compare/branch instructions, i960
-The 960 architectures provide combined Compare-and-Branch instructions
-that permit you to store the branch target in the lower 13 bits of the
-instruction word itself. However, if you specify a branch target far
-enough away that its address won't fit in 13 bits, the assembler can
-either issue an error, or convert your Compare-and-Branch instruction
-into separate instructions to do the compare and the branch.
-
-@cindex compare and jump expansions, i960
-@cindex i960 compare and jump expansions
-Whether @code{as} gives an error or expands the instruction depends
-on two choices you can make: whether you use the @samp{-norelax} option,
-and whether you use a ``Compare and Branch'' instruction or a ``Compare
-and Jump'' instruction. The ``Jump'' instructions are @emph{always}
-expanded if necessary; the ``Branch'' instructions are expanded when
-necessary @emph{unless} you specify @code{-norelax}---in which case
-@code{as} gives an error instead.
-
-These are the Compare-and-Branch instructions, their ``Jump'' variants,
-and the instruction pairs they may expand into:
-
-@c TEXI2ROFF-KILL
-@ifinfo
-@c END TEXI2ROFF-KILL
-@example
- Compare and
- Branch Jump Expanded to
- ------ ------ ------------
- bbc chkbit; bno
- bbs chkbit; bo
- cmpibe cmpije cmpi; be
- cmpibg cmpijg cmpi; bg
- cmpibge cmpijge cmpi; bge
- cmpibl cmpijl cmpi; bl
- cmpible cmpijle cmpi; ble
- cmpibno cmpijno cmpi; bno
- cmpibne cmpijne cmpi; bne
- cmpibo cmpijo cmpi; bo
- cmpobe cmpoje cmpo; be
- cmpobg cmpojg cmpo; bg
- cmpobge cmpojge cmpo; bge
- cmpobl cmpojl cmpo; bl
- cmpoble cmpojle cmpo; ble
- cmpobne cmpojne cmpo; bne
-@end example
-@c TEXI2ROFF-KILL
-@end ifinfo
-@tex
-\hskip\tableindent
-\halign{\hfil {\tt #}\quad&\hfil {\tt #}\qquad&{\tt #}\hfil\cr
-\omit{\hfil\it Compare and\hfil}\span\omit&\cr
-{\it Branch}&{\it Jump}&{\it Expanded to}\cr
- bbc& & chkbit; bno\cr
- bbs& & chkbit; bo\cr
- cmpibe& cmpije& cmpi; be\cr
- cmpibg& cmpijg& cmpi; bg\cr
- cmpibge& cmpijge& cmpi; bge\cr
- cmpibl& cmpijl& cmpi; bl\cr
- cmpible& cmpijle& cmpi; ble\cr
- cmpibno& cmpijno& cmpi; bno\cr
- cmpibne& cmpijne& cmpi; bne\cr
- cmpibo& cmpijo& cmpi; bo\cr
- cmpobe& cmpoje& cmpo; be\cr
- cmpobg& cmpojg& cmpo; bg\cr
- cmpobge& cmpojge& cmpo; bge\cr
- cmpobl& cmpojl& cmpo; bl\cr
- cmpoble& cmpojle& cmpo; ble\cr
- cmpobne& cmpojne& cmpo; bne\cr}
-@end tex
-@c END TEXI2ROFF-KILL
-
-@node M68K-Dependent
-@section M680x0 Dependent Features
-
-@cindex M680x0 support
-@menu
-* M68K-Opts:: M680x0 Options
-* M68K-Syntax:: Syntax
-* M68K-Float:: Floating Point
-* M68K-Directives:: 680x0 Machine Directives
-* M68K-opcodes:: Opcodes
-@end menu
-
-@node M68K-Opts
-@subsection M680x0 Options
-
-@cindex options, M680x0
-@cindex M680x0 options
-The Motorola 680x0 version of @code{as} has two machine dependent options.
-One shortens undefined references from 32 to 16 bits, while the
-other is used to tell @code{as} what kind of machine it is
-assembling for.
-
-@cindex @code{-l} option, M680x0
-You can use the @kbd{-l} option to shorten the size of references to
-undefined symbols. If the @kbd{-l} option is not given, references to
-undefined symbols will be a full long (32 bits) wide. (Since @code{as}
-cannot know where these symbols will end up, @code{as} can only allocate
-space for the linker to fill in later. Since @code{as} doesn't know how
-far away these symbols will be, it allocates as much space as it can.)
-If this option is given, the references will only be one word wide (16
-bits). This may be useful if you want the object file to be as small as
-possible, and you know that the relevant symbols will be less than 17
-bits away.
-
-@cindex @code{-m68000} and related options
-@cindex architecture options, M680x0
-@cindex M680x0 architecture options
-The 680x0 version of @code{as} is most frequently used to assemble
-programs for the Motorola MC68020 microprocessor. Occasionally it is
-used to assemble programs for the mostly similar, but slightly different
-MC68000 or MC68010 microprocessors. You can give @code{as} the options
-@samp{-m68000}, @samp{-mc68000}, @samp{-m68010}, @samp{-mc68010},
-@samp{-m68020}, and @samp{-mc68020} to tell it what processor is the
-target.
-
-@node M68K-Syntax
-@subsection Syntax
-
-@cindex M680x0 syntax
-@cindex syntax, M680x0
-@cindex M680x0 size modifiers
-@cindex size modifiers, M680x0
-The 680x0 version of @code{as} uses syntax similar to the Sun assembler.
-Size modifiers are appended directly to the end of the opcode without an
-intervening period. For example, write @samp{movl} rather than
-@samp{move.l}.
-
-
-In the following table @dfn{apc} stands for any of the address
-registers (@samp{a0} through @samp{a7}), nothing, (@samp{}), the
-Program Counter (@samp{pc}), or the zero-address relative to the
-program counter (@samp{zpc}).
-
-@cindex M680x0 addressing modes
-@cindex addressing modes, M680x0
-The following addressing modes are understood:
-@table @dfn
-@item Immediate
-@samp{#@var{digits}}
-
-@item Data Register
-@samp{d0} through @samp{d7}
-
-@item Address Register
-@samp{a0} through @samp{a7}
-
-@item Address Register Indirect
-@samp{a0@@} through @samp{a7@@}
-
-@item Address Register Postincrement
-@samp{a0@@+} through @samp{a7@@+}
-
-@item Address Register Predecrement
-@samp{a0@@-} through @samp{a7@@-}
-
-@item Indirect Plus Offset
-@samp{@var{apc}@@(@var{digits})}
-
-@item Index
-@samp{@var{apc}@@(@var{digits},@var{register}:@var{size}:@var{scale})}
-
-or @samp{@var{apc}@@(@var{register}:@var{size}:@var{scale})}
-
-@item Postindex
-@samp{@var{apc}@@(@var{digits})@@(@var{digits},@var{register}:@var{size}:@var{scale})}
-
-or @samp{@var{apc}@@(@var{digits})@@(@var{register}:@var{size}:@var{scale})}
-
-@item Preindex
-@samp{@var{apc}@@(@var{digits},@var{register}:@var{size}:@var{scale})@@(@var{digits})}
-
-or @samp{@var{apc}@@(@var{register}:@var{size}:@var{scale})@@(@var{digits})}
-
-@item Memory Indirect
-@samp{@var{apc}@@(@var{digits})@@(@var{digits})}
-
-@item Absolute
-@samp{@var{symbol}}, or @samp{@var{digits}}
-@ignore
-@c pesch@cygnus.com: gnu, rich concur the following needs careful
-@c research before documenting.
