+2011-07-29 Benjamin Kosnik <bkoz@redhat.com>
+
+ Docbook conversion of existing ext/pb_ds documentation.
+ * doc/Makefile.am (xml_sources_manual): Add
+ policy_data_structures.xml and
+ test_policy_data_structures.xml.
+ (stamp-html-copy): Remove special-case for ext/pb_ds directory.
+ (XSLTPROC_FLAGS): Split into XSLT_FLAGS and XSLT_PARAM, use.
+ * doc/Makefile.in: Regenerate.
+ * doc/xml/manual/policy_data_structures.xml: New, adapted from
+ previous html-only instance in doc/html/ext/pb_ds.
+ * doc/xml/manual/test_policy_data_structures.xml: New, same as above.
+
+ * doc/xml/spine.xml: Update copyright.
+ * doc/xml/manual/spine.xml: Same.
+ * doc/xml/manual/extensions.xml: Adjust set, chapter, sections.
+ * doc/xml/manual/bitmap_allocator.xml: Same.
+ * doc/xml/manual/mt_allocator.xml: Same.
+
+ Populate image directory.
+ * doc/xml/images/(pbds_balls_and_bins.png,
+ pbds_binary_priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test_local.pdf,
+ pbds_binary_priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test_local.png,
+ pbds_binary_priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test_local.svg,
+ pbds_cc_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_local.pdf,
+ pbds_cc_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_local.png,
+ pbds_cc_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_local.svg,
+ pbds_cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find_local.pdf,
+ pbds_cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find_local.png,
+ pbds_cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find_local.svg,
+ pbds_cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_local.pdf,
+ pbds_cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_local.png,
+ pbds_cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_local.svg,
+ pbds_container_tag_hierarchy.pdf,
+ pbds_container_tag_hierarchy.png,
+ pbds_container_tag_hierarchy.svg,
+ pbds_different_underlying_dss_1.png,
+ pbds_different_underlying_dss_2.png,
+ pbds_embedded_lists_1.png, pbds_embedded_lists_2.png,
+ pbds_embedded_lists_3.png, pbds_exception_hierarchy.pdf,
+ pbds_exception_hierarchy.png, pbds_exception_hierarchy.svg,
+ pbds_gp_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_local.pdf,
+ pbds_gp_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_local.png,
+ pbds_gp_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_local.svg,
+ pbds_gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find_local.pdf,
+ pbds_gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find_local.png,
+ pbds_gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find_local.svg,
+ pbds_gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_local.pdf,
+ pbds_gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_local.png,
+ pbds_gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_local.svg,
+ pbds_hash_policy_cd.png,
+ pbds_hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage_test_local.pdf,
+ pbds_hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage_test_local.png,
+ pbds_hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage_test_local.svg,
+ pbds_hash_ranged_hash_range_hashing_fns.png,
+ pbds_hash_range_hashing_seq_diagram2.png,
+ pbds_hash_range_hashing_seq_diagram.png,
+ pbds_hash_zlob_random_int_find_timing_test_local.pdf,
+ pbds_hash_zlob_random_int_find_timing_test_local.png,
+ pbds_hash_zlob_random_int_find_timing_test_local.svg,
+ pbds_insert_resize_sequence_diagram1.png,
+ pbds_insert_resize_sequence_diagram2.png,
+ pbds_insert_resize_sequence_diagram3.png,
+ pbds_invalidation_guarantee_erase.png,
+ pbds_invalidation_tag_hierarchy.pdf,
+ pbds_invalidation_tag_hierarchy.png,
+ pbds_invalidation_tag_hierarchy.svg, pbds_list_update.png,
+ pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_hash_local.pdf,
+ pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_hash_local.png,
+ pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_hash_local.svg,
+ pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_tree_local.pdf,
+ pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_tree_local.png,
+ pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_tree_local.svg,
+ pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_hash_local.pdf,
+ pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_hash_local.png,
+ pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_hash_local.svg,
+ pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_tree_local.pdf,
+ pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_tree_local.png,
+ pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_tree_local.svg,
+ pbds_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large_s2p_hash_local.pdf,
+ pbds_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large_s2p_hash_local.png,
+ pbds_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large_s2p_hash_local.svg,
+ pbds_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large_s2p_tree_local.pdf,
+ pbds_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large_s2p_tree_local.png,
+ pbds_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large_s2p_tree_local.svg,
+ pbds_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small_s2p_hash_local.pdf,
+ pbds_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small_s2p_hash_local.png,
+ pbds_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small_s2p_hash_local.svg,
+ pbds_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small_s2p_tree_local.pdf,
+ pbds_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small_s2p_tree_local.png,
+ pbds_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small_s2p_tree_local.svg,
+ pbds_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large_s2p_hash_local.pdf,
+ pbds_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large_s2p_hash_local.png,
+ pbds_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large_s2p_hash_local.svg,
+ pbds_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large_s2p_tree_local.pdf,
+ pbds_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large_s2p_tree_local.png,
+ pbds_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large_s2p_tree_local.svg,
+ pbds_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small_s2p_hash_local.pdf,
+ pbds_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small_s2p_hash_local.png,
+ pbds_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small_s2p_hash_local.svg,
+ pbds_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small_s2p_tree_local.pdf,
+ pbds_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small_s2p_tree_local.png,
+ pbds_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small_s2p_tree_local.svg,
+ pbds_node_invariants.png,
+ pbds_pairing_priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test_local.pdf,
+ pbds_pairing_priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test_local.png,
+ pbds_pairing_priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test_local.svg,
+ pbds_pairing_priority_queue_text_push_timing_test_local.pdf,
+ pbds_pairing_priority_queue_text_push_timing_test_local.png,
+ pbds_pairing_priority_queue_text_push_timing_test_local.svg,
+ pbds_pat_trie.png, pbds_point_iterator_hierarchy.png,
+ pbds_point_iterators_range_ops_1.png,
+ pbds_point_iterators_range_ops_2.png,
+ pbds_priority_queue_different_underlying_dss.png,
+ pbds_priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing_test_local.pdf,
+ pbds_priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing_test_local.png,
+ pbds_priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing_test_local.svg,
+ pbds_priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test_local.pdf,
+ pbds_priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test_local.png,
+ pbds_priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test_local.svg,
+ pbds_priority_queue_tag_hierarchy.pdf,
+ pbds_priority_queue_tag_hierarchy.png,
+ pbds_priority_queue_tag_hierarchy.svg,
+ pbds_priority_queue_text_join_timing_test_local.pdf,
+ pbds_priority_queue_text_join_timing_test_local.png,
+ pbds_priority_queue_text_join_timing_test_local.svg,
+ pbds_priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test_local.pdf,
+ pbds_priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test_local.png,
+ pbds_priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test_local.svg,
+ pbds_priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test_pairing_thin_local.pdf,
+ pbds_priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test_pairing_thin_local.png,
+ pbds_priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test_pairing_thin_local.svg,
+ pbds_priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test_local.pdf,
+ pbds_priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test_local.png,
+ pbds_priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test_local.svg,
+ pbds_priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test_pairing_thin_local.pdf,
+ pbds_priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test_pairing_thin_local.png,
+ pbds_priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test_pairing_thin_local.svg,
+ pbds_priority_queue_text_pop_mem_usage_test_local.pdf,
+ pbds_priority_queue_text_pop_mem_usage_test_local.png,
+ pbds_priority_queue_text_pop_mem_usage_test_local.svg,
+ pbds_priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test_local.pdf,
+ pbds_priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test_local.png,
+ pbds_priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test_local.svg,
+ pbds_priority_queue_text_push_timing_test_local.pdf,
+ pbds_priority_queue_text_push_timing_test_local.png,
+ pbds_priority_queue_text_push_timing_test_local.svg,
+ pbds_rationale_null_node_updator.png,
+ pbds_resize_policy_cd.png, pbds_restoring_node_invariants.png,
+ pbds_simple_list.png,
+ pbds_text_find_timing_test_hash_local.pdf,
+ pbds_text_find_timing_test_hash_local.png,
+ pbds_text_find_timing_test_hash_local.svg,
+ pbds_text_find_timing_test_tree_like_local.pdf,
+ pbds_text_find_timing_test_tree_like_local.png,
+ pbds_text_find_timing_test_tree_like_local.svg,
+ pbds_tree_node_invalidations.png,
+ pbds_tree_node_invariants.png,
+ pbds_tree_node_updator_policy_cd.png,
+ pbds_tree_order_statistics_timing_test_local.pdf,
+ pbds_tree_order_statistics_timing_test_local.png,
+ pbds_tree_order_statistics_timing_test_local.svg,
+ pbds_tree_split_join_timing_test_local.pdf,
+ pbds_tree_split_join_timing_test_local.png,
+ pbds_tree_split_join_timing_test_local.svg,
+ pbds_tree_text_insert_timing_test_node_tree_local.pdf,
+ pbds_tree_text_insert_timing_test_node_tree_local.png,
+ pbds_tree_text_insert_timing_test_node_tree_local.svg,
+ pbds_tree_text_insert_timing_test_pat_trie_local.pdf,
+ pbds_tree_text_insert_timing_test_pat_trie_local.png,
+ pbds_tree_text_insert_timing_test_pat_trie_local.svg,
+ pbds_tree_text_insert_timing_test_vector_tree_local.pdf,
+ pbds_tree_text_insert_timing_test_vector_tree_local.png,
+ pbds_tree_text_insert_timing_test_vector_tree_local.svg,
+ pbds_tree_text_lor_find_timing_test_local.pdf,
+ pbds_tree_text_lor_find_timing_test_local.png,
+ pbds_tree_text_lor_find_timing_test_local.svg,
+ pbds_trie_node_updator_policy_cd.png,
+ pbds_update_seq_diagram.png): Add.
+
+ * doc/html/ext/pb_ds: Remove.
+ * doc/html/ext/pb_ds/(acks.html, assoc_container_tag_cd.png,
+ assoc_container_tag_cd.svg, assoc_container_traits.html,
+ assoc_design.html, assoc_examples.html,
+ associative_container_tag.html, assoc_performance_tests.html,
+ assoc_regression_tests.html, assoc_tests.html,
+ balls_and_bins.png, basic_hash_table.html,
+ basic_hash_tag.html, basic_invalidation_guarantee.html,
+ basic_tree_assoc_container_const_node_iterator.html,
+ basic_tree.html, basic_tree_tag.html, binary_heap_tag.html,
+ binary_priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test_gcc.png,
+ binary_priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test_local.png,
+ binary_priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test_msvc.png,
+ binomial_heap_tag.html,
+ ccgp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_gcc.png,
+ ccgp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_local.png,
+ ccgp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_msvc.png,
+ cc_hash_max_collision_check_resize_trigger.html,
+ cc_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_gcc.png,
+ cc_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_local.png,
+ cc_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_msvc.png,
+ cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find_gcc.png,
+ cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find_local.png,
+ cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find_msvc.png,
+ cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_gcc.png,
+ cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_local.png,
+ cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_msvc.png,
+ cc_hash_table.html, cc_hash_tag.html, checked_by_tidy.gif
+ concepts.html, contact.html, container_base.html,
+ container_cd.png, container_cd.svg, container_tag.html,
+ counter_lu_policy.html, design.html,
+ different_underlying_dss.png, direct_mask_range_hashing.html,
+ direct_mod_range_hashing.html, disclaimer.html, ds_gen.html,
+ embedded_lists_1.png, embedded_lists_2.png,
+ embedded_lists_3.png, examples.html, exceptions.html,
+ gp_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_gcc.png,
+ gp_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_local.png,
+ gp_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_msvc.png,
+ gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find_gcc.png,
+ gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find_local.png,
+ gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find_msvc.png,
+ gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_gcc.png,
+ gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_local.png,
+ gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_msvc.png,
+ gp_hash_table.html, gp_hash_tag.html,
+ hash_based_containers.html, hash_exponential_size_policy.html,
+ hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html, hash_policy_cd.png,
+ hash_prime_size_policy.html,
+ hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage_test_gcc.png,
+ hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage_test.html,
+ hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage_test_local.png,
+ hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage_test_msvc.png,
+ hash_random_int_find_find_timing_test.html,
+ hash_random_int_subscript_find_timing_test.html,
+ hash_random_int_subscript_insert_timing_test.html,
+ hash_ranged_hash_range_hashing_fns.png,
+ hash_range_hashing_seq_diagram2.png,
+ hash_range_hashing_seq_diagram.png,
+ hash_standard_resize_policy.html,
+ hash_text_find_find_timing_test.html,
+ hash_zlob_random_int_find_find_timing_test.html,
+ hash_zlob_random_int_find_timing_test_gcc.png,
+ hash_zlob_random_int_find_timing_test_local.png,
+ hash_zlob_random_int_find_timing_test_msvc.png, index.html,
+ insert_error.html, insert_resize_sequence_diagram1.png,
+ insert_resize_sequence_diagram2.png,
+ insert_resize_sequence_diagram3.png, interface.html,
+ introduction.html, invalidation_guarantee_cd.png,
+ invalidation_guarantee_erase.png, join_error.html,
+ linear_probe_fn.html, list_update.html, list_update_tag.html,
+ lu_based_containers.html, lu.png, misc.html, motivation.html,
+ move_to_front_lu_policy.html,
+ multimap_text_find_timing_test_large.html,
+ multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_hash_gcc.png,
+ multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_hash_local.png,
+ multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_hash_msvc.png,
+ multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_tree_gcc.png,
+ multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_tree_local.png,
+ multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_tree_msvc.png,
+ multimap_text_find_timing_test_small.html,
+ multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_hash_gcc.png,
+ multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_hash_local.png,
+ multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_hash_msvc.png,
+ multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_tree_gcc.png,
+ multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_tree_local.png,
+ multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_tree_msvc.png,
+ multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large.html,
+ multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large_s2p_hash_gcc.png,
+ multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large_s2p_hash_local.png,
+ multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large_s2p_hash_msvc.png,
+ multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large_s2p_tree_gcc.png,
+ multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large_s2p_tree_local.png,
+ multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large_s2p_tree_msvc.png,
+ multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small.html,
+ multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small_s2p_hash_gcc.png,
+ multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small_s2p_hash_local.png,
+ multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small_s2p_hash_msvc.png,
+ multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small_s2p_tree_gcc.png,
+ multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small_s2p_tree_local.png,
+ multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small_s2p_tree_msvc.png,
+ multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large.html,
+ multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large_s2p_hash_gcc.png,
+ multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large_s2p_hash_local.png,
+ multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large_s2p_hash_msvc.png,
+ multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large_s2p_tree_gcc.png,
+ multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large_s2p_tree_local.png,
+ multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large_s2p_tree_msvc.png,
+ multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small.html,
+ multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small_s2p_hash_gcc.png,
+ multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small_s2p_hash_local.png,
+ multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small_s2p_hash_msvc.png,
+ multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small_s2p_tree_gcc.png,
+ multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small_s2p_tree_local.png,
+ multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small_s2p_tree_msvc.png,
+ node_invariant_invalidations.png, node_invariants.png,
+ null_hash_fn.html, null_lu_metadata.html,
+ null_mapped_type.html, null_probe_fn.html,
+ null_tree_node_update.html, null_trie_node_update.html,
+ ov_tree_tag.html, pairing_heap_tag.html,
+ pairing_priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test_gcc.png,
+ pairing_priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test_local.png,
+ pairing_priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test_msvc.png,
+ pairing_priority_queue_text_push_timing_test_gcc.png,
+ pairing_priority_queue_text_push_timing_test_local.png,
+ pairing_priority_queue_text_push_timing_test_msvc.png,
+ pat_trie.png, pat_trie_tag.html,
+ point_invalidation_guarantee.html, point_iterators_cd.png,
+ point_iterators_range_ops_1.png,
+ point_iterators_range_ops_2.png, pq_container_traits.html,
+ pq_design.html, pq_different_underlying_dss.png,
+ pq_examples.html, pq_performance_tests.html,
+ pq_regression_tests.html, pq_tests.html, prerequisites.html,
+ priority_queue.html,
+ priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing_test_gcc.png,
+ priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing_test.html,
+ priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing_test_local.png,
+ priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing_test_msvc.png,
+ priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test_gcc.png,
+ priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test.html,
+ priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test_local.png,
+ priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test_msvc.png,
+ priority_queue_tag_cd.png, priority_queue_tag_cd.svg,
+ priority_queue_tag.html,
+ priority_queue_text_join_timing_test_gcc.png,
+ priority_queue_text_join_timing_test.html,
+ priority_queue_text_join_timing_test_local.png,
+ priority_queue_text_join_timing_test_msvc.png,
+ priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test_gcc.png,
+ priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test.html,
+ priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test_local.png,
+ priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test_msvc.png,
+ priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test_pairing_thin_gcc.png,
+ priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test_pairing_thin_local.png,
+ priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test_pairing_thin_msvc.png,
+ priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test_gcc.png,
+ priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test.html,
+ priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test_local.png,
+ priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test_msvc.png,
+ priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test_pairing_thin_gcc.png,
+ priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test_pairing_thin_local.png,
+ priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test_pairing_thin_msvc.png,
+ priority_queue_text_pop_mem_usage_test_gcc.png,
+ priority_queue_text_pop_mem_usage_test.html,
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+ priority_queue_text_pop_mem_usage_test_msvc.png,
+ priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test_gcc.png,
+ priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test.html,
+ priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test_local.png,
+ priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test_msvc.png,
+ priority_queue_text_push_timing_test_gcc.png,
+ priority_queue_text_push_timing_test.html,
+ priority_queue_text_push_timing_test_local.png,
+ priority_queue_text_push_timing_test_msvc.png,
+ PythonPoweredSmall.gif quadratic_probe_fn.html,
+ random_int_find_find_timing_test_tree_gcc.png,
+ random_int_find_find_timing_test_tree_local.png,
+ random_int_find_find_timing_test_tree_msvc.png,
+ range_invalidation_guarantee.html,
+ rationale_null_node_updator.png, rb_tree_tag.html,
+ rc_binomial_heap_tag.html, references.html, resize_error.html,
+ resize_policy_cd.png, restoring_node_invariants.png,
+ sample_probe_fn.html, sample_ranged_hash_fn.html,
+ sample_ranged_probe_fn.html, sample_range_hashing.html,
+ sample_resize_policy.html, sample_resize_trigger.html,
+ sample_size_policy.html, sample_tree_node_update.html,
+ sample_trie_access_traits.html, sample_trie_node_update.html,
+ sample_update_policy.html, simple_list.png,
+ splay_tree_tag.html, tests.html,
+ text_find_timing_test_hash_gcc.png,
+ text_find_timing_test_hash_local.png,
+ text_find_timing_test_hash_msvc.png,
+ text_find_timing_test_tree_like_gcc.png,
+ text_find_timing_test_tree_like_local.png,
+ text_find_timing_test_tree_like_msvc.png, thin_heap_tag.html,
+ tree_based_containers.html, tree.html,
+ tree_node_iterator.html, tree_node_updator_policy_cd.png,
+ tree_order_statistics_node_update.html,
+ tree_order_statistics_timing_test_gcc.png,
+ tree_order_statistics_timing_test.html,
+ tree_order_statistics_timing_test_local.png,
+ tree_order_statistics_timing_test_msvc.png,
+ tree_random_int_find_find_timing_test.html,
+ tree_split_join_timing_test_gcc.png,
+ tree_split_join_timing_test.html,
+ tree_split_join_timing_test_local.png,
+ tree_split_join_timing_test_msvc.png, tree_tag.html,
+ tree_text_find_find_timing_test.html,
+ tree_text_insert_timing_test.html,
+ tree_text_insert_timing_test_node_tree_gcc.png,
+ tree_text_insert_timing_test_node_tree_local.png,
+ tree_text_insert_timing_test_node_tree_msvc.png,
+ tree_text_insert_timing_test_pat_trie_gcc.png,
+ tree_text_insert_timing_test_pat_trie_local.png,
+ tree_text_insert_timing_test_pat_trie_msvc.png,
+ tree_text_insert_timing_test_vector_tree_gcc.png,
+ tree_text_insert_timing_test_vector_tree_local.png,
+ tree_text_insert_timing_test_vector_tree_msvc.png,
+ tree_text_lor_find_find_timing_test.html,
+ tree_text_lor_find_timing_test_gcc.png,
+ tree_text_lor_find_timing_test_local.png,
+ tree_text_lor_find_timing_test_msvc.png,
+ trie_based_containers.html, trie_const_node_iterator.html,
+ trie.html, trie_node_iterator.html,
+ trie_node_updator_policy_cd.png,
+ trie_order_statistics_node_update.html,
+ trie_prefix_search_node_update.html,
+ trie_string_access_traits.html, trie_tag.html,
+ trivial_iterator_tag.html, tutorial.html,
+ update_policy_cd.png, update_seq_diagram.png): Remove.
+
2011-07-27 Paolo Carlini <paolo.carlini@oracle.com>
PR c++/49813
cp -r ${top_srcdir}/doc/html/ext ${docbook_outdir}/html/manual/ext
cd ${docbook_outdir}/html/manual/ext
rm -rf ${docbook_outdir}/html/manual/ext/.svn
- rm -rf ${docbook_outdir}/html/manual/ext/pb_ds/.svn
$(STAMP) stamp-html-copy
doc-html: stamp-html
${xml_dir}/manual/mt_allocator.xml \
${xml_dir}/manual/numerics.xml \
${xml_dir}/manual/parallel_mode.xml \
+ ${xml_dir}/manual/policy_data_structures.xml \
${xml_dir}/manual/prerequisites.xml \
${xml_dir}/manual/profile_mode.xml \
${xml_dir}/manual/shared_ptr.xml \
${xml_dir}/manual/strings.xml \
${xml_dir}/manual/support.xml \
${xml_dir}/manual/test.xml \
+ ${xml_dir}/manual/test_policy_data_structures.xml \
${xml_dir}/manual/using.xml \
${xml_dir}/manual/using_exceptions.xml \
${xml_dir}/manual/utilities.xml \
${xml_dir}/images/confdeps.pdf
XSLTPROC = xsltproc
-XSLTPROC_FLAGS = --nonet --xinclude
+XSLT_FLAGS = --nonet --xinclude
+XSLT_PARAM = --param toc.section.depth 4
#XSL_STYLE_DIR = /usr/share/xml/docbook/stylesheet/docbook-xsl-ns
#XSL_STYLE_DIR = /usr/share/sgml/docbook/xsl-ns-stylesheets
XSL_FO_STYLE = $(XSL_STYLE_DIR)/fo/docbook.xsl
# HTML, index plus chapters
stamp-html-docbook: $(xml_sources) ${docbook_outdir}/html
@echo "Generating html files..."
- $(XSLTPROC) $(XSLTPROC_FLAGS) -o ${docbook_outdir}/html/ \
+ $(XSLTPROC) $(XSLT_PARAM) $(XSLT_FLAGS) -o ${docbook_outdir}/html/ \
$(XSL_HTML_STYLE) ${top_srcdir}/doc/xml/spine.xml
$(STAMP) stamp-html-docbook
manual_html = ${docbook_outdir}/html/libstdc++-manual-single.html
stamp-html-single-docbook: $(xml_sources) ${docbook_outdir}/html
@echo "Generating html single file..."
- $(XSLTPROC) $(XSLTPROC_FLAGS) -o ${manual_html} \
+ $(XSLTPROC) $(XSLT_PARAM) $(XSLT_FLAGS) -o ${manual_html} \
$(XSL_HTML_SINGLE_STYLE) ${top_srcdir}/doc/xml/spine.xml
$(STAMP) stamp-html-single-docbook
# FO
stamp-fo-docbook: $(xml_sources) ${docbook_outdir}/fo
@echo "Generating FO files..."
- $(XSLTPROC) $(XSLTPROC_FLAGS) -o ${docbook_outdir}/fo/spine.fo \
+ $(XSLTPROC) $(XSLT_FLAGS) -o ${docbook_outdir}/fo/spine.fo \
$(XSL_FO_STYLE) ${top_srcdir}/doc/xml/spine.xml
$(STAMP) stamp-fo-docbook
# Performance doc and graph configuration.
# Assumes pychart, beautiful soup installed.
# Generates the plots and graphs for performance testing.
+# XXX this needs to be re-worked to create only the SVG charts
doc_performance_script=${top_srcdir}/scripts/make_graphs.py
doc-html-performance:
-@(chmod + ${doc_performance_script}; \
${xml_dir}/manual/mt_allocator.xml \
${xml_dir}/manual/numerics.xml \
${xml_dir}/manual/parallel_mode.xml \
+ ${xml_dir}/manual/policy_data_structures.xml \
${xml_dir}/manual/prerequisites.xml \
${xml_dir}/manual/profile_mode.xml \
${xml_dir}/manual/shared_ptr.xml \
${xml_dir}/manual/strings.xml \
${xml_dir}/manual/support.xml \
${xml_dir}/manual/test.xml \
+ ${xml_dir}/manual/test_policy_data_structures.xml \
${xml_dir}/manual/using.xml \
${xml_dir}/manual/using_exceptions.xml \
${xml_dir}/manual/utilities.xml \
${xml_dir}/images/confdeps.png \
${xml_dir}/images/confdeps.pdf
-XSLTPROC_FLAGS = --nonet --xinclude
+XSLT_FLAGS = --nonet --xinclude
+XSLT_PARAM = --param toc.section.depth 4
#XSL_STYLE_DIR = /usr/share/xml/docbook/stylesheet/docbook-xsl-ns
#XSL_STYLE_DIR = /usr/share/sgml/docbook/xsl-ns-stylesheets
XSL_FO_STYLE = $(XSL_STYLE_DIR)/fo/docbook.xsl
# Performance doc and graph configuration.
# Assumes pychart, beautiful soup installed.
# Generates the plots and graphs for performance testing.
+# XXX this needs to be re-worked to create only the SVG charts
doc_performance_script = ${top_srcdir}/scripts/make_graphs.py
# By adding these files here, automake will remove them for 'make clean'
cp -r ${top_srcdir}/doc/html/ext ${docbook_outdir}/html/manual/ext
cd ${docbook_outdir}/html/manual/ext
rm -rf ${docbook_outdir}/html/manual/ext/.svn
- rm -rf ${docbook_outdir}/html/manual/ext/pb_ds/.svn
$(STAMP) stamp-html-copy
doc-html: stamp-html
# HTML, index plus chapters
stamp-html-docbook: $(xml_sources) ${docbook_outdir}/html
@echo "Generating html files..."
- $(XSLTPROC) $(XSLTPROC_FLAGS) -o ${docbook_outdir}/html/ \
+ $(XSLTPROC) $(XSLT_PARAM) $(XSLT_FLAGS) -o ${docbook_outdir}/html/ \
$(XSL_HTML_STYLE) ${top_srcdir}/doc/xml/spine.xml
$(STAMP) stamp-html-docbook
doc-html-docbook: stamp-html-docbook
stamp-html-single-docbook: $(xml_sources) ${docbook_outdir}/html
@echo "Generating html single file..."
- $(XSLTPROC) $(XSLTPROC_FLAGS) -o ${manual_html} \
+ $(XSLTPROC) $(XSLT_PARAM) $(XSLT_FLAGS) -o ${manual_html} \
$(XSL_HTML_SINGLE_STYLE) ${top_srcdir}/doc/xml/spine.xml
$(STAMP) stamp-html-single-docbook
# FO
stamp-fo-docbook: $(xml_sources) ${docbook_outdir}/fo
@echo "Generating FO files..."
- $(XSLTPROC) $(XSLTPROC_FLAGS) -o ${docbook_outdir}/fo/spine.fo \
+ $(XSLTPROC) $(XSLT_FLAGS) -o ${docbook_outdir}/fo/spine.fo \
$(XSL_FO_STYLE) ${top_srcdir}/doc/xml/spine.xml
$(STAMP) stamp-fo-docbook
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>Acknowledgments</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>Acknowledgments</h1>
-
- <ol>
- <li>This library was partially written at <a href=
- "http://www.haifa.il.ibm.com/">IBM's Haifa Research
- Labs</a>.</li>
-
- <li>The library is based heavily on policy-based design and
- uses many useful techniques from [<a href=
- "references.html#alexandrescu01modern">alexandrescu01modern</a>].</li>
-
- <li>Two ideas are borrowed from the SGI-STL implementation
- [<a href="references.html#sgi_stl">sgi_stl</a>]:
-
- <ol>
- <li>The prime-based resize policies use a list of primes
- taken from the SGI-STL implementation.</li>
-
- <li>The red-black trees contain both a root node and a
- header node (containing metadata), connected in a way
- that forward and reverse iteration can be performed
- efficiently.</li>
- </ol>
- </li>
-
- <li>Some test utilities borrow ideas from [<a href=
- "references.html#boost_timer">boost_timer</a>].</li>
-
- <li>We would like to thank Scott Meyers for useful comments
- (without attributing to him any flaws in the design or
- implementation of the library).</li>
-
- <li>Much of the documentation is <a href=
- "http://www.python.org/"><img src="PythonPoweredSmall.gif"
- align="middle" width="55" height="22" alt="[Python Powered]"
- border="0" /></a> (especially through <a href=
- "http://home.gna.org/pychart/">PyChart</a>, <a href=
- "http://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/">Beautiful
- Soup</a>, and <a href=
- "http://starship.python.net/crew/aaron_watters/kjbuckets/">kjbuckets</a>)
- and uses <a href="http://tidy.sourceforge.net/"><img src=
- "checked_by_tidy.gif" align="middle" width="55" height="45"
- alt="[HTML tidy]" border="0" /></a>. The CSS-driven menus are
- slightly modified from <a href=
- "http://www.brothercake.com/scripts/navmeister/page.php">Brothercake</a>
- (hopefully without introducing errors).</li>
- </ol>
- </div>
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- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>container_traits Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>container_traits</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Traits of an associative-container based on its underlying
- data structure.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp"><tt>tag_and_trait.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Cntnr59189" id="Cntnr59189"><b>class</b> Cntnr</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Container type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link3" id="link3">Container Attributes</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="invalidation_guarantee3793555937" id=
-"invalidation_guarantee3793555937">invalidation_guarantee</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-Invalidation guarantee.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Invalidation-guarantee type.</p>
-
- <p>This is either <a href=
- "basic_invalidation_guarantee.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>basic_invalidation_guarantee</tt></span></a>,
- <a href="point_invalidation_guarantee.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>point_invalidation_guarantee</tt></span></a>, or
- <a href="range_invalidation_guarantee.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>range_invalidation_guarantee</tt></span></a></p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="order_preserving1910229172" id=
-"order_preserving1910229172">order_preserving</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-True only if Cntnr objects guarantee storing keys by order.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Order-preserving indicator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="erase_can_throw153323856" id=
-"erase_can_throw153323856">erase_can_throw</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-True only if erasing a key can throw.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Erase-throw indicator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="reverse_iteration894617078" id=
-"reverse_iteration894617078">reverse_iteration</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-True only reverse iterators are supported.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Reverse iteration indicator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="split_join_can_throw3200477759" id=
-"split_join_can_throw3200477759">split_join_can_throw</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-True only if split or join operations can throw.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Split-join throw indicator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>Associative Containers</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>Associative-Container Design</h1>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href="ds_gen.html">Data-Structure Genericity</a></li>
-
- <li class="c1">Genericity discusses generic manipulation of
- containers based on different underlying
- data structures.</li>
-
- <li class="c1">Genericity discusses generic manipulation of
- containers with different mapping semantics.</li>
-
- <li><a href="tree_based_containers.html">Tree-Based
- Containers</a> describes the design and policies of
- tree-based containers.</li>
-
- <li><a href="trie_based_containers.html">Trie-Based
- Containers</a> describes the design and policies of
- trie-based containers.</li>
-
- <li><a href="hash_based_containers.html">Hash-Based
- Containers</a> describes the design and policies of
- hash-based containers.</li>
-
- <li><a href="lu_based_containers.html">List-Based
- Containers</a> describes the design and policies of
- list-based containers with update policies.</li>
- </ol>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>Examples</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>Associative-Container Examples</h1>
-
- <h2><a name="basic_usage" id="basic_usage">Basic Use</a></h2>
-
- <ol>
- <li>
- <a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/basic_map.cc"><tt>basic_map.cc</tt></a>
- Basic use of "maps".</li>
-
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/basic_set.cc"><tt>basic_set.cc</tt></a>
- Basic use of "sets".</li>
-
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/erase_if.cc"><tt>erase_if.cc</tt></a>
- Conditionally erasing values from a container object.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <h2><a name="generics" id="generics">Generics</a></h2>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/assoc_container_traits.cc"><tt>assoc_container_traits.cc</tt></a>
- Using <a href=
- "assoc_container_traits.html"><tt>container_traits</tt></a> to query
- about underlying data structure behavior.</li>
-
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/hash_find_neg.cc"><tt>hash_find_neg.cc</tt></a>
- A non-compiling example showing wrong use of finding keys in
- hash-based containers.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <h2><a name="hash_based" id="hash_based">Hash-Based
- Containers</a></h2>
-
-
- <h3><a name="resize_related" id="resize_related">Resize
- Related</a></h3>
-
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/hash_initial_size.cc"><tt>hash_initial_size.cc</tt></a>
- Setting the initial size of a hash-based container
- object.</li>
-
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/hash_resize_neg.cc"><tt>hash_resize_neg.cc</tt></a>
- A non-compiling example showing how not to resize a
- hash-based container object.</li>
-
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/hash_resize.cc"><tt>hash_resize.cc</tt></a>
- Resizing the size of a hash-based container object.</li>
-
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/hash_illegal_resize.cc"><tt>hash_illegal_resize.cc</tt></a>
- Showing an illegal resize of a hash-based container
- object.</li>
-
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/hash_load_set_change.cc"><tt>hash_load_set_change.cc</tt></a>
- Changing the load factors of a hash-based container
- object.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <h3><a name="hash_related" id="hash_related">Hash-Function
- Related</a></h3>
-
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/hash_mod.cc"><tt>hash_mod.cc</tt></a>
- Using a modulo range-hashing function for the case of an
- unknown skewed key distribution.</li>
-
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/hash_shift_mask.cc"><tt>shift_mask.cc</tt></a>
- Writing a range-hashing functor for the case of a known
- skewed key distribution.</li>
-
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/store_hash.cc"><tt>store_hash.cc</tt></a>
- Storing the hash value along with each key.</li>
-
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/ranged_hash.cc"><tt>ranged_hash.cc</tt></a>
- Writing a ranged-hash functor.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <h2><a name="tree_like_based" id= "tree_like_based">Tree-Like Containers (Trees and
- Tries)</a></h2>
-
-
- <h3><a name="node_invariants" id=
- "node_invariants">Node-Invariants</a></h3>
-
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/tree_order_statistics.cc"><tt>tree_order_statistics.cc</tt></a>
- Using trees for order statistics.</li>
-
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/tree_intervals.cc"><tt>tree_intervals.cc</tt></a>
- Augmenting trees to support operations on line
- intervals.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <h3><a name="split_join" id="split_join">Split and
- Join</a></h3>
-
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/tree_join.cc"><tt>tree_join.cc</tt></a>
- Joining two tree-based container objects.</li>
-
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/trie_split.cc"><tt>trie_split.cc</tt></a>
- Splitting a PATRICIA trie container object.</li>
-
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/tree_order_statistics_join.cc"><tt>tree_order_statistics_join.cc</tt></a>
- Order statistics while joining two tree-based container
- objects.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <h2><a name="trie_based" id="trie_based">Trie-Based
- Containers</a></h2>
-
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/trie_dna.cc"><tt>trie_dna.cc</tt></a>
- Using a PATRICIA trie for DNA strings.</li>
-
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/trie_prefix_search.cc"><tt>trie_prefix_search.cc</tt></a>
- Using a PATRICIA trie for finding all entries whose key
- matches a given prefix.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <h2><a name="mmaps" id="mmaps">"Multimaps" and
- "Multisets".</a></h2>
- <ol>
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/basic_multimap.cc"><tt>basic_multimap.cc</tt></a>
- Basic use of "multimaps".</li>
-
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/basic_multiset.cc"><tt>basic_multiset.cc</tt></a>
- Basic use of "multisets".</li>
- </ol>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
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-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>Associative-Container Performance Tests</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1><a name="assoc" id="assoc">Associative-Container
- Performance Tests</a></h1>
-<h2><a name="settings" id="settings">Settings</a></h2>
-<p>This section describes performance tests and their results.
- In the following, <a href="#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>, and <a href="#local"><u>local</u></a> (the build used for generating this
- documentation) stand for three different builds:</p>
-<div id="gcc_settings_div">
-<div class="c1">
-<h3><a name="gcc" id="gcc"><u>g++</u></a></h3>
-<ul>
-<li>CPU speed - cpu MHz : 2660.644</li>
-<li>Memory - MemTotal: 484412 kB</li>
-<li>Platform -
- Linux-2.6.12-9-386-i686-with-debian-testing-unstable</li>
-<li>Compiler - g++ (GCC) 4.0.2 20050808 (prerelease)
- (Ubuntu 4.0.1-4ubuntu9) Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software
- Foundation, Inc. This is free software; see the source
- for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even
- for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
- PURPOSE.</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-<div class="c2"></div>
-</div>
-<div id="msvc_settings_div">
-<div class="c1">
-<h3><a name="msvc" id="msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a></h3>
-<ul>
-<li>CPU speed - cpu MHz : 2660.554</li>
-<li>Memory - MemTotal: 484412 kB</li>
-<li>Platform - Windows XP Pro</li>
-<li>Compiler - Microsoft (R) 32-bit C/C++ Optimizing
- Compiler Version 13.10.3077 for 80x86 Copyright (C)
- Microsoft Corporation 1984-2002. All rights
- reserved.</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-<div class="c2"></div>
-</div>
-<div id="local_settings_div"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h3><a name = "local"><u>local</u></a></h3><ul>
-<li>CPU speed - cpu MHz : 2250.000</li>
-<li>Memory - MemTotal: 2076248 kB</li>
-<li>Platform - Linux-2.6.16-1.2133_FC5-i686-with-redhat-5-Bordeaux</li>
-<li>Compiler - g++ (GCC) 4.1.1 20060525 (Red Hat 4.1.1-1)
-Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO
-warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
-</li>
-</ul>
-</div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-<h2><a name="assoc_tests" id="assoc_tests">Tests</a></h2>
-<h3><a name="hash_based" id="hash_based">Hash-Based
- Containers</a></h3>
-<ol>
-<li><a href="hash_text_find_find_timing_test.html">Hash-Based
- Text <tt>find</tt> Find Timing Test</a></li>
-<li><a href="hash_random_int_find_find_timing_test.html">Hash-Based
- Random-Integer <tt>find</tt> Find Timing Test</a></li>
-<li><a href="hash_random_int_subscript_find_timing_test.html">Hash-Based
- Random-Integer Subscript Find Timing Test</a></li>
-<li><a href="hash_random_int_subscript_insert_timing_test.html">Hash-Based
- Random-Integer Subscript Insert Timing Test</a></li>
-<li><a href="hash_zlob_random_int_find_find_timing_test.html">Hash-Based
- Skewed-Distribution Random-Integer <tt>find</tt> Find Timing
- Test</a></li>
-<li><a href="hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage_test.html">Hash-Based Erase
- Memory Use Test</a></li>
-</ol>
-<h3><a name="tree_like_based" id="tree_like_based">Tree-Like-Based Containers</a></h3>
-<ol>
-<li><a href="tree_text_insert_timing_test.html">Tree-Based
- and Trie-Based Text Insert Timing Test</a></li>
-<li><a href="tree_text_find_find_timing_test.html">Tree-Based
- and Trie-Based Text <tt>find</tt> Find Timing Test</a></li>
-<li><a href="tree_text_lor_find_find_timing_test.html">Tree-Based
- Locality-of-Reference Text <tt>find</tt> Find Timing
- Test</a></li>
-<li><a href="tree_random_int_find_find_timing_test.html">Tree-Based
- Random-Integer <tt>find</tt> Find Timing Test</a></li>
-<li><a href="tree_split_join_timing_test.html">Tree Split and
- Join Timing Test</a></li>
-<li><a href="tree_order_statistics_timing_test.html">Tree
- Order-Statistics Timing Test</a></li>
-</ol>
-<h3><a name="multimaps" id="multimaps">Multimaps</a></h3>
-<ol>
-<li><a href="multimap_text_find_timing_test_small.html">"Multimap"
- Text Find Timing Test with <u>Small</u> Average Secondary-Key
- to Primary-Key Ratio</a></li>
-<li><a href="multimap_text_find_timing_test_large.html">"Multimap"
- Text Find Timing Test with <u>Large</u> Average Secondary-Key
- to Primary-Key Ratio</a></li>
-<li><a href="multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small.html">"Multimap"
- Text Insert Timing Test with <u>Small</u> Average
- Secondary-Key to Primary-Key Ratio</a></li>
-<li><a href="multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large.html">"Multimap"
- Text Insert Timing Test with <u>Large</u> Average
- Secondary-Key to Primary-Key Ratio</a></li>
-<li><a href="multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small.html">"Multimap"
- Text Insert Memory-Use Test with <u>Small</u> Average
- Secondary-Key to Primary-Key Ratio</a></li>
-<li><a href="multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large.html">"Multimap"
- Text Insert Memory-Use Test with <u>Large</u> Average
- Secondary-Key to Primary-Key Ratio</a></li>
-</ol>
-<h2><a name="assoc_observations" id="assoc_observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<h3><a name="dss_family_choice" id="dss_family_choice">Underlying Data-Structure Families</a></h3>
-<p>In general, hash-based containers (see <a href="hash_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Hash-Based Containers</a>) have better timing
- performance than containers based on different underlying-data
- structures. The main reason to choose a tree-based (see
- <a href="tree_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Tree-Based Containers</a>) or trie-based container
- (see <a href="trie_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Trie-Based Containers</a>) is if a byproduct of the
- tree-like structure is required: either order-preservation, or
- the ability to utilize node invariants (see <a href="tree_based_containers.html#invariants">Design::Associative
- Containers::Tree-Based Containers::Node Invariants</a> and
- <a href="trie_based_containers.html#invariants">Design::Associative
- Containers::Trie-Based Containers::Node Invariants</a>). If
- memory-use is the major factor, an ordered-vector tree (see
- <a href="tree_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Tree-Based Containers</a>) gives optimal results
- (albeit with high modificiation costs), and a list-based
- container (see <a href="lu_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::List-Based Containers</a>) gives reasonable
- results.</p>
-<h3><a name="hash_based_types" id="hash_based_types">Hash-Based
- Container Types</a></h3>
-<p>Hash-based containers are typically either collision
- chaining or probing (see <a href="hash_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Hash-Based Containers</a>). Collision-chaining
- containers are more flexible internally, and so offer better
- timing performance. Probing containers, if used for simple
- value-types, manage memory more efficiently (they perform far
- fewer allocation-related calls). In general, therefore, a
- collision-chaining table should be used. A probing container,
- conversely, might be used efficiently for operations such as
- eliminating duplicates in a sequence, or counting the number of
- occurrences within a sequence. Probing containers might be more
- useful also in multithreaded applications where each thread
- manipulates a hash-based container: in the STL, allocators have
- class-wise semantics (see [<a href="references.html#meyers96more">meyers96more</a>] - Item 10); a
- probing container might incur less contention in this case.</p>
-<h3><a name="hash_based_policies" id="hash_based_policies">Hash-Based Containers' Policies</a></h3>
-<p>In hash-based containers, the range-hashing scheme (see
- <a href="hash_based_containers.html#hash_policies">Design::Associative
- Containers::Hash-Based Containers::Hash Policies</a>) seems to
- affect performance more than other considerations. In most
- settings, a mask-based scheme works well (or can be made to
- work well). If the key-distribution can be estimated a-priori,
- a simple hash function can produce nearly uniform hash-value
- distribution. In many other cases (<i>e.g.</i>, text hashing,
- floating-point hashing), the hash function is powerful enough
- to generate hash values with good uniformity properties
- [<a href="references.html#knuth98sorting">knuth98sorting</a>];
- a modulo-based scheme, taking into account all bits of the hash
- value, appears to overlap the hash function in its effort.</p>
-<p>The range-hashing scheme determines many of the other
- policies (see <a href="hash_based_containers.html#policy_interaction">Design::Hash-Based
- Containers::Policy Interaction</a>). A mask-based scheme works
- well with an exponential-size policy (see <a href="hash_based_containers.html#resize_policies">Design::Associative
- Containers::Hash-Based Containers::Resize Policies</a>) ; for
- probing-based containers, it goes well with a linear-probe
- function (see <a href="hash_based_containers.html#hash_policies">Design::Associative
- Containers::Hash-Based Containers::Hash Policies</a>).</p>
-<p>An orthogonal consideration is the trigger policy (see
- <a href="hash_based_containers.html#resize_policies">Design::Associative
- Containers::Hash-Based Containers::Resize Policies</a>). This
- presents difficult tradeoffs. <i>E.g.</i>, different load
- factors in a load-check trigger policy yield a
- space/amortized-cost tradeoff.</p>
-<h3><a name="tree_like_based_types" id="tree_like_based_types">Tree-Like-Based Container
- Types</a></h3>
-<p>In general, there are several families of tree-based
- underlying data structures: balanced node-based trees
- (<i>e.g.</i>, red-black or AVL trees), high-probability
- balanced node-based trees (<i>e.g.</i>, random treaps or
- skip-lists), competitive node-based trees (<i>e.g.</i>, splay
- trees), vector-based "trees", and tries. (Additionally, there
- are disk-residing or network-residing trees, such as B-Trees
- and their numerous variants. An interface for this would have
- to deal with the execution model and ACID guarantees; this is
- out of the scope of this library.) Following are some
- observations on their application to different settings.</p>
-<p>Of the balanced node-based trees, this library includes a
- red-black tree (see <a href="tree_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Tree-Based Containers</a>), as does STL (in
- practice). This type of tree is the "workhorse" of tree-based
- containers: it offers both reasonable modification and
- reasonable lookup time. Unfortunately, this data structure
- stores a huge amount of metadata. Each node must contain,
- besides a value, three pointers and a boolean. This type might
- be avoided if space is at a premium [<a href="references.html#austern00noset">austern00noset</a>].</p>
-<p>High-probability balanced node-based trees suffer the
- drawbacks of deterministic balanced trees. Although they are
- fascinating data structures, preliminary tests with them showed
- their performance was worse than red-black trees. The library
- does not contain any such trees, therefore.</p>
-<p>Competitive node-based trees have two drawbacks. They are
- usually somewhat unbalanced, and they perform a large number of
- comparisons. Balanced trees perform one comparison per each
- node they encounter on a search path; a splay tree performs two
- comparisons. If the keys are complex objects, <i>e.g.</i>,
- <tt>std::string</tt>, this can increase the running time.
- Conversely, such trees do well when there is much locality of
- reference. It is difficult to determine in which case to prefer
- such trees over balanced trees. This library includes a splay
- tree (see <a href="tree_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Tree-Based Containers</a>).</p>
-<p>Ordered-vector trees (see <a href="tree_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Tree-Based Containers</a>) use very little space
- [<a href="references.html#austern00noset">austern00noset</a>].
- They do not have any other advantages (at least in this
- implementation).</p>
-<p>Large-fan-out PATRICIA tries (see <a href="trie_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Trie-Based Containers</a>) have excellent lookup
- performance, but they do so through maintaining, for each node,
- a miniature "hash-table". Their space efficiency is low, and
- their modification performance is bad. These tries might be
- used for semi-static settings, where order preservation is
- important. Alternatively, red-black trees cross-referenced with
- hash tables can be used. [<a href="references.html#okasaki98mereable">okasaki98mereable</a>]
- discusses small-fan-out PATRICIA tries for integers, but the
- cited results seem to indicate that the amortized cost of
- maintaining such trees is higher than that of balanced trees.
- Moderate-fan-out trees might be useful for sequences where each
- element has a limited number of choices, <i>e.g.</i>, DNA
- strings (see <a href="assoc_examples.html#trie_based">Examples::Associative
- Containers::Trie-Based Containers</a>).</p>
-<h3><a name="msc" id="msc">Mapping-Semantics
- Considerations</a></h3>
-<p>Different mapping semantics were discussed in <a href="motivation.html#assoc_mapping_semantics">Motivation::Associative
- Containers::Alternative to Multiple Equivalent Keys</a> and
- <a href="tutorial.html#assoc_ms">Tutorial::Associative
- Containers::Associative Containers Others than Maps</a>. We
- will focus here on the case where a keys can be composed into
- primary keys and secondary keys. (In the case where some keys
- are completely identical, it is trivial that one should use an
- associative container mapping values to size types.) In this
- case there are (at least) five possibilities:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>Use an associative container that allows equivalent-key
- values (such as <tt>std::multimap</tt>)</li>
-<li>Use a unique-key value associative container that maps
- each primary key to some complex associative container of
- secondary keys, say a tree-based or hash-based container (see
- <a href="tree_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Tree-Based Containers</a> and <a href="hash_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Hash-Based Containers</a>)</li>
-<li>Use a unique-key value associative container that maps
- each primary key to some simple associative container of
- secondary keys, say a list-based container (see <a href="lu_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::List-Based Containers</a>)</li>
-<li>Use a unique-key value associative container that maps
- each primary key to some non-associative container
- (<i>e.g.</i>, <tt>std::vector</tt>)</li>
-<li>Use a unique-key value associative container that takes
- into account both primary and secondary keys.</li>
-</ol>
-<p>We do not think there is a simple answer for this (excluding
- option 1, which we think should be avoided in all cases).</p>
-<p>If the expected ratio of secondary keys to primary keys is
- small, then 3 and 4 seem reasonable. Both types of secondary
- containers are relatively lightweight (in terms of memory use
- and construction time), and so creating an entire container
- object for each primary key is not too expensive. Option 4
- might be preferable to option 3 if changing the secondary key
- of some primary key is frequent - one cannot modify an
- associative container's key, and the only possibility,
- therefore, is erasing the secondary key and inserting another
- one instead; a non-associative container, conversely, can
- support in-place modification. The actual cost of erasing a
- secondary key and inserting another one depends also on the
- allocator used for secondary associative-containers (The tests
- above used the standard allocator, but in practice one might
- choose to use, <i>e.g.</i>, [<a href="references.html#boost_pool">boost_pool</a>]). Option 2 is
- definitely an overkill in this case. Option 1 loses out either
- immediately (when there is one secondary key per primary key)
- or almost immediately after that. Option 5 has the same
- drawbacks as option 2, but it has the additional drawback that
- finding all values whose primary key is equivalent to some key,
- might be linear in the total number of values stored (for
- example, if using a hash-based container).</p>
-<p>If the expected ratio of secondary keys to primary keys is
- large, then the answer is more complicated. It depends on the
- distribution of secondary keys to primary keys, the
- distribution of accesses according to primary keys, and the
- types of operations most frequent.</p>
-<p>To be more precise, assume there are <i>m</i> primary keys,
- primary key <i>i</i> is mapped to <i>n<sub>i</sub></i>
- secondary keys, and each primary key is mapped, on average, to
- <i>n</i> secondary keys (<i>i.e.</i>,
- <i><b>E</b>(n<sub>i</sub>) = n</i>).</p>
-<p>Suppose one wants to find a specific pair of primary and
- secondary keys. Using 1 with a tree based container
- (<tt>std::multimap</tt>), the expected cost is
- <i><b>E</b>(Θ(log(m) + n<sub>i</sub>)) = Θ(log(m) +
- n)</i>; using 1 with a hash-based container
- (<tt>std::tr1::unordered_multimap</tt>), the expected cost is
- <i>Θ(n)</i>. Using 2 with a primary hash-based container
- and secondary hash-based containers, the expected cost is
- <i>O(1)</i>; using 2 with a primary tree-based container and
- secondary tree-based containers, the expected cost is (using
- the Jensen inequality [<a href="references.html#motwani95random">motwani95random</a>])
- <i><b>E</b>(O(log(m) + log(n<sub>i</sub>)) = O(log(m)) +
- <b>E</b>(O(log(n<sub>i</sub>)) = O(log(m)) + O(log(n))</i>,
- assuming that primary keys are accessed equiprobably. 3 and 4
- are similar to 1, but with lower constants. Using 5 with a
- hash-based container, the expected cost is <i>O(1)</i>; using 5
- with a tree based container, the cost is
- <i><b>E</b>(Θ(log(mn))) = Θ(log(m) +
- log(n))</i>.</p>
-<p>Suppose one needs the values whose primary key matches some
- given key. Using 1 with a hash-based container, the expected
- cost is <i>Θ(n)</i>, but the values will not be ordered
- by secondary keys (which may or may not be required); using 1
- with a tree-based container, the expected cost is
- <i>Θ(log(m) + n)</i>, but with high constants; again the
- values will not be ordered by secondary keys. 2, 3, and 4 are
- similar to 1, but typically with lower constants (and,
- additionally, if one uses a tree-based container for secondary
- keys, they will be ordered). Using 5 with a hash-based
- container, the cost is <i>Θ(mn)</i>.</p>
-<p>Suppose one wants to assign to a primary key all secondary
- keys assigned to a different primary key. Using 1 with a
- hash-based container, the expected cost is <i>Θ(n)</i>,
- but with very high constants; using 1 with a tree-based
- container, the cost is <i>Θ(nlog(mn))</i>. Using 2, 3,
- and 4, the expected cost is <i>Θ(n)</i>, but typically
- with far lower costs than 1. 5 is similar to 1.</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>Associative-Container Regression Tests</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-<base href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/regression/">
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>Associative-Container Regression Tests</h1>
-
- <h2><a name="assoc_desc" id="assoc_desc">Description</a></h2>
-
- <p>The library contains a single comprehensive regression test.
