\input texinfo @c -*-Texinfo-*-
-@c Copyright (c) 1991 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c Copyright (c) 1991 1992 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c %**start of header
@setfilename as.info
@settitle Using as
@ifinfo
This file documents the GNU Assembler "as".
-Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
@title Using as
@subtitle The GNU Assembler
@sp 1
-@subtitle November 1992
+@subtitle March 1993
@sp 1
@sp 13
The Free Software Foundation Inc. thanks The Nice Computer
@c edited by: pesch@cygnus.com
@page
@tex
-\def\$#1${{#1}} % Kluge: collect RCS revision info without $...$
-\xdef\manvers{\$Revision$} % For use in headers, footers too
{\parskip=0pt
-\hfill {\it Using {\tt as}} \manvers\par
-\hfill \TeX{}info \texinfoversion\par
+\hfill {\it Using {\tt as}}\par
\hfill Edited by Roland Pesch for Cygnus Support\par
}
%"boxit" macro for figures:
@end tex
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
-Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
[ -I @var{path} ] [ -K ] [ -L ]
[ -o @var{objfile} ] [ -R ] [ -v ] [ -w ]
@c am29k has no machine-dependent assembler options
-@c h8/300 has no machine-dependent assembler options
+@c h8/300 and 500 have no machine-dependent assembler options
@c Z8000 has no machine-dependent assembler options
@c see md_parse_option in tc-i960.c
[ -ACA | -ACA_A | -ACB | -ACC | -AKA | -AKB | -AKC | -AMC ]
@end smallexample
@table @code
-@item -a | -al | -as
-Turn on assembly listings; @samp{-al}, listing only, @samp{-as}, symbols
-only, @samp{-a}, everything.
+@item -a[dhlns]
+Turn on listings;
+@samp{-ad}, omit debugging pseudo-ops from listing,
+@samp{-ah}, include high-level source,
+@samp{-al}, assembly listing,
+@samp{-an}, no forms processing,
+@samp{-as}, symbols. These options may be combined; @emph{e.g.},
+@samp{-aln} for assembly listing without forms processing.
+By itself, @samp{-a} defaults to @samp{-ahls} --- that is, all listings
+turned on.
@item -D
This option is accepted only for script compatibility with calls to
versions of the GNU assembler; @pxref{Machine Dependent}, for options specific
to particular machine architectures.
-@section Enable Listings: @code{-a}, @code{-al}, @code{-as}
+If you are invoking @code{as} via the GNU C compiler (version 2), you
+can use the @samp{-Wa} option to pass arguments through to the
+assembler. The assembler arguments must be separated from each other
+(and the @samp{-Wa}) by commas. For example:
+
+@smallexample
+gcc -c -g -O -Wa,-alh,-L file.c
+@end smallexample
+
+will cause a listing to be emitted to standard output with high-level
+and assembly source.
+
+Many compiler command-line options, such as @samp{-R} and many
+machine-specific options, will be automatically be passed to the
+assembler by the compiler, so usually you do not need to use this
+@samp{-Wa} mechanism.
+
+@menu
+* a:: -a[dhlns] enable listings
+* D:: -D for compatibility
+* f:: -f to work faster
+* I:: -I for .include search path
+* K:: -K for difference tables
+* L:: -L to retain local labels
+* o:: -o to name the object file
+* R:: -R to join data and text sections
+* v:: -v to announce version
+* W:: -W to suppress warnings
+@end menu
+
+@node a
+@section Enable Listings: @code{-a[dhlns]}
@kindex -a
+@kindex -ad
+@kindex -ah
@kindex -al
+@kindex -an
@kindex -as
@cindex listings, enabling
@cindex assembly listings, enabling
-These options enable listing output from the assembler. @samp{-a} by
-itself requests all listing output; @samp{-al} requests only the
-output-program listing, and @samp{-as} requests only a symbol table
-listing.
+
+These options enable listing output from the assembler. By itself,
+@samp{-a} requests high-level, assembly, and symbols listing.
+Other letters may be used to select specific options for the list:
+@samp{-ah} requests a high-level language listing,
+@samp{-al} requests an output-program assembly listing, and
+@samp{-as} requests a symbol table listing.
+High-level listings require that a compiler debugging option like
+@samp{-g} be used, and that assembly listings (@samp{-al}) be requested
+also.
+
+The @samp{-ad} option may be used to omit debugging pseudo-ops from the
+listing.
Once you have specified one of these options, you can further control
listing output and its appearance using the directives @code{.list},
@code{.nolist}, @code{.psize}, @code{.eject}, @code{.title}, and
@code{.sbttl}.
-
+The @samp{-an} option turns off all forms processing.