- , or either of the above followed
-by @samp{:b}, @samp{:w}, or @samp{:l}.
-@end ignore
-@end table
-
-@node M68K-Float
-@subsection Floating Point
-
-@cindex floating point, M680x0
-@cindex M680x0 floating point
-@c FIXME is this "not too well tested" crud STILL true?
-The floating point code is not too well tested, and may have
-subtle bugs in it.
-
-Packed decimal (P) format floating literals are not supported.
-Feel free to add the code!
-
-The floating point formats generated by directives are these.
-
-@table @code
-@item .float
-@cindex @code{float} directive, M680x0
-@code{Single} precision floating point constants.
-
-@item .double
-@cindex @code{double} directive, M680x0
-@code{Double} precision floating point constants.
-@end table
-
-There is no directive to produce regions of memory holding
-extended precision numbers, however they can be used as
-immediate operands to floating-point instructions. Adding a
-directive to create extended precision numbers would not be
-hard, but it has not yet seemed necessary.
-
-@node M68K-Directives
-@subsection 680x0 Machine Directives
-
-@cindex M680x0 directives
-@cindex directives, M680x0
-In order to be compatible with the Sun assembler the 680x0 assembler
-understands the following directives.
-
-@table @code
-@item .data1
-@cindex @code{data1} directive, M680x0
-This directive is identical to a @code{.data 1} directive.
-
-@item .data2
-@cindex @code{data2} directive, M680x0
-This directive is identical to a @code{.data 2} directive.
-
-@item .even
-@cindex @code{even} directive, M680x0
-This directive is identical to a @code{.align 1} directive.
-@c Is this true? does it work???
-
-@item .skip
-@cindex @code{skip} directive, M680x0
-This directive is identical to a @code{.space} directive.
-@end table
-
-@node M68K-opcodes
-@subsection Opcodes
-
-@cindex M680x0 opcodes
-@cindex opcodes, M680x0
-@cindex instruction set, M680x0
-@c pesch@cygnus.com: I don't see any point in the following
-@c paragraph. Bugs are bugs; how does saying this
-@c help anyone?
-@ignore
-Danger: Several bugs have been found in the opcode table (and
-fixed). More bugs may exist. Be careful when using obscure
-instructions.
-@end ignore
-
-@menu
-* M68K-Branch:: Branch Improvement
-* M68K-Chars:: Special Characters
-@end menu
-
-@node M68K-Branch
-@subsubsection Branch Improvement
-
-@cindex pseudo-opcodes, M680x0
-@cindex M680x0 pseudo-opcodes
-@cindex branch improvement, M680x0
-@cindex M680x0 branch improvement
-Certain pseudo opcodes are permitted for branch instructions.
-They expand to the shortest branch instruction that will reach the
-target. Generally these mnemonics are made by substituting @samp{j} for
-@samp{b} at the start of a Motorola mnemonic.
-
-The following table summarizes the pseudo-operations. A @code{*} flags
-cases that are more fully described after the table:
-
-@smallexample
- Displacement
- +-------------------------------------------------
- | 68020 68000/10
-Pseudo-Op |BYTE WORD LONG LONG non-PC relative
- +-------------------------------------------------
- jbsr |bsrs bsr bsrl jsr jsr
- jra |bras bra bral jmp jmp
-* jXX |bXXs bXX bXXl bNXs;jmpl bNXs;jmp
-* dbXX |dbXX dbXX dbXX; bra; jmpl
-* fjXX |fbXXw fbXXw fbXXl fbNXw;jmp
-
-XX: condition
-NX: negative of condition XX
-
-@end smallexample
-@center @code{*}---see full description below
-
-@table @code
-@item jbsr
-@itemx jra
-These are the simplest jump pseudo-operations; they always map to one
-particular machine instruction, depending on the displacement to the
-branch target.
-
-@item j@var{XX}
-Here, @samp{j@var{XX}} stands for an entire family of pseudo-operations,
-where @var{XX} is a conditional branch or condition-code test. The full
-list of pseudo-ops in this family is:
-@smallexample
- jhi jls jcc jcs jne jeq jvc
- jvs jpl jmi jge jlt jgt jle
-@end smallexample
-
-For the cases of non-PC relative displacements and long displacements on
-the 68000 or 68010, @code{as} will issue a longer code fragment in terms of
-@var{NX}, the opposite condition to @var{XX}. For example, for the
-non-PC relative case:
-@smallexample
- j@var{XX} foo
-@end smallexample
-gives
-@smallexample
- b@var{NX}s oof
- jmp foo
- oof:
-@end smallexample
-
-@item db@var{XX}
-The full family of pseudo-operations covered here is
-@smallexample
- dbhi dbls dbcc dbcs dbne dbeq dbvc
- dbvs dbpl dbmi dbge dblt dbgt dble
- dbf dbra dbt
-@end smallexample
-
-Other than for word and byte displacements, when the source reads
-@samp{db@var{XX} foo}, @code{as} will emit
-@smallexample
- db@var{XX} oo1
- bra oo2
- oo1:jmpl foo
- oo2:
-@end smallexample
-
-@item fj@var{XX}
-This family includes
-@smallexample
- fjne fjeq fjge fjlt fjgt fjle fjf
- fjt fjgl fjgle fjnge fjngl fjngle fjngt
- fjnle fjnlt fjoge fjogl fjogt fjole fjolt
- fjor fjseq fjsf fjsne fjst fjueq fjuge
- fjugt fjule fjult fjun
-@end smallexample
-
-For branch targets that are not PC relative, @code{as} emits
-@smallexample
- fb@var{NX} oof
- jmp foo
- oof:
-@end smallexample
-when it encounters @samp{fj@var{XX} foo}.
-
-@end table
-
-@node M68K-Chars
-@subsubsection Special Characters
-
-@cindex special characters, M680x0
-@cindex M680x0 immediate character
-@cindex immediate character, M680x0
-@cindex M680x0 line comment character
-@cindex line comment character, M680x0
-@cindex comments, M680x0
-The immediate character is @samp{#} for Sun compatibility. The
-line-comment character is @samp{|}. If a @samp{#} appears at the
-beginning of a line, it is treated as a comment unless it looks like
-@samp{# line file}, in which case it is treated normally.
-
-@node Sparc-Dependent
-@section SPARC Dependent Features
-
-@cindex SPARC support
-@menu
-* Sparc-Opts:: Options
-* Sparc-Float:: Floating Point
-* Sparc-Directives:: Sparc Machine Directives
-@end menu
-
-@node Sparc-Opts
-@subsection Options
-
-@cindex options for SPARC (none)
-@cindex SPARC options (none)
-The Sparc has no machine dependent options.