- For a given container type in <tt>pb_ds</tt>, the test creates
- an object of the container type and an object of the
- corresponding STL type (<i>e.g.</i>, <tt>std::set</tt>). It
- then performs a random sequence of methods with random
- arguments (<i>e.g.</i>, inserts, erases, and so forth) on both
- objects. At each operation, the test checks the return value of
- the method, and optionally both compares <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s
- object with the STL's object as well as performing other
- consistency checks on <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s object (<i>e.g.</i>,
- order preservation, when applicable, or node invariants, when
- applicable).</p>
-
- <p>Additionally, the test integrally checks exception safety
- and resource leaks. This is done as follows. A special
- allocator type, written for the purpose of the test, both
- randomly throws an exceptions when allocations are performed,
- and tracks allocations and de-allocations. The exceptions thrown
- at allocations simulate memory-allocation failures; the
- tracking mechanism checks for memory-related bugs (<i>e.g.</i>,
- resource leaks and multiple de-allocations). Both
- <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s containers and the containers' value-types are
- configured to use this allocator.</p>
-
- <p>Due to compiler constraints, the test is split into the
- several sources, each checking only some containers.</p>
-
- <h2><a name="assoc_tests" id="assoc_tests">Tests</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="assoc_tests_set" id="assoc_tests_set">"Set"
- Tests</a></h3>
-
- <p>The following check all "set" types:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href=
- "hash_no_data_map_rand.cc"><tt>hash_no_data_map_rand.cc</tt></a>
- checks all hash-based "set" types.</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "list_update_no_data_map_rand.cc"><tt>list_update_no_data_map_rand.cc</tt></a>
- checks all list-based "set" types.</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "tree_no_data_map_rand.cc"><tt>tree_no_data_map_rand.cc</tt></a>
- checks all tree-based "set" types.</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "trie_no_data_map_rand.cc"><tt>trie_no_data_map_rand.cc</tt></a>
- checks all PATRICIA-trie-based "set" types.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <h3><a name="assoc_tests_map" id="assoc_tests_map">"Map"
- Tests</a></h3>
-
- <p>The following check all "map" types:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href= "hash_data_map_rand.cc"><tt>hash_data_map_rand.cc</tt></a>
- checks all hash-based "map" types.</li>
-
- <li><a href= "list_update_data_map_rand.cc"><tt>list_update_data_map_rand.cc</tt></a>
- checks all list-based "map" types.</li>
-
- <li><a href= "tree_data_map_rand.cc"><tt>tree_data_map_rand.cc</tt></a>
- checks all tree-based "map" types.</li>
-
- <li><a href= "trie_data_map_rand.cc"><tt>trie_data_map_rand.cc</tt></a>
- checks all PATRICIA-trie-based "map" types.</li>
- </ol>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>Associative-Container Tests</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>Associative-Container Tests</h1>
-
- <p><a href="assoc_regression_tests.html">Associative-Container
- Regression Tests</a> describes the regression tests; <a href=
- "assoc_performance_tests.html">Associative-Container
- Performance Tests</a> describes the performance tests.</p>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>associative_container_tag Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>associative_container_tag</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Basic associative-container data structure tag.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp"><tt>tag_and_trait.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="container_tag.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>container_tag</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>basic_hash_table Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>basic_hash_table</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>An abstract basic hash-based associative container.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/assoc_container.hpp"><tt>assoc_container.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Key2501" id="Key2501"><b>typename</b> Key</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Key type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Mapped318655" id="Mapped318655"><b>typename</b> Mapped</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Mapped type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Hash_Fn1515835" id=
-"Hash_Fn1515835"><b>class</b> Hash_Fn</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Hash functor.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Eq_Fn60085" id="Eq_Fn60085"><b>class</b> Eq_Fn</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Equivalence functor.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Resize_Policy566860465" id=
-"Resize_Policy566860465"><b>class</b> Resize_Policy</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Resize policy.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Store_Hash218262104" id=
-"Store_Hash218262104"><b>bool</b> Store_Hash</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Indicates whether the hash value will be stored along
- with each key.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Tag278938" id="Tag278938"><b>class</b> Tag</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Mapped-structure tag.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Allocator35940069" id=
-"Allocator35940069"><b>class</b> Allocator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Allocator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Resize_Policy566860465"><tt>Resize_Policy</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="container_base.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>container_base</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link3" id="link3">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">Policy Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="hash_fn2015995" id="hash_fn2015995">hash_fn</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Hash_Fn1515835"><tt>Hash_Fn</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Hash functor type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="eq_fn80245" id="eq_fn80245">eq_fn</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Eq_Fn60085"><tt>Eq_Fn</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Equivalence functor type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="resize_policy4084493169" id=
-"resize_policy4084493169">resize_policy</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Resize_Policy566860465"><tt>Resize_Policy</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Resize policy type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="store_hash280766104" id=
-"store_hash280766104">store_hash</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Store_Hash218262104"><tt>Store_Hash</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Indicates whether a hash value is stored with each
- entry.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link5" id="link5">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Constructors, Destructor, and
- Related</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b>
- ~basic_hash_table
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Destructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link7" id="link7">Policy Access Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> &
- get_hash_fn
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Access to the <a href=
- "#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>const</b> <a href="#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> &
- get_hash_fn
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const access to the <a href=
- "#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> &
- get_eq_fn
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Access to the <a href="#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a>
- object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>const</b> <a href="#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> &
- get_eq_fn
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const access to the <a href=
- "#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#resize_policy4084493169"><tt>resize_policy</tt></a> &
- get_resize_policy
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Access to the <a href=
- "#resize_policy4084493169"><tt>resize_policy</tt></a>
- object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>const</b> <a href=
-"#resize_policy4084493169"><tt>resize_policy</tt></a> &
- get_resize_policy
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const access to the <a href=
- "#resize_policy4084493169"><tt>resize_policy</tt></a>
- object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link8" id="link8">Private Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link9" id="link9">Resize Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b> <b>void</b>
- do_resize
- (size_type new_size)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Resizes the container object to <span class=
- "c1"><tt>new_size</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>basic_hash_tag Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>basic_hash_tag</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Basic hash data structure tag.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp"><tt>tag_and_trait.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="associative_container_tag.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>associative_container_tag</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>basic_invalidation_guarantee Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>basic_invalidation_guarantee</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Signifies a basic invalidation guarantee that any iterator,
- pointer, or reference to a container object's mapped value type
- is valid as long as the container is not modified.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp"><tt>tag_and_trait.hpp</tt></a></p>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>basic_tree Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>basic_tree</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>An abstract basic tree-like-based associative container.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/assoc_container.hpp"><tt>assoc_container.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Key2501" id="Key2501"><b>typename</b> Key</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Key type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Mapped318655" id="Mapped318655"><b>typename</b> Mapped</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Mapped type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Tag278938" id="Tag278938"><b>class</b> Tag</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Mapped-structure tag.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Node_Update841554648" id=
-"Node_Update841554648"><b>class</b> Node_Update</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Node updater.</p>
-
- <p>Restores node-invariants when invalidated.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Policy_Tl42017403" id=
-"Policy_Tl42017403"><b>class</b> Policy_Tl</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Policy typelist.</p>
-
- <p>Contains subclasses' policies.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Allocator35940069" id=
-"Allocator35940069"><b>class</b> Allocator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Allocator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Node_Update841554648"><tt>Node_Update</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="container_base.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>container_base</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link3" id="link3">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">Key-Type Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_key_reference3185471705" id=
-"const_key_reference3185471705">const_key_reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href="container_base.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>container_base</tt></span></a>::const_key_reference
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const key reference type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link5" id="link5">Policy Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="node_update2404554648" id=
-"node_update2404554648">node_update</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Node_Update841554648"><tt>Node_Update</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Node updater type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Iterator Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_iterator98626788" id=
-"const_iterator98626788">const_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href="container_base.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>container_base</tt></span></a>::const_iterator
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const range-type iterator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="iterator10418194" id="iterator10418194">iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href="container_base.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>container_base</tt></span></a>::iterator
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Range-type iterator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_reverse_iterator4151293083" id=
-"const_reverse_iterator4151293083">const_reverse_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-Const reverse range-type iterator.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const reverse range-type <a href=
- "#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="reverse_iterator1896910345" id=
-"reverse_iterator1896910345">reverse_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-Reverse range-type iterator.<br />
-If <a href="#Mapped318655"><tt>Mapped</tt></a> is <a href=
-"null_mapped_type.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>null_mapped_type</tt></span></a>, then this is synonymous to <a href="#const_reverse_iterator4151293083"><tt>const_reverse_iterator</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Reverse range-type <a href=
- "#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link7" id="link7">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link8" id="link8">Constructors, Destructor, and
- Related</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b>
- ~basic_tree
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Destructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link9" id="link9">Policy Access Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#node_update2404554648"><tt>node_update</tt></a> &
- get_node_update
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Access to the <a href=
- "#node_update2404554648"><tt>node_update</tt></a>
- object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>const</b> <a href=
-"#node_update2404554648"><tt>node_update</tt></a> &
- get_node_update
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const access to the <a href=
- "#node_update2404554648"><tt>node_update</tt></a>
- object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link10" id="link10">Find Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a>
- lower_bound
- (<a href=
-"#const_key_reference3185471705"><tt>const_key_reference</tt></a> r_key)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns an <a href=
- "#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a> corresponding
- to the entry whose key is the smallest one at least as
- large as <span class="c1"><tt>r_key</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a>
- lower_bound
- (<a href=
-"#const_key_reference3185471705"><tt>const_key_reference</tt></a> r_key) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns a <tt><b>const</b></tt> <a href=
- "#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a> corresponding
- to the entry whose key is the smallest one at least as
- large as <span class="c1"><tt>r_key</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a>
- upper_bound
- (<a href=
-"#const_key_reference3185471705"><tt>const_key_reference</tt></a> r_key)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns an <a href=
- "#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a> corresponding
- to the entry whose key is the smallest one larger than
- <span class="c1"><tt>r_key</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a>
- upper_bound
- (<a href=
-"#const_key_reference3185471705"><tt>const_key_reference</tt></a> r_key) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns a <a href=
- "#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a>
- corresponding to the entry whose key is the smallest one
- larger than <span class="c1"><tt>r_key</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link11" id="link11">Erase Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a>
- erase
- (<a href="#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a> it)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Erases the value_type corresponding to the <a href=
- "#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a> <span class=
- "c1"><tt>it</tt></span>. Returns the <a href=
- "#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a> corresponding
- to the next value_type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#reverse_iterator1896910345"><tt>reverse_iterator</tt></a>
- erase
- (<a href=
-"#reverse_iterator1896910345"><tt>reverse_iterator</tt></a> it)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Erases the value_type corresponding to the <a href=
- "#reverse_iterator1896910345"><tt>reverse_iterator</tt></a>
- <span class="c1"><tt>it</tt></span>. Returns the <a href=
- "#reverse_iterator1896910345"><tt>reverse_iterator</tt></a>
- corresponding to the previous value_type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link12" id="link12">Iteration Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#reverse_iterator1896910345"><tt>reverse_iterator</tt></a>
- rbegin
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns a <a href=
- "#reverse_iterator1896910345"><tt>reverse_iterator</tt></a>
- corresponding to the last value_type in the
- container.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"#const_reverse_iterator4151293083"><tt>const_reverse_iterator</tt></a>
- rbegin
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns a <a href=
- "#const_reverse_iterator4151293083"><tt>const_reverse_iterator</tt></a>
- corresponding to the last value_type in the
- container.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#reverse_iterator1896910345"><tt>reverse_iterator</tt></a>
- rend
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns a <a href=
- "#reverse_iterator1896910345"><tt>reverse_iterator</tt></a>
- corresponding to the just-before-first value_type in the
- container.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"#const_reverse_iterator4151293083"><tt>const_reverse_iterator</tt></a>
- rend
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns a <a href=
- "#const_reverse_iterator4151293083"><tt>const_reverse_iterator</tt></a>
- corresponding to the just-before-first value_type in the
- container.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link13" id="link13">Split and join
- Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- join
- (<span class=
-"c2"><tt>basic_tree</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Joins two trees. When this function returns,
- <span class="c1"><tt>other</tt></span> will be
- empty.</p>
-
- <p>When calling this method, <span class=
- "c1"><tt>other</tt></span>'s keys must be all larger or
- all smaller than this object's keys, and <span class=
- "c1"><tt>other</tt></span>'s policies must be
- equivalent to this object's policies.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- split
- (<a href=
-"#const_key_reference3185471705"><tt>const_key_reference</tt></a> r_key,
- <span class=
-"c2"><tt>basic_tree</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Splits into two trees. When this function returns,
- <span class="c1"><tt>other</tt></span> will contain
- only keys larger than <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_key</tt></span>.</p>
-
- <p>When calling this method, <span class=
- "c1"><tt>other</tt></span>'s policies must be
- equivalent to this object's policies.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>tree::const_node_iterator
- Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt><span class=
- "c2"><tt>tree</tt></span>::const_node_iterator</tt>
- Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Const node iterator.</p>
-
- <p>This is an &qout;iterator to an iterator&qout; - it
- iterates over nodes, and de-referencing it returns one of the
- tree's iterators</p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link2" id="link2">Iterator Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c2" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="iterator_category2821876439" id=
-"iterator_category2821876439">iterator_category</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-trivial_iterator_tag
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Category.</p>
-
- <p>This tag identifies that the iterator has none of the
- STL's iterators' movement abilities.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="difference_type868028452" id=
-"difference_type868028452">difference_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre class="c1">
-void
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Difference type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link3" id="link3">Value-Type Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <p>Note that a node iterator's value type is actually a tree
- iterator.</p>
-
- <table class="c2" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="value_type279018186" id=
-"value_type279018186">value_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"container_base.html#const_iterator98626788"><span class="c2"><tt>container_base</tt></span>::const_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Iterator's value type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="reference54418471" id="reference54418471">reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"container_base.html#const_iterator98626788"><span class="c2"><tt>container_base</tt></span>::const_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Iterator's reference type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_reference495461441" id=
-"const_reference495461441">const_reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"container_base.html#const_iterator98626788"><span class="c2"><tt>container_base</tt></span>::const_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Iterator's const <a href=
- "#reference54418471"><tt>reference</tt></a> type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">Metadata Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <p>These are only defined if <a href=
- "basic_tree.html#Node_Update841554648"><span class="c2">
- <tt>basic_tree</tt></span>::Node_Update</a>
- is not <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></span></a></p>
-
- <table class="c2" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="metadata_type2849297114" id=
-"metadata_type2849297114">metadata_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<tt><b>typename</b></tt> <a href=
-"basic_tree.html#Node_Update841554648"><span class="c2"><tt>basic_tree</tt></span>::Node_Update</a><tt>::metadata_type</tt>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Metadata type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_metadata_reference1108857465" id=
-"const_metadata_reference1108857465">const_metadata_reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> Allocator::<b>template</b> rebind<
- <a href=
-"#metadata_type2849297114"><tt>metadata_type</tt></a>>::other::<a href="#const_reference495461441"><tt>const_reference</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const metadata <a href=
- "#reference54418471"><tt>reference</tt></a> type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link5" id="link5">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Constructors, Destructor, and
- Related</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c2" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b>
- const_node_iterator
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Default constructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link7" id="link7">Access Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c2" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href=
-"#const_reference495461441"><tt>const_reference</tt></a>
- <b>operator</b>*
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Access.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link8" id="link8">Metadata Access Methods</a></h3>
-
- <p>These are only defined if <a href=
- "basic_tree.html#Node_Update841554648"><span class="c2">
- <tt>basic_tree</tt></span>::Node_Update</a>
- is not <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></span></a></p>
-
- <table class="c2" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href=
-"#const_metadata_reference1108857465"><tt>const_metadata_reference</tt></a>
- get_metadata
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Metadata access.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link9" id="link9">Movement Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c2" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <span class="c2"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></span>
- get_l_child
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the const node iterator associated with the
- left node.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <span class="c2"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></span>
- get_r_child
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the const node iterator associated with the
- right node.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link10" id="link10">Comparison Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c2" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>bool</b>
- <b>operator</b>==
- (<b>const</b> <span class=
-"c2"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></span> &other) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Compares to a different iterator object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>bool</b>
- <b>operator</b>!=
- (<b>const</b> <span class=
-"c2"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></span> &other) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Compares (negatively) to a different iterator
- object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>basic_tree_tag Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>basic_tree_tag</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Basic tree-like data structure tag.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp"><tt>tag_and_trait.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="associative_container_tag.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>associative_container_tag</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>binary_heap_tag Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>binary_heap_tag</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Binary-heap (array-based) data structure tag.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp"><tt>tag_and_trait.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="priority_queue_tag.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>priority_queue_tag</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>binomial_heap_tag Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>binomial_heap_tag</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Binomial-heap data structure tag.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp"><tt>tag_and_trait.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="priority_queue_tag.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>priority_queue_tag</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>cc_hash_max_collision_check_resize_trigger
- Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>cc_hash_max_collision_check_resize_trigger</tt>
- Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A resize trigger policy based on collision checks. It keeps
- the simulated load factor lower than some given load
- factor.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/hash_policy.hpp"><tt>hash_policy.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="External_Load_Access1313998607" id=
-"External_Load_Access1313998607"><b>bool</b> External_Load_Access </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Specifies whether the load factor can be accessed
- externally. The two options have different trade-offs in
- terms of flexibility, genericity, and encapsulation.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td><tt><b>false</b></tt></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Size_Type42920436" id=
-"Size_Type42920436"><b>typename</b> Size_Type </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>size_t</td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link3" id="link3">General Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_type55424436" id="size_type55424436">size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Size_Type42920436"><tt>Size_Type</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="external_load_access3976598639" id=
-"external_load_access3976598639">external_load_access</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"#External_Load_Access1313998607"><tt>External_Load_Access</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Indicates whether loads can be accessed externally</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link4" id="link4">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link5" id="link5">Constructors, Destructor, and
- Related</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- cc_hash_max_collision_check_resize_trigger
- (float load = 0.5)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Default constructor, or constructor taking
- <span class="c1"><tt>load</tt></span>, a load factor
- which it will attempt to maintain.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- swap
- (<span class=
-"c2"><tt>cc_hash_max_collision_check_resize_trigger</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Swaps content.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Load Access Methods</a></h3>
-
- <p>These methods are only available if the external access
- parameter is set.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> float
- get_load
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the current load.</p>
-
- <p>Calling this method will not compile when <a href=
- "#External_Load_Access1313998607"><tt>External_Load_Access</tt></a>
- == <tt><b>false</b></tt>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- set_load
- (float load)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Sets the <span class="c1"><tt>load</tt></span>; does
- not resize the container.</p>
-
- <p>It is the responsibility of the user to pass an
- appropriate <span class="c1"><tt>load</tt></span> to this
- function. Calling this method will not compile when
- <a href=
- "#External_Load_Access1313998607"><tt>External_Load_Access</tt></a>
- == <tt><b>false</b></tt>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link7" id="link7">Protected Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link8" id="link8">Insert Search
- Notifications.</a></h3>
-
- <p>Notifications called during an insert operation.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_insert_search_start
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search started.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_insert_search_collision
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search encountered a collision.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_insert_search_end
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search ended.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link9" id="link9">Find Search
- Notifications.</a></h3>
-
- <p>Notifications called during a find operation.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_find_search_start
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search started.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_find_search_collision
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search encountered a collision.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_find_search_end
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search ended.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link10" id="link10">Erase Search
- Notifications.</a></h3>
-
- <p>Notifications called during an insert operation.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_erase_search_start
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search started.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_erase_search_collision
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search encountered a collision.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_erase_search_end
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search ended.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link11" id="link11">Content Change
- Notifications</a></h3>
-
- <p>Notifications called when the content of the table changes
- in a way that can affect the resize policy.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_inserted
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> num_entries)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies an element was inserted.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_erased
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> num_entries)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies an element was erased.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- notify_cleared
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies the table was cleared.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link12" id="link12">Size Change
- Notifications</a></h3>
-
- <p>Notifications called when the table changes size.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- notify_resized
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> new_size)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies the table was resized as a result of this
- object's signifying that a resize is needed.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- notify_externally_resized
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> new_size)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies the table was resized externally.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link13" id="link13">Queries</a></h3>
-
- <p>Called to query whether/how to resize.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>bool</b>
- is_resize_needed
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Queries whether a resize is needed.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>bool</b>
- is_grow_needed
- (<a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> size, <a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> num_entries) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Queries whether a grow is needed.</p>
-
- <p>This method is called only if this object indicated is
- needed.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>cc_hash_table Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>cc_hash_table</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A concrete collision-chaining hash-based associative
- container.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/assoc_container.hpp"><tt>assoc_container.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Key2501" id="Key2501"><b>typename</b> Key</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Key type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Mapped318655" id="Mapped318655"><b>typename</b> Mapped</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Mapped type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Hash_Fn1515835" id=
-"Hash_Fn1515835"><b>class</b> Hash_Fn </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Hash functor.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-__gnu_cxx::hash<<a href="#Key2501"><tt>Key</tt></a>>
-</pre>if using gcc;
- <pre>
-stdext::hash_value<<a href="#Key2501"><tt>Key</tt></a>>
-</pre>if using Visual C++ .net
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Eq_Fn60085" id="Eq_Fn60085"><b>class</b> Eq_Fn </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Equivalence functor.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-std::equal_to<<a href="#Key2501"><tt>Key</tt></a>>
-</pre>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Comb_Hash_Fn320611039" id=
-"Comb_Hash_Fn320611039"><b>class</b> Comb_Hash_Fn </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Combining hash functor.</p>
-
- <p>If <a href="#Hash_Fn1515835"><tt>Hash_Fn</tt></a> is
- not <a href="null_hash_fn.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>null_hash_fn</tt></span></a>, then this is the
- ranged-hash functor; otherwise, this is the range-hashing
- functor.</p>
-
- <p>(See <a href=
- "hash_based_containers.html#hash_policies">Design::Hash-Based
- Containers::Hash Policies</a>.)</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Resize_Policy566860465" id=
-"Resize_Policy566860465"><b>class</b> Resize_Policy </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Resize policy.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- If <tt><a href=
- "#Comb_Hash_Fn320611039"><tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt></a></tt>
- is <tt><a href=
- "direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></span></a></tt>,
- then
- <pre>
-<a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></span></a><
- <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></span></a><
- <b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#Comb_Hash_Fn320611039"><tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt></a>::size_type>,
- <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></span></a><
- <b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#Comb_Hash_Fn320611039"><tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt></a>::size_type>,
- <b>false</b>,
- <b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#Comb_Hash_Fn320611039"><tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt></a>::size_type>
-</pre>otherwise,
- <pre>
-<a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></span></a><
- <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></span></a><
- <b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#Comb_Hash_Fn320611039"><tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt></a>::size_type>,
- <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></span></a><
- <b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#Comb_Hash_Fn320611039"><tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt></a>::size_type>,
- <b>false</b>,
- <b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#Comb_Hash_Fn320611039"><tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt></a>::size_type>
-</pre>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Store_Hash218262104" id=
-"Store_Hash218262104"><b>bool</b> Store_Hash </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Indicates whether the hash value will be stored along
- with each key.</p>
-
- <p>If <tt><a href=
- "#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a></tt> is <a href=
- "null_hash_fn.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>null_hash_fn</tt></span></a>, then the container
- will not compile if this value is
- <tt><b>true</b></tt></p>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<tt><b>false</b></tt>
-</pre>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Allocator35940069" id=
-"Allocator35940069"><b>class</b> Allocator </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Allocator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-std::allocator<<b>char</b>>
-</pre>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="basic_hash_table.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>basic_hash_table</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link3" id="link3">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">Policy Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="hash_fn2015995" id="hash_fn2015995">hash_fn</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Hash_Fn1515835"><tt>Hash_Fn</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Hash functor type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="eq_fn80245" id="eq_fn80245">eq_fn</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Eq_Fn60085"><tt>Eq_Fn</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Equivalence functor type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="resize_policy4084493169" id=
-"resize_policy4084493169">resize_policy</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Resize_Policy566860465"><tt>Resize_Policy</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Resize policy type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="comb_hash_fn1883611199" id=
-"comb_hash_fn1883611199">comb_hash_fn</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Comb_Hash_Fn320611039"><tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Combining hash functor type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link5" id="link5">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Constructors, Destructor, and
- Related</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- cc_hash_table
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Default constructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- cc_hash_table
- (<b>const</b> <a href=
-"#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> &r_hash_fn)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking some policy objects. <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_hash_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#Hash_Fn1515835"><tt>Hash_Fn</tt></a> object of
- the container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- cc_hash_table
- (<b>const</b> <a href=
-"#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> &r_hash_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> &r_eq_fn)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking some policy objects. <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_hash_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> object of
- the container object, and <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_eq_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> object of the
- container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- cc_hash_table
- (<b>const</b> <a href=
-"#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> &r_hash_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> &r_eq_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#comb_hash_fn1883611199"><tt>comb_hash_fn</tt></a> &r_comb_hash_fn)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking some policy objects. <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_hash_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> object of
- the container object, <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_eq_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> object of the
- container object, and <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_comb_hash_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href=
- "#comb_hash_fn1883611199"><tt>comb_hash_fn</tt></a>
- object of the container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- cc_hash_table
- (<b>const</b> <a href=
-"#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> &r_hash_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> &r_eq_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#comb_hash_fn1883611199"><tt>comb_hash_fn</tt></a> &r_comb_hash_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#resize_policy4084493169"><tt>resize_policy</tt></a> &r_resize_policy)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking some policy objects. <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_hash_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> object of
- the container object, <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_eq_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> object of the
- container object, <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_comb_hash_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href=
- "#comb_hash_fn1883611199"><tt>comb_hash_fn</tt></a>
- object of the container object, and <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_resize_policy</tt></span> will be copied by
- the <a href=
- "#resize_policy4084493169"><tt>resize_policy</tt></a>
- object of the container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>class</b> It>
- cc_hash_table
- (It first_it,
- It last_it)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking iterators to a range of
- value_types. The value_types between <span class=
- "c1"><tt>first_it</tt></span> and <span class=
- "c1"><tt>last_it</tt></span> will be inserted into the
- container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>class</b> It>
- cc_hash_table
- (It first_it,
- It last_it,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> &r_hash_fn)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking iterators to a range of value_types
- and some policy objects. The value_types between
- <span class="c1"><tt>first_it</tt></span> and
- <span class="c1"><tt>last_it</tt></span> will be inserted
- into the container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>class</b> It>
- cc_hash_table
- (It first_it,
- It last_it,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> &r_hash_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> &r_eq_fn)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking iterators to a range of value_types
- and some policy objects The value_types between
- <span class="c1"><tt>first_it</tt></span> and
- <span class="c1"><tt>last_it</tt></span> will be inserted
- into the container object. <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_hash_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> object of
- the container object, and <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_eq_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> object of the
- container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>class</b> It>
- cc_hash_table
- (It first_it,
- It last_it,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> &r_hash_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> &r_eq_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#comb_hash_fn1883611199"><tt>comb_hash_fn</tt></a> &r_comb_hash_fn)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking iterators to a range of value_types
- and some policy objects The value_types between
- <span class="c1"><tt>first_it</tt></span> and
- <span class="c1"><tt>last_it</tt></span> will be inserted
- into the container object. <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_hash_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> object of
- the container object, <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_eq_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> object of the
- container object, and <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_comb_hash_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href=
- "#comb_hash_fn1883611199"><tt>comb_hash_fn</tt></a>
- object of the container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>class</b> It>
- cc_hash_table
- (It first_it,
- It last_it,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> &r_hash_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> &r_eq_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#comb_hash_fn1883611199"><tt>comb_hash_fn</tt></a> &r_comb_hash_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#resize_policy4084493169"><tt>resize_policy</tt></a> &r_resize_policy)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking iterators to a range of value_types
- and some policy objects The value_types between
- <span class="c1"><tt>first_it</tt></span> and
- <span class="c1"><tt>last_it</tt></span> will be inserted
- into the container object. <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_hash_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> object of
- the container object, <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_eq_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> object of the
- container object, <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_comb_hash_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href=
- "#comb_hash_fn1883611199"><tt>comb_hash_fn</tt></a>
- object of the container object, and <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_resize_policy</tt></span> will be copied by
- the <a href=
- "#resize_policy4084493169"><tt>resize_policy</tt></a>
- object of the container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- cc_hash_table
- (<b>const</b> <span class=
-"c2"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Copy constructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b>
- ~cc_hash_table
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Destructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<span class="c2"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></span> &
- <b>operator</b>=
- (<b>const</b> <span class=
-"c2"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Assignment operator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- swap
- (<span class=
-"c2"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Swaps content.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link7" id="link7">Policy Access Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#comb_hash_fn1883611199"><tt>comb_hash_fn</tt></a> &
- get_comb_hash_fn
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Access to the <a href=
- "#comb_hash_fn1883611199"><tt>comb_hash_fn</tt></a>
- object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>const</b> <a href=
-"#comb_hash_fn1883611199"><tt>comb_hash_fn</tt></a> &
- get_comb_hash_fn
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const access to the <a href=
- "#comb_hash_fn1883611199"><tt>comb_hash_fn</tt></a>
- object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>cc_hash_tag Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>cc_hash_tag</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Collision-chaining hash data structure tag.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp"><tt>tag_and_trait.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="basic_hash_tag.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>basic_hash_tag</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>Concepts</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>Concepts</h1>
-
- <h2><a name="concepts_find_and_range_iterators" id=
- "concepts_find_and_range_iterators">Point and Range Methods and
- Iterators</a></h2>
-
- <p>A point-type iterator is an iterator that refers to a
- specific element, <i>e.g.</i> as returned through an
- associative-container's <tt>find</tt> method; a range-type
- iterator is an iterator that is used to go over a sequence of
- elements, <i>e.g.</i>, as returned by a container's
- <tt>find</tt> method. A point-type method is a method that
- returns a point-type iterator; a range-type method is a method
- that returns a range-type iterator.</p>
-
- <p>For most containers, these types are synonymous; for
- self-organizing containers, such as hash-based containers or
- priority queues, these are inherently different (in any
- implementation, including that of the STL), but in
- <tt>pb_ds</tt> this is made explicit - they are distinct
- types.</p>
-
-
- <h2><a name="invalidation_guarantees" id=
- "invalidation_guarantees">Invalidation Guarantees</a></h2>
-
- <p>If one manipulates a container object, then iterators
- previously obtained from it can be invalidated. In some cases a
- previously-obtained iterator cannot be de-referenced; in other
- cases, the iterator's next or previous element might have
- changed unpredictably. This corresponds exactly to the question
- whether a point-type or range-type iterator (see previous
- concept) is valid or not. In <tt>pb_ds</tt> one can query a
- container (in compile time) what are its invalidation
- guarantees.</p>
-
- <h2><a name="prm_sec" id="prm_sec">Primary and Secondary Keys
- and Associative Containers</a></h2>
-
- <p>In <tt>pb_ds</tt> there are no associative containers which
- allow multiple values with equivalent keys (such as the STL's
- <tt>std::multimap</tt>, for example). Instead, one maps the
- unique part of a key - the primary key, into an
- associative-container of the (originally) non-unique parts of
- the key - the secondary key. A primary associative-container is
- an associative container of primary keys; a secondary
- associative-container is an associative container of secondary
- keys.</p>
-
-
- <h2><a name="concepts_null_policies" id=
- "concepts_null_policies">Null Policy Classes</a></h2>
-
- <p>Associative containers are typically parametrized by
- various policies. For example, a hash-based associative
- container is parametrized by a hash-functor, transforming each
- key into an non-negative numerical type. Each such value is
- then further mapped into a position within the table. The
- mapping of a key into a position within the table is therefore
- a two-step process.</p>
-
- <p>In some cases, instantiations are <i>redundant</i>. For
- example, when the keys are integers, it is possible to use a
- <i>redundant</i> hash policy, which transforms each key into
- its value.</p>
-
- <p>In some other cases, these policies are <i>irrelevant</i>.
- For example, a hash-based associative container might transform
- keys into positions within a table by a different method than
- the two-step method described above. In such a case, the hash
- functor is simply irrelevant.</p>
-
- <p><tt>pb_ds</tt> uses special pre-defined "null policies"
- classes for these cases. Some null policies in <tt>pb_ds</tt>
- are:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href=
- "null_mapped_type.html"><tt>null_mapped_type</tt></a></li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a></li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "null_trie_node_update.html"><tt>null_trie_node_update</tt></a></li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "null_hash_fn.html"><tt>null_hash_fn</tt></a></li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "null_probe_fn.html"><tt>null_probe_fn</tt></a></li>
- </ol>
-
- <p>A "set" in <tt>pb_ds</tt>, for example, is an associative
- container with its <tt>Data_Parameter</tt> instantiated by
- <a href="null_mapped_type.html"><tt>null_mapped_type</tt></a>.
- <a href=
- "tree_based_containers.html#invariants">Design::Tree-Based
- Containers::Node Invariants</a> explains another case where a
- null policy is needed.</p>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>Contact</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>Contact</h1>
-
- <p>For anything relevant, please write to <a href=
- "mailto:pbassoc@gmail.com">pbassoc@gmail.com</a></p>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>container_base Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>container_base</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>An abstract basic associative container.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/assoc_container.hpp"><tt>assoc_container.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Key2501" id="Key2501"><b>typename</b> Key</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Key type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Mapped318655" id="Mapped318655"><b>typename</b> Mapped</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Mapped type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Tag278938" id="Tag278938"><b>class</b> Tag</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Data structure tag.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Policy_Tl42017403" id=
-"Policy_Tl42017403"><b>class</b> Policy_Tl</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Policy typelist.</p>
-
- <p>Contains subclasses' policies.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Allocator35940069" id=
-"Allocator35940069"><b>class</b> Allocator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Allocator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link3" id="link3">General Container
- Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_type55424436" id="size_type55424436">size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>::size_type
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="difference_type868028452" id=
-"difference_type868028452">difference_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>::difference_type
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Difference type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">Categories</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="container_category1247973216" id=
-"container_category1247973216">container_category</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Tag278938"><tt>Tag</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>The underlying mapped-structure tag of the
- container.</p>
-
- <p>This is one of:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href="cc_hash_tag.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>cc_hash_tag</tt></span></a></li>
-
- <li><a href="gp_hash_tag.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>gp_hash_tag</tt></span></a></li>
-
- <li><a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></span></a></li>
-
- <li><a href="ov_tree_tag.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>ov_tree_tag</tt></span></a></li>
-
- <li><a href="splay_tree_tag.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>splay_tree_tag</tt></span></a></li>
-
- <li><a href="pat_trie_tag.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>pat_trie_tag</tt></span></a></li>
-
- <li><a href="list_update_tag.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>list_update_tag</tt></span></a></li>
- </ol>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link5" id="link5">Policy Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="allocator48440069" id="allocator48440069">allocator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p><a href="#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>
- type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Key-Type Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="key_type10393186" id="key_type10393186">key_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#allocator48440069"><tt>allocator</tt></a>::<b>template</b> rebind<
- <a href="#Key2501"><tt>Key</tt></a>>::other::value_type
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p><a href="#Key2501"><tt>Key</tt></a> type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="key_reference2411522399" id=
-"key_reference2411522399">key_reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#allocator48440069"><tt>allocator</tt></a>::<b>template</b> rebind<
- <a href=
-"#key_type10393186"><tt>key_type</tt></a>>::other::reference
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p><a href="#Key2501"><tt>Key</tt></a> reference
- type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_key_reference3185471705" id=
-"const_key_reference3185471705">const_key_reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#allocator48440069"><tt>allocator</tt></a>::<b>template</b> rebind<
- <a href=
-"#key_type10393186"><tt>key_type</tt></a>>::other::const_reference
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const key reference type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="key_pointer1299054769" id=
-"key_pointer1299054769">key_pointer</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#allocator48440069"><tt>allocator</tt></a>::<b>template</b> rebind<
- <a href=
-"#key_type10393186"><tt>key_type</tt></a>>::other::pointer
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p><a href="#Key2501"><tt>Key</tt></a> pointer type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_key_pointer3735194427" id=
-"const_key_pointer3735194427">const_key_pointer</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#allocator48440069"><tt>allocator</tt></a>::<b>template</b> rebind<
- <a href=
-"#key_type10393186"><tt>key_type</tt></a>>::other::const_pointer
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const key pointer type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link7" id="link7">Mapped-Type Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="mapped_type1308374436" id=
-"mapped_type1308374436">mapped_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Mapped318655"><tt>Mapped</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p><a href="#Mapped318655"><tt>Mapped</tt></a> type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="mapped_reference4153801225" id=
-"mapped_reference4153801225">mapped_reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#allocator48440069"><tt>allocator</tt></a>::<b>template</b> rebind<
- <a href=
-"#mapped_type1308374436"><tt>mapped_type</tt></a>>::other::reference
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p><a href="#Mapped318655"><tt>Mapped</tt></a> reference
- type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_mapped_reference2113216667" id=
-"const_mapped_reference2113216667">const_mapped_reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#allocator48440069"><tt>allocator</tt></a>::<b>template</b> rebind<
- <a href=
-"#mapped_type1308374436"><tt>mapped_type</tt></a>>::other::const_reference
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const mapped reference type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="mapped_pointer337953771" id=
-"mapped_pointer337953771">mapped_pointer</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#allocator48440069"><tt>allocator</tt></a>::<b>template</b> rebind<
- <a href=
-"#mapped_type1308374436"><tt>mapped_type</tt></a>>::other::pointer
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p><a href="#Mapped318655"><tt>Mapped</tt></a> pointer
- type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_mapped_pointer4207700301" id=
-"const_mapped_pointer4207700301">const_mapped_pointer</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#allocator48440069"><tt>allocator</tt></a>::<b>template</b> rebind<
- <a href=
-"#mapped_type1308374436"><tt>mapped_type</tt></a>>::other::const_pointer
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const mapped pointer type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link8" id="link8">Value-Type Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="value_type279018186" id=
-"value_type279018186">value_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<br />
-If <a href="#Mapped318655"><tt>Mapped</tt></a> is <a href=
-"null_mapped_type.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>null_mapped_type</tt></span></a>, then <a href=
-"#Key2501"><tt>Key</tt></a><br />
-Otherwise, <a href="#Mapped318655"><tt>Mapped</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Value type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="reference54418471" id="reference54418471">reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#allocator48440069"><tt>allocator</tt></a>::<b>template</b> rebind<
- <a href=
-"#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>>::other::reference
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Value reference type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_reference495461441" id=
-"const_reference495461441">const_reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#allocator48440069"><tt>allocator</tt></a>::<b>template</b> rebind<
- <a href=
-"#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>>::other::const_reference
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const value <a href=
- "#reference54418471"><tt>reference</tt></a> type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="pointer2179769" id="pointer2179769">pointer</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#allocator48440069"><tt>allocator</tt></a>::<b>template</b> rebind<
- <a href=
-"#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>>::other::pointer
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Value pointer type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_pointer878814947" id=
-"const_pointer878814947">const_pointer</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#allocator48440069"><tt>allocator</tt></a>::<b>template</b> rebind<
- <a href=
-"#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>>::other::const_pointer
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const Value <a href=
- "#pointer2179769"><tt>pointer</tt></a> type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link9" id="link9">Iterator Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_point_iterator2364676009" id=
-"const_point_iterator2364676009">const_point_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-Const point-type iterator.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const point-type iterator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="point_iterator2789896775" id=
-"point_iterator2789896775">point_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<br />
-Point-type iterator.<br />
-If <a href="#Mapped318655"><tt>Mapped</tt></a> is <a href=
-"null_mapped_type.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>null_mapped_type</tt></span></a>, then this is synonymous to <a href="#const_point_iterator2364676009"><tt>const_point_iterator</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Point-type iterator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_iterator98626788" id=
-"const_iterator98626788">const_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-Const range-type iterator.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const range-type iterator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="iterator10418194" id="iterator10418194">iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<br />
-Range-type iterator.<br />
-If <a href="#Mapped318655"><tt>Mapped</tt></a> is <a href=
-"null_mapped_type.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>null_mapped_type</tt></span></a>, then this is synonymous to <a href="#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Range-type iterator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link10" id="link10">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link11" id="link11">Constructors, Destructor, and
- Related</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b>
- ~container_base
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Destructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link12" id="link12">Information Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- size
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the number of distinct <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a> objects
- the container object is storing.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- max_size
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns an upper bound on the number of distinct
- <a href="#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>
- objects this container can store.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>bool</b>
- empty
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns whether the container object is not storing
- any <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>
- objects.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link13" id="link13">Insert Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-std::pair<<a href=
-"#point_iterator2789896775"><tt>point_iterator</tt></a>, <b>bool</b>>
- insert
- (<a href=
-"#const_reference495461441"><tt>const_reference</tt></a> r_val)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Inserts a <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a> object. If
- no <a href="#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>
- with <span class="c1"><tt>r_val</tt></span>'s key was in
- the container object, inserts and returns (<a href=
- "#point_iterator2789896775"><tt>point_iterator</tt></a>
- object associated with <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_val</tt></span>, <tt><b>true</b></tt>);
- otherwise just returns (<a href=
- "#point_iterator2789896775"><tt>point_iterator</tt></a>
- object associated with <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_val</tt></span>'s key,
- <tt><b>false</b></tt>).</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#mapped_reference4153801225"><tt>mapped_reference</tt></a>
- <b>operator</b>[]
- (<a href=
-"#const_key_reference3185471705"><tt>const_key_reference</tt></a> r_key)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Subscript operator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link14" id="link14">Find Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#point_iterator2789896775"><tt>point_iterator</tt></a>
- find
- (<a href=
-"#const_key_reference3185471705"><tt>const_key_reference</tt></a> r_key)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the <a href=
- "#point_iterator2789896775"><tt>point_iterator</tt></a>
- corresponding to the <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a> with
- <span class="c1"><tt>r_key</tt></span> as its key, or the
- <a href=
- "#point_iterator2789896775"><tt>point_iterator</tt></a>
- corresponding to the just-after-last entry if no such
- <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"#const_point_iterator2364676009"><tt>const_point_iterator</tt></a>
- find
- (<a href=
-"#const_key_reference3185471705"><tt>const_key_reference</tt></a> r_key) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the <a href=
- "#const_point_iterator2364676009"><tt>const_point_iterator</tt></a>
- corresponding to the <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a> with
- <span class="c1"><tt>r_key</tt></span> as its key, or the
- <a href=
- "#const_point_iterator2364676009"><tt>const_point_iterator</tt></a>
- corresponding to the just-after-last entry if no such
- <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link15" id="link15">Erase Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>bool</b>
- erase
- (<a href=
-"#const_key_reference3185471705"><tt>const_key_reference</tt></a> r_key)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Erases the <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a> associated
- with <span class="c1"><tt>r_key</tt></span>. returns
- <tt><b>false</b></tt> iff <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_key</tt></span> was not contained.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>class</b> Pred>
-<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- erase_if
- (Pred prd)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Erases any <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a> satisfying
- the predicate <span class="c1"><tt>prd</tt></span> (this
- is transactional, either all matching <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>s are
- erased, or, if an exception is thrown (for types whose
- erase can throw an exception) none); returns the number
- of <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>s
- erased.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- clear
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Clears the container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link16" id="link16">Iteration Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a>
- begin
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns an <a href=
- "#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a> corresponding
- to the first <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a> in the
- container.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a>
- begin
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns a <a href=
- "#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a>
- corresponding to the first <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a> in the
- container.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a>
- end
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns an <a href=
- "#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a> corresponding
- to the just-after-last <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a> in the
- container.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a>
- end
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns a <a href=
- "#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a>
- corresponding to the just-after-last <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a> in the
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-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>container _tag Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>container _tag</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Basic data structure tag.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp"><tt>tag_and_trait.hpp</tt></a></p>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>counter_lu_policy Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>counter_lu_policy</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A list-update policy that moves elements to the front of the
- list based on the counter algorithm.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/list_update_policy.hpp"><tt>list_update_policy.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Max_Count39887466" id=
-"Max_Count39887466">size_t Max_Count </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Maximum count.</p>
-
- <p>When some element is accessed this number of times, it
- will be moved to the front of the list.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>5</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Allocator35940069" id=
-"Allocator35940069"><b>class</b> Allocator </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Allocator type.</p>
-
- <p>This is used only for definitions, e.g., the size
- type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-std::allocator<<b>char</b>>
-</pre>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link3" id="link3">Policy Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="allocator48440069" id="allocator48440069">allocator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p><a href="#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>
- type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="max_count52407466" id="max_count52407466">max_count</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Max_Count39887466"><tt>Max_Count</tt></a>
-}
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Maximum count.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">General Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_type55424436" id="size_type55424436">size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#allocator48440069"><tt>allocator</tt></a>::size_type
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link5" id="link5">Metadata-Type
- Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="metadata_type2849297114" id=
-"metadata_type2849297114">metadata_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-Some class containing a counter.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Metadata on which this functor operates.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="metadata_reference583863863" id=
-"metadata_reference583863863">metadata_reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>::<b>template</b> rebind<
- <a href=
-"#metadata_type2849297114"><tt>metadata_type</tt></a>>::other::reference
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Reference to metadata on which this functor
- operates.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link6" id="link6">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link7" id="link7">Metadata Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#metadata_type2849297114"><tt>metadata_type</tt></a>
- <b>operator</b>()
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Creates a metadata object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>bool</b>
- <b>operator</b>()
- (<a href=
-"#metadata_reference583863863"><tt>metadata_reference</tt></a> r_metadata) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Decides whether a metadata object should be moved to
- the front of the list.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>Design</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>Design</h1>
-
- <p>The <tt>pb_ds</tt> namespace contains:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li>Exception classes (see <a href=
- "interface.html#exceptions_common">Interface::Exceptions::Common</a>)</li>
-
- <li>Invalidation-guarantee tags (see <a href=
- "ds_gen.html#inv_guar">Design::Invalidation Guarantees</a>
- and <a href=
- "interface.html#ds_inv_tag">Interface::Data-Structure Tags
- and Traits::Invalidation-Guarantee Tags</a>).</li>
-
- <li>Associative Containers (see <a href=
- "tree_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Tree-Based Containers</a>, <a href=
- "trie_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Trie-Based Containers</a>, <a href=
- "hash_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Hash-Based Containers</a>, and <a href=
- "lu_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::List-Based Containers</a>, and <a href=
- "interface.html#containers_assoc">Interface::Containers::Associative
- Containers</a>).</li>
-
- <li>Associative Container tags and traits
- (see <a href="ds_gen.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Data-Structure Genericity</a>, <a href=
- "interface.html#ds_ts_assoc">Interface::Data-Structure Tags
- and Traits::Data-Structure Tags::Associative-Containers</a>,
- and <a href=
- "interface.html#container_traits">Interface::Data-Structure Tags and
- Traits::Data-Structure
- Traits::Associative-Containers</a>).</li>
-
- <li>Associative Container policies (see
- <a href="tree_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Tree-Based Containers</a>, <a href=
- "trie_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Trie-Based Containers</a>, <a href=
- "hash_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Hash-Based Containers</a>, and <a href=
- "lu_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::List-Based Containers</a>, and <a href=
- "interface.html#ds_policy_classes">Interface::Container
- Policy Classes</a>).</li>
-
-
- <li>Mapped types for setting the mapping semantics of
- associative containers (see <a href=
- "tutorial.html#assoc_ms">Tutorial::Associative
- Containers::Associative Containers Others than Maps</a> and
- <a href="interface.html#ds_pol">Interface::Mapped-Type
- Policies</a>).</li>
-
-
- <li>Priority Queues (see <a href="pq_design.html">Design::Priority
- Queues</a> and <a href=
- "interface.html#containers_pq">Interface::Containers::Priority
- Queues</a>).</li>
-
- <li>Priority Queue tags and traits
- (see <a href="pq_design.html#pq_traits">Design::Priority
- Queues::Traits</a>, <a href=
- "interface.html#ds_ts_pq">Interface::Data-Structure Tags and
- Traits::Data-Structure Tags::Priority Queues</a>, and
- <a href="interface.html#container_traits">Interface::Data-Structure
- Tags and Traits::Data-Structure Traits::Priority
- Queues</a>).</li>
- </ol>
-
-
- <p><a href="assoc_design.html">Associative-Container Design</a>
- describes associative-container design.</p>
-
- <p><a href="pq_design.html">Priority-Queue Design</a> describes
- priority-queue design.</p>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>direct_mask_range_hashing Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A mask range-hashing class (uses a bit-mask).</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/hash_policy.hpp"><tt>hash_policy.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Size_Type42920436" id=
-"Size_Type42920436"><b>typename</b> Size_Type </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>size_t</td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link3" id="link3">General Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_type55424436" id="size_type55424436">size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Size_Type42920436"><tt>Size_Type</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link4" id="link4">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link5" id="link5">Constructors, Destructor, and
- Related</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- swap
- (<span class=
-"c2"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Swaps content.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link6" id="link6">Protected Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link7" id="link7">Notification Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- notify_resized
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> size)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies the policy object that the container's size
- has changed to <span class="c1"><tt>size</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link8" id="link8">Operators.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- <b>operator</b>()
- (<a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> hash) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Transforms the hash value <span class=
- "c1"><tt>hash</tt></span> into a ranged-hash value (using
- a bit-mask).</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>direct_mod_range_hashing Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A mod range-hashing class (uses the modulo function).</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/hash_policy.hpp"><tt>hash_policy.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Size_Type42920436" id=
-"Size_Type42920436"><b>typename</b> Size_Type </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>size_t</td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link3" id="link3">General Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_type55424436" id="size_type55424436">size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Size_Type42920436"><tt>Size_Type</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link4" id="link4">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link5" id="link5">Constructors, Destructor, and
- Related</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- swap
- (<span class=
-"c2"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Swaps content.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link6" id="link6">Protected Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link7" id="link7">Notification Methods</a></h3>
-
- <h3><a name="link8" id="link8">Operators.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- <b>operator</b>()
- (<a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> hash) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Transforms the hash value <span class=
- "c1"><tt>hash</tt></span> into a ranged-hash value (using
- a modulo operation).</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>What, me worry?</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h2>Disclaimer and Copyright</h2>
-
- <p>Revised 16 February, 2004</p>© Copyright Ami Tavory and
- Vladimir Dreizin, IBM-HRL, 2004, and Benjamin Kosnik, Red Hat,
- 2004.
-
- <p>Permission to use, copy, modify, sell, and distribute this
- software is hereby granted without fee, provided that the above
- copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that
- copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
- supporting documentation.</p>
-
- <p>None of the above authors, nor IBM Haifa Research
- Laboratories, Red Hat, or both, make any representation about
- the suitability of this software for any purpose. It is
- provided "as is" without express or implied warranty.</p>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>Data-Structure Genericity</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>Data-Structure Genericity</h1>
-
- <h2><a name="problem" id="problem">The Basic Problem</a></h2>
-
- <p>The design attempts to address the following problem. When
- writing a function manipulating a generic container object,
- what is the behavior of the object? <i>E.g.</i>, suppose one
- writes</p>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><<b>typename</b> Cntnr>
-<b>void</b>
-some_op_sequence(Cntnr &r_container)
-{
- ...
-}
-</pre>then one needs to address the following questions in the body
-of <tt>some_op_sequence</tt>:
-
- <ol>
- <li>Which types and methods does <tt>Cntnr</tt> support?
- Containers based on hash tables can be queries for the
- hash-functor type and object; this is meaningless for
- tree-based containers. Containers based on trees can be
- split, joined, or can erase iterators and return the
- following iterator; this cannot be done by hash-based
- containers.</li>
-
- <li>What are the guarantees of <tt>Cntnr</tt>? A container
- based on a probing hash-table invalidates all iterators when
- it is modified; this is not the case for containers based on
- node-based trees. Containers based on a node-based tree can
- be split or joined without exceptions; this is not the case
- for containers based on vector-based trees.</li>
-
- <li>How does the container maintain its elements? Tree-based
- and Trie-based containers store elements by key order;
- others, typically, do not. A container based on a splay trees
- or lists with update policies "cache" "frequently accessed"
- elements; containers based on most other underlying
- data structures do not.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <p>The remainder of this section deals with these issues.</p>
-
- <h2><a name="ds_hierarchy" id="ds_hierarchy">Container
- Hierarchy</a></h2>
-
- <p>Figure <a href="#cd">Container class hierarchy</a> shows the
- container hierarchy.</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="cd" id="cd"><img src="container_cd.png" alt=
- "no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Container class hierarchy.</h6>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href=
- "container_base.html"><tt>container_base</tt></a> is an
- abstract base class for associative containers.</li>
-
- <li>Tree-Like-Based Associative-Containers:
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href=
- "basic_tree.html"><tt>basic_tree</tt></a>
- is an abstract base class for tree-like-based
- associative-containers</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- is a concrete base class for tree-based
- associative-containers</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "trie.html"><tt>trie</tt></a>
- is a concrete base class trie-based
- associative-containers</li>
- </ol>
- </li>
-
- <li>Hash-Based Associative-Containers:
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href=
- "basic_hash_table.html"><tt>basic_hash_table</tt></a>
- is an abstract base class for hash-based
- associative-containers</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
- is a concrete collision-chaining hash-based
- associative-containers</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "gp_hash_table.html"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></a>
- is a concrete (general) probing hash-based
- associative-containers</li>
- </ol>
- </li>
-
- <li>List-Based Associative-Containers:
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href=
- "list_update.html"><tt>list_update</tt></a> -
- list-based update-policy associative container</li>
- </ol>
- </li>
- </ol>
-
- <p>The hierarchy is composed naturally so that commonality is
- captured by base classes. Thus <tt><b>operator[]</b></tt> is
- defined <a href=
- "container_base.html"><tt>container_base</tt></a>, since
- all containers support it. Conversely <tt>split</tt> is defined
- in <a href=
- "basic_tree.html"><tt>basic_tree</tt></a>,
- since only tree-like containers support it. <a href=
- "#container_traits">Data-Structure Tags and Traits</a> discusses how
- to query which types and methods each container supports.</p>
-
- <h2><a name="container_traits" id="container_traits">Data-Structure Tags and
- Traits</a></h2>
-
- <p>Tags and traits are very useful for manipulating generic
- types. For example, if <tt>It</tt> is an iterator class, then
- <tt><b>typename</b> It::iterator_category</tt> or
- <tt><b>typename</b>
- std::iterator_traits<It>::iterator_category</tt> will
- yield its category, and <tt><b>typename</b>
- std::iterator_traits<It>::value_type</tt> will yield its
- value type.</p>
-
- <p><tt>pb_ds</tt> contains a tag hierarchy corresponding to the
- hierarchy in Figure <a href="#cd">Class hierarchy</a>. The tag
- hierarchy is shown in Figure <a href=
- "#tag_cd">Data-structure tag class hierarchy</a>.</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="tag_cd" id="tag_cd"><img src=
- "assoc_container_tag_cd.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Data-structure tag class hierarchy.</h6>
-
- <p><a href=
- "container_base.html"><tt>container_base</tt></a>
- publicly defines <tt>container_category</tt> as one of the classes in
- Figure <a href="#tag_cd">Data-structure tag class
- hierarchy</a>. Given any container <tt>Cntnr</tt>, the tag of
- the underlying data structure can be found via
- <tt><b>typename</b> Cntnr::container_category</tt>.</p>
-
- <p>Additionally, a traits mechanism can be used to query a
- container type for its attributes. Given any container
- <tt>Cntnr</tt>, then <tt><a href=
- "assoc_container_traits.html">__gnu_pbds::container_traits</a><Cntnr></tt>
- is a traits class identifying the properties of the
- container.</p>
-
- <p>To find if a container can throw when a key is erased (which
- is true for vector-based trees, for example), one can
- use</p><a href=
- "assoc_container_traits.html"><tt>container_traits</tt></a><tt><Cntnr>::erase_can_throw</tt>,
- for example.
-
- <p>Some of the definitions in <a href=
- "assoc_container_traits.html"><tt>container_traits</tt></a> are
- dependent on other definitions. <i>E.g.</i>, if <a href=
- "assoc_container_traits.html"><tt>container_traits</tt></a><tt><Cntnr>::order_preserving</tt>
- is <tt><b>true</b></tt> (which is the case for containers based
- on trees and tries), then the container can be split or joined;
- in this case, <a href=
- "assoc_container_traits.html"><tt>container_traits</tt></a><tt><Cntnr>::split_join_can_throw</tt>
- indicates whether splits or joins can throw exceptions (which
- is true for vector-based trees); otherwise <a href=
- "assoc_container_traits.html"><tt>container_traits</tt></a><tt><Cntnr>::split_join_can_throw</tt>
- will yield a compilation error. (This is somewhat similar to a
- compile-time version of the COM model [<a href=
- "references.html#mscom">mscom</a>]).</p>
-
- <h2><a name="find_range" id="find_range">Point-Type and
- Range-Type Methods and Iterators</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="it_unordered" id="it_unordered">Iterators in
- Unordered Container Types</a></h3>
-
- <p><tt>pb_ds</tt> differentiates between two types of methods
- and iterators: point-type methods and iterators, and range-type
- methods and iterators (see <a href=
- "motivation.html#assoc_diff_it">Motivation::Associative
- Containers::Differentiating between Iterator Types</a> and
- <a href="tutorial.html#assoc_find_range">Tutorial::Associative
- Containers::Point-Type and Range-Type Methods and
- Iterators</a>). Each associative container's interface includes
- the methods:</p>
- <pre>
-const_point_iterator
-find(const_key_reference r_key) const;
-
-point_iterator
-find(const_key_reference r_key);
-
-std::pair<point_iterator,<b>bool</b>>
-insert(const_reference r_val);
-</pre>
-
- <p>The relationship between these iterator types varies between
- container types. Figure <a href=
- "#point_iterators_cd">Point-type and range-type iterators</a>-A
- shows the most general invariant between point-type and
- range-type iterators: <tt>iterator</tt>, <i>e.g.</i>, can
- always be converted to <tt>point_iterator</tt>. Figure <a href=
- "#point_iterators_cd">Point-type and range-type iterators</a>-B
- shows invariants for order-preserving containers: point-type
- iterators are synonymous with range-type iterators.
- Orthogonally, Figure <a href="#point_iterators_cd">Point-type
- and range-type iterators</a>-C shows invariants for "set"
- containers: iterators are synonymous with const iterators.</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="point_iterators_cd" id=
- "point_iterators_cd"><img src="point_iterators_cd.png" alt=
- "no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Point-type and range-type iterators.</h6>
-
- <p>Note that point-type iterators in self-organizing containers
- (<i>e.g.</i>, hash-based associative containers) lack movement
- operators, such as <tt><b>operator++</b></tt> - in fact, this
- is the reason why <tt>pb_ds</tt> differentiates from the STL's
- design on this point.</p>
-
- <p>Typically, one can determine an iterator's movement
- capabilities in the STL using
- <tt>std::iterator_traits<It>iterator_category</tt>, which
- is a <tt><b>struct</b></tt> indicating the iterator's movement
- capabilities. Unfortunately, none of the STL's predefined
- categories reflect a pointer's <u>not</u> having any movement
- capabilities whatsoever. Consequently, <tt>pb_ds</tt> adds a
- type <a href=
- "trivial_iterator_tag.html"><tt>trivial_iterator_tag</tt></a>
- (whose name is taken from a concept in [<a href=
- "references.html#sgi_stl">sgi_stl</a>]), which is the category
- of iterators with no movement capabilities. All other STL tags,
- such as <tt>forward_iterator_tag</tt> retain their common
- use.</p>
-
- <h3><a name="inv_guar" id="inv_guar">Invalidation
- Guarantees</a></h3>
-
- <p><a href=
- "motivation.html#assoc_inv_guar">Motivation::Associative
- Containers::Differentiating between Iterator
- Types::Invalidation Guarantees</a> posed a problem. Given three
- different types of associative containers, a modifying
- operation (in that example, <tt>erase</tt>) invalidated
- iterators in three different ways: the iterator of one
- container remained completely valid - it could be de-referenced
- and incremented; the iterator of a different container could
- not even be de-referenced; the iterator of the third container
- could be de-referenced, but its "next" iterator changed
- unpredictably.</p>
-
- <p>Distinguishing between find and range types allows
- fine-grained invalidation guarantees, because these questions
- correspond exactly to the question of whether point-type
- iterators and range-type iterators are valid. <a href=
- "#invalidation_guarantee_cd">Invalidation guarantees class
- hierarchy</a> shows tags corresponding to different types of
- invalidation guarantees.</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="invalidation_guarantee_cd" id=
- "invalidation_guarantee_cd"><img src=
- "invalidation_guarantee_cd.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Invalidation guarantees class hierarchy.</h6>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href=
- "basic_invalidation_guarantee.html"><tt>basic_invalidation_guarantee</tt></a>
- corresponds to a basic guarantee that a point-type iterator,
- a found pointer, or a found reference, remains valid as long
- as the container object is not modified.</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "point_invalidation_guarantee.html"><tt>point_invalidation_guarantee</tt></a>
- corresponds to a guarantee that a point-type iterator, a
- found pointer, or a found reference, remains valid even if
- the container object is modified.</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "range_invalidation_guarantee.html"><tt>range_invalidation_guarantee</tt></a>
- corresponds to a guarantee that a range-type iterator remains
- valid even if the container object is modified.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <p>As shown in <a href=
- "tutorial.html#assoc_find_range">Tutorial::Associative
- Containers::Point-Type and Range-Type Methods and
- Iterators</a>, to find the invalidation guarantee of a
- container, one can use</p>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"assoc_container_traits.html">container_traits</a><Cntnr>::invalidation_guarantee
-</pre>
-
- <p>which is one of the classes in Figure <a href=
- "#invalidation_guarantee_cd">Invalidation guarantees class
- hierarchy</a>.</p>
-
- <p>Note that this hierarchy corresponds to the logic it
- represents: if a container has range-invalidation guarantees,
- then it must also have find invalidation guarantees;
- correspondingly, its invalidation guarantee (in this case
- <a href=
- "range_invalidation_guarantee.html"><tt>range_invalidation_guarantee</tt></a>)
- can be cast to its base class (in this case <a href=
- "point_invalidation_guarantee.html"><tt>point_invalidation_guarantee</tt></a>).
- This means that this this hierarchy can be used easily using
- standard metaprogramming techniques, by specializing on the
- type of <tt>invalidation_guarantee</tt>.</p>
-
- <p>(These types of problems were addressed, in a more general
- setting, in [<a href=
- "references.html#meyers96more">meyers96more</a>] - Item 2. In
- our opinion, an invalidation-guarantee hierarchy would solve
- these problems in all container types - not just associative
- containers.)</p>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>Examples</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>Examples</h1>
-
- <p><a href="assoc_examples.html">Associative-Container
- Examples</a> shows examples for associative containers;
- <a href="pq_examples.html">Priority-Queue Examples</a> shows
- examples for priority queues.</p>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
-<title>container_error Interface</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1><tt>container_error</tt> Interface</h1>
-
-<p>Base class for associative-container exceptions.</p>
-
-<p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/exception.hpp"><tt>exception.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
-<h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
-<table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
-<tr>
-<td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
-<td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
-</tr>
-
-<tr>
-<td>
-<pre>
-std::logic_error
-</pre>
-</td>
-
-<td>
-<p>public</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>gp_hash_table Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>gp_hash_table</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A concrete general-probing hash-based associative
- container.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/assoc_container.hpp"><tt>assoc_container.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Key2501" id="Key2501"><b>typename</b> Key</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Key type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Mapped318655" id="Mapped318655"><b>typename</b> Mapped</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Mapped type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Hash_Fn1515835" id=
-"Hash_Fn1515835"><b>class</b> Hash_Fn </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Hash functor.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-__gnu_cxx::hash<<a href="#Key2501"><tt>Key</tt></a>>
-</pre>if using gcc;
- <pre>
-stdext::hash_value<<a href="#Key2501"><tt>Key</tt></a>>
-</pre>if using Visual C++ .net
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Eq_Fn60085" id="Eq_Fn60085"><b>class</b> Eq_Fn </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Equivalence functor.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-std::equal_to<<a href="#Key2501"><tt>Key</tt></a>>
-</pre>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Comb_Probe_Fn1603930855" id=
-"Comb_Probe_Fn1603930855"><b>class</b> Comb_Probe_Fn </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Combining probe functor.</p>
-
- <p>If <a href="#Hash_Fn1515835"><tt>Hash_Fn</tt></a> is
- <a href="null_hash_fn.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>null_hash_fn</tt></span></a>, and <a href=
- "#Probe_Fn8454835"><tt>Probe_Fn</tt></a> is <a href=
- "null_probe_fn.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>null_probe_fn</tt></span></a>, then this is the
- ranged-probe functor; otherwise, this is the
- range-hashing functor.</p>
-
- <p>(See <a href=
- "hash_based_containers.html#hash_policies">Design::Hash-Based
- Containers::Hash Policies</a>.)</p>
- </td>
-
- <td><a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></span></a></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Probe_Fn8454835" id=
-"Probe_Fn8454835"><b>class</b> Probe_Fn </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Probe functor.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- If <tt><a href=
- "#Comb_Probe_Fn1603930855"><tt>Comb_Probe_Fn</tt></a></tt>
- is <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></span></a>, then
- <pre>
-<a href="linear_probe_fn.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>linear_probe_fn</tt></span></a><
- <b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#Comb_Probe_Fn1603930855"><tt>Comb_Probe_Fn</tt></a>::size_type>
-</pre>otherwise,
- <pre>
-<a href="quadratic_probe_fn.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>quadratic_probe_fn</tt></span></a><
- <b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#Comb_Probe_Fn1603930855"><tt>Comb_Probe_Fn</tt></a>::size_type>
-</pre>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Resize_Policy566860465" id=
-"Resize_Policy566860465"><b>class</b> Resize_Policy </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Resize policy.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- If <tt><a href=
- "#Comb_Probe_Fn1603930855"><tt>Comb_Probe_Fn</tt></a></tt>
- is <tt><a href=
- "direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></span></a></tt>,
- then
- <pre>
-<a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></span></a><
- <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></span></a><
- <b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#Comb_Probe_Fn1603930855"><tt>Comb_Probe_Fn</tt></a>::size_type>,
- <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></span></a><
- <b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#Comb_Probe_Fn1603930855"><tt>Comb_Probe_Fn</tt></a>::size_type>,
- <b>false</b>,
- <b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#Comb_Probe_Fn1603930855"><tt>Comb_Probe_Fn</tt></a>::size_type>
-</pre>otherwise,
- <pre>
-<a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></span></a><
- <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></span></a><
- <b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#Comb_Probe_Fn1603930855"><tt>Comb_Probe_Fn</tt></a>::size_type>,
- <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></span></a><
- <b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#Comb_Probe_Fn1603930855"><tt>Comb_Probe_Fn</tt></a>::size_type>,
- <b>false</b>,
- <b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#Comb_Probe_Fn1603930855"><tt>Comb_Probe_Fn</tt></a>::size_type>
-</pre>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Store_Hash218262104" id=
-"Store_Hash218262104"><b>bool</b> Store_Hash </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Indicates whether the hash value will be stored along
- with each key.</p>
-
- <p>If <tt><a href=
- "#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a></tt> is <a href=
- "null_hash_fn.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>null_hash_fn</tt></span></a>, then the container
- will not compile if this value is
- <tt><b>true</b></tt></p>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<tt><b>false</b></tt>
-</pre>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Allocator35940069" id=
-"Allocator35940069"><b>class</b> Allocator </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Allocator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-std::allocator<<b>char</b>>
-</pre>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="basic_hash_table.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>basic_hash_table</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link3" id="link3">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">Policy Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="hash_fn2015995" id="hash_fn2015995">hash_fn</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Hash_Fn1515835"><tt>Hash_Fn</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Hash functor type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="eq_fn80245" id="eq_fn80245">eq_fn</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Eq_Fn60085"><tt>Eq_Fn</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Equivalence functor type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="comb_probe_fn828996423" id=
-"comb_probe_fn828996423">comb_probe_fn</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Comb_Probe_Fn1603930855"><tt>Comb_Probe_Fn</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Combining probe functor type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="probe_fn10954995" id="probe_fn10954995">probe_fn</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Probe_Fn8454835"><tt>Probe_Fn</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Probe functor type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="resize_policy4084493169" id=
-"resize_policy4084493169">resize_policy</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Resize_Policy566860465"><tt>Resize_Policy</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Resize policy type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link5" id="link5">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Constructors, Destructor, and
- Related</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- gp_hash_table
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Default constructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- gp_hash_table
- (<b>const</b> <a href=
-"#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> &r_hash_fn)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking some policy objects. <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_hash_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> object of
- the container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- gp_hash_table
- (<b>const</b> <a href=
-"#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> &r_hash_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> &r_eq_fn)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking some policy objects. <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_hash_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> object of
- the container object, and <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_eq_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> object of the
- container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- gp_hash_table
- (<b>const</b> <a href=
-"#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> &r_hash_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> &r_eq_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#comb_probe_fn828996423"><tt>comb_probe_fn</tt></a> &r_comb_probe_fn)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking some policy objects. <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_hash_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> object of
- the container object, <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_eq_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> object of the
- container object, and <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_comb_probe_fn</tt></span> will be copied by
- the <a href=
- "#comb_probe_fn828996423"><tt>comb_probe_fn</tt></a>
- object of the container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- gp_hash_table
- (<b>const</b> <a href=
-"#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> &r_hash_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> &r_eq_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#comb_probe_fn828996423"><tt>comb_probe_fn</tt></a> &r_comb_probe_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#probe_fn10954995"><tt>probe_fn</tt></a> &r_probe_fn)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking some policy objects. <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_hash_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> object of
- the container object, <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_eq_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> object of the
- container object, <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_comb_probe_fn</tt></span> will be copied by
- the <a href=
- "#comb_probe_fn828996423"><tt>comb_probe_fn</tt></a>
- object of the container object, and <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_probe_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#probe_fn10954995"><tt>probe_fn</tt></a> object
- of the container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- gp_hash_table
- (<b>const</b> <a href=
-"#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> &r_hash_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> &r_eq_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#comb_probe_fn828996423"><tt>comb_probe_fn</tt></a> &r_comb_probe_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#probe_fn10954995"><tt>probe_fn</tt></a> &r_probe_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#resize_policy4084493169"><tt>resize_policy</tt></a> &r_resize_policy)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking some policy objects. <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_hash_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> object of
- the container object, <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_eq_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> object of the
- container object, <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_comb_probe_fn</tt></span> will be copied by
- the <a href=
- "#comb_probe_fn828996423"><tt>comb_probe_fn</tt></a>
- object of the container object, <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_probe_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#probe_fn10954995"><tt>probe_fn</tt></a> object
- of the container object, and <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_resize_policy</tt></span> will be copied by
- the <a href=
- "#Resize_Policy566860465"><tt>Resize_Policy</tt></a>
- object of the container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>class</b> It>
- gp_hash_table
- (It first_it,
- It last_it)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking iterators to a range of
- value_types. The value_types between <span class=
- "c1"><tt>first_it</tt></span> and <span class=
- "c1"><tt>last_it</tt></span> will be inserted into the
- container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>class</b> It>
- gp_hash_table
- (It first_it,
- It last_it,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> &r_hash_fn)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking iterators to a range of value_types
- and some policy objects. The value_types between
- <span class="c1"><tt>first_it</tt></span> and
- <span class="c1"><tt>last_it</tt></span> will be inserted
- into the container object. <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_hash_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> object of
- the container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>class</b> It>
- gp_hash_table
- (It first_it,
- It last_it,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> &r_hash_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> &r_eq_fn)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking iterators to a range of value_types
- and some policy objects. The value_types between
- <span class="c1"><tt>first_it</tt></span> and
- <span class="c1"><tt>last_it</tt></span> will be inserted
- into the container object. <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_hash_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> object of
- the container object, and <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_eq_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> object of the
- container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>class</b> It>
- gp_hash_table
- (It first_it,
- It last_it,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> &r_hash_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> &r_eq_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#comb_probe_fn828996423"><tt>comb_probe_fn</tt></a> &r_comb_probe_fn)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking iterators to a range of value_types
- and some policy objects. The value_types between
- <span class="c1"><tt>first_it</tt></span> and
- <span class="c1"><tt>last_it</tt></span> will be inserted
- into the container object. <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_hash_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> object of
- the container object, <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_eq_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> object of the
- container object, and <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_comb_probe_fn</tt></span> will be copied by
- the <a href=
- "#comb_probe_fn828996423"><tt>comb_probe_fn</tt></a>
- object of the container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>class</b> It>
- gp_hash_table
- (It first_it,
- It last_it,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> &r_hash_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> &r_eq_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#comb_probe_fn828996423"><tt>comb_probe_fn</tt></a> &r_comb_probe_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#probe_fn10954995"><tt>probe_fn</tt></a> &r_probe_fn)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking iterators to a range of value_types
- and some policy objects. The value_types between
- <span class="c1"><tt>first_it</tt></span> and
- <span class="c1"><tt>last_it</tt></span> will be inserted
- into the container object. <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_hash_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> object of
- the container object, <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_eq_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> object of the
- container object, <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_comb_probe_fn</tt></span> will be copied by
- the <a href=
- "#comb_probe_fn828996423"><tt>comb_probe_fn</tt></a>
- object of the container object, and <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_probe_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#probe_fn10954995"><tt>probe_fn</tt></a> object
- of the container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>class</b> It>
- gp_hash_table
- (It first_it,
- It last_it,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> &r_hash_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> &r_eq_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#comb_probe_fn828996423"><tt>comb_probe_fn</tt></a> &r_comb_probe_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#probe_fn10954995"><tt>probe_fn</tt></a> &r_probe_fn,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#resize_policy4084493169"><tt>resize_policy</tt></a> &r_resize_policy)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking iterators to a range of value_types
- and some policy objects. The value_types between
- <span class="c1"><tt>first_it</tt></span> and
- <span class="c1"><tt>last_it</tt></span> will be inserted
- into the container object. <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_hash_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#hash_fn2015995"><tt>hash_fn</tt></a> object of
- the container object, <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_eq_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#eq_fn80245"><tt>eq_fn</tt></a> object of the
- container object, <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_comb_probe_fn</tt></span> will be copied by
- the <a href=
- "#comb_probe_fn828996423"><tt>comb_probe_fn</tt></a>
- object of the container object, <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_probe_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#probe_fn10954995"><tt>probe_fn</tt></a> object
- of the container object, and <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_resize_policy</tt></span> will be copied by
- the <a href=
- "#resize_policy4084493169"><tt>resize_policy</tt></a>
- object of the container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- gp_hash_table
- (<b>const</b> <span class=
-"c2"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Copy constructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b>
- ~gp_hash_table
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Destructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<span class="c2"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></span> &
- <b>operator</b>=
- (<b>const</b> <span class=
-"c2"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Assignment operator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- swap
- (<span class=
-"c2"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Swaps content.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link7" id="link7">Policy Access Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#comb_probe_fn828996423"><tt>comb_probe_fn</tt></a> &
- get_comb_probe_fn
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Access to the <a href=
- "#comb_probe_fn828996423"><tt>comb_probe_fn</tt></a>
- object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>const</b> <a href=
-"#comb_probe_fn828996423"><tt>comb_probe_fn</tt></a> &
- get_comb_probe_fn
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const access to the <a href=
- "#comb_probe_fn828996423"><tt>comb_probe_fn</tt></a>
- object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#probe_fn10954995"><tt>probe_fn</tt></a> &
- get_probe_fn
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Access to the <a href=
- "#probe_fn10954995"><tt>probe_fn</tt></a> object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>const</b> <a href=
-"#probe_fn10954995"><tt>probe_fn</tt></a> &
- get_probe_fn
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const access to the <a href=
- "#probe_fn10954995"><tt>probe_fn</tt></a> object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>gp_hash_tag Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>gp_hash_tag</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>General-probing hash data structure tag.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp"><tt>tag_and_trait.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="basic_hash_tag.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>basic_hash_tag</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>Hash-Based Containers</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>Hash Table Design</h1>
-
- <h2><a name="overview" id="overview">Overview</a></h2>
-
- <p>The collision-chaining hash-based container has the
- following declaration.</p>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>typename</b> Key,
- <b>typename</b> Mapped,
- <b>typename</b> Hash_Fn = std::hash<Key>,
- <b>typename</b> Eq_Fn = std::equal_to<Key>,
- <b>typename</b> Comb_Hash_Fn = <a href=
-"direct_mask_range_hashing.html">direct_mask_range_hashing</a><>
- <b>typename</b> Resize_Policy = <i>default explained below.</i>
- <b>bool</b> Store_Hash = <b>false</b>,
- <b>typename</b> Allocator = std::allocator<<b>char</b>> >
-<b>class</b> <a href=
-"cc_hash_table.html">cc_hash_table</a>;
-</pre>
-
- <p>The parameters have the following meaning:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li><tt>Key</tt> is the key type.</li>
-
- <li><tt>Mapped</tt> is the mapped-policy, and is explained in
- <a href="tutorial.html#assoc_ms">Tutorial::Associative
- Containers::Associative Containers Others than Maps</a>.</li>
-
- <li><tt>Hash_Fn</tt> is a key hashing functor.</li>
-
- <li><tt>Eq_Fn</tt> is a key equivalence functor.</li>
-
- <li><tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> is a <i>range-hashing_functor</i>;
- it describes how to translate hash values into positions
- within the table. This is described in <a href=
- "#hash_policies">Hash Policies</a>.</li>
-
- <li><tt>Resize_Policy</tt> describes how a container object
- should change its internal size. This is described in
- <a href="#resize_policies">Resize Policies</a>.</li>
-
- <li><tt>Store_Hash</tt> indicates whether the hash value
- should be stored with each entry. This is described in
- <a href="#policy_interaction">Policy Interaction</a>.</li>
-
- <li><tt>Allocator</tt> is an allocator
- type.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <p>The probing hash-based container has the following
- declaration.</p>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>typename</b> Key,
- <b>typename</b> Mapped,
- <b>typename</b> Hash_Fn = std::hash<Key>,
- <b>typename</b> Eq_Fn = std::equal_to<Key>,
- <b>typename</b> Comb_Probe_Fn = <a href=
-"direct_mask_range_hashing.html">direct_mask_range_hashing</a><>
- <b>typename</b> Probe_Fn = <i>default explained below.</i>
- <b>typename</b> Resize_Policy = <i>default explained below.</i>
- <b>bool</b> Store_Hash = <b>false</b>,
- <b>typename</b> Allocator = std::allocator<<b>char</b>> >
-<b>class</b> <a href=
-"gp_hash_table.html">gp_hash_table</a>;
-</pre>
-
- <p>The parameters are identical to those of the
- collision-chaining container, except for the following.</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li><tt>Comb_Probe_Fn</tt> describes how to transform a probe
- sequence into a sequence of positions within the table.</li>
-
- <li><tt>Probe_Fn</tt> describes a probe sequence policy.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <p>Some of the default template values depend on the values of
- other parameters, and are explained in <a href=
- "#policy_interaction">Policy Interaction</a>.</p>
-
- <h2><a name="hash_policies" id="hash_policies">Hash
- Policies</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="general_terms" id="general_terms">General
- Terms</a></h3>
-
- <p>Following is an explanation of some functions which hashing
- involves. Figure <a href=
- "#hash_ranged_hash_range_hashing_fns">Hash functions,
- ranged-hash functions, and range-hashing functions</a>)
- illustrates the discussion.</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="hash_ranged_hash_range_hashing_fns" id=
- "hash_ranged_hash_range_hashing_fns"><img src=
- "hash_ranged_hash_range_hashing_fns.png" alt=
- "no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Hash functions, ranged-hash functions, and
- range-hashing functions.</h6>
-
- <p>Let <i>U</i> be a domain (<i>e.g.</i>, the integers, or the
- strings of 3 characters). A hash-table algorithm needs to map
- elements of <i>U</i> "uniformly" into the range <i>[0,..., m -
- 1]</i> (where <i>m</i> is a non-negative integral value, and
- is, in general, time varying). <i>I.e.</i>, the algorithm needs
- a <i>ranged-hash</i> function</p>
-
- <p><i>f : U × Z<sub>+</sub> → Z<sub>+</sub></i>
- ,</p>
-
- <p>such that for any <i>u</i> in <i>U</i> ,</p>
-
- <p><i>0 ≤ f(u, m) ≤ m - 1</i> ,</p>
-
- <p>and which has "good uniformity" properties [<a href=
- "references.html#knuth98sorting">knuth98sorting</a>]. One
- common solution is to use the composition of the hash
- function</p>
-
- <p><i>h : U → Z<sub>+</sub></i> ,</p>
-
- <p>which maps elements of <i>U</i> into the non-negative
- integrals, and</p>
-
- <p class="c2">g : Z<sub>+</sub> × Z<sub>+</sub> →
- Z<sub>+</sub>,</p>
-
- <p>which maps a non-negative hash value, and a non-negative
- range upper-bound into a non-negative integral in the range
- between 0 (inclusive) and the range upper bound (exclusive),
- <i>i.e.</i>, for any <i>r</i> in <i>Z<sub>+</sub></i>,</p>
-
- <p><i>0 ≤ g(r, m) ≤ m - 1</i> .</p>
-
- <p>The resulting ranged-hash function, is</p>
-
- <p><i><a name="ranged_hash_composed_of_hash_and_range_hashing"
- id="ranged_hash_composed_of_hash_and_range_hashing">f(u , m) =
- g(h(u), m)</a></i> (1) .</p>
-
- <p>From the above, it is obvious that given <i>g</i> and
- <i>h</i>, <i>f</i> can always be composed (however the converse
- is not true). The STL's hash-based containers allow specifying
- a hash function, and use a hard-wired range-hashing function;
- the ranged-hash function is implicitly composed.</p>
-
- <p>The above describes the case where a key is to be mapped
- into a <i>single position</i> within a hash table, <i>e.g.</i>,
- in a collision-chaining table. In other cases, a key is to be
- mapped into a <i>sequence of positions</i> within a table,
- <i>e.g.</i>, in a probing table. Similar terms apply in this
- case: the table requires a <i>ranged probe</i> function,
- mapping a key into a sequence of positions withing the table.