If you do not request listing output with one of the @samp{-a} options, the
listing-control directives have no effect.
+The letters after @samp{-a} may be combined into one option,
+@emph{e.g.}, @samp{-aln}.
+
+@node D
@section @code{-D}
@kindex -D
likely that scripts written for other assemblers will also work with
@code{as}.
+@node f
@section Work Faster: @code{-f}
@kindex -f
@samp{-f} is used.
@end quotation
+@node I
@section @code{.include} search path: @code{-I} @var{path}
@kindex -I @var{path}
searches any @samp{-I} directories in the same order as they were
specified (left to right) on the command line.
+@node K
@section Difference Tables: @code{-K}
@kindex -K
You can use the @samp{-K} option if you want a warning issued when this
is done.
+@node L
@section Include Local Labels: @code{-L}
@kindex -L
in the object file. Usually if you do this you also tell the linker
@code{ld} to preserve symbols whose names begin with @samp{L}.
+@node o
@section Name the Object File: @code{-o}
@kindex -o
Whatever the object file is called, @code{as} will overwrite any
existing file of the same name.
+@node R
@section Join Data and Text Sections: @code{-R}
@kindex -R
this option is only useful if you use sections named @samp{.text} and
@samp{.data}.
+@node v
@section Announce Version: @code{-v}
@kindex -v
option @samp{-v} (which you can also spell as @samp{-version}) on the
command line.
+@node W
@section Suppress Warnings: @code{-W}
@kindex -W
@samp{|} on the 680x0;
@samp{;} for the AMD 29K family;
@samp{;} for the H8/300 family;
+@samp{!} for the H8/500 family;
@samp{!} for the Z8000;
see @ref{Machine Dependent}. @refill
@c FIXME What about i386, m88k, i860?
@cindex characters used in symbols
A @dfn{symbol} is one or more characters chosen from the set of all
letters (both upper and lower case), digits and
-the two characters @samp{_.}
On most machines, you can also use @code{$} in symbol names; exceptions
are noted in @ref{Machine Dependent}.
No symbol may begin with a digit. Case is significant.
will work here, but that might be changed. Vax BSD 4.2 assembler seems
to allow any of @samp{defghDEFGH}.)
@end ignore
-On the AMD 29K and H8/300 architectures, the letter must be:
+On the AMD 29K, H8/300, and H8/500 architectures, the letter must be:
One of the letters @samp{DFPRSX} (in upper or lower case).
On the Intel 960 architecture, the letter must be:
One of the letters @samp{DFT} (in upper or lower case).
run-time addresses to sections is called @dfn{relocation}. It includes
the task of adjusting mentions of object-file addresses so they refer to
the proper run-time addresses.
-For the H8/300, @code{as} pads sections if needed to ensure they end
-on a word (sixteen bit) boundary.
+For the H8/300 and H8/500, @code{as} pads sections if needed to
+ensure they end on a word (sixteen bit) boundary.
@cindex standard @code{as} sections
An object file written by @code{as} has at least three sections, any
@cindex symbol names
@cindex names, symbol
-Symbol names begin with a letter or with one of
-@samp{_.}
-(On most machines, you can also use @code{$} in symbol names; exceptions
-are noted in @ref{Machine Dependent}.)
-That character may be followed by any string of digits, letters,
-dollar signs (unless otherwise noted in @ref{Machine Dependent}),
-and underscores.
-Case of letters is significant:
-@code{foo} is a different symbol name than @code{Foo}.
+Symbol names begin with a letter or with one of @samp{._}. On most
+machines, you can also use @code{$} in symbol names; exceptions are
+noted in @ref{Machine Dependent}. That character may be followed by any
+string of digits, letters, dollar signs (unless otherwise noted in
+@ref{Machine Dependent}), and underscores.
+Case of letters is significant: @code{foo} is a different symbol name
+than @code{Foo}.
For the AMD 29K family, @samp{?} is also allowed in the
body of a symbol name, though not at its beginning.
This chapter discusses directives present regardless of the target
machine configuration for the GNU assembler.
+@xref{Machine Dependent} for additional directives.
@menu
* Abort:: @code{.abort}
* Vax-Dependent:: VAX Dependent Features
* AMD29K-Dependent:: AMD 29K Dependent Features
* H8/300-Dependent:: Hitachi H8/300 Dependent Features
+* H8/500-Dependent:: Hitachi H8/500 Dependent Features
* i960-Dependent:: Intel 80960 Dependent Features
* M68K-Dependent:: M680x0 Dependent Features
* Sparc-Dependent:: SPARC Dependent Features
@page
@smallexample
@group
+ @i{Legend:}
Rs @r{source register}
Rd @r{destination register}
imm @r{immediate data}
If you use the size suffixes, @code{as} will issue a warning if
there's a mismatch between the suffix and the register size.