-
-@ignore
-@c FIXME: (sparc) Fill in "syntax" section!
-@c subsection syntax
-I don't know anything about Sparc syntax. Someone who does
-will have to write this section.
-@end ignore
-
-@node Sparc-Float
-@subsection Floating Point
-
-@cindex floating point, SPARC (@sc{ieee})
-@cindex SPARC floating point (@sc{ieee})
-The Sparc uses @sc{ieee} floating-point numbers.
-
-@node Sparc-Directives
-@subsection Sparc Machine Directives
-
-@cindex SPARC machine directives
-@cindex machine directives, SPARC
-The Sparc version of @code{as} supports the following additional
-machine directives:
-
-@table @code
-@item .common
-@cindex @code{common} directive, SPARC
-This must be followed by a symbol name, a positive number, and
-@code{"bss"}. This behaves somewhat like @code{.comm}, but the
-syntax is different.
-
-@item .half
-@cindex @code{half} directive, SPARC
-This is functionally identical to @code{.short}.
-
-@item .proc
-@cindex @code{proc} directive, SPARC
-This directive is ignored. Any text following it on the same
-line is also ignored.
-
-@item .reserve
-@cindex @code{reserve} directive, SPARC
-This must be followed by a symbol name, a positive number, and
-@code{"bss"}. This behaves somewhat like @code{.lcomm}, but the
-syntax is different.
-
-@item .seg
-@cindex @code{seg} directive, SPARC
-This must be followed by @code{"text"}, @code{"data"}, or
-@code{"data1"}. It behaves like @code{.text}, @code{.data}, or
-@code{.data 1}.
-
-@item .skip
-@cindex @code{skip} directive, SPARC
-This is functionally identical to the @code{.space} directive.
-
-@item .word
-@cindex @code{word} directive, SPARC
-On the Sparc, the .word directive produces 32 bit values,
-instead of the 16 bit values it produces on many other machines.
-@end table
-
-@node i386-Dependent
-@section 80386 Dependent Features
-
-@cindex i386 support
-@cindex i80306 support
-@menu
-* i386-Options:: Options
-* i386-Syntax:: AT&T Syntax versus Intel Syntax
-* i386-Opcodes:: Opcode Naming
-* i386-Regs:: Register Naming
-* i386-prefixes:: Opcode Prefixes
-* i386-Memory:: Memory References
-* i386-jumps:: Handling of Jump Instructions
-* i386-Float:: Floating Point
-* i386-Notes:: Notes
-@end menu
-
-@node i386-Options
-@subsection Options
-
-@cindex options for i386 (none)
-@cindex i386 options (none)
-The 80386 has no machine dependent options.
-
-@node i386-Syntax
-@subsection AT&T Syntax versus Intel Syntax
-
-@cindex i386 syntax compatibility
-@cindex syntax compatibility, i386
-In order to maintain compatibility with the output of @code{gcc},
-@code{as} supports AT&T System V/386 assembler syntax. This is quite
-different from Intel syntax. We mention these differences because
-almost all 80386 documents used only Intel syntax. Notable differences
-between the two syntaxes are:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-@cindex immediate operands, i386
-@cindex i386 immediate operands
-@cindex register operands, i386
-@cindex i386 register operands
-@cindex jump/call operands, i386
-@cindex i386 jump/call operands
-@cindex operand delimiters, i386
-AT&T immediate operands are preceded by @samp{$}; Intel immediate
-operands are undelimited (Intel @samp{push 4} is AT&T @samp{pushl $4}).
-AT&T register operands are preceded by @samp{%}; Intel register operands
-are undelimited. AT&T absolute (as opposed to PC relative) jump/call
-operands are prefixed by @samp{*}; they are undelimited in Intel syntax.
-
-@item
-@cindex i386 source, destination operands
-@cindex source, destination operands; i386
-AT&T and Intel syntax use the opposite order for source and destination
-operands. Intel @samp{add eax, 4} is @samp{addl $4, %eax}. The
-@samp{source, dest} convention is maintained for compatibility with
-previous Unix assemblers.
-
-@item
-@cindex opcode suffixes, i386
-@cindex sizes operands, i386
-@cindex i386 size suffixes
-In AT&T syntax the size of memory operands is determined from the last
-character of the opcode name. Opcode suffixes of @samp{b}, @samp{w},
-and @samp{l} specify byte (8-bit), word (16-bit), and long (32-bit)
-memory references. Intel syntax accomplishes this by prefixes memory
-operands (@emph{not} the opcodes themselves) with @samp{byte ptr},
-@samp{word ptr}, and @samp{dword ptr}. Thus, Intel @samp{mov al, byte
-ptr @var{foo}} is @samp{movb @var{foo}, %al} in AT&T syntax.
-
-@item
-@cindex return instructions, i386
-@cindex i386 jump, call, return
-Immediate form long jumps and calls are
-@samp{lcall/ljmp $@var{section}, $@var{offset}} in AT&T syntax; the
-Intel syntax is
-@samp{call/jmp far @var{section}:@var{offset}}. Also, the far return
-instruction
-is @samp{lret $@var{stack-adjust}} in AT&T syntax; Intel syntax is
-@samp{ret far @var{stack-adjust}}.
-
-@item
-@cindex sections, i386
-@cindex i386 sections
-The AT&T assembler does not provide support for multiple section
-programs. Unix style systems expect all programs to be single sections.
-@end itemize
-
-@node i386-Opcodes
-@subsection Opcode Naming
-
-@cindex i386 opcode naming
-@cindex opcode naming, i386
-Opcode names are suffixed with one character modifiers which specify the
-size of operands. The letters @samp{b}, @samp{w}, and @samp{l} specify
-byte, word, and long operands. If no suffix is specified by an
-instruction and it contains no memory operands then @code{as} tries to
-fill in the missing suffix based on the destination register operand
-(the last one by convention). Thus, @samp{mov %ax, %bx} is equivalent
-to @samp{movw %ax, %bx}; also, @samp{mov $1, %bx} is equivalent to
-@samp{movw $1, %bx}. Note that this is incompatible with the AT&T Unix
-assembler which assumes that a missing opcode suffix implies long
-operand size. (This incompatibility does not affect compiler output
-since compilers always explicitly specify the opcode suffix.)
-
-Almost all opcodes have the same names in AT&T and Intel format. There
-are a few exceptions. The sign extend and zero extend instructions need
-two sizes to specify them. They need a size to sign/zero extend
-@emph{from} and a size to zero extend @emph{to}. This is accomplished
-by using two opcode suffixes in AT&T syntax. Base names for sign extend
-and zero extend are @samp{movs@dots{}} and @samp{movz@dots{}} in AT&T
-syntax (@samp{movsx} and @samp{movzx} in Intel syntax). The opcode
-suffixes are tacked on to this base name, the @emph{from} suffix before
-the @emph{to} suffix. Thus, @samp{movsbl %al, %edx} is AT&T syntax for
-``move sign extend @emph{from} %al @emph{to} %edx.'' Possible suffixes,
-thus, are @samp{bl} (from byte to long), @samp{bw} (from byte to word),
-and @samp{wl} (from word to long).