- This is typically achieved by composing a <i>hash function</i>
- mapping the key into a non-negative integral type, a
- <i>probe</i> function transforming the hash value into a
- sequence of hash values, and a <i>range-hashing</i> function
- transforming the sequence of hash values into a sequence of
- positions.</p>
-
- <h3><a name="range_hashing_fns" id=
- "range_hashing_fns">Range-Hashing Functions</a></h3>
-
- <p>Some common choices for range-hashing functions are the
- division, multiplication, and middle-square methods [<a href=
- "references.html#knuth98sorting">knuth98sorting</a>], defined
- as</p>
-
- <p><i><a name="division_method" id="division_method">g(r, m) =
- r mod m</a></i> (2) ,</p>
-
- <p><i>g(r, m) = ⌈ u/v ( a r mod v ) ⌉</i> ,</p>
-
- <p>and</p>
-
- <p><i>g(r, m) = ⌈ u/v ( r<sup>2</sup> mod v ) ⌉</i>
- ,</p>
-
- <p>respectively, for some positive integrals <i>u</i> and
- <i>v</i> (typically powers of 2), and some <i>a</i>. Each of
- these range-hashing functions works best for some different
- setting.</p>
-
- <p>The division method <a href="#division_method">(2)</a> is a
- very common choice. However, even this single method can be
- implemented in two very different ways. It is possible to
- implement <a href="#division_method">(2)</a> using the low
- level <i>%</i> (modulo) operation (for any <i>m</i>), or the
- low level <i>&</i> (bit-mask) operation (for the case where
- <i>m</i> is a power of 2), <i>i.e.</i>,</p>
-
- <p><i><a name="division_method_prime_mod" id=
- "division_method_prime_mod">g(r, m) = r % m</a></i> (3) ,</p>
-
- <p>and</p>
-
- <p><i><a name="division_method_bit_mask" id=
- "division_method_bit_mask">g(r, m) = r & m - 1, (m =
- 2<sup>k</sup>)</a></i> for some <i>k)</i> (4),</p>
-
- <p>respectively.</p>
-
- <p>The <i>%</i> (modulo) implementation <a href=
- "#division_method_prime_mod">(3)</a> has the advantage that for
- <i>m</i> a prime far from a power of 2, <i>g(r, m)</i> is
- affected by all the bits of <i>r</i> (minimizing the chance of
- collision). It has the disadvantage of using the costly modulo
- operation. This method is hard-wired into SGI's implementation
- [<a href="references.html#sgi_stl">sgi_stl</a>].</p>
-
- <p>The <i>&</i> (bit-mask) implementation <a href=
- "#division_method_bit_mask">(4)</a> has the advantage of
- relying on the fast bit-wise and operation. It has the
- disadvantage that for <i>g(r, m)</i> is affected only by the
- low order bits of <i>r</i>. This method is hard-wired into
- Dinkumware's implementation [<a href=
- "references.html#dinkumware_stl">dinkumware_stl</a>].</p>
-
- <h3><a name="hash_policies_ranged_hash_policies" id=
- "hash_policies_ranged_hash_policies">Ranged-Hash
- Functions</a></h3>
-
- <p>In cases it is beneficial to allow the
- client to directly specify a ranged-hash hash function. It is
- true, that the writer of the ranged-hash function cannot rely
- on the values of <i>m</i> having specific numerical properties
- suitable for hashing (in the sense used in [<a href=
- "references.html#knuth98sorting">knuth98sorting</a>]), since
- the values of <i>m</i> are determined by a resize policy with
- possibly orthogonal considerations.</p>
-
- <p>There are two cases where a ranged-hash function can be
- superior. The firs is when using perfect hashing [<a href=
- "references.html#knuth98sorting">knuth98sorting</a>]; the
- second is when the values of <i>m</i> can be used to estimate
- the "general" number of distinct values required. This is
- described in the following.</p>
-
- <p>Let</p>
-
- <p class="c2">s = [ s<sub>0</sub>,..., s<sub>t - 1</sub>]</p>
-
- <p>be a string of <i>t</i> characters, each of which is from
- domain <i>S</i>. Consider the following ranged-hash
- function:</p>
-
- <p><a name="total_string_dna_hash" id=
- "total_string_dna_hash"><i>f<sub>1</sub>(s, m) = ∑ <sub>i =
- 0</sub><sup>t - 1</sup> s<sub>i</sub> a<sup>i</sup></i> mod
- <i>m</i></a> (5) ,</p>
-
- <p>where <i>a</i> is some non-negative integral value. This is
- the standard string-hashing function used in SGI's
- implementation (with <i>a = 5</i>) [<a href=
- "references.html#sgi_stl">sgi_stl</a>]. Its advantage is that
- it takes into account all of the characters of the string.</p>
-
- <p>Now assume that <i>s</i> is the string representation of a
- of a long DNA sequence (and so <i>S = {'A', 'C', 'G',
- 'T'}</i>). In this case, scanning the entire string might be
- prohibitively expensive. A possible alternative might be to use
- only the first <i>k</i> characters of the string, where</p>
-
- <p>|S|<sup>k</sup> ≥ m ,</p>
-
- <p><i>i.e.</i>, using the hash function</p>
-
- <p><a name="only_k_string_dna_hash" id=
- "only_k_string_dna_hash"><i>f<sub>2</sub>(s, m) = ∑ <sub>i
- = 0</sub><sup>k - 1</sup> s<sub>i</sub> a<sup>i</sup></i> mod
- <i>m</i></a> , (6)</p>
-
- <p>requiring scanning over only</p>
-
- <p><i>k =</i> log<i><sub>4</sub>( m )</i></p>
-
- <p>characters.</p>
-
- <p>Other more elaborate hash-functions might scan <i>k</i>
- characters starting at a random position (determined at each
- resize), or scanning <i>k</i> random positions (determined at
- each resize), <i>i.e.</i>, using</p>
-
- <p><i>f<sub>3</sub>(s, m) = ∑ <sub>i =
- r</sub>0</i><sup>r<sub>0</sub> + k - 1</sup> s<sub>i</sub>
- a<sup>i</sup> mod <i>m</i> ,</p>
-
- <p>or</p>
-
- <p><i>f<sub>4</sub>(s, m) = ∑ <sub>i = 0</sub><sup>k -
- 1</sup> s<sub>r</sub>i</i> a<sup>r<sub>i</sub></sup> mod
- <i>m</i> ,</p>
-
- <p>respectively, for <i>r<sub>0</sub>,..., r<sub>k-1</sub></i>
- each in the (inclusive) range <i>[0,...,t-1]</i>.</p>
-
- <p>It should be noted that the above functions cannot be
- decomposed as <a href=
- "#ranged_hash_composed_of_hash_and_range_hashing">(1)</a> .</p>
-
- <h3><a name="pb_ds_imp" id="pb_ds_imp">Implementation</a></h3>
-
- <p>This sub-subsection describes the implementation of the
- above in <tt>pb_ds</tt>. It first explains range-hashing
- functions in collision-chaining tables, then ranged-hash
- functions in collision-chaining tables, then probing-based
- tables, and, finally, lists the relevant classes in
- <tt>pb_ds</tt>.</p>
-
- <h4>Range-Hashing and Ranged-Hashes in Collision-Chaining
- Tables</h4>
-
- <p><a href=
- "cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a> is
- parametrized by <tt>Hash_Fn</tt> and <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt>, a
- hash functor and a combining hash functor, respectively.</p>
-
- <p>In general, <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> is considered a
- range-hashing functor. <a href=
- "cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
- synthesizes a ranged-hash function from <tt>Hash_Fn</tt> and
- <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> (see <a href=
- "#ranged_hash_composed_of_hash_and_range_hashing">(1)</a>
- above). Figure <a href="#hash_range_hashing_seq_diagram">Insert
- hash sequence diagram</a> shows an <tt>insert</tt> sequence
- diagram for this case. The user inserts an element (point A),
- the container transforms the key into a non-negative integral
- using the hash functor (points B and C), and transforms the
- result into a position using the combining functor (points D
- and E).</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="hash_range_hashing_seq_diagram" id=
- "hash_range_hashing_seq_diagram"><img src=
- "hash_range_hashing_seq_diagram.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Insert hash sequence diagram.</h6>
-
- <p>If <a href=
- "cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>'s
- hash-functor, <tt>Hash_Fn</tt> is instantiated by <a href=
- "null_hash_fn.html"><tt>null_hash_fn</tt></a> (see <a href=
- "concepts.html#concepts_null_policies">Interface::Concepts::Null
- Policy Classes</a>), then <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> is taken to be
- a ranged-hash function. Figure <a href=
- "#hash_range_hashing_seq_diagram2">Insert hash sequence diagram
- with a null hash policy</a> shows an <tt>insert</tt> sequence
- diagram. The user inserts an element (point A), the container
- transforms the key into a position using the combining functor
- (points B and C).</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="hash_range_hashing_seq_diagram2" id=
- "hash_range_hashing_seq_diagram2"><img src=
- "hash_range_hashing_seq_diagram2.png" alt=
- "no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Insert hash sequence diagram with a null hash
- policy.</h6>
-
- <h4>Probing Tables</h4>
-
- <p><a href=
- "gp_hash_table.html"></a><tt>gp_hash_table</tt> is
- parametrized by <tt>Hash_Fn</tt>, <tt>Probe_Fn</tt>, and
- <tt>Comb_Probe_Fn</tt>. As before, if <tt>Hash_Fn</tt> and
- <tt>Probe_Fn</tt> are, respectively, <a href=
- "null_hash_fn.html"><tt>null_hash_fn</tt></a> and <a href=
- "null_probe_fn.html"><tt>null_probe_fn</tt></a>, then
- <tt>Comb_Probe_Fn</tt> is a ranged-probe functor. Otherwise,
- <tt>Hash_Fn</tt> is a hash functor, <tt>Probe_Fn</tt> is a
- functor for offsets from a hash value, and
- <tt>Comb_Probe_Fn</tt> transforms a probe sequence into a
- sequence of positions within the table.</p>
-
- <h4>Pre-Defined Policies</h4>
-
- <p><tt>pb_ds</tt> contains some pre-defined classes
- implementing range-hashing and probing functions:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href=
- "direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
- and <a href=
- "direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
- are range-hashing functions based on a bit-mask and a modulo
- operation, respectively.</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "linear_probe_fn.html"><tt>linear_probe_fn</tt></a>, and
- <a href=
- "quadratic_probe_fn.html"><tt>quadratic_probe_fn</tt></a> are
- a linear probe and a quadratic probe function,
- respectively.</li>
- </ol>Figure <a href="#hash_policy_cd">Hash policy class
- diagram</a> shows a class diagram.
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="hash_policy_cd" id=
- "hash_policy_cd"><img src="hash_policy_cd.png" alt=
- "no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Hash policy class diagram.</h6>
-
- <h2><a name="resize_policies" id="resize_policies">Resize
- Policies</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="general" id="general">General Terms</a></h3>
-
- <p>Hash-tables, as opposed to trees, do not naturally grow or
- shrink. It is necessary to specify policies to determine how
- and when a hash table should change its size. Usually, resize
- policies can be decomposed into orthogonal policies:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li>A <i>size policy</i> indicating <i>how</i> a hash table
- should grow (<i>e.g.,</i> it should multiply by powers of
- 2).</li>
-
- <li>A <i>trigger policy</i> indicating <i>when</i> a hash
- table should grow (<i>e.g.,</i> a load factor is
- exceeded).</li>
- </ol>
-
- <h3><a name="size_policies" id="size_policies">Size
- Policies</a></h3>
-
- <p>Size policies determine how a hash table changes size. These
- policies are simple, and there are relatively few sensible
- options. An exponential-size policy (with the initial size and
- growth factors both powers of 2) works well with a mask-based
- range-hashing function (see <a href=
- "#hash_policies">Range-Hashing Policies</a>), and is the
- hard-wired policy used by Dinkumware [<a href=
- "references.html#dinkumware_stl">dinkumware_stl</a>]. A
- prime-list based policy works well with a modulo-prime range
- hashing function (see <a href="#hash_policies">Range-Hashing
- Policies</a>), and is the hard-wired policy used by SGI's
- implementation [<a href=
- "references.html#sgi_stl">sgi_stl</a>].</p>
-
- <h3><a name="trigger_policies" id="trigger_policies">Trigger
- Policies</a></h3>
-
- <p>Trigger policies determine when a hash table changes size.
- Following is a description of two policies: <i>load-check</i>
- policies, and collision-check policies.</p>
-
- <p>Load-check policies are straightforward. The user specifies
- two factors, <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> and
- <i>α<sub>max</sub></i>, and the hash table maintains the
- invariant that</p>
-
- <p><i><a name="load_factor_min_max" id=
- "load_factor_min_max">α<sub>min</sub> ≤ (number of
- stored elements) / (hash-table size) ≤
- α<sub>max</sub></a></i> (1) .</p>
-
- <p>Collision-check policies work in the opposite direction of
- load-check policies. They focus on keeping the number of
- collisions moderate and hoping that the size of the table will
- not grow very large, instead of keeping a moderate load-factor
- and hoping that the number of collisions will be small. A
- maximal collision-check policy resizes when the longest
- probe-sequence grows too large.</p>
-
- <p>Consider Figure <a href="#balls_and_bins">Balls and
- bins</a>. Let the size of the hash table be denoted by
- <i>m</i>, the length of a probe sequence be denoted by
- <i>k</i>, and some load factor be denoted by α. We would
- like to calculate the minimal length of <i>k</i>, such that if
- there were <i>α m</i> elements in the hash table, a probe
- sequence of length <i>k</i> would be found with probability at
- most <i>1/m</i>.</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="balls_and_bins" id=
- "balls_and_bins"><img src="balls_and_bins.png" alt=
- "no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Balls and bins.</h6>
-
- <p>Denote the probability that a probe sequence of length
- <i>k</i> appears in bin <i>i</i> by <i>p<sub>i</sub></i>, the
- length of the probe sequence of bin <i>i</i> by
- <i>l<sub>i</sub></i>, and assume uniform distribution. Then</p>
-
- <p><a name="prob_of_p1" id=
- "prob_of_p1"><i>p<sub>1</sub></i></a> = (3)</p>
-
- <p class="c2"><b>P</b>(l<sub>1</sub> ≥ k) =</p>
-
- <p><i><b>P</b>(l<sub>1</sub> ≥ α ( 1 + k / α - 1
- ) ≤</i> (a)</p>
-
- <p><i>e ^ ( - ( α ( k / α - 1 )<sup>2</sup> ) /2
- )</i> ,</p>
-
- <p>where (a) follows from the Chernoff bound [<a href=
- "references.html#motwani95random">motwani95random</a>]. To
- calculate the probability that <i>some</i> bin contains a probe
- sequence greater than <i>k</i>, we note that the
- <i>l<sub>i</sub></i> are negatively-dependent [<a href=
- "references.html#dubhashi98neg">dubhashi98neg</a>]. Let
- <i><b>I</b>(.)</i> denote the indicator function. Then</p>
-
- <p><a name="at_least_k_i_n_some_bin" id=
- "at_least_k_i_n_some_bin"><i><b>P</b>( exists<sub>i</sub>
- l<sub>i</sub> ≥ k ) =</i> (3)</a></p>
-
- <p class="c2"><b>P</b> ( ∑ <sub>i = 1</sub><sup>m</sup>
- <b>I</b>(l<sub>i</sub> ≥ k) ≥ 1 ) =</p>
-
- <p><i><b>P</b> ( ∑ <sub>i = 1</sub><sup>m</sup> <b>I</b> (
- l<sub>i</sub> ≥ k ) ≥ m p<sub>1</sub> ( 1 + 1 / (m
- p<sub>1</sub>) - 1 ) ) ≤</i> (a)</p>
-
- <p class="c2">e ^ ( ( - m p<sub>1</sub> ( 1 / (m p<sub>1</sub>)
- - 1 ) <sup>2</sup> ) / 2 ) ,</p>
-
- <p>where (a) follows from the fact that the Chernoff bound can
- be applied to negatively-dependent variables [<a href=
- "references.html#dubhashi98neg">dubhashi98neg</a>]. Inserting
- <a href="#prob_of_p1">(2)</a> into <a href=
- "#at_least_k_i_n_some_bin">(3)</a>, and equating with
- <i>1/m</i>, we obtain</p>
-
- <p><i>k ~ √ ( 2 α</i> ln <i>2 m</i> ln<i>(m) )
- )</i> .</p>
-
- <h3><a name="imp_pb_ds" id="imp_pb_ds">Implementation</a></h3>
-
- <p>This sub-subsection describes the implementation of the
- above in <tt>pb_ds</tt>. It first describes resize policies and
- their decomposition into trigger and size policies, then
- describes pre-defined classes, and finally discusses controlled
- access the policies' internals.</p>
-
- <h4>Resize Policies and Their Decomposition</h4>
-
- <p>Each hash-based container is parametrized by a
- <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> parameter; the container derives
- <tt><b>public</b></tt>ly from <tt>Resize_Policy</tt>. For
- example:</p>
- <pre>
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html">cc_hash_table</a><
- <b>typename</b> Key,
- <b>typename</b> Mapped,
- ...
- <b>typename</b> Resize_Policy
- ...> :
- <b>public</b> Resize_Policy
-</pre>
-
- <p>As a container object is modified, it continuously notifies
- its <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> base of internal changes
- (<i>e.g.</i>, collisions encountered and elements being
- inserted). It queries its <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> base whether
- it needs to be resized, and if so, to what size.</p>
-
- <p>Figure <a href="#insert_resize_sequence_diagram1">Insert
- resize sequence diagram</a> shows a (possible) sequence diagram
- of an insert operation. The user inserts an element; the hash
- table notifies its resize policy that a search has started
- (point A); in this case, a single collision is encountered -
- the table notifies its resize policy of this (point B); the
- container finally notifies its resize policy that the search
- has ended (point C); it then queries its resize policy whether
- a resize is needed, and if so, what is the new size (points D
- to G); following the resize, it notifies the policy that a
- resize has completed (point H); finally, the element is
- inserted, and the policy notified (point I).</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="insert_resize_sequence_diagram1" id=
- "insert_resize_sequence_diagram1"><img src=
- "insert_resize_sequence_diagram1.png" alt=
- "no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Insert resize sequence diagram.</h6>
-
- <p>In practice, a resize policy can be usually orthogonally
- decomposed to a size policy and a trigger policy. Consequently,
- the library contains a single class for instantiating a resize
- policy: <a href=
- "hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- is parametrized by <tt>Size_Policy</tt> and
- <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt>, derives <tt><b>public</b></tt>ly from
- both, and acts as a standard delegate [<a href=
- "references.html#gamma95designpatterns">gamma95designpatterns</a>]
- to these policies.</p>
-
- <p>Figures <a href="#insert_resize_sequence_diagram2">Standard
- resize policy trigger sequence diagram</a> and <a href=
- "#insert_resize_sequence_diagram3">Standard resize policy size
- sequence diagram</a> show sequence diagrams illustrating the
- interaction between the standard resize policy and its trigger
- and size policies, respectively.</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="insert_resize_sequence_diagram2" id=
- "insert_resize_sequence_diagram2"><img src=
- "insert_resize_sequence_diagram2.png" alt=
- "no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Standard resize policy trigger sequence
- diagram.</h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="insert_resize_sequence_diagram3" id=
- "insert_resize_sequence_diagram3"><img src=
- "insert_resize_sequence_diagram3.png" alt=
- "no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Standard resize policy size sequence
- diagram.</h6>
-
- <h4>Pre-Defined Policies</h4>
-
- <p>The library includes the following
- instantiations of size and trigger policies:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href=
- "hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- implements a load check trigger policy.</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "cc_hash_max_collision_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>cc_hash_max_collision_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- implements a collision check trigger policy.</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
- implements an exponential-size policy (which should be used
- with mask range hashing).</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
- implementing a size policy based on a sequence of primes
- [<a href="references.html#sgi_stl">sgi_stl</a>] (which should
- be used with mod range hashing</li>
- </ol>
-
- <p>Figure <a href="#resize_policy_cd">Resize policy class
- diagram</a> gives an overall picture of the resize-related
- classes. <a href=
- "basic_hash_table.html"><tt>basic_hash_table</tt></a>
- is parametrized by <tt>Resize_Policy</tt>, which it subclasses
- publicly. This class is currently instantiated only by <a href=
- "hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>.
- <a href=
- "hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- itself is parametrized by <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> and
- <tt>Size_Policy</tt>. Currently, <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> is
- instantiated by <a href=
- "hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>,
- or <a href=
- "cc_hash_max_collision_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>cc_hash_max_collision_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>;
- <tt>Size_Policy</tt> is instantiated by <a href=
- "hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>,
- or <a href=
- "hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>.</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="resize_policy_cd" id=
- "resize_policy_cd"><img src="resize_policy_cd.png" alt=
- "no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Resize policy class diagram.</h6>
-
- <h4>Controlled Access to Policies' Internals</h4>
-
- <p>There are cases where (controlled) access to resize
- policies' internals is beneficial. <i>E.g.</i>, it is sometimes
- useful to query a hash-table for the table's actual size (as
- opposed to its <tt>size()</tt> - the number of values it
- currently holds); it is sometimes useful to set a table's
- initial size, externally resize it, or change load factors.</p>
-
- <p>Clearly, supporting such methods both decreases the
- encapsulation of hash-based containers, and increases the
- diversity between different associative-containers' interfaces.
- Conversely, omitting such methods can decrease containers'
- flexibility.</p>
-
- <p>In order to avoid, to the extent possible, the above
- conflict, the hash-based containers themselves do not address
- any of these questions; this is deferred to the resize policies,
- which are easier to change or replace. Thus, for example,
- neither <a href=
- "cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a> nor
- <a href=
- "gp_hash_table.html"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></a>
- contain methods for querying the actual size of the table; this
- is deferred to <a href=
- "hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>.</p>
-
- <p>Furthermore, the policies themselves are parametrized by
- template arguments that determine the methods they support
- ([<a href=
- "references.html#alexandrescu01modern">alexandrescu01modern</a>]
- shows techniques for doing so). <a href=
- "hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- is parametrized by <tt>External_Size_Access</tt> that
- determines whether it supports methods for querying the actual
- size of the table or resizing it. <a href=
- "hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- is parametrized by <tt>External_Load_Access</tt> that
- determines whether it supports methods for querying or
- modifying the loads. <a href=
- "cc_hash_max_collision_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>cc_hash_max_collision_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- is parametrized by <tt>External_Load_Access</tt> that
- determines whether it supports methods for querying the
- load.</p>
-
- <p>Some operations, for example, resizing a container at
- run time, or changing the load factors of a load-check trigger
- policy, require the container itself to resize. As mentioned
- above, the hash-based containers themselves do not contain
- these types of methods, only their resize policies.
- Consequently, there must be some mechanism for a resize policy
- to manipulate the hash-based container. As the hash-based
- container is a subclass of the resize policy, this is done
- through virtual methods. Each hash-based container has a
- <tt><b>private</b></tt> <tt><b>virtual</b></tt> method:</p>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual void</b>
- do_resize
- (size_type new_size);
-</pre>
-
- <p>which resizes the container. Implementations of
- <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> can export public methods for resizing
- the container externally; these methods internally call
- <tt>do_resize</tt> to resize the table.</p>
-
- <h2><a name="policy_interaction" id="policy_interaction">Policy
- Interaction</a></h2>
-
- <p>Hash-tables are unfortunately especially susceptible to
- choice of policies. One of the more complicated aspects of this
- is that poor combinations of good policies can form a poor
- container. Following are some considerations.</p>
-
- <h3><a name="policy_interaction_probe_size_trigger" id=
- "policy_interaction_probe_size_trigger">Probe Policies, Size
- Policies, and Trigger Policies</a></h3>
-
- <p>Some combinations do not work well for probing containers.
- For example, combining a quadratic probe policy with an
- exponential size policy can yield a poor container: when an
- element is inserted, a trigger policy might decide that there
- is no need to resize, as the table still contains unused
- entries; the probe sequence, however, might never reach any of
- the unused entries.</p>
-
- <p>Unfortunately, <tt>pb_ds</tt> cannot detect such problems at
- compilation (they are halting reducible). It therefore defines
- an exception class <a href=
- "insert_error.html"><tt>insert_error</tt></a> to throw an
- exception in this case.</p>
-
- <h3><a name="policy_interaction_hash_trigger" id=
- "policy_interaction_hash_trigger">Hash Policies and Trigger
- Policies</a></h3>
-
- <p>Some trigger policies are especially susceptible to poor
- hash functions. Suppose, as an extreme case, that the hash
- function transforms each key to the same hash value. After some
- inserts, a collision detecting policy will always indicate that
- the container needs to grow.</p>
-
- <p>The library, therefore, by design, limits each operation to
- one resize. For each <tt>insert</tt>, for example, it queries
- only once whether a resize is needed.</p>
-
- <h3><a name="policy_interaction_eq_sth_hash" id=
- "policy_interaction_eq_sth_hash">Equivalence Functors, Storing
- Hash Values, and Hash Functions</a></h3>
-
- <p><a href=
- "cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a> and
- <a href=
- "gp_hash_table.html"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></a> are
- parametrized by an equivalence functor and by a
- <tt>Store_Hash</tt> parameter. If the latter parameter is
- <tt><b>true</b></tt>, then the container stores with each entry
- a hash value, and uses this value in case of collisions to
- determine whether to apply a hash value. This can lower the
- cost of collision for some types, but increase the cost of
- collisions for other types.</p>
-
- <p>If a ranged-hash function or ranged probe function is
- directly supplied, however, then it makes no sense to store the
- hash value with each entry. <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s container will
- fail at compilation, by design, if this is attempted.</p>
-
- <h3><a name="policy_interaction_size_load_check" id=
- "policy_interaction_size_load_check">Size Policies and
- Load-Check Trigger Policies</a></h3>
-
- <p>Assume a size policy issues an increasing sequence of sizes
- <i>a, a q, a q<sup>1</sup>, a q<sup>2</sup>, ...</i> For
- example, an exponential size policy might issue the sequence of
- sizes <i>8, 16, 32, 64, ...</i></p>
-
- <p>If a load-check trigger policy is used, with loads
- <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i>,
- respectively, then it is a good idea to have:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li><i>α<sub>max</sub> ~ 1 / q</i></li>
-
- <li><i>α<sub>min</sub> < 1 / (2 q)</i></li>
- </ol>
-
- <p>This will ensure that the amortized hash cost of each
- modifying operation is at most approximately 3.</p>
-
- <p><i>α<sub>min</sub> ~ α<sub>max</sub></i> is, in
- any case, a bad choice, and <i>α<sub>min</sub> >
- α<sub>max</sub></i> is horrendous.</p>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>hash_exponential_size_policy Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A size policy whose sequence of sizes form an exponential
- sequence (typically powers of 2)</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/hash_policy.hpp"><tt>hash_policy.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Size_Type42920436" id=
-"Size_Type42920436"><b>typename</b> Size_Type </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>size_t</td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link3" id="link3">General Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_type55424436" id="size_type55424436">size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Size_Type42920436"><tt>Size_Type</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link4" id="link4">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link5" id="link5">Constructors, Destructor, and
- Related</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- hash_exponential_size_policy
- (<a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> start_size = 8,
- <a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> grow_factor = 2)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Default constructor, or constructor taking a
- <span class="c1"><tt>start_size</tt></span>, or
- constructor taking a start size and <span class=
- "c1"><tt>grow_factor</tt></span>. The policy will use the
- sequence of sizes <span class=
- "c1"><tt>start_size</tt></span>, <span class=
- "c1"><tt>start_size</tt></span> * <span class=
- "c1"><tt>grow_factor</tt></span>, <span class=
- "c1"><tt>start_size</tt></span> * <span class=
- "c1"><tt>grow_factor</tt></span>^2, ...</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- swap
- (<span class=
-"c2"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Swaps content.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link6" id="link6">Protected Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link7" id="link7">Size methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- get_nearest_larger_size
- (<a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> size) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Given a size <span class="c1"><tt>size</tt></span>,
- returns a size that is larger.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- get_nearest_smaller_size
- (<a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> size) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Given a size <span class="c1"><tt>size</tt></span>,
- returns a size that is smaller.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>hash_load_check_resize_trigger Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A resize trigger policy based on a load check. It keeps the
- load factor between some load factors load_min and
- load_max.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/hash_policy.hpp"><tt>hash_policy.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="External_Load_Access1313998607" id=
-"External_Load_Access1313998607"><b>bool</b> External_Load_Access </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Specifies whether the load factor can be accessed
- externally. The two options have different trade-offs in
- terms of flexibility, genericity, and encapsulation.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td><tt><b>false</b></tt></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Size_Type42920436" id=
-"Size_Type42920436"><b>typename</b> Size_Type </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>size_t</td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link3" id="link3">General Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_type55424436" id="size_type55424436">size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Size_Type42920436"><tt>Size_Type</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="external_load_access3976598639" id=
-"external_load_access3976598639">external_load_access</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"#External_Load_Access1313998607"><tt>External_Load_Access</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Indicates whether loads can be accessed externally</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link4" id="link4">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link5" id="link5">Constructors, Destructor, and
- Related</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- hash_load_check_resize_trigger
- (float load_min = 0.125,
- float load_max = 0.5)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Default constructor, or constructor taking
- <span class="c1"><tt>load_min</tt></span> and
- <span class="c1"><tt>load_max</tt></span> load factors
- between which this policy will keep the actual load.</p>
-
- <p>It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that
- <span class="c1"><tt>load_min</tt></span> is smaller than
- <span class="c1"><tt>load_max</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- swap
- (<span class=
-"c2"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Swaps content.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- <b>virtual</b>
- ~hash_load_check_resize_trigger
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Destructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Load Access Methods</a></h3>
-
- <p>These methods are only available if the external access
- parameter is set.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> std::pair<float, float>
- get_loads
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns a pair of the minimal and maximal loads,
- respectively.</p>
-
- <p>Calling this method will not compile when <a href=
- "#External_Load_Access1313998607"><tt>External_Load_Access</tt></a>
- == <tt><b>false</b></tt>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- set_loads
- (std::pair<float, float> load_pair)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Sets the loads through a pair of the minimal and
- maximal loads, respectively.</p>
-
- <p>Calling this method resizes the container, and might
- throw an exception. It is the responsibility of the user
- to pass appropriate loads to this function. Calling this
- method will not compile when <a href=
- "#External_Load_Access1313998607"><tt>External_Load_Access</tt></a>
- == <tt><b>false</b></tt>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link7" id="link7">Protected Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link8" id="link8">Insert Search
- Notifications.</a></h3>
-
- <p>Notifications called during an insert operation.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_insert_search_start
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search started.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_insert_search_collision
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search encountered a collision.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_insert_search_end
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search ended.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link9" id="link9">Find Search
- Notifications.</a></h3>
-
- <p>Notifications called during a find operation.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_find_search_start
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search started.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_find_search_collision
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search encountered a collision.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_find_search_end
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search ended.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link10" id="link10">Erase Search
- Notifications.</a></h3>
-
- <p>Notifications called during an insert operation.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_erase_search_start
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search started.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_erase_search_collision
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search encountered a collision.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_erase_search_end
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search ended.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link11" id="link11">Content Change
- Notifications.</a></h3>
-
- <p>Notifications called when the content of the table changes
- in a way that can affect the resize policy.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_inserted
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> num_entries)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies an element was inserted. the total number of
- entries in the table is <span class=
- "c1"><tt>num_entries</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_erased
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> num_entries)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies an element was erased.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- notify_cleared
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies the table was cleared.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link12" id="link12">Size Change
- Notifications.</a></h3>
-
- <p>Notifications called when the table changes size.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- notify_resized
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> new_size)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies the table was resized as a result of this
- object's signifying that a resize is needed.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- notify_externally_resized
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> new_size)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies the table was resized externally.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link13" id="link13">Queries</a></h3>
-
- <p>Called to query whether/how to resize.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>bool</b>
- is_resize_needed
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Queries whether a resize is needed.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>bool</b>
- is_grow_needed
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> size,
- <a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> num_entries) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Queries whether a grow is needed.</p>
-
- <p>This method is called only if this object indicated
- resize is needed. The actual <span class=
- "c1"><tt>size</tt></span> of the table is <span class=
- "c1"><tt>size</tt></span>, and the number of entries in
- it is <span class="c1"><tt>num_entries</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link14" id="link14">Private Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link15" id="link15">Overrides</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b> <b>void</b>
- do_resize
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> new_size)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Resizes to <span class=
- "c1"><tt>new_size</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>hash_prime_size_policy Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A size policy whose sequence of sizes form a
- nearly-exponential sequence of primes.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/hash_policy.hpp"><tt>hash_policy.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link2" id="link2">General Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_type55424436" id="size_type55424436">size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-size_t
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link3" id="link3">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">Constructors, Destructor, and
- Related</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- hash_prime_size_policy
- (<a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> start_size = 8)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Default constructor, or constructor taking a
- <span class="c1"><tt>start_size</tt></span> The policy
- will use the sequence of sizes approximately <span class=
- "c1"><tt>start_size</tt></span>, <span class=
- "c1"><tt>start_size</tt></span> * 2, <span class=
- "c1"><tt>start_size</tt></span> * 2^2, ...</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- swap
- (<span class=
-"c2"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Swaps content.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link5" id="link5">Protected Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Size methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- get_nearest_larger_size
- (<a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> size) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Given a size <span class="c1"><tt>size</tt></span>,
- returns a size that is larger.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- get_nearest_smaller_size
- (<a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> size) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Given a size <span class="c1"><tt>size</tt></span>,
- returns a size that is smaller.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>Tree Text Locality of Reference Timing Test</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>Hash-Based Erase Memory-Use Test</h1>
-<h2><a name="description" id="description">Description</a></h2>
-<p>This test inserts a number of uniform i.i.d. integer keys
- into a container, then erases all keys except one. It measures
- the final size of the container.</p>
-<p>(The test was executed with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/ext/pb_ds/hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage.cc"><tt>hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage.cc</tt></a>
- 2000 2000 2100)</p>
-<h2><a name="purpose" id="purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
-<p>The test checks how containers adjust internally as their
- logical size decreases (see <a href="motivation.html#assoc_ers_methods">Motivation::Associative
- Containers::Slightly Different Methods::Methods Related to
- Erase</a>).</p>
-<h2><a name="results" id="results">Results</a></h2>
-<p>Figures <a href="#NHG">NHG</a>, <a href="#NHM">NHM</a> and
- <a href="#NHL">NHL</a> show the results for the native and
- collision-chaining types in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a> and
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively.</p>
-<div id="NHG_res_div">
-<div id="NHG_gcc">
-<div id="NHG_hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage_test">
-<div id="NHG_assoc">
-<div id="NHG_Native_456_collision-chaing_456_and_probing_456_hash_random_int_erase_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NHG" id="NHG"><img src="hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage_test_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NHG: Native, collision-chaing, and probing, hash random int erase test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_hash_set_ncah-
-<tt>std::tr1::unordered_set</tt> with <tt>cache_hash_code</tt> = <tt><b>false</b></tt></li>
-<li>
-gp_hash_mask_linp_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="gp_hash_table.html"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></a>
- with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, and <tt>Probe_Fn</tt> = <a href="linear_probe_fn.html"><tt>linear_probe_fn</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/1</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NHM_res_div">
-<div id="NHM_msvc">
-<div id="NHM_hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage_test">
-<div id="NHM_assoc">
-<div id="NHM_Native_456_collision-chaing_456_and_probing_456_hash_random_int_erase_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NHM" id="NHM"><img src="hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage_test_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NHM: Native, collision-chaing, and probing, hash random int erase test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_hash_set_ncah-
-<tt>stdext::hash_set</tt></li>
-<li>
-gp_hash_mask_linp_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="gp_hash_table.html"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></a>
- with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, and <tt>Probe_Fn</tt> = <a href="linear_probe_fn.html"><tt>linear_probe_fn</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/1</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NHM_res_div">
-<div id="NHM_msvc">
-<div id="NHM_hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage_test">
-<div id="NHM_assoc">
-<div id="NHM_Native_456_collision-chaing_456_and_probing_456_hash_random_int_erase_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NHM" id="NHM"><img src="hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage_test_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NHM: Native, collision-chaing, and probing, hash random int erase test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_hash_set_ncah-
-<tt>stdext::hash_set</tt></li>
-<li>
-gp_hash_mask_linp_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="gp_hash_table.html"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></a>
- with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, and <tt>Probe_Fn</tt> = <a href="linear_probe_fn.html"><tt>linear_probe_fn</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/1</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NHL_res_div">
-<div id="NHL_local">
-<div id="NHL_hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage_test">
-<div id="NHL_assoc">
-<div id="NHL_Native_456_collision-chaing_456_and_probing_456_hash_random_int_erase_test"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NHL" id= "NHL"><img src="hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage_test_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NHL: Native, collision-chaing, and probing, hash random int erase test - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2><a name="observations" id="observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<p>STL hash-based containers act very differently than trees in
- this respect. When erasing numerous keys from an STL
- associative-container, the resulting memory user varies greatly
- depending on whether the container is tree-based or hash-based.
- As noted in <a href="motivation.html#assoc_methods">Motivation::Choice of
- Methods</a> , this is a fundamental consequence of the STL's
- associative containers' interface, it is not due to a specific
- implementation.</p>
-<p>(See <a href="priority_queue_text_pop_mem_usage_test.html">Priority Queue
- Text <tt>pop</tt> Memory Use Test</a> for a similar phenomenon
- regarding priority queues.)</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>Hash Random Int Find Timing Test</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>Hash-Based Random-Integer <tt>find</tt> Find Timing
- Test</h1>
-<h2><a name="description" id="description">Description</a></h2>
-<p>This test inserts a number of values with uniform i.i.d.
- integer keys into a container, then performs a series of finds
- using <tt>find</tt>. It measures the average time
- for<tt>find</tt> as a function of the number of values
- inserted.</p>
-<p>(The test was executed with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/ext/pb_ds/random_int_find_timing.cc"><tt>random_int_find_timing_test</tt></a>
- 200 200 2100)</p>
-<h2><a name="purpose" id="purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
-<p>The test checks the effect of different underlying
- hash-tables (see <a href="hash_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Associative Containers::Hash-Based Containers</a>),
- range-hashing functions, and trigger policies (see <a href="hash_based_containers.html#hash_policies">Design::Associative
- Containers::Hash-Based Containers::Hash Policies</a> and
- <a href="hash_based_containers.html#resize_policies">Design::Associative
- Containers::Hash-Based Containers::Resize Policies</a>).</p>
-<h2><a name="results" id="results">Results</a></h2>
-<p>Figures <a href="#NCCG">NCCG</a>, <a href="#NCCM">NCCM</a>,
- and <a href="#NCCL">NCCL</a> show the results for the native
- and collision-chaining types in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>MSVC++</u></a>, and
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively; Figures <a href="#NGPG">NGPG</a>, <a href="#NGPM">NGPM</a>, and <a href="#NGPL">NGPL</a> show the results
- for the native and probing types in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>MSVC++</u></a>, and
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>
- respectively.</p>
-<div id="NCCG_res_div">
-<div id="NCCG_gcc">
-<div id="NCCG_cc_hash_random_int_find_timing_test">
-<div id="NCCG_assoc">
-<div id="NCCG_Native_and_collision-chaining_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_using__tt_find_455tt_"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NCCG" id="NCCG"><img src="cc_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NCCG: Native and collision-chaining hash random int find timing test using <tt>find</tt> - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_hash_map_ncah-
-<tt>std::tr1::unordered_map</tt> with <tt>cache_hash_code</tt> = <tt><b>false</b></tt></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/1</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/1</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NCCM_res_div">
-<div id="NCCM_msvc">
-<div id="NCCM_cc_hash_random_int_find_timing_test">
-<div id="NCCM_assoc">
-<div id="NCCM_Native_and_collision-chaining_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_using__tt_find_455tt_"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NCCM" id="NCCM"><img src="cc_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NCCM: Native and collision-chaining hash random int find timing test using <tt>find</tt> - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/1</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-n_hash_map_ncah-
-<tt>stdext::hash_map</tt></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/1</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NCCL_res_div">
-<div id="NCCL_local">
-<div id="NCCL_cc_hash_random_int_find_timing_test">
-<div id="NCCL_assoc">
-<div id="NCCL_Native_and_collision-chaining_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_using__tt_find_455tt_"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NCCL" id= "NCCL"><img src="cc_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NCCL: Native and collision-chaining hash random int find timing test using <tt>find</tt> - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NGPG_res_div">
-<div id="NGPG_gcc">
-<div id="NGPG_gp_hash_random_int_find_timing_test">
-<div id="NGPG_assoc">
-<div id="NGPG_Native_and_collision-chaining_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_using__tt_find_455tt_"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NGPG" id="NGPG"><img src="gp_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NGPG: Native and collision-chaining hash random int find timing test using <tt>find</tt> - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-gp_hash_mod_quadp_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="gp_hash_table.html"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></a>
- with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, and <tt>Probe_Fn</tt> = <a href="quadratic_probe_fn.html"><tt>quadratic_probe_fn</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-n_hash_map_ncah-
-<tt>std::tr1::unordered_map</tt> with <tt>cache_hash_code</tt> = <tt><b>false</b></tt></li>
-<li>
-gp_hash_mask_linp_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="gp_hash_table.html"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></a>
- with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, and <tt>Probe_Fn</tt> = <a href="linear_probe_fn.html"><tt>linear_probe_fn</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NGPM_res_div">
-<div id="NGPM_msvc">
-<div id="NGPM_gp_hash_random_int_find_timing_test">
-<div id="NGPM_assoc">
-<div id="NGPM_Native_and_collision-chaining_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_using__tt_find_455tt_"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NGPM" id="NGPM"><img src="gp_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NGPM: Native and collision-chaining hash random int find timing test using <tt>find</tt> - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-gp_hash_mod_quadp_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="gp_hash_table.html"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></a>
- with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, and <tt>Probe_Fn</tt> = <a href="quadratic_probe_fn.html"><tt>quadratic_probe_fn</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-n_hash_map_ncah-
-<tt>stdext::hash_map</tt></li>
-<li>
-gp_hash_mask_linp_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="gp_hash_table.html"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></a>
- with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, and <tt>Probe_Fn</tt> = <a href="linear_probe_fn.html"><tt>linear_probe_fn</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NGPL_res_div">
-<div id="NGPL_local">
-<div id="NGPL_gp_hash_random_int_find_timing_test">
-<div id="NGPL_assoc">
-<div id="NGPL_Native_and_collision-chaining_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_using__tt_find_455tt_"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NGPL" id= "NGPL"><img src="gp_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NGPL: Native and collision-chaining hash random int find timing test using <tt>find</tt> - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2><a name="observations" id="observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<p>In this setting, the choice of underlying hash-table (see
- <a href="hash_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Hash-Based Containers</a> ) affects performance
- most, then the range-hashing scheme (See <a href="hash_based_containers.html#hash_policies">Design::Associative
- Containers::Hash-Based Containers::Hash Policies</a> ), and,
- only finally, other policies.</p>
-<p>When comparing Figures <a href="#NCCG">NCCG</a> and <a href="#NCCM">NCCM</a> to <a href="#NGPG">NGPG</a> and <a href="#NGPM">NGPM</a> , respectively, it is apparent that the
- probing containers are less efficient than the
- collision-chaining containers (both
- <tt>std::tr1::unordered_map</tt> and <tt>stdext::hash_map</tt>
- use collision-chaining) in this case.</p>
-<p>( <a href="hash_random_int_subscript_insert_timing_test.html">Hash-Based
- Random-Integer Subscript Insert Timing Test</a> shows a
- different case, where the situation is reversed; <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#hash_based_types">Observations::Hash-Based
- Container Types</a> discusses some further considerations.)</p>
-<p>Within each type of hash-table, the range-hashing scheme
- affects performance more than other policies; <a href="hash_text_find_find_timing_test.html#observations">Hash-Based
- Text <tt>find</tt> Find Timing Test::Observations</a> discusses
- this. In Figures <a href="#NCCG">NCCG</a> , <a href="#NCCM">NCCM</a> , <a href="#NGPG">NGPG</a> , and <a href="#NGPM">NGPM</a> , it should be noted that
- <tt>std::tr1::unordered_map</tt> and <tt>stdext::hash_map</tt>
- are hard-wired currently to mod-based and mask-based schemes,
- respectively.</p>
-<p><a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#hash_based_types">Observations::Hash-Based
- Container Types</a> summarizes some observations on hash-based
- containers; <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#hash_based_policies">Observations::Hash-Based
- Containers' Policies</a> summarizes some observations on
- hash-based containers' policies.</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>Hash Random Int Subscript Find Timing Test</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>Hash-Based Random-Integer <tt><b>operator</b>[]</tt>
- FindTiming Test</h1>
-<h2><a name="description" id="description">Description</a></h2>
-<p>This test inserts a number of values with uniform i.i.d.
- integer keys into a container, then performs a series of finds
- using <tt><b>operator</b>[]</tt>. It measures the average time
- for <tt><b>operator</b>[]</tt> as a function of the number of
- values inserted.</p>
-<p>(The test was executed with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/ext/pb_ds/random_int_subscript_find_timing.cc"><tt>hash_random_int_subscript_find_timing_test</tt></a>
- 200 200 2100)</p>
-<h2><a name="purpose" id="purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
-<p>The test checks the effect of different underlying
- hash-tables (see <a href="hash_based_containers.html">Design::Hash-Based Containers</a>
- ), range-hashing functions, and trigger policies (see <a href="hash_based_containers.html#hash_policies">Design::Hash-Based
- Containers::Hash Policies</a> and <a href="hash_based_containers.html#resize_policies">Design::Hash-Based
- Containers::Resize Policies</a> ).</p>
-<h2><a name="results" id="results">Results</a></h2>
-<p>Figures <a href="#NCCG">NCCG</a>, <a href="#NCCM">NCCM</a>,
- and <a href="#NCCL">NCCL</a> show the results for the native
- and collision-chaining types in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>MSVC++</u></a>, and
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively; Figures <a href="#NGPG">NGPG</a>, <a href="#NGPM">NGPM</a>, and <a href="#NGPL">NGPL</a> show the results
- for the native and probing types in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>MSVC++</u></a>, and
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively.</p>
-<div id="NCCG_res_div">
-<div id="NCCG_gcc">
-<div id="NCCG_cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find">
-<div id="NCCG_assoc">
-<div id="NCCG_Native_and_collision-chaining_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_using__tt__b_operator_455b__455tt__457"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NCCG" id="NCCG"><img src="cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NCCG: Native and collision-chaining hash random int find timing test using <tt><b>operator</b></tt>[] - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_hash_map_ncah-
-<tt>std::tr1::unordered_map</tt> with <tt>cache_hash_code</tt> = <tt><b>false</b></tt></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/1</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/1</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NCCM_res_div">
-<div id="NCCM_msvc">
-<div id="NCCM_cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find">
-<div id="NCCM_assoc">
-<div id="NCCM_Native_and_collision-chaining_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_using__tt__b_operator_455b__455tt__457"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NCCM" id="NCCM"><img src="cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NCCM: Native and collision-chaining hash random int find timing test using <tt><b>operator</b></tt>[] - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/1</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-n_hash_map_ncah-
-<tt>stdext::hash_map</tt></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/1</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NCCL_res_div">
-<div id="NCCL_local">
-<div id="NCCL_cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find">
-<div id="NCCL_assoc">
-<div id="NCCL_Native_and_collision-chaining_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_using__tt__b_operator_455b__455tt__457"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NCCL" id= "NCCL"><img src="cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NCCL: Native and collision-chaining hash random int find timing test using <tt><b>operator</b></tt>[] - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NGPG_res_div">
-<div id="NGPG_gcc">
-<div id="NGPG_gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find">
-<div id="NGPG_assoc">
-<div id="NGPG_Native_and_probing_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_using__tt__b_operator_455b__455tt__457"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NGPG" id="NGPG"><img src="gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NGPG: Native and probing hash random int find timing test using <tt><b>operator</b></tt>[] - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_hash_map_ncah-
-<tt>std::tr1::unordered_map</tt> with <tt>cache_hash_code</tt> = <tt><b>false</b></tt></li>
-<li>
-gp_hash_mod_quadp_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="gp_hash_table.html"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></a>
- with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, and <tt>Probe_Fn</tt> = <a href="quadratic_probe_fn.html"><tt>quadratic_probe_fn</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-gp_hash_mask_linp_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="gp_hash_table.html"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></a>
- with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, and <tt>Probe_Fn</tt> = <a href="linear_probe_fn.html"><tt>linear_probe_fn</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NGPM_res_div">
-<div id="NGPM_msvc">
-<div id="NGPM_gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find">
-<div id="NGPM_assoc">
-<div id="NGPM_Native_and_probing_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_using__tt__b_operator_455b__455tt__457"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NGPM" id="NGPM"><img src="gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NGPM: Native and probing hash random int find timing test using <tt><b>operator</b></tt>[] - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-gp_hash_mod_quadp_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="gp_hash_table.html"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></a>
- with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, and <tt>Probe_Fn</tt> = <a href="quadratic_probe_fn.html"><tt>quadratic_probe_fn</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-n_hash_map_ncah-
-<tt>stdext::hash_map</tt></li>
-<li>
-gp_hash_mask_linp_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="gp_hash_table.html"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></a>
- with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, and <tt>Probe_Fn</tt> = <a href="linear_probe_fn.html"><tt>linear_probe_fn</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NGPL_res_div">
-<div id="NGPL_local">
-<div id="NGPL_gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find">
-<div id="NGPL_assoc">
-<div id="NGPL_Native_and_probing_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_using__tt__b_operator_455b__455tt__457"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NGPL" id= "NGPL"><img src="gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NGPL: Native and probing hash random int find timing test using <tt><b>operator</b></tt>[] - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2><a name="observations" id="observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<p>This test shows similar results to <a href="hash_random_int_find_find_timing_test.html">Hash-Based
- Random-Integer <tt>find</tt> Find Timing Test</a> .</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>Hash Random Int Subscript Insert Timing Test</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>Hash-Based Random-Integer <tt><b>operator</b>[]</tt> Insert
- Timing Test</h1>
-<h2><a name="description" id="description">Description</a></h2>
-<p>This test inserts a number of values with uniform i.i.d.
- integer keys into a container, using
- <tt><b>operator</b>[]</tt>. It measures the average time for
- <tt><b>operator</b>[]</tt> as a function of the number of
- values inserted.</p>
-<p>(The test was executed with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/ext/pb_ds/random_int_subscript_insert_timing.cc"><tt>hash_random_int_subscript_insert_timing_test</tt></a>
- 200 200 2100)</p>
-<h2><a name="purpose" id="purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
-<p>The test primarily checks the effect of different underlying
- hash-tables (see <a href="hash_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Associative Containers::Hash-Based
- Containers</a>).</p>
-<h2><a name="results" id="results">Results</a></h2>
-<p>Figures <a href="#NCCG">NCCG</a>, <a href="#NCCM">NCCM</a>,
- and <a href="#NCCL">NCCL</a> show the results for the native
- and collision-chaining types in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>MSVC++</u></a>, and
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively; Figures <a href="#NGPG">NGPG</a>, <a href="#NGPM">NGPM</a>, and <a href="#NGPL">NGPL</a> show the results
- for the native and probing types in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>, and
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>
- respectively; Figures <a href="#CCGPG">CCGPG</a>, <a href="#CCGPM">CCGPM</a>, and <a href="#CCGPL">CCGPL</a> compare the
- results for the collision-chaining and probing types of
- <tt>pb_ds</tt> only, in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>MSVC++</u></a>, and
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>
- respectively.</p>
-<div id="NCCG_res_div">
-<div id="NCCG_gcc">
-<div id="NCCG_cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert">
-<div id="NCCG_assoc">
-<div id="NCCG_Native_and_collision-chaining_hash_random_int_insert_timing_test_using__tt__b_operator_455b__455tt_"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NCCG" id="NCCG"><img src="cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NCCG: Native and collision-chaining hash random int insert timing test using <tt><b>operator</b></tt> - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-n_hash_map_ncah-
-<tt>std::tr1::unordered_map</tt> with <tt>cache_hash_code</tt> = <tt><b>false</b></tt></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/1</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/1</i></li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NCCM_res_div">
-<div id="NCCM_msvc">
-<div id="NCCM_cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert">
-<div id="NCCM_assoc">
-<div id="NCCM_Native_and_collision-chaining_hash_random_int_insert_timing_test_using__tt__b_operator_455b__455tt_"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NCCM" id="NCCM"><img src="cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NCCM: Native and collision-chaining hash random int insert timing test using <tt><b>operator</b></tt> - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_hash_map_ncah-
-<tt>stdext::hash_map</tt></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/1</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/1</i></li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NCCL_res_div">
-<div id="NCCL_local">
-<div id="NCCL_cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert">
-<div id="NCCL_assoc">
-<div id="NCCL_Native_and_collision-chaining_hash_random_int_insert_timing_test_using__tt__b_operator_455b__455tt_"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NCCL" id= "NCCL"><img src="cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NCCL: Native and collision-chaining hash random int insert timing test using <tt><b>operator</b></tt> - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NGPG_res_div">
-<div id="NGPG_gcc">
-<div id="NGPG_gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert">
-<div id="NGPG_assoc">
-<div id="NGPG_Native_and_probing_hash_random_int_insert_timing_test_using__tt__b_operator_455b__455tt_"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NGPG" id="NGPG"><img src="gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NGPG: Native and probing hash random int insert timing test using <tt><b>operator</b></tt> - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-gp_hash_mod_quadp_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="gp_hash_table.html"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></a>
- with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, and <tt>Probe_Fn</tt> = <a href="quadratic_probe_fn.html"><tt>quadratic_probe_fn</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-n_hash_map_ncah-
-<tt>std::tr1::unordered_map</tt> with <tt>cache_hash_code</tt> = <tt><b>false</b></tt></li>
-<li>
-gp_hash_mask_linp_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="gp_hash_table.html"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></a>
- with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, and <tt>Probe_Fn</tt> = <a href="linear_probe_fn.html"><tt>linear_probe_fn</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NGPM_res_div">
-<div id="NGPM_msvc">
-<div id="NGPM_gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert">
-<div id="NGPM_assoc">
-<div id="NGPM_Native_and_probing_hash_random_int_insert_timing_test_using__tt__b_operator_455b__455tt_"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NGPM" id="NGPM"><img src="gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NGPM: Native and probing hash random int insert timing test using <tt><b>operator</b></tt> - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_hash_map_ncah-
-<tt>stdext::hash_map</tt></li>
-<li>
-gp_hash_mod_quadp_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="gp_hash_table.html"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></a>
- with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, and <tt>Probe_Fn</tt> = <a href="quadratic_probe_fn.html"><tt>quadratic_probe_fn</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-gp_hash_mask_linp_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="gp_hash_table.html"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></a>
- with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, and <tt>Probe_Fn</tt> = <a href="linear_probe_fn.html"><tt>linear_probe_fn</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NGPL_res_div">
-<div id="NGPL_local">
-<div id="NGPL_gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert">
-<div id="NGPL_assoc">
-<div id="NGPL_Native_and_probing_hash_random_int_insert_timing_test_using__tt__b_operator_455b__455tt_"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NGPL" id= "NGPL"><img src="gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NGPL: Native and probing hash random int insert timing test using <tt><b>operator</b></tt> - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="CCGPG_res_div">
-<div id="CCGPG_gcc">
-<div id="CCGPG_ccgp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert">
-<div id="CCGPG_assoc">
-<div id="CCGPG_Collision-chaining_and_probing_hash_random_int_insert_timing_test_using__tt__b_operator_455b__455tt_"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="CCGPG" id="CCGPG"><img src="ccgp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>CCGPG: Collision-chaining and probing hash random int insert timing test using <tt><b>operator</b></tt> - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-gp_hash_mod_quadp_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="gp_hash_table.html"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></a>
- with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, and <tt>Probe_Fn</tt> = <a href="quadratic_probe_fn.html"><tt>quadratic_probe_fn</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-gp_hash_mask_linp_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="gp_hash_table.html"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></a>
- with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, and <tt>Probe_Fn</tt> = <a href="linear_probe_fn.html"><tt>linear_probe_fn</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="CCGPM_res_div">
-<div id="CCGPM_msvc">
-<div id="CCGPM_ccgp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert">
-<div id="CCGPM_assoc">
-<div id="CCGPM_Collision-chaining_and_probing_hash_random_int_insert_timing_test_using__tt__b_operator_455b__455tt_"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="CCGPM" id="CCGPM"><img src="ccgp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>CCGPM: Collision-chaining and probing hash random int insert timing test using <tt><b>operator</b></tt> - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-gp_hash_mod_quadp_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="gp_hash_table.html"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></a>
- with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, and <tt>Probe_Fn</tt> = <a href="quadratic_probe_fn.html"><tt>quadratic_probe_fn</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-gp_hash_mask_linp_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="gp_hash_table.html"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></a>
- with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, and <tt>Probe_Fn</tt> = <a href="linear_probe_fn.html"><tt>linear_probe_fn</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="CCGPL_res_div">
-<div id="CCGPL_local">
-<div id="CCGPL_ccgp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert">
-<div id="CCGPL_assoc">
-<div id="CCGPL_Collision-chaining_and_probing_hash_random_int_insert_timing_test_using__tt__b_operator_455b__455tt_"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="CCGPL" id= "CCGPL"><img src="ccgp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>CCGPL: Collision-chaining and probing hash random int insert timing test using <tt><b>operator</b></tt> - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2><a name="observations" id="observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<p>In this setting, as in <a href="hash_text_find_find_timing_test.html">Hash-Based Text
- <tt>find</tt> Find Timing Test</a> and <a href="hash_random_int_find_find_timing_test.html">Hash-Based
- Random-Integer <tt>find</tt> Find Timing Test</a> , the choice
- of underlying hash-table underlying hash-table (see <a href="hash_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Hash-Based Containers</a> ) affects performance
- most, then the range-hashing scheme (See <a href="hash_based_containers.html#hash_policies">Design::Associative
- Containers::Hash-Based Containers::Hash Policies</a> ), and,
- only finally, other policies.</p>
-<p>There are some differences, however:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>In this setting, probing tables function sometimes more
- efficiently than collision-chaining tables (see Figures
- <a href="#CCGPG">CCGPG</a> and <a href="#CCGPM">CCGPM</a> ).
- This is explained shortly.</li>
-<li>The performance graphs have a "saw-tooth" shape. The
- average insert time rises and falls. As values are inserted
- into the container, the load factor grows larger. Eventually,
- a resize occurs. The reallocations and rehashing are
- relatively expensive. After this, the load factor is smaller
- than before.</li>
-</ol>
-<p>Collision-chaining containers use indirection for greater
- flexibility; probing containers store values contiguously, in
- an array (see Figure <a href="motivation.html#different_underlying_data_structures">Motivation::Different
- underlying data structures</a> A and B, respectively). It
- follows that for simple data types, probing containers access
- their allocator less frequently than collision-chaining
- containers, (although they still have less efficient probing
- sequences). This explains why some probing containers fare
- better than collision-chaining containers in this case.</p>
-<p>Within each type of hash-table, the range-hashing scheme
- affects performance more than other policies. This is similar
- to the situation in <a href="hash_text_find_find_timing_test.html">Hash-Based Text
- <tt>find</tt> Find Timing Test</a> and <a href="hash_random_int_find_find_timing_test.html">Hash-Based
- Random-Integer <tt>find</tt> Find Timing Test</a>.
- Unsurprisingly, however, containers with <u>lower</u>
-<i>alpha<sub>max</sub></i> perform <u>worse</u> in this case,
- since more re-hashes are performed.</p>
-<p><a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#hash_based_types">Observations::Hash-Based
- Container Types</a> summarizes some observations on hash-based
- containers; <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#hash_based_policies">Observations::Hash-Based
- Containers' Policies</a> summarizes some observations on
- hash-based containers' policies.</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>hash_standard_resize_policy Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A resize policy which delegates operations to size and
- trigger policies.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/hash_policy.hpp"><tt>hash_policy.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Size_Policy1072992366" id=
-"Size_Policy1072992366"><b>class</b> Size_Policy </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size policy type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td><a href=
- "hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><span class="c2"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></span></a></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Trigger_Policy3611271815" id=
-"Trigger_Policy3611271815"><b>class</b> Trigger_Policy </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Trigger policy type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td><a href=
- "hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></span></a></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="External_Size_Access1380482982" id=
-"External_Size_Access1380482982"><b>bool</b> External_Size_Access </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Indicates whether physical sizes can be accessed
- externally.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td><tt><b>false</b></tt></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Size_Type42920436" id=
-"Size_Type42920436"><b>typename</b> Size_Type </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>size_t</td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Size_Policy1072992366"><tt>Size_Policy</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Trigger_Policy3611271815"><tt>Trigger_Policy</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link3" id="link3">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">General Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_type55424436" id="size_type55424436">size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Size_Type42920436"><tt>Size_Type</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link5" id="link5">Policy Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="trigger_policy4019166151" id=
-"trigger_policy4019166151">trigger_policy</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Trigger_Policy3611271815"><tt>Trigger_Policy</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Trigger policy type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_policy1385592366" id=
-"size_policy1385592366">size_policy</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Size_Policy1072992366"><tt>Size_Policy</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size policy type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="external_size_access4043083014" id=
-"external_size_access4043083014">external_size_access</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"#External_Size_Access1380482982"><tt>External_Size_Access</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Indicates whether sizes can be accessed
- externally.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link6" id="link6">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link7" id="link7">Constructors, Destructor, and
- Related</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- hash_standard_resize_policy
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Default constructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- hash_standard_resize_policy
- (<b>const</b> <a href=
-"#Size_Policy1072992366"><tt>Size_Policy</tt></a> &r_size_policy)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>constructor taking some policies <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_size_policy</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#Size_Policy1072992366"><tt>Size_Policy</tt></a>
- object of this object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- hash_standard_resize_policy
- (<b>const</b> <a href=
-"#Size_Policy1072992366"><tt>Size_Policy</tt></a> &r_size_policy,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#Trigger_Policy3611271815"><tt>Trigger_Policy</tt></a> &r_trigger_policy)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>constructor taking some policies. <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_size_policy</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#Size_Policy1072992366"><tt>Size_Policy</tt></a>
- object of this object. <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_trigger_policy</tt></span> will be copied by
- the <a href=
- "#Trigger_Policy3611271815"><tt>Trigger_Policy</tt></a>
- object of this object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b>
- ~hash_standard_resize_policy
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Destructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- swap
- (<span class=
-"c2"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Swaps content.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link8" id="link8">Policy Access Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Size_Policy1072992366"><tt>Size_Policy</tt></a> &
- get_size_policy
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Access to the <a href=
- "#Size_Policy1072992366"><tt>Size_Policy</tt></a> object
- used.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>const</b> <a href=
-"#Size_Policy1072992366"><tt>Size_Policy</tt></a> &
- get_size_policy
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const access to the <a href=
- "#Size_Policy1072992366"><tt>Size_Policy</tt></a> object
- used.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"#Trigger_Policy3611271815"><tt>Trigger_Policy</tt></a> &
- get_trigger_policy
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Access to the <a href=
- "#Trigger_Policy3611271815"><tt>Trigger_Policy</tt></a>
- object used.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>const</b> <a href=
-"#Trigger_Policy3611271815"><tt>Trigger_Policy</tt></a> &
- get_trigger_policy
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Access to the <a href=
- "#Trigger_Policy3611271815"><tt>Trigger_Policy</tt></a>
- object used.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link9" id="link9">Size Access Methods</a></h3>
-
- <p>These methods are available only if the external size
- parameter indicates that external size access is allowed.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- get_actual_size
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the actual size of the container.</p>
-
- <p>This method returns the number of entries (used and
- unused) in the container. It is different from the
- container's size method, which returns the number of used
- entries. Calling this method will not compile when
- <a href=
- "#External_Size_Access1380482982"><tt>External_Size_Access</tt></a>
- == <tt><b>false</b></tt>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- resize
- (<a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> suggested_new_size)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Resizes the container to <span class=
- "c1"><tt>suggested_new_size</tt></span>, a suggested size
- (the actual size will be determined by the <a href=
- "#Size_Policy1072992366"><tt>Size_Policy</tt></a>
- object).</p>
-
- <p>Calling this method will not compile when <a href=
- "#External_Size_Access1380482982"><tt>External_Size_Access</tt></a>
- == <tt><b>false</b></tt>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link10" id="link10">Protected Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link11" id="link11">Insert Search
- Notifications.</a></h3>
-
- <p>Notifications called during an insert operation.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_insert_search_start
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search started.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_insert_search_collision
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search encountered a collision.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_insert_search_end
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search ended.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link12" id="link12">Find Search
- Notifications.</a></h3>
-
- <p>Notifications called during a find operation.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_find_search_start
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search started.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_find_search_collision
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search encountered a collision.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_find_search_end
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search ended.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link13" id="link13">Erase Search
- Notifications.</a></h3>
-
- <p>Notifications called during an insert operation.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_erase_search_start
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search started.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_erase_search_collision
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search encountered a collision.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_erase_search_end
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search ended.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link14" id="link14">Content Change
- Notifications</a></h3>
-
- <p>Notifications called when the content of the table changes
- in a way that can affect the resize policy.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_inserted
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> num_e)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies an element was inserted.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_erased
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> num_e)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies an element was erased.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- notify_cleared
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies the table was cleared.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link15" id="link15">Size Change
- Notifications</a></h3>
-
- <p>Notifications called when the table changes size.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- notify_resized
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> new_size)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies the table was resized to <span class=
- "c1"><tt>new_size</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link16" id="link16">Queries</a></h3>
-
- <p>Called to query whether/how to resize.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>bool</b>
- is_resize_needed
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Queries whether a resize is needed.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- get_new_size
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> size,
- <a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> num_used_e) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Queries what the new <span class=
- "c1"><tt>size</tt></span> should be, when the container
- is resized naturally. The current size of the container
- is <span class="c1"><tt>size</tt></span>, and the number
- of used entries within the container is <span class=
- "c1"><tt>num_used_e</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link17" id="link17">Private Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link18" id="link18">Overrides</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b> <b>void</b>
- do_resize
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> new_size)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Resizes to <span class=
- "c1"><tt>new_size</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>Hash Text Find Timing Test</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>Hash-Based Text <tt>find</tt> Find Timing Test</h1>
-<h2><a name="description" id="description">Description</a></h2>
-<p>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
- arbitrary text ([ <a href="references.html#wickland96thirty">wickland96thirty</a> ]) into
- a container, then performs a series of finds using
- <tt>find</tt> . It measures the average time for <tt>find</tt>
- as a function of the number of values inserted.</p>
-<p>(The test was executed with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/ext/pb_ds/text_find_timing.cc"><tt>text_find_timing_test</tt></a>
- thirty_years_among_the_dead_preproc.txt 200 200 2100)</p>
-<h2><a name="purpose" id="purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
-<p>The test checks the effect of different range-hashing
- functions, trigger policies, and cache-hashing policies (see
- <a href="hash_based_containers.html#hash_policies">Design::Associative
- Containers::Associative Containers::Hash-Based Containers::Hash
- Policies</a> and <a href="hash_based_containers.html#resize_policies">Design::Associative
- Containers::Hash-Based Containers::Resize Policies</a> ).</p>
-<h2><a name="results" id="results">Results</a></h2>
-<p>Figures <a href="#NCCG">NCCG</a>, <a href="#NCCM">NCCM</a>
- and <a href="#NCCL">NCCL</a> show the results for the native
- and collision-chaining types in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>, and
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respetively.</p>
-<div id="NCCG_res_div">
-<div id="NCCG_gcc">
-<div id="NCCG_text_find_timing_test_hash">
-<div id="NCCG_assoc">
-<div id="NCCG_Native_and_collision-chaining_hash_text_find_timing_test_using__tt_find_455tt_"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NCCG" id="NCCG"><img src="text_find_timing_test_hash_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NCCG: Native and collision-chaining hash text find timing test using <tt>find</tt> - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_hash_map_ncah-
-<tt>std::tr1::unordered_map</tt> with <tt>cache_hash_code</tt> = <tt><b>false</b></tt></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/1</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_sth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/1</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NCCM_res_div">
-<div id="NCCM_msvc">
-<div id="NCCM_text_find_timing_test_hash">
-<div id="NCCM_assoc">
-<div id="NCCM_Native_and_collision-chaining_hash_text_find_timing_test_using__tt_find_455tt_"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NCCM" id="NCCM"><img src="text_find_timing_test_hash_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NCCM: Native and collision-chaining hash text find timing test using <tt>find</tt> - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_hash_map_ncah-
-<tt>stdext::hash_map</tt></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/1</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/1</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_sth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NCCL_res_div">
-<div id="NCCL_local">
-<div id="NCCL_text_find_timing_test_hash">
-<div id="NCCL_assoc">
-<div id="NCCL_Native_and_collision-chaining_hash_text_find_timing_test_using__tt_find_455tt_"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NCCL" id= "NCCL"><img src="text_find_timing_test_hash_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NCCL: Native and collision-chaining hash text find timing test using <tt>find</tt> - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2><a name="observations" id="observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<p>In this setting, the range-hashing scheme (See <a href="hash_based_containers.html#hash_policies">Design::Associative
- Containers::Hash-Based Containers::Hash Policies</a> ) affects
- performance more than other policies. As Figure <a href="#NCCG">NCCG</a> shows, containers using mod-based
- range-hashing (including the native hash-based container, which
- is currently hard-wired to this scheme) have lower performance
- than those using mask-based range-hashing. A modulo-based
- range-hashing scheme's main benefit is that it takes into
- account all hash-value bits. Standard string hash-functions are
- designed to create hash values that are nearly-uniform as is [
- <a href="references.html#knuth98sorting">knuth98sorting</a>
- ].</p>
-<p>Trigger policies (see <a href="hash_based_containers.html#resize_policies">Design::Associative
- Containers::Hash-Based Containers::Resize Policies</a> ),
- <i>i.e.</i> the load-checks constants, affect performance to a
- lesser extent.</p>
-<p>Perhaps surprisingly, storing the hash value alongside each
- entry affects performance only marginally, at least in
- <tt>pb_ds</tt> 's implementation. (Unfortunately, it was not
- possible to run the tests with <tt>std::tr1::unordered_map</tt>
- 's <tt>cache_hash_code = <b>true</b></tt> , as it appeared to
- malfuntion.)</p>
-<p><a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#hash_based_policies">Observations::Hash-Based
- Containers' Policies</a> summarizes some observations on
- hash-based containers' policies.</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>Hash Skewed Distribution Memory Use Test</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>Hash-Based Skewed-Distribution Random-Integer <tt>find</tt>
- Find Timing Test</h1>
-<h2><a name="description" id="description">Description</a></h2>
-<p>This test inserts a number of values with a markedly
- non-uniform i.i.d. integer keys into a container, then performs
- a series of finds using <tt>find</tt> . It measures the average
- time for <tt>find</tt> as a function of the number of values in
- the containers. The keys are generated as follows. First, a
- uniform integer is created; it is then shifted left 8 bits.</p>
-<p>(The test was executed with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/ext/pb_ds/hash_zlob_random_int_find_timing.cc"><tt>hash_zlob_random_int_find_timing_test</tt></a>
- 200 200 2100)</p>
-<h2><a name="purpose" id="purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
-<p>The test checks the effect of different range-hashing
- functions and trigger policies (see <a href="hash_based_containers.html#hash_policies">Design::Associative
- Containers::Hash-Based Containers::Hash Policies</a> and
- <a href="hash_based_containers.html#resize_policies">Design::Associative
- Containers::Hash-Based Containers::Resize Policies</a>).</p>
-<h2><a name="results" id="results">Results</a></h2>
-<p>Figures <a href="#NHG">NHG</a>, <a href="#NHM">NHM</a>, and
- <a href="#NHL">NHL</a> show the results for various hash-based
- associative-containers in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>MSVC++</u></a>, and
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively.</p>
-<div id="NHG_res_div">
-<div id="NHG_gcc">
-<div id="NHG_hash_zlob_random_int_find_timing_test">
-<div id="NHG_assoc">
-<div id="NHG_Skewed-distribution_random_int_find_timing_test_using__tt_find_455tt_"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NHG" id="NHG"><img src="hash_zlob_random_int_find_timing_test_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NHG: Skewed-distribution random int find timing test using <tt>find</tt> - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/1</i></li>
-<li>
-gp_hash_mod_quadp_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="gp_hash_table.html"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></a>
- with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, and <tt>Probe_Fn</tt> = <a href="quadratic_probe_fn.html"><tt>quadratic_probe_fn</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-n_hash_map_ncah-
-<tt>std::tr1::unordered_map</tt> with <tt>cache_hash_code</tt> = <tt><b>false</b></tt></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/1</i></li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NHM_res_div">
-<div id="NHM_msvc">
-<div id="NHM_hash_zlob_random_int_find_timing_test">
-<div id="NHM_assoc">
-<div id="NHM_Skewed-distribution_random_int_find_timing_test_using__tt_find_455tt_"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NHM" id="NHM"><img src="hash_zlob_random_int_find_timing_test_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NHM: Skewed-distribution random int find timing test using <tt>find</tt> - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_hash_map_ncah-
-<tt>stdext::hash_map</tt></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/1</i></li>
-<li>
-gp_hash_mod_quadp_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map-
-<a href="gp_hash_table.html"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></a>
- with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, and <tt>Probe_Fn</tt> = <a href="quadratic_probe_fn.html"><tt>quadratic_probe_fn</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/1</i></li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NHL_res_div">
-<div id="NHL_local">
-<div id="NHL_hash_zlob_random_int_find_timing_test">
-<div id="NHL_assoc">
-<div id="NHL_Skewed-distribution_random_int_find_timing_test_using__tt_find_455tt_"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NHL" id= "NHL"><img src="hash_zlob_random_int_find_timing_test_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NHL: Skewed-distribution random int find timing test using <tt>find</tt> - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2><a name="observations" id="observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<p>In this setting, the keys' distribution is so skewed that
- the unerlying hash-table type affects performance marginally.