+@node H8/500-Dependent
+@section H8/500 Dependent Features
+
+@cindex H8/500 support
+@menu
+* H8/500 Options:: Options
+* H8/500 Syntax:: Syntax
+* H8/500 Floating Point:: Floating Point
+* H8/500 Directives:: H8/500 Machine Directives
+* H8/500 Opcodes:: Opcodes
+@end menu
+
+@node H8/500 Options
+@subsection Options
+
+@cindex H8/500 options (none)
+@cindex options, H8/500 (none)
+@code{as} has no additional command-line options for the Hitachi
+H8/500 family.
+
+@node H8/500 Syntax
+@subsection Syntax
+
+@menu
+* H8/500-Chars:: Special Characters
+* H8/500-Regs:: Register Names
+* H8/500-Addressing:: Addressing Modes
+@end menu
+
+@node H8/500-Chars
+@subsubsection Special Characters
+
+@cindex line comment character, H8/500
+@cindex H8/500 line comment character
+@samp{!} is the line comment character.
+
+@cindex line separator, H8/500
+@cindex statement separator, H8/500
+@cindex H8/500 line separator
+@samp{;} can be used instead of a newline to separate statements.
+
+@cindex symbol names, @samp{$} in
+@cindex @code{$} in symbol names
+Since @samp{$} has no special meaning, you may use it in symbol names.
+
+@node H8/500-Regs
+@subsubsection Register Names
+
+@cindex H8/500 registers
+@cindex registers, H8/500
+You can use the predefined symbols @samp{r0}, @samp{r1}, @samp{r2},
+@samp{r3}, @samp{r4}, @samp{r5}, @samp{r6}, and @samp{r7} to refer to
+the H8/500 registers.
+
+The H8/500 also has these control registers:
+
+@table @code
+@item cp
+code pointer
+
+@item dp
+data pointer
+
+@item bp
+base pointer
+
+@item tp
+stack top pointer
+
+@item ep
+extra pointer
+
+@item sr
+status register
+
+@item ccr
+condition code register
+@end table
+
+All registers are 16 bits long. To represent 32 bit numbers, use two
+adjacent registers; for distant memory addresses, use one of the segment
+pointers (@code{cp} for the program counter; @code{dp} for
+@code{r0}--@code{r3}; @code{ep} for @code{r4} and @code{r5}; and
+@code{tp} for @code{r6} and @code{r7}.
+
+@node H8/500-Addressing
+@subsubsection Addressing Modes
+
+@cindex addressing modes, H8/500
+@cindex H8/500 addressing modes
+as understands the following addressing modes for the H8/500:
+@table @code
+@item R@var{n}
+Register direct
+
+@item @@R@var{n}
+Register indirect
+
+@item @@(d:8, R@var{n})
+Register indirect with 8 bit signed displacement
+
+@item @@(d:16, R@var{n})
+Register indirect with 16 bit signed displacement
+
+@item @@-R@var{n}
+Register indirect with pre-decrement
+
+@item @@R@var{n}+
+Register indirect with post-increment
+
+@item @@@var{aa}:8
+8 bit absolute address
+
+@item @@@var{aa}:16
+16 bit absolute address
+
+@item #@var{xx}:8
+8 bit immediate
+
+@item #@var{xx}:16
+16 bit immediate
+@end table
+
+@node H8/500 Floating Point
+@subsection Floating Point
+
+@cindex floating point, H8/500 (@sc{ieee})
+@cindex H8/500 floating point (@sc{ieee})
+The H8/500 family uses @sc{ieee} floating-point numbers.
+
+@node H8/500 Directives
+@subsection H8/500 Machine Directives
+
+@cindex H8/500 machine directives (none)
+@cindex machine directives, H8/500 (none)
+@cindex @code{word} directive, H8/500
+@cindex @code{int} directive, H8/500
+@code{as} has no machine-dependent directives for the H8/500.
+However, on this platform the @samp{.int} and @samp{.word} directives
+generate 16-bit numbers.
+
+@node H8/500 Opcodes
+@subsection Opcodes
+
+@cindex H8/500 opcode summary
+@cindex opcode summary, H8/500
+@cindex mnemonics, H8/500
+@cindex instruction summary, H8/500
+For detailed information on the H8/500 machine instruction set, see
+@cite{H8/500 Series Programming Manual} (Hitachi M21T001).
+
+@code{as} implements all the standard H8/500 opcodes. No additional
+pseudo-instructions are needed on this family.