-
-@cindex conversion instructions, i386
-@cindex i386 conversion instructions
-The Intel-syntax conversion instructions
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-@samp{cbw} --- sign-extend byte in @samp{%al} to word in @samp{%ax},
-
-@item
-@samp{cwde} --- sign-extend word in @samp{%ax} to long in @samp{%eax},
-
-@item
-@samp{cwd} --- sign-extend word in @samp{%ax} to long in @samp{%dx:%ax},
-
-@item
-@samp{cdq} --- sign-extend dword in @samp{%eax} to quad in @samp{%edx:%eax},
-@end itemize
-
-@noindent
-are called @samp{cbtw}, @samp{cwtl}, @samp{cwtd}, and @samp{cltd} in
-AT&T naming. @code{as} accepts either naming for these instructions.
-
-@cindex jump instructions, i386
-@cindex call instructions, i386
-Far call/jump instructions are @samp{lcall} and @samp{ljmp} in
-AT&T syntax, but are @samp{call far} and @samp{jump far} in Intel
-convention.
-
-@node i386-Regs
-@subsection Register Naming
-
-@cindex i386 registers
-@cindex registers, i386
-Register operands are always prefixes with @samp{%}. The 80386 registers
-consist of
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-the 8 32-bit registers @samp{%eax} (the accumulator), @samp{%ebx},
-@samp{%ecx}, @samp{%edx}, @samp{%edi}, @samp{%esi}, @samp{%ebp} (the
-frame pointer), and @samp{%esp} (the stack pointer).
-
-@item
-the 8 16-bit low-ends of these: @samp{%ax}, @samp{%bx}, @samp{%cx},
-@samp{%dx}, @samp{%di}, @samp{%si}, @samp{%bp}, and @samp{%sp}.
-
-@item
-the 8 8-bit registers: @samp{%ah}, @samp{%al}, @samp{%bh},
-@samp{%bl}, @samp{%ch}, @samp{%cl}, @samp{%dh}, and @samp{%dl} (These
-are the high-bytes and low-bytes of @samp{%ax}, @samp{%bx},
-@samp{%cx}, and @samp{%dx})
-
-@item
-the 6 section registers @samp{%cs} (code section), @samp{%ds}
-(data section), @samp{%ss} (stack section), @samp{%es}, @samp{%fs},
-and @samp{%gs}.
-
-@item
-the 3 processor control registers @samp{%cr0}, @samp{%cr2}, and
-@samp{%cr3}.
-
-@item
-the 6 debug registers @samp{%db0}, @samp{%db1}, @samp{%db2},
-@samp{%db3}, @samp{%db6}, and @samp{%db7}.
-
-@item
-the 2 test registers @samp{%tr6} and @samp{%tr7}.
-
-@item
-the 8 floating point register stack @samp{%st} or equivalently
-@samp{%st(0)}, @samp{%st(1)}, @samp{%st(2)}, @samp{%st(3)},
-@samp{%st(4)}, @samp{%st(5)}, @samp{%st(6)}, and @samp{%st(7)}.
-@end itemize
-
-@node i386-prefixes
-@subsection Opcode Prefixes
-
-@cindex i386 opcode prefixes
-@cindex opcode prefixes, i386
-@cindex prefixes, i386
-Opcode prefixes are used to modify the following opcode. They are used
-to repeat string instructions, to provide section overrides, to perform
-bus lock operations, and to give operand and address size (16-bit
-operands are specified in an instruction by prefixing what would
-normally be 32-bit operands with a ``operand size'' opcode prefix).
-Opcode prefixes are usually given as single-line instructions with no
-operands, and must directly precede the instruction they act upon. For
-example, the @samp{scas} (scan string) instruction is repeated with:
-@smallexample
- repne
- scas
-@end smallexample
-
-Here is a list of opcode prefixes:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-@cindex section override prefixes, i386
-Section override prefixes @samp{cs}, @samp{ds}, @samp{ss}, @samp{es},
-@samp{fs}, @samp{gs}. These are automatically added by specifying
-using the @var{section}:@var{memory-operand} form for memory references.
-
-@item
-@cindex size prefixes, i386
-Operand/Address size prefixes @samp{data16} and @samp{addr16}
-change 32-bit operands/addresses into 16-bit operands/addresses. Note
-that 16-bit addressing modes (i.e. 8086 and 80286 addressing modes)
-are not supported (yet).
-
-@item
-@cindex bus lock prefixes, i386
-@cindex inhibiting interrupts, i386
-The bus lock prefix @samp{lock} inhibits interrupts during
-execution of the instruction it precedes. (This is only valid with
-certain instructions; see a 80386 manual for details).
-
-@item
-@cindex coprocessor wait, i386
-The wait for coprocessor prefix @samp{wait} waits for the
-coprocessor to complete the current instruction. This should never be
-needed for the 80386/80387 combination.
-
-@item
-@cindex repeat prefixes, i386
-The @samp{rep}, @samp{repe}, and @samp{repne} prefixes are added
-to string instructions to make them repeat @samp{%ecx} times.
-@end itemize
-
-@node i386-Memory
-@subsection Memory References
-
-@cindex i386 memory references
-@cindex memory references, i386
-An Intel syntax indirect memory reference of the form
-
-@smallexample
-@var{section}:[@var{base} + @var{index}*@var{scale} + @var{disp}]
-@end smallexample
-
-@noindent
-is translated into the AT&T syntax
-
-@smallexample
-@var{section}:@var{disp}(@var{base}, @var{index}, @var{scale})
-@end smallexample
-
-@noindent
-where @var{base} and @var{index} are the optional 32-bit base and
-index registers, @var{disp} is the optional displacement, and
-@var{scale}, taking the values 1, 2, 4, and 8, multiplies @var{index}
-to calculate the address of the operand. If no @var{scale} is
-specified, @var{scale} is taken to be 1. @var{section} specifies the
-optional section register for the memory operand, and may override the
-default section register (see a 80386 manual for section register
-defaults). Note that section overrides in AT&T syntax @emph{must} have
-be preceded by a @samp{%}. If you specify a section override which
-coincides with the default section register, @code{as} will @emph{not}
-output any section register override prefixes to assemble the given
-instruction. Thus, section overrides can be specified to emphasize which
-section register is used for a given memory operand.
-
-Here are some examples of Intel and AT&T style memory references:
-
-@table @asis
-@item AT&T: @samp{-4(%ebp)}, Intel: @samp{[ebp - 4]}
-@var{base} is @samp{%ebp}; @var{disp} is @samp{-4}. @var{section} is
-missing, and the default section is used (@samp{%ss} for addressing with
-@samp{%ebp} as the base register). @var{index}, @var{scale} are both missing.
-
-@item AT&T: @samp{foo(,%eax,4)}, Intel: @samp{[foo + eax*4]}
-@var{index} is @samp{%eax} (scaled by a @var{scale} 4); @var{disp} is
-@samp{foo}. All other fields are missing. The section register here
-defaults to @samp{%ds}.
-
-@item AT&T: @samp{foo(,1)}; Intel @samp{[foo]}
-This uses the value pointed to by @samp{foo} as a memory operand.