- (This is in contrast with <a href="hash_text_find_find_timing_test.html">Hash-Based Text
- <tt>find</tt> Find Timing Test</a> , <a href="hash_random_int_find_find_timing_test.html">Hash-Based
- Random-Integer <tt>find</tt> Find Timing Test</a> , <a href="hash_random_int_subscript_find_timing_test.html">Hash-Based
- Random-Integer Subscript Find Timing Test</a> and <a href="hash_random_int_subscript_insert_timing_test.html">Hash-Based
- Random-Integer Subscript Insert Timing Test</a> .)</p>
-<p>The range-hashing scheme affects performance dramatically. A
- mask-based range-hashing scheme effectively maps all values
- into the same bucket. Access degenerates into a search within
- an unordered linked-list. In Figures <a href="#NHG">NHG</a> and
- <a href="#NHM">NHM</a> , it should be noted that
- <tt>std::tr1::unordered_map</tt> and <tt>stdext::hash_map</tt>
- are hard-wired currently to mod-based and mask-based schemes,
- respectively.</p>
-<p>When observing the settings of this test, it is apparent
- that the keys' distribution is far from natural. One might ask
- if the test is not contrived to show that, in some cases,
- mod-based range hashing does better than mask-based range
- hashing. This is, in fact just the case. We did not encounter a
- more natural case in which mod-based range hashing is better.
- In our opnion, real-life key distributions are handled better
- with an appropriate hash function and a mask-based
- range-hashing function. (<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/hash_shift_mask.cc"><tt>shift_mask.cc</tt></a>
- shows an example of handling this a-priori known skewed
- distribution with a mask-based range-hashing function). If hash
- performance is bad, a <i>Χ<sup>2</sup></i> test can be used
- to check how to transform it into a more uniform
- distribution.</p>
-<p>For this reason, <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s default range-hashing
- function is mask-based.</p>
-<p><a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#hash_based_types">Observations::Hash-Based
- Container Types</a> summarizes some observations on hash-based
- containers; <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#hash_based_policies">Observations::Hash-Based
- Containers' Policies</a> summarizes some observations on
- hash-based containers' policies.</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>Policy-Based Data Structures</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>Policy-Based Data Structures</h1>
-
- <h5>Ami Tavory and Vladimir Dreizin, IBM Haifa Research
- Laboratories, and Benjamin Kosnik, Red Hat</h5>
-
- <h5><a href="mailto:pbassoc@gmail.com">pbassoc@gmail.com</a></h5>
-
- <p>This is a library of policy-based elementary
- data structures: associative containers and priority queues. It
- is designed for high-performance, flexibility, semantic safety,
- and conformance to the corresponding containers in <tt>std</tt>
- and std::tr1 (except for some points where it differs by
- design).</p>
-
- <p>The documentation is organized as follows:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li>
- <a href="introduction.html">Introductory</a>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href="introduction.html">Introduction</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="motivation.html">Motivation</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="prerequisites.html">Usage
- Prerequisites</a></li>
- </ol>
- </li>
-
- <li>
- <a href="interface.html">Interface</a>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href="tutorial.html">Short Tutorial</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="concepts.html">Concepts</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="interface.html">Specifics</a></li>
- </ol>
- </li>
-
- <li>
- <a href="design.html">Design</a>
-
- <ol>
- <li>
- <a href="assoc_design.html">Associative Containers</a>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href="ds_gen.html">Data-Structure
- Genericity and Interface</a> </li>
-
- <li><a href="tree_based_containers.html">Tree-Based
- Containers</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="trie_based_containers.html">Trie-Based
- Containers</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="hash_based_containers.html">Hash-Based
- Containers</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="lu_based_containers.html">List-Based
- Containers</a> </li>
- </ol>
- </li>
-
- <li><a href="pq_design.html">Priority Queues</a></li>
- </ol>
- </li>
-
- <li>
- <a href="examples.html">Examples</a>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href="assoc_examples.html">Associative
- Containers</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="pq_examples.html">Priority Queues</a></li>
- </ol>
- </li>
-
- <li>
- <a href="tests.html">Tests</a>
-
- <ol>
- <li>
- <a href="assoc_tests.html">Associative Containers</a>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href="assoc_regression_tests.html">Regression
- Tests</a></li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "assoc_performance_tests.html">Performance
- Tests</a></li>
- </ol>
- </li>
-
- <li>
- <a href="pq_tests.html">Priority Queues</a>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href="pq_regression_tests.html">Regression
- Tests</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="pq_performance_tests.html">Performance
- Tests</a></li>
- </ol>
- </li>
- </ol>
- </li>
-
- <li>
- <a href="misc.html">Misc.</a>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href="acks.html">Acknowledgments</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="contact.html">Contact</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="disclaimer.html">Disclaimer and
- Copyright</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="references.html">References</a></li>
- </ol>
- </li>
- </ol>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
-<title>insert_error Interface</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1><tt>insert_error</tt> Interface</h1>
-
-<p>An entry cannot be inserted into a container object for logical
-reasons (not, e.g., if memory is unavailable, in which case the
-allocator's exception will be thrown).</p>
-
- <p>This exception may be thrown, e.g., when a probe sequence in
- a probing hash table does not encounter any free positions,
- even though free positions are available.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/exception.hpp"><tt>exception.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="exceptions.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>insert_error</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
-<title>Interface</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>Interface Specifics</h1>
-
-<p>Following are the library's interface specifics. <a href=
- "tutorial.html">Short Tutorial</a> is a short tutorial, and
- <a href="concepts.html">Concepts</a> describes some
- concepts.</p>
- <hr />
-
- <h2><a name="namespaces" id="namespaces">Namespace</a></h2>
-
- <p>All code is enclosed in namespace <tt>pb_ds</tt>. Nested within
- this is namespace <tt>detail</tt>, which contains the parts of this
- library that are considered implementation details.</p>
- <hr />
-
- <h2><a name="containers" id="containers">Containers</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="containers_assoc" id=
- "containers_assoc">Associative Containers</a></h3>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href=
- "container_base.html"><tt>container_base</tt></a> -
- abstract base class for associative containers.</li>
-
- <li>Hash-based:
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href=
- "basic_hash_table.html"><tt>basic_hash_table</tt></a>
- - abstract base class for hash-based
- containers</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
- - concrete collision-chaining hash-based
- containers</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "gp_hash_table.html"><tt>gp_hash_table</tt></a>
- - concrete (general) probing hash-based
- containers</li>
- </ol>
- </li>
-
- <li>Tree-based:
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href=
- "basic_tree.html"><tt>basic_tree</tt></a>
- - abstract base class for tree and trie based
- containers</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- - concrete base class for tree-based
- containers</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "trie.html"><tt>trie</tt></a>
- - concrete base class for trie-based
- containers</li>
- </ol>
- </li>
-
- <li>List-based:
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href=
- "list_update.html"><tt>list_update</tt></a> -
- singly-linked list with update-policy container</li>
- </ol>
- </li>
- </ol>
-
- <h3><a name="containers_pq" id="containers_pq">Priority
- Queues</a></h3>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- - priority queue</li>
- </ol>
- <hr />
-
- <h2><a name="tag" id="tag">Container Tags and
- Traits</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="ds_ts" id="ds_ts">Container Tags</a></h3>
-
- <h4><a name="ds_ts_common" id="ds_ts_common">Common</a></h4>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href="container_tag.html"><tt>container_tag</tt></a> -
- base class for data structure tags</li>
- </ol>
-
- <h4><a name="ds_ts_assoc" id=
- "ds_ts_assoc">Associative-Containers</a></h4>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href=
- "associative_container_tag.html"><tt>associative_container_tag</tt></a> -
- base class for associative-container data structure tags</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "basic_hash_tag.html"><tt>basic_hash_tag</tt></a> -
- base class for hash-based structure tags</li>
-
- <li><a href="cc_hash_tag.html"><tt>cc_hash_tag</tt></a>
- - collision-chaining hash structure tag</li>
-
- <li><a href="gp_hash_tag.html"><tt>gp_hash_tag</tt></a>
- - (general) probing hash structure tag</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "basic_tree_tag.html"><tt>basic_tree_tag</tt></a>
- - base class for tree-like structure tags</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "tree_tag.html"><tt>tree_tag</tt></a> -
- base class for tree structure tags</li>
-
- <li><a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
- - red-black tree structure tag/li></li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "splay_tree_tag.html"><tt>splay_tree_tag</tt></a> -
- splay tree structure tag</li>
-
- <li><a href="ov_tree_tag.html"><tt>ov_tree_tag</tt></a>
- - ordered-vector tree structure tag</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "trie_tag.html"><tt>trie_tag</tt></a> -
- trie structure tag</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "pat_trie_tag.html"><tt>pat_trie_tag</tt></a> -
- PATRICIA trie structure tag</li>
-
- <li><a href="list_update_tag.html"><tt>list_update_tag</tt></a> - list
- (with updates) structure tag</li>
- </ol>
-
- <h4><a name="ds_ts_pq" id="ds_ts_pq">Priority-Queues</a></h4>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href=
- "priority_queue_tag.html"><tt>priority_queue_tag</tt></a> - base
- class for priority-queue data structure tags</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a> -
- pairing-heap structure tag.</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
- - binomial-heap structure tag</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "rc_binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>rc_binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
- - redundant-counter binomial-heap (<i>i.e.</i>, a heap where
- binomial trees form a sequence that is similar to a
- de-amortized bit-addition algorithm) structure tag</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "binary_heap_tag.html"><tt>binary_heap_tag</tt></a> -
- binary heap (based on an array or an array of nodes)
- structure tag</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a> - thin
- heap (an alternative [<a href=
- "references.html#kt99fat_heaps">kt99fat_heaps</a>] to
- Fibonacci heap) data structure tag.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <h3><a name="ds_inv_tag" id="ds_inv_tag">Invalidation-Guarantee
- Tags</a></h3>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href=
- "basic_invalidation_guarantee.html"><tt>basic_invalidation_guarantee</tt></a>
- - weakest invalidation guarantee</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "point_invalidation_guarantee.html"><tt>point_invalidation_guarantee</tt></a>
- - stronger invalidation guarantee</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "range_invalidation_guarantee.html"><tt>range_invalidation_guarantee</tt></a>
- - strongest invalidation guarantee</li>
- </ol>
-
- <h3><a name="container_traits" id="container_traits">Container
- Traits</a></h3>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href="pq_container_traits.html"><tt>container_traits</tt></a> -
- traits for determining underlying data structure
- properties</li>
- </ol>
- <hr />
-
- <h2><a name="ds_policy_classes" id=
- "ds_policy_classes">Container Policy Classes</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="hash_related_policies" id=
- "hash_related_policies">Hash Policies</a></h3>
-
- <h4>Hash and Probe Policies</h4>
-
- <ol>
- <li>Hash Functions:
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href="null_hash_fn.html"><tt>null_hash_fn</tt></a>
- - type indicating one-step range-hashing</li>
- </ol>
- </li>
-
- <li>Range-Hashing Functions:
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href="sample_range_hashing.html">Sample
- range-hashing function</a> - interface required of a
- range-hashing functor</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
- - (bit) mask-based range hashing functor</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "direct_mod_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mod_range_hashing</tt></a>
- - modulo-based range hashing functor</li>
- </ol>
- </li>
-
- <li>Probe Functions:
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href="sample_probe_fn.html">Sample probe
- function</a> - interface required of a probe functor</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "null_probe_fn.html"><tt>null_probe_fn</tt></a> - type
- indicating one-step ranged-probe</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "linear_probe_fn.html"><tt>linear_probe_fn</tt></a> -
- linear-probe functor</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "quadratic_probe_fn.html"><tt>quadratic_probe_fn</tt></a>-
- quadratic-probe functor</li>
- </ol>
- </li>
-
- <li>Ranged-Hash Functions:
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href="sample_ranged_hash_fn.html">Sample
- ranged-hash function</a> - interface required of a
- ranged-hash functor</li>
- </ol>
- </li>
-
- <li>Ranged-Probe Functions:
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href="sample_ranged_probe_fn.html">Sample
- ranged-probe function</a> - interface required of a
- ranged-probe functor</li>
- </ol>
- </li>
- </ol>
-
- <h4>Resize Policies</h4>
- <ol>
- <li>Resize Policies:
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href="sample_resize_policy.html">Sample resize
- policy</a> - interface required of a resize policy</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- - standard resize policy</li>
- </ol>
- </li>
-
- <li>Size Policies:
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href="sample_size_policy.html">Sample size
- policy</a> - interface required of a size policy</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
- - exponential size policy (typically used with (bit) mask
- range-hashing)</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "hash_prime_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_prime_size_policy</tt></a>
- - prime size policy (typically used with modulo
- range-hashing)</li>
- </ol>
- </li>
-
- <li>Trigger Policies:
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href="sample_resize_trigger.html">Sample trigger
- policy</a> - interface required of a trigger policy</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- - trigger policy based on load checks</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "cc_hash_max_collision_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>cc_hash_max_collision_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- - trigger policy based on collision checks</li>
- </ol>
- </li>
- </ol>
-
- <h3><a name="tree_related_policies" id=
- "tree_related_policies">Tree Policies</a></h3>
-
- <h4>Tree Node-Update Policies</h4>
-
-
-<ol>
-<li><a href="sample_tree_node_update.html">Sample node
-updater policy</a> - interface required of a tree
-node-updating functor</li>
-
-<li><a href=
- "null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-- null policy indicating no updates are required</li>
-
-<li><a href=
- "tree_order_statistics_node_update.html"><tt>tree_order_statistics_node_update</tt></a>
-- updater enabling order statistics queries</li>
-</ol>
-
-<h3><a name="trie_related_policies" id=
- "trie_related_policies">Trie Policies</a></h3>
-
-
-<h4>Trie Element-Access Traits</h4>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href="sample_trie_e_access_traits.html">Sample
- element-access traits</a> - interface required of
- element-access traits</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "string_trie_e_access_traits.html"><tt>string_trie_e_access_traits</tt></a>
- - String element-access traits</li>
- </ol>
-
- <h4>Trie Node-Update Policies</h4>
-
-
-<ol>
-<li><a href="sample_trie_node_update.html">Sample node
-updater policy</a> - interface required of a trie node
-updater</li>
-
-<li><a href=
- "null_trie_node_update.html"><tt>null_trie_node_update</tt></a>
-- null policy indicating no updates are required</li>
-
-<li><a href=
- "trie_prefix_search_node_update.html"><tt>trie_prefix_search_node_update</tt></a>
-- updater enabling prefix searches</li>
-
-<li><a href=
- "trie_order_statistics_node_update.html"><tt>trie_order_statistics_node_update</tt></a>
-- updater enabling order statistics queries</li>
-</ol>
-
-<h3><a name="list_related_policies" id=
- "list_related_policies">List Policies</a></h3>
-
-<h4>List Update Policies</h4>
-
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href="sample_update_policy.html">Sample list update
- policy</a> - interface required of a list update policy</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></a>
- - move-to-front update algorithm</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "counter_lu_policy.html"><tt>counter_lu_policy</tt></a> -
- counter update algorithm</li>
- </ol>
-
- <h3><a name="ds_pol" id="ds_pol">Mapped-Type Policies</a></h3>
-
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href=
- "null_mapped_type.html"><tt>null_mapped_type</tt></a> - data
- policy indicating that a container is a "set"</li>
- </ol>
- <hr />
-
- <h2><a name="exceptions" id="exceptions">Exceptions</a></h2>
-
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href="exceptions.html"><tt>container_error</tt></a>
- - base class for all policy-based data structure errors</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "insert_error.html"><tt>insert_error</tt></a></li>
-
- <li><a href="join_error.html"><tt>join_error</tt></a></li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "resize_error.html"><tt>resize_error</tt></a></li>
- </ol>
-
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>Introduction</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>Introduction</h1>
-
- <p>This section describes what problems the library attempts to
- solve. <a href="motivation.html">Motivation</a> describes the
- reasons we think it solves these problems better than similar
- libraries.</p>
-
- <h2><a name="assoc" id="assoc">Associative Containers</a></h2>
-
- <ol>
- <li>Associative containers depend on their policies to a very
- large extent. Implicitly hard-wiring policies can hamper their
- performance and limit their functionality. An efficient
- hash-based container, for example, requires policies for
- testing key equivalence, hashing keys, translating hash
- values into positions within the hash table, and determining
- when and how to resize the table internally. A tree-based
- container can efficiently support order statistics,
- <i>i.e.</i>, the ability to query what is the order of each
- key within the sequence of keys in the container, but only if
- the container is supplied with a policy to internally update
- meta-data. There are many other such examples.<p></p></li>
-
- <li>Ideally, all associative containers would share the same
- interface. Unfortunately, underlying data structures and
- mapping semantics differentiate between different containers.
- For example, suppose one writes a generic function
- manipulating an associative container <tt>Cntnr</tt>:
- <pre>
-template<typename Cntnr>
- void
- some_op_sequence(Cntnr& r_cnt)
- {
- ...
- }
-</pre>
-
-then what can one assume about <tt>Cntnr</tt>? The answer
-varies according to its underlying data structure. If the
-underlying data structure of <tt>Cntnr</tt> is based on a tree or
-trie, then the order of elements is well defined; otherwise, it is
-not, in general. If the underlying data structure of <tt>Cntnr</tt>
-is based on a collision-chaining hash table, then modifying
-r_<tt>Cntnr</tt> will not invalidate its iterators' order; if the
-underlying data structure is a probing hash table, then this is not
-the case. If the underlying data structure is based on a tree or
-trie, then <tt>r_cnt</tt> can efficiently be split; otherwise, it
-cannot, in general. If the underlying data structure is a red-black
-tree, then splitting <tt>r_cnt</tt> is exception-free; if it is an
-ordered-vector tree, exceptions can be thrown.
- <p></p></li>
- </ol>
-
- <h2><a name="pq" id="pq">Priority Queues</a></h2>
-
- <p>Priority queues are useful when one needs to efficiently
- access a minimum (or maximum) value as the set of values
- changes.</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li>Most useful data structures for priority queues have a
- relatively simple structure, as they are geared toward
- relatively simple requirements. Unfortunately, these structures
- do not support access to an arbitrary value, which turns out to
- be necessary in many algorithms. Say, decreasing an arbitrary
- value in a graph algorithm. Therefore, some extra mechanism is
- necessary and must be invented for accessing arbitrary
- values. There are at least two alternatives: embedding an
- associative container in a priority queue, or allowing
- cross-referencing through iterators. The first solution adds
- significant overhead; the second solution requires a precise
- definition of iterator invalidation. Which is the next
- point...<p></p></li>
-
- <li>Priority queues, like hash-based containers, store values in
- an order that is meaningless and undefined externally. For
- example, a <tt>push</tt> operation can internally reorganize the
- values. Because of this characteristic, describing a priority
- queues' iterator is difficult: on one hand, the values to which
- iterators point can remain valid, but on the other, the logical
- order of iterators can change unpredictably.<p></p></li>
-
- <li>Roughly speaking, any element that is both inserted to a
- priority queue (<i>e.g.</i>, through <tt>push</tt>) and removed
- from it (<i>e.g.</i>, through <tt>pop</tt>), incurs a
- logarithmic overhead (in the amortized sense). Different
- underlying data structures place the actual cost differently:
- some are optimized for amortized complexity, whereas others
- guarantee that specific operations only have a constant
- cost. One underlying data structure might be chosen if modifying
- a value is frequent (Dijkstra's shortest-path algorithm),
- whereas a different one might be chosen
- otherwise. Unfortunately, an array-based binary heap - an
- underlying data structure that optimizes (in the amortized
- sense) <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> operations, differs from
- the others in terms of its invalidation guarantees. Other design
- decisions also impact the cost and placement of the overhead, at
- the expense of more difference in the the kinds of operations
- that the underlying data structure can support. These
- differences pose a challenge when creating a uniform interface
- for priority queues.<p></p></li>
- </ol>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
-<title>join_error Interface</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1><tt>join_error</tt> Interface</h1>
-
-<p>A join cannot be performed logical reasons (i.e., the ranges of the
- two container objects
- being joined
- overlaps.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/exception.hpp"><tt>exception.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
-<pre><a href="exceptions.html"><span class="c2"><tt>join_error</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
-<td>
-<p>public</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
- </table>
- </div>
- </body>
- </html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>linear_probe_fn Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>linear_probe_fn</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A probe sequence policy using fixed increments.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/hash_policy.hpp"><tt>hash_policy.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Size_Type42920436" id=
-"Size_Type42920436"><b>typename</b> Size_Type </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>size_t</td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link3" id="link3">General Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_type55424436" id="size_type55424436">size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Size_Type42920436"><tt>Size_Type</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link4" id="link4">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link5" id="link5">Constructors, Destructor, and
- Related</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- swap
- (<span class="c2"><tt>linear_probe_fn</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Swaps content.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link6" id="link6">Protected Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link7" id="link7">Offset Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- <b>operator</b>()
- (<a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> i) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the <span class="c1"><tt>i</tt></span>-th
- offset from the hash value.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>list_update Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>list_update</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A list-update based associative container.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/assoc_container.hpp"><tt>assoc_container.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Key2501" id="Key2501"><b>typename</b> Key</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Key type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Mapped318655" id="Mapped318655"><b>typename</b> Mapped</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Mapped type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Eq_Fn60085" id="Eq_Fn60085"><b>class</b> Eq_Fn </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Equivalence functor.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-std::equal_to<<a href="#Key2501"><tt>Key</tt></a>>
-</pre>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Update_Policy1671938590" id=
-"Update_Policy1671938590"><b>class</b> Update_Policy </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Update policy (determines when an element will be
- moved to the front of the list.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td><a href="move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></span></a></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Allocator35940069" id=
-"Allocator35940069"><b>class</b> Allocator </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Allocator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-std::allocator<<b>char</b>>
-</pre>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="container_base.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>container_base</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link3" id="link3">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">Policy definitions.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="eq_fn80245" id="eq_fn80245">eq_fn</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Eq_Fn60085"><tt>Eq_Fn</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Equivalence functor type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="update_policy894603998" id=
-"update_policy894603998">update_policy</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Update_Policy1671938590"><tt>Update_Policy</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>List update policy type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="allocator48440069" id="allocator48440069">allocator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p><a href="#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>
- type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link5" id="link5">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Constructors, Destructor, and
- Related</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- list_update
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Default constructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>class</b> It>
- list_update
- (It first_it,
- It last_it)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking iterators to a range of
- value_types. The value_types between <span class=
- "c1"><tt>first_it</tt></span> and <span class=
- "c1"><tt>last_it</tt></span> will be inserted into the
- container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- list_update
- (<b>const</b> <span class=
-"c2"><tt>list_update</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Copy constructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b>
- ~list_update
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Destructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<span class="c2"><tt>list_update</tt></span> &
- <b>operator</b>=
- (<b>const</b> <span class=
-"c2"><tt>list_update</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Assignment operator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- swap
- (<span class="c2"><tt>list_update</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Swaps content.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>list_update_tag Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>list_update_tag</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>List-update data structure tag.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp"><tt>tag_and_trait.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="associative_container_tag.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>associative_container_tag</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>List-Based Containers</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>List-Update Design</h1>
-
- <h2><a name="overview" id="overview">Overview</a></h2>
-
- <p>The list-based container has the following declaration:</p>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>typename</b> Key,
- <b>typename</b> Mapped,
- <b>typename</b> Eq_Fn = std::equal_to<Key>,
- <b>typename</b> Update_Policy = <a href=
-"move_to_front_lu_policy.html">move_to_front_lu_policy<></a>,
- <b>typename</b> Allocator = std::allocator<<b>char</b>> >
-<b>class</b> <a href="list_update.html">list_update</a>;
-</pre>
-
- <p>The parameters have the following meaning:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li><tt>Key</tt> is the key type.</li>
-
- <li><tt>Mapped</tt> is the mapped-policy, and is explained in
- <a href="tutorial.html#assoc_ms">Tutorial::Associative
- Containers::Associative Containers Others than Maps</a>.</li>
-
- <li><tt>Eq_Fn</tt> is a key equivalence functor.</li>
-
- <li><tt>Update_Policy</tt> is a policy updating positions in
- the list based on access patterns. It is described in the
- following subsection.</li>
-
- <li><tt>Allocator</tt> is an allocator
- type.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <p>A list-based associative container is a container that
- stores elements in a linked-list. It does not order the
- elements by any particular order related to the keys.
- List-based containers are primarily useful for creating
- "multimaps" (see <a href=
- "motivation.html#assoc_mapping_semantics">Motivation::Associative
- Containers::Avoiding Multiple Keys</a> and <a href=
- "tutorial.html#assoc_ms">Tutorial::Associative
- Containers::Associative Containers Others than Maps</a>). In
- fact, list-based containers are designed in <tt>pb_ds</tt>
- expressly for this purpose. This is explained further in
- <a href="#mmaps">Use for "Multimaps"</a>.</p>
-
- <p>List-based containers might also be useful for some rare
- cases, where a key is encapsulated to the extent that only
- key-equivalence can be tested. Hash-based containers need to
- know how to transform a key into a size type, and tree-based
- containers need to know if some key is larger than another.
- List-based associative containers, conversely, only need to
- know if two keys are equivalent.</p>
-
- <p>Since a list-based associative container does not order
- elements by keys, is it possible to order the list in some
- useful manner? Remarkably, many on-line competitive [<a href=
- "references.html#motwani95random">motwani95random</a>]
- algorithms exist for reordering lists to reflect access
- prediction [<a href=
- "references.html#andrew04mtf">andrew04mtf</a>].</p>
-
- <h2><a name="list_updates" id="list_updates">List
- Updates</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="general" id="general">General Terms</a></h3>
-
- <p>Figure <a href="#simple_list">A simple list</a> shows a
- simple list of integer keys. If we search for the integer 6, we
- are paying an overhead: the link with key 6 is only the fifth
- link; if it were the first link, it could be accessed
- faster.</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="simple_list" id="simple_list"><img src=
- "simple_list.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">A simple list.</h6>
-
- <p>List-update algorithms reorder lists as elements are
- accessed. They try to determine, by the access history, which
- keys to move to the front of the list. Some of these algorithms
- require adding some metadata alongside each entry.</p>
-
- <p>For example, Figure <a href="#lu">The counter algorithm</a>
- -A shows the counter algorithm. Each node contains both a key
- and a count metadata (shown in bold). When an element is
- accessed (<i>e.g.</i> 6) its count is incremented, as shown in
- Figure <a href="#lu">The counter algorithm</a> -B. If the count
- reaches some predetermined value, say 10, as shown in Figure
- <a href="#lu">The counter algorithm</a> -C, the count is set to
- 0 and the node is moved to the front of the list, as in Figure
- <a href="#lu">The counter algorithm</a> -D.</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="lu" id="lu"><img src="lu.png" alt=
- "no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">The counter algorithm.</h6>
-
- <h3><a name="imp_pb_ds" id="imp_pb_ds">Implementation</a></h3>
-
- <p><tt>pb_ds</tt> allows instantiating lists with policies
- implementing any algorithm moving nodes to the front of the
- list (policies implementing algorithms interchanging nodes are
- unsupported).</p>
-
- <p>Associative containers based on lists are parametrized by a
- <tt>Update_Policy</tt> parameter. This parameter defines the
- type of metadata each node contains, how to create the
- metadata, and how to decide, using this metadata, whether to
- move a node to the front of the list. A list-based associative
- container object derives (publicly) from its update policy.
- Figure <a href="#update_policy_cd">A list and its update
- policy</a> shows the scheme, as well as some predefined
- policies (which are explained below).</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="update_policy_cd" id=
- "update_policy_cd"><img src="update_policy_cd.png" alt=
- "no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">A list and its update policy.</h6>
-
- <p>An instantiation of <tt>Update_Policy</tt> must define
- internally <tt>update_metadata</tt> as the metadata it
- requires. Internally, each node of the list contains, besides
- the usual key and data, an instance of <tt><b>typename</b>
- Update_Policy::update_metadata</tt>.</p>
-
- <p>An instantiation of <tt>Update_Policy</tt> must define
- internally two operators:</p>
- <pre>
-update_metadata
-<b>operator</b>()();
-
-<b>bool</b>
-<b>operator</b>()(update_metadata &);
-</pre>
-
- <p>The first is called by the container object, when creating a
- new node, to create the node's metadata. The second is called
- by the container object, when a node is accessed (<i>e.g.</i>,
- when a find operation's key is equivalent to the key of the
- node), to determine whether to move the node to the front of
- the list.</p>
-
- <p>The library contains two predefined implementations of
- list-update policies [<a href=
- "references.html#andrew04mtf">andrew04mtf</a>]. The first is
- <a href=
- "counter_lu_policy.html"><tt>counter_lu_policy</tt></a>, which
- implements the counter algorithm described above. The second is
- <a href=
- "move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></a>,
- which unconditionally move an accessed element to the front of
- the list. The latter type is very useful in <tt>pb_ds</tt>,
- since there is no need to associate metadata with each element
- (this is explained further in <a href="#mmaps">Use for
- "Multimaps"</a>).</p>
-
- <h2><a name="mmaps" id="mmaps">Use for "Multimaps"</a></h2>
-
- <p>In <tt>pb_ds</tt>, there are no equivalents for the STL's
- multimaps and multisets; instead one uses an associative
- container mapping primary keys to secondary keys (see <a href=
- "motivation.html#assoc_mapping_semantics">Motivation::Associative
- Containers::Alternative to Multiple Equivalent Keys</a> and
- <a href="tutorial.html#assoc_ms">Tutorial::Associative
- Containers::Associative Containers Others than Maps</a>).</p>
-
- <p>List-based containers are especially useful as associative
- containers for secondary keys. In fact, they are implemented
- here expressly for this purpose.</p>
-
- <p>To begin with, these containers use very little per-entry
- structure memory overhead, since they can be implemented as
- singly-linked lists. (Arrays use even lower per-entry memory
- overhead, but they are less flexible in moving around entries,
- and have weaker invalidation guarantees).</p>
-
- <p>More importantly, though, list-based containers use very
- little per-container memory overhead. The memory overhead of an
- empty list-based container is practically that of a pointer.
- This is important for when they are used as secondary
- associative-containers in situations where the average ratio of
- secondary keys to primary keys is low (or even 1).</p>
-
- <p>In order to reduce the per-container memory overhead as much
- as possible, they are implemented as closely as possible to
- singly-linked lists.</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li>List-based containers do not store internally the number
- of values that they hold. This means that their <tt>size</tt>
- method has linear complexity (just like <tt>std::list</tt>).
- Note that finding the number of equivalent-key values in an
- STL multimap also has linear complexity (because it must be
- done, <i>e.g.</i>, via <tt>std::distance</tt> of the
- multimap's <tt>equal_range</tt> method), but usually with
- higher constants.</li>
-
- <li>Most associative-container objects each hold a policy
- object (<i>e.g.</i>, a hash-based container object holds a
- hash functor). List-based containers, conversely, only have
- class-wide policy objects.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <p>See also <a href=
- "assoc_performance_tests.html#msc">Associative-Container
- Performance Tests::Observations::Mapping-Semantics
- Considerations</a>.</p>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>Misc.</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>Misc.</h1>
-
- <p><a href="acks.html" title="Acknowledgements">Acks</a>
- contains acknowledgments; <a href="contact.html">Contact</a>
- contains contact information;<a href=
- "disclaimer.html">Disclaimer and Copyright</a> is a standard
- disclaimer, and <a href="references.html">References</a>
- contains references.</p>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>Motivation</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>Motivation</h1>
-
- <p>Many fine associative-container libraries were already
- written, most notably, the STL's associative containers. Why
- then write another library? This section shows some possible
- advantages of this library, when considering the challenges in
- <a href="introduction.html">Introduction</a>. Many of these
- points stem from the fact that the STL introduced
- associative-containers in a two-step process (first
- standardizing tree-based containers, only then adding
- hash-based containers, which are fundamentally different), did
- not standardize priority queues as containers, and (in our
- opinion) overloads the iterator concept.</p>
-
- <h2><a name="assoc" id="assoc">Associative Containers</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="assoc_policies" id="assoc_policies">More
- Configuration Choices</a></h3>
-
- <p>Associative containers require a relatively large number of
- policies to function efficiently in various settings. In some
- cases this is needed for making their common operations more
- efficient, and in other cases this allows them to support a
- larger set of operations</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li>Hash-based containers, for example, support look-up and
- insertion methods (<i>e.g.</i>, <tt>find</tt> and
- <tt>insert</tt>). In order to locate elements quickly, they
- are supplied a hash functor, which instruct how to transform
- a key object into some size type; <i>e.g.</i>, a hash functor
- might transform <tt>"hello"</tt> into <tt>1123002298</tt>. A
- hash table, though, requires transforming each key object
- into some size-type type in some specific domain;
- <i>e.g.</i>, a hash table with a 128-long table might
- transform <tt>"hello"</tt> into position 63. The policy by
- which the hash value is transformed into a position within
- the table can dramatically affect performance (see <a href=
- "hash_based_containers.html#hash_policies">Design::Associative
- Containers::Hash-Based Containers::Hash Policies</a>).
- Hash-based containers also do not resize naturally (as
- opposed to tree-based containers, for example). The
- appropriate resize policy is unfortunately intertwined with
- the policy that transforms hash value into a position within
- the table (see <a href=
- "hash_based_containers.html#resize_policies">Design::Associative
- Containers::Hash-Based Containers::Resize Policies</a>).
-
- <p><a href=
- "assoc_performance_tests.html#hash_based">Associative-Container
- Performance Tests::Hash-Based Containers</a> quantifies
- some of these points.</p>
- </li>
-
- <li>Tree-based containers, for example, also support look-up
- and insertion methods, and are primarily useful when
- maintaining order between elements is important. In some
- cases, though, one can utilize their balancing algorithms for
- completely different purposes.
-
- <p>Figure <a href="#node_invariants">Metadata for
- order-statistics and interval intersections</a>-A, for
- example, shows a tree whose each node contains two entries:
- a floating-point key, and some size-type <i>metadata</i>
- (in bold beneath it) that is the number of nodes in the
- sub-tree. (<i>E.g.</i>, the root has key 0.99, and has 5
- nodes (including itself) in its sub-tree.) A container based
- on this data structure can obviously answer efficiently
- whether 0.3 is in the container object, but it can also
- answer what is the order of 0.3 among all those in the
- container object [<a href=
- "references.html#clrs2001">clrs2001</a>] (see <a href=
- "assoc_examples.html#tree_like_based">Associative Container
- Examples::Tree-Like-Based Containers (Trees and
- Tries)</a>).</p>
-
- <p>As another example, Figure <a href=
- "#node_invariants">Metadata for order-statistics and
- interval intersections</a>-B shows a tree whose each node
- contains two entries: a half-open geometric line interval,
- and a number <i>metadata</i> (in bold beneath it) that is
- the largest endpoint of all intervals in its sub-tree.
- (<i>E.g.</i>, the root describes the interval <i>[20,
- 36)</i>, and the largest endpoint in its sub-tree is 99.) A
- container based on this data structure can obviously answer
- efficiently whether <i>[3, 41)</i> is in the container
- object, but it can also answer efficiently whether the
- container object has intervals that intersect <i>[3,
- 41)</i> (see <a href=
- "assoc_examples.html#tree_like_based">Associative Container
- Examples::Tree-Like-Based Containers (Trees and
- Tries)</a>). These types of queries are very useful in
- geometric algorithms and lease-management algorithms.</p>
-
- <p>It is important to note, however, that as the trees are
- modified, their internal structure changes. To maintain
- these invariants, one must supply some policy that is aware
- of these changes (see <a href=
- "tree_based_containers.html#invariants">Design::Associative
- Containers::Tree-Based Containers::Node Invariants</a>);
- without this, it would be better to use a linked list (in
- itself very efficient for these purposes).</p>
-
- <p><a href=
- "assoc_performance_tests.html#tree_like_based">Associative-Container
- Performance Tests::Tree-Like-Based Containers</a>
- quantifies some of these points.</p>
- </li>
- </ol>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="node_invariants" id=
- "node_invariants"><img src="node_invariants.png" alt=
- "no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Metadata for order-statistics and interval
- intersections.</h6>
-
- <h3><a name="assoc_ds_genericity" id="assoc_ds_genericity">More
- Data Structures and Traits</a></h3>
-
- <p>The STL contains associative containers based on red-black
- trees and collision-chaining hash tables. These are obviously
- very useful, but they are not ideal for all types of
- settings.</p>
-
- <p>Figure <a href=
- "#different_underlying_data_structures">Different underlying
- data structures</a> shows different underlying data structures
- (the ones currently supported in <tt>pb_ds</tt>). A shows a
- collision-chaining hash-table, B shows a probing hash-table, C
- shows a red-black tree, D shows a splay tree, E shows a tree
- based on an ordered vector(implicit in the order of the
- elements), F shows a PATRICIA trie, and G shows a list-based
- container with update policies.</p>
-
- <p>Each of these data structures has some performance benefits,
- in terms of speed, size or both (see <a href=
- "assoc_performance_tests.html">Associative-Container
- Performance Tests</a> and <a href=
- "assoc_performance_tests.html#dss_family_choice">Associative-Container
- Performance Tests::Observations::Underlying Data-Structure
- Families</a>). For now, though, note that <i>e.g.</i>,
- vector-based trees and probing hash tables manipulate memory
- more efficiently than red-black trees and collision-chaining
- hash tables, and that list-based associative containers are
- very useful for constructing "multimaps" (see <a href=
- "#assoc_mapping_semantics">Alternative to Multiple Equivalent
- Keys</a>, <a href=
- "assoc_performance_tests.html#multimaps">Associative Container
- Performance Tests::Multimaps</a>, and <a href=
- "assoc_performance_tests.html#msc">Associative Container
- Performance Tests::Observations::Mapping-Semantics
- Considerations</a>).</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="different_underlying_data_structures"
- id="different_underlying_data_structures"><img src=
- "different_underlying_dss.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Different underlying data structures.</h6>
-
- <p>Now consider a function manipulating a generic associative
- container, <i>e.g.</i>,</p>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>class</b> Cntnr>
-<b>int</b>
- some_op_sequence
- (Cntnr &r_cnt)
-{
- ...
-}
-</pre>
-
- <p>Ideally, the underlying data structure of <tt>Cntnr</tt>
- would not affect what can be done with <tt>r_cnt</tt>.
- Unfortunately, this is not the case.</p>
-
- <p>For example, if <tt>Cntnr</tt> is <tt>std::map</tt>, then
- the function can use <tt>std::for_each(r_cnt.find(foo),
- r_cnt.find(bar), foobar)</tt> in order to apply <tt>foobar</tt>
- to all elements between <tt>foo</tt> and <tt>bar</tt>. If
- <tt>Cntnr</tt> is a hash-based container, then this call's
- results are undefined.</p>
-
- <p>Also, if <tt>Cntnr</tt> is tree-based, the type and object
- of the comparison functor can be accessed. If <tt>Cntnr</tt> is
- hash based, these queries are nonsensical.</p>
-
- <p>There are various other differences based on the container's
- underlying data structure. For one, they can be constructed by,
- and queried for, different policies. Furthermore:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li>Containers based on C, D, E and F store elements in a
- meaningful order; the others store elements in a meaningless
- (and probably time-varying) order. By implication, only
- containers based on C, D, E and F can support erase
- operations taking an iterator and returning an iterator to
- the following element without performance loss (see <a href=
- "#assoc_ers_methods">Slightly Different Methods::Methods
- Related to Erase</a>).</li>
-
- <li>Containers based on C, D, E, and F can be split and
- joined efficiently, while the others cannot. Containers based
- on C and D, furthermore, can guarantee that this is
- exception-free; containers based on E cannot guarantee
- this.</li>
-
- <li>Containers based on all but E can guarantee that erasing
- an element is exception free; containers based on E cannot
- guarantee this. Containers based on all but B and E can
- guarantee that modifying an object of their type does not
- invalidate iterators or references to their elements, while
- containers based on B and E cannot. Containers based on C, D,
- and E can furthermore make a stronger guarantee, namely that
- modifying an object of their type does not affect the order
- of iterators.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <p>A unified tag and traits system (as used for the STL's
- iterators, for example) can ease generic manipulation of
- associative containers based on different underlying
- data structures (see <a href=
- "tutorial.html#assoc_ds_gen">Tutorial::Associative
- Containers::Determining Containers' Attributes</a> and <a href=
- "ds_gen.html#container_traits">Design::Associative
- Containers::Data-Structure Genericity::Data-Structure Tags and
- Traits</a>).</p>
-
- <h3><a name="assoc_diff_it" id="assoc_diff_it">Differentiating
- between Iterator Types</a></h3>
-
- <p>Iterators are centric to the STL's design, because of the
- container/algorithm/iterator decomposition that allows an
- algorithm to operate on a range through iterators of some
- sequence (<i>e.g.</i>, one originating from a container).
- Iterators, then, are useful because they allow going over a
- <u>sequence</u>. The STL also uses iterators for accessing a
- <u>specific</u> element - <i>e.g.</i>, when an associative
- container returns one through <tt>find</tt>. The STL, however,
- consistently uses the same types of iterators for both
- purposes: going over a range, and accessing a specific found
- element. Before the introduction of hash-based containers to
- the STL, this made sense (with the exception of priority
- queues, which are discussed in <a href="#pq">Priority
- Queues</a>).</p>
-
- <p>Using the STL's associative containers together with
- non-order-preserving associative containers (and also because
- of priority-queues container), there is a possible need for
- different types of iterators for self-organizing containers -
- the iterator concept seems overloaded to mean two different
- things (in some cases). The following subsections explain this;
- <a href="tutorial.html#assoc_find_range">Tutorial::Associative
- Containers::Point-Type and Range-Type Methods</a> explains an
- alternative design which does not complicate the use of
- order-preserving containers, but is better for unordered
- containers; <a href=
- "ds_gen.html#find_range">Design::Associative
- Containers::Data-Structure Genericity::Point-Type and
- Range-Type Methods</a> explains the design further.</p>
-
- <h4><a name="assoc_find_it_range_it" id=
- "assoc_find_it_range_it">Using Point-Type Iterators for
- Range-Type Operations</a></h4>
-
- <p>Suppose <tt>cntnr</tt> is some associative container, and
- say <tt>c</tt> is an object of type <tt>cntnr</tt>. Then what
- will be the outcome of</p>
- <pre>
-std::for_each(c.find(1), c.find(5), foo);
-</pre>
-
- <p>If <tt>cntnr</tt> is a tree-based container object, then an
- in-order walk will apply <tt>foo</tt> to the relevant elements,
- <i>e.g.</i>, as in Figure <a href="#range_it_in_hts">Range
- iteration in different data structures</a> -A. If <tt>c</tt> is
- a hash-based container, then the order of elements between any
- two elements is undefined (and probably time-varying); there is
- no guarantee that the elements traversed will coincide with the
- <i>logical</i> elements between 1 and 5, <i>e.g.</i>, as in
- Figure <a href="#range_it_in_hts">Range iteration in different
- data structures</a>-B.</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="range_it_in_hts" id=
- "range_it_in_hts"><img src="point_iterators_range_ops_1.png"
- alt="no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Range iteration in different
- data structures.</h6>
-
- <p>In our opinion, this problem is not caused just because
- red-black trees are order preserving while collision-chaining
- hash tables are (generally) not - it is more fundamental. Most
- of the STL's containers order sequences in a well-defined
- manner that is determined by their <u>interface</u>: calling
- <tt>insert</tt> on a tree-based container modifies its sequence
- in a predictable way, as does calling <tt>push_back</tt> on a
- list or a vector. Conversely, collision-chaining hash tables,
- probing hash tables, priority queues, and list-based containers
- (which are very useful for "multimaps") are self-organizing
- data structures; the effect of each operation modifies their
- sequences in a manner that is (practically) determined by their
- <u>implementation</u>.</p>
-
- <p>Consequently, applying an algorithm to a sequence obtained
- from most containers <u>may or may not</u> make sense, but
- applying it to a sub-sequence of a self-organizing container
- <u>does not</u>.</p>
-
- <h4><a name="assoc_range_it_for_find_it" id=
- "assoc_range_it_for_find_it">The Cost of Enabling Range
- Capabilities to Point-Type Iterators</a></h4>
-
- <p>Suppose <tt>c</tt> is some collision-chaining hash-based
- container object, and one calls <tt>c.find(3)</tt>. Then what
- composes the returned iterator?</p>
-
- <p>Figure <a href="#find_its_in_hash_tables">Point-type
- iterators in hash tables</a>-A shows the simplest (and most
- efficient) implementation of a collision-chaining hash table.
- The little box marked <tt>point_iterator</tt> shows an object
- that contains a pointer to the element's node. Note that this
- "iterator" has no way to move to the next element (<i>i.e.</i>,
- it cannot support <tt><b>operator</b>++</tt>). Conversely, the
- little box marked <tt>iterator</tt> stores both a pointer to
- the element, as well as some other information (<i>e.g.</i>,
- the bucket number of the element). the second iterator, then,
- is "heavier" than the first one- it requires more time and
- space. If we were to use a different container to
- cross-reference into this hash-table using these iterators - it
- would take much more space. As noted in <a href=
- "#assoc_find_it_range_it">Using Point-Type Iterators for
- Range-Type Operations</a>, nothing much can be done by
- incrementing these iterators, so why is this extra information
- needed?</p>
-
- <p>Alternatively, one might create a collision-chaining
- hash-table where the lists might be linked, forming a
- monolithic total-element list, as in Figure <a href=
- "#find_its_in_hash_tables">Point-type iterators in hash
- tables</a>-B (this seems similar to the Dinkumware design
- [<a href="references.html#dinkumware_stl">dinkumware_stl</a>]).
- Here the iterators are as light as can be, but the hash-table's
- operations are more complicated.</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="find_its_in_hash_tables" id=
- "find_its_in_hash_tables"><img src=
- "point_iterators_range_ops_2.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Point-type iterators in hash tables.</h6>
-
- <p>It should be noted that containers based on
- collision-chaining hash-tables are not the only ones with this
- type of behavior; many other self-organizing data structures
- display it as well.</p>
-
- <h4><a name="assoc_inv_guar" id="assoc_inv_guar">Invalidation
- Guarantees</a></h4>
-
- <p>Consider the following snippet:</p>
- <pre>
-it = c.find(3);
-
-c.erase(5);
-</pre>
-
- <p>Following the call to <tt>erase</tt>, what is the validity
- of <tt>it</tt>: can it be de-referenced? can it be
- incremented?</p>
-
- <p>The answer depends on the underlying data structure of the
- container. Figure <a href=
- "#invalidation_guarantee_erase">Effect of erase in different
- underlying data structures</a> shows three cases: A1 and A2
- show a red-black tree; B1 and B2 show a probing hash-table; C1
- and C2 show a collision-chaining hash table.</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="invalidation_guarantee_erase" id=
- "invalidation_guarantee_erase"><img src=
- "invalidation_guarantee_erase.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Effect of erase in different underlying
- data structures.</h6>
-
- <ol>
- <li>Erasing 5 from A1 yields A2. Clearly, an iterator to 3
- can be de-referenced and incremented. The sequence of
- iterators changed, but in a way that is well-defined by the
- <u>interface</u>.</li>
-
- <li>Erasing 5 from B1 yields B2. Clearly, an iterator to 3 is
- not valid at all - it cannot be de-referenced or incremented;
- the order of iterators changed in a way that is (practically)
- determined by the <u>implementation</u> and not by the
- <u>interface</u>.</li>
-
- <li>Erasing 5 from C1 yields C2. Here the situation is more
- complicated. On the one hand, there is no problem in
- de-referencing <tt>it</tt>. On the other hand, the order of
- iterators changed in a way that is (practically) determined
- by the <u>implementation</u> and not by the
- <u>interface</u>.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <p>So in classic STL, it is not always possible to express
- whether <tt>it</tt> is valid or not. This is true also for
- <tt>insert</tt>, <i>e.g.</i>. Again, the iterator concept seems
- overloaded.</p>
-
- <h3><a name="assoc_methods" id="assoc_methods">Slightly
- Different Methods</a></h3>
-
- <p>[<a href="references.html#meyers02both">meyers02both</a>]
- points out that a class's methods should comprise only
- operations which depend on the class's internal structure;
- other operations are best designed as external functions.
- Possibly, therefore, the STL's associative containers lack some
- useful methods, and provide some other methods which would be
- better left out (<i>e.g.</i>, [<a href=
- "references.html#sgi_stl">sgi_stl</a>] ).</p>
-
- <h4><a name="assoc_ers_methods" id="assoc_ers_methods">Methods
- Related to Erase</a></h4>
-
- <ol>
- <li>Order-preserving STL associative containers provide the
- method
- <pre>
-iterator
- erase
- (iterator it)
-</pre>which takes an iterator, erases the corresponding element,
-and returns an iterator to the following element. Also hash-based
-STL associative containers provide this method. This <u>seemingly
-increases</u> genericity between associative containers, since, <i>
- e.g.</i>, it is possible to use
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> C::iterator it = c.begin();
-<b>typename</b> C::iterator e_it = c.end();
-
-<b>while</b>(it != e_it)
- it = pred(*it)? c.erase(it) : ++it;
-</pre>in order to erase from a container object <tt>
- c</tt> all element which match a predicate <tt>pred</tt>.
- However, in a different sense this actually
- <u>decreases</u> genericity: an integral implication of
- this method is that tree-based associative containers'
- memory use is linear in the total number of elements they
- store, while hash-based containers' memory use is unbounded
- in the total number of elements they store. Assume a
- hash-based container is allowed to decrease its size when
- an element is erased. Then the elements might be rehashed,
- which means that there is no "next" element - it is simply
- undefined. Consequently, it is possible to infer from the
- fact that STL hash-based containers provide this method
- that they cannot downsize when elements are erased
- (<a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#hash_based">Performance
- Tests::Hash-Based Container Tests</a> quantifies this.) As
- a consequence, different code is needed to manipulate
- different containers, assuming that memory should be
- conserved. <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s non-order preserving
- associative containers omit this method.
- </li>
-
- <li>All of <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s associative containers include a
- conditional-erase method
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>class</b> Pred>
-size_type
- erase_if
- (Pred pred)
-</pre>which erases all elements matching a predicate. This is
-probably the only way to ensure linear-time multiple-item erase
-which can actually downsize a container.
- </li>
-
- <li>STL associative containers provide methods for
- multiple-item erase of the form
- <pre>
-size_type
- erase
- (It b,
- It e)
-</pre>erasing a range of elements given by a pair of iterators. For
-tree-based or trie-based containers, this can implemented more
-efficiently as a (small) sequence of split and join operations. For
-other, unordered, containers, this method isn't much better than an
-external loop. Moreover, if <tt>c</tt> is a hash-based container,
-then, <i>e.g.</i>, <tt>c.erase(c.find(2), c.find(5))</tt> is almost
-certain to do something different than erasing all elements whose
-keys are between 2 and 5, and is likely to produce other undefined
-behavior.
- </li>
- </ol>
-
- <h4><a name="assoc_split_join_methods" id=
- "assoc_split_join_methods">Methods Related to Split and
- Join</a></h4>
-
- <p>It is well-known that tree-based and trie-based container
- objects can be efficiently split or joined [<a href=
- "references.html#clrs2001">clrs2001</a>]. Externally splitting
- or joining trees is super-linear, and, furthermore, can throw
- exceptions. Split and join methods, consequently, seem good
- choices for tree-based container methods, especially, since as
- noted just before, they are efficient replacements for erasing
- sub-sequences. <a href=
- "assoc_performance_tests.html#tree_like_based">Performance
- Tests::Tree-Like-Based Container Tests</a> quantifies this.</p>
-
- <h4><a name="assoc_insert_methods" id=
- "assoc_insert_methods">Methods Related to Insert</a></h4>
-
- <p>STL associative containers provide methods of the form</p>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>class</b> It>
-size_type
- insert
- (It b,
- It e);
-</pre>for inserting a range of elements given by a pair of
-iterators. At best, this can be implemented as an external loop,
-or, even more efficiently, as a join operation (for the case of
-tree-based or trie-based containers). Moreover, these methods seem
-similar to constructors taking a range given by a pair of
-iterators; the constructors, however, are transactional, whereas
-the insert methods are not; this is possibly confusing.
-
- <h4><a name="assoc_equiv_comp_methods" id=
- "assoc_equiv_comp_methods">Functions Related to
- Comparison</a></h4>
-
- <p>Associative containers are parametrized by policies
- allowing to test key equivalence; <i>e.g.</i> a hash-based
- container can do this through its equivalence functor, and a
- tree-based container can do this through its comparison
- functor. In addition, some STL associative containers have
- global function operators, <i>e.g.</i>,
- <tt><b>operator</b>==</tt> and <tt><b>operator</b><=</tt>,
- that allow comparing entire associative containers.</p>
-
- <p>In our opinion, these functions are better left out. To
- begin with, they do not significantly improve over an external
- loop. More importantly, however, they are possibly misleading -
- <tt><b>operator</b>==</tt>, for example, usually checks for
- equivalence, or interchangeability, but the associative
- container cannot check for values' equivalence, only keys'
- equivalence; also, are two containers considered equivalent if
- they store the same values in different order? this is an
- arbitrary decision.</p>
-
- <h3><a name="assoc_mapping_semantics" id=
- "assoc_mapping_semantics">Alternative to Multiple Equivalent
- Keys</a></h3>
-
- <p>Maps (or sets) allow mapping (or storing) unique-key values.
- The STL, however, also supplies associative containers which
- map (or store) multiple values with equivalent keys:
- <tt>std::multimap</tt>, <tt>std::multiset</tt>,
- <tt>std::tr1::unordered_multimap</tt>, and
- <tt>unordered_multiset</tt>. We first discuss how these might
- be used, then why we think it is best to avoid them.</p>
-
- <p>Suppose one builds a simple bank-account application that
- records for each client (identified by an <tt>std::string</tt>)
- and account-id (marked by an <tt><b>unsigned long</b></tt>) -
- the balance in the account (described by a
- <tt><b>float</b></tt>). Suppose further that ordering this
- information is not useful, so a hash-based container is
- preferable to a tree based container. Then one can use</p>
- <pre>
-std::tr1::unordered_map<std::pair<std::string, <b>unsigned long</b>>, <b>float</b>, ...>
-</pre>which <u>hashes every combination of client and
-account-id</u>. This might work well, except for the fact that it
-is now impossible to efficiently list all of the accounts of a
-specific client (this would practically require iterating over all
-entries). Instead, one can use
- <pre>
-std::tr1::unordered_multimap<std::pair<std::string, <tt><b>unsigned long</b></tt>>, <b>float</b>, ...>
-</pre>which <u>hashes every client</u>, and <u>decides equivalence
-based on client</u> only. This will ensure that all accounts
-belonging to a specific user are stored consecutively.
-
- <p>Also, suppose one wants an integers' priority queue
- (<i>i.e.,</i> a container that supports <tt>push</tt>,
- <tt>pop</tt>, and <tt>top</tt> operations, the last of which
- returns the largest <tt><b>int</b></tt>) that also supports
- operations such as <tt>find</tt> and <tt>lower_bound</tt>. A
- reasonable solution is to build an adapter over
- <tt>std::set<<b>int</b>></tt>. In this adapter,
- <i>e.g.</i>, <tt>push</tt> will just call the tree-based
- associative container's <tt>insert</tt> method; <tt>pop</tt>
- will call its <tt>end</tt> method, and use it to return the
- preceding element (which must be the largest). Then this might
- work well, except that the container object cannot hold
- multiple instances of the same integer (<tt>push(4)</tt>,
- <i>e.g.</i>, will be a no-op if <tt>4</tt> is already in the
- container object). If multiple keys are necessary, then one
- might build the adapter over an
- <tt>std::multiset<<b>int</b>></tt>.</p>
-
- <p class="c1">STL non-unique-mapping containers, then, are
- useful when (1) a key can be decomposed in to a primary key and
- a secondary key, (2) a key is needed multiple times, or (3) any
- combination of (1) and (2).</p>
-
- <p>Figure <a href="#embedded_lists_1">Non-unique mapping
- containers in the STL's design</a> shows how the STL's design
- works internally; in this figure nodes shaded equally represent
- equivalent-key values. Equivalent keys are stored consecutively
- using the properties of the underlying data structure: binary
- search trees (Figure <a href="#embedded_lists_1">Non-unique
- mapping containers in the STL's design</a>-A) store
- equivalent-key values consecutively (in the sense of an
- in-order walk) naturally; collision-chaining hash tables
- (Figure <a href="#embedded_lists_1">Non-unique mapping
- containers in the STL's design</a>-B) store equivalent-key
- values in the same bucket, the bucket can be arranged so that
- equivalent-key values are consecutive.</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="embedded_lists_1" id=
- "embedded_lists_1"><img src="embedded_lists_1.png" alt=
- "no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Non-unique mapping containers in the STL's
- design.</h6>
-
- <p>Put differently, STL non-unique mapping
- associative-containers are associative containers that map
- primary keys to linked lists that are embedded into the
- container. Figure <a href="#embedded_lists_2">Effect of
- embedded lists in STL multimaps</a> shows again the two
- containers from Figure <a href="#embedded_lists_1">Non-unique
- mapping containers in the STL's design</a>, this time with the
- embedded linked lists of the grayed nodes marked
- explicitly.</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="embedded_lists_2" id=
- "embedded_lists_2"><img src="embedded_lists_2.png" alt=
- "no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Effect of embedded lists in STL multimaps.</h6>
-
- <p>These embedded linked lists have several disadvantages.</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li>The underlying data structure embeds the linked lists
- according to its own consideration, which means that the
- search path for a value might include several different
- equivalent-key values. For example, the search path for the
- the black node in either of Figures <a href=
- "#embedded_lists_1">Non-unique mapping containers in the
- STL's design</a> A or B, includes more than a single gray
- node.</li>
-
- <li>The links of the linked lists are the underlying
- data structures' nodes, which typically are quite structured.
- <i>E.g.</i>, in the case of tree-based containers (Figure
- <a href="#embedded_lists_2">Effect of embedded lists in STL
- multimaps</a>-B), each "link" is actually a node with three
- pointers (one to a parent and two to children), and a
- relatively-complicated iteration algorithm. The linked lists,
- therefore, can take up quite a lot of memory, and iterating
- over all values equal to a given key (<i>e.g.</i>, through
- the return value of the STL's <tt>equal_range</tt>) can be
- expensive.</li>
-
- <li>The primary key is stored multiply; this uses more
- memory.</li>
-
- <li>Finally, the interface of this design excludes several
- useful underlying data structures. <i>E.g.</i>, of all the
- unordered self-organizing data structures, practically only
- collision-chaining hash tables can (efficiently) guarantee
- that equivalent-key values are stored consecutively.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <p>The above reasons hold even when the ratio of secondary keys
- to primary keys (or average number of identical keys) is small,
- but when it is large, there are more severe problems:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li>The underlying data structures order the links inside
- each embedded linked-lists according to their internal
- considerations, which effectively means that each of the
- links is unordered. Irrespective of the underlying
- data structure, searching for a specific value can degrade to
- linear complexity.</li>
-
- <li>Similarly to the above point, it is impossible to apply
- to the secondary keys considerations that apply to primary
- keys. For example, it is not possible to maintain secondary
- keys by sorted order.</li>
-
- <li>While the interface "understands" that all equivalent-key
- values constitute a distinct list (<i>e.g.</i>, through
- <tt>equal_range</tt>), the underlying data structure
- typically does not. This means, <i>e.g.</i>, that operations
- such as erasing from a tree-based container all values whose
- keys are equivalent to a a given key can be super-linear in
- the size of the tree; this is also true also for several
- other operations that target a specific list.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <p>In <tt>pb_ds</tt>, therefore, all associative containers map
- (or store) unique-key values. One can (1) map primary keys to
- secondary associative-containers (<i>i.e.</i>, containers of
- secondary keys) or non-associative containers (2) map identical
- keys to a size-type representing the number of times they
- occur, or (3) any combination of (1) and (2). Instead of
- allowing multiple equivalent-key values, <tt>pb_ds</tt>
- supplies associative containers based on underlying
- data structures that are suitable as secondary
- associative-containers (see <a href=
- "assoc_performance_tests.html#msc">Associative-Container
- Performance Tests::Observations::Mapping-Semantics
- Considerations</a>).</p>
-
- <p>Figures <a href="#embedded_lists_3">Non-unique mapping
- containers in <tt>pb_ds</tt></a> A and B show the equivalent
- structures in <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s design, to those in Figures
- <a href="#embedded_lists_1">Non-unique mapping containers in
- the STL's design</a> A and B, respectively. Each shaded box
- represents some size-type or secondary
- associative-container.</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="embedded_lists_3" id=
- "embedded_lists_3"><img src="embedded_lists_3.png" alt=
- "no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Non-unique mapping containers in the
- <tt>pb_ds</tt>.</h6>
-
- <p>In the first example above, then, one would use an
- associative container mapping each user to an associative
- container which maps each application id to a start time (see
- <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/basic_multimap.cc"><tt>basic_multimap.cc</tt></a>);
- in the second example, one would use an associative container
- mapping each <tt><b>int</b></tt> to some size-type indicating
- the number of times it logically occurs (see <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/basic_multiset.cc"><tt>basic_multiset.cc</tt></a>).</p>
-
- <p><a href=
- "assoc_performance_tests.html#multimaps">Associative-Container
- Performance Tests::Multimaps</a> quantifies some of these
- points, and <a href=
- "assoc_performance_tests.html#msc">Associative-Container
- Performance Tests::Observations::Mapping-Semantics
- Considerations</a> shows some simple calculations.</p>
-
- <p><a href="assoc_examples.html#mmaps">Associative-Container
- Examples::Multimaps</a> shows some simple examples of using
- "multimaps".</p>
-
- <p><a href="lu_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::List-Based Containers</a> discusses types of
- containers especially suited as secondary
- associative-containers.</p>
-
- <h2><a name="pq" id="pq">Priority Queues</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="pq_more_ops" id="pq_more_ops">Slightly Different
- Methods</a></h3>
-
- <p>Priority queues are containers that allow efficiently
- inserting values and accessing the maximal value (in the sense
- of the container's comparison functor); <i>i.e.</i>, their
- interface supports <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt>. The STL's
- priority queues indeed support these methods, but they support
- little else. For algorithmic and software-engineering purposes,
- other methods are needed:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li>Many graph algorithms [<a href=
- "references.html#clrs2001">clrs2001</a>] require increasing a
- value in a priority queue (again, in the sense of the
- container's comparison functor), or joining two
- priority-queue objects.</li>
-
- <li>It is sometimes necessary to erase an arbitrary value in
- a priority queue. For example, consider the <tt>select</tt>
- function for monitoring file descriptors:
- <pre>
-<b>int</b>
- select
- (<b>int</b> nfds,
- fd_set *readfds,
- fd_set *writefds,
- fd_set *errorfds,
- <b>struct</b> timeval *timeout);
-</pre>then, as the <tt>select</tt> manual page [<a href=
-"references.html#select_man">select_man</a>] states:
-
- <p><q>The nfds argument specifies the range of file
- descriptors to be tested. The select() function tests file
- descriptors in the range of 0 to nfds-1.</q></p>
-
- <p>It stands to reason, therefore, that we might wish to
- maintain a minimal value for <tt>nfds</tt>, and priority
- queues immediately come to mind. Note, though, that when a
- socket is closed, the minimal file description might
- change; in the absence of an efficient means to erase an
- arbitrary value from a priority queue, we might as well
- avoid its use altogether.</p>
-
- <p><a href="pq_examples.html#xref">Priority-Queue
- Examples::Cross-Referencing</a> shows examples for these
- types of operations.</p>
- </li>
-
- <li>STL containers typically support iterators. It is
- somewhat unusual for <tt>std::priority_queue</tt> to omit
- them (see, <i>e.g.</i>, [<a href=
- "references.html#meyers01stl">meyers01stl</a>]). One might
- ask why do priority queues need to support iterators, since
- they are self-organizing containers with a different purpose
- than abstracting sequences. There are several reasons:
-
- <ol>
- <li>Iterators (even in self-organizing containers) are
- useful for many purposes, <i>e.g.</i>, cross-referencing
- containers, serialization, and debugging code that uses
- these containers.</li>
-
- <li>The STL's hash-based containers support iterators,
- even though they too are self-organizing containers with
- a different purpose than abstracting sequences.</li>
-
- <li>In STL-like containers, it is natural to specify the
- interface of operations for modifying a value or erasing
- a value (discussed previously) in terms of a iterators.
- This is discussed further in <a href=
- "pq_design.html#pq_it">Design::Priority
- Queues::Iterators</a>. It should be noted that the STL's
- containers also use iterators for accessing and
- manipulating a specific value. <i>E.g.</i>, in hash-based
- containers, one checks the existence of a key by
- comparing the iterator returned by <tt>find</tt> to the
- iterator returned by <tt>end</tt>, and not by comparing a
- pointer returned by <tt>find</tt> to <tt>NULL</tt>.</li>
- </ol>
- </li>
- </ol>
-
- <p><a href="pq_performance_tests.html">Performance
- Tests::Priority Queues</a> quantifies some of these points.</p>
-
- <h3><a name="pq_ds_genericity" id="pq_ds_genericity">More Data
- Structures and Traits</a></h3>
-
- <p>There are three main implementations of priority queues: the
- first employs a binary heap, typically one which uses a
- sequence; the second uses a tree (or forest of trees), which is
- typically less structured than an associative container's tree;
- the third simply uses an associative container. These are
- shown, respectively, in Figures <a href=
- "#pq_different_underlying_dss">Underlying Priority-Queue
- Data-Structures</a> A1 and A2, B, and C.</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="pq_different_underlying_dss" id=
- "pq_different_underlying_dss"><img src=
- "pq_different_underlying_dss.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Underlying Priority-Queue Data-Structures.</h6>
-
- <p>No single implementation can completely replace any of the
- others. Some have better <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt>
- amortized performance, some have better bounded (worst case)
- response time than others, some optimize a single method at the
- expense of others, <i>etc.</i>. In general the "best"
- implementation is dictated by the problem (see <a href=
- "pq_performance_tests.html#pq_observations">Performance
- Tests::Priority Queues::Observations</a>).</p>
-
- <p>As with associative containers (see <a href=
- "#assoc_ds_genericity">Associative Containers::Traits for
- Underlying Data-Structures</a>), the more implementations
- co-exist, the more necessary a traits mechanism is for handling
- generic containers safely and efficiently. This is especially
- important for priority queues, since the invalidation
- guarantees of one of the most useful data structures - binary
- heaps - is markedly different than those of most of the
- others.</p>
-
- <p><a href="pq_design.html#pq_traits">Design::Priority
- Queues::Traits</a> discusses this further.</p>
-
- <h3><a name="pq_binary_heap" id="pq_binary_heap">Binary Heap
- Implementation</a></h3>
-
- <p>Binary heaps are one of the most useful underlying
- data structures for priority queues. They are very efficient in
- terms of memory (since they don't require per-value structure
- metadata), and have the best amortized <tt>push</tt> and
- <tt>pop</tt> performance for primitive types (<i>e.g.</i>,
- <tt><b>int</b></tt>s).</p>
-
- <p>The STL's <tt>priority_queue</tt> implements this data
- structure as an adapter over a sequence, typically
- <tt>std::vector</tt> or <tt>std::deque</tt>, which correspond
- to Figures <a href="#pq_different_underlying_dss">Underlying
- Priority-Queue Data-Structures</a> A1 and A2, respectively.</p>
-
- <p>This is indeed an elegant example of the adapter concept and
- the algorithm/container/iterator decomposition (see [<a href=
- "references.html#nelson96stlpq">nelson96stlpql</a>]). There are
- possibly reasons, however, why a binary-heap priority queue
- would be better implemented as a container instead of a
- sequence adapter:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li><tt>std::priority_queue</tt> cannot erase values from its
- adapted sequence (irrespective of the sequence type). This
- means that the memory use of an <tt>std::priority_queue</tt>
- object is always proportional to the maximal number of values
- it ever contained, and not to the number of values that it
- currently contains (see <a href=
- "priority_queue_text_pop_mem_usage_test.html">Priority Queue
- Text <tt>pop</tt> Memory Use Test</a>); this implementation
- of binary heaps acts very differently than other underlying
- data structures (<i>e.g.</i>, pairing heaps).</li>
-
- <li>Some combinations of adapted sequences and value types
- are very inefficient or just don't make sense. If one uses
- <tt>std::priority_queue<std::vector<std::string>
- > ></tt>, for example, then not only will each
- operation perform a logarithmic number of
- <tt>std::string</tt> assignments, but, furthermore, any
- operation (including <tt>pop</tt>) can render the container
- useless due to exceptions. Conversely, if one uses
- <tt>std::priority_queue<std::deque<<b>int</b>> >
- ></tt>, then each operation uses incurs a logarithmic
- number of indirect accesses (through pointers) unnecessarily.