+
+The following summary of H8/500 opcodes uses this notation to classify
+the allowable operands:
+
+@table @var
+@item abs@r{nn}
+(@var{abs8}, @var{abs16}, @var{abs24}): nn-bit absolute address
+
+@item crb
+@code{ccr}, @code{br}, @code{ep}, @code{dp}, @code{tp}, @code{dp}
+
+@item disp8
+Eight-bit displacement
+
+@item ea
+@code{rn}, @code{@@rn}, @code{@@(d:8, rn)}, @code{@@(d:16, rn)},@*
+@code{@@-rn}, @code{@@rn+}, @code{@@aa:8}, @code{@@aa:16},@*
+@code{#xx:8}, @code{#xx:16}
+
+@item ea_mem
+@code{@@rn}, @code{@@(d:8, rn)}, @code{@@(d:16, rn)},@*
+@code{@@-rn}, @code{@@rn+}, @code{@@aa:8}, @code{@@aa:16}
+
+@item ea_noimm
+@code{rn}, @code{@@rn}, @code{@@(d:8, rn)}, @code{@@(d:16, rn)},@*
+@code{@@-rn}, @code{@@rn+}, @code{@@aa:8}, @code{@@aa:16}
+
+@item @t{fp}
+@code{r6}
+
+@item imm@r{nn}
+(@var{imm4}, @var{imm8}, @var{imm16}): nn-bit immediate data
+
+@item pcrel@r{nn}
+(@var{pcrel8}, @var{pcrel16}): nn-bit address, interpreted as offset
+from program counter
+
+@item qim
+@code{-2}, @code{-1}, @code{1}, @code{2}
+
+@item rd
+Any register
+
+@item rs
+A register (distinct from @var{rd}, if both used in the same schema)
+
+@item rlist
+A comma-separated list of registers in parentheses; register ranges
+@code{@var{rd}-@var{rs}} are allowed. @samp{(r0-r2,r5)} is an
+@var{rlist} equivalent to @samp{(r0,r1,r2,r5)}.
+
+@item @t{sp}
+Stack pointer (@code{r7})
+
+@item @t{sr}
+Status register
+
+@item sz
+Size; @samp{.b} or @samp{.w}. May be omitted, with default @samp{.w}
+@end table
+
+@noindent
+Here is a summary of the opcodes and their arguments:
+
+@example
+ldc[.b] @var{ea},@var{crb}
+ldc[.w] @var{ea},sr
+add[:q]@var{sz} @var{qim},@var{ea_noimm}
+add[:g]@var{sz} @var{ea},@var{rd}
+adds@var{sz} @var{ea},@var{rd}
+addx@var{sz} @var{ea},@var{rd}
+and@var{sz} @var{ea},@var{rd}
+andc[.b] @var{imm8},@var{crb}
+andc[.w] @var{imm16},sr
+bpt
+bra[.w] @var{pcrel16}
+bra[.b] @var{pcrel8}
+bt[.w] @var{pcrel16}
+bt[.b] @var{pcrel8}
+brn[.w] @var{pcrel16}
+brn[.b] @var{pcrel8}
+bf[.w] @var{pcrel16}
+bf[.b] @var{pcrel8}
+bhi[.w] @var{pcrel16}
+bhi[.b] @var{pcrel8}
+bls[.w] @var{pcrel16}
+bls[.b] @var{pcrel8}
+bcc[.w] @var{pcrel16}
+bcc[.b] @var{pcrel8}
+bhs[.w] @var{pcrel16}
+bhs[.b] @var{pcrel8}
+bcs[.w] @var{pcrel16}
+bcs[.b] @var{pcrel8}
+blo[.w] @var{pcrel16}
+blo[.b] @var{pcrel8}
+bne[.w] @var{pcrel16}
+bne[.b] @var{pcrel8}
+beq[.w] @var{pcrel16}
+beq[.b] @var{pcrel8}
+bvc[.w] @var{pcrel16}
+bvc[.b] @var{pcrel8}
+bvs[.w] @var{pcrel16}
+bvs[.b] @var{pcrel8}
+bpl[.w] @var{pcrel16}
+bpl[.b] @var{pcrel8}
+bmi[.w] @var{pcrel16}
+bmi[.b] @var{pcrel8}
+bge[.w] @var{pcrel16}
+bge[.b] @var{pcrel8}
+blt[.w] @var{pcrel16}
+blt[.b] @var{pcrel8}
+bgt[.w] @var{pcrel16}