-Note that @var{base} and @var{index} are both missing, but there is only
-@emph{one} @samp{,}. This is a syntactic exception.
-
-@item AT&T: @samp{%gs:foo}; Intel @samp{gs:foo}
-This selects the contents of the variable @samp{foo} with section
-register @var{section} being @samp{%gs}.
-@end table
-
-Absolute (as opposed to PC relative) call and jump operands must be
-prefixed with @samp{*}. If no @samp{*} is specified, @code{as} will
-always choose PC relative addressing for jump/call labels.
-
-Any instruction that has a memory operand @emph{must} specify its size (byte,
-word, or long) with an opcode suffix (@samp{b}, @samp{w}, or @samp{l},
-respectively).
-
-@node i386-jumps
-@subsection Handling of Jump Instructions
-
-@cindex jump optimization, i386
-@cindex i386 jump optimization
-Jump instructions are always optimized to use the smallest possible
-displacements. This is accomplished by using byte (8-bit) displacement
-jumps whenever the target is sufficiently close. If a byte displacement
-is insufficient a long (32-bit) displacement is used. We do not support
-word (16-bit) displacement jumps (i.e. prefixing the jump instruction
-with the @samp{addr16} opcode prefix), since the 80386 insists upon masking
-@samp{%eip} to 16 bits after the word displacement is added.
-
-Note that the @samp{jcxz}, @samp{jecxz}, @samp{loop}, @samp{loopz},
-@samp{loope}, @samp{loopnz} and @samp{loopne} instructions only come in
-byte displacements, so that it is possible that use of these
-instructions (@code{gcc} does not use them) will cause the assembler to
-print an error message (and generate incorrect code). The AT&T 80386
-assembler tries to get around this problem by expanding @samp{jcxz foo} to
-@smallexample
- jcxz cx_zero
- jmp cx_nonzero
-cx_zero: jmp foo
-cx_nonzero:
-@end smallexample
-
-@node i386-Float
-@subsection Floating Point
-
-@cindex i386 floating point
-@cindex floating point, i386
-All 80387 floating point types except packed BCD are supported.
-(BCD support may be added without much difficulty). These data
-types are 16-, 32-, and 64- bit integers, and single (32-bit),
-double (64-bit), and extended (80-bit) precision floating point.
-Each supported type has an opcode suffix and a constructor
-associated with it. Opcode suffixes specify operand's data
-types. Constructors build these data types into memory.
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-@cindex @code{float} directive, i386
-@cindex @code{single} directive, i386
-@cindex @code{double} directive, i386
-@cindex @code{tfloat} directive, i386
-Floating point constructors are @samp{.float} or @samp{.single},
-@samp{.double}, and @samp{.tfloat} for 32-, 64-, and 80-bit formats.
-These correspond to opcode suffixes @samp{s}, @samp{l}, and @samp{t}.
-@samp{t} stands for temporary real, and that the 80387 only supports
-this format via the @samp{fldt} (load temporary real to stack top) and
-@samp{fstpt} (store temporary real and pop stack) instructions.
-
-@item
-@cindex @code{word} directive, i386
-@cindex @code{long} directive, i386
-@cindex @code{int} directive, i386
-@cindex @code{quad} directive, i386
-Integer constructors are @samp{.word}, @samp{.long} or @samp{.int}, and
-@samp{.quad} for the 16-, 32-, and 64-bit integer formats. The corresponding
-opcode suffixes are @samp{s} (single), @samp{l} (long), and @samp{q}
-(quad). As with the temporary real format the 64-bit @samp{q} format is
-only present in the @samp{fildq} (load quad integer to stack top) and
-@samp{fistpq} (store quad integer and pop stack) instructions.
-@end itemize
-
-Register to register operations do not require opcode suffixes,
-so that @samp{fst %st, %st(1)} is equivalent to @samp{fstl %st, %st(1)}.
-
-@cindex i386 @code{fwait} instruction
-@cindex @code{fwait instruction}, i386
-Since the 80387 automatically synchronizes with the 80386 @samp{fwait}
-instructions are almost never needed (this is not the case for the
-80286/80287 and 8086/8087 combinations). Therefore, @code{as} suppresses
-the @samp{fwait} instruction whenever it is implicitly selected by one
-of the @samp{fn@dots{}} instructions. For example, @samp{fsave} and
-@samp{fnsave} are treated identically. In general, all the @samp{fn@dots{}}
-instructions are made equivalent to @samp{f@dots{}} instructions. If
-@samp{fwait} is desired it must be explicitly coded.
-
-@node i386-Notes
-@subsection Notes
-
-@cindex i386 @code{mul}, @code{imul} instructions
-@cindex @code{mul} instruction, i386
-@cindex @code{imul} instruction, i386
-There is some trickery concerning the @samp{mul} and @samp{imul}
-instructions that deserves mention. The 16-, 32-, and 64-bit expanding
-multiplies (base opcode @samp{0xf6}; extension 4 for @samp{mul} and 5
-for @samp{imul}) can be output only in the one operand form. Thus,
-@samp{imul %ebx, %eax} does @emph{not} select the expanding multiply;
-the expanding multiply would clobber the @samp{%edx} register, and this
-would confuse @code{gcc} output. Use @samp{imul %ebx} to get the
-64-bit product in @samp{%edx:%eax}.
-
-We have added a two operand form of @samp{imul} when the first operand
-is an immediate mode expression and the second operand is a register.
-This is just a shorthand, so that, multiplying @samp{%eax} by 69, for
-example, can be done with @samp{imul $69, %eax} rather than @samp{imul
-$69, %eax, %eax}.
-
-@node Z8000-Dependent
-@section Z8000 Dependent Features
-
-@cindex Z8000 support
-The Z8000 as supports both members of the Z8000 family: the
-unsegmented Z8002, with 16 bit addresses, and the segmented Z8001 with
-24 bit addresses.
-
-When the assembler is in unsegmented mode (specified with the
-@code{unsegm} directive), an address will take up one word (16 bit)
-sized register. When the assembler is in segmented mode (specified with
-the @code{segm} directive), a 24-bit address takes up a long (32 bit)
-register. @xref{Z8000 Directives,,Assembler Directives for the Z8000},
-for a list of other Z8000 specific assembler directives.
-
-@menu
-* Z8000 Options:: No special command-line options for Z8000
-* Z8000 Syntax:: Assembler syntax for the Z8000
-* Z8000 Directives:: Special directives for the Z8000
-* Z8000 Opcodes:: Opcodes
-@end menu
-
-@node Z8000 Options
-@subsection Options
-
-@cindex Z8000 options
-@cindex options, Z8000
-@code{as} has no additional command-line options for the Zilog
-Z8000 family.
-
-@node Z8000 Syntax
-@subsection Syntax
-@menu
-* Z8000-Chars:: Special Characters
-* Z8000-Regs:: Register Names
-* Z8000-Addressing:: Addressing Modes
-@end menu
-
-@node Z8000-Chars
-@subsubsection Special Characters
-
-@cindex line comment character, Z8000
-@cindex Z8000 line comment character
-@samp{!} is the line comment character.
-
-@cindex line separator, Z8000
-@cindex statement separator, Z8000
-@cindex Z8000 line separator
-You can use @samp{;} instead of a newline to separate statements.
-
-@node Z8000-Regs
-@subsubsection Register Names
-
-@cindex Z8000 registers
-@cindex registers, Z8000
-The Z8000 has sixteen 16 bit registers, numbered 0 to 15. You can refer
-to different sized groups of registers by register number, with the
-prefix @samp{r} for 16 bit registers, @samp{rr} for 32 bit registers and
-@samp{rq} for 64 bit registers. You can also refer to the contents of
-the first eight (of the sixteen 16 bit registers) by bytes. They are
-named @samp{r@var{n}h} and @samp{r@var{n}l}.
-
-@smallexample
-@exdent @emph{byte registers}
-r0l r0h r1h r1l r2h r2l r3h r3l
-r4h r4l r5h r5l r6h r6l r7h r7l
-
-@exdent @emph{word registers}
-r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 r14 r15
-
-@exdent @emph{long word registers}
-rr0 rr2 rr4 rr6 rr8 rr10 rr12 rr14
-
-@exdent @emph{quad word registers}
-rq0 rq4 rq8 rq12
-@end smallexample
-
-@node Z8000-Addressing
-@subsubsection Addressing Modes
-
-@cindex addressing modes, Z8000
-@cindex Z800 addressing modes
-as understands the following addressing modes for the Z8000:
-
-@table @code
-@item r@var{n}
-Register direct
-
-@item @@r@var{n}
-Indirect register
-
-@item @var{addr}
-Direct: the 16 bit or 24 bit address (depending on whether the assembler
-is in segmented or unsegmented mode) of the operand is in the instruction.
-
-@item address(r@var{n})
-Indexed: the 16 or 24 bit address is added to the 16 bit register to produce
-the final address in memory of the operand.
-
-@item r@var{n}(#@var{imm})
-Base Address: the 16 or 24 bit register is added to the 16 bit sign
-extended immediate displacement to produce the final address in memory
-of the operand.
-
-@item r@var{n}(r@var{m})
-Base Index: the 16 or 24 bit register r@var{n} is added to the sign
-extended 16 bit index register r@var{m} to produce the final address in
-memory of the operand.
-
-@item #@var{xx}
-Immediate data @var{xx}.
-@end table
-
-@node Z8000 Directives
-@subsection Assembler Directives for the Z8000
-
-@cindex Z8000 directives
-@cindex directives, Z8000
-The Z8000 port of as includes these additional assembler directives,
-for compatibility with other Z8000 assemblers. As shown, these do not
-begin with @samp{.} (unlike the ordinary as directives).
-
-@table @code
-@item segm
-@kindex segm
-Generates code for the segmented Z8001.
-
-@item unsegm
-@kindex unsegm
-Generates code for the unsegmented Z8002.
-
-@item name
-@kindex name
-Synonym for @code{.file}
-
-@item global
-@kindex global
-Synonum for @code{.global}
-
-@item wval
-@kindex wval
-Synonym for @code{.word}
-
-@item lval
-@kindex lval
-Synonym for @code{.long}
-
-@item bval
-@kindex bval
-Synonym for @code{.byte}
-
-@item sval
-@kindex sval
-Assemble a string. @code{sval} expects one string literal, delimited by
-single quotes. It assembles each byte of the string into consecutive
-addresses. You can use the escape sequence @samp{%@var{xx}} (where
-@var{xx} represents a two-digit hexadecimal number) to represent the
-character whose @sc{ascii} value is @var{xx}. Use this feature to
-describe single quote and other characters that may not appear in string
-literals as themselves. For example, the C statement @w{@samp{char *a =
-"he said \"it's 50% off\"";}} is represented in Z8000 assembly language
-(shown with the assembler output in hex at the left) as
-
-@iftex
-@begingroup
-@let@nonarrowing=@comment
-@end iftex
-@smallexample
-68652073 sval 'he said %22it%27s 50%25 off%22%00'
-61696420
-22697427
-73203530
-25206F66
-662200
-@end smallexample
-@iftex
-@endgroup
-@end iftex
-
-@item rsect
-@kindex rsect
-synonym for @code{.section}
-
-@item block
-@kindex block
-synonym for @code{.space}
-
-@item even
-@kindex even
-synonym for @code{.align 1}
-@end table
-
-@node Z8000 Opcodes
-@subsection Opcodes
-
-@cindex Z8000 opcode summary
-@cindex opcode summary, Z8000
-@cindex mnemonics, Z8000
-@cindex instruction summary, Z8000
-For detailed information on the Z8000 machine instruction set, see
-@cite{Z8000 Technical Manual}.
-
-The following table summarizes the opcodes and their arguments:
-@iftex
-@begingroup
-@let@nonarrowing=@comment
-@end iftex
-@smallexample
-
- rs @r{16 bit source register}
- rd @r{16 bit destination register}
- rbs @r{8 bit source register}
- rbd @r{8 bit destination register}
- rrs @r{32 bit source register}
- rrd @r{32 bit destination register}
- rqs @r{64 bit source register}
- rqd @r{64 bit destination register}
- addr @r{16/24 bit address}
- imm @r{immediate data}
-
-adc rd,rs clrb addr cpsir @@rd,@@rs,rr,cc
-adcb rbd,rbs clrb addr(rd) cpsirb @@rd,@@rs,rr,cc
-add rd,@@rs clrb rbd dab rbd
-add rd,addr com @@rd dbjnz rbd,disp7
-add rd,addr(rs) com addr dec @@rd,imm4m1
-add rd,imm16 com addr(rd) dec addr(rd),imm4m1
-add rd,rs com rd dec addr,imm4m1
-addb rbd,@@rs comb @@rd dec rd,imm4m1
-addb rbd,addr comb addr decb @@rd,imm4m1
-addb rbd,addr(rs) comb addr(rd) decb addr(rd),imm4m1
-addb rbd,imm8 comb rbd decb addr,imm4m1
-addb rbd,rbs comflg flags decb rbd,imm4m1
-addl rrd,@@rs cp @@rd,imm16 di i2
-addl rrd,addr cp addr(rd),imm16 div rrd,@@rs
-addl rrd,addr(rs) cp addr,imm16 div rrd,addr
-addl rrd,imm32 cp rd,@@rs div rrd,addr(rs)
-addl rrd,rrs cp rd,addr div rrd,imm16
-and rd,@@rs cp rd,addr(rs) div rrd,rs
-and rd,addr cp rd,imm16 divl rqd,@@rs
-and rd,addr(rs) cp rd,rs divl rqd,addr
-and rd,imm16 cpb @@rd,imm8 divl rqd,addr(rs)
-and rd,rs cpb addr(rd),imm8 divl rqd,imm32
-andb rbd,@@rs cpb addr,imm8 divl rqd,rrs
-andb rbd,addr cpb rbd,@@rs djnz rd,disp7
-andb rbd,addr(rs) cpb rbd,addr ei i2
-andb rbd,imm8 cpb rbd,addr(rs) ex rd,@@rs
-andb rbd,rbs cpb rbd,imm8 ex rd,addr
-bit @@rd,imm4 cpb rbd,rbs ex rd,addr(rs)
-bit addr(rd),imm4 cpd rd,@@rs,rr,cc ex rd,rs
-bit addr,imm4 cpdb rbd,@@rs,rr,cc exb rbd,@@rs
-bit rd,imm4 cpdr rd,@@rs,rr,cc exb rbd,addr
-bit rd,rs cpdrb rbd,@@rs,rr,cc exb rbd,addr(rs)
-bitb @@rd,imm4 cpi rd,@@rs,rr,cc exb rbd,rbs
-bitb addr(rd),imm4 cpib rbd,@@rs,rr,cc ext0e imm8
-bitb addr,imm4 cpir rd,@@rs,rr,cc ext0f imm8
-bitb rbd,imm4 cpirb rbd,@@rs,rr,cc ext8e imm8
-bitb rbd,rs cpl rrd,@@rs ext8f imm8
-bpt cpl rrd,addr exts rrd
-call @@rd cpl rrd,addr(rs) extsb rd
-call addr cpl rrd,imm32 extsl rqd
-call addr(rd) cpl rrd,rrs halt
-calr disp12 cpsd @@rd,@@rs,rr,cc in rd,@@rs
-clr @@rd cpsdb @@rd,@@rs,rr,cc in rd,imm16
-clr addr cpsdr @@rd,@@rs,rr,cc inb rbd,@@rs
-clr addr(rd) cpsdrb @@rd,@@rs,rr,cc inb rbd,imm16
-clr rd cpsi @@rd,@@rs,rr,cc inc @@rd,imm4m1
-clrb @@rd cpsib @@rd,@@rs,rr,cc inc addr(rd),imm4m1
-inc addr,imm4m1 ldb rbd,rs(rx) mult rrd,addr(rs)
-inc rd,imm4m1 ldb rd(imm16),rbs mult rrd,imm16
-incb @@rd,imm4m1 ldb rd(rx),rbs mult rrd,rs
-incb addr(rd),imm4m1 ldctl ctrl,rs multl rqd,@@rs
-incb addr,imm4m1 ldctl rd,ctrl multl rqd,addr
-incb rbd,imm4m1 ldd @@rs,@@rd,rr multl rqd,addr(rs)
-ind @@rd,@@rs,ra lddb @@rs,@@rd,rr multl rqd,imm32
-indb @@rd,@@rs,rba lddr @@rs,@@rd,rr multl rqd,rrs
-inib @@rd,@@rs,ra lddrb @@rs,@@rd,rr neg @@rd
-inibr @@rd,@@rs,ra ldi @@rd,@@rs,rr neg addr
-iret ldib @@rd,@@rs,rr neg addr(rd)
-jp cc,@@rd ldir @@rd,@@rs,rr neg rd
-jp cc,addr ldirb @@rd,@@rs,rr negb @@rd
-jp cc,addr(rd) ldk rd,imm4 negb addr
-jr cc,disp8 ldl @@rd,rrs negb addr(rd)
-ld @@rd,imm16 ldl addr(rd),rrs negb rbd
-ld @@rd,rs ldl addr,rrs nop
-ld addr(rd),imm16 ldl rd(imm16),rrs or rd,@@rs
-ld addr(rd),rs ldl rd(rx),rrs or rd,addr
-ld addr,imm16 ldl rrd,@@rs or rd,addr(rs)
-ld addr,rs ldl rrd,addr or rd,imm16
-ld rd(imm16),rs ldl rrd,addr(rs) or rd,rs
-ld rd(rx),rs ldl rrd,imm32 orb rbd,@@rs
-ld rd,@@rs ldl rrd,rrs orb rbd,addr
-ld rd,addr ldl rrd,rs(imm16) orb rbd,addr(rs)
-ld rd,addr(rs) ldl rrd,rs(rx) orb rbd,imm8
-ld rd,imm16 ldm @@rd,rs,n orb rbd,rbs
-ld rd,rs ldm addr(rd),rs,n out @@rd,rs
-ld rd,rs(imm16) ldm addr,rs,n out imm16,rs
-ld rd,rs(rx) ldm rd,@@rs,n outb @@rd,rbs
-lda rd,addr ldm rd,addr(rs),n outb imm16,rbs
-lda rd,addr(rs) ldm rd,addr,n outd @@rd,@@rs,ra
-lda rd,rs(imm16) ldps @@rs outdb @@rd,@@rs,rba
-lda rd,rs(rx) ldps addr outib @@rd,@@rs,ra
-ldar rd,disp16 ldps addr(rs) outibr @@rd,@@rs,ra
-ldb @@rd,imm8 ldr disp16,rs pop @@rd,@@rs
-ldb @@rd,rbs ldr rd,disp16 pop addr(rd),@@rs
-ldb addr(rd),imm8 ldrb disp16,rbs pop addr,@@rs
-ldb addr(rd),rbs ldrb rbd,disp16 pop rd,@@rs
-ldb addr,imm8 ldrl disp16,rrs popl @@rd,@@rs
-ldb addr,rbs ldrl rrd,disp16 popl addr(rd),@@rs
-ldb rbd,@@rs mbit popl addr,@@rs
-ldb rbd,addr mreq rd popl rrd,@@rs
-ldb rbd,addr(rs) mres push @@rd,@@rs
-ldb rbd,imm8 mset push @@rd,addr
-ldb rbd,rbs mult rrd,@@rs push @@rd,addr(rs)
-ldb rbd,rs(imm16) mult rrd,addr push @@rd,imm16
-push @@rd,rs set addr,imm4 subl rrd,imm32
-pushl @@rd,@@rs set rd,imm4 subl rrd,rrs
-pushl @@rd,addr set rd,rs tcc cc,rd
-pushl @@rd,addr(rs) setb @@rd,imm4 tccb cc,rbd
-pushl @@rd,rrs setb addr(rd),imm4 test @@rd
-res @@rd,imm4 setb addr,imm4 test addr
-res addr(rd),imm4 setb rbd,imm4 test addr(rd)
-res addr,imm4 setb rbd,rs test rd
-res rd,imm4 setflg imm4 testb @@rd
-res rd,rs sinb rbd,imm16 testb addr
-resb @@rd,imm4 sinb rd,imm16 testb addr(rd)
-resb addr(rd),imm4 sind @@rd,@@rs,ra testb rbd
-resb addr,imm4 sindb @@rd,@@rs,rba testl @@rd
-resb rbd,imm4 sinib @@rd,@@rs,ra testl addr
-resb rbd,rs sinibr @@rd,@@rs,ra testl addr(rd)
-resflg imm4 sla rd,imm8 testl rrd
-ret cc slab rbd,imm8 trdb @@rd,@@rs,rba
-rl rd,imm1or2 slal rrd,imm8 trdrb @@rd,@@rs,rba
-rlb rbd,imm1or2 sll rd,imm8 trib @@rd,@@rs,rbr
-rlc rd,imm1or2 sllb rbd,imm8 trirb @@rd,@@rs,rbr
-rlcb rbd,imm1or2 slll rrd,imm8 trtdrb @@ra,@@rb,rbr
-rldb rbb,rba sout imm16,rs trtib @@ra,@@rb,rr
-rr rd,imm1or2 soutb imm16,rbs trtirb @@ra,@@rb,rbr
-rrb rbd,imm1or2 soutd @@rd,@@rs,ra trtrb @@ra,@@rb,rbr
-rrc rd,imm1or2 soutdb @@rd,@@rs,rba tset @@rd
-rrcb rbd,imm1or2 soutib @@rd,@@rs,ra tset addr
-rrdb rbb,rba soutibr @@rd,@@rs,ra tset addr(rd)
-rsvd36 sra rd,imm8 tset rd
-rsvd38 srab rbd,imm8 tsetb @@rd
-rsvd78 sral rrd,imm8 tsetb addr
-rsvd7e srl rd,imm8 tsetb addr(rd)
-rsvd9d srlb rbd,imm8 tsetb rbd
-rsvd9f srll rrd,imm8 xor rd,@@rs
-rsvdb9 sub rd,@@rs xor rd,addr
-rsvdbf sub rd,addr xor rd,addr(rs)
-sbc rd,rs sub rd,addr(rs) xor rd,imm16
-sbcb rbd,rbs sub rd,imm16 xor rd,rs
-sc imm8 sub rd,rs xorb rbd,@@rs
-sda rd,rs subb rbd,@@rs xorb rbd,addr
-sdab rbd,rs subb rbd,addr xorb rbd,addr(rs)
-sdal rrd,rs subb rbd,addr(rs) xorb rbd,imm8
-sdl rd,rs subb rbd,imm8 xorb rbd,rbs
-sdlb rbd,rs subb rbd,rbs xorb rbd,rbs
-sdll rrd,rs subl rrd,@@rs
-set @@rd,imm4 subl rrd,addr
-set addr(rd),imm4 subl rrd,addr(rs)
-@end smallexample
-@iftex
-@endgroup
-@end iftex
-
-
-@node Copying
-@unnumbered GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
-
-@cindex license
-@cindex GPL
-@cindex copying @code{as}
-@center Version 2, June 1991
-
-@display
-Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
-
-Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
-of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
-@end display
-
-@unnumberedsec Preamble
-
- The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
-freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
-License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
-software---to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
-General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
-Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
-using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
-the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
-your programs, too.
-
- When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
-price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
-have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
-this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
-if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
-in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
-
- To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
-anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
-These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
-distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
-
- For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
-gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
-you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
-source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their
-rights.
-
- We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
-(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
-distribute and/or modify the software.
-
- Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
-that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
-software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
-want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
-that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
-authors' reputations.
-
- Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
-patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
-program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
-program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
-patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
-
- The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
-modification follow.
-
-@iftex
-@unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
-@end iftex
-@ifinfo
-@center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
-@end ifinfo
-
-@enumerate
-@item
-This License applies to any program or other work which contains
-a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
-under the terms of this General Public License. The ``Program'', below,
-refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program''
-means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
-that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
-either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
-language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
-the term ``modification''.) Each licensee is addressed as ``you''.
-
-Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
-covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of
-running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
-is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
-Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
-Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
-
-@item
-You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
-source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
-conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
-copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
-notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
-and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
-along with the Program.
-
-You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
-you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
-
-@item
-You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
-of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
-distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
-above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
-
-@enumerate a
-@item
-You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
-stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
-
-@item
-You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
-whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
-part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
-parties under the terms of this License.
-
-@item
-If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
-when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
-interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
-announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
-notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
-a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
-these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
-License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
-does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
-the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
-@end enumerate
-
-These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
-identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
-and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
-themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
-sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you
-distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
-on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
-this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
-entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
-
-Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
-your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
-exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
-collective works based on the Program.
-
-In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
-with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
-a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
-the scope of this License.
-
-@item
-You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
-under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
-Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
-
-@enumerate a
-@item
-Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
-source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
-1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
-
-@item
-Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
-years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
-cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
-machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
-distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
-customarily used for software interchange; or,
-
-@item
-Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
-to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is
-allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
-received the program in object code or executable form with such
-an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
-@end enumerate
-
-The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
-making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source
-code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
-associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
-control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a
-special exception, the source code distributed need not include
-anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
-form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
-operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
-itself accompanies the executable.
-
-If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
-access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
-access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
-distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
-compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
-
-@item
-You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
-except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
-otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
-void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
-However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
-this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
-parties remain in full compliance.
-
-@item
-You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
-signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
-distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are
-prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by
-modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
-Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
-all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
-the Program or works based on it.
-
-@item
-Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
-Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
-original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
-these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further
-restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
-You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
-this License.
-
-@item
-If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
-infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
-conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
-otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
-excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot
-distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
-License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
-may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent
-license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
-all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
-the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
-refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
-
-If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
-any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
-apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
-circumstances.
-
-It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
-patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
-such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
-integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
-implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
-generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
-through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
-system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
-to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
-impose that choice.
-
-This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
-be a consequence of the rest of this License.
-
-@item
-If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
-certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
-original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
-may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
-those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
-countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates
-the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
-
-@item
-The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
-of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
-be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
-address new problems or concerns.
-
-Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
-specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any
-later version'', you have the option of following the terms and conditions
-either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
-Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of
-this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
-Foundation.
-
-@item
-If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
-programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
-to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free
-Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
-make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals
-of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
-of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
-
-@iftex
-@heading NO WARRANTY
-@end iftex
-@ifinfo
-@center NO WARRANTY
-@end ifinfo
-
-@item
-BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
-FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN
-OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
-PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
-OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
-MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS
-TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE
-PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
-REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
-
-@item
-IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
-WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
-REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
-INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
-OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
-TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
-YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
-PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
-POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
-@end enumerate
-
-@iftex
-@heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
-@end iftex
-@ifinfo
-@center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
-@end ifinfo
-
-@page
-@unnumberedsec Applying These Terms to Your New Programs
-
- If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
-possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
-free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
-
- To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
-to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
-convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
-the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
-
-@smallexample
-@var{one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.}
-Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author}
-
-This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
-modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
-as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
-of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
-
-This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-along with this program; if not, write to the
-Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave,
-Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
-@end smallexample
-
-Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
-
-If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
-when it starts in an interactive mode:
-
-@smallexample
-Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author}
-Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
-type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome
-to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c'
-for details.
-@end smallexample
-
-The hypothetical commands @samp{show w} and @samp{show c} should show
-the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the
-commands you use may be called something other than @samp{show w} and
-@samp{show c}; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever
-suits your program.
-
-You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
-school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if
-necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
-
-@smallexample
-Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in
-the program `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers)
-written by James Hacker.
-
-@var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989
-Ty Coon, President of Vice
-@end smallexample
-
-This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
-proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
-consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
-library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
-Public License instead of this License.
-
-@node Index
-@unnumbered Index
-
-@printindex cp
-
-@contents
-@bye
projects / binutils-gdb.git / commitdiff