- It might be better to let the container make a conservative
- deduction whether to use the structure in Figures <a href=
- "#pq_different_underlying_dss">Underlying Priority-Queue
- Data-Structures</a> A1 or A2.</li>
-
- <li>There does not seem to be a systematic way to determine
- what exactly can be done with the priority queue.
-
- <ol>
- <li>If <tt>p</tt> is a priority queue adapting an
- <tt>std::vector</tt>, then it is possible to iterate over
- all values by using <tt>&p.top()</tt> and
- <tt>&p.top() + p.size()</tt>, but this will not work
- if <tt>p</tt> is adapting an <tt>std::deque</tt>; in any
- case, one cannot use <tt>p.begin()</tt> and
- <tt>p.end()</tt>. If a different sequence is adapted, it
- is even more difficult to determine what can be
- done.</li>
-
- <li>If <tt>p</tt> is a priority queue adapting an
- <tt>std::deque</tt>, then the reference return by
- <tt>p.top()</tt> will remain valid until it is popped,
- but if <tt>p</tt> adapts an <tt>std::vector</tt>, the
- next <tt>push</tt> will invalidate it. If a different
- sequence is adapted, it is even more difficult to
- determine what can be done.</li>
- </ol>
- </li>
-
- <li>Sequence-based binary heaps can still implement
- linear-time <tt>erase</tt> and <tt>modify</tt> operations.
- This means that if one needs, <i>e.g.</i>, to erase a small
- (say logarithmic) number of values, then one might still
- choose this underlying data structure. Using
- <tt>std::priority_queue</tt>, however, this will generally
- change the order of growth of the entire sequence of
- operations.</li>
- </ol>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>move_to_front_lu_policy Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A list-update policy that unconditionally moves elements to
- the front of the list.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/list_update_policy.hpp"><tt>list_update_policy.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Allocator35940069" id=
-"Allocator35940069"><b>class</b> Allocator </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Allocator type.</p>
-
- <p>This is used only for definitions, e.g., the size
- type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-std::allocator<<b>char</b>>
-</pre>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link3" id="link3">Policy Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="allocator48440069" id="allocator48440069">allocator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p><a href="#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>
- type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">Metadata-Type
- Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="metadata_type2849297114" id=
-"metadata_type2849297114">metadata_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="null_lu_metadata.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>null_lu_metadata</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Metadata on which this functor operates.</p>
-
- <p>In this case, none.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="metadata_reference583863863" id=
-"metadata_reference583863863">metadata_reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>::<b>template</b> rebind<
- <a href=
-"#metadata_type2849297114"><tt>metadata_type</tt></a>>::other::reference
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Reference to metadata on which this functor
- operates.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link5" id="link5">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Metadata Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#metadata_type2849297114"><tt>metadata_type</tt></a>
- <b>operator</b>()
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Creates a metadata object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>bool</b>
- <b>operator</b>()
- (<a href=
-"#metadata_reference583863863"><tt>metadata_reference</tt></a> r_metadata) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Decides whether a metadata object should be moved to
- the front of the list.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>"Multimap" Text Find Timing Test with Large Average
- Secondary-Key to Primary-Key Ratio</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>"Multimap" Text Find Timing Test with Large Average
- Secondary-Key to Primary-Key Ratio</h1>
-<h2><a name="description" id="description">Description</a></h2>
-<p>This test inserts a number of pairs into a container. The
- first item of each pair is a string from an arbitrary text
- [<a href="references.html#wickland96thirty">wickland96thirty</a>], and
- the second is a uniform i.i.d.integer. The container is a
- "multimap" - it considers the first member of each pair as a
- primary key, and the second member of each pair as a secondary
- key (see <a href="motivation.html#assoc_mapping_semantics">Motivation::Associative
- Containers::Alternative to Multiple Equivalent Keys</a>). There
- are 100 distinct primary keys, and the ratio of secondary keys
- to primary keys ranges to about 20.</p>
-<p>The test measures the average find-time as a function of the
- number of values inserted. For <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s containers, it
- finds the secondary key from a container obtained from finding
- a primary key. For the native multimaps, it searches a range
- obtained using <tt>std::equal_range</tt> on a primary key.</p>
-<p>(The test was executed with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/ext/pb_ds/multimap_text_find_timing_large.cc"><tt>multimap_text_find_timing_test</tt></a>
- thirty_years_among_the_dead_preproc.txt 100 3 4 4)</p>
-<h2><a name="purpose" id="purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
-<p>The test checks the find-time scalability of different
- "multimap" designs (see <a href="motivation.html#assoc_mapping_semantics">Motivation::Associative
- Containers::Mapping Semantics</a>).</p>
-<h2><a name="results" id="results">Results</a></h2>
-<p>Figures <a href="#NTG">NTG</a>, <a href="#NTM">NTM</a>, and
- <a href="#NTL">NTL</a> show the results for "multimaps" which
- use a tree-based container for primary keys, in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>, and
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively; Figures <a href="#NHG"></a>NHG, <a href="#NHM">NHM</a>, and <a href="#NHL">NHL</a> show the results for
- "multimaps" which use a hash-based container for primary keys,
- in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>,
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>,
- and <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively.</p>
-<div id="NTG_res_div">
-<div id="NTG_gcc">
-<div id="NTG_multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_tree">
-<div id="NTG_assoc">
-<div id="NTG_Native_and_primary_tree-based_multimap_types_find_timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTG" id="NTG"><img src="multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_tree_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTG: Native and primary tree-based multimap types find timing test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_mmap-
-<tt>std::multimap</tt></li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-, mapping each key to <a href="list_update.html"><tt>list_update</tt></a>
- with <tt>Update_Policy</tt> = <a href="move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-, mapping each key to <a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NTM_res_div">
-<div id="NTM_msvc">
-<div id="NTM_multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_tree">
-<div id="NTM_assoc">
-<div id="NTM_Native_and_primary_tree-based_multimap_types_find_timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTM" id="NTM"><img src="multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_tree_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTM: Native and primary tree-based multimap types find timing test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_mmap-
-<tt>std::multimap</tt></li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-, mapping each key to <a href="list_update.html"><tt>list_update</tt></a>
- with <tt>Update_Policy</tt> = <a href="move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-, mapping each key to <a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NTL_res_div">
-<div id="NTL_local">
-<div id="NTL_multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_tree">
-<div id="NTL_assoc">
-<div id="NTL_Native_and_primary_tree-based_multimap_types_find_timing_test"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTL" id= "NTL"><img src="multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_tree_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTL: Native and primary tree-based multimap types find timing test - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NHG_res_div">
-<div id="NHG_gcc">
-<div id="NHG_multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_hash">
-<div id="NHG_assoc">
-<div id="NHG_Native_and_primary_hash-based_multimap_types_find_timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NHG" id="NHG"><img src="multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_hash_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NHG: Native and primary hash-based multimap types find timing test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_hash_mmap-
-<tt>__gnucxx::hash_multimap</tt></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_mmap_lu_mtf_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, mapping each key to <a href="list_update.html"><tt>list_update</tt></a>
- with <tt>Update_Policy</tt> = <a href="move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, mapping each key to <a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NHM_res_div">
-<div id="NHM_msvc">
-<div id="NHM_multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_hash">
-<div id="NHM_assoc">
-<div id="NHM_Native_and_primary_hash-based_multimap_types_find_timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NHM" id="NHM"><img src="multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_hash_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NHM: Native and primary hash-based multimap types find timing test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_hash_mmap-
-<tt>stdext::hash_multimap</tt></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_mmap_lu_mtf_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, mapping each key to <a href="list_update.html"><tt>list_update</tt></a>
- with <tt>Update_Policy</tt> = <a href="move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, mapping each key to <a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NHL_res_div">
-<div id="NHL_local">
-<div id="NHL_multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_hash">
-<div id="NHL_assoc">
-<div id="NHL__Native_and_primary_hash-based_multimap_types_find_timing_test"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NHL" id= "NHL"><img src="multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_hash_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NHL: Native and primary hash-based multimap types find timing test - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2><a name="observations" id="observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<p>See <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msc">Observations::Mapping-Semantics
- Considerations</a>.</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>"Multimap" Text Find Timing Test with Small Average
- Secondary-Key to Primary-Key Ratio</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>"Multimap" Text Find Timing Test with Small Average
- Secondary-Key to Primary-Key Ratio</h1>
-<h2><a name="description" id="description">Description</a></h2>
-<p>This test inserts a number of pairs into a container. The
- first item of each pair is a string from an arbitrary text
- [<a href="references.html#wickland96thirty">wickland96thirty</a>], and
- the second is a uniform i.i.d.integer. The container is a
- "multimap" - it considers the first member of each pair as a
- primary key, and the second member of each pair as a secondary
- key (see <a href="motivation.html#assoc_mapping_semantics">Motivation::Associative
- Containers::Alternative to Multiple Equivalent Keys</a>). There
- are 400 distinct primary keys, and the ratio of secondary keys
- to primary keys ranges from 1 to 5.</p>
-<p>The test measures the average find-time as a function of the
- number of values inserted. For <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s containers, it
- finds the secondary key from a container obtained from finding
- a primary key. For the native multimaps, it searches a range
- obtained using <tt>std::equal_range</tt> on a primary key.</p>
-<p>(The test was executed with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/ext/pb_ds/multimap_text_find_timing_small.cc"><tt>multimap_text_find_timing_test</tt></a>
- thirty_years_among_the_dead_preproc.txt 400 1 1 6)</p>
-<h2><a name="purpose" id="purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
-<p>The test checks the find-time scalability of different
- "multimap" designs (see <a href="motivation.html#assoc_mapping_semantics">Motivation::Associative
- Containers::Mapping Semantics</a>).</p>
-<h2><a name="results" id="results">Results</a></h2>
-<p>Figures <a href="#NTG">NTG</a>, <a href="#NTM">NTM</a>, and
- <a href="#NTL">NTL</a> show the results for "multimaps" which
- use a tree-based container for primary keys, in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>, and
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively; Figures <a href="#NHG"></a>NHG, <a href="#NHM">NHM</a>, and <a href="#NHL">NHL</a> show the results for
- "multimaps" which use a hash-based container for primary keys,
- in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>,
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>,
- and <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively.</p>
-<div id="NTG_res_div">
-<div id="NTG_gcc">
-<div id="NTG_multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_tree">
-<div id="NTG_assoc">
-<div id="NHG_Native_and_primary_tree-based_multimap_types_find_timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTG" id="NTG"><img src="multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_tree_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTG: NHG Native and primary tree-based multimap types find timing test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_mmap-
-<tt>std::multimap</tt></li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-, mapping each key to <a href="list_update.html"><tt>list_update</tt></a>
- with <tt>Update_Policy</tt> = <a href="move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-, mapping each key to <a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NTM_res_div">
-<div id="NTM_msvc">
-<div id="NTM_multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_tree">
-<div id="NTM_assoc">
-<div id="NHM_Native_and_primary_tree-based_multimap_types_find_timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTM" id="NTM"><img src="multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_tree_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTM: NHM Native and primary tree-based multimap types find timing test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_mmap-
-<tt>std::multimap</tt></li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-, mapping each key to <a href="list_update.html"><tt>list_update</tt></a>
- with <tt>Update_Policy</tt> = <a href="move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-, mapping each key to <a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NTL_res_div">
-<div id="NTL_local">
-<div id="NTL_multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_tree">
-<div id="NTL_assoc">
-<div id="NTL_Native_and_primary_tree-based_multimap_types_find_timing_test"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTL" id= "NTL"><img src="multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_tree_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTL: Native and primary tree-based multimap types find timing test - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NHG_res_div">
-<div id="NHG_gcc">
-<div id="NHG_multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_hash">
-<div id="NHG_assoc">
-<div id="NHG_Native_and_primary_hash-based_multimap_types_find_timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NHG" id="NHG"><img src="multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_hash_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NHG: Native and primary hash-based multimap types find timing test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_hash_mmap-
-<tt>__gnucxx::hash_multimap</tt></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_mmap_lu_mtf_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, mapping each key to <a href="list_update.html"><tt>list_update</tt></a>
- with <tt>Update_Policy</tt> = <a href="move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, mapping each key to <a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NHM_res_div">
-<div id="NHM_msvc">
-<div id="NHM_multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_hash">
-<div id="NHM_assoc">
-<div id="NHM_Native_and_primary_hash-based_multimap_types_find_timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NHM" id="NHM"><img src="multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_hash_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NHM: Native and primary hash-based multimap types find timing test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_hash_mmap-
-<tt>stdext::hash_multimap</tt></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_mmap_lu_mtf_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, mapping each key to <a href="list_update.html"><tt>list_update</tt></a>
- with <tt>Update_Policy</tt> = <a href="move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, mapping each key to <a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NHL_res_div">
-<div id="NHL_local">
-<div id="NHL_multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_hash">
-<div id="NHL_assoc">
-<div id="NHL__Native_and_primary_hash-based_multimap_types_find_timing_test"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NHL" id= "NHL"><img src="multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_hash_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NHL: Native and primary hash-based multimap types find timing test - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2><a name="observations" id="observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<p>See <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msc">Observations::Mapping-Semantics
- Considerations</a>.</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>Hash-List "Multimap" Text Memory Use Test with Large
- Average Secondary-Key to Primary-Key Ratio</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>"Multimap" Text Memory Use Test with Large Average
- Secondary-Key to Primary-Key Ratio</h1>
-<h2><a name="description" id="description">Description</a></h2>
-<p>This test inserts a number of pairs into a container. The
- first item of each pair is a string from an arbitrary text
- [<a href="references.html#wickland96thirty">wickland96thirty</a>], and
- the second is a uniform i.i.d.integer. The container is a
- "multimap" - it considers the first member of each pair as a
- primary key, and the second member of each pair as a secondary
- key (see <a href="motivation.html#assoc_mapping_semantics">Motivation::Associative
- Containers::Alternative to Multiple Equivalent Keys</a>). There
- are 100 distinct primary keys. The test measures the memory use
- as a function of the number of values inserted.</p>
-<p>(The test was executed with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/ext/pb_ds/multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_large.cc"><tt>multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test</tt></a>
- thirty_years_among_the_dead_preproc.txt 100 200 2100 100)</p>
-<h2><a name="purpose" id="purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
-<p>The test checks the memory scalability of different
- "multimap" designs (see <a href="motivation.html#assoc_mapping_semantics">Motivation::Associative
- Containers::Mapping Semantics</a>).</p>
-<h2><a name="results" id="results">Results</a></h2>
-<p>Figures <a href="#NTG">NTG</a>, <a href="#NTM">NTM</a>, and
- <a href="#NTL">NTL</a> show the results for "multimaps" which
- use a tree-based container for primary keys, in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>, and
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively; Figures <a href="#NHG"></a>NHG, <a href="#NHM">NHM</a>, and <a href="#NHL">NHL</a> show the results for
- "multimaps" which use a hash-based container for primary keys,
- in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>,
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>,
- and <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively.</p>
-<div id="NTG_res_div">
-<div id="NTG_gcc">
-<div id="NTG_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large_s2p_tree">
-<div id="NTG_assoc">
-<div id="NHG_Native_and_primary_tree-based_multimap_types_mem_usage_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTG" id="NTG"><img src="multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large_s2p_tree_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTG: NHG Native and primary tree-based multimap types mem usage test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-, mapping each key to <a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-n_mmap-
-<tt>std::multimap</tt></li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-, mapping each key to <a href="list_update.html"><tt>list_update</tt></a>
- with <tt>Update_Policy</tt> = <a href="move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NTM_res_div">
-<div id="NTM_msvc">
-<div id="NTM_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large_s2p_tree">
-<div id="NTM_assoc">
-<div id="NHM_Native_and_primary_tree-based_multimap_types_mem_usage_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTM" id="NTM"><img src="multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large_s2p_tree_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTM: NHM Native and primary tree-based multimap types mem usage test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_mmap-
-<tt>std::multimap</tt></li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-, mapping each key to <a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-, mapping each key to <a href="list_update.html"><tt>list_update</tt></a>
- with <tt>Update_Policy</tt> = <a href="move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NTL_res_div">
-<div id="NTL_local">
-<div id="NTL_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large_s2p_tree">
-<div id="NTL_assoc">
-<div id="NTL_Native_and_primary_tree-based_multimap_types_mem_usage_test"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTL" id= "NTL"><img src="multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large_s2p_tree_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTL: Native and primary tree-based multimap types mem usage test - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NHG_res_div">
-<div id="NHG_gcc">
-<div id="NHG_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large_s2p_hash">
-<div id="NHG_assoc">
-<div id="NHG_Native_and_primary_hash-based_multimap_types_mem_usage_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NHG" id="NHG"><img src="multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large_s2p_hash_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NHG: Native and primary hash-based multimap types mem usage test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, mapping each key to <a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-n_hash_mmap-
-<tt>__gnucxx::hash_multimap</tt></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_mmap_lu_mtf_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, mapping each key to <a href="list_update.html"><tt>list_update</tt></a>
- with <tt>Update_Policy</tt> = <a href="move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NHM_res_div">
-<div id="NHM_msvc">
-<div id="NHM_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large_s2p_hash">
-<div id="NHM_assoc">
-<div id="NHM_Native_and_primary_hash-based_multimap_types_mem_usage_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NHM" id="NHM"><img src="multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large_s2p_hash_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NHM: Native and primary hash-based multimap types mem usage test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_hash_mmap-
-<tt>stdext::hash_multimap</tt></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, mapping each key to <a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_mmap_lu_mtf_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, mapping each key to <a href="list_update.html"><tt>list_update</tt></a>
- with <tt>Update_Policy</tt> = <a href="move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NHL_res_div">
-<div id="NHL_local">
-<div id="NHL_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large_s2p_hash">
-<div id="NHL_assoc">
-<div id="NHL__Native_and_primary_hash-based_multimap_types_mem_usage_test"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NHL" id= "NHL"><img src="multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large_s2p_hash_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NHL: Native and primary hash-based multimap types mem usage test - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2><a name="observations" id="observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<p>See <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msc">Observations::Mapping-Semantics
- Considerations</a>.</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>Hash-List "Multimap" Text Memory Use Test with Small
- Average Secondary-Key to Primary-Key Ratio</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>"Multimap" Text Memory Use Test with Small Average
- Secondary-Key to Primary-Key Ratio</h1>
-<h2><a name="description" id="description">Description</a></h2>
-<p>This test inserts a number of pairs into a container. The
- first item of each pair is a string from an arbitrary text
- [<a href="references.html#wickland96thirty">wickland96thirty</a>], and
- the second is a uniform i.i.d.integer. The container is a
- "multimap" - it considers the first member of each pair as a
- primary key, and the second member of each pair as a secondary
- key (see <a href="motivation.html#assoc_mapping_semantics">Motivation::Associative
- Containers::Alternative to Multiple Equivalent Keys</a>). There
- are 100 distinct primary keys, and the ratio of secondary keys
- to primary keys ranges to about 20.</p>
-<p>The test measures the memory use as a function of the number
- of values inserted.</p>
-<p>(The test was executed with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/ext/pb_ds/multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_small.cc"><tt>multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test</tt></a>
- thirty_years_among_the_dead_preproc.txt 100 3 4 4)</p>
-<h2><a name="purpose" id="purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
-<p>The test checks the memory scalability of different
- "multimap" designs (see <a href="motivation.html#assoc_mapping_semantics">Motivation::Associative
- Containers::Mapping Semantics</a>).</p>
-<h2><a name="results" id="results">Results</a></h2>
-<p>Figures <a href="#NTG">NTG</a>, <a href="#NTM">NTM</a>, and
- <a href="#NTL">NTL</a> show the results for "multimaps" which
- use a tree-based container for primary keys, in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>, and
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively; Figures <a href="#NHG"></a>NHG, <a href="#NHM">NHM</a>, and <a href="#NHL">NHL</a> show the results for
- "multimaps" which use a hash-based container for primary keys,
- in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>,
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>,
- and <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively.</p>
-<div id="NTG_res_div">
-<div id="NTG_gcc">
-<div id="NTG_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small_s2p_tree">
-<div id="NTG_assoc">
-<div id="NTG_Native_and_primary_tree-based_multimap_types_mem_usage_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTG" id="NTG"><img src="multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small_s2p_tree_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTG: Native and primary tree-based multimap types mem usage test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-, mapping each key to <a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-n_mmap-
-<tt>std::multimap</tt></li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-, mapping each key to <a href="list_update.html"><tt>list_update</tt></a>
- with <tt>Update_Policy</tt> = <a href="move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NTM_res_div">
-<div id="NTM_msvc">
-<div id="NTM_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small_s2p_tree">
-<div id="NTM_assoc">
-<div id="NHM_Native_and_primary_tree-based_multimap_types_mem_usage_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTM" id="NTM"><img src="multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small_s2p_tree_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTM: NHM Native and primary tree-based multimap types mem usage test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-, mapping each key to <a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-n_mmap-
-<tt>std::multimap</tt></li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-, mapping each key to <a href="list_update.html"><tt>list_update</tt></a>
- with <tt>Update_Policy</tt> = <a href="move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NTL_res_div">
-<div id="NTL_local">
-<div id="NTL_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small_s2p_tree">
-<div id="NTL_assoc">
-<div id="NTL_Native_and_primary_tree-based_multimap_types_mem_usage_test"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTL" id= "NTL"><img src="multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small_s2p_tree_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTL: Native and primary tree-based multimap types mem usage test - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NHG_res_div">
-<div id="NHG_gcc">
-<div id="NHG_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small_s2p_hash">
-<div id="NHG_assoc">
-<div id="NHG_Native_and_primary_hash-based_multimap_types_mem_usage_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NHG" id="NHG"><img src="multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small_s2p_hash_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NHG: Native and primary hash-based multimap types mem usage test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, mapping each key to <a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-n_hash_mmap-
-<tt>__gnucxx::hash_multimap</tt></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_mmap_lu_mtf_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, mapping each key to <a href="list_update.html"><tt>list_update</tt></a>
- with <tt>Update_Policy</tt> = <a href="move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NHM_res_div">
-<div id="NHM_msvc">
-<div id="NHM_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small_s2p_hash">
-<div id="NHM_assoc">
-<div id="NHM_Native_and_primary_hash-based_multimap_types_mem_usage_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NHM" id="NHM"><img src="multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small_s2p_hash_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NHM: Native and primary hash-based multimap types mem usage test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, mapping each key to <a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-n_hash_mmap-
-<tt>stdext::hash_multimap</tt></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_mmap_lu_mtf_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, mapping each key to <a href="list_update.html"><tt>list_update</tt></a>
- with <tt>Update_Policy</tt> = <a href="move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NHL_res_div">
-<div id="NHL_local">
-<div id="NHL_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small_s2p_hash">
-<div id="NHL_assoc">
-<div id="NHL__Native_and_primary_hash-based_multimap_types_mem_usage_test"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NHL" id= "NHL"><img src="multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small_s2p_hash_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NHL: Native and primary hash-based multimap types mem usage test - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2><a name="observations" id="observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<p>See <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msc">Observations::Mapping-Semantics
- Considerations</a>.</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>"Multimap" Text Insert Timing Test with Large Average
- Secondary-Key to Primary-Key Ratio</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>"Multimap" Text Insert Timing Test with Large Average
- Secondary-Key to Primary-Key Ratio</h1>
-<h2><a name="description" id="description">Description</a></h2>
-<p>This test inserts a number of pairs into a container. The
- first item of each pair is a string from an arbitrary text
- [<a href="references.html#wickland96thirty">wickland96thirty</a>], and
- the second is a uniform i.i.d.integer. The container is a
- "multimap" - it considers the first member of each pair as a
- primary key, and the second member of each pair as a secondary
- key (see <a href="motivation.html#assoc_mapping_semantics">Motivation::Associative
- Containers::Alternative to Multiple Equivalent Keys</a>). There
- are 100 distinct primary keys, and the ratio of secondary keys
- to primary keys ranges to about 20.</p>
-<p>The test measures the memory use as a function of the number
- of values inserted.</p>
-<p>(The test was executed with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/ext/pb_ds/multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_large.cc"><tt>multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test</tt></a>
- thirty_years_among_the_dead_preproc.txt 400 1 6 6)</p>
-<h2><a name="purpose" id="purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
-<p>The test checks the insert-time scalability of different
- "multimap" designs (see <a href="motivation.html#assoc_mapping_semantics">Motivation::Associative
- Containers::Mapping Semantics</a>).</p>
-<h2><a name="results" id="results">Results</a></h2>
-<p>Figures <a href="#NTG">NTG</a>, <a href="#NTM">NTM</a>, and
- <a href="#NTL">NTL</a> show the results for "multimaps" which
- use a tree-based container for primary keys, in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>, and
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively; Figures <a href="#NHG"></a>NHG, <a href="#NHM">NHM</a>, and <a href="#NHL">NHL</a> show the results for
- "multimaps" which use a hash-based container for primary keys,
- in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>,
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>,
- and <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively.</p>
-<div id="NTG_res_div">
-<div id="NTG_gcc">
-<div id="NTG_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large_s2p_tree">
-<div id="NTG_assoc">
-<div id="NTG_Native_and_primary_tree-based_multimap_types_insert_timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTG" id="NTG"><img src="multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large_s2p_tree_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTG: Native and primary tree-based multimap types insert timing test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_mmap-
-<tt>std::multimap</tt></li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-, mapping each key to <a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-, mapping each key to <a href="list_update.html"><tt>list_update</tt></a>
- with <tt>Update_Policy</tt> = <a href="move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NTM_res_div">
-<div id="NTM_msvc">
-<div id="NTM_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large_s2p_tree">
-<div id="NTM_assoc">
-<div id="NHM_Native_and_primary_tree-based_multimap_types_insert_timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTM" id="NTM"><img src="multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large_s2p_tree_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTM: NHM Native and primary tree-based multimap types insert timing test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-, mapping each key to <a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-n_mmap-
-<tt>std::multimap</tt></li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-, mapping each key to <a href="list_update.html"><tt>list_update</tt></a>
- with <tt>Update_Policy</tt> = <a href="move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NTL_res_div">
-<div id="NTL_local">
-<div id="NTL_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large_s2p_tree">
-<div id="NTL_assoc">
-<div id="NTL_Native_and_primary_tree-based_multimap_types_insert_timing_test"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTL" id= "NTL"><img src="multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large_s2p_tree_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTL: Native and primary tree-based multimap types insert timing test - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NHG_res_div">
-<div id="NHG_gcc">
-<div id="NHG_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large_s2p_hash">
-<div id="NHG_assoc">
-<div id="NHG_Native_and_primary_hash-based_multimap_types_insert_timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NHG" id="NHG"><img src="multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large_s2p_hash_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NHG: Native and primary hash-based multimap types insert timing test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_hash_mmap-
-<tt>__gnucxx::hash_multimap</tt></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, mapping each key to <a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_mmap_lu_mtf_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, mapping each key to <a href="list_update.html"><tt>list_update</tt></a>
- with <tt>Update_Policy</tt> = <a href="move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NHM_res_div">
-<div id="NHM_msvc">
-<div id="NHM_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large_s2p_hash">
-<div id="NHM_assoc">
-<div id="NHM_Native_and_primary_hash-based_multimap_types_insert_timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NHM" id="NHM"><img src="multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large_s2p_hash_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NHM: Native and primary hash-based multimap types insert timing test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_hash_mmap-
-<tt>stdext::hash_multimap</tt></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, mapping each key to <a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_mmap_lu_mtf_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, mapping each key to <a href="list_update.html"><tt>list_update</tt></a>
- with <tt>Update_Policy</tt> = <a href="move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NHL_res_div">
-<div id="NHL_local">
-<div id="NHL_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large_s2p_hash">
-<div id="NHL_assoc">
-<div id="NHL__Native_and_primary_hash-based_multimap_types_insert_timing_test"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NHL" id= "NHL"><img src="multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large_s2p_hash_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NHL: Native and primary hash-based multimap types insert timing test - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2><a name="observations" id="observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<p>See <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msc">Observations::Mapping-Semantics
- Considerations</a>.</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>"Multimap" Text Insert Timing Test with Small Average
- Secondary-Key to Primary-Key Ratio</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>"Multimap" Text Insert Timing Test with Small Average
- Secondary-Key to Primary-Key Ratio</h1>
-<h2><a name="description" id="description">Description</a></h2>
-<p>This test inserts a number of pairs into a container. The
- first item of each pair is a string from an arbitrary text
- [<a href="references.html#wickland96thirty">wickland96thirty</a>], and
- the second is a uniform i.i.d.integer. The container is a
- "multimap" - it considers the first member of each pair as a
- primary key, and the second member of each pair as a secondary
- key (see <a href="motivation.html#assoc_mapping_semantics">Motivation::Associative
- Containers::Alternative to Multiple Equivalent Keys</a>). There
- are 400 distinct primary keys, and the ratio of secondary keys
- to primary keys ranges from 1 to 5.</p>
-<p>The test measures the average insert-time as a function of
- the number of values inserted. For <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s containers,
- it inserts a primary key into the primary associative
- container, then a secondary key into the secondary associative
- container. For the native multimaps, it obtains a range using
- <tt>std::equal_range</tt>, and inserts a value only if it was
- not contained already.</p>
-<p>(The test was executed with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/ext/pb_ds/multimap_text_insert_timing_small.cc"><tt>multimap_text_insert_timing_test</tt></a>
- thirty_years_among_the_dead_preproc.txt 400 1 1 6)</p>
-<h2><a name="purpose" id="purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
-<p>The test checks the insert-time scalability of different
- "multimap" designs (see <a href="motivation.html#assoc_mapping_semantics">Motivation::Associative
- Containers::Alternative to Multiple Equivalent Keys</a>).</p>
-<h2><a name="results" id="results">Results</a></h2>
-<p>Figures <a href="#NTG">NTG</a>, <a href="#NTM">NTM</a>, and
- <a href="#NTL">NTL</a> show the results for "multimaps" which
- use a tree-based container for primary keys, in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>, and
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively; Figures <a href="#NHG"></a>NHG, <a href="#NHM">NHM</a>, and <a href="#NHL">NHL</a> show the results for
- "multimaps" which use a hash-based container for primary keys,
- in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>,
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>,
- and <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively.</p>
-<div id="NTG_res_div">
-<div id="NTG_gcc">
-<div id="NTG_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small_s2p_tree">
-<div id="NTG_assoc">
-<div id="NTG_Native_and_primary_tree-based_multimap_types_insert_timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTG" id="NTG"><img src="multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small_s2p_tree_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTG: Native and primary tree-based multimap types insert timing test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_mmap-
-<tt>std::multimap</tt></li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-, mapping each key to <a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-, mapping each key to <a href="list_update.html"><tt>list_update</tt></a>
- with <tt>Update_Policy</tt> = <a href="move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NTM_res_div">
-<div id="NTM_msvc">
-<div id="NTM_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small_s2p_tree">
-<div id="NTM_assoc">
-<div id="NHM_Native_and_primary_tree-based_multimap_types_insert_timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTM" id="NTM"><img src="multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small_s2p_tree_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTM: NHM Native and primary tree-based multimap types insert timing test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-, mapping each key to <a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-n_mmap-
-<tt>std::multimap</tt></li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-, mapping each key to <a href="list_update.html"><tt>list_update</tt></a>
- with <tt>Update_Policy</tt> = <a href="move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NTL_res_div">
-<div id="NTL_local">
-<div id="NTL_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small_s2p_tree">
-<div id="NTL_assoc">
-<div id="NTL_Native_and_primary_tree-based_multimap_types_insert_timing_test"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTL" id= "NTL"><img src="multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small_s2p_tree_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTL: Native and primary tree-based multimap types insert timing test - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NHG_res_div">
-<div id="NHG_gcc">
-<div id="NHG_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small_s2p_hash">
-<div id="NHG_assoc">
-<div id="NHG_Native_and_primary_hash-based_multimap_types_insert_timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NHG" id="NHG"><img src="multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small_s2p_hash_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NHG: Native and primary hash-based multimap types insert timing test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_hash_mmap-
-<tt>__gnucxx::hash_multimap</tt></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, mapping each key to <a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_mmap_lu_mtf_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, mapping each key to <a href="list_update.html"><tt>list_update</tt></a>
- with <tt>Update_Policy</tt> = <a href="move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NHM_res_div">
-<div id="NHM_msvc">
-<div id="NHM_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small_s2p_hash">
-<div id="NHM_assoc">
-<div id="NHM_Native_and_primary_hash-based_multimap_types_insert_timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NHM" id="NHM"><img src="multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small_s2p_hash_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NHM: Native and primary hash-based multimap types insert timing test - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, mapping each key to <a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i></li>
-<li>
-n_hash_mmap-
-<tt>stdext::hash_multimap</tt></li>
-<li>
-cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_mmap_lu_mtf_set-
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a>
-with <tt>Comb_Hash_Fn</tt> = <a href="direct_mask_range_hashing.html"><tt>direct_mask_range_hashing</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Resize_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_standard_resize_policy.html"><tt>hash_standard_resize_policy</tt></a>
- with <tt>Size_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_exponential_size_policy.html"><tt>hash_exponential_size_policy</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Trigger_Policy</tt> = <a href="hash_load_check_resize_trigger.html"><tt>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</tt></a>
- with <i>α<sub>min</sub></i> = <i>1/8</i> and <i>α<sub>max</sub></i> = <i>1/2</i>, mapping each key to <a href="list_update.html"><tt>list_update</tt></a>
- with <tt>Update_Policy</tt> = <a href="move_to_front_lu_policy.html"><tt>move_to_front_lu_policy</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NHL_res_div">
-<div id="NHL_local">
-<div id="NHL_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small_s2p_hash">
-<div id="NHL_assoc">
-<div id="NHL_Native_and_primary_hash-based_multimap_types_insert_timing_test"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NHL" id= "NHL"><img src="multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small_s2p_hash_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NHL: Native and primary hash-based multimap types insert timing test - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2><a name="observations" id="observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<p>See <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msc">Observations::Mapping-Semantics
- Considerations</a>.</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>null_hash_fn Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>null_hash_fn</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A "null" hash function, indicating that the combining hash
- function is actually a ranged hash function.</p>
-
- <p><a href=
- "concepts.html#concepts_null_policies">Interface::Concepts::Null
- Policy Classes</a> explains the concept of a null policy. See
- also <a href=
- "hash_based_containers.html#hash_policies">Design::Hash-Based
- Containers::Hash Policies</a>.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/hash_policy.hpp"><tt>hash_policy.hpp</tt></a></p>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>null_lu_metadata Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>null_lu_metadata</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A null type that means that each link in a list-based
- container does not actually need metadata.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/list_update_policy.hpp"><tt>list_update_policy.hpp</tt></a></p>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>null_mapped_type Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>null_mapped_type</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A mapped-policy indicating that an associative container is
- a "set"</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp"><tt>tag_and_trait.hpp</tt></a></p>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>null_probe_fn Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>null_probe_fn</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A "null" probe function, indicating that the combining probe
- function is actually a ranged probe function.</p>
-
- <p><a href=
- "concepts.html#concepts_null_policies">Interface::Concepts::Null
- Policy Classes</a> explains the concept of a null policy.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/hash_policy.hpp"><tt>hash_policy.hpp</tt></a></p>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>null_tree_node_update Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A "null" node updater, indicating that no node updates are
- required.</p>
-
- <p><a href=
- "concepts.html#concepts_null_policies">Interface::Concepts::Null
- Policy Classes</a> explains the concept of a null policy.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tree_policy.hpp"><tt>tree_policy.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Const_Node_Iterator1933878761" id=
-"Const_Node_Iterator1933878761"><b>class</b> Const_Node_Iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const node iterator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Node_Iterator4206909839" id=
-"Node_Iterator4206909839"><b>class</b> Node_Iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Node iterator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Cmp_Fn294335" id="Cmp_Fn294335"><b>class</b> Cmp_Fn</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Comparison functor.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Allocator35940069" id=
-"Allocator35940069"><b>class</b> Allocator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Allocator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>null_trie_node_update Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>null_trie_node_update</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A "null" node updater, indicating that no node updates are
- required.</p>
-
- <p><a href=
- "concepts.html#concepts_null_policies">Interface::Concepts::Null
- Policy Classes</a> explains the concept of a null policy.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/trie_policy.hpp"><tt>trie_policy.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Const_Node_Iterator1933878761" id=
-"Const_Node_Iterator1933878761"><b>class</b> Const_Node_Iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const node iterator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Node_Iterator4206909839" id=
-"Node_Iterator4206909839"><b>class</b> Node_Iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Node iterator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="E_Access_Traits686553840" id=
-"E_Access_Traits686553840"><b>class</b> E_Access_Traits</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Comparison functor.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Allocator35940069" id=
-"Allocator35940069"><b>class</b> Allocator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Allocator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>ov_tree_tag Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>ov_tree_tag</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Ordered-vector tree data structure tag.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp"><tt>tag_and_trait.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="tree_tag.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>tree_tag</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>pairing_heap_tag Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Pairing-heap data structure tag.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp"><tt>tag_and_trait.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="priority_queue_tag.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>priority_queue_tag</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>pat_trie_tag Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>pat_trie_tag</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>PATRICIA trie data structure tag.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp"><tt>tag_and_trait.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="tree_tag.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>tree_tag</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>point_invalidation_guarantee Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>point_invalidation_guarantee</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Signifies an invalidation guarantee that includes all those
- of its base, and additionally, that any point-type iterator,
- pointer, or reference to a container object's mapped value type
- is valid as long as its corresponding entry has not be erased,
- regardless of modifications to the container object.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp"><tt>tag_and_trait.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="basic_invalidation_guarantee.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>basic_invalidation_guarantee</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>container_traits Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>container_traits</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Traits of a priority-queue container based on its underlying
- data structure.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp"><tt>tag_and_trait.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Cntnr59189" id="Cntnr59189"><b>class</b> Cntnr</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Container type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link3" id="link3">Container Attributes</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="container_category1247973216" id=
-"container_category1247973216">container_category</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-Underlying data structure.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Data structure category.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="invalidation_guarantee3793555937" id=
-"invalidation_guarantee3793555937">invalidation_guarantee</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-Invalidation guarantee.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Invalidation-guarantee type.</p>
-
- <p>This is either <a href=
- "basic_invalidation_guarantee.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>basic_invalidation_guarantee</tt></span></a>,
- <a href="point_invalidation_guarantee.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>point_invalidation_guarantee</tt></span></a>, or
- <a href="range_invalidation_guarantee.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>range_invalidation_guarantee</tt></span></a></p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="split_join_can_throw3200477759" id=
-"split_join_can_throw3200477759">split_join_can_throw</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-True only if split or join operations can throw.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Split-join throw indicator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>Priority-Queues</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>Priority-Queue Design</h1>
-
- <h2><a name="overview" id="overview">Overview</a></h2>
-
- <p>The priority-queue container has the following
- declaration:</p>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>typename</b> Value_Type,
- <b>typename</b> Cmp_Fn = std::less<Value_Type>,
- <b>typename</b> Tag = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html">pairing_heap_tag</a>,
- <b>typename</b> Allocator = std::allocator<<b>char</b>> >
-<b>class</b> <a href="priority_queue.html">priority_queue</a>;
-</pre>
-
- <p>The parameters have the following meaning:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li><tt>Value_Type</tt> is the value type.</li>
-
- <li><tt>Cmp_Fn</tt> is a value comparison functor</li>
-
- <li><tt>Tag</tt> specifies which underlying data structure
- to use.</li>
-
- <li><tt>Allocator</tt> is an allocator
- type.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <p>The <tt>Tag</tt> parameter specifies which underlying
- data structure to use. Instantiating it by <a href=
- "pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>,
- <a href=
- "binary_heap_tag.html"><tt>binary_heap_tag</tt></a>,
- <a href=
- "binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>,
- <a href=
- "rc_binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>rc_binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>,
- or <a href=
- "thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a>,
- specifies, respectively, an underlying pairing heap [<a href=
- "references.html#fredman86pairing">fredman86pairing</a>],
- binary heap [<a href="references.html#clrs2001">clrs2001</a>],
- binomial heap [<a href=
- "references.html#clrs2001">clrs2001</a>], a binomial heap with
- a redundant binary counter [<a href=
- "references.html#maverik_lowerbounds">maverik_lowerbounds</a>],
- or a thin heap [<a href=
- "references.html#kt99fat_heaps">kt99fat_heas</a>]. These are
- explained further in <a href="#pq_imp">Implementations</a>.</p>
-
- <p>As mentioned in <a href=
- "tutorial.html#pq">Tutorial::Priority Queues</a>,
- <a href=
- "priority_queue.html"><tt>__gnu_pbds::priority_queue</tt></a>
- shares most of the same interface with <tt>std::priority_queue</tt>.
- <i>E.g.</i> if <tt>q</tt> is a priority queue of type
- <tt>Q</tt>, then <tt>q.top()</tt> will return the "largest"
- value in the container (according to <tt><b>typename</b>
- Q::cmp_fn</tt>). <a href=
- "priority_queue.html"><tt>__gnu_pbds::priority_queue</tt></a>
- has a larger (and very slightly different) interface than
- <tt>std::priority_queue</tt>, however, since typically
- <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> are deemed insufficient for
- manipulating priority-queues. </p>
-
- <p>Different settings require different priority-queue
- implementations which are described in <a href=
- "#pq_imp">Implementations</a>; <a href="#pq_traits">Traits</a>
- discusses ways to differentiate between the different traits of
- different implementations.</p>
-
- <h2><a name="pq_it" id="pq_it">Iterators</a></h2>
-
- <p>There are many different underlying-data structures for
- implementing priority queues. Unfortunately, most such
- structures are oriented towards making <tt>push</tt> and
- <tt>top</tt> efficient, and consequently don't allow efficient
- access of other elements: for instance, they cannot support an efficient
- <tt>find</tt> method. In the use case where it
- is important to both access and "do something with" an
- arbitrary value, one would be out of luck. For example, many graph algorithms require
- modifying a value (typically increasing it in the sense of the
- priority queue's comparison functor).</p>
-
- <p>In order to access and manipulate an arbitrary value in a
- priority queue, one needs to reference the internals of the
- priority queue from some form of an associative container -
- this is unavoidable. Of course, in order to maintain the
- encapsulation of the priority queue, this needs to be done in a
- way that minimizes exposure to implementation internals.</p>
-
- <p>In <tt>pb_ds</tt> the priority queue's <tt>insert</tt>
- method returns an iterator, which if valid can be used for subsequent <tt>modify</tt> and
- <tt>erase</tt> operations. This both preserves the priority
- queue's encapsulation, and allows accessing arbitrary values (since the
- returned iterators from the <tt>push</tt> operation can be
- stored in some form of associative container).</p>
-
- <p>Priority queues' iterators present a problem regarding their
- invalidation guarantees. One assumes that calling
- <tt><b>operator</b>++</tt> on an iterator will associate it
- with the "next" value. Priority-queues are
- self-organizing: each operation changes what the "next" value
- means. Consequently, it does not make sense that <tt>push</tt>
- will return an iterator that can be incremented - this can have
- no possible use. Also, as in the case of hash-based containers,
- it is awkward to define if a subsequent <tt>push</tt> operation
- invalidates a prior returned iterator: it invalidates it in the
- sense that its "next" value is not related to what it
- previously considered to be its "next" value. However, it might not
- invalidate it, in the sense that it can be
- de-referenced and used for <tt>modify</tt> and <tt>erase</tt>
- operations.</p>
-
- <p>Similarly to the case of the other unordered associative
- containers, <tt>pb_ds</tt> uses a distinction between
- point-type and range type iterators. A priority queue's <tt>iterator</tt> can always be
- converted to a <tt>point_iterator</tt>, and a
- <tt>const_iterator</tt> can always be converted to a
- <tt>const_point_iterator</tt>.</p>
-
- <p>The following snippet demonstrates manipulating an arbitrary
- value:</p>
- <pre>
-<i>// A priority queue of integers.</i>
-<a href=
-"priority_queue.html">priority_queue</a><<b>int</b>> p;
-
-<i>// Insert some values into the priority queue.</i>
-<a href=
-"priority_queue.html">priority_queue</a><<b>int</b>>::point_iterator it = p.push(0);
-
-p.push(1);
-p.push(2);
-
-<i>// Now modify a value.</i>
-p.modify(it, 3);
-
-assert(p.top() == 3);
-</pre>
-
- <p>(<a href="pq_examples.html#xref">Priority Queue
- Examples::Cross-Referencing</a> shows a more detailed
- example.)</p>
-
- <p>It should be noted that an alternative design could embed an
- associative container in a priority queue. Could, but most probably should not. To begin with, it should be noted that one
- could always encapsulate a priority queue and an associative
- container mapping values to priority queue iterators with no
- performance loss. One cannot, however, "un-encapsulate" a
- priority queue embedding an associative container, which might
- lead to performance loss. Assume, that one needs to
- associate each value with some data unrelated to priority
- queues. Then using <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s design, one could use an
- associative container mapping each value to a pair consisting
- of this data and a priority queue's iterator. Using the
- embedded method would need to use two associative
- containers. Similar problems might arise in cases where a value
- can reside simultaneously in many priority queues.</p>
-
- <h2><a name="pq_imp" id="pq_imp">Implementations</a></h2>
-
- <p>There are three main implementations of priority queues: the
- first employs a binary heap, typically one which uses a
- sequence; the second uses a tree (or forest of trees), which is
- typically less structured than an associative container's tree;
- the third simply uses an associative container. These are
- shown, respectively, in Figures <a href=
- "#pq_different_underlying_dss">Underlying Priority-Queue
- Data-Structures</a> A1 and A2, Figure <a href=
- "#pq_different_underlying_dss">Underlying Priority-Queue
- Data-Structures</a> B, and Figures <a href=
- "#pq_different_underlying_dss">Underlying Priority-Queue
- Data-Structures</a> C.</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="pq_different_underlying_dss" id=
- "pq_different_underlying_dss"><img src=
- "pq_different_underlying_dss.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Underlying Priority-Queue Data-Structures.</h6>
-
- <p>Roughly speaking, any value that is both pushed and popped
- from a priority queue must incur a logarithmic expense (in the
- amortized sense). Any priority queue implementation that would
- avoid this, would violate known bounds on comparison-based
- sorting (see, <i>e.g.</i>, [<a href=
- "references.html#clrs2001">clrs2001</a>] and <a href=
- "references.html#brodal96priority">brodal96priority</a>]).</p>
-
- <p>Most implementations do
- not differ in the asymptotic amortized complexity of
- <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> operations, but they differ in
- the constants involved, in the complexity of other operations
- (<i>e.g.</i>, <tt>modify</tt>), and in the worst-case
- complexity of single operations. In general, the more
- "structured" an implementation (<i>i.e.</i>, the more internal
- invariants it possesses) - the higher its amortized complexity
- of <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> operations.</p>
-
- <p><tt>pb_ds</tt> implements different algorithms using a
- single class: <a href="priority_queue.html">priority_queue</a>.
- Instantiating the <tt>Tag</tt> template parameter, "selects"
- the implementation:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li>Instantiating <tt>Tag = <a href=
- "binary_heap_tag.html">binary_heap_tag</a></tt> creates
- a binary heap of the form in Figures <a href=
- "#pq_different_underlying_dss">Underlying Priority-Queue
- Data-Structures</a> A1 or A2. The former is internally
- selected by <a href="priority_queue.html">priority_queue</a>
- if <tt>Value_Type</tt> is instantiated by a primitive type
- (<i>e.g.</i>, an <tt><b>int</b></tt>); the latter is
- internally selected for all other types (<i>e.g.</i>,
- <tt>std::string</tt>). This implementations is relatively
- unstructured, and so has good <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt>
- performance; it is the "best-in-kind" for primitive
- types, <i>e.g.</i>, <tt><b>int</b></tt>s. Conversely, it has
- high worst-case performance, and can support only linear-time
- <tt>modify</tt> and <tt>erase</tt> operations; this is
- explained further in <a href="#pq_traits">Traits</a>.</li>
-
- <li>Instantiating <tt>Tag = <a href=
- "pairing_heap_tag.html">pairing_heap_tag</a></tt>
- creates a pairing heap of the form in Figure <a href=
- "#pq_different_underlying_dss">Underlying Priority-Queue
- Data-Structures</a> B. This implementations too is relatively
- unstructured, and so has good <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt>
- performance; it is the "best-in-kind" for non-primitive
- types, <i>e.g.</i>, <tt>std:string</tt>s. It also has very
- good worst-case <tt>push</tt> and <tt>join</tt> performance
- (<i>O(1)</i>), but has high worst-case <tt>pop</tt>
- complexity.</li>
-
- <li>Instantiating <tt>Tag = <a href=
- "binomial_heap_tag.html">binomial_heap_tag</a></tt>
- creates a binomial heap of the form in Figure <a href=
- "#pq_different_underlying_dss">Underlying Priority-Queue
- Data-Structures</a> B. This implementations is more
- structured than a pairing heap, and so has worse
- <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> performance. Conversely, it
- has sub-linear worst-case bounds for <tt>pop</tt>,
- <i>e.g.</i>, and so it might be preferred in cases where
- responsiveness is important.</li>
-
- <li>Instantiating <tt>Tag = <a href=
- "rc_binomial_heap_tag.html">rc_binomial_heap_tag</a></tt>
- creates a binomial heap of the form in Figure <a href=
- "#pq_different_underlying_dss">Underlying Priority-Queue
- Data-Structures</a> B, accompanied by a redundant counter
- which governs the trees. This implementations is therefore
- more structured than a binomial heap, and so has worse
- <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> performance. Conversely, it
- guarantees <i>O(1)</i> <tt>push</tt> complexity, and so it
- might be preferred in cases where the responsiveness of a
- binomial heap is insufficient.</li>
-
- <li>Instantiating <tt>Tag = <a href=
- "thin_heap_tag.html">thin_heap_tag</a></tt> creates a
- thin heap of the form in Figure <a href=
- "#pq_different_underlying_dss">Underlying Priority-Queue
- Data-Structures</a> B. This implementations too is more
- structured than a pairing heap, and so has worse
- <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> performance. Conversely, it
- has better worst-case and identical amortized complexities
- than a Fibonacci heap, and so might be more appropriate for
- some graph algorithms.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <p><a href="pq_performance_tests.html">Priority-Queue
- Performance Tests</a> shows some results for the above, and
- discusses these points further.</p>
-
- <p>Of course, one can use any order-preserving associative
- container as a priority queue, as in Figure <a href=
- "#pq_different_underlying_dss">Underlying Priority-Queue
- Data-Structures</a> C, possibly by creating an adapter class
- over the associative container (much as
- <tt>std::priority_queue</tt> can adapt <tt>std::vector</tt>).
- This has the advantage that no cross-referencing is necessary
- at all; the priority queue itself is an associative container.
- Most associative containers are too structured to compete with
- priority queues in terms of <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt>
- performance.</p>
-
- <h2><a name="pq_traits" id="pq_traits">Traits</a></h2>
-
- <p>It would be nice if all priority queues could
- share exactly the same behavior regardless of implementation. Sadly, this is not possible. Just one for instance is in join operations: joining
- two binary heaps might throw an exception (not corrupt
- any of the heaps on which it operates), but joining two pairing
- heaps is exception free.</p>
-
- <p>Tags and traits are very useful for manipulating generic
- types. <a href=
- "priority_queue.html"><tt>__gnu_pbds::priority_queue</tt></a>
- publicly defines <tt>container_category</tt> as one of the tags
- discussed in <a href="#pq_imp">Implementations</a>. Given any
- container <tt>Cntnr</tt>, the tag of the underlying
- data structure can be found via <tt><b>typename</b>
- Cntnr::container_category</tt>; this is one of the types shown in
- Figure <a href="#pq_tag_cd">Data-structure tag class
- hierarchy</a>.</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="pq_tag_cd" id=
- "pq_tag_cd"><img src="priority_queue_tag_cd.png" alt=
- "no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Data-structure tag class hierarchy.</h6>
-
- <p>Additionally, a traits mechanism can be used to query a
- container type for its attributes. Given any container
- <tt>Cntnr</tt>, then <tt><a href=
- "assoc_container_traits.html">__gnu_pbds::container_traits</a><Cntnr></tt>
- is a traits class identifying the properties of the
- container.</p>
-
- <p>To find if a container might throw if two of its objects are
- joined, one can use <a href=
- "assoc_container_traits.html"><tt>container_traits</tt></a><tt><Cntnr>::split_join_can_throw</tt>,
- for example.</p>
-
- <p>Different priority-queue implementations have different invalidation guarantees. This is
- especially important, since as explained in <a href=
- "#pq_it">Iterators</a>, there is no way to access an arbitrary
- value of priority queues except for iterators. Similarly to
- associative containers, one can use
- <a href=
- "assoc_container_traits.html"><tt>container_traits</tt></a><tt><Cntnr>::invalidation_guarantee</tt>
- to get the invalidation guarantee type of a priority queue.</p>
-
- <p>It is easy to understand from Figure <a href=
- "#pq_different_underlying_dss">Underlying Priority-Queue
- Data-Structures</a>, what <a href=
- "assoc_container_traits.html"><tt>container_traits</tt></a><tt><Cntnr>::invalidation_guarantee</tt>
- will be for different implementations. All implementations of
- type <a href="#pq_different_underlying_dss">Underlying
- Priority-Queue Data-Structures</a> B have <a href=
- "point_invalidation_guarantee.html"><tt>point_invalidation_guarantee</tt></a>:
- the container can freely internally reorganize the nodes -
- range-type iterators are invalidated, but point-type iterators
- are always valid. Implementations of type <a href=
- "#pq_different_underlying_dss">Underlying Priority-Queue
- Data-Structures</a> A1 and A2 have <a href=
- "basic_invalidation_guarantee.html"><tt>basic_invalidation_guarantee</tt></a>:
- the container can freely internally reallocate the array - both
- point-type and range-type iterators might be invalidated.</p>
-
- <p>This has major implications, and constitutes a good reason to avoid
- using binary heaps. A binary heap can perform <tt>modify</tt>
- or <tt>erase</tt> efficiently <u>given a valid point-type
- iterator</u>. However, inn order to supply it with a valid point-type
- iterator, one needs to iterate (linearly) over all
- values, then supply the relevant iterator (recall that a
- range-type iterator can always be converted to a point-type
- iterator). This means that if the number of <tt>modify</tt> or
- <tt>erase</tt> operations is non-negligible (say
- super-logarithmic in the total sequence of operations) - binary
- heaps will perform badly.</p>
- <pre>
-
-</pre>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>Examples</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>Priority-Queue Examples</h1>
-
- <h2><a name="basic_usage" id="basic_usage">Basic Use</a></h2>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/basic_priority_queue.cc"><tt>basic_priority_queue.cc</tt></a>
- Basic use of priority queues.</li>
-
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/priority_queue_split_join.cc"><tt>priority_queue_split_join.cc</tt></a>
- Splitting and joining priority queues.</li>
-
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/priority_queue_erase_if.cc"><tt>priority_queue_erase_if.cc</tt></a>
- Conditionally erasing values from a container object.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <h2><a name="generics" id="generics">Generics</a></h2>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/priority_queue_container_traits.cc"><tt>priority_queue_container_traits.cc</tt></a>
- Using <a href="assoc_container_traits.html"><tt>container_traits</tt></a>
- to query about underlying data structure behavior.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <h2><a name="xref" id="xref">Cross Referencing</a></h2>
-
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/priority_queue_xref.cc"><tt>priority_queue_xref.cc</tt></a>
- Cross referencing an associative container and a priority
- queue.</li>
-
- <li><a href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/priority_queue_dijkstra.cc"><tt>priority_queue_dijkstra.cc</tt></a>
- Cross referencing a vector and a priority queue using a
- <u>very</u> simple version of Dijkstra's shortest path
- algorithm.</li>
- </ol>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>Priority-Queue Performance Tests</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>Priority-Queue Performance Tests</h1>
-<h2><a name="settings" id="settings">Settings</a></h2>
-<p>This section describes performance tests and their results.
- In the following, <a href="#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>, and <a href="#local"><u>local</u></a> (the build used for generating this
- documentation) stand for three different builds:</p>
-<div id="gcc_settings_div">
-<div class="c1">
-<h3><a name="gcc" id="gcc"><u>g++</u></a></h3>
-<ul>
-<li>CPU speed - cpu MHz : 2660.644</li>
-<li>Memory - MemTotal: 484412 kB</li>
-<li>Platform -
- Linux-2.6.12-9-386-i686-with-debian-testing-unstable</li>
-<li>Compiler - g++ (GCC) 4.0.2 20050808 (prerelease)
- (Ubuntu 4.0.1-4ubuntu9) Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software
- Foundation, Inc. This is free software; see the source
- for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even
- for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
- PURPOSE.</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-<div class="c2"></div>
-</div>
-<div id="msvc_settings_div">
-<div class="c1">
-<h3><a name="msvc" id="msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a></h3>
-<ul>
-<li>CPU speed - cpu MHz : 2660.554</li>
-<li>Memory - MemTotal: 484412 kB</li>
-<li>Platform - Windows XP Pro</li>
-<li>Compiler - Microsoft (R) 32-bit C/C++ Optimizing
- Compiler Version 13.10.3077 for 80x86 Copyright (C)
- Microsoft Corporation 1984-2002. All rights
- reserved.</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-<div class="c2"></div>
-</div>
-<div id="local_settings_div"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h3><a name = "local"><u>local</u></a></h3><ul>
-<li>CPU speed - cpu MHz : 2250.000</li>
-<li>Memory - MemTotal: 2076248 kB</li>
-<li>Platform - Linux-2.6.16-1.2133_FC5-i686-with-redhat-5-Bordeaux</li>
-<li>Compiler - g++ (GCC) 4.1.1 20060525 (Red Hat 4.1.1-1)
-Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO
-warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
-</li>
-</ul>
-</div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-<h2><a name="pq_tests" id="pq_tests">Tests</a></h2>
-<ol>
-<li><a href="priority_queue_text_push_timing_test.html">Priority Queue
- Text <tt>push</tt> Timing Test</a></li>
-<li><a href="priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test.html">Priority
- Queue Text <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> Timing
- Test</a></li>
-<li><a href="priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test.html">Priority
- Queue Random Integer <tt>push</tt> Timing Test</a></li>
-<li><a href="priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing_test.html">Priority
- Queue Random Integer <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> Timing
- Test</a></li>
-<li><a href="priority_queue_text_pop_mem_usage_test.html">Priority Queue
- Text <tt>pop</tt> Memory Use Test</a></li>
-<li><a href="priority_queue_text_join_timing_test.html">Priority Queue
- Text <tt>join</tt> Timing Test</a></li>
-<li><a href="priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test.html">Priority
- Queue Text <tt>modify</tt> Timing Test - I</a></li>
-<li><a href="priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test.html">Priority
- Queue Text <tt>modify</tt> Timing Test - II</a></li>
-</ol>
-<h2><a name="pq_observations" id="pq_observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<h3><a name="pq_observations_cplx" id="pq_observations_cplx">Underlying Data Structures
- Complexity</a></h3>
-<p>The following table shows the complexities of the different
- underlying data structures in terms of orders of growth. It is
- interesting to note that this table implies something about the
- constants of the operations as well (see <a href="#pq_observations_amortized_push_pop">Amortized <tt>push</tt>
- and <tt>pop</tt> operations</a>).</p>
-<table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="pq complexities">
-<tr>
-<td align="left"></td>
-<td align="left"><tt>push</tt></td>
-<td align="left"><tt>pop</tt></td>
-<td align="left"><tt>modify</tt></td>
-<td align="left"><tt>erase</tt></td>
-<td align="left"><tt>join</tt></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td align="left">
-<p><tt>std::priority_queue</tt></p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p><i>Θ(n)</i> worst</p>
-<p><i>Θ(log(n))</i> amortized</p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p class="c1">Θ(log(n)) Worst</p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p><i>Theta;(n log(n))</i> Worst</p>
-<p><sub><a href="#std_mod1">[std note 1]</a></sub></p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p class="c3">Θ(n log(n))</p>
-<p><sub><a href="#std_mod2">[std note 2]</a></sub></p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p class="c3">Θ(n log(n))</p>
-<p><sub><a href="#std_mod1">[std note 1]</a></sub></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td align="left">
-<p><a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a></p>
-<p>with <tt>Tag</tt> =</p>
-<p><a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a></p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p class="c1">O(1)</p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p><i>Θ(n)</i> worst</p>
-<p><i>Θ(log(n))</i> amortized</p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p><i>Θ(n)</i> worst</p>
-<p><i>Θ(log(n))</i> amortized</p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p><i>Θ(n)</i> worst</p>
-<p><i>Θ(log(n))</i> amortized</p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p class="c1">O(1)</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td align="left">
-<p><a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a></p>
-<p>with <tt>Tag</tt> =</p>
-<p><a href="binary_heap_tag.html"><tt>binary_heap_tag</tt></a></p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p><i>Θ(n)</i> worst</p>
-<p><i>Θ(log(n))</i> amortized</p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p><i>Θ(n)</i> worst</p>
-<p><i>Θ(log(n))</i> amortized</p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p class="c1">Θ(n)</p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p class="c1">Θ(n)</p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p class="c1">Θ(n)</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td align="left">
-<p><a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a></p>
-<p>with <tt>Tag</tt> =</p>
-<p><a href="binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>binomial_heap_tag</tt></a></p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p><i>Θ(log(n))</i> worst</p>
-<p><i>O(1)</i> amortized</p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p class="c1">Θ(log(n))</p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p class="c1">Θ(log(n))</p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p class="c1">Θ(log(n))</p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p class="c1">Θ(log(n))</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td align="left">
-<p><a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a></p>
-<p>with <tt>Tag</tt> =</p>
-<p><a href="rc_binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>rc_binomial_heap_tag</tt></a></p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p class="c1">O(1)</p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p class="c1">Θ(log(n))</p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p class="c1">Θ(log(n))</p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p class="c1">Θ(log(n))</p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p class="c1">Θ(log(n))</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td align="left">
-<p><a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a></p>
-<p>with <tt>Tag</tt> =</p>
-<p><a href="thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a></p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p class="c1">O(1)</p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p><i>Θ(n)</i> worst</p>
-<p><i>Θ(log(n))</i> amortized</p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p><i>Θ(log(n))</i> worst</p>
-<p><i>O(1)</i> amortized,</p>or
-
- <p><i>Θ(log(n))</i> amortized</p>
-<p><sub><a href="#thin_heap_note">[thin_heap_note]</a></sub></p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p><i>Θ(n)</i> worst</p>
-<p><i>Θ(log(n))</i> amortized</p>
-</td>
-<td align="left">
-<p class="c1">Θ(n)</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p><sub><a name="std_mod1" id="std_mod1">[std note 1]</a> This
- is not a property of the algorithm, but rather due to the fact
- that the STL's priority queue implementation does not support
- iterators (and consequently the ability to access a specific
- value inside it). If the priority queue is adapting an
- <tt>std::vector</tt>, then it is still possible to reduce this
- to <i>Θ(n)</i> by adapting over the STL's adapter and
- using the fact that <tt>top</tt> returns a reference to the
- first value; if, however, it is adapting an
- <tt>std::deque</tt>, then this is impossible.</sub></p>
-<p><sub><a name="std_mod2" id="std_mod2">[std note 2]</a> As
- with <a href="#std_mod1">[std note 1]</a>, this is not a
- property of the algorithm, but rather the STL's implementation.
- Again, if the priority queue is adapting an
- <tt>std::vector</tt> then it is possible to reduce this to
- <i>Θ(n)</i>, but with a very high constant (one must call
- <tt>std::make_heap</tt> which is an expensive linear
- operation); if the priority queue is adapting an
- <tt>std::dequeu</tt>, then this is impossible.</sub></p>
-<p><sub><a name="thin_heap_note" id="thin_heap_note">[thin_heap_note]</a> A thin heap has
- <i>&Theta(log(n))</i> worst case <tt>modify</tt> time
- always, but the amortized time depends on the nature of the
- operation: I) if the operation increases the key (in the sense
- of the priority queue's comparison functor), then the amortized
- time is <i>O(1)</i>, but if II) it decreases it, then the
- amortized time is the same as the worst case time. Note that
- for most algorithms, I) is important and II) is not.</sub></p>
-<h3><a name="pq_observations_amortized_push_pop" id="pq_observations_amortized_push_pop">Amortized <tt>push</tt>
- and <tt>pop</tt> operations</a></h3>
-<p>In many cases, a priority queue is needed primarily for
- sequences of <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> operations. All of
- the underlying data structures have the same amortized
- logarithmic complexity, but they differ in terms of
- constants.</p>
-<p>The table above shows that the different data structures are
- "constrained" in some respects. In general, if a data structure
- has lower worst-case complexity than another, then it will
- perform slower in the amortized sense. Thus, for example a
- redundant-counter binomial heap (<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a> with
- <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rc_binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>rc_binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>)
- has lower worst-case <tt>push</tt> performance than a binomial
- heap (<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>),
- and so its amortized <tt>push</tt> performance is slower in
- terms of constants.</p>
-<p>As the table shows, the "least constrained" underlying
- data structures are binary heaps and pairing heaps.
- Consequently, it is not surprising that they perform best in
- terms of amortized constants.</p>
-<ol>
-<li>Pairing heaps seem to perform best for non-primitive
- types (<i>e.g.</i>, <tt>std::string</tt>s), as shown by
- <a href="priority_queue_text_push_timing_test.html">Priority
- Queue Text <tt>push</tt> Timing Test</a> and <a href="priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test.html">Priority
- Queue Text <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> Timing
- Test</a></li>
-<li>binary heaps seem to perform best for primitive types
- (<i>e.g.</i>, <tt><b>int</b></tt>s), as shown by <a href="priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test.html">Priority
- Queue Random Integer <tt>push</tt> Timing Test</a> and
- <a href="priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing_test.html">Priority
- Queue Random Integer <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> Timing
- Test</a>.</li>
-</ol>
-<h3><a name="pq_observations_graph" id="pq_observations_graph">Graph Algorithms</a></h3>
-<p>In some graph algorithms, a decrease-key operation is
- required [<a href="references.html#clrs2001">clrs2001</a>];
- this operation is identical to <tt>modify</tt> if a value is
- increased (in the sense of the priority queue's comparison
- functor). The table above and <a href="priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test.html">Priority Queue
- Text <tt>modify</tt> Timing Test - I</a> show that a thin heap
- (<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a> with
- <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a>)
- outperforms a pairing heap (<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a> with
- <tt>Tag</tt> =<tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>),
- but the rest of the tests show otherwise.</p>
-<p>This makes it difficult to decide which implementation to
- use in this case. Dijkstra's shortest-path algorithm, for
- example, requires <i>Θ(n)</i> <tt>push</tt> and
- <tt>pop</tt> operations (in the number of vertices), but
- <i>O(n<sup>2</sup>)</i> <tt>modify</tt> operations, which can
- be in practice <i>Θ(n)</i> as well. It is difficult to
- find an <i>a-priori</i> characterization of graphs in which the
- <u>actual</u> number of <tt>modify</tt> operations will dwarf
- the number of <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> operations.</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>Priority-Queue Regression Tests</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>Priority-Queue Regression Tests</h1>
-
- <h2><a name="assoc_desc" id="assoc_desc">Description</a></h2>
-
- <p>The library contains a single comprehensive regression test.
- For a given container type in <tt>pb_ds</tt>, the test creates
- an object of the container type and an object of the
- corresponding STL type (<i>i.e.</i>,
- <tt>std::priority_queue</tt>). It then performs a random
- sequence of methods with random arguments (<i>e.g.</i>, pushes,
- pops, and so forth) on both objects. At each operation, the
- test checks the return value of the method, and optionally both
- compares <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s object with the STL's object as well
- as performing other consistency checks on <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s
- object (<i>e.g.</i>, that the size returned by the
- <tt>size</tt> method corresponds to the distance between its
- <tt>begin</tt> and end iterators).</p>
-
- <p>Additionally, the test integrally checks exception safety
- and resource leaks. This is done as follows. A special
- allocator type, written for the purpose of the test, both
- randomly throws an exceptions when allocations are performed,
- and tracks allocations and de-allocations. The exceptions thrown
- at allocations simulate memory-allocation failures; the
- tracking mechanism checks for memory-related bugs (<i>e.g.</i>,
- resource leaks and multiple de-allocations). Both
- <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s containers and the containers' value-types are
- configured to use this allocator.</p>
-
- <h2><a name="pq_tests" id="pq_tests">Tests</a></h2>
-
- <p><a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/regression/priority_queue_rand.cc"><tt>priority_queue_rand.cc</tt></a>
- checks all priority queue types.</p>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>Priority-Queue Tests</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>Priority-Queue Tests</h1>
-
- <p><a href="pq_regression_tests.html">Priority-Queue Regression
- Tests</a> describes the regression tests; <a href=
- "pq_performance_tests.html">Priority-Queue Performance
- Tests</a> describes the performance tests.</p>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>Prerequisites</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>Usage Prerequisites</h1>
-
- <p><tt>pb_ds</tt> has been successfully tested with the
- following compilers:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li>g++ 3.3.1, 3.4.4, 4.0, 4.1, and what will be 4.2</li>
-
- <li>Intel icpc 8.1 and 9</li>
-
- <li>Visual C++ .Net 2005</li>
- </ol>
-
- <p>The library contains only header files, and does not require
- any other libraries except the STL. All classes are defined in
- <tt><b>namespace</b> pb_ds</tt>. The library internally uses
- macros beginning with <tt>PB_DS</tt> (<i>e.g.</i>, for header
- guards), but <tt>#<b>undef</b></tt>s anything it
- <tt>#<b>define</b></tt>s (except for header guards). Compiling
- the library in an environment where macros beginning in
- <tt>PB_DS</tt> are defined, may yield unpredictable results in
- compilation, execution, or both.</p>
-
- <p> Further dependencies are necessary to create the visual output
- for the performance tests. To create these graphs, two additional
- packages will be needed: <b>pychart</b> and <b>Beautiful
- Soup</b>. Both are freely available.
- </p>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>priority_queue Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>priority_queue</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Basic priority queue.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/priority_queue.hpp"><tt>priority_queue.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Value_Type216514186" id=
-"Value_Type216514186"><b>typename</b> Value_Type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Value type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Cmp_Fn294335" id="Cmp_Fn294335"><b>class</b> Cmp_Fn </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Comparison functor.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-std::less<<a href=
-"#Value_Type216514186"><tt>Value_Type</tt></a>>
-</pre>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Tag278938" id="Tag278938"><b>class</b> Tag </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Data-structure tag.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td><a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></span></a></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Allocator35940069" id=
-"Allocator35940069"><b>class</b> Allocator </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Allocator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-std::allocator<<b>char</b>>
-</pre>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link3" id="link3">General Container
- Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_type55424436" id="size_type55424436">size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>::size_type
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="difference_type868028452" id=
-"difference_type868028452">difference_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>::difference_type
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Difference type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">Categories</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="container_category1247973216" id=
-"container_category1247973216">container_category</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Tag278938"><tt>Tag</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>The underlying mapped-structure tag of the
- container.</p>
-
- <p>This is one of:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href="binary_heap_tag.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>binary_heap_tag</tt></span></a></li>
-
- <li><a href="binomial_heap_tag.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>binomial_heap_tag</tt></span></a></li>
-
- <li><a href="rc_binomial_heap_tag.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>rc_binomial_heap_tag</tt></span></a></li>
-
- <li><a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></span></a></li>
-
- <li><a href="thin_heap_tag.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></span></a></li>
- </ol>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link5" id="link5">Policy Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="cmp_fn394495" id="cmp_fn394495">cmp_fn</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Cmp_Fn294335"><tt>Cmp_Fn</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Comparison functor type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="allocator48440069" id="allocator48440069">allocator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p><a href="#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>
- type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Value-Type Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="value_type279018186" id=
-"value_type279018186">value_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Value_Type216514186"><tt>Value_Type</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Value type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="reference54418471" id="reference54418471">reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#allocator48440069"><tt>allocator</tt></a>::<b>template</b> rebind<
- <a href=
-"#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>>::other::reference
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Value reference type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_reference495461441" id=
-"const_reference495461441">const_reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#allocator48440069"><tt>allocator</tt></a>::<b>template</b> rebind<
- <a href=
-"#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>>::other::const_reference
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const value <a href=
- "#reference54418471"><tt>reference</tt></a> type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="pointer2179769" id="pointer2179769">pointer</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#allocator48440069"><tt>allocator</tt></a>::<b>template</b> rebind<
- <a href=
-"#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>>::other::pointer
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Value pointer type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_pointer878814947" id=
-"const_pointer878814947">const_pointer</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#allocator48440069"><tt>allocator</tt></a>::<b>template</b> rebind<
- <a href=
-"#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>>::other::const_pointer
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const Value <a href=
- "#pointer2179769"><tt>pointer</tt></a> type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link7" id="link7">Iterator Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_point_iterator2364676009" id=
-"const_point_iterator2364676009">const_point_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-Const point-type iterator.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const point-type iterator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="point_iterator2789896775" id=
-"point_iterator2789896775">point_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-Point-type iterator.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Point-type iterator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_iterator98626788" id=
-"const_iterator98626788">const_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-Const range-type iterator.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const range-type iterator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="iterator10418194" id="iterator10418194">iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-Range-type iterator.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Range-type iterator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link8" id="link8">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link9" id="link9">Constructors, Destructor, and
- Related</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- priority_queue
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Default constructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- priority_queue
- (<b>const</b> <a href=
-"#cmp_fn394495"><tt>cmp_fn</tt></a> &r_cmp_fn)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking some policy objects. <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_cmp_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#Cmp_Fn294335"><tt>Cmp_Fn</tt></a> object of the
- container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>class</b> It>
- priority_queue
- (It first_it,
- It last_it)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking iterators to a range of <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>s. The
- <a href="#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>s
- between <span class="c1"><tt>first_it</tt></span> and
- <span class="c1"><tt>last_it</tt></span> will be inserted
- into the container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>class</b> It>
- priority_queue
- (It first_it,
- It last_it,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#cmp_fn394495"><tt>cmp_fn</tt></a> &r_cmp_fn)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking iterators to a range of <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>s and some
- policy objects The <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>s between
- <span class="c1"><tt>first_it</tt></span> and
- <span class="c1"><tt>last_it</tt></span> will be inserted
- into the container object. <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_cmp_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#cmp_fn394495"><tt>cmp_fn</tt></a> object of the
- container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- priority_queue
- (<b>const</b> <span class=
-"c2"><tt>priority_queue</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Copy constructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b>
- ~priority_queue
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Destructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<span class="c2"><tt>priority_queue</tt></span> &
- <b>operator</b>=
- (<b>const</b> <span class=
-"c2"><tt>priority_queue</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Assignment operator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- swap
- (<span class="c2"><tt>priority_queue</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Swaps content.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link10" id="link10">Information Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- size
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the number of distinct <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a> objects
- the container object is storing.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- max_size
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns an upper bound on the number of distinct
- <a href="#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>
- objects this container can store.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>bool</b>
- empty
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns whether the container object is not storing
- any <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>
- objects.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link11" id="link11">Insert Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href=
-"#point_iterator2789896775"><tt>point_iterator</tt></a>
- push
- (<a href=
-"#const_reference495461441"><tt>const_reference</tt></a> r_val)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Inserts a <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a> object.
- returns a <a href=
- "#point_iterator2789896775"><tt>point_iterator</tt></a>
- object associated with the new pushed <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_val</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link12" id="link12">Find Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href=
-"#const_reference495461441"><tt>const_reference</tt></a>
- top
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the <a href=
- "#const_reference495461441"><tt>const_reference</tt></a>
- of the largest <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a> in the
- container object, i.e., a <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a> v_max for
- which any other <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a> v in the
- container object will satisfy !<a href=
- "#cmp_fn394495"><tt>cmp_fn</tt></a>()(v_max, v).</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link13" id="link13">Modify Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- modify
- (<a href=
-"#point_iterator2789896775"><tt>point_iterator</tt></a> it,
- <a href=
-"#const_reference495461441"><tt>const_reference</tt></a> r_new_val)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Modifies the <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a> associated
- with the <a href=
- "#point_iterator2789896775"><tt>point_iterator</tt></a>
- <span class="c1"><tt>it</tt></span> into <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_new_val</tt></span>.</p>
-
- <p>To use this method, <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a> must be
- assignable.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link14" id="link14">Erase Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- pop
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Pops the largest <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>.</p>
-
- <p>If the container object is empty, results are
- undefined.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- erase
- (<a href=
-"#point_iterator2789896775"><tt>point_iterator</tt></a> it)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Erases the <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a> associated
- with the <a href=
- "#point_iterator2789896775"><tt>point_iterator</tt></a>
- <span class="c1"><tt>it</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>class</b> Pred>
-<b>inline</b> <a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- erase_if
- (Pred prd)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Erases any <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a> satisfying
- the predicate <span class="c1"><tt>prd</tt></span>;
- returns the number of <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>s
- erased.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- clear
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Clears the container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link15" id="link15">Split and join
- Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- join
- (<span class="c2"><tt>priority_queue</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Joins two container objects. When this function
- returns, <span class="c1"><tt>other</tt></span> will be
- empty.</p>
-
- <p>When calling this method, <span class=
- "c1"><tt>other</tt></span>'s policies must be
- equivalent to this object's policies.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>class</b> Pred>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- split
- (Pred prd,
- <span class="c2"><tt>priority_queue</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Splits into two container objects. When this function
- returns, <span class="c1"><tt>other</tt></span> will be
- contain only values v for which <span class=
- "c1"><tt>prd</tt></span>(v) is <tt><b>true</b></tt>.</p>
-
- <p>When calling this method, <span class=
- "c1"><tt>other</tt></span>'s policies must be
- equivalent to this object's policies.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link16" id="link16">Iteration Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href="#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a>
- begin
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns an <a href=
- "#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a> corresponding
- to the first <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a> in the
- container.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href=
-"#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a>
- begin
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns a <a href=
- "#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a>
- corresponding to the first <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a> in the
- container.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href="#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a>
- end
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns an <a href=
- "#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a> corresponding
- to the just-after-last <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a> in the
- container.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href=
-"#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a>
- end
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns a <a href=
- "#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a>
- corresponding to the just-after-last <a href=
- "#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a> in the
- container.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>Priority Queue Random Int Push Pop Timing Test</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>Priority Queue Random Integer <tt>push</tt> and
- <tt>pop</tt> Timing Test</h1>
-<h2><a name="description" id="description">Description</a></h2>
-<p>This test inserts a number of values with i.i.d. integer
- keys into a container using <tt>push</tt> , then removes them
- using <tt>pop</tt> . It measures the average time for
- <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> as a function of the number of
- values.</p>
-<p>(The test was executed with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/ext/pb_ds/priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing.cc">
-<tt>priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing_test</tt></a>
- thirty_years_among_the_dead_preproc.txt 200 200 2100)</p>
-<h2><a name="purpose" id="purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
-<p>The test checks the effect of different underlying
- data structures (see <a href="pq_design.html#pq_imp">Design::Priority
- Queues::Implementations</a>).</p>
-<h2><a name="results" id="results">Results</a></h2>
-<p>Figures <a href="#NPG">NPG</a>, <a href="#NPM">NPM</a>, and
- <a href="#NPL">NPL</a> shows the results for the native
- priority queues and <tt>pb_ds</tt> 's priority queues in
- <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>,
- <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>, and
- <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively.</p>
-<div id="NPG_res_div">
-<div id="NPG_gcc">
-<div id="NPG_priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing_test">
-<div id="NPG_pq">
-<div id="NPG_Native_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__priority_queue__tt_push_455tt___tt_pop_455tt__timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPG" id="NPG"><img src="priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing_test_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPG: Native and <tt>pb ds</tt> priority queue <tt>push</tt> <tt>pop</tt> timing test - <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-thin_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-rc_binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rc_binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>rc_binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-pairing_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-n_pq_deque-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::deque</tt></li>
-<li>
-n_pq_vector-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::vector</tt></li>
-<li>
-binary_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binary_heap_tag.html"><tt>binary_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NPM_res_div">
-<div id="NPM_msvc">
-<div id="NPM_priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing_test">
-<div id="NPM_pq">
-<div id="NPM_Native_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__priority_queue__tt_push_455tt___tt_pop_455tt__timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPM" id="NPM"><img src="priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing_test_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPM: Native and <tt>pb ds</tt> priority queue <tt>push</tt> <tt>pop</tt> timing test - <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-thin_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-rc_binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rc_binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>rc_binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-pairing_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-n_pq_deque-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::deque</tt></li>
-<li>
-n_pq_vector-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::vector</tt></li>
-<li>
-binary_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binary_heap_tag.html"><tt>binary_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NPL_res_div">
-<div id="NPL_local">
-<div id="NPL_priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing_test">
-<div id="NPL_pq">
-<div id="NPL_Native_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__priority_queue__tt_push_455tt___tt_pop_455tt__timing_test"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPL" id= "NPL"><img src="priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing_test_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPL: Native and <tt>pb ds</tt> priority queue <tt>push</tt> <tt>pop</tt> timing test - <a href = "pq_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2><a name="observations" id="observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<p>Binary heaps are the most suited for sequences of
- <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> operations of primitive types
- (<i>e.g.</i> <tt><b>int</b></tt>s). This is explained in
- <a href="priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test.html">Priority
- Queue Random Int <tt>push</tt> Timing Test</a> . (See <a href="priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test.html">Priority Queue
- Text <tt>push</tt> Timing Test</a> for the case of primitive
- types.)</p>
-<p>At first glance it seems that the STL's vector-based
- priority queue is approximately on par with <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s
- corresponding priority queue. There are two differences
- however:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>The STL's priority queue does not downsize the underlying
- vector (or deque) as the priority queue becomes smaller
- (see <a href="priority_queue_text_pop_mem_usage_test.html">Priority Queue
- Text <tt>pop</tt> Memory Use Test</a>). It is therefore
- gaining some speed at the expense of space.</li>
-<li>From <a href="priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing_test.html">Priority
- Queue Random Integer <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> Timing
- Test</a>, it seems that the STL's priority queue is slower in
- terms of <tt>pus</tt> operations. Since the number of
- <tt>pop</tt> operations is at most that of <tt>push</tt>
- operations, the test here is the "best" for the STL's
- priority queue.</li>
-</ol>
-<p><a href="pq_performance_tests.html#pq_observations">Priority-Queue
- Performance Tests::Observations</a> discusses this further and
- summarizes.</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>Priority Queue Random Int Push Timing Test</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>Priority Queue Random Integer <tt>push</tt> Timing
- Test</h1>
-<h2><a name="description" id="description">Description</a></h2>
-<p>This test inserts a number of values with i.i.d integer keys
- into a container using <tt>push</tt> . It measures the average
- time for <tt>push</tt> as a function of the number of
- values.</p>
-<p>(The test was executed with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/ext/pb_ds/priority_queue_random_int_push_timing.cc"><tt>
- priority_queue_random_intpush_timing_test</tt></a>
- thirty_years_among_the_dead_preproc.txt 200 200 2100)</p>
-<h2><a name="purpose" id="purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
-<p>The test checks the effect of different underlying
- data structures (see <a href="pq_design.html#pq_imp">Design::Priority
- Queues::Implementations</a>).</p>
-<h2><a name="results" id="results">Results</a></h2>
-<p>Figures <a href="#NPG">NPG</a>, <a href="#NPM">NPM</a>, and
- <a href="#NPL">NPL</a> show the results for the native priority
- queues and <tt>pb_ds</tt> 's priority queues in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>, and
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively; Figures <a href="#NBPG">NBPG</a>, <a href="#NBPM">NBPM</a>, and <a href="#NBPL">NBPL</a> shows the
- results for the binary-heap based native priority queues and
- <tt>pb_ds</tt> 's priority queues in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>, and
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively</p>
-<div id="NPG_res_div">
-<div id="NPG_gcc">
-<div id="NPG_priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test">
-<div id="NPG_pq">
-<div id="NPG_Native_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__priority_queue__tt_push_455tt__timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPG" id="NPG"><img src="priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPG: Native and <tt>pb ds</tt> priority queue <tt>push</tt> timing test - <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-rc_binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rc_binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>rc_binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-n_pq_deque-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::deque</tt></li>
-<li>
-pairing_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-thin_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-n_pq_vector-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::vector</tt></li>
-<li>
-binary_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binary_heap_tag.html"><tt>binary_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NPM_res_div">
-<div id="NPM_msvc">
-<div id="NPM_priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test">
-<div id="NPM_pq">
-<div id="NPM_Native_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__priority_queue__tt_push_455tt__timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPM" id="NPM"><img src="priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPM: Native and <tt>pb ds</tt> priority queue <tt>push</tt> timing test - <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-rc_binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rc_binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>rc_binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-pairing_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
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-</li>
-<li>
-n_pq_deque-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::deque</tt></li>
-<li>
-n_pq_vector-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::vector</tt></li>
-<li>
-binary_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binary_heap_tag.html"><tt>binary_heap_tag</tt></a>
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-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NPL_res_div">
-<div id="NPL_local">
-<div id="NPL_priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test">
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-<div id="NPL_Native_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__priority_queue__tt_push_455tt__timing_test"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPL" id= "NPL"><img src="priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPL: Native and <tt>pb ds</tt> priority queue <tt>push</tt> timing test - <a href = "pq_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
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-<div id="NBPG_Native_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__binary_priority_queue__tt_push_455tt__timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NBPG" id="NBPG"><img src="binary_priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NBPG: Native and <tt>pb ds</tt> binary priority queue <tt>push</tt> timing test - <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_pq_deque-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::deque</tt></li>
-<li>
-n_pq_vector-
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-<ol>
-<li>
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-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2><a name="observations" id="observations">Observations</a></h2>
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- (<i>e.g.</i> <tt><b>int</b></tt>s). They are less constrained
- than any other type, and since it is very efficient to store
- such types in arrays, they outperform even pairing heaps. (See
- <a href="priority_queue_text_push_timing_test.html">Priority
- Queue Text <tt>push</tt> Timing Test</a> for the case of
- non-primitive types.)</p>
-<p><a href="pq_performance_tests.html#pq_observations">Priority-Queue
- Performance Tests::Observations</a> discusses this further and
- summarizes.</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
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-
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-<body>
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-
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- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp"><tt>tag_and_trait.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
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- transform="matrix(-1,0,0,1,992.3371,0)"
- width="990"
- height="765" />
- </g>
-</svg>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>Priority Queue Text Join Timing Test</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>Priority Queue Text <tt>join</tt> Timing Test</h1>
-<h2><a name="description" id="description">Description</a></h2>
-<p>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
- arbitrary text ([ <a href="references.html#wickland96thirty">wickland96thirty</a> ]) into
- two containers, then merges the containers. It uses
- <tt>join</tt> for <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s priority queues; for the
- STL's priority queues, it successively pops values from one
- container and pushes them into the other. The test measures the
- average time as a function of the number of values.</p>
-<p>(The test was executed with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/ext/pb_ds/priority_queue_text_join_timing.cc"><tt>priority_queue_text_join_timing_test</tt></a>
- thirty_years_among_the_dead_preproc.txt 200 200 2100)</p>
-<h2><a name="purpose" id="purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
-<p>The test checks the effect of different underlying
- data structures (see <a href="pq_design.html#pq_imp">Design::Priority
- Queues::Implementations</a>).</p>
-<h2><a name="results" id="results">Results</a></h2>
-<p>Figures <a href="#NPG">NPG</a>, <a href="#NPM">NPM</a>, and
- <a href="#NPL">NPL</a> show the results for the native priority
- queues and <tt>pb_ds</tt> 's priority queues in <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc</u></a>, and <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively.</p>
-<div id="NPG_res_div">
-<div id="NPG_gcc">
-<div id="NPG_priority_queue_text_join_timing_test">
-<div id="NPG_pq">
-<div id="NPG_Native_tree_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__priority_queue__tt_push_455tt__timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPG" id="NPG"><img src="priority_queue_text_join_timing_test_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPG: Native tree and <tt>pb ds</tt> priority queue <tt>push</tt> timing test - <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_pq_deque-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::deque</tt></li>
-<li>
-n_pq_vector-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::vector</tt></li>
-<li>
-binary_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binary_heap_tag.html"><tt>binary_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-thin_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-rc_binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rc_binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>rc_binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-pairing_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NPM_res_div">
-<div id="NPM_msvc">
-<div id="NPM_priority_queue_text_join_timing_test">
-<div id="NPM_pq">
-<div id="NPM_Native_tree_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__priority_queue__tt_push_455tt__timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPM" id="NPM"><img src="priority_queue_text_join_timing_test_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPM: Native tree and <tt>pb ds</tt> priority queue <tt>push</tt> timing test - <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_pq_deque-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::deque</tt></li>
-<li>
-n_pq_vector-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::vector</tt></li>
-<li>
-binary_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binary_heap_tag.html"><tt>binary_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-thin_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-rc_binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rc_binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>rc_binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-pairing_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NPL_res_div">
-<div id="NPL_local">
-<div id="NPL_priority_queue_text_join_timing_test">
-<div id="NPL_pq">
-<div id="NPL_Native_tree_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__priority_queue__tt_push_455tt__timing_test"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPL" id= "NPL"><img src="priority_queue_text_join_timing_test_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPL: Native tree and <tt>pb ds</tt> priority queue <tt>push</tt> timing test - <a href = "pq_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2><a name="observations" id="observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<p>In this test the node-based heaps perform <tt>join</tt> in
- either logarithmic or constant time. The binary heap requires
- linear time, since the well-known heapify algorithm [<a href="references.html#clrs2001">clrs2001</a>] is linear.</p>
-<p>It would be possible to apply the heapify algorithm to the
- STL containers, if they would support iteration (which they
- don't). Barring iterators, it is still somehow possible to
- perform linear-time merge on a <tt>std::vector</tt>-based STL
- priority queue, using <tt>top()</tt> and <tt>size()</tt> (since
- they are enough to expose the underlying array), but this is
- impossible for a <tt>std::deque</tt>-based STL priority queue.
- Without heapify, the cost is super-linear.</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>Priority Queue Text Modify (Down) Timing Test</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>Priority Queue Text <tt>modify</tt> Timing Test - II</h1>
-<h2><a name="description" id="description">Description</a></h2>
-<p>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
- arbitrary text ([ <a href="references.html#wickland96thirty">wickland96thirty</a> ]) into
- into a container then modifies each one "down" (<i>i.e.,</i> it
- makes it smaller). It uses <tt>modify</tt> for <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s
- priority queues; for the STL's priority queues, it pops values
- from a container until it reaches the value that should be
- modified, then pushes values back in. It measures the average
- time for <tt>modify</tt> as a function of the number of
- values.</p>
-<p>(The test was executed with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/ext/pb_ds/priority_queue_text_modify_timing.cc"><tt>priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test</tt></a>
- thirty_years_among_the_dead_preproc.txt 200 200 2100 f)</p>
-<h2><a name="purpose" id="purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
-<p>The main purpose of this test is to contrast <a href="priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test.html">Priority Queue
- Text <tt>modify</tt> Timing Test - I</a>.</p>
-<h2><a name="results" id="results">Results</a></h2>
-<p>Figures <a href="#NPG">NPG</a>, <a href="#NPM">NPM</a>, and
- <a href="#NPL">NPL</a> show the results for the native priority
- queues and <tt>pb_ds</tt> 's priority queues in <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>, and
- <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively; Figures <a href="#NRTG">NRTG</a>, <a href="#NRTM">NRTM</a>, and <a href="#NRTL">NRTL</a> show the results
- for the pairing heap and thin heaps in <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>, and
- <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively,</p>
-<div id="NPG_res_div">
-<div id="NPG_gcc">
-<div id="NPG_priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test">
-<div id="NPG_pq">
-<div id="NPG_Native_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__priority_queue__tt_modify_455tt__timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPG" id="NPG"><img src="priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPG: Native and <tt>pb ds</tt> priority queue <tt>modify</tt> timing test - <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_pq_deque-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::deque</tt></li>
-<li>
-n_pq_vector-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::vector</tt></li>
-<li>
-binary_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binary_heap_tag.html"><tt>binary_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-thin_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-rc_binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rc_binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>rc_binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-pairing_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NPM_res_div">
-<div id="NPM_msvc">
-<div id="NPM_priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test">
-<div id="NPM_pq">
-<div id="NPM_Native_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__priority_queue__tt_modify_455tt__timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPM" id="NPM"><img src="priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPM: Native and <tt>pb ds</tt> priority queue <tt>modify</tt> timing test - <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_pq_deque-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::deque</tt></li>
-<li>
-n_pq_vector-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::vector</tt></li>
-<li>
-binary_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binary_heap_tag.html"><tt>binary_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-thin_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-rc_binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rc_binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>rc_binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-pairing_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NPL_res_div">
-<div id="NPL_local">
-<div id="NPL_priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test">
-<div id="NPL_pq">
-<div id="NPL_Native_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__priority_queue__tt_modify_455tt__timing_test"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPL" id= "NPL"><img src="priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPL: Native and <tt>pb ds</tt> priority queue <tt>modify</tt> timing test - <a href = "pq_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NRTG_res_div">
-<div id="NRTG_gcc">
-<div id="NRTG_priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test_pairing_thin">
-<div id="NRTG_pq">
-<div id="NRTG_Pairing_and_thin__priority_queue__tt_modify_455tt__timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NRTG" id="NRTG"><img src="priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test_pairing_thin_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NRTG: Pairing and thin priority queue <tt>modify</tt> timing test - <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-thin_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-pairing_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NRTM_res_div">
-<div id="NRTM_msvc">
-<div id="NRTM_priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test_pairing_thin">
-<div id="NRTM_pq">
-<div id="NRTM_Pairing_and_thin__priority_queue__tt_modify_455tt__timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NRTM" id="NRTM"><img src="priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test_pairing_thin_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NRTM: Pairing and thin priority queue <tt>modify</tt> timing test - <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-thin_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-pairing_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NRTL_res_div">
-<div id="NRTL_local">
-<div id="NRTL_priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test_pairing_thin">
-<div id="NRTL_pq">
-<div id="NRTL_Pairing_and_thin__priority_queue__tt_modify_455tt__timing_test"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NRTL" id= "NRTL"><img src="priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test_pairing_thin_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NRTL: Pairing and thin priority queue <tt>modify</tt> timing test - <a href = "pq_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2><a name="observations" id="observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<p>Most points in these results are similar to <a href="priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test.html">Priority Queue
- Text <tt>modify</tt> Timing Test - I</a>.</p>
-<p>It is interesting to note, however, that as opposed to that
- test, a thin heap (<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a> with
- <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a>) is
- outperformed by a pairing heap (<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a> with
- <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>).
- In this case, both heaps essentially perform an <tt>erase</tt>
- operation followed by a <tt>push</tt> operation. As the other
- tests show, a pairing heap is usually far more efficient than a
- thin heap, so this is not surprising.</p>
-<p>Most algorithms that involve priority queues increase values
- (in the sense of the priority queue's comparison functor), and
- so <a href="priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test.html">Priority Queue
- Text <tt>modify</tt> Timing Test - I</a> is more interesting
- than this test.</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>Priority Queue Text Modify (Up) Timing Test</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>Priority Queue Text <tt>modify</tt> Timing Test - I</h1>
-<h2><a name="description" id="description">Description</a></h2>
-<p>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
- arbitrary text ([ <a href="references.html#wickland96thirty">wickland96thirty</a> ]) into
- into a container then modifies each one "up" (<i>i.e.,</i> it
- makes it larger). It uses <tt>modify</tt> for <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s
- priority queues; for the STL's priority queues, it pops values
- from a container until it reaches the value that should be
- modified, then pushes values back in. It measures the average
- time for <tt>modify</tt> as a function of the number of
- values.</p>
-<p>(The test was executed with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/ext/pb_ds/priority_queue_text_modify_timing.cc"><tt>priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test</tt></a>
- thirty_years_among_the_dead_preproc.txt 200 200 2100 t)</p>
-<h2><a name="purpose" id="purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
-<p>The test checks the effect of different underlying
- data structures (see <a href="pq_design.html#pq_imp">Design::Priority
- Queues::Implementations</a>) for graph algorithms settings.
- Note that making an arbitrary value larger (in the sense of the
- priority queue's comparison functor) corresponds to
- decrease-key in standard graph algorithms [<a href="references.html#clrs2001">clrs2001</a>].</p>
-<h2><a name="results" id="results">Results</a></h2>
-<p>Figures <a href="#NPG">NPG</a>, <a href="#NPM">NPM</a>, and
- <a href="#NPL">NPL</a> show the results for the native priority
- queues and <tt>pb_ds</tt> 's priority queues in <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>, and
- <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively; Figures <a href="#NRTG">NRTG</a>, <a href="#NRTM">NRTM</a>, and <a href="#NRTL">NRTL</a> show the results
- for the pairing heap and thin heaps in <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>, and
- <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively,</p>
-<div id="NPG_res_div">
-<div id="NPG_gcc">
-<div id="NPG_priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test">
-<div id="NPG_pq">
-<div id="NPG_Native_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__priority_queue__tt_modify_455tt__timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPG" id="NPG"><img src="priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPG: Native and <tt>pb ds</tt> priority queue <tt>modify</tt> timing test - <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_pq_deque-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::deque</tt></li>
-<li>
-n_pq_vector-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::vector</tt></li>
-<li>
-binary_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binary_heap_tag.html"><tt>binary_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-rc_binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rc_binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>rc_binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-pairing_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-thin_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NPM_res_div">
-<div id="NPM_msvc">
-<div id="NPM_priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test">
-<div id="NPM_pq">
-<div id="NPM_Native_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__priority_queue__tt_modify_455tt__timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPM" id="NPM"><img src="priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPM: Native and <tt>pb ds</tt> priority queue <tt>modify</tt> timing test - <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_pq_deque-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::deque</tt></li>
-<li>
-n_pq_vector-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::vector</tt></li>
-<li>
-binary_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binary_heap_tag.html"><tt>binary_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-rc_binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rc_binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>rc_binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-pairing_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-thin_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NPL_res_div">
-<div id="NPL_local">
-<div id="NPL_priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test">
-<div id="NPL_pq">
-<div id="NPL_Native_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__priority_queue__tt_modify_455tt__timing_test"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPL" id= "NPL"><img src="priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPL: Native and <tt>pb ds</tt> priority queue <tt>modify</tt> timing test - <a href = "pq_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NRTG_res_div">
-<div id="NRTG_gcc">
-<div id="NRTG_priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test_pairing_thin">
-<div id="NRTG_pq">
-<div id="NRTG_Pairing_and_thin__priority_queue__tt_modify_455tt__timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NRTG" id="NRTG"><img src="priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test_pairing_thin_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NRTG: Pairing and thin priority queue <tt>modify</tt> timing test - <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-pairing_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-thin_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NRTM_res_div">
-<div id="NRTM_msvc">
-<div id="NRTM_priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test_pairing_thin">
-<div id="NRTM_pq">
-<div id="NRTM_Pairing_and_thin__priority_queue__tt_modify_455tt__timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NRTM" id="NRTM"><img src="priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test_pairing_thin_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NRTM: Pairing and thin priority queue <tt>modify</tt> timing test - <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-pairing_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-thin_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NRTL_res_div">
-<div id="NRTL_local">
-<div id="NRTL_priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test_pairing_thin">
-<div id="NRTL_pq">
-<div id="NRTL_Pairing_and_thin__priority_queue__tt_modify_455tt__timing_test"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NRTL" id= "NRTL"><img src="priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test_pairing_thin_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NRTL: Pairing and thin priority queue <tt>modify</tt> timing test - <a href = "pq_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2><a name="observations" id="observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<p>As noted above, increasing an arbitrary value (in the sense
- of the priority queue's comparison functor) is very common in
- graph-related algorithms. In this case, a thin heap (<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a> with
- <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a>)
- outperforms a pairing heap (<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a> with
- <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>).
- Conversely, <a href="priority_queue_text_push_timing_test.html">Priority Queue Text
- <tt>push</tt> Timing Test</a>, <a href="priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test.html">Priority Queue
- Text <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> Timing Test</a>, <a href="priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test.html">Priority
- Queue Random Integer <tt>push</tt> Timing Test</a>, and
- <a href="priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing_test.html">Priority
- Queue Random Integer <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> Timing
- Test</a> show that the situation is reversed for other
- operations. It is not clear when to prefer one of these two
- different types.</p>
-<p>In this test <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s binary heaps effectively
- perform modify in linear time. As explained in <a href="pq_design.html#pq_traits">Priority Queue Design::Traits</a>,
- given a valid point-type iterator, a binary heap can perform
- <tt>modify</tt> logarithmically. The problem is that binary
- heaps invalidate their find iterators with each modifying
- operation, and so the only way to obtain a valid point-type
- iterator is to iterate using a range-type iterator until
- finding the appropriate value, then use the range-type iterator
- for the <tt>modify</tt> operation.</p>
-<p>The explanation for the STL's priority queues' performance
- is similar to that in <a href="priority_queue_text_join_timing_test.html">Priority Queue Text
- <tt>join</tt> Timing Test</a>.</p>
-<p><a href="pq_performance_tests.html#pq_observations">Priority-Queue
- Performance Tests::Observations</a> discusses this further and
- summarizes.</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>Priority Queue Text Pop Memory Use Test</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>Priority Queue Text <tt>pop</tt> Memory Use Test</h1>
-<h2><a name="description" id="description">Description</a></h2>
-<p>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
- arbitrary text ([ <a href="references.html#wickland96thirty">wickland96thirty</a> ]) into
- a container, then pops them until only one is left in the
- container. It measures the memory use as a function of the
- number of values pushed to the container.</p>
-<p>(The test was executed with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/ext/pb_ds/priority_queue_text_pop_mem_usage.cc"><tt>priority_queue_text_pop_mem_usage_test</tt></a>
- thirty_years_among_the_dead_preproc.txt 200 200 2100)</p>
-<h2><a name="purpose" id="purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
-<p>The test checks the effect of different underlying
- data structures (see <a href="pq_design.html#pq_imp">Design::Priority
- Queues::Implementations</a>).</p>
-<h2><a name="results" id="results">Results</a></h2>
-<p>Figures <a href="#NPG">NPG</a>, <a href="#NPM">NPM</a>, and
- <a href="#NPL">NPL</a> show the results for the native priority
- queues and <tt>pb_ds</tt> 's priority queues in <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>, and
- <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively.</p>
-<div id="NPG_res_div">
-<div id="NPG_gcc">
-<div id="NPG_priority_queue_text_pop_mem_usage_test">
-<div id="NPG_pq">
-<div id="NPG_Native_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__priority_queue__tt_pop_455tt__memory-use_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPG" id="NPG"><img src="priority_queue_text_pop_mem_usage_test_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPG: Native and <tt>pb ds</tt> priority queue <tt>pop</tt> memory-use test - <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_pq_vector-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::vector</tt></li>
-<li>
-n_pq_deque-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::deque</tt></li>
-<li>
-binary_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binary_heap_tag.html"><tt>binary_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-thin_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-rc_binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rc_binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>rc_binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-pairing_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NPM_res_div">
-<div id="NPM_msvc">
-<div id="NPM_priority_queue_text_pop_mem_usage_test">
-<div id="NPM_pq">
-<div id="NPM_Native_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__priority_queue__tt_pop_455tt__memory-use_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPM" id="NPM"><img src="priority_queue_text_pop_mem_usage_test_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPM: Native and <tt>pb ds</tt> priority queue <tt>pop</tt> memory-use test - <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_pq_vector-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::vector</tt></li>
-<li>
-n_pq_deque-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::deque</tt></li>
-<li>
-binary_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binary_heap_tag.html"><tt>binary_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-thin_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-rc_binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rc_binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>rc_binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-pairing_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NPL_res_div">
-<div id="NPL_local">
-<div id="NPL_priority_queue_text_pop_mem_usage_test">
-<div id="NPL_pq">
-<div id="NPL_Native_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__priority_queue__tt_pop_455tt__memory-use_test"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPL" id= "NPL"><img src="priority_queue_text_pop_mem_usage_test_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPL: Native and <tt>pb ds</tt> priority queue <tt>pop</tt> memory-use test - <a href = "pq_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2><a name="observations" id="observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<p>The priority queue implementations (excluding the STL's) use
- memory proportionally to the number of values they hold:
- node-based implementations (<i>e.g.</i>, a pairing heap) do so
- naturally; <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s binary heap de-allocates memory when
- a certain lower threshold is exceeded.</p>
-<p>Note from <a href="priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test.html">Priority Queue
- Text <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> Timing Test</a> and
- <a href="priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing_test.html">Priority
- Queue Random Integer <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> Timing
- Test</a> that this does not impede performance compared to the
- STL's priority queues.</p>
-<p>(See <a href="hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage_test.html">Hash-Based Erase
- Memory Use Test</a> for a similar phenomenon regarding priority
- queues.)</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>Priority Queue Text Push Pop Timing Test</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>Priority Queue Text <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> Timing
- Test</h1>
-<h2><a name="description" id="description">Description</a></h2>
-<p>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
- arbitrary text ([ <a href="references.html#wickland96thirty">wickland96thirty</a> ]) into
- a container using <tt>push</tt> , then removes them using
- <tt>pop</tt> . It measures the average time for <tt>push</tt>
- as a function of the number of values.</p>
-<p>(The test was executed with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/ext/pb_ds/priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing.cc"><tt>
- priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test</tt></a>
- thirty_years_among_the_dead_preproc.txt 200 200 2100)</p>
-<h2><a name="purpose" id="purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
-<p>The test checks the effect of different underlying
- data structures (see <a href="pq_design.html#pq_imp">Design::Priority
- Queues::Implementations</a>).</p>
-<h2><a name="results" id="results">Results</a></h2>
-<p>Figures <a href="#NPG">NPG</a>, <a href="#NPM">NPM</a>, and
- <a href="#NPL">NPL</a> show the results for the native priority
- queues and <tt>pb_ds</tt> 's priority queues in <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>, and
- <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively; Figures <a href="#NBRG">NBRG</a>, <a href="#NBRM">NBRM</a>, and <a href="#NBRL">NBRL</a> show the results
- for the native priority queues and <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s pairing
- queues in <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>, and
- <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively.</p>
-<div id="NPG_res_div">
-<div id="NPG_gcc">
-<div id="NPG_priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test">
-<div id="NPG_pq">
-<div id="NPG_Native_tree_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__priority_queue__tt_push_455tt__and__tt_pop_455tt__timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPG" id="NPG"><img src="priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPG: Native tree and <tt>pb ds</tt> priority queue <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> timing test - <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_pq_vector-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::vector</tt></li>
-<li>
-n_pq_deque-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::deque</tt></li>
-<li>
-thin_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-rc_binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rc_binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>rc_binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-binary_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binary_heap_tag.html"><tt>binary_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-pairing_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NPM_res_div">
-<div id="NPM_msvc">
-<div id="NPM_priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test">
-<div id="NPM_pq">
-<div id="NPM_Native_tree_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__priority_queue__tt_push_455tt__and__tt_pop_455tt__timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPM" id="NPM"><img src="priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPM: Native tree and <tt>pb ds</tt> priority queue <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> timing test - <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_pq_deque-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::deque</tt></li>
-<li>
-n_pq_vector-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::vector</tt></li>
-<li>
-thin_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-rc_binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rc_binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>rc_binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-pairing_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-binary_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binary_heap_tag.html"><tt>binary_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NPL_res_div">
-<div id="NPL_local">
-<div id="NPL_priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test">
-<div id="NPL_pq">
-<div id="NPL_Native_tree_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__priority_queue__tt_push_455tt__and__tt_pop_455tt__timing_test"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPL" id= "NPL"><img src="priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPL: Native tree and <tt>pb ds</tt> priority queue <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> timing test - <a href = "pq_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NBRG_res_div">
-<div id="NBRG_gcc">
-<div id="NBRG_pairing_priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test">
-<div id="NBRG_pq">
-<div id="NBRG_Native_tree_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__pairing_priority_queue__tt_push_455tt__and__tt_pop_455tt__timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NBRG" id="NBRG"><img src="pairing_priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NBRG: Native tree and <tt>pb ds</tt> pairing priority queue <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> timing test - <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_pq_vector-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::vector</tt></li>
-<li>
-n_pq_deque-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::deque</tt></li>
-<li>
-pairing_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NBRM_res_div">
-<div id="NBRM_msvc">
-<div id="NBRM_pairing_priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test">
-<div id="NBRM_pq">
-<div id="NBRM_Native_tree_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__pairing_priority_queue__tt_push_455tt__and__tt_pop_455tt__timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NBRM" id="NBRM"><img src="pairing_priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NBRM: Native tree and <tt>pb ds</tt> pairing priority queue <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> timing test - <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_pq_deque-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::deque</tt></li>
-<li>
-n_pq_vector-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::vector</tt></li>
-<li>
-pairing_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NBRL_res_div">
-<div id="NBRL_local">
-<div id="NBRL_pairing_priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test">
-<div id="NBRL_pq">
-<div id="NBRL_Native_tree_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__pairing_priority_queue__tt_push_455tt__and__tt_pop_455tt__timing_test"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NBRL" id= "NBRL"><img src="pairing_priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NBRL: Native tree and <tt>pb ds</tt> pairing priority queue <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> timing test - <a href = "pq_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2><a name="observations" id="observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<p>These results are very similar to <a href="priority_queue_text_push_timing_test.html">Priority Queue Text
- <tt>push</tt> Timing Test</a>. As stated there, pairing heaps
- (<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a> with
- <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>)
- are most suited for <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> sequences of
- non-primitive types such as strings. Observing these two tests,
- one can note that a pairing heap outperforms the others in
- terms of <tt>push</tt> operations, but equals binary heaps
- (<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a> with
- <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binary_heap_tag.html"><tt>binary_heap_tag</tt></a>) if
- the number of <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> operations is
- equal. As the number of <tt>pop</tt> operations is at most
- equal to the number of <tt>push</tt> operations, pairing heaps
- are better in this case. See <a href="priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing_test.html">Priority
- Queue Random Integer <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> Timing
- Test</a> for a case which is different.</p>
-<p><a href="pq_performance_tests.html#pq_observations">Priority-Queue
- Performance Tests::Observations</a> discusses this further and
- summarizes.</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>Priority Queue Text Push Timing Test</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>Priority Queue Text <tt>push</tt> Timing Test</h1>
-<h2><a name="description" id="description">Description</a></h2>
-<p>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
- arbitrary text ([ <a href="references.html#wickland96thirty">wickland96thirty</a> ]) into
- a container using <tt>push</tt> . It measures the average time
- for <tt>push</tt> as a function of the number of values
- pushed.</p>
-<p>(The test was executed with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/ext/pb_ds/priority_queue_text_push_timing.cc"><tt>priority_queue_text_push_timing_test</tt></a>
- thirty_years_among_the_dead_preproc.txt 200 200 2100)</p>
-<h2><a name="purpose" id="purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
-<p>The test checks the effect of different underlying
- data structures (see <a href="pq_design.html#pq_imp">Design::Priority
- Queues::Implementations</a>).</p>
-<h2><a name="results" id="results">Results</a></h2>
-<p>Figures <a href="#NPG">NPG</a>, <a href="#NPM">NPM</a>, and
- <a href="#NPL">NPL</a> show the results for the native priority
- queues and <tt>pb_ds</tt> 's priority queues in <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>, and
- <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively; Figures <a href="#NBRG">NBRG</a>, <a href="#NBRM">NBRM</a>, and <a href="#NBRL">NBRL</a> shows the
- results for the binary-heap based native priority queues and
- <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s pairing-heap priority queues in <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>, and
- <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively</p>
-<div id="NPG_res_div">
-<div id="NPG_gcc">
-<div id="NPG_priority_queue_text_push_timing_test">
-<div id="NPG_pq">
-<div id="NPG_Native_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__priority_queue__tt_push_455tt__timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPG" id="NPG"><img src="priority_queue_text_push_timing_test_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPG: Native and <tt>pb ds</tt> priority queue <tt>push</tt> timing test - <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_pq_vector-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::vector</tt></li>
-<li>
-n_pq_deque-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::deque</tt></li>
-<li>
-binary_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binary_heap_tag.html"><tt>binary_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-rc_binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rc_binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>rc_binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-thin_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-pairing_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NPM_res_div">
-<div id="NPM_msvc">
-<div id="NPM_priority_queue_text_push_timing_test">
-<div id="NPM_pq">
-<div id="NPM_Native_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__priority_queue__tt_push_455tt__timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPM" id="NPM"><img src="priority_queue_text_push_timing_test_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPM: Native and <tt>pb ds</tt> priority queue <tt>push</tt> timing test - <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_pq_deque-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::deque</tt></li>
-<li>
-rc_binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rc_binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>rc_binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-binary_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binary_heap_tag.html"><tt>binary_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-binomial_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="binomial_heap_tag.html"><tt>binomial_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-n_pq_vector-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::vector</tt></li>
-<li>
-pairing_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-thin_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NPL_res_div">
-<div id="NPL_local">
-<div id="NPL_priority_queue_text_push_timing_test">
-<div id="NPL_pq">
-<div id="NPL_Native_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__priority_queue__tt_push_455tt__timing_test"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPL" id= "NPL"><img src="priority_queue_text_push_timing_test_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPL: Native and <tt>pb ds</tt> priority queue <tt>push</tt> timing test - <a href = "pq_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NBRG_res_div">
-<div id="NBRG_gcc">
-<div id="NBRG_pairing_priority_queue_text_push_timing_test">
-<div id="NBRG_pq">
-<div id="NBRG_Native_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__pairing_priority_queue__tt_push_455tt__timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NBRG" id="NBRG"><img src="pairing_priority_queue_text_push_timing_test_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NBRG: Native and <tt>pb ds</tt> pairing priority queue <tt>push</tt> timing test - <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_pq_vector-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::vector</tt></li>
-<li>
-n_pq_deque-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::deque</tt></li>
-<li>
-thin_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-pairing_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NBRM_res_div">
-<div id="NBRM_msvc">
-<div id="NBRM_pairing_priority_queue_text_push_timing_test">
-<div id="NBRM_pq">
-<div id="NBRM_Native_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__pairing_priority_queue__tt_push_455tt__timing_test"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NBRM" id="NBRM"><img src="pairing_priority_queue_text_push_timing_test_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NBRM: Native and <tt>pb ds</tt> pairing priority queue <tt>push</tt> timing test - <a href="pq_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_pq_deque-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::deque</tt></li>
-<li>
-n_pq_vector-
-<tt>std::priority_queue</tt> adapting <tt>std::vector</tt></li>
-<li>
-pairing_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-thin_heap-
-<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="thin_heap_tag.html"><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NBRL_res_div">
-<div id="NBRL_local">
-<div id="NBRL_pairing_priority_queue_text_push_timing_test">
-<div id="NBRL_pq">
-<div id="NBRL_Native_and__tt_pb_ds_455tt__pairing_priority_queue__tt_push_455tt__timing_test"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NBRL" id= "NBRL"><img src="pairing_priority_queue_text_push_timing_test_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NBRL: Native and <tt>pb ds</tt> pairing priority queue <tt>push</tt> timing test - <a href = "pq_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2><a name="observations" id="observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<p>Pairing heaps (<a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a> with
- <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pairing_heap_tag.html"><tt>pairing_heap_tag</tt></a>)
- are the most suited for sequences of <tt>push</tt> and
- <tt>pop</tt> operations of non-primitive types (<i>e.g.</i>
-<tt>std::string</tt>s). (see also <a href="priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test.html">Priority Queue
- Text <tt>push</tt> and <tt>pop</tt> Timing Test</a>.) They are
- less constrained than binomial heaps, <i>e.g.</i>, and since
- they are node-based, they outperform binary heaps. (See
- <a href="priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test.html">Priority
- Queue Random Integer <tt>push</tt> Timing Test</a> for the case
- of primitive types.)</p>
-<p>The STL's priority queues do not seem to perform well in
- this case: the <tt>std::vector</tt> implementation needs to
- perform a logarithmic sequence of string operations for each
- operation, and the deque implementation is possibly hampered by
- its need to manipulate a relatively-complex type (deques
- support a <i>O(1)</i> <tt>push_front</tt>, even though it is
- not used by <tt>std::priority_queue</tt>.)</p>
-<p><a href="pq_performance_tests.html#pq_observations">Priority-Queue
- Performance Tests::Observations</a> discusses this further and
- summarizes.</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>quadratic_probe_fn Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>quadratic_probe_fn</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A probe sequence policy using square increments.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/hash_policy.hpp"><tt>hash_policy.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Size_Type42920436" id=
-"Size_Type42920436"><b>typename</b> Size_Type </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>size_t</td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link3" id="link3">General Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_type55424436" id="size_type55424436">size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Size_Type42920436"><tt>Size_Type</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link4" id="link4">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link5" id="link5">Constructors, Destructor, and
- Related</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- swap
- (<span class=
-"c2"><tt>quadratic_probe_fn</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Swaps content.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link6" id="link6">Protected Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link7" id="link7">Offset Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- <b>operator</b>()
- (<a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> i) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the <span class="c1"><tt>i</tt></span>-th
- offset from the hash value.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>range_invalidation_guarantee Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>range_invalidation_guarantee</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Signifies an invalidation guarantee that includes all those
- of its base, and additionally, that any range-type iterator
- (including the returns of begin() and end()) is in the correct
- relative positions to other range-type iterators as long as its
- corresponding entry has not be erased, regardless of
- modifications to the container object.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp"><tt>tag_and_trait.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="point_invalidation_guarantee.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>point_invalidation_guarantee</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>rb_tree_tag Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Red-black tree data structure tag.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp"><tt>tag_and_trait.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="tree_tag.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>tree_tag</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>rc_binomial_heap_tag Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>rc_binomial_heap_tag</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Redundant-counter binomial-heap data structure tag.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp"><tt>tag_and_trait.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="priority_queue_tag.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>priority_queue_tag</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>References</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>References</h1>
-
- <ol>
- <li>[<a name="abrahams97exception" id=
- "abrahams97exception">abrahams97exception</a>] Dave Abrahams,
- STL Exception Handling Contract, <a href=
- "http://anubis.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/1997/N1075.pdf">
- http://anubis.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/1997/N1075.pdf</a></li>
-
- <li>[<a name="alexandrescu01modern" id=
- "alexandrescu01modern">alexandrescu01modern</a>] Andrei
- Alexandrescu, <i>Modern C++ Design: Generic Programming and
- Design Patterns Applied</i>, Addison-Wesley Publishing
- Company, 2001</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="andrew04mtf" id="andrew04mtf">andrew04mtf</a>]
- K. Andrew and D. Gleich, "MTF, Bit, and COMB: A Guide to
- Deterministic and Randomized Algorithms for the List Update
- Problem"</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="austern00noset" id=
- "austern00noset">austern00noset</a>] Matthew Austern, "Why
- You shouldn't use <tt>set</tt> - and What You Should Use
- Instead", C++ Report, April, 2000</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="austern01htprop" id=
- "austern01htprop">austern01htprop</a>] Matthew Austern, "A
- Proposal to Add Hashtables to the Standard Library", <a href=
- "http://anubis.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2001/n1326l.html">
- http://anubis.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2001/n1326l.html</a></li>
-
- <li>[<a name="austern98segmented" id=
- "austern98segmented">austern98segmented</a>] Matthew Austern,
- "Segmented iterators and hierarchical algorithms", Generic
- Programming, April 1998, pp. 80-90</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="boost_timer" id="boost_timer">boost_timer</a>],
- "Boost timer library", <a href=
- "http://www.boost.org/">http://www.boost.org</a> by Beman
- Dawes</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="boost_pool" id="boost_pool">boost_pool</a>],
- "Boost pool library", <a href=
- "http://www.boost.org/">http://www.boost.org</a> by Stephen
- Cleary</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="boost_type_traits" id=
- "boost_type_traits">boost_type_traits</a>], "Boost
- <tt>type_traits</tt> library", <a href=
- "http://www.boost.org/">http://www.boost.org</a> by John
- Maddock, Steve Cleary, <i>et. al.</i></li>
-
- <li>[<a name="brodal96priority" id=
- "brodal96priority">brodal96priority</a>] Gerth Stolting
- Brodal, <a href=
- "http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=313883">Worst-case
- efficient priority queues</a></li>
-
- <li>[<a name="bulka99efficient" id=
- "bulka99efficient">bulka99efficient</a>] D. Bulka, and D.
- Mayhew, "Efficient C++ Programming Techniques.",
- Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Addison-Wesley, 1997</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="clrs2001" id="clrs2001">clrs2001</a>] T. H.
- Cormen, C. E., Leiserson, R. L. Rivest, C. and Stein,
- "Introduction to Algorithms, 2nd ed.", MIT Press, 2001</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="dinkumware_stl" id=
- "dinkumware_stl">dinkumware_stl</a>], "Dinkumware C++ Library
- Reference", <a href=
- "http://www.dinkumware.com/htm_cpl/index.html">http://www.dinkumware.com/htm_cpl/index.html</a></li>
-
- <li>[<a name="dubhashi98neg" id=
- "dubhashi98neg">dubhashi98neg</a>] D. Dubashi, and D. Ranjan,
- "Balls and bins: A study in negative dependence.", Random
- Structures and Algorithms 13, 2 (1998), 99-124</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="fagin79extendible" id=
- "fagin79extendible">fagin79extendible</a>] R. Fagin, J.
- Nievergelt, N. Pippenger, and H. R. Strong, "Extendible
- hashing - a fast access method for dynamic files", ACM Trans.
- Database Syst. 4, 3 (1979), 315-344</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="filliatre2000ptset" id=
- "filliatre2000ptset">filliatre2000ptset</a>], J. C.
- Filliatre, "Ptset: Sets of integers implemented as Patricia
- trees", <a href=
- "http://www.lri.fr/~filliatr/ftp/ocaml/misc/ptset.ml">http://www.lri.fr/~filliatr/ftp/ocaml/misc/ptset.ml</a></li>
-
- <li>[<a name="fredman86pairing" id=
- "fredman86pairing">fredman86pairing</a>], M. L. Fredman, R
- Sedgewick, D. D. Sleator, R. E. Tarjan, <a href=
- "http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~sleator/papers/pairing-heaps.pdf">The
- pairing heap: a new form of self-adjusting heap</a></li>
-
- <li>[<a name="gamma95designpatterns" id=
- "gamma95designpatterns">gamma95designpatterns</a>] E. Gamma,
- R. Helm, R. Johnson, and J. Vlissides, "Design Patterns -
- Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software",
- Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Addison-Wesley, 1995</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="garg86order" id="garg86order">garg86order</a>]
- A. K. Garg and C. C. Gotlieb, "Order-preserving key
- transformations", Trans. Database Syst. 11, 2 (1986),
- 213-234</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="hyslop02making" id=
- "hyslop02making">hyslop02making</a>] J. Hyslop, and H.
- Sutter, "Making a real hash of things", C++ Report, May
- 2002</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="jossutis01stl" id=
- "jossutis01stl">jossutis01stl</a>] N. M. Jossutis, "The C++
- Standard Library - A Tutorial and Reference", Addison-Wesley
- Publishing Company, Addison-Wesley, 2001</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="kt99fat_heaps" id=
- "kt99fat_heaps">kt99fat_heas</a>] Haim Kaplan and Robert E.
- Tarjan, <a href=
- "http://www.cs.princeton.edu/research/techreps/TR-597-99">New
- Heap Data Structures</a></li>
-
- <li>[<a name="kleft00sets" id="kleft00sets">kleft00sets</a>]
- Klaus Kleft and Angelika Langer, "Are Set Iterators Mutable
- or Immutable?", C/C++ Users Jornal, October 2000</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="knuth98sorting" id=
- "knuth98sorting">knuth98sorting</a>] D. E. Knuth, "The Art of
- Computer Programming - Sorting and Searching", Addison-Wesley
- Publishing Company, Addison-Wesley, 1998</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="liskov98data" id=
- "liskov98data">liskov98data</a>] B. Liskov, "Data abstraction
- and hierarchy", SIGPLAN Notices 23, 5 (May 1998)</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="litwin80lh" id="litwin80lh">litwin80lh</a>] W.
- Litwin, "Linear hashing: A new tool for file and table
- addressing", Proceedings of International Conference on Very
- Large Data Bases (June 1980), pp. 212-223</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="maverik_lowerbounds" id=
- "maverik_lowerbounds">maverik_lowerbounds</a>] Maverik Woo,
- <a href=
- "http://magic.aladdin.cs.cmu.edu/2005/08/01/deamortization-part-2-binomial-heaps/">
- Deamortization - Part 2: Binomial Heaps</a></li>
-
- <li>[<a name="metrowerks_stl" id=
- "metrowerks_stl">metrowerks_stl</a>], "Metrowerks CodeWarrior
- Pro 7 MSL C++ Reference Manual",</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="meyers96more" id=
- "meyers96more">meyers96more</a>] S. Meyers, "More Effective
- C++: 35 New Ways to Improve Your Programs and Designs - 2nd
- ed.", Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Addison-Wesley,
- 1996</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="meyers00nonmember" id=
- "meyers00nonmember">meyers00nonmember</a>] S. Meyers, "How
- Non-Member Functions Improve Encapsulation", C/C++ Users
- Journal, 2000</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="meyers01stl" id="meyers01stl">meyers01stl</a>]
- S. Meyers, "Effective STL: 50 Specific Ways to Improve Your
- Use of the Standard Template Library", Addison-Wesley
- Publishing Company, Addison-Wesley, 2001</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="meyers02both" id=
- "meyers02both">meyers02both</a>] S. Meyers, "Class Template,
- Member Template - or Both?", C/C++ Users Journal, 2003</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="motwani95random" id=
- "motwani95random">motwani95random</a>] R. Motwani, and P.
- Raghavan, "Randomized Algorithms", Cambridge University
- Press</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="mscom" id="mscom">mscom</a>] <a href=
- "http://www.microsoft.com/com">COM: Component Model Object
- Technologies</a></li>
-
- <li>[<a name="musser95rationale" id=
- "musser95rationale">musser95rationale</a>], David R. Musser,
- "Rationale for Adding Hash Tables to the C++ Standard
- Template Library"</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="musser96stltutorial" id=
- "musser96stltutorial">musser96stltutorial</a>] D. R. Musser
- and A. Saini, "STL Tutorial and Reference Guide",
- Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Addison-Wesley, 1996</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="nelson96stlpq" id=
- "nelson96stlpq">nelson96stlpql</a>] Mark Nelson, <a href=
- "http://www.dogma.net/markn/articles/pq_stl/priority.htm">Priority
- Queues and the STL</a>, Dr. Dobbs Journal, January, 1996</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="okasaki98mereable" id=
- "okasaki98mereable">okasaki98mereable</a>] C. Okasaki and A.
- Gill, "Fast mergeable integer maps", In Workshop on ML, pages
- 77--86, September 1998. 95</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="sgi_stl" id="sgi_stl">sgi_stl</a>] SGI,
- "Standard Template Library Programmer's Guide", <a href=
- "http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/">http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl</a></li>
-
- <li>[<a name="select_man" id="select_man">select_man</a>]
- <a href=
- "http://www.scit.wlv.ac.uk/cgi-bin/mansec?3C+select"><tt>select</tt>
- man page.</a></li>
-
- <li>[<a name="sleator84amortized" id=
- "sleator84amortized">sleator84amortized</a>] D. D. Sleator
- and R. E. Tarjan, "Amortized Efficiency of List Update
- Problems", ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, 1984</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="sleator85self" id=
- "sleator85self">sleator85self</a>] D. D. Sleator and R. E.
- Tarjan, "Self-Adjusting Binary Search Trees", ACM Symposium
- on Theory of Computing, 1985</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="stepanov94standard" id=
- "stepanov94standard">stepanov94standard</a>] A. A. Stepanov
- and M. Lee", "The Standard Template Library"</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="stroustrup97cpp" id=
- "stroustrup97cpp">stroustrup97cpp</a>] Bjarne Stroustrup,
- <i>The C++ Programming Langugage -3rd ed.</i>, Addison-Wesley
- Publishing Company,Reading, MA, USA, 1997</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="vandevoorde2002cpptemplates" id=
- "vandevoorde2002cpptemplates">vandevoorde2002cpptemplates</a>]
- D. Vandevoorde, and N. M. Josuttis, "C++ Templates: The
- Complete Guide", Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,
- Addison-Wesley, 2002</li>
-
- <li>[<a name="wickland96thirty" id=
- "wickland96thirty">wickland96thirty</a>] C. A. Wickland,
- "Thirty Years Among the Dead", National Psychological
- Institute, Los Angeles, 1996,<a href=
- "http://myweb.wvnet.edu/~gsa00121/books/amongdead30.zip">http://myweb.wvnet.edu/gsa00121/books/amongdead30.zip</a></li>
- </ol>
- <hr />
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
-<title>resize_error Interface</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1><tt>resize_error</tt> Interface</h1>
-
-<p>A container cannot be resized.</p>
-
-<p>Exception thrown when a size policy cannot supply an
- adequate size for an external resize.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/exception.hpp"><tt>exception.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- <a href="exceptions.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>resize_error</tt></span></a>
- </pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
- </body>
- </html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>sample_probe_fn Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>sample_probe_fn</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A sample probe policy.</p>
-
- <p>This class serves to show the interface a probe functor
- needs to support.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/detail/hash_fn/sample_probe_fn.hpp"><tt>sample_probe_fn.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link2" id="link2">General definitions.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_type55424436" id="size_type55424436">size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-size_t, e.g.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link3" id="link3">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">Constructors, destructor, and
- related.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- sample_probe_fn
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Default constructor.</p>
-
- <p>Must be default constructable.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- sample_probe_fn
- (<b>const</b> sample_probe_fn &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Copy constructor.</p>
-
- <p>Must be copy constructable.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- swap
- (sample_probe_fn &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Swaps content.</p>
-
- <p>Must be swappable (if there is such a word).</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link5" id="link5">Protected Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Offset methods.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- <b>operator</b>()
- (const_key_reference r_key,
- <a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> i) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the <span class="c1"><tt>i</tt></span>-th
- offset from the hash value of some key <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_key</tt></span>.</p>
-
- <p><tt>size_type</tt> is the size type on which the
- functor operates.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>sample_range_hashing Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>sample_range_hashing</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A sample range-hashing functor.</p>
-
- <p>This class serves to show the interface a range-hashing
- functor needs to support.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/detail/hash_fn/sample_range_hashing.hpp"><tt>sample_range_hashing.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link2" id="link2">General definitions.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_type55424436" id="size_type55424436">size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-size_t, e.g.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link3" id="link3">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">Constructors, destructor, and
- related.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- sample_range_hashing
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Default constructor.</p>
-
- <p>Must be default constructable.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- sample_range_hashing
- (<b>const</b> sample_range_hashing &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Copy constructor.</p>
-
- <p>Must be copy constructable.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- swap
- (sample_range_hashing &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Swaps content.</p>
-
- <p>Must be swappable (if there is such a word).</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link5" id="link5">Protected Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Notification methods.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- notify_resized
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> size)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies the policy object that the container's size
- has changed to <span class="c1"><tt>size</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link7" id="link7">Operators.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- <b>operator</b>()
- (<a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> hash) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Transforms the hash value <span class=
- "c1"><tt>hash</tt></span> into a ranged-hash value.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>sample_ranged_hash_fn Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>sample_ranged_hash_fn</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A sample ranged-hash functor.</p>
-
- <p>This class serves to show the interface a ranged-hash
- functor needs to support.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/detail/hash_fn/sample_ranged_hash_fn.hpp"><tt>sample_ranged_hash_fn.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link2" id="link2">General definitions.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_type55424436" id="size_type55424436">size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-size_t, e.g.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link3" id="link3">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">Constructors, destructor, and
- related.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- sample_ranged_hash_fn
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Default constructor.</p>
-
- <p>Must be default constructable.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- sample_ranged_hash_fn
- (<b>const</b> sample_ranged_hash_fn &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Copy constructor.</p>
-
- <p>Must be copy constructable.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- swap
- (sample_ranged_hash_fn &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Swaps content.</p>
-
- <p>Must be swappable (if there is such a word).</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link5" id="link5">Protected Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Notification methods.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- notify_resized
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> size)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies the policy object that the container's size
- has changed to <span class="c1"><tt>size</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link7" id="link7">Operators.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- <b>operator</b>()
- (const_key_reference r_key) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Transforms <span class="c1"><tt>r_key</tt></span> into
- a position within the table.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>sample_ranged_probe_fn Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>sample_ranged_probe_fn</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A sample ranged-probe functor.</p>
-
- <p>This class serves to show the interface a ranged-probe
- functor needs to support.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/detail/hash_fn/sample_ranged_probe_fn.hpp"><tt>sample_ranged_probe_fn.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link2" id="link2">General definitions.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_type55424436" id="size_type55424436">size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-size_t, e.g.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link3" id="link3">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">Constructors, destructor, and
- related.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- sample_ranged_probe_fn
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Default constructor.</p>
-
- <p>Must be default constructable.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- sample_ranged_probe_fn
- (<b>const</b> sample_ranged_probe_fn &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Copy constructor.</p>
-
- <p>Must be copy constructable.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- swap
- (sample_ranged_probe_fn &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Swaps content.</p>
-
- <p>Must be swappable (if there is such a word).</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link5" id="link5">Protected Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Notification methods.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- notify_resized
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> size)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies the policy object that the container's size
- has changed to <span class="c1"><tt>size</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link7" id="link7">Operators.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- <b>operator</b>()
- (const_key_reference r_key,
- size_t hash,
- <a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> i) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Transforms the <tt><b>const</b></tt> key reference
- <span class="c1"><tt>r_key</tt></span> <span class=
- "c1"><tt>into the </tt></span><span class=
- "c1"><tt>i-th </tt></span>position within the table. This
- method <span class="c1"><tt>i</tt></span>s called for
- each collision within the probe sequence.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>sample_resize_policy Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>sample_resize_policy</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A sample resize policy.</p>
-
- <p>This class serves to show the interface a resize policy
- needs to support.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/detail/resize_policy/sample_resize_policy.hpp"><tt>sample_resize_policy.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link2" id="link2">General definitions.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_type55424436" id="size_type55424436">size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-size_t, e.g.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link3" id="link3">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">Constructors, destructor, and
- related.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- sample_resize_policy
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Default constructor.</p>
-
- <p>Must be default constructable.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- sample_range_hashing
- (<b>const</b> sample_resize_policy &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Copy constructor.</p>
-
- <p>Must be copy constructable.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- swap
- (sample_resize_policy &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Swaps content.</p>
-
- <p>Must be swappable (if there is such a word).</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link5" id="link5">Protected Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Insert search
- notifications.</a></h3>
-
- <p>Notifications called during an insert operation.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_insert_search_start
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search started.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_insert_search_collision
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search encountered a collision.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_insert_search_end
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search ended.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link7" id="link7">Find search
- notifications.</a></h3>
-
- <p>Notifications called during a find operation.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_find_search_start
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search started.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_find_search_collision
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search encountered a collision.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_find_search_end
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search ended.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link8" id="link8">Erase search
- notifications.</a></h3>
-
- <p>Notifications called during an insert operation.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_erase_search_start
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search started.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_erase_search_collision
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search encountered a collision.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_erase_search_end
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search ended.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link9" id="link9">Content change
- notifications.</a></h3>
-
- <p>Notifications called when the content of the table changes
- in a way that can affect the resize policy.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_inserted
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> num_e)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies an element was inserted.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_erased
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> num_e)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies an element was erased.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- notify_cleared
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies the table was cleared.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link10" id="link10">Size change
- notifications.</a></h3>
-
- <p>Notifications called when the table changes size.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- notify_resized
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> new_size)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies the table was resized to <span class=
- "c1"><tt>new_size</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link11" id="link11">Queries.</a></h3>
-
- <p>Called to query whether/how to resize.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>bool</b>
- is_resize_needed
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Queries whether a resize is needed.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- get_new_size
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> size,
- <a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> num_used_e) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Queries what the new <span class=
- "c1"><tt>size</tt></span> should be.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>sample_resize_trigger Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>sample_resize_trigger</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A sample resize trigger policy.</p>
-
- <p>This class serves to show the interface a trigger policy
- needs to support.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/detail/resize_policy/sample_resize_trigger.hpp"><tt>
- sample_resize_trigger.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link2" id="link2">General definitions.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_type55424436" id="size_type55424436">size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-size_t, e.g.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link3" id="link3">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">Constructors, destructor, and
- related.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- sample_resize_trigger
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Default constructor.</p>
-
- <p>Must be default constructable.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- sample_range_hashing
- (<b>const</b> sample_resize_trigger &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Copy constructor.</p>
-
- <p>Must be copy constructable.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- swap
- (sample_resize_trigger &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Swaps content.</p>
-
- <p>Must be swappable (if there is such a word).</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link5" id="link5">Protected Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Insert search
- notifications.</a></h3>
-
- <p>Notifications called during an insert operation.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_insert_search_start
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search started.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_insert_search_collision
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search encountered a collision.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_insert_search_end
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search ended.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link7" id="link7">Find search
- notifications.</a></h3>
-
- <p>Notifications called during a find operation.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_find_search_start
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search started.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_find_search_collision
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search encountered a collision.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_find_search_end
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search ended.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link8" id="link8">Erase search
- notifications.</a></h3>
-
- <p>Notifications called during an insert operation.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_erase_search_start
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search started.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_erase_search_collision
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search encountered a collision.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_erase_search_end
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies a search ended.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link9" id="link9">Content change
- notifications.</a></h3>
-
- <p>Notifications called when the content of the table changes
- in a way that can affect the resize policy.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_inserted
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> num_entries)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies an element was inserted. the total number of
- entries in the table is <span class=
- "c1"><tt>num_entries</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- notify_erased
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> num_entries)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies an element was erased.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- notify_cleared
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies the table was cleared.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link10" id="link10">Size change
- notifications.</a></h3>
-
- <p>Notifications called when the table changes size.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- notify_resized
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> new_size)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies the table was resized as a result of this
- object's signifying that a resize is needed.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- notify_externally_resized
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> new_size)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Notifies the table was resized externally.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link11" id="link11">Queries.</a></h3>
-
- <p>Called to query whether/how to resize.</p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>bool</b>
- is_resize_needed
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Queries whether a resize is needed.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>bool</b>
- is_grow_needed
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> size,
- <a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> num_entries) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Queries whether a grow is needed.</p>
-
- <p>This method is called only if this object indicated
- resize is needed. The actual <span class=
- "c1"><tt>size</tt></span> of the table is <span class=
- "c1"><tt>size</tt></span>, and the number of entries in
- it is <span class="c1"><tt>num_entries</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link12" id="link12">Private Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link13" id="link13">Overrides.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b> <b>void</b>
- do_resize
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> new_size)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Resizes to <span class=
- "c1"><tt>new_size</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>sample_size_policy Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>sample_size_policy</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A sample size policy.</p>
-
- <p>This class serves to show the interface a size policy needs
- to support.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/detail/resize_policy/sample_size_policy.hpp"><tt>sample_size_policy.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link2" id="link2">General definitions.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_type55424436" id="size_type55424436">size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-size_t, e.g.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link3" id="link3">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">Constructors, destructor, and
- related.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- sample_size_policy
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Default constructor.</p>
-
- <p>Must be default constructable.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- sample_range_hashing
- (<b>const</b> sample_size_policy &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Copy constructor.</p>
-
- <p>Must be copy constructable.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- swap
- (sample_size_policy &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Swaps content.</p>
-
- <p>Must be swappable (if there is such a word).</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link5" id="link5">Protected Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Size methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- get_nearest_larger_size
- (<a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> size) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Given a size <span class="c1"><tt>size</tt></span>,
- returns a size that is larger.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- get_nearest_smaller_size
- (<a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> size) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Given a size <span class="c1"><tt>size</tt></span>,
- returns a size that is smaller.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>sample_tree_node_update Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>sample_tree_node_update</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A sample node updater.</p>
-
- <p>This class serves to show the interface a node update
- functor needs to support.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/detail/tree_policy/sample_tree_node_update.hpp"><tt>
- sample_tree_node_update.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Const_Node_Iterator1933878761" id=
-"Const_Node_Iterator1933878761"><b>class</b> Const_Node_Iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const node iterator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Node_Iterator4206909839" id=
-"Node_Iterator4206909839"><b>class</b> Node_Iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Node iterator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Cmp_Fn294335" id="Cmp_Fn294335"><b>class</b> Cmp_Fn</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Comparison functor.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Allocator35940069" id=
-"Allocator35940069"><b>class</b> Allocator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Allocator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link3" id="link3">Metadata definitions.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="metadata_type2849297114" id=
-"metadata_type2849297114">metadata_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-size_t
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Metadata type.</p>
-
- <p>This can be any type; size_t is merely an example.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link4" id="link4">Protected Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link5" id="link5">Conclassors, declassor, and
- related.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- sample_tree_node_update
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Default constructor.</p>
-
- <p>Must be default constructable.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Operators.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- <b>operator</b>()
- (node_iterator node_it,
- const_node_iterator end_nd_it) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Updates the rank of a node through a <span class=
- "c1"><tt>node_iterator</tt></span> <span class=
- "c1"><tt>node_it</tt></span>; <span class=
- "c1"><tt>end_nd_it</tt></span> is the end node
- iterator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>sample_trie_e_access_traits Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>sample_trie_e_access_traits</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A sample trie element-access traits.</p>
-
- <p>This class serves to show the interface an element- access
- traits class needs to support.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/detail/trie_policy/sample_trie_e_access_traits.hpp">
- <tt>sample_trie_e_access_traits.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link2" id="link2">General definitions.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_type55424436" id="size_type55424436">size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-size_t, e.g.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="key_type10393186" id="key_type10393186">key_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-std::string, e.g.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Key type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_key_reference3185471705" id=
-"const_key_reference3185471705">const_key_reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-const string &, e.g.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const key reference type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link3" id="link3">Element definitions.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_iterator98626788" id=
-"const_iterator98626788">const_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-string::const_iterator, e.g.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Element <tt><b>const</b></tt> iterator type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="e_type393186" id="e_type393186">e_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-char, e.g.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Element type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="max_size10483336" id="max_size10483336">max_size</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-4, e.g.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Number of distinct elements.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link4" id="link4">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link5" id="link5">Access methods.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>static</b> <a href=
-"#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a>
- begin
- (<a href=
-"#const_key_reference3185471705"><tt>const_key_reference</tt></a> r_key)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns a <a href=
- "#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a> to
- the first element of <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_key</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>static</b> <a href=
-"#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a>
- end
- (<a href=
-"#const_key_reference3185471705"><tt>const_key_reference</tt></a> r_key)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns a <a href=
- "#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a> to
- the after-last element of <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_key</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>static</b> <a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- e_pos
- (<a href="#e_type393186"><tt>e_type</tt></a> e)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Maps an <span class="c1"><tt>element</tt></span> to a
- position.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>sample_trie_node_update Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>sample_trie_node_update</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A sample node updater.</p>
-
- <p>This class serves to show the interface a node update
- functor needs to support.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/detail/trie_policy/sample_trie_node_update.hpp"><tt>
- sample_trie_node_update.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Const_Node_Iterator1933878761" id=
-"Const_Node_Iterator1933878761"><b>class</b> Const_Node_Iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const node iterator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Node_Iterator4206909839" id=
-"Node_Iterator4206909839"><b>class</b> Node_Iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Node iterator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="E_Access_Traits686553840" id=
-"E_Access_Traits686553840"><b>class</b> E_Access_Traits</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Comparison functor.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Allocator35940069" id=
-"Allocator35940069"><b>class</b> Allocator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Allocator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link3" id="link3">Metadata definitions.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="metadata_type2849297114" id=
-"metadata_type2849297114">metadata_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-size_t
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Metadata type.</p>
-
- <p>This can be any type; size_t is merely an example.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link4" id="link4">Protected Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link5" id="link5">Conclassors, declassor, and
- related.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- sample_trie_node_update
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Default constructor.</p>
-
- <p>Must be default constructable.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Operators.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- <b>operator</b>()
- (node_iterator node_it,
- const_node_iterator end_nd_it) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Updates the rank of a node through a <span class=
- "c1"><tt>node_iterator</tt></span> <span class=
- "c1"><tt>node_it</tt></span>; <span class=
- "c1"><tt>end_nd_it</tt></span> is the end node
- iterator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>sample_update_policy Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>sample_update_policy</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A sample list-update policy.</p>
-
- <p>This class serves to show the interface a list update
- functor needs to support.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/detail/list_update_policy/sample_update_policy.hpp"><tt>sample_update_policy.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link2" id="link2">Constructors, destructor, and
- related.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- sample_update_policy
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Default constructor.</p>
-
- <p>Must be default constructable.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- sample_update_policy
- (<b>const</b> sample_update_policy &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Copy constructor.</p>
-
- <p>Must be copy constructable.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- swap
- (sample_update_policy &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Swaps content.</p>
-
- <p>Must be swappable (if there is such a word).</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link3" id="link3">Protected Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">Metadata definitions.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="metadata_type2849297114" id=
-"metadata_type2849297114">metadata_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-Some metadata type.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Metadata on which this functor operates.</p>
-
- <p>The <tt><b>class</b></tt> must declare the metadata
- type on which it operates; the list-update based
- containers will append to each node an object of this
- type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link5" id="link5">Protected Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Metadata operations.</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#metadata_type2849297114"><tt>metadata_type</tt></a>
- <b>operator</b>()
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Creates a metadata object.</p>
-
- <p>A list-update based container object will call this
- method to create a metadata type when a node is
- created.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>bool</b>
- <b>operator</b>()
- (metadata_reference r_data) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Decides whether a metadata object should be moved to
- the front of the list. A list-update based containers
- object will call this method to decide whether to move a
- node to the front of the list. The method should return
- <tt><b>true</b></tt> if the node should be moved to the
- front of the list.</p>
-
- <p><tt>metadata_reference</tt> is a reference to a
- <a href=
- "#metadata_type2849297114"><tt>metadata_type</tt></a>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>splay_tree_tag Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>splay_tree_tag</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Splay tree data structure tag.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp"><tt>tag_and_trait.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="tree_tag.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>tree_tag</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>Tests</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>Tests</h1>
-
- <p><a href="assoc_tests.html">Associative-Container Tests</a>
- describes tests for associative containers; <a href=
- "pq_tests.html">Priority-Queue Tests</a> describes tests for
- priority queues.</p>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>thin_heap_tag Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>thin_heap_tag</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Thin heap data structure tag.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp"><tt>tag_and_trait.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="priority_queue_tag.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>priority_queue_tag</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>tree Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>tree</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A concrete basic tree-based associative container.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/assoc_container.hpp"><tt>assoc_container.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Key2501" id="Key2501"><b>typename</b> Key</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Key type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Mapped318655" id="Mapped318655"><b>typename</b> Mapped</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Mapped type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Cmp_Fn294335" id="Cmp_Fn294335"><b>class</b> Cmp_Fn </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Comparison functor.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-std::less<<a href="#Key2501"><tt>Key</tt></a>>
-</pre>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Tag278938" id="Tag278938"><b>class</b> Tag </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Mapped-structure tag.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td><a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></span></a></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Node_Update841554648" id=
-"Node_Update841554648"><b>template</b><
- <b>typename</b> Const_Node_Iterator,
- <b>typename</b> Node_Iterator,
- <b>class</b> Cmp_Fn_,
- <b>typename</b> Allocator_>
-<b>class</b> Node_Update </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Node updater type.</p>
-
- <p><a href=
- "tree_based_containers.html#invariants">Design::Tree-Based
- Containers::Node Invariants</a> explains this
- concept.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td><a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></span></a></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Allocator35940069" id=
-"Allocator35940069"><b>class</b> Allocator </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Allocator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-std::allocator<<b>char</b>>
-</pre>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="basic_tree.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>basic_tree</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link3" id="link3">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">Policy Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="cmp_fn394495" id="cmp_fn394495">cmp_fn</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Cmp_Fn294335"><tt>Cmp_Fn</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Comparison functor type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link5" id="link5">Iterator Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_node_iterator4205924553" id=
-"const_node_iterator4205924553">const_node_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"tree_const_node_iterator.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const node iterator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="node_iterator3431975247" id=
-"node_iterator3431975247">node_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="tree_node_iterator.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>node_iterator</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Node iterator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link6" id="link6">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link7" id="link7">Constructors, Destructor, and
- Related</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- tree
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Default constructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- tree
- (<b>const</b> <a href=
-"#cmp_fn394495"><tt>cmp_fn</tt></a> &r_cmp_fn)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking some policy objects. <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_cmp_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#Cmp_Fn294335"><tt>Cmp_Fn</tt></a> object of the
- container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>class</b> It>
- tree
- (It first_it,
- It last_it)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking iterators to a range of
- value_types. The value_types between <span class=
- "c1"><tt>first_it</tt></span> and <span class=
- "c1"><tt>last_it</tt></span> will be inserted into the
- container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>class</b> It>
- tree
- (It first_it,
- It last_it,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#cmp_fn394495"><tt>cmp_fn</tt></a> &r_cmp_fn)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking iterators to a range of value_types
- and some policy objects The value_types between
- <span class="c1"><tt>first_it</tt></span> and
- <span class="c1"><tt>last_it</tt></span> will be inserted
- into the container object. <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_cmp_fn</tt></span> will be copied by the
- <a href="#cmp_fn394495"><tt>cmp_fn</tt></a> object of the
- container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- tree
- (<b>const</b> <span class=
-"c2"><tt>tree</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Copy constructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b>
- ~tree
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Destructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<span class="c2"><tt>tree</tt></span> &
- <b>operator</b>=
- (<b>const</b> <span class=
-"c2"><tt>tree</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Assignment operator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- swap
- (<span class=
-"c2"><tt>tree</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Swaps content.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link8" id="link8">Policy Access Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#cmp_fn394495"><tt>cmp_fn</tt></a> &
- get_cmp_fn
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Access to the <a href=
- "#cmp_fn394495"><tt>cmp_fn</tt></a> object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>const</b> <a href="#cmp_fn394495"><tt>cmp_fn</tt></a> &
- get_cmp_fn
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const access to the <a href=
- "#cmp_fn394495"><tt>cmp_fn</tt></a> object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link9" id="link9">Node-Iteration Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>
- node_begin
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns a <a href=
- "#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>
- corresponding to the node at the root of the tree.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"#const_node_iterator4205924553"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>
- node_begin
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns a <a href=
- "#const_node_iterator4205924553"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>
- corresponding to the node at the root of the tree.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>
- node_end
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns a <a href=
- "#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>
- corresponding to a node just after a leaf of the
- tree.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"#const_node_iterator4205924553"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>
- node_end
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns a <a href=
- "#const_node_iterator4205924553"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>
- corresponding to a node just after a leaf of the
- tree.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>Tree-Based Containers</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>Tree Design</h1>
-
- <h2><a name="overview" id="overview">Overview</a></h2>
-
- <p>The tree-based container has the following declaration:</p>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>typename</b> Key,
- <b>typename</b> Mapped,
- <b>typename</b> Cmp_Fn = std::less<Key>,
- <b>typename</b> Tag = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html">rb_tree_tag</a>,
- <b>template</b><
- <b>typename</b> Const_Node_Iterator,
- <b>typename</b> Node_Iterator,
- <b>typename</b> Cmp_Fn_,
- <b>typename</b> Allocator_>
- <b>class</b> Node_Update = <a href=
-"null_tree_node_update.html">null_tree_node_update</a>,
- <b>typename</b> Allocator = std::allocator<<b>char</b>> >
-<b>class</b> <a href=
-"tree.html">tree</a>;
-</pre>
-
- <p>The parameters have the following meaning:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li><tt>Key</tt> is the key type.</li>
-
- <li><tt>Mapped</tt> is the mapped-policy.</li>
-
- <li><tt>Cmp_Fn</tt> is a key comparison functor</li>
-
- <li><tt>Tag</tt> specifies which underlying data structure
- to use.</li>
-
- <li><tt>Node_Update</tt> is a policy for updating node
- invariants. This is described in <a href="#invariants">Node
- Invariants</a>.</li>
-
- <li><tt>Allocator</tt> is an allocator
- type.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <p>The <tt>Tag</tt> parameter specifies which underlying
- data structure to use. Instantiating it by <a href=
- "rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>, <a href=
- "splay_tree_tag.html"><tt>splay_tree_tag</tt></a>, or
- <a href="ov_tree_tag.html"><tt>ov_tree_tag</tt></a>,
- specifies an underlying red-black tree, splay tree, or
- ordered-vector tree, respectively; any other tag is illegal.
- Note that containers based on the former two contain more types
- and methods than the latter (<i>e.g.</i>,
- <tt>reverse_iterator</tt> and <tt>rbegin</tt>), and different
- exception and invalidation guarantees.</p>
-
- <h2><a name="invariants" id="invariants">Node
- Invariants</a></h2>
-
- <p>Consider the two trees in Figures <a href=
- "#node_invariants">Some node invariants</a> A and B. The first
- is a tree of floats; the second is a tree of pairs, each
- signifying a geometric line interval. Each element in a tree is refered to as a node of the tree. Of course, each of
- these trees can support the usual queries: the first can easily
- search for <tt>0.4</tt>; the second can easily search for
- <tt>std::make_pair(10, 41)</tt>.</p>
-
- <p>Each of these trees can efficiently support other queries.
- The first can efficiently determine that the 2rd key in the
- tree is <tt>0.3</tt>; the second can efficiently determine
- whether any of its intervals overlaps
- <tt>std::make_pair(29,42)</tt> (useful in geometric
- applications or distributed file systems with leases, for
- example). (See <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/tree_order_statistics.cc"><tt>tree_order_statistics.cc</tt></a>
- and <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/tree_intervals.cc"><tt>tree_intervals.cc</tt></a>
- for examples.) It should be noted that an <tt>std::set</tt> can
- only solve these types of problems with linear complexity.</p>
-
- <p>In order to do so, each tree stores some <i>metadata</i> in
- each node, and maintains node invariants <a href=
- "references.html#clrs2001">clrs2001</a>]. The first stores in
- each node the size of the sub-tree rooted at the node; the
- second stores at each node the maximal endpoint of the
- intervals at the sub-tree rooted at the node.</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="node_invariants" id=
- "node_invariants"><img src="node_invariants.png" alt=
- "no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Some node invariants.</h6>
-
- <p>Supporting such trees is difficult for a number of
- reasons:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li>There must be a way to specify what a node's metadata
- should be (if any).</li>
-
- <li>Various operations can invalidate node invariants.
- <i>E.g.</i>, Figure <a href=
- "#node_invariant_invalidations">Invalidation of node
- invariants</a> shows how a right rotation, performed on A,
- results in B, with nodes <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> having
- corrupted invariants (the grayed nodes in C); Figure <a href=
- "#node_invariant_invalidations">Invalidation of node
- invariants</a> shows how an insert, performed on D, results
- in E, with nodes <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> having corrupted
- invariants (the grayed nodes in F). It is not feasible to
- know outside the tree the effect of an operation on the nodes
- of the tree.</li>
-
- <li>The search paths of standard associative containers are
- defined by comparisons between keys, and not through
- metadata.</li>
-
- <li>It is not feasible to know in advance which methods trees
- can support. Besides the usual <tt>find</tt> method, the
- first tree can support a <tt>find_by_order</tt> method, while
- the second can support an <tt>overlaps</tt> method.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="node_invariant_invalidations" id=
- "node_invariant_invalidations"><img src=
- "node_invariant_invalidations.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Invalidation of node invariants.</h6>
-
- <p>These problems are solved by a combination of two means:
- node iterators, and template-template node updater
- parameters.</p>
-
- <h3><a name="node_it" id="node_it">Node Iterators</a></h3>
-
- <p>Each tree-based container defines two additional iterator
- types, <a href=
- "tree_const_node_iterator.html"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>
- and <a href=
- "tree_node_iterator.html"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>.
- These iterators allow descending from a node to one of its
- children. Node iterator allow search paths different than those
- determined by the comparison functor. <a href=
- "tree.html">tree</a>
- supports the methods:</p>
- <pre>
- <a href="tree_const_node_iterator.html"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>
- node_begin() <b>const</b>;
-
- <a href="tree_node_iterator.html"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>
- node_begin();
-
- <a href="tree_const_node_iterator.html"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>
- node_end() <b>const</b>;
-
- <a href="tree_node_iterator.html"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>
- node_end();
-</pre>
-
- <p>The first pairs return node iterators corresponding to the
- root node of the tree; the latter pair returns node iterators
- corresponding to a just-after-leaf node.</p>
-
- <h3><a name="node_up" id="node_up">Node Updater
- (Template-Template) Parameters</a></h3>
-
- <p>The tree-based containers are parametrized by a
- <tt>Node_Update</tt> template-template parameter. A tree-based
- container instantiates <tt>Node_Update</tt> to some
- <tt>node_update</tt> class, and publicly
- subclasses <tt>node_update</tt>. Figure
- <a href="#tree_node_update_cd">A tree and its update
- policy</a> shows this scheme, as well as some predefined
- policies (which are explained below).</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="tree_node_update_cd" id=
- "tree_node_update_cd"><img src=
- "tree_node_update_policy_cd.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">A tree and its update policy.</h6>
-
- <p><tt>node_update</tt> (an instantiation of
- <tt>Node_Update</tt>) must define <tt>metadata_type</tt> as
- the type of metadata it requires. For order statistics,
- <i>e.g.</i>, <tt>metadata_type</tt> might be <tt>size_t</tt>.
- The tree defines within each node a <tt>metadata_type</tt>
- object.</p>
-
- <p><tt>node_update</tt> must also define the following method
- for restoring node invariants:</p>
- <pre>
- void
- operator()(<a href=
-"tree_node_iterator.html"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a> nd_it, <a href=
-"tree_const_node_iterator.html"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a> end_nd_it)
-</pre>
-
- <p>In this method, <tt>nd_it</tt> is a <a href=
- "tree_node_iterator.html"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>
- corresponding to a node whose A) all descendants have valid
- invariants, and B) its own invariants might be violated;
- <tt>end_nd_it</tt> is a <a href=
- "tree_const_node_iterator.html"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>
- corresponding to a just-after-leaf node. This method should
- correct the node invariants of the node pointed to by
- <tt>nd_it</tt>. For example, say node <i>x</i> in Figure
- <a href="#restoring_node_invariants">Restoring node
- invariants</a>-A has an invalid invariant, but its' children,
- <i>y</i> and <i>z</i> have valid invariants. After the
- invocation, all three nodes should have valid invariants, as in
- Figure <a href="#restoring_node_invariants">Restoring node
- invariants</a>-B.</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="restoring_node_invariants" id=
- "restoring_node_invariants"><img src=
- "restoring_node_invariants.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Invalidation of node invariants.</h6>
-
- <p>When a tree operation might invalidate some node invariant,
- it invokes this method in its <tt>node_update</tt> base to
- restore the invariant. For example, Figure <a href=
- "#update_seq_diagram">Insert update sequence diagram</a> shows
- an <tt>insert</tt> operation (point A); the tree performs some
- operations, and calls the update functor three times (points B,
- C, and D). (It is well known that any <tt>insert</tt>,
- <tt>erase</tt>, <tt>split</tt> or <tt>join</tt>, can restore
- all node invariants by a small number of node invariant updates
- [<a href="references.html#clrs2001">clrs2001</a>].)</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="update_seq_diagram" id=
- "update_seq_diagram"><img src="update_seq_diagram.png" alt=
- "no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Insert update sequence diagram.</h6>
-
- <p>To complete the description of the scheme, three questions
- need to be answered:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li>How can a tree which supports order statistics define a
- method such as <tt>find_by_order</tt>?</li>
-
- <li>How can the node updater base access methods of the
- tree?</li>
-
- <li>How can the following cyclic dependency be resolved?
- <tt>node_update</tt> is a base class of the tree, yet it
- uses node iterators defined in the tree (its child).</li>
- </ol>
-
- <p>The first two questions are answered by the fact that
- <tt>node_update</tt> (an instantiation of
- <tt>Node_Update</tt>) is a <tt><b>public</b></tt> base class
- of the tree. Consequently:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li>Any public methods of <tt>node_update</tt> are
- automatically methods of the tree [<a href=
- "references.html#alexandrescu01modern">alexandrescu01modern</a>].
- Thus an order-statistics node updater, <a href=
- "tree_order_statistics_node_update.html"><tt>tree_order_statistics_node_update</tt></a>
- defines the <tt>find_by_order</tt> method; any tree
- instantiated by this policy consequently supports this method
- as well.</li>
-
- <li>In C++, if a base class declares a method as
- <tt><b>virtual</b></tt>, it is <tt><b>virtual</b></tt> in its
- subclasses. If <tt>node_update</tt> needs to access one of
- the tree's methods, say the member function <tt>end</tt>, it simply
- declares that method as <tt><b>virtual</b></tt>
- abstract.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <p>The cyclic dependency is solved through template-template
- parameters. <tt>Node_Update</tt> is parametrized by the tree's node iterators, its comparison
- functor, and its allocator type. Thus,
- instantiations of <tt>Node_Update</tt> have all information required.</p>
-
- <p class="c1"><tt>pb_ds</tt> assumes that constructing a metadata object and modifying it
- are exception free. Suppose that during some method, say
- <tt>insert</tt>, a metadata-related operation
- (<i>e.g.</i>, changing the value of a metadata) throws an
- exception. Ack! Rolling back the method is unusually complex.</p>
-
- <p>In <a href=
- "concepts.html#concepts_null_policies">Interface::Concepts::Null
- Policy Classes</a> a distinction was made between <i>redundant
- policies</i> and <i>null policies</i>. Node invariants show a
- case where null policies are required.</p>
-
- <p>Assume a regular tree is required, one which need not
- support order statistics or interval overlap queries.
- Seemingly, in this case a redundant policy - a policy which
- doesn't affect nodes' contents would suffice. This, would lead
- to the following drawbacks:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li>Each node would carry a useless metadata object, wasting
- space.</li>
-
- <li>The tree cannot know if its <tt>Node_Update</tt> policy
- actually modifies a node's metadata (this is halting
- reducible). In Figure <a href=
- "#rationale_null_node_update">Useless update path</a> ,
- assume the shaded node is inserted. The tree would have to
- traverse the useless path shown to the root, applying
- redundant updates all the way.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="rationale_null_node_update" id=
- "rationale_null_node_update"><img src=
- "rationale_null_node_update.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Useless update path.</h6>
-
- <p>A null policy class, <a href=
- "null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
- solves both these problems. The tree detects that node
- invariants are irrelevant, and defines all accordingly.</p>
-
- <h2><a name="add_methods" id="add_methods">Additional
- Methods</a></h2>
-
- <p>Tree-based containers support split and join methods.
- It is possible to split a tree so that it passes
- all nodes with keys larger than a given key to a different
- tree. These methods have the following advantages over the
- alternative of externally inserting to the destination
- tree and erasing from the source tree:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li>These methods are efficient - red-black trees are split
- and joined in poly-logarithmic complexity; ordered-vector
- trees are split and joined at linear complexity. The
- alternatives have super-linear complexity.</li>
-
- <li>Aside from orders of growth, these operations perform
- few allocations and de-allocations. For red-black trees, allocations are not performed,
- and the methods are exception-free. </li>
- </ol>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>tree::node_iterator Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt><span class=
- "c2"><tt>tree</tt></span>::node_iterator</tt>
- Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Node iterator.</p>
-
- <p>This is an <quote>iterator to an iterator </quote> - it
- iterates over nodes, and de-referencing it returns one of the
- tree's iterators</p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"tree.html#const_node_iterator4205924553"><span class="c2"><tt>tree</tt></span>::const_node_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link3" id="link3">Constructors, Destructor, and
- Related</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b>
- node_iterator
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Default constructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">Access Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href=
-"container_base.html#iterator10418194"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>container_base</tt></span>::iterator</a>
- <b>operator</b>*
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Access.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link5" id="link5">Movement Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <span class="c2"><tt>node_iterator</tt></span>
- get_l_child
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the node iterator associated with the left
- node.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <span class="c2"><tt>node_iterator</tt></span>
- get_r_child
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the node iterator associated with the right
- node.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>tree_order_statistics_node_update Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>tree_order_statistics_node_update</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Functor updating ranks of entrees.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tree_policy.hpp"><tt>tree_policy.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Const_Node_Iterator1933878761" id=
-"Const_Node_Iterator1933878761"><b>class</b> Const_Node_Iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const node iterator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Node_Iterator4206909839" id=
-"Node_Iterator4206909839"><b>class</b> Node_Iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Node iterator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Cmp_Fn294335" id="Cmp_Fn294335"><b>class</b> Cmp_Fn</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Comparison functor.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Allocator35940069" id=
-"Allocator35940069"><b>class</b> Allocator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Allocator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link3" id="link3">Policy Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="cmp_fn394495" id="cmp_fn394495">cmp_fn</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Cmp_Fn294335"><tt>Cmp_Fn</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p><a href="#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>
- type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="allocator48440069" id="allocator48440069">allocator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p><a href="#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>
- type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">General Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_type55424436" id="size_type55424436">size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#allocator48440069"><tt>allocator</tt></a>::size_type
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link5" id="link5">Key-type Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="key_type10393186" id="key_type10393186">key_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-The instantiating container's key type.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Key type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_key_reference3185471705" id=
-"const_key_reference3185471705">const_key_reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-The instantiating container's const key reference type.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const key reference.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Metadata-Type
- Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="metadata_type2849297114" id=
-"metadata_type2849297114">metadata_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Metadata type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link7" id="link7">Iterator Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_node_iterator4205924553" id=
-"const_node_iterator4205924553">const_node_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"#Const_Node_Iterator1933878761"><tt>Const_Node_Iterator</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const node iterator type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="node_iterator3431975247" id=
-"node_iterator3431975247">node_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Node_Iterator4206909839"><tt>Node_Iterator</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Node iterator type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_iterator98626788" id=
-"const_iterator98626788">const_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#const_node_iterator4205924553"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>::value_type
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const iterator type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="iterator10418194" id="iterator10418194">iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>::value_type
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Iterator type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link8" id="link8">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link9" id="link9">Find-Type Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href=
-"#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a>
- find_by_order
- (<a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> order) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Finds an entry by order. Returns a <a href=
- "#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a> to
- the entry with the order <span class=
- "c1"><tt>order</tt></span>, or a <a href=
- "#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a> to
- the container object's end if <span class=
- "c1"><tt>order</tt></span> is at least the size of the
- container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href="#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a>
- find_by_order
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> order)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Finds an entry by order. Returns an <a href=
- "#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a> to the entry
- with the order <span class="c1"><tt>order</tt></span>, or
- an <a href="#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a> to
- the container object's end if <span class=
- "c1"><tt>order</tt></span> is at least the size of the
- container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- order_of_key
- (<a href=
-"#const_key_reference3185471705"><tt>const_key_reference</tt></a> r_key) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the order of a key within a sequence. For
- example, if <span class="c1"><tt>r_key</tt></span> is the
- smallest key, this method will return 0; if <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_key</tt></span> is a key between the smallest
- and next key, this method will return 1; if <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_key</tt></span> is a key larger than the
- largest key, this method will return the size of r_c.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link10" id="link10">Protected Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link11" id="link11">Value-type
- Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_reference495461441" id=
-"const_reference495461441">const_reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-The instantiating container's const reference type.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const reference to the container's value-type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_pointer878814947" id=
-"const_pointer878814947">const_pointer</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-The instantiating container's const pointer type.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const pointer to the container's value-type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_metadata_reference1108857465" id=
-"const_metadata_reference1108857465">const_metadata_reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>::<b>template</b> rebind<
- <a href=
-"#metadata_type2849297114"><tt>metadata_type</tt></a>>::other::<a href="#const_reference495461441"><tt>const_reference</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const metadata reference.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="metadata_reference583863863" id=
-"metadata_reference583863863">metadata_reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>::<b>template</b> rebind<
- <a href=
-"#metadata_type2849297114"><tt>metadata_type</tt></a>>::other::reference
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Metadata reference.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link12" id="link12">Protected Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link13" id="link13">Operators</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- <b>operator</b>()
- (<a href=
-"#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a> node_it,
- <a href=
-"#const_node_iterator4205924553"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a> end_nd_it) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Updates the rank of a node through a <a href=
- "#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>
- <span class="c1"><tt>node_it</tt></span>; <span class=
- "c1"><tt>end_nd_it</tt></span> is the end node <a href=
- "#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link14" id="link14">Constructors, destructor, and
- related</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b>
- ~tree_order_statistics_node_update
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Destructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link15" id="link15">Private Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link16" id="link16">Overrides</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b> <a href=
-"#const_node_iterator4205924553"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>
- node_begin
- () <b>const</b> = 0
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the <a href=
- "#const_node_iterator4205924553"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>
- associated with the tree's root node.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b> <a href=
-"#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>
- node_begin
- () = 0
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the <a href=
- "#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>
- associated with the tree's root node.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b> <a href=
-"#const_node_iterator4205924553"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>
- node_end
- () <b>const</b> = 0
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the <a href=
- "#const_node_iterator4205924553"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>
- associated with a just-after leaf node.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b> <a href=
-"#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>
- node_end
- () = 0
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the <a href=
- "#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>
- associated with a just-after leaf node.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b> <a href="#cmp_fn394495"><tt>cmp_fn</tt></a> &
- get_cmp_fn
- () = 0
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Access to the <a href=
- "#cmp_fn394495"><tt>cmp_fn</tt></a> object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>Tree Order Statistics Timing Test</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>Tree Order-Statistics Timing Test</h1>
-<h2><a name="description" id="description">Description</a></h2>
-<p>This test creates a container, inserts random integers into
- the the container, and then checks the order-statistics of the
- container's values. (If the container is one of <tt>pb_ds</tt>
- 's trees, it does this with the <tt>order_of_key</tt> method of
- <a href="tree_order_statistics_node_update.html"><tt>tree_order_statistics_node_update</tt></a>
- ; otherwise, it uses the <tt>find</tt> method and
- <tt>std::distance</tt> .) It measures the average time for such
- queries as a function of the number of values inserted.</p>
-<p>(The test was executed with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/ext/pb_ds/tree_order_statistics_timing.cc"><tt>tree_order_statistics_timing_test</tt></a>
- 200 200 2100)</p>
-<h2><a name="purpose" id="purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
-<p>The test checks the performance difference of policies based
- on node-invariant as opposed to a external functions. (see
- <a href="tree_based_containers.html#invariants">Design::Associative
- Containers::Tree-Based Containers::Node Invariants</a> .)</p>
-<h2><a name="results" id="results">Results</a></h2>
-<p>Figures <a href="#NTG">NTG</a>, <a href="#NTM">NTM</a>, and
- <a href="#NTL">NTL</a> show the results for the native and
- tree-based containers in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>, and
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively.</p>
-<div id="NTG_res_div">
-<div id="NTG_gcc">
-<div id="NTG_tree_order_statistics_timing_test">
-<div id="NTG_assoc">
-<div id="NTG_Native_and_tree-based_container_order-statistics_queries"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTG" id="NTG"><img src="tree_order_statistics_timing_test_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTG: Native and tree-based container order-statistics queries - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_set-
-<tt>std::set</tt></li>
-<li>
-splay_tree_ost_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="splay_tree_tag.html"><tt>splay_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="tree_order_statistics_node_update.html"><tt>tree_order_statistics_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_ost_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="tree_order_statistics_node_update.html"><tt>tree_order_statistics_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NTM_res_div">
-<div id="NTM_msvc">
-<div id="NTM_tree_order_statistics_timing_test">
-<div id="NTM_assoc">
-<div id="NTM_Native_and_tree-based_container_order-statistics_queries"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTM" id="NTM"><img src="tree_order_statistics_timing_test_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTM: Native and tree-based container order-statistics queries - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_set-
-<tt>std::set</tt></li>
-<li>
-splay_tree_ost_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="splay_tree_tag.html"><tt>splay_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="tree_order_statistics_node_update.html"><tt>tree_order_statistics_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_ost_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="tree_order_statistics_node_update.html"><tt>tree_order_statistics_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NTL_res_div">
-<div id="NTL_local">
-<div id="NTL_tree_order_statistics_timing_test">
-<div id="NTL_assoc">
-<div id="NTL_Native_and_tree-based_container_order-statistics_queries"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTL" id= "NTL"><img src="tree_order_statistics_timing_test_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTL: Native and tree-based container order-statistics queries - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2><a name="observations" id="observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<p>In this test, the native red-black tree can support
- order-statistics queries only externally, by performing a
- <tt>find</tt> (alternatively, <tt>lower_bound</tt> or
- <tt>upper_bound</tt> ) and then using <tt>std::distance</tt> .
- This is clearly linear, and it is not that surprising that the
- cost is high.</p>
-<p><tt>pb_ds</tt> 's tree-based containers use in this test the
- <tt>order_of_key</tt> method of <a href="tree_order_statistics_node_update.html"><tt>tree_order_statistics_node_update</tt></a>.
- This method has only linear complexity in the length of the
- root-node path. Unfortunately, the average path of a splay tree
- (<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag =</tt> <a href="splay_tree_tag.html"><tt>splay_tree_tag</tt></a> ) can
- be higher than logarithmic; the longest path of a red-black
- tree (<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag =</tt> <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a> ) is
- logarithmic in the number of elements. Consequently, the splay
- tree has worse performance than the red-black tree.</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>Tree Text Find Timing Test</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>Tree-Based and Trie-Based Text <tt>find</tt> Find Timing
- Test</h1>
-<h2><a name="description" id="description">Description</a></h2>
-<p>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
- arbitrary text ([<a href="references.html#wickland96thirty">wickland96thirty</a>]) into
- a container, then performs a series of finds using
- <tt>find</tt>. It measures the average time for <tt>find</tt>
- as a function of the number of values inserted.</p>
-<p>(The test was executed with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/ext/pb_ds/text_find_timing.cc"><tt>text_find_timing_test</tt></a>
- thirty_years_among_the_dead_preproc.txt 200 200 2100)</p>
-<h2><a name="purpose" id="purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
-<p>The test checks the effect of different underlying
- data structures.</p>
-<h2><a name="results" id="results">Results</a></h2>
-<p>Figures <a href="#NTTG">NTTG</a>, <a href="#NTTM">NTTM</a>,
- and <a href="#NTTG">NTTL</a> show the results for the native,
- tree-based, and trie-based types in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>, and
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively.</p>
-<div id="NTTG_res_div">
-<div id="NTTG_gcc">
-<div id="NTTG_random_int_find_find_timing_test_tree">
-<div id="NTTG_assoc">
-<div id="NTTG_Native_456_tree-based_456_random_int_find_timing_test_using__tt_find_455tt_"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTTG" id="NTTG"><img src="random_int_find_find_timing_test_tree_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTTG: Native, tree-based, random int find timing test using <tt>find</tt> - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-splay_tree_map-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="splay_tree_tag.html"><tt>splay_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-ov_tree_map-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="ov_tree_tag.html"><tt>ov_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-n_map-
-<tt>std::map</tt></li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_map-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NTTM_res_div">
-<div id="NTTM_msvc">
-<div id="NTTM_random_int_find_find_timing_test_tree">
-<div id="NTTM_assoc">
-<div id="NTTM_Native_456_tree-based_456_random_int_find_timing_test_using__tt_find_455tt_"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTTM" id="NTTM"><img src="random_int_find_find_timing_test_tree_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTTM: Native, tree-based, random int find timing test using <tt>find</tt> - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-splay_tree_map-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="splay_tree_tag.html"><tt>splay_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-ov_tree_map-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="ov_tree_tag.html"><tt>ov_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-n_map-
-<tt>std::map</tt></li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_map-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NTTL_res_div">
-<div id="NTTL_local">
-<div id="NTTL_random_int_find_find_timing_test_tree">
-<div id="NTTL_assoc">
-<div id="NTTL_Native_456_tree-based_456_random_int_find_timing_test_using__tt_find_455tt_"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTTL" id= "NTTL"><img src="random_int_find_find_timing_test_tree_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTTL: Native, tree-based, random int find timing test using <tt>find</tt> - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2><a name="observations" id="observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<p>For this setting, a splay tree (<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag =</tt> <a href="splay_tree_tag.html"><tt>splay_tree_tag</tt></a>)
- does not do well. This is possibly due to two
- reasons:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>A splay tree is not guaranteed to be balanced
- [<a href="references.html#motwani95random">motwani95random</a>].
- If a splay tree contains <i>n</i> nodes, its
- average root-leaf path can be <i>m >>
- log(n)</i>.</li>
-<li>Assume a specific root-leaf search path has
- length <i>m</i>, and the search-target node has
- distance <i>m'</i> from the root. A red-black
- tree will require <i>m + 1</i> comparisons to
- find the required node; a splay tree will require
- <i>2 m'</i> comparisons. A splay tree,
- consequently, can perform many more comparisons
- than a red-black tree.</li>
-</ol>
-<p>An ordered-vector tree (<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag =</tt> <a href="ov_tree_tag.html"><tt>ov_tree_tag</tt></a>),
- a red-black tree (<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag =</tt> <a href="splay_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>),
- and the native red-black tree all share
- approximately the same performance.</p>
-<p>An ordered-vector tree is slightly slower than
- red-black trees, since it requires, in order to
- find a key, more math operations than they do.
- Conversely, an ordered-vector tree requires far
- lower space than the others. ([<a href="references.html#austern00noset">austern00noset</a>],
- however, seems to have an implementation that is
- also faster than a red-black tree).</p>
-<p>A PATRICIA trie (<a href="trie.html"><tt>trie</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag =</tt> <a href="pat_trie_tag.html"><tt>pat_trie_tag</tt></a>)
- has good look-up performance, due to its large
- fan-out in this case. In this setting, a PATRICIA
- trie has lookup performance comparable to a hash
- table (see <a href="hash_text_find_find_timing_test.html">Hash-Based
- Text <tt>find</tt> Find Timing Test</a>), but it is
- order preserving. This is not that surprising,
- since a large fan-out PATRICIA trie works like a
- hash table with collisions resolved by a sub-trie.
- A large fan-out PATRICIA trie does not do well on
- modifications (see <a href="tree_text_insert_timing_test.html">Tree-Based and
- Trie-Based Text Insert Timing Test</a>). It is
- possibly beneficial to semi-static settings,
- therefore.</p>
-<p><a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#tree_like_based_types">
- Observations::Tree-Like-Based Container Types</a>
- summarizes some observations on tree-based and
- trie-based containers.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>Tree Split Join Timing Test</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>Tree Split-Join Timing Test</h1>
-<h2><a name="description" id="description">Description</a></h2>
-<p>This test a container, inserts into a number of values,
- splits the container at the median, and joins the two
- containers. (If the containers are one of <tt>pb_ds</tt> 's
- trees, it splits and joins with the <tt>split</tt> and
- <tt>join</tt> method; otherwise, it uses the <tt>erase</tt> and
- <tt>insert</tt> methods.) It measures the time for splitting
- and joining the containers as a function of the number of
- values inserted.</p>
-<p>(The test was executed with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/ext/pb_ds/tree_split_join_timing.cc"><tt>tree_split_join_timing_test</tt></a>
- 200 200 2100)</p>
-<h2><a name="purpose" id="purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
-<p>The test checks the performance difference of <tt>join</tt>
- as opposed to a sequence of <tt>insert</tt> operations; by
- implication, this test checks the most efficient way to erase a
- sub-sequence from a tree-like-based container, since this can
- always be performed by a small sequence of splits and joins
- (see <a href="motivation.html#assoc_split_join_methods">Motivation::Associative
- Containers::Slightly Different Methods::Methods Related to
- Split and Join</a> and <a href="tree_based_containers.html#add_methods">Design::Associative
- Containers::Tree-Based Containers::Additional Methods</a>
- .)</p>
-<h2><a name="results" id="results">Results</a></h2>
-<p>Figures <a href="#NTG">NTG</a>, <a href="#NTM">NTM</a>, and
- <a href="#NTL">NTL</a> show the results for the native and
- tree-based containers in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>, and
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively.</p>
-<div id="NTG_res_div">
-<div id="NTG_gcc">
-<div id="NTG_tree_split_join_timing_test">
-<div id="NTG_assoc">
-<div id="NTG_Native_and_tree-based_container_splits_and_joins"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTG" id="NTG"><img src="tree_split_join_timing_test_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTG: Native and tree-based container splits and joins - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_set-
-<tt>std::set</tt></li>
-<li>
-splay_tree_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="splay_tree_tag.html"><tt>splay_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-ov_tree_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="ov_tree_tag.html"><tt>ov_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NTM_res_div">
-<div id="NTM_msvc">
-<div id="NTM_tree_split_join_timing_test">
-<div id="NTM_assoc">
-<div id="NTM_Native_and_tree-based_container_splits_and_joins"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTM" id="NTM"><img src="tree_split_join_timing_test_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTM: Native and tree-based container splits and joins - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_set-
-<tt>std::set</tt></li>
-<li>
-splay_tree_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="splay_tree_tag.html"><tt>splay_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-ov_tree_set-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="ov_tree_tag.html"><tt>ov_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NTL_res_div">
-<div id="NTL_local">
-<div id="NTL_tree_split_join_timing_test">
-<div id="NTL_assoc">
-<div id="NTL_Native_and_tree-based_container_splits_and_joins"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTL" id= "NTL"><img src="tree_split_join_timing_test_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTL: Native and tree-based container splits and joins - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2><a name="observations" id="observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<p>In this test, the native red-black trees must be split and
- joined externally, through a sequence of <tt>erase</tt> and
- <tt>insert</tt> operations. This is clearly super-linear, and
- it is not that surprising that the cost is high.</p>
-<p><tt>pb_ds</tt> 's tree-based containers use in this test the
- <tt>split</tt> and <tt>join</tt> methods, which have lower
- complexity: the <tt>join</tt> method of a splay tree ( <a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag =</tt> <a href="splay_tree_tag.html"><tt>splay_tree_tag</tt></a> ) is
- quadratic in the length of the longest root-leaf path, and
- linear in the total number of elements; the <tt>join</tt>
- method of a red-black tree ( <a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag =</tt> <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a> ) or an
- ordered-vector tree ( <a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag =</tt> <a href="ov_tree_tag.html"><tt>ov_tree_tag</tt></a> ) is linear
- in the number of elements.</p>
-<p>Asides from orders of growth, <tt>pb_ds</tt> 's trees access
- their allocator very little in these operations, and some of
- them do not access it at all. This leads to lower constants in
- their complexity, and, for some containers, to exception-free
- splits and joins (which can be determined via <a href="assoc_container_traits.html"><tt>container_traits</tt></a>).</p>
-<p>It is important to note that <tt>split</tt> and
- <tt>join</tt> are not esoteric methods - they are the most
- efficient means of erasing a contiguous range of values from a
- tree based container.</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>tree_tag Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>tree_tag</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Basic tree data structure tag.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp"><tt>tag_and_trait.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="basic_tree_tag.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>basic_tree_tag</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>Tree Text Find Timing Test</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>Tree-Based and Trie-Based Text <tt>find</tt> Find Timing
- Test</h1>
-<h2><a name="description" id="description">Description</a></h2>
-<p>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
- arbitrary text ([<a href="references.html#wickland96thirty">wickland96thirty</a>]) into
- a container, then performs a series of finds using
- <tt>find</tt>. It measures the average time for <tt>find</tt>
- as a function of the number of values inserted.</p>
-<p>(The test was executed with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/ext/pb_ds/text_find_timing.cc"><tt>text_find_timing_test</tt></a>
- thirty_years_among_the_dead_preproc.txt 200 200 2100)</p>
-<h2><a name="purpose" id="purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
-<p>The test checks the effect of different underlying
- data structures.</p>
-<h2><a name="results" id="results">Results</a></h2>
-<p>Figures <a href="#NTTG">NTTG</a>, <a href="#NTTM">NTTM</a>,
- and <a href="#NTTG">NTTL</a> show the results for the native,
- tree-based, and trie-based types in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>, and
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively.</p>
-<div id="NTTG_res_div">
-<div id="NTTG_gcc">
-<div id="NTTG_text_find_timing_test_tree_like">
-<div id="NTTG_assoc">
-<div id="NTTG_Native_456_tree-based_456_and_trie-based_456_text_find_timing_test_using__tt_find_455tt_"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTTG" id="NTTG"><img src="text_find_timing_test_tree_like_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTTG: Native, tree-based, and trie-based, text find timing test using <tt>find</tt> - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-splay_tree_map-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="splay_tree_tag.html"><tt>splay_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-ov_tree_map-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="ov_tree_tag.html"><tt>ov_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_map-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-n_map-
-<tt>std::map</tt></li>
-<li>
-pat_trie_map-
-<a href="trie.html"><tt>trie</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pat_trie_tag.html"><tt>pat_trie_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_trie_node_update.html"><tt>null_trie_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NTTM_res_div">
-<div id="NTTM_msvc">
-<div id="NTTM_text_find_timing_test_tree_like">
-<div id="NTTM_assoc">
-<div id="NTTM_Native_456_tree-based_456_and_trie-based_456_text_find_timing_test_using__tt_find_455tt_"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTTM" id="NTTM"><img src="text_find_timing_test_tree_like_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTTM: Native, tree-based, and trie-based, text find timing test using <tt>find</tt> - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-splay_tree_map-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="splay_tree_tag.html"><tt>splay_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-ov_tree_map-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="ov_tree_tag.html"><tt>ov_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_map-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-n_map-
-<tt>std::map</tt></li>
-<li>
-pat_trie_map-
-<a href="trie.html"><tt>trie</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pat_trie_tag.html"><tt>pat_trie_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_trie_node_update.html"><tt>null_trie_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NTTL_res_div">
-<div id="NTTL_local">
-<div id="NTTL_text_find_timing_test_tree_like">
-<div id="NTTL_assoc">
-<div id="NTTL_Native_456_tree-based_456_and_trie-based_456_text_find_timing_test_using__tt_find_455tt_"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTTL" id= "NTTL"><img src="text_find_timing_test_tree_like_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTTL: Native, tree-based, and trie-based, text find timing test using <tt>find</tt> - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2><a name="observations" id="observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<p>For this setting, a splay tree (<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag =</tt> <a href="splay_tree_tag.html"><tt>splay_tree_tag</tt></a>) does
- not do well. This is possibly due to two reasons:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>A splay tree is not guaranteed to be balanced [<a href="references.html#motwani95random">motwani95random</a>]. If a
- splay tree contains <i>n</i> nodes, its average root-leaf
- path can be <i>m >> log(n)</i>.</li>
-<li>Assume a specific root-leaf search path has length
- <i>m</i>, and the search-target node has distance <i>m'</i>
- from the root. A red-black tree will require <i>m + 1</i>
- comparisons to find the required node; a splay tree will
- require <i>2 m'</i> comparisons. A splay tree, consequently,
- can perform many more comparisons than a red-black tree.</li>
-</ol>
-<p>An ordered-vector tree (<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag =</tt> <a href="ov_tree_tag.html"><tt>ov_tree_tag</tt></a>), a red-black
- tree (<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag =</tt> <a href="splay_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>), and the
- native red-black tree all share approximately the same
- performance.</p>
-<p>An ordered-vector tree is slightly slower than red-black
- trees, since it requires, in order to find a key, more math
- operations than they do. Conversely, an ordered-vector tree
- requires far lower space than the others. ([<a href="references.html#austern00noset">austern00noset</a>], however,
- seems to have an implementation that is also faster than a
- red-black tree).</p>
-<p>A PATRICIA trie (<a href="trie.html"><tt>trie</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag =</tt> <a href="pat_trie_tag.html"><tt>pat_trie_tag</tt></a>) has good
- look-up performance, due to its large fan-out in this case. In
- this setting, a PATRICIA trie has look-up performance comparable
- to a hash table (see <a href="hash_text_find_find_timing_test.html">Hash-Based Text
- <tt>find</tt> Find Timing Test</a>), but it is order
- preserving. This is not that surprising, since a large-fan-out
- PATRICIA trie works like a hash table with collisions resolved
- by a sub-trie. A large-fan-out PATRICIA trie does not do well on
- modifications (see <a href="tree_text_insert_timing_test.html">Tree-Based and Trie-Based
- Text Insert Timing Test</a>). It is possibly beneficial to
- semi-static settings, therefore.</p>
-<p><a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#tree_like_based_types">Observations::Tree-Like-Based
- Container Types</a> summarizes some observations on tree-based
- and trie-based containers.</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>Tree Text Insert Timing Test</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>Tree-Based and Trie-Based Text Insert Timing Test</h1>
-<h2><a name="description" id="description">Description</a></h2>
-<p>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
- arbitrary text ([ <a href="references.html#wickland96thirty">wickland96thirty</a> ]) into
- a container using <tt>insert</tt> . It measures the average
- time for <tt>insert</tt> as a function of the number of values
- inserted.</p>
-<p>(The test was executed with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/ext/pb_ds/tree_text_insert_timing.cc"><tt>tree_text_insert_timing_test</tt></a>
- thirty_years_among_the_dead_preproc.txt 200 200 2100)</p>
-<h2><a name="purpose" id="purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
-<p>The test checks the effect of different underlying
- data structures.</p>
-<h2><a name="results" id="results">Results</a></h2>
-<p>Figures <a href="#NNTG">NNTG</a>, <a href="#NVTG">NVTG</a>,
- and <a href="#NPTG">NPTG</a> show the results for the native
- tree and <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s node-based trees, the native tree and
- <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s vector-based trees, and the native tree
- and<tt>pb_ds</tt>'s PATRICIA-trie, respectively, in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>; Figures
- <a href="#NNTM">NNTM</a>, <a href="#NVTM">NVTM</a>, and
- <a href="#NPTM">NPTM</a> show the same in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a>; Figures
- <a href="#NNTL">NNTL</a>, <a href="#NVTL">NVTL</a>, and
- <a href="#NPTL">NPTL</a> show the same in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>.</p>
-<div id="NNTG_res_div">
-<div id="NNTG_gcc">
-<div id="NNTG_tree_text_insert_timing_test_node_tree">
-<div id="NNTG_assoc">
-<div id="NNTG_Native_tree_and_node-based_trees_text_insert_timing_test_using__tt_insert_455tt_"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NNTG" id="NNTG"><img src="tree_text_insert_timing_test_node_tree_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NNTG: Native tree and node-based trees text insert timing test using <tt>insert</tt> - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-splay_tree_map-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="splay_tree_tag.html"><tt>splay_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-n_map-
-<tt>std::map</tt></li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_map-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NVTG_res_div">
-<div id="NVTG_gcc">
-<div id="NVTG_tree_text_insert_timing_test_vector_tree">
-<div id="NVTG_assoc">
-<div id="NVTG_Native_tree_and_vector-based_tree_text_insert_timing_test_using__tt_insert_455tt_"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NVTG" id="NVTG"><img src="tree_text_insert_timing_test_vector_tree_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NVTG: Native tree and vector-based tree text insert timing test using <tt>insert</tt> - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-ov_tree_map-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="ov_tree_tag.html"><tt>ov_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-n_map-
-<tt>std::map</tt></li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NPTG_res_div">
-<div id="NPTG_gcc">
-<div id="NPTG_tree_text_insert_timing_test_pat_trie">
-<div id="NPTG_assoc">
-<div id="NPTG_Native_tree_and_PATRICIA_trie_text_insert_timing_test_using__tt_insert_455tt_"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPTG" id="NPTG"><img src="tree_text_insert_timing_test_pat_trie_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPTG: Native tree and PATRICIA trie text insert timing test using <tt>insert</tt> - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-n_map-
-<tt>std::map</tt></li>
-<li>
-pat_trie_map-
-<a href="trie.html"><tt>trie</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pat_trie_tag.html"><tt>pat_trie_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_trie_node_update.html"><tt>null_trie_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NNTM_res_div">
-<div id="NNTM_msvc">
-<div id="NNTM_tree_text_insert_timing_test_node_tree">
-<div id="NNTM_assoc">
-<div id="NNTM_Native_tree_and_node-based_trees_text_insert_timing_test_using__tt_insert_455tt_"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NNTM" id="NNTM"><img src="tree_text_insert_timing_test_node_tree_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NNTM: Native tree and node-based trees text insert timing test using <tt>insert</tt> - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-splay_tree_map-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="splay_tree_tag.html"><tt>splay_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-n_map-
-<tt>std::map</tt></li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_map-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NVTM_res_div">
-<div id="NVTM_msvc">
-<div id="NVTM_tree_text_insert_timing_test_vector_tree">
-<div id="NVTM_assoc">
-<div id="NVTM_Native_tree_and_vector-based_tree_text_insert_timing_test_using__tt_insert_455tt_"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NVTM" id="NVTM"><img src="tree_text_insert_timing_test_vector_tree_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NVTM: Native tree and vector-based tree text insert timing test using <tt>insert</tt> - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-ov_tree_map-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="ov_tree_tag.html"><tt>ov_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-n_map-
-<tt>std::map</tt></li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NPTM_res_div">
-<div id="NPTM_msvc">
-<div id="NPTM_tree_text_insert_timing_test_pat_trie">
-<div id="NPTM_assoc">
-<div id="NPTM_Native_tree_and_PATRICIA_trie_text_insert_timing_test_using__tt_insert_455tt_"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPTM" id="NPTM"><img src="tree_text_insert_timing_test_pat_trie_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPTM: Native tree and PATRICIA trie text insert timing test using <tt>insert</tt> - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-pat_trie_map-
-<a href="trie.html"><tt>trie</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="pat_trie_tag.html"><tt>pat_trie_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_trie_node_update.html"><tt>null_trie_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-n_map-
-<tt>std::map</tt></li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NNTL_res_div">
-<div id="NNTL_local">
-<div id="NNTL_tree_text_insert_timing_test_node_tree">
-<div id="NNTL_assoc">
-<div id="NNTL_Native_tree_and_node-based_trees_text_insert_timing_test_using__tt_insert_455tt_"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NNTL" id= "NNTL"><img src="tree_text_insert_timing_test_node_tree_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NNTL: Native tree and node-based trees text insert timing test using <tt>insert</tt> - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NVTL_res_div">
-<div id="NVTL_local">
-<div id="NVTL_tree_text_insert_timing_test_vector_tree">
-<div id="NVTL_assoc">
-<div id="NVTL_Native_tree_and_vector-based_tree_text_insert_timing_test_using__tt_insert_455tt_"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NVTL" id= "NVTL"><img src="tree_text_insert_timing_test_vector_tree_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NVTL: Native tree and vector-based tree text insert timing test using <tt>insert</tt> - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NPTL_res_div">
-<div id="NPTL_local">
-<div id="NPTL_tree_text_insert_timing_test_pat_trie">
-<div id="NPTL_assoc">
-<div id="NPTL_Native_tree_and_PATRICIA_trie_text_insert_timing_test_using__tt_insert_455tt_"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NPTL" id= "NPTL"><img src="tree_text_insert_timing_test_pat_trie_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NPTL: Native tree and PATRICIA trie text insert timing test using <tt>insert</tt> - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2><a name="observations" id="observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<p>Observing Figure <a href="#NNTG">NNTG</a> , for this
- setting, a splay tree, ( <a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag =</tt> <a href="splay_tree_tag.html"><tt>splay_tree_tag</tt></a> ) does
- not do well. This was covered in <a href="tree_text_find_find_timing_test.html">Tree-Based and
- Trie-Based Text <tt>find</tt> Find Timing Test</a> . The two
- red-black trees perform better.</p>
-<p>Observing Figure <a href="#NVTG">NVTG</a>, an ordered-vector
- tree ( <a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag =</tt> <a href="ov_tree_tag.html"><tt>ov_tree_tag</tt></a>) performs
- abysmally. Inserting into this type of tree has linear
- complexity [ <a href="references.html#austern00noset">austern00noset</a>].</p>
-<p>Observing Figure <a href="#NPTG">NPTG</a> , A PATRICIA trie
- ( <a href="trie.html"><tt>trie</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag =</tt> <a href="pat_trie_tag.html"><tt>pat_trie_tag</tt></a> ) has
- abysmal performance, as well. This is not that surprising,
- since a large-fan-out PATRICIA trie works like a hash table with
- collisions resolved by a sub-trie. Each time a collision is
- encountered, a new "hash-table" is built A large fan-out
- PATRICIA trie, however, doe does well in look-ups (see <a href="tree_text_find_find_timing_test.html">Tree-Based and
- Trie-Based Text <tt>find</tt> Find Timing Test</a> ). It is
- possibly beneficial to semi-static settings, therefore.</p>
-<p><a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#tree_like_based_types">Observations::Tree-Like-Based
- Container Types</a> summarizes some observations on tree-based
- and trie-based containers.</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>Tree Text Locality of Reference Find Timing Test</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div id="page">
-<h1>Tree-Based Locality-of-Reference Text <tt>find</tt> Find
- Timing Test</h1>
-<h2><a name="description" id="description">Description</a></h2>
-<p>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
- arbitrary text ([ <a href="references.html#wickland96thirty">wickland96thirty</a> ]) into
- a container, then performs a series of finds using
- <tt>find</tt> . It is different than <a href="tree_text_find_find_timing_test.html">Tree-Based and
- Trie-Based Text <tt>find</tt> Find Timing Test</a> in the
- sequence of finds it performs: this test performs multiple
- <tt>find</tt> s on the same key before moving on to the next
- key. It measures the average time for <tt>find</tt> as a
- function of the number of values inserted.</p>
-<p>(The test was executed with <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/ext/pb_ds/tree_text_lor_find_timing.cc"><tt>tree_text_lor_find_timing_test</tt></a>
- thirty_years_among_the_dead_preproc.txt 200 200 2100)</p>
-<h2><a name="purpose" id="purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
-<p>The test checks the effect of different underlying
- data structures in a locality-of-reference setting.</p>
-<h2><a name="results" id="results">Results</a></h2>
-<p>Figures <a href="#NTG">NTG</a>, <a href="#NTM">NTM</a>, and
- <a href="#NTL">NTL</a> show the results for the native and
- <tt>pb_ds</tt> tree-based types in <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc"><u>g++</u></a>, <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc"><u>msvc++</u></a> and
- <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#local"><u>local</u></a>,
- respectively.</p>
-<div id="NTG_res_div">
-<div id="NTG_gcc">
-<div id="NTG_tree_text_lor_find_timing_test">
-<div id="NTG_assoc">
-<div id="NTG_Native_and_tree-based_locality-of-reference_text_find_timing_test_using__tt_find_455tt_"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTG" id="NTG"><img src="tree_text_lor_find_timing_test_gcc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTG: Native and tree-based locality-of-reference text find timing test using <tt>find</tt> - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#gcc">g++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-ov_tree_map-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="ov_tree_tag.html"><tt>ov_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_map-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-n_map-
-<tt>std::map</tt></li>
-<li>
-splay_tree_map-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="splay_tree_tag.html"><tt>splay_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NTM_res_div">
-<div id="NTM_msvc">
-<div id="NTM_tree_text_lor_find_timing_test">
-<div id="NTM_assoc">
-<div id="NTM_Native_and_tree-based_locality-of-reference_text_find_timing_test_using__tt_find_455tt_"><div style="border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTM" id="NTM"><img src="tree_text_lor_find_timing_test_msvc.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTM: Native and tree-based locality-of-reference text find timing test using <tt>find</tt> - <a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#msvc">msvc++</a><p>In the above figure, the names in the legends have the following meaning:</p>
-<ol>
-<li>
-ov_tree_map-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="ov_tree_tag.html"><tt>ov_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-rb_tree_map-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="rb_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-<li>
-n_map-
-<tt>std::map</tt></li>
-<li>
-splay_tree_map-
-<a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag</tt> = <a href="splay_tree_tag.html"><tt>splay_tree_tag</tt></a>
-, and <tt>Node_Update</tt> = <a href="null_tree_node_update.html"><tt>null_tree_node_update</tt></a>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div><div style="width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="NTL_res_div">
-<div id="NTL_local">
-<div id="NTL_tree_text_lor_find_timing_test">
-<div id="NTL_assoc">
-<div id="NTL_Native_and_tree-based_locality-of-reference_text_find_timing_test_using__tt_find_455tt_"><div style = "border-style: dotted; border-width: 1px; border-color: lightgray"><h6 class="c1"><a name="NTL" id= "NTL"><img src="tree_text_lor_find_timing_test_local.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>NTL: Native and tree-based locality-of-reference text find timing test using <tt>find</tt> - <a href = "assoc_performance_tests.html#local">local</a></div><div style = "width: 100%; height: 20px"></div></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<h2><a name="observations" id="observations">Observations</a></h2>
-<p>For this setting, an ordered-vector tree ( <a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag =</tt> <a href="ov_tree_tag.html"><tt>ov_tree_tag</tt></a> ), a
- red-black tree ( <a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag =</tt> <a href="splay_tree_tag.html"><tt>rb_tree_tag</tt></a> ), and the
- native red-black tree all share approximately the same
- performance.</p>
-<p>A splay tree ( <a href="tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- with <tt>Tag =</tt> <a href="splay_tree_tag.html"><tt>splay_tree_tag</tt></a> ) does
- much better, since each (successful) find "bubbles" the
- corresponding node to the root of the tree.</p>
-<p><a href="assoc_performance_tests.html#tree_like_based_types">Observations::Tree-Like-Based
- Container Types</a> summarizes some observations on tree-based
- and trie-based containers.</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>trie Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>trie</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A concrete basic trie-based associative container.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/assoc_container.hpp"><tt>assoc_container.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Key2501" id="Key2501"><b>typename</b> Key</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Key type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Mapped318655" id="Mapped318655"><b>typename</b> Mapped</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Mapped type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="E_Access_Traits686553840" id=
-"E_Access_Traits686553840"><b>class</b> E_Access_Traits </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Element-access traits.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Tag278938" id="Tag278938"><b>class</b> Tag </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Data-structure tag.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td><a href="pat_trie_tag.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>pat_trie_tag</tt></span></a></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Node_Update841554648" id=
-"Node_Update841554648"><b>template</b><
- <b>typename</b> Const_Node_Iterator,
- <b>typename</b> Node_Iterator,
- <b>class</b> E_Access_Traits_,
- <b>typename</b> Allocator_>
-<b>class</b> Node_Update </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Node updater type.</p>
-
- <p><a href=
- "tree_based_containers.html#invariants">Design::Tree-Based
- Containers::Node Invariants</a> explains this
- concept.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td><a href="null_trie_node_update.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>null_trie_node_update</tt></span></a></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Allocator35940069" id=
-"Allocator35940069"><b>class</b> Allocator </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Allocator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-std::allocator<<b>char</b>>
-</pre>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link3" id="link3">Policy Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="e_access_traits1948190928" id=
-"e_access_traits1948190928">e_access_traits</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#E_Access_Traits686553840"><tt>E_Access_Traits</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Element access traits type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">Iterator Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_node_iterator4205924553" id=
-"const_node_iterator4205924553">const_node_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"trie_const_node_iterator.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const node iterator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="node_iterator3431975247" id=
-"node_iterator3431975247">node_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="trie_node_iterator.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>node_iterator</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Node iterator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link5" id="link5">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Constructors, Destructor, and
- Related</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- trie
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Default constructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- trie
- (<b>const</b> <a href=
-"#E_Access_Traits686553840"><tt>E_Access_Traits</tt></a> &r_e_access_traits)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking some policy objects. <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_e_access_traits</tt></span> will be copied by
- the <a href=
- "#E_Access_Traits686553840"><tt>E_Access_Traits</tt></a>
- object of the container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>class</b> It>
- trie
- (It first_it,
- It last_it)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking iterators to a range of
- value_types. The value_types between <span class=
- "c1"><tt>first_it</tt></span> and <span class=
- "c1"><tt>last_it</tt></span> will be inserted into the
- container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>class</b> It>
- trie
- (It first_it,
- It last_it,
- <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#E_Access_Traits686553840"><tt>E_Access_Traits</tt></a> &r_e_access_traits)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Constructor taking iterators to a range of value_types
- and some policy objects. The value_types between
- <span class="c1"><tt>first_it</tt></span> and
- <span class="c1"><tt>last_it</tt></span> will be inserted
- into the container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
- trie
- (<b>const</b> <span class=
-"c2"><tt>trie</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Copy constructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b>
- ~trie
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Destructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<span class="c2"><tt>trie</tt></span> &
- <b>operator</b>=
- (<b>const</b> <span class=
-"c2"><tt>trie</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Assignment operator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>void</b>
- swap
- (<span class=
-"c2"><tt>trie</tt></span> &other)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Swaps content.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link7" id="link7">Policy Access Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"#e_access_traits1948190928"><tt>e_access_traits</tt></a> &
- get_e_access_traits
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Access to the comb_hash_fn object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"#e_access_traits1948190928"><tt>e_access_traits</tt></a> &
- get_e_access_traits
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const access to the comb_hash_fn object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link8" id="link8">Node-Iteration Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>
- node_begin
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns a <a href=
- "#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>
- corresponding to the node at the root of the trie.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"#const_node_iterator4205924553"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>
- node_begin
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns a <a href=
- "#const_node_iterator4205924553"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>
- corresponding to the node at the root of the trie.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>
- node_end
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns a <a href=
- "#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>
- corresponding to a node just after a leaf of the
- trie.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"#const_node_iterator4205924553"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>
- node_end
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns a <a href=
- "#const_node_iterator4205924553"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>
- corresponding to a node just after a leaf of the
- trie.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>Trie-Based Containers</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>Trie Design</h1>
-
- <h2><a name="overview" id="overview">Overview</a></h2>
-
- <p>The trie-based container has the following declaration:</p>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>typename</b> Key,
- <b>typename</b> Mapped,
- <b>typename</b> Cmp_Fn = std::less<Key>,
- <b>typename</b> Tag = <a href="pat_trie_tag.html">pat_trie_tag</a>,
- <b>template</b><
- <b>typename</b> Const_Node_Iterator,
- <b>typename</b> Node_Iterator,
- <b>typename</b> E_Access_Traits_,
- <b>typename</b> Allocator_>
- <b>class</b> Node_Update = <a href=
-"null_trie_node_update.html">null_trie_node_update</a>,
- <b>typename</b> Allocator = std::allocator<<b>char</b>> >
-<b>class</b> <a href=
-"trie.html">trie</a>;
-</pre>
-
- <p>The parameters have the following meaning:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li><tt>Key</tt> is the key type.</li>
-
- <li><tt>Mapped</tt> is the mapped-policy, and is explained in
- <a href="tutorial.html#assoc_ms">Tutorial::Associative
- Containers::Associative Containers Others than Maps</a>.</li>
-
- <li><tt>E_Access_Traits</tt> is described in <a href=
- "#e_access_traits">Element-Access Traits</a>.</li>
-
- <li><tt>Tag</tt> specifies which underlying data structure
- to use, and is described shortly.</li>
-
- <li><tt>Node_Update</tt> is a policy for updating node
- invariants. This is described in <a href="#invariants">Node
- Invariants</a>.</li>
-
- <li><tt>Allocator</tt> is an allocator
- type.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <p>The <tt>Tag</tt> parameter specifies which underlying
- data structure to use. Instantiating it by <a href=
- "pat_trie_tag.html">pat_trie_tag</a>, specifies an
- underlying PATRICIA trie (explained shortly); any other tag is
- currently illegal.</p>
- <hr />
-
- <p>Following is a description of a (PATRICIA) trie
- (<tt>pb_ds</tt> follows specifically [<a href=
- "references.html#okasaki98mereable">okasaki98mereable</a>] and
- [<a href=
- "references.html#filliatre2000ptset">filliatre2000ptset</a>]).</p>
-
- <p>A (PATRICIA) trie is similar to a tree, but with the
- following differences:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li>It explicitly views keys as a sequence of elements.
- <i>E.g.</i>, a trie can view a string as a sequence of
- characters; a trie can view a number as a sequence of
- bits.</li>
-
- <li>It is not (necessarily) binary. Each node has fan-out <i>n
- + 1</i>, where <i>n</i> is the number of distinct
- elements.</li>
-
- <li>It stores values only at leaf nodes.</li>
-
- <li>Internal nodes have the properties that A) each has at
- least two children, and B) each shares the same prefix with
- any of its descendant.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <p><a href="#e_access_traits">Element-Access Traits</a> shows
- an example of such a trie.</p>
-
- <p>A (PATRICIA) trie has some useful properties:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li>It can be configured to use large node fan-out, giving it
- very efficient find performance (albeit at insertion
- complexity and size).</li>
-
- <li>It works well for common-prefix keys.</li>
-
- <li>It can support efficiently queries such as which keys
- match a certain prefix. This is sometimes useful in
- file systems and routers.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <p>(We would like to thank Matt Austern for the suggestion to
- include tries.)</p>
-
- <h2><a name="e_access_traits" id=
- "e_access_traits">Element-Access Traits</a></h2>
-
- <p>A trie inherently views its keys as sequences of elements.
- For example, a trie can view a string as a sequence of
- characters. A trie needs to map each of <i>n</i> elements to a
- number in <i>{0, n - 1}</i>. For example, a trie can map a
- character <tt>c</tt> to
- <tt>static_cast<size_t>(c)</tt>.</p>
-
- <p>Seemingly, then, a trie can assume that its keys support
- (const) iterators, and that the <tt>value_type</tt> of this
- iterator can be cast to a <tt>size_t</tt>. There are several
- reasons, though, to decouple the mechanism by which the trie
- accesses its keys' elements from the trie:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li>In some cases, the numerical value of an element is
- inappropriate. Consider a trie storing DNA strings. It is
- logical to use a trie with a fan-out of <i>5 = 1 + |{'A', 'C',
- 'G', 'T'}|</i>. This requires mapping 'T' to 3, though.</li>
-
- <li>In some cases the keys' iterators are different than what
- is needed. For example, a trie can be used to search for
- common <u>suffixes</u>, by using strings'
- <tt>reverse_iterator</tt>. As another example, a trie mapping
- UNICODE strings would have a huge fan-out if each node would
- branch on a UNICODE character; instead, one can define an
- iterator iterating over 8-bit (or less) groups.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <p><a href=
- "trie.html">trie</a> is,
- consequently, parametrized by <tt>E_Access_Traits</tt> -
- traits which instruct how to access sequences' elements.
- <a href=
- "string_trie_e_access_traits.html"><tt>string_trie_e_access_traits</tt></a>
- is a traits class for strings. Each such traits define some
- types, <i>e.g.</i>,</p>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> E_Access_Traits::const_iterator
-</pre>
-
- <p>is a const iterator iterating over a key's elements. The
- traits class must also define methods for obtaining an iterator
- to the first and last element of a key.</p>
-
- <p>Figure <a href="#pat_trie">A PATRICIA trie</a> shows a
- (PATRICIA) trie resulting from inserting the words: "I wish
- that I could ever see a poem lovely as a trie" (which,
- unfortunately, does not rhyme).</p>
-
- <p>The leaf nodes contain values; each internal node contains
- two <tt><b>typename</b> E_Access_Traits::const_iterator</tt>
- objects, indicating the maximal common prefix of all keys in
- the sub-tree. For example, the shaded internal node roots a
- sub-tree with leafs "a" and "as". The maximal common prefix is
- "a". The internal node contains, consequently, to const
- iterators, one pointing to <tt>'a'</tt>, and the other to
- <tt>'s'</tt>.</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="pat_trie" id="pat_trie"><img src=
- "pat_trie.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">A PATRICIA trie.</h6>
-
- <h2><a name="invariants" id="invariants">Node
- Invariants</a></h2>
-
- <p>Trie-based containers support node invariants, as do
- tree-based containers (see <a href=
- "tree_based_containers.html#invariants">Tree-Based
- Containers::Node Invariants</a>). There are two minor
- differences, though, which, unfortunately, thwart sharing them
- sharing the same node-updating policies:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li>A trie's <tt>Node_Update</tt> template-template
- parameter is parametrized by <tt>E_Access_Traits</tt>, while
- a tree's <tt>Node_Update</tt> template-template parameter is
- parametrized by <tt>Cmp_Fn</tt>.</li>
-
- <li>Tree-based containers store values in all nodes, while
- trie-based containers (at least in this implementation) store
- values in leafs.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <p>Figure <a href="#trie_node_update_cd">A trie and its update
- policy</a> shows the scheme, as well as some predefined
- policies (which are explained below).</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="trie_node_update_cd" id=
- "trie_node_update_cd"><img src=
- "trie_node_update_policy_cd.png" alt="no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">A trie and its update policy.</h6>
-
- <p><tt>pb_ds</tt> offers the following pre-defined trie node
- updating policies:</p>
-
- <ol>
- <li><a href=
- "trie_order_statistics_node_update.html"><tt>trie_order_statistics_node_update</tt></a>
- supports order statistics.</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "trie_prefix_search_node_update.html"><tt>trie_prefix_search_node_update</tt></a>
- supports searching for ranges that match a given prefix. See
- <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/trie_prefix_search.cc"><tt>trie_prefix_search.cc</tt></a>.</li>
-
- <li><a href=
- "null_trie_node_update.html"><tt>null_trie_node_update</tt></a>
- is the null node updater.</li>
- </ol>
-
- <h2><a name="add_methods" id="add_methods">Additional
- Methods</a></h2>
-
- <p>Trie-based containers support split and join methods; the
- rationale is equal to that of tree-based containers supporting
- these methods (see <a href=
- "tree_based_containers.html#add_methods">Tree-Based
- Containers::Additional Methods</a>).</p>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>trie::const_node_iterator
- Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt><span class=
- "c2"><tt>trie</tt></span>::const_node_iterator</tt>
- Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Const node iterator.</p>
-
- <p>This is an "iterator to an iterator" - it iterates over
- nodes, and de-referencing it returns one of the tree's const
- iterators</p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link2" id="link2">General Container
- Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_type55424436" id="size_type55424436">size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="container_base.html#size_type55424436"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>container_base</tt></span>::size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link3" id="link3">Iterator Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="iterator_category2821876439" id=
-"iterator_category2821876439">iterator_category</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-trivial_iterator_tag
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Category.</p>
-
- <p>This tag identifies that the iterator has none of the
- STL's iterators' movement abilities.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="difference_type868028452" id=
-"difference_type868028452">difference_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre class="c2">
-void
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Difference type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">Value-Type Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="value_type279018186" id=
-"value_type279018186">value_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"container_base.html#const_iterator98626788"><span class="c2"><tt>container_base</tt></span>::const_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Iterator's value type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="reference54418471" id="reference54418471">reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Iterator's reference type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_reference495461441" id=
-"const_reference495461441">const_reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Iterator's const <a href=
- "#reference54418471"><tt>reference</tt></a> type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="e_access_traits1948190928" id=
-"e_access_traits1948190928">e_access_traits</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"trie.html#e_access_traits1948190928"><span class="c2"><tt>trie</tt></span>::e_access_traits</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Element access traits.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_e_iterator2450008044" id=
-"const_e_iterator2450008044">const_e_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#e_access_traits1948190928"><tt>e_access_traits</tt></a>::const_iterator
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>A key's element const iterator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link5" id="link5">Metadata Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <p>These are only defined if <a href=
- "basic_tree.html#Node_Update841554648"><span class="c2">
- <tt>basic_tree</tt></span>::Node_Update</a>
- is not <a href="null_trie_node_update.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>null_trie_node_update</tt></span></a></p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="metadata_type2849297114" id=
-"metadata_type2849297114">metadata_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<tt><b>typename</b></tt> <a href=
-"basic_tree.html#Node_Update841554648"><span class="c2"><tt>basic_tree</tt></span>::Node_Update</a><tt>::metadata_type</tt>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Metadata type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_metadata_reference1108857465" id=
-"const_metadata_reference1108857465">const_metadata_reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> Allocator::<b>template</b> rebind<
- <a href=
-"#metadata_type2849297114"><tt>metadata_type</tt></a>>::other::<a href="#const_reference495461441"><tt>const_reference</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const metadata <a href=
- "#reference54418471"><tt>reference</tt></a> type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link6" id="link6">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link7" id="link7">Constructors, Destructor, and
- Related</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b>
- const_node_iterator
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Default constructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link8" id="link8">Access Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> std::pair<
- <a href=
-"#const_e_iterator2450008044"><tt>const_e_iterator</tt></a>,
- <a href=
-"#const_e_iterator2450008044"><tt>const_e_iterator</tt></a>>
- valid_prefix
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Subtree valid prefix.</p>
-
- <p>Returns the common prefix range of all nodes in this
- node's subtree.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href=
-"#const_reference495461441"><tt>const_reference</tt></a>
- <b>operator</b>*
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const access; returns the const iterator associated
- with the current leaf.</p>
-
- <p>Should be called only for leaf nodes.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link9" id="link9">Metadata Access Methods</a></h3>
-
- <p>These are only defined if <a href=
- "basic_tree.html#Node_Update841554648"><span class="c2">
- <tt>basic_tree</tt></span>::Node_Update</a>
- is not <a href="null_trie_node_update.html"><span class=
- "c2"><tt>null_trie_node_update</tt></span></a></p>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href=
-"#const_metadata_reference1108857465"><tt>const_metadata_reference</tt></a>
- get_metadata
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Metadata access.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link10" id="link10">Movement Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- num_children
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the number of children in the corresponding
- node.</p>
-
- <p>If the number of children is 0, then the corresponding
- node is a leaf; otherwise, it is not a leaf.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<span class="c2"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></span>
- get_child
- (<a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> i) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns a const node iterator to the corresponding
- node's <span class="c1"><tt>i</tt></span>-th child.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link11" id="link11">Comparison Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>bool</b>
- <b>operator</b>==
- (<b>const</b> <span class=
-"c2"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></span> &other) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Compares content to a different iterator object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>bool</b>
- <b>operator</b>!=
- (<b>const</b> <span class=
-"c2"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></span> &other) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Compares content (negatively) to a different iterator
- object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>trie::node_iterator Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt><span class=
- "c2"><tt>trie</tt></span>::node_iterator</tt>
- Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Node iterator.</p>
-
- <p>This is an "iterator to an iterator" - it iterates over
- nodes, and de-referencing it returns one of the tree's
- iterators</p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"trie.html#const_node_iterator4205924553"><span class="c2"><tt>trie</tt></span>::const_node_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link3" id="link3">General Container
- Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_type55424436" id="size_type55424436">size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"trie.html#const_node_iterator4205924553"><span class="c2"><tt>trie</tt></span>::const_node_iterator</a>::size_type
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">Value-Type Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="value_type279018186" id=
-"value_type279018186">value_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="container_base.html#iterator10418194"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>container_base</tt></span>::iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Iterator's value type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="reference54418471" id="reference54418471">reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Iterator's reference type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_reference495461441" id=
-"const_reference495461441">const_reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#value_type279018186"><tt>value_type</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Iterator's const <a href=
- "#reference54418471"><tt>reference</tt></a> type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link5" id="link5">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Constructors, Destructor, and
- Related</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b>
- pat_trie_node_it_
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Default constructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link7" id="link7">Access Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href="#reference54418471"><tt>reference</tt></a>
- <b>operator</b>*
- () <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Access; returns the iterator associated with the
- current leaf.</p>
-
- <p>Should be called only for leaf nodes.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link8" id="link8">Movement Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<span class="c2"><tt>node_iterator</tt></span>
- get_child
- (<a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> i) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns a node iterator to the corresponding node's
- <span class="c1"><tt>i</tt></span>-th child.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>trie_order_statistics_node_update Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>trie_order_statistics_node_update</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Functor updating ranks of entrees.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/trie_policy.hpp"><tt>trie_policy.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Const_Node_Iterator1933878761" id=
-"Const_Node_Iterator1933878761"><b>class</b> Const_Node_Iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const node iterator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Node_Iterator4206909839" id=
-"Node_Iterator4206909839"><b>class</b> Node_Iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Node iterator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="E_Access_Traits686553840" id=
-"E_Access_Traits686553840"><b>class</b> E_Access_Traits</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Comparison functor.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Allocator35940069" id=
-"Allocator35940069"><b>class</b> Allocator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Allocator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link3" id="link3">Policy Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="e_access_traits1948190928" id=
-"e_access_traits1948190928">e_access_traits</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#E_Access_Traits686553840"><tt>E_Access_Traits</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Element access traits.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_e_iterator2450008044" id=
-"const_e_iterator2450008044">const_e_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#e_access_traits1948190928"><tt>e_access_traits</tt></a>::const_iterator
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const element iterator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="allocator48440069" id="allocator48440069">allocator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p><a href="#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>
- type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">General Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_type55424436" id="size_type55424436">size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#allocator48440069"><tt>allocator</tt></a>::size_type
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link5" id="link5">Key-Type Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="key_type10393186" id="key_type10393186">key_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-The instantiating container's key type.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Key type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_key_reference3185471705" id=
-"const_key_reference3185471705">const_key_reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-The instantiating container's const key reference type.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const key reference.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Metadata-Type
- Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="metadata_type2849297114" id=
-"metadata_type2849297114">metadata_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Metadata type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link7" id="link7">Iterator Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_node_iterator4205924553" id=
-"const_node_iterator4205924553">const_node_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"#Const_Node_Iterator1933878761"><tt>Const_Node_Iterator</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const node iterator type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="node_iterator3431975247" id=
-"node_iterator3431975247">node_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Node_Iterator4206909839"><tt>Node_Iterator</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Node iterator type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_iterator98626788" id=
-"const_iterator98626788">const_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#const_node_iterator4205924553"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>::value_type
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const iterator type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="iterator10418194" id="iterator10418194">iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>::value_type
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Iterator type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link8" id="link8">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link9" id="link9">Find-Type Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href=
-"#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a>
- find_by_order
- (<a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> order) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Finds an entry by order. Returns a <a href=
- "#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a> to
- the entry with the order <span class=
- "c1"><tt>order</tt></span>, or a <a href=
- "#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a> to
- the container object's end if <span class=
- "c1"><tt>order</tt></span> is at least the size of the
- container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href="#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a>
- find_by_order
- (<a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a> order)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Finds an entry by order. Returns an <a href=
- "#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a> to the entry
- with the order <span class="c1"><tt>order</tt></span>, or
- an <a href="#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a> to
- the container object's end if <span class=
- "c1"><tt>order</tt></span> is at least the size of the
- container object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- order_of_key
- (<a href=
-"#const_key_reference3185471705"><tt>const_key_reference</tt></a> r_key) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the order of a key within a sequence. For
- example, if <span class="c1"><tt>r_key</tt></span> is the
- smallest key, this method will return 0; if <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_key</tt></span> is a key between the smallest
- and next key, this method will return 1; if <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_key</tt></span> is a key larger than the
- largest key, this method will return the size of r_c.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <a href="#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- order_of_prefix
- (<a href=
-"#const_e_iterator2450008044"><tt>const_e_iterator</tt></a> b,
- <a href=
-"#const_e_iterator2450008044"><tt>const_e_iterator</tt></a> e) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the order of a prefix within a sequence. For
- <span class="c1"><tt>e</tt></span>example, if [b,
- <span class="c1"><tt>e</tt></span>] is the smallest
- prefix, this method will return 0; if r_key is a key
- <span class="c1"><tt>b</tt></span>between the smallest and
- next key, this method will return 1; if r_key is a key
- larger than the largest key, this method will return the
- size of r_c.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link10" id="link10">Protected Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link11" id="link11">Value-Type
- Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_reference495461441" id=
-"const_reference495461441">const_reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-The instantiating container's const reference type.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const reference to the container's value-type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_pointer878814947" id=
-"const_pointer878814947">const_pointer</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-The instantiating container's const pointer type.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const pointer to the container's value-type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_metadata_reference1108857465" id=
-"const_metadata_reference1108857465">const_metadata_reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>::<b>template</b> rebind<
- <a href=
-"#metadata_type2849297114"><tt>metadata_type</tt></a>>::other::<a href="#const_reference495461441"><tt>const_reference</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const metadata reference.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="metadata_reference583863863" id=
-"metadata_reference583863863">metadata_reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>::<b>template</b> rebind<
- <a href=
-"#metadata_type2849297114"><tt>metadata_type</tt></a>>::other::reference
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Metadata reference.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link12" id="link12">Protected Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link13" id="link13">Operators</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- <b>operator</b>()
- (<a href=
-"#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a> node_it,
- <a href=
-"#const_node_iterator4205924553"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a> end_nd_it) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Updates the rank of a node through a <a href=
- "#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>
- <span class="c1"><tt>node_it</tt></span>; <span class=
- "c1"><tt>end_nd_it</tt></span> is the end node <a href=
- "#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link14" id="link14">Constructors, destructor, and
- related</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b>
- ~trie_order_statistics_node_update
- ()
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Destructor.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link15" id="link15">Private Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link16" id="link16">Overrides</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b> <b>bool</b>
- empty
- () <b>const</b> = 0
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns <tt><b>true</b></tt> if the container is
- empty.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b> <a href="#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a>
- begin
- () = 0
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the <a href=
- "#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a> associated with
- the trie's first element.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b> <a href="#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a>
- end
- () = 0
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the <a href=
- "#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a> associated with
- the trie's just-after-last element.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b> <a href=
-"#const_node_iterator4205924553"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>
- node_begin
- () <b>const</b> = 0
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the <a href=
- "#const_node_iterator4205924553"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>
- associated with the trie's root node.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b> <a href=
-"#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>
- node_begin
- () = 0
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the <a href=
- "#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>
- associated with the trie's root node.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b> <a href=
-"#const_node_iterator4205924553"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>
- node_end
- () <b>const</b> = 0
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the <a href=
- "#const_node_iterator4205924553"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>
- associated with a just-after leaf node.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b> <a href=
-"#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>
- node_end
- () = 0
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the <a href=
- "#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>
- associated with a just-after leaf node.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b> <a href=
-"#e_access_traits1948190928"><tt>e_access_traits</tt></a> &
- get_e_access_traits
- () = 0
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Access to the cmp_fn object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>trie_prefix_search_node_update Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>trie_prefix_search_node_update</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A node updater that allows tries to be searched for the
- range of values that match a certain prefix.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/trie_policy.hpp"><tt>trie_policy.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Const_Node_Iterator1933878761" id=
-"Const_Node_Iterator1933878761"><b>class</b> Const_Node_Iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const node iterator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Node_Iterator4206909839" id=
-"Node_Iterator4206909839"><b>class</b> Node_Iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Node iterator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="E_Access_Traits686553840" id=
-"E_Access_Traits686553840"><b>class</b> E_Access_Traits</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Comparison functor.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Allocator35940069" id=
-"Allocator35940069"><b>class</b> Allocator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Allocator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>-</td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link3" id="link3">Key-Type Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="key_type10393186" id="key_type10393186">key_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-The instantiating container's key type.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Key type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_key_reference3185471705" id=
-"const_key_reference3185471705">const_key_reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-The instantiating container's const key reference type.
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const key reference.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">Policy Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="e_access_traits1948190928" id=
-"e_access_traits1948190928">e_access_traits</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#E_Access_Traits686553840"><tt>E_Access_Traits</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Element access traits.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_e_iterator2450008044" id=
-"const_e_iterator2450008044">const_e_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#e_access_traits1948190928"><tt>e_access_traits</tt></a>::const_iterator
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const element iterator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="allocator48440069" id="allocator48440069">allocator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p><a href="#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>
- type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link5" id="link5">General Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_type55424436" id="size_type55424436">size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#allocator48440069"><tt>allocator</tt></a>::size_type
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link6" id="link6">Metadata-Type
- Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="metadata_type2849297114" id=
-"metadata_type2849297114">metadata_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-__gnu_pbds::detail::null_node_metadata
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Metadata type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link7" id="link7">Iterator Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_node_iterator4205924553" id=
-"const_node_iterator4205924553">const_node_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"#Const_Node_Iterator1933878761"><tt>Const_Node_Iterator</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const node iterator type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="node_iterator3431975247" id=
-"node_iterator3431975247">node_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Node_Iterator4206909839"><tt>Node_Iterator</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Node iterator type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_iterator98626788" id=
-"const_iterator98626788">const_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#const_node_iterator4205924553"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>::value_type
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const iterator type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="iterator10418194" id="iterator10418194">iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>::value_type
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Iterator type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link8" id="link8">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link9" id="link9">Find Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-std::pair<
- <a href="#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a>,
- <a href=
-"#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a>>
- prefix_range
- (<a href=
-"#const_key_reference3185471705"><tt>const_key_reference</tt></a> r_key) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Finds the <tt><b>const</b></tt> <a href=
- "#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a> range
- corresponding to all values whose prefixes match
- <span class="c1"><tt>r_key</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-std::pair<
- <a href="#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a>,
- <a href="#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a>>
- prefix_range
- (<a href=
-"#const_key_reference3185471705"><tt>const_key_reference</tt></a> r_key)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Finds the <a href=
- "#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a> range
- corresponding to all values whose prefixes match
- <span class="c1"><tt>r_key</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-std::pair<
- <a href="#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a>,
- <a href=
-"#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a>>
- prefix_range
- (<a href=
-"#const_e_iterator2450008044"><tt>const_e_iterator</tt></a> b,
- <a href=
-"#const_e_iterator2450008044"><tt>const_e_iterator</tt></a> e) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Finds the <tt><b>const</b></tt> <a href=
- "#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a> range
- corresponding to all values whose prefixes match [b,
- <span class="c1"><tt>e</tt></span>).</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-std::pair<
- <a href="#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a>,
- <a href="#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a>>
- prefix_range
- (<a href=
-"#const_e_iterator2450008044"><tt>const_e_iterator</tt></a> b,
- <a href=
-"#const_e_iterator2450008044"><tt>const_e_iterator</tt></a> e)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Finds the <a href=
- "#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a> range
- corresponding to all values whose prefixes match [b,
- <span class="c1"><tt>e</tt></span>).</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link10" id="link10">Protected Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link11" id="link11">Operators</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>void</b>
- <b>operator</b>()
- (<a href=
-"#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a> node_it,
- <a href=
-"#const_node_iterator4205924553"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a> end_nd_it) <b>const</b>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Called to update a node's metadata.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link12" id="link12">Private Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link13" id="link13">Overrides</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b> <a href=
-"#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a>
- end
- () <b>const</b> = 0
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the <tt><b>const</b></tt> <a href=
- "#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a> associated with
- the just-after last element.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b> <a href="#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a>
- end
- () = 0
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the <a href=
- "#iterator10418194"><tt>iterator</tt></a> associated with
- the just-after last element.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b> <a href=
-"#const_node_iterator4205924553"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>
- node_begin
- () <b>const</b> = 0
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the <a href=
- "#const_node_iterator4205924553"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>
- associated with the trie's root node.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b> <a href=
-"#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>
- node_begin
- () = 0
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the <a href=
- "#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>
- associated with the trie's root node.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b> <a href=
-"#const_node_iterator4205924553"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>
- node_end
- () <b>const</b> = 0
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the <a href=
- "#const_node_iterator4205924553"><tt>const_node_iterator</tt></a>
- associated with a just-after leaf node.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b> <a href=
-"#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>
- node_end
- () = 0
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns the <a href=
- "#node_iterator3431975247"><tt>node_iterator</tt></a>
- associated with a just-after leaf node.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>virtual</b> <b>const</b> <a href=
-"#e_access_traits1948190928"><tt>e_access_traits</tt></a> &
- get_e_access_traits
- () <b>const</b> = 0
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Access to the cmp_fn object.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>string_trie_e_access_traits Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>string_trie_e_access_traits</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Element access traits for string types.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/trie_policy.hpp"><tt>trie_policy.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Template Parameters</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary=
- "Template Parameters">
- <tr>
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Parameter</b></td>
-
- <td width="50%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
-
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Default Value</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="String349403" id="String349403"><b>class</b> String </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>String type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td><tt>std::string</tt></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Min_E_Val40354618" id=
-"Min_E_Val40354618"><b>typename</b> </a><a href=
-"#String349403"><tt>String</tt></a>::value_type Min_E_Val
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Minimal element.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td><tt>SCHAR_MIN</tt></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Max_E_Val39885868" id=
-"Max_E_Val39885868"><b>typename</b> </a><a href=
-"#String349403"><tt>String</tt></a>::value_type Max_E_Val
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Maximal element.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td><tt>SCHAR_MAX</tt></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Reverse1686776" id=
-"Reverse1686776"><b>bool</b> Reverse </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Indicates whether reverse iteration should be
- used.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td><tt><b>false</b></tt></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="Allocator35940069" id=
-"Allocator35940069"><b>class</b> Allocator </a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Allocator type.</p>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-std::allocator<<b>char</b>>
-</pre>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link2" id="link2">Public Types and
- Constants</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link3" id="link3">General Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="size_type55424436" id="size_type55424436">size_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>::size_type
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Size type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link4" id="link4">Key-Type Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="key_type10393186" id="key_type10393186">key_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#String349403"><tt>String</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Key type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_key_reference3185471705" id=
-"const_key_reference3185471705">const_key_reference</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#Allocator35940069"><tt>Allocator</tt></a>::<b>template</b> rebind<
- <a href=
-"#key_type10393186"><tt>key_type</tt></a>>::other::const_reference
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Const key reference type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h3><a name="link5" id="link5">Element-Type
- Definitions</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Types">
- <tr>
- <td width="30%" align="left"><b>Type</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Definition</b></td>
-
- <td width="15%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="reverse2186776" id="reverse2186776">reverse</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Reverse1686776"><tt>Reverse</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p><a href="#Reverse1686776"><tt>Reverse</tt></a>
- iteration indicator.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="const_iterator98626788" id=
-"const_iterator98626788">const_iterator</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> __gnu_pbds::detail::__conditional_type<
- <a href="#Reverse1686776"><tt>Reverse</tt></a>,
- <b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#String349403"><tt>String</tt></a>::const_reverse_iterator,
- <b>typename</b> <a href=
-"#String349403"><tt>String</tt></a>::const_iterator>::__type
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Element <tt><b>const</b></tt> iterator type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="e_type393186" id="e_type393186">e_type</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> std::iterator_traits<<a href=
-"#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a>>::value_type
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Element type.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="min_e_val52875418" id="min_e_val52875418">min_e_val</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Min_E_Val40354618"><tt>Min_E_Val</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Minimal element.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="max_e_val52406668" id="max_e_val52406668">max_e_val</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#Max_E_Val39885868"><tt>Max_E_Val</tt></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Maximal element.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a name="max_size10483336" id="max_size10483336">max_size</a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="#max_e_val52406668"><tt>max_e_val</tt></a> - <a href=
-"#min_e_val52875418"><tt>min_e_val</tt></a> + 1
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Number of distinct elements.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <h2><a name="link6" id="link6">Public Methods</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="link7" id="link7">Access Methods</a></h3>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Methods">
- <tr>
- <td width="45%" align="left"><b>Method</b></td>
-
- <td width="55%" align="left"><b>Description</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>static</b> <a href=
-"#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a>
- begin
- (<a href=
-"#const_key_reference3185471705"><tt>const_key_reference</tt></a> r_key)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns a <a href=
- "#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a> to
- the first element of <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_key</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>static</b> <a href=
-"#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a>
- end
- (<a href=
-"#const_key_reference3185471705"><tt>const_key_reference</tt></a> r_key)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Returns a <a href=
- "#const_iterator98626788"><tt>const_iterator</tt></a> to
- the after-last element of <span class=
- "c1"><tt>r_key</tt></span>.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<b>inline</b> <b>static</b> <a href=
-"#size_type55424436"><tt>size_type</tt></a>
- e_pos
- (<a href="#e_type393186"><tt>e_type</tt></a> e)
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>Maps an <span class="c1"><tt>e</tt></span>element to a
- position.</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>trie_tag Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>trie_tag</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>Basic trie data structure tag.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp"><tt>tag_and_trait.hpp</tt></a></p>
-
- <h2><a name="link1" id="link1">Base Classes</a></h2>
-
- <table class="c1" width="100%" border="1" summary="Bases">
- <tr>
- <td width="80%" align="left"><b>Class</b></td>
-
- <td width="20%" align="left"><b>Derivation Type</b></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>
- <pre>
-<a href="basic_tree_tag.html"><span class=
-"c2"><tt>basic_tree_tag</tt></span></a>
-</pre>
- </td>
-
- <td>
- <p>public</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>trivial_iterator_tag Interface</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1><tt>trivial_iterator_tag</tt> Interface</h1>
-
- <p>A \quot;trivial\quot; iterator tag. Signifies that the
- iterators has none of the STL's movement abilities.</p>
-
- <p>Defined in: <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/ext/pb_ds/tag_and_trait.hpp"><tt>tag_and_trait.hpp</tt></a></p>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
+++ /dev/null
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
-<head>
- <meta name="generator" content=
- "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-
- <title>Tutorial</title>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
- "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
- </head>
-
-<body>
- <div id="page">
- <h1>Short Tutorial</h1>
-
- <p>Following is a short tutorial illustrating the main points
- of <tt>pb_ds</tt>. <a href="concepts.html">Concepts</a>
- describes and summarizes some concepts.</p>
-
- <h2><a name="assoc_main" id="assoc_main">Associative
- Containers</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="assoc_basic" id="assoc_basic">Basic Use</a></h3>
-
- <p>For the most part, <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s containers have the same
- interface as the STL's, except for the names used for the
- container classes themselves. For example, this shows basic
- operations on a collision-chaining hash-based container:</p>
-
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"cc_hash_table.html">cc_hash_table</a><<b>int</b>, <b>char</b>> c;
-
-c[2] = 'b';
-
-assert(c.find(1) == c.end());
-</pre>
-
- <p>The container is called <a href=
- "cc_hash_table.html"><tt>cc_hash_table</tt></a> as
- opposed to <tt>unordered_map</tt>, since "unordered map" does
- not necessarily mean a hash-based map (as the STL implicitly
- implies). For example, list-based associative containers, which
- are very useful for the construction of "multimaps" (see
- <a href=
- "assoc_performance_tests.html#msc">Associative-Container
- Performance Tests::Observations::Mapping-Semantics
- Considerations</a>), are also unordered. It is also not called
- <tt>hash_map</tt> since there are more ways than one to
- implement hash tables.</p>
-
- <p>This snippet shows a red-black tree based container:</p>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"tree.html">tree</a><<b>int</b>, <b>char</b>> c;
-
-c[2] = 'b';
-
-assert(c.find(2) != c.end());
-</pre>
-
- <p>The container is called <a href=
- "tree.html"><tt>tree</tt></a>
- as opposed to <tt>map</tt>, since "map" doesn't say that
- much.</p>
-
- <p>Most of the STL's familiar methods are unchanged.
- <i>E.g.</i>, <tt>being</tt>, <tt>end</tt>, <tt>size</tt>,
- <tt>empty</tt>, and <tt>clear</tt>, do just the same as is
- customary. <a href=
- "assoc_examples.html#basic_usage">Associative-Container
- Examples::Basic use</a>, and especially <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/basic_map.cc"><tt>basic_map.cc</tt></a>,
- show examples of this.</p>
-
-<p>This isn't to say that things are exactly as one would expect,
-given the container requirments and interfaces in the C++
-standard.</p>
-
-
- <p>The names of containers' policies and policy accessors are
- different than those of the STL. For example, if <tt>C</tt> is
- some type of hash-based container, then</p>
- <pre>
-C::hash_fn
-</pre>gives the type of its hash functor, and if <tt>c</tt> is some
-hash-based container object, then
- <pre>
-c.get_hash_fn()
-</pre>
-
- <p>will return a reference to its hash-functor object.</p>
-
- <p>Similarly, if <tt>C</tt> is some type of tree-based
- container, then</p>
- <pre>
-C::cmp_fn
-</pre>gives the type of its comparison functor, and if <tt>c</tt>
-is some tree-based container object, then
- <pre>
-c.get_cmp_fn()
-</pre>
-
- <p>will return a reference to its comparison-functor
- object.</p>
-
- <p>It would be nice to give names consistent with those in the
- existing C++ standard (inclusive of TR1). Unfortunately, these
- standard containers don't consistently name types and
- methods. For example, <tt>std::tr1::unordered_map</tt> uses
- <tt>hasher</tt> for the hash functor, but <tt>std::map</tt> uses
- <tt>key_compare</tt> for the comparison functor. Also, we could
- not find an accessor for <tt>std::tr1::unordered_map</tt>'s hash
- functor, but <tt>std::map</tt> uses <tt>compare</tt> for accessing
- the comparison functor.</p>
-
-<p>Instead, <tt>pb_ds</tt> attempts to be internally consistent, and
-uses standard-derived terminology if possible.
-</p>
-
- <p>Another source of difference is in scope: <tt>pb_ds</tt>
- contains more types of associative containers than the STL, and
- more opportunities to configure these new containers, since
- different types of associative containers are useful in different
- settings (see <a href=
- "assoc_performance_tests.html#dss_family_choice">Associative-Container
- Performance Tests::Observations::Underlying Data-Structure
- Families</a>).</p>
-
- <p><tt>pb_ds</tt> contains different classes for hash-based containers,
- tree-based containers, trie-based containers, and list-based
- containers. <a href=
- "interface.html#containers_assoc">Inteface::Containers::Associative
- Containers</a> lists the containers. <a href=
- "hash_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Hash-Based Containers</a>, <a href=
- "tree_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Tree-Based Containers</a>, <a href=
- "trie_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Trie-Based Containers</a>, and <a href=
- "lu_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::List-Based Containers</a>, explain some more about
- these types of containers, respectively.</p>
-
- <p>Since associative containers share parts of their interface,
- they are organized as a class hierarchy; it is shown in Figure
- <a href="#cd">Class hierarchy</a>.</p>
-
- <h6 class="c1"><a name="cd" id="cd"><img src="container_cd.png" alt=
- "no image" /></a></h6>
-
- <h6 class="c1">Class hierarchy.</h6>
-
- <p>Each type or method is defined in the most-common ancestor
- in which it makes sense:
- <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/basic_map.cc"><tt>basic_map.cc</tt></a>
- shows an example of most of the associative-container
- types.</p>
-
-
- <p>For example, all associative containers support iteration.
- Consequently, <a href=
- "container_base.html"><tt>container_base</tt></a> has the
- interface:</p>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><...>
-<b>class</b> <a href="container_base.html">container_base</a>
-{
- ...
-
-<b>public</b>:
- ...
-
- const_iterator
- begin() <b>const</b>;
-
- iterator
- begin();
-
- const_iterator
- end() <b>const</b>;
-
- iterator
- end();
-
- ...
-};
-</pre>
-
- <p>and so all associative containers inherent this method.
- Conversely, both collision-chaining and (general) probing
- hash-based associative containers have a hash functor, so
- <a href=
- "basic_hash_table.html"><tt>basic_hash_table</tt></a>
- has the interface:</p>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><...>
-<b>class</b> <a href="basic_hash_table.html">basic_hash_table</a> : <b>public</b> <a href="container_base.html">container_base</a>
-{
- ...
-
-<b>public</b>:
- ...
-
- const hash_fn&
- get_hash_fn() const;
-
- hash_fn&
- get_hash_fn();
- ...
-};
-</pre>
-
- <p>and so all hash-based associative containers inherit the
- same hash-functor accessor methods.</p>
-
- <p>This is discussed further in <a href=
- "ds_gen.html">Design::Associative Containers::Data-Structure
- Genericity</a>.</p>
-
- <h3><a name="assoc_policies" id="assoc_policies">Configuring
- Associative Containers</a></h3>
-
- <p>In general, each of <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s containers is
- parametrized by more policies than those of the STL's. For
- example, the STL's hash-based container is parametrized as
- follows:</p>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>typename</b> Key,
- <b>typename</b> Mapped,
- <b>typename</b> Hash,
- <b>typename</b> Pred,
- <b>typename</b> Allocator,
- <b>bool</b> Cache_Hashe_Code>
-<b>class</b> unordered_map;
-</pre>
-
- <p>and so can be configured by key type, mapped type, a functor
- that translates keys to unsigned integral types, an equivalence
- predicate, an allocator, and an indicator whether to store hash
- values with each entry. <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s collision-chaining
- hash-based container is parametrized as</p>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>typename</b> Key,
- <b>typename</b> Mapped,
- <b>typename</b> Hash_Fn,
- <b>typename</b> Eq_Fn,
- <b>typename</b> Comb_Hash_Fn,
- <b>typename</b> Resize_Policy
- <b>bool</b> Store_Hash
- <b>typename</b> Allocator>
-<b>class</b> <a href=
-"cc_hash_table.html">cc_hash_table</a>;
-</pre>
-
- <p>and so can be configured by the first four types of
- <tt>std::tr1::unordered_map</tt>, then a policy for translating
- the key-hash result into a position within the table, then a
- policy by which the table resizes, an indicator whether to
- store hash values with each entry, and an allocator (which is
- typically the last template parameter in STL containers).</p>
-
- <p>Nearly all policy parameters have default values, so this
- need not be considered for casual use. It is important to note,
- however, that hash-based containers' policies can dramatically
- alter their performance in different settings, and that
- tree-based containers' policies can make them useful for other
- purposes than just look-up.</p>
-
- <p><a href="hash_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Hash-Based Containers</a>, <a href=
- "tree_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Tree-Based Containers</a>, <a href=
- "trie_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::Trie-Based Containers</a>, and <a href=
- "lu_based_containers.html">Design::Associative
- Containers::List-Based Containers</a>, explain some more about
- configuring hash based, tree based, trie based, and list base
- containers, respectively. <a href=
- "interface.html#ds_policy_classes">Interface::Container Policy
- Classes</a> shows the different policy classes for configuring
- associative containers. <a href=
- "assoc_examples.html#hash_based">Examples::Hash-Based
- Containers</a>, <a href=
- "assoc_examples.html#tree_like_based">Examples::Tree-Like-Based
- Containers</a>, and <a href=
- "assoc_examples.html#trie_based">Examples::Trie-Based
- Containers</a> show examples for this.</p>
-
- <h3><a name="assoc_ds_gen" id="assoc_ds_gen">Determining
- Containers' Attributes</a></h3>
-
- <p>Associative-containers' underlying data structures obviously
- affect their performance; Unfortunately, they can also affect
- their interface. When manipulating generically associative
- containers, it is often useful to be able to statically
- determine what they can support and what the cannot. (This was
- discussed in <a href=
- "motivation.html#assoc_ds_genericity">Motivation::Associative
- Containers::Data-Structure Genericity</a>.)</p>
-
- <p>Happily, the STL provides a good solution to a similar
- problem - that of the different behavior of iterators. If
- <tt>It</tt> is an iterator, then</p>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> std::iterator_traits<It>::iterator_category
-</pre>
-
- <p>is one of a small number of pre-defined
- <tt><b>struct</b></tt>s, and,</p>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> std::iterator_traits<It>::value_type
-</pre>
-
- <p>is the value type to which the iterator "points".</p>
-
- <p>Similarly, in <tt>pb_ds</tt>, if <tt>C</tt> is an
- associative container, then</p>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"assoc_container_traits.html"><tt>container_traits</tt></a><C>::container_category
-</pre>is one of a small number of pre-defined
-<tt><b>struct</b></tt>s, each one corresponding to a class in
-Figure <a href="#cd">Class hierarchy</a>. These tags are listed in
-<a href="interface.html#ds_ts_assoc">Interface::Associative
-Containers::Data-Structure Tags and Traits::Data-Structure
-Tags::Associative-Containers</a>; <a href="ds_gen.html#container_traits">
- Design::Associative Containers::Data-Structure Tags and
- Traits</a> explains this further; <a href=
- "ds_gen.html#tag_cd">Design::Associative
- Containers::Data-Structure Tags and Traits::Data-structure tag
- class hierarchy</a> shows a class diagram.
-
- <p>In most cases, however, the exact underlying data structure
- is not really important, but only one of its attributes:
- whether it guarantees storing elements by key order, for
- example. For this one can use</p>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> <a href=
-"assoc_container_traits.html"><tt>container_traits</tt></a><C>::order_preserving
-</pre>
-
- <p>This is described further in <a href=
- "ds_gen.html">Design::Data-Structure Genericity</a>; <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/assoc_container_traits.cc"><tt>assoc_container_traits.cc</tt></a>
- shows an example of querying containers' attributes.</p>
-
- <h3><a name="assoc_find_range" id="assoc_find_range">Point-Type
- and Range-Type Methods and Iterators</a></h3>(This subsection
- addresses points from <a href=
- "motivation.html#assoc_diff_it">Motivation::Associative
- Containers::Differentiating between Iterator Types</a>.)
-
- <p><tt>pb_ds</tt> differentiates between two types of methods
- and iterators: point-type, and range-type. For example,
- <tt>find</tt> and <tt>insert</tt> are point-type methods, since
- they each deal with a specific element; their returned
- iterators are point-type iterators. <tt>begin</tt> and
- <tt>end</tt> are range-type methods, since they are not used to
- find a specific element, but rather to go over all elements in
- a container object; their returned iterators are range-type
- iterators.</p>
-
- <p>Most containers store elements in an order that is
- determined by their interface. Correspondingly, it is fine that
- their point-type iterators are synonymous with their range-type
- iterators. For example, in the following snippet</p>
- <pre>
-std::for_each(c.find(1), c.find(5), foo);
-</pre>two point-type iterators (returned by <tt>find</tt>) are used
-for a range-type purpose - going over all elements whose key is
-between 1 and 5.
-
- <p>Conversely, the above snippet makes no sense for
- self-organizing containers - ones that order (and reorder)
- their elements by implementation. It would be nice to have a
- uniform iterator system that would allow the above snippet to
- compile only if it made sense.</p>
-
- <p>This could trivially be done by specializing
- <tt>std::for_each</tt> for the case of iterators returned by
- <tt>std::tr1::unordered_map</tt>, but this would only solve the
- problem for one algorithm and one container. Fundamentally, the
- problem is that one can loop using a self-organizing
- container's point-type iterators.</p>
-
- <p><tt>pb_ds</tt>'s containers define two families of
- iterators: <tt>const_point_iterator</tt> and
- <tt>point_iterator</tt> are the iterator types returned by
- point-type methods; <tt>const_iterator</tt> and
- <tt>iterator</tt> are the iterator types returned by range-type
- methods.</p>
- <pre>
-<b>class</b> <i><- some container -></i>
-{
-<b>public</b>:
- ...
-
- <b>typedef</b> <i><- something -></i> const_iterator;
-
- <b>typedef</b> <i><- something -></i> iterator;
-
- <b>typedef</b> <i><- something -></i> const_point_iterator;
-
- <b>typedef</b> <i><- something -></i> point_iterator;
-
- ...
-
-<b>public</b>:
- ...
-
- const_iterator begin () <b>const</b>;
-
- iterator begin();
-
- const_point_iterator find(...) <b>const</b>;
-
- point_iterator find(...);
-};
-</pre>
-
- <p><a href="ds_gen.html#find_range">Design::Associative
- Containers::Data-Structure Genericity::Point-Type and
- Range-Type Methods and Iterators</a> discusses the relationship
- between point-type and range-type iterators in general; for
- containers whose interface defines sequence order, however, it
- is very simple: point-type and range-type iterators are exactly
- the same, which means that the above snippet will compile if it
- is used for an order-preserving associative container.</p>
-
- <p>For self-organizing containers, however, (hash-based
- containers as a special example), the preceding snippet will
- not compile, because their point-type iterators do not support
- <tt><b>operator</b>++</tt>.</p>
-
- <p>In any case, both for order-preserving and self-organizing
- containers, the following snippet will compile:</p>
- <pre>
-<b>typename</b> Cntnr::point_iterator it = c.find(2);
-</pre>
-
- <p>because a range-type iterator can always be converted to a
- point-type iterator.</p>
-
- <p><a href="ds_gen.html#find_range">Design::Associative
- Containers::Data-Structure Genericity::Point-Type and
- Range-Type Methods and Iterators</a> discusses this
- further.</p>
-
- <p><a href=
- "motivation.html#assoc_diff_it">Motivation::Associative
- Containers::Differentiating between Iterator Types</a> also
- raised the point that a container's iterators might have
- different invalidation rules concerning their de-referencing
- abilities and movement abilities. This now corresponds exactly
- to the question of whether point-type and range-type iterators
- are valid. As explained in <a href="#assoc_ds_gen">Determining
- Containers' Attributes</a>, <a href=
- "assoc_container_traits.html"><tt>container_traits</tt></a> allows
- querying a container for its data structure attributes. The
- iterator-invalidation guarantees are certainly a property of
- the underlying data structure, and so</p>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"assoc_container_traits.html">container_traits</a><C>::invalidation_guarantee
-</pre>
-
- <p>gives one of three pre-determined types that answer this
- query. This is explained further in <a href=
- "ds_gen.html#find_range">Design::Associative
- Containers::Data-Structure Genericity::Point-Type and
- Range-Type Methods and Iterators</a>.</p>
-
- <h3><a name="assoc_ms" id="assoc_ms">Distinguishing between Maps and Sets</a></h3>
-
- <p>Anyone familiar with the STL knows that there are four kinds
- of associative containers: maps, sets, multimaps, and
- multisets. <a href="#assoc_basic">Basic Use</a> discussed how
- to use maps, <i>i.e.</i> containers that associate each key to
- some data.</p>
-
- <p>Sets are associative containers that simply store keys -
- they do not map them to anything. In the STL, each map class
- has a corresponding set class. <i>E.g.</i>,
- <tt>std::map<<b>int</b>, <b>char</b>></tt> maps each
- <tt><b>int</b></tt> to a <tt><b>char</b></tt>, but
- <tt>std::set<<b>int</b>, <b>char</b>></tt> simply stores
- <tt><b>int</b></tt>s. In <tt>pb_ds</tt>, however, there are no
- distinct classes for maps and sets. Instead, an associative
- container's <tt>Mapped</tt> template parameter is a policy: if
- it is instantiated by <a href=
- "null_mapped_type.html"><tt>null_mapped_type</tt></a>, then it
- is a "set"; otherwise, it is a "map". <i>E.g.</i>,</p>
- <pre>
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html">cc_hash_table</a><<b>int</b>, <b>char</b>>
-</pre>is a "map" mapping each <tt><b>int</b></tt> value to a <tt>
- <b>char</b></tt>, but
- <pre>
-<a href="cc_hash_table.html">cc_hash_table</a><<b>int</b>, <a href="null_mapped_type.html">null_mapped_type</a>>
-</pre>is a type that uniquely stores <tt><b>int</b></tt> values.
-
- <p>Once the <tt>Mapped</tt> template parameter is instantiated
- by <a href="null_mapped_type.html">null_mapped_type</a>, then
- the "set" acts very similarly to the STL's sets - it does not
- map each key to a distinct <a href=
- "null_mapped_type.html">null_mapped_type</a> object. Also,
- , the container's <tt>value_type</tt> is essentially
- its <tt>key_type</tt> - just as with the STL's sets. For a simple example, see <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/basic_set.cc"><tt>basic_set.cc</tt></a>
- .</p>
-
- <p>The STL's multimaps and multisets allow, respectively,
- non-uniquely mapping keys and non-uniquely storing keys. As
- discussed in <a href=
- "motivation.html#assoc_mapping_semantics">Motivation::Associative
- Containers::Alternative to Multiple Equivalent Keys</a>, the
- reasons why this might be necessary are 1) that a key might be
- decomposed into a primary key and a secondary key, 2) that a
- key might appear more than once, or 3) any arbitrary
- combination of 1)s and 2)s. Correspondingly,
- one should use 1) "maps" mapping primary keys to secondary
- keys, 2) "maps" mapping keys to size types, or 3) any arbitrary
- combination of 1)s and 2)s. Thus, for example, an
- <tt>std::multiset<<b>int</b>></tt> might be used to store
- multiple instances of integers, but using <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s
- containers, one might use</p>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"tree.html">tree</a><<b>int</b>, size_t>
-</pre><i>i.e.</i>, a "map" of <tt><b>int</b></tt>s to
-<tt>size_t</tt>s.
-
- <p><a href="assoc_examples.html#mmaps">Associative-Container
- Examples::"Multimaps" and "Multisets"</a> shows some simple
- examples.</p>
-
- <p>These "multimaps" and "multisets" might be confusing to
- anyone familiar with the STL's <tt>std::multimap</tt> and
- <tt>std::multiset</tt>, because there is no clear
- correspondence between the two. For example, in some cases
- where one uses <tt>std::multiset</tt> in the STL, one might use
- in <tt>pb_ds</tt> a "multimap" of "multisets" - <i>i.e.</i>, a
- container that maps primary keys each to an associative
- container that maps each secondary key to the number of times
- it occurs.</p>
-
- <p>When one uses a "multimap," one should choose with care the
- type of container used for secondary keys. This is further
- explained in <a href=
- "assoc_performance_tests.html#msc">Associative-Container
- Performance Tests::Observations::Mapping-Semantics
- Considerations</a>.</p>
-
-<hr>
- <h2><a name="pq" id="pq">Priority Queues</a></h2>
-
- <h3><a name="pq_basic" id="pq_basic">Basic Use</a></h3>
-
- <p><tt>pb_ds</tt>'s priority_queue container is
- similar to the STL's in interface. For example:</p>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"priority_queue.html">priority_queue</a><<b>int</b>> p;
-
-p.push(2);
-p.push(4);
-p.push(1);
-
-assert(p.top() == 4);
-
-p.pop();
-
-assert(p.top() == 2);
-
-assert(p.size() == 2);
-assert(!p.empty());
-</pre>
-
- <h3><a name="pq_policies" id="pq_policies">Configuring Priority
- Queues</a></h3>
-
- <p>As opposed to associative containers, priority queues have
- relatively few configuration options. The priority queue is
- parametrized as follows:</p>
- <pre>
-<b>template</b><
- <b>typename</b> Value_Type,
- <b>typename</b> Cmp_Fn,
- <b>typename</b> Tag,
- <b>typename</b> Allocator>
-<b>class</b> <a href="priority_queue.html">priority_queue</a>;
-</pre>
-
- <p>The <tt>Value_Type</tt>, <tt>Cmp_Fn</tt>, and
- <tt>Allocator</tt> parameters are the container's value type,
- comparison-functor type, and allocator type, respectively;
- these are very similar to the STL's priority queue. The
- <tt>Tag</tt> parameter is different: there are a number of
- pre-defined tag types corresponding to binary heaps, binomial
- heaps, <i>etc.</i>, and <tt>Tag</tt> should be instantiated
- by one of them. <a href=
- "interface.html#ds_ts_pq">Interface::Data-Structure Tags and
- Traits::Data Structure Tags::Priority-Queues</a> lists the
- possible types, <a href="pq_design.html">Priority-Queue
- Design</a> explains this further, and <a href=
- "http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/*checkout*/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/pb_ds/example/basic_priority_queue.cc"><tt>basic_priority_queue.cc</tt></a>
- shows an example.</p>
-
- <p>Note that as opposed to the STL's priority queue, <a href=
- "priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a> is not a
- sequence-adapter; it is a regular container.</p>
-
- <h3><a name="pq_ds_more_ops" id="pq_ds_more_ops">Supporting
- More Operations</a></h3>
-
- <p><a href="priority_queue.html"><tt>priority_queue</tt></a>'s
- <tt>push</tt> method returns a point-type iterator, which can
- be used for modifying or erasing arbitrary values. For
- example:</p>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"priority_queue.html">priority_queue</a><<b>int</b>> p;
-
-<a href=
-"priority_queue.html">priority_queue</a><<b>int</b>>::point_iterator it = p.push(3);
-
-p.modify(it, 4);
-</pre>
-
- <p>These types of operations are necessary for making priority
- queues useful for different applications, especially graph
- applications. <a href="pq_examples.html#xref">Priority-Queue
- Examples::Cross-Referencing</a> gives some examples.</p>
-
- <h3><a name="pq_ds_gen" id="pq_ds_gen">Determining Container
- Attributes</a></h3>
-
- <p>Similarly to <a href=
- "assoc_container_traits.html"><tt>container_traits</tt></a> (described
- in <a href="#assoc_ds_gen">Associative Containers::Determining
- Containers' Attributes</a>), <a href=
- "pq_container_traits.html"><tt>container_traits</tt></a> can be used to
- statically determine priority-queues' attributes:</p>
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"pq_container_traits.html">container_traits</a><C>::container_category
-</pre>is one of a small number of predefined tag structures that
-identifies the underlying data structure, and
- <pre>
-<a href=
-"pq_container_traits.html">container_traits</a><C>::invalidation_guarantee
-</pre>
-
- <p>is its invalidation guarantee. Invalidation guarantees are
- especially important regarding priority queues, since in
- <tt>pb_ds</tt>'s design, iterators are practically the only way
- to manipulate them.</p>
-
- <p><a href="pq_design.html#pq_traits">Design::Priority
- Queues::Traits</a> discusses this further. <a href=
- "pq_examples.html#generics">Priority-Queue
- Examples::Generics</a> shows an example.</p>
- </div>
-</body>
-</html>
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+</svg>
-<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0"
+<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0"
xml:id="manual.ext.allocator.bitmap" xreflabel="bitmap_allocator">
<?dbhtml filename="bitmap_allocator.html"?>
-<info><title>bitmap_allocator</title>
+<info><title>The bitmap_allocator</title>
<keywordset>
<keyword>
ISO C++
</section>
-</section>
+</chapter>
-<part xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0"
+<part xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0"
xml:id="manual.ext" xreflabel="Extensions">
<?dbhtml filename="extensions.html"?>
</info>
-
<preface><info><title/></info>
-
<para>
- Here we will make an attempt at describing the non-Standard extensions to
- the library. Some of these are from SGI's STL, some of these are GNU's,
- and some just seemed to appear on the doorstep.
+ Here we will make an attempt at describing the non-Standard
+ extensions to the library. Some of these are from older versions of
+ standard library components, namely SGI's STL, and some of these are
+ GNU's.
</para>
<para><emphasis>Before</emphasis> you leap in and use any of these
extensions, be aware of two things:
<!-- Chapter 01 : Compile Time Checks -->
<chapter xml:id="manual.ext.compile_checks" xreflabel="Compile Time Checks"><info><title>Compile Time Checks</title></info>
<?dbhtml filename="ext_compile_checks.html"?>
-
+
<para>
Also known as concept checking.
</para>
</chapter>
<!-- Chapter 02 : Debug Mode -->
-<xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml" href="debug_mode.xml">
+<xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"
+ href="debug_mode.xml">
</xi:include>
<!-- Chapter 03 : Parallel Mode -->
-<xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml" href="parallel_mode.xml">
+<xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"
+ href="parallel_mode.xml">
</xi:include>
<!-- Chapter 04 : Profile Mode -->
-<xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml" href="profile_mode.xml">
+<xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"
+ href="profile_mode.xml">
</xi:include>
-<!-- Chapter 05 : Allocators -->
-<chapter xml:id="manual.ext.allocator" xreflabel="Allocators"><info><title>Allocators</title></info>
-<?dbhtml filename="ext_allocators.html"?>
-
-
- <!-- Section 01 : __mt_alloc -->
- <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml" href="mt_allocator.xml">
- </xi:include>
+<!-- XXX -->
+<!-- Allocators -->
+<!-- Chapter 05 : __mt_alloc -->
+<xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"
+ href="mt_allocator.xml">
+</xi:include>
- <!-- Section 02 : bitmap_allocator -->
- <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml" href="bitmap_allocator.xml">
- </xi:include>
+<!-- Chapter 06 : bitmap_allocator -->
+<xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"
+ href="bitmap_allocator.xml">
+</xi:include>
-</chapter>
+<!-- Containers -->
+<!-- Chapter 07 : Policy-Based Data Structures -->
+<xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"
+ href="policy_data_structures.xml">
+</xi:include>
-<!-- Chapter 06 : Containers -->
-<chapter xml:id="manual.ext.containers" xreflabel="Containers"><info><title>Containers</title></info>
+<!-- Chapter 08 : HP/SGI -->
+<chapter xml:id="manual.ext.containers" xreflabel="Containers">
+ <info><title>HP/SGI Extensions</title></info>
<?dbhtml filename="ext_containers.html"?>
-
- <para>
- </para>
- <section xml:id="manual.ext.containers.pbds" xreflabel="Policy Based Data Structures"><info><title>Policy Based Data Structures</title></info>
-
- <para>
- <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/ext/pb_ds/index.html">More details here</link>.
- </para>
- </section>
- <section xml:id="manual.ext.containers.sgi" xreflabel="SGI ext"><info><title>HP/SGI</title></info>
-
- <para>
+ <section xml:id="manual.ext.containers.sgi" xreflabel="SGI ext">
+ <info><title>Backwards Compatibility</title></info>
+
+ <para>A few extensions and nods to backwards-compatibility have
+ been made with containers. Those dealing with older SGI-style
+ allocators are dealt with elsewhere. The remaining ones all deal
+ with bits:
+ </para>
+ <para>The old pre-standard <code>bit_vector</code> class is
+ present for backwards compatibility. It is simply a typedef for
+ the <code>vector<bool></code> specialization.
</para>
-<para>A few extensions and nods to backwards-compatibility have been made with
- containers. Those dealing with older SGI-style allocators are dealt with
- elsewhere. The remaining ones all deal with bits:
-</para>
-<para>The old pre-standard <code>bit_vector</code> class is present for
- backwards compatibility. It is simply a typedef for the
- <code>vector<bool></code> specialization.
-</para>
<para>The <code>bitset</code> class has a number of extensions, described in the
rest of this item. First, we'll mention that this implementation of
<code>bitset<N></code> is specialized for cases where N number of
</section>
- <section xml:id="manual.ext.containers.deprecated_sgi" xreflabel="SGI ext dep"><info><title>Deprecated HP/SGI</title></info>
-
+ <section xml:id="manual.ext.containers.deprecated_sgi" xreflabel="SGI ext dep"><info><title>Deprecated</title></info>
+
<para>
The SGI hashing classes <classname>hash_set</classname> and
</section>
</chapter>
-<!-- Chapter 07 : Utilities -->
+<!-- Chapter 09 : Utilities -->
<chapter xml:id="manual.ext.util" xreflabel="Utilities"><info><title>Utilities</title></info>
<?dbhtml filename="ext_utilities.html"?>
-
+
<para>
The <functional> header contains many additional functors
and helper functions, extending section 20.3. They are
</chapter>
-<!-- Chapter 08 : Algorithms -->
+<!-- Chapter 10 : Algorithms -->
<chapter xml:id="manual.ext.algorithms" xreflabel="Algorithms"><info><title>Algorithms</title></info>
<?dbhtml filename="ext_algorithms.html"?>
-
+
<para>25.1.6 (count, count_if) is extended with two more versions of count
and count_if. The standard versions return their results. The
additional signatures return void, but take a final parameter by
</chapter>
-<!-- Chapter 09 : Numerics -->
+<!-- Chapter 11 : Numerics -->
<chapter xml:id="manual.ext.numerics" xreflabel="Numerics"><info><title>Numerics</title></info>
<?dbhtml filename="ext_numerics.html"?>
-
+
<para>26.4, the generalized numeric operations such as accumulate, are extended
with the following functions:
</para>
void iota(_ForwardIter first, _ForwardIter last, _Tp value);</programlisting>
</chapter>
-<!-- Chapter 10 : Iterators -->
+<!-- Chapter 12 : Iterators -->
<chapter xml:id="manual.ext.iterators" xreflabel="Iterators"><info><title>Iterators</title></info>
<?dbhtml filename="ext_iterators.html"?>
-
+
<para>24.3.2 describes <code>struct iterator</code>, which didn't exist in the
original HP STL implementation (the language wasn't rich enough at the
time). For backwards compatibility, base classes are provided which
</chapter>
-<!-- Chapter 11 : IO -->
+<!-- Chapter 13 : IO -->
<chapter xml:id="manual.ext.io" xreflabel="IO"><info><title>Input and Output</title></info>
<?dbhtml filename="ext_io.html"?>
-
+
<para>
Extensions allowing <code>filebuf</code>s to be constructed from
</para>
<section xml:id="manual.ext.io.filebuf_derived" xreflabel="Derived filebufs"><info><title>Derived filebufs</title></info>
-
+
<para>The v2 library included non-standard extensions to construct
<code>std::filebuf</code>s from C stdio types such as
</section>
</chapter>
-<!-- Chapter 12 : Demangling -->
+<!-- Chapter 14 : Demangling -->
<chapter xml:id="manual.ext.demangle" xreflabel="Demangling"><info><title>Demangling</title></info>
<?dbhtml filename="ext_demangling.html"?>
-
+
<para>
Transforming C++ ABI identifiers (like RTTI symbols) into the
original C++ source identifiers is called
</para>
</chapter>
-<!-- Chapter 13 : Concurrency -->
+<!-- Chapter 15 : Concurrency -->
<xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml" href="concurrency_extensions.xml">
</xi:include>
-<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0"
+<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0"
xml:id="manual.ext.allocator.mt" xreflabel="mt allocator">
<?dbhtml filename="mt_allocator.html"?>
-<info><title>mt_allocator</title>
+<info><title>The mt_allocator</title>
<keywordset>
<keyword>
ISO C++
</section>
-</section>
+</chapter>
--- /dev/null
+<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0"
+ xml:id="manual.ext.containers.pbds" xreflabel="pbds">
+ <info>
+ <title>Policy-Based Data Structures</title>
+ <keywordset>
+ <keyword>
+ ISO C++
+ </keyword>
+ <keyword>
+ policy
+ </keyword>
+ <keyword>
+ container
+ </keyword>
+ <keyword>
+ data
+ </keyword>
+ <keyword>
+ structure
+ </keyword>
+ <keyword>
+ associated
+ </keyword>
+ <keyword>
+ tree
+ </keyword>
+ <keyword>
+ trie
+ </keyword>
+ <keyword>
+ hash
+ </keyword>
+ <keyword>
+ metaprogramming
+ </keyword>
+ </keywordset>
+ </info>
+ <?dbhtml filename="policy_data_structures.html"?>
+
+ <!-- 2006-04-01 Ami Tavory -->
+ <!-- 2011-05-25 Benjamin Kosnik -->
+
+ <!-- S01: intro -->
+ <section xml:id="pbds.intro">
+ <info><title>Intro</title></info>
+
+ <para>
+ This is a library of policy-based elementary data structures:
+ associative containers and priority queues. It is designed for
+ high-performance, flexibility, semantic safety, and conformance to
+ the corresponding containers in <literal>std</literal> and
+ <literal>std::tr1</literal> (except for some points where it differs
+ by design).
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ </para>
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.intro.issues">
+ <info><title>Performance Issues</title></info>
+ <para>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ An attempt is made to categorize the wide variety of possible
+ container designs in terms of performance-impacting factors. These
+ performance factors are translated into design policies and
+ incorporated into container design.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ There is tension between unravelling factors into a coherent set of
+ policies. Every attempt is made to make a minimal set of
+ factors. However, in many cases multiple factors make for long
+ template names. Every attempt is made to alias and use typedefs in
+ the source files, but the generated names for external symbols can
+ be large for binary files or debuggers.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In many cases, the longer names allow capabilities and behaviours
+ controlled by macros to also be unamibiguously emitted as distinct
+ generated names.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Specific issues found while unraveling performance factors in the
+ design of associative containers and priority queues follow.
+ </para>
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.intro.issues.associative">
+ <info><title>Associative</title></info>
+
+ <para>
+ Associative containers depend on their composite policies to a very
+ large extent. Implicitly hard-wiring policies can hamper their
+ performance and limit their functionality. An efficient hash-based
+ container, for example, requires policies for testing key
+ equivalence, hashing keys, translating hash values into positions
+ within the hash table, and determining when and how to resize the
+ table internally. A tree-based container can efficiently support
+ order statistics, i.e. the ability to query what is the order of
+ each key within the sequence of keys in the container, but only if
+ the container is supplied with a policy to internally update
+ meta-data. There are many other such examples.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Ideally, all associative containers would share the same
+ interface. Unfortunately, underlying data structures and mapping
+ semantics differentiate between different containers. For example,
+ suppose one writes a generic function manipulating an associative
+ container.
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+ template<typename Cntnr>
+ void
+ some_op_sequence(Cntnr& r_cnt)
+ {
+ ...
+ }
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ Given this, then what can one assume about the instantiating
+ container? The answer varies according to its underlying data
+ structure. If the underlying data structure of
+ <literal>Cntnr</literal> is based on a tree or trie, then the order
+ of elements is well defined; otherwise, it is not, in general. If
+ the underlying data structure of <literal>Cntnr</literal> is based
+ on a collision-chaining hash table, then modifying
+ r_<literal>Cntnr</literal> will not invalidate its iterators' order;
+ if the underlying data structure is a probing hash table, then this
+ is not the case. If the underlying data structure is based on a tree
+ or trie, then a reference to the container can efficiently be split;
+ otherwise, it cannot, in general. If the underlying data structure
+ is a red-black tree, then splitting a reference to the container is
+ exception-free; if it is an ordered-vector tree, exceptions can be
+ thrown.
+ </para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.intro.issues.priority_queue">
+ <info><title>Priority Que</title></info>
+
+ <para>
+ Priority queues are useful when one needs to efficiently access a
+ minimum (or maximum) value as the set of values changes.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Most useful data structures for priority queues have a relatively
+ simple structure, as they are geared toward relatively simple
+ requirements. Unfortunately, these structures do not support access
+ to an arbitrary value, which turns out to be necessary in many
+ algorithms. Say, decreasing an arbitrary value in a graph
+ algorithm. Therefore, some extra mechanism is necessary and must be
+ invented for accessing arbitrary values. There are at least two
+ alternatives: embedding an associative container in a priority
+ queue, or allowing cross-referencing through iterators. The first
+ solution adds significant overhead; the second solution requires a
+ precise definition of iterator invalidation. Which is the next
+ point...
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Priority queues, like hash-based containers, store values in an
+ order that is meaningless and undefined externally. For example, a
+ <code>push</code> operation can internally reorganize the
+ values. Because of this characteristic, describing a priority
+ queues' iterator is difficult: on one hand, the values to which
+ iterators point can remain valid, but on the other, the logical
+ order of iterators can change unpredictably.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Roughly speaking, any element that is both inserted to a priority
+ queue (e.g. through <code>push</code>) and removed
+ from it (e.g., through <code>pop</code>), incurs a
+ logarithmic overhead (in the amortized sense). Different underlying
+ data structures place the actual cost differently: some are
+ optimized for amortized complexity, whereas others guarantee that
+ specific operations only have a constant cost. One underlying data
+ structure might be chosen if modifying a value is frequent
+ (Dijkstra's shortest-path algorithm), whereas a different one might
+ be chosen otherwise. Unfortunately, an array-based binary heap - an
+ underlying data structure that optimizes (in the amortized sense)
+ <code>push</code> and <code>pop</code> operations, differs from the
+ others in terms of its invalidation guarantees. Other design
+ decisions also impact the cost and placement of the overhead, at the
+ expense of more difference in the the kinds of operations that the
+ underlying data structure can support. These differences pose a
+ challenge when creating a uniform interface for priority queues.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.intro.motivation">
+ <info><title>Goals</title></info>
+
+ <para>
+ Many fine associative-container libraries were already written,
+ most notably, the C++ standard's associative containers. Why
+ then write another library? This section shows some possible
+ advantages of this library, when considering the challenges in
+ the introduction. Many of these points stem from the fact that
+ the ISO C++ process introduced associative-containers in a
+ two-step process (first standardizing tree-based containers,
+ only then adding hash-based containers, which are fundamentally
+ different), did not standardize priority queues as containers,
+ and (in our opinion) overloads the iterator concept.
+ </para>
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.intro.motivation.associative">
+ <info><title>Associative</title></info>
+ <para>
+ </para>
+
+ <section xml:id="motivation.associative.policy">
+ <info><title>Policy Choices</title></info>
+ <para>
+ Associative containers require a relatively large number of
+ policies to function efficiently in various settings. In some
+ cases this is needed for making their common operations more
+ efficient, and in other cases this allows them to support a
+ larger set of operations
+ </para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Hash-based containers, for example, support look-up and
+ insertion methods (<function>find</function> and
+ <function>insert</function>). In order to locate elements
+ quickly, they are supplied a hash functor, which instruct
+ how to transform a key object into some size type; a hash
+ functor might transform <constant>"hello"</constant>
+ into <constant>1123002298</constant>. A hash table, though,
+ requires transforming each key object into some size-type
+ type in some specific domain; a hash table with a 128-long
+ table might transform <constant>"hello"</constant> into
+ position <constant>63</constant>. The policy by which the
+ hash value is transformed into a position within the table
+ can dramatically affect performance. Hash-based containers
+ also do not resize naturally (as opposed to tree-based
+ containers, for example). The appropriate resize policy is
+ unfortunately intertwined with the policy that transforms
+ hash value into a position within the table.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Tree-based containers, for example, also support look-up and
+ insertion methods, and are primarily useful when maintaining
+ order between elements is important. In some cases, though,
+ one can utilize their balancing algorithms for completely
+ different purposes.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Figure A shows a tree whose each node contains two entries:
+ a floating-point key, and some size-type
+ <emphasis>metadata</emphasis> (in bold beneath it) that is
+ the number of nodes in the sub-tree. (The root has key 0.99,
+ and has 5 nodes (including itself) in its sub-tree.) A
+ container based on this data structure can obviously answer
+ efficiently whether 0.3 is in the container object, but it
+ can also answer what is the order of 0.3 among all those in
+ the container object: see <xref linkend="biblio.clrs2001"/>.
+
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ As another example, Figure B shows a tree whose each node
+ contains two entries: a half-open geometric line interval,
+ and a number <emphasis>metadata</emphasis> (in bold beneath
+ it) that is the largest endpoint of all intervals in its
+ sub-tree. (The root describes the interval <constant>[20,
+ 36)</constant>, and the largest endpoint in its sub-tree is
+ 99.) A container based on this data structure can obviously
+ answer efficiently whether <constant>[3, 41)</constant> is
+ in the container object, but it can also answer efficiently
+ whether the container object has intervals that intersect
+ <constant>[3, 41)</constant>. These types of queries are
+ very useful in geometric algorithms and lease-management
+ algorithms.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ It is important to note, however, that as the trees are
+ modified, their internal structure changes. To maintain