+bgt[.b] @var{pcrel8}
+ble[.w] @var{pcrel16}
+ble[.b] @var{pcrel8}
+bclr@var{sz} @var{imm4},@var{ea_noimm}
+bclr@var{sz} @var{rs},@var{ea_noimm}
+bnot@var{sz} @var{imm4},@var{ea_noimm}
+bnot@var{sz} @var{rs},@var{ea_noimm}
+bset@var{sz} @var{imm4},@var{ea_noimm}
+bset@var{sz} @var{rs},@var{ea_noimm}
+bsr[.b] @var{pcrel8}
+bsr[.w] @var{pcrel16}
+btst@var{sz} @var{imm4},@var{ea_noimm}
+btst@var{sz} @var{rs},@var{ea_noimm}
+clr@var{sz} @var{ea}
+cmp[:e][.b] @var{imm8},@var{rd}
+cmp[:i][.w] @var{imm16},@var{rd}
+cmp[:g].b @var{imm8},@var{ea_noimm}
+cmp[:g][.w] @var{imm16},@var{ea_noimm}
+cmp[:g]@var{sz} @var{ea},@var{rd}
+dadd @var{rs},@var{rd}
+divxu@var{sz} @var{ea},@var{rd}
+dsub @var{rs},@var{rd}
+exts[.b] @var{rd}
+extu[.b] @var{rd}
+jmp @@@var{rd}
+jmp @@(@var{imm8},@var{rd})
+jmp @@(@var{imm16},@var{rd})
+jmp @var{abs16}
+jsr @@@var{rd}
+jsr @@(@var{imm8},@var{rd})
+jsr @@(@var{imm16},@var{rd})
+jsr @var{abs16}
+ldm @@sp+,(@var{rlist})
+link fp,@var{imm8}
+link fp,@var{imm16}
+mov[:e][.b] @var{imm8},@var{rd}
+mov[:i][.w] @var{imm16},@var{rd}
+mov[:l][.w] @var{abs8},@var{rd}
+mov[:l].b @var{abs8},@var{rd}
+mov[:s][.w] @var{rs},@var{abs8}
+mov[:s].b @var{rs},@var{abs8}
+mov[:f][.w] @@(@var{disp8},fp),@var{rd}
+mov[:f][.w] @var{rs},@@(@var{disp8},fp)
+mov[:f].b @@(@var{disp8},fp),@var{rd}
+mov[:f].b @var{rs},@@(@var{disp8},fp)
+mov[:g]@var{sz} @var{rs},@var{ea_mem}
+mov[:g]@var{sz} @var{ea},@var{rd}
+mov[:g][.b] @var{imm8},@var{ea_mem}
+mov[:g][.w] @var{imm16},@var{ea_mem}
+movfpe[.b] @var{ea},@var{rd}
+movtpe[.b] @var{rs},@var{ea_noimm}
+mulxu@var{sz} @var{ea},@var{rd}
+neg@var{sz} @var{ea}
+nop
+not@var{sz} @var{ea}
+or@var{sz} @var{ea},@var{rd}
+orc[.b] @var{imm8},@var{crb}
+orc[.w] @var{imm16},sr
+pjmp @var{abs24}
+pjmp @@@var{rd}
+pjsr @var{abs24}
+pjsr @@@var{rd}
+prtd @var{imm8}
+prtd @var{imm16}
+prts
+rotl@var{sz} @var{ea}
+rotr@var{sz} @var{ea}
+rotxl@var{sz} @var{ea}
+rotxr@var{sz} @var{ea}
+rtd @var{imm8}
+rtd @var{imm16}
+rts
+scb/f @var{rs},@var{pcrel8}
+scb/ne @var{rs},@var{pcrel8}
+scb/eq @var{rs},@var{pcrel8}
+shal@var{sz} @var{ea}
+shar@var{sz} @var{ea}
+shll@var{sz} @var{ea}
+shlr@var{sz} @var{ea}
+sleep
+stc[.b] @var{crb},@var{ea_noimm}
+stc[.w] sr,@var{ea_noimm}
+stm (@var{rlist}),@@-sp
+sub@var{sz} @var{ea},@var{rd}
+subs@var{sz} @var{ea},@var{rd}
+subx@var{sz} @var{ea},@var{rd}
+swap[.b] @var{rd}
+tas[.b] @var{ea}
+trapa @var{imm4}
+trap/vs
+tst@var{sz} @var{ea}
+unlk fp
+xch[.w] @var{rs},@var{rd}
+xor@var{sz} @var{ea},@var{rd}
+xorc.b @var{imm8},@var{crb}
+xorc.w @var{imm16},sr
+@end example
@node i960-Dependent
@section Intel 80960 Dependent Features
@printindex cp
-@summarycontents
@contents
@bye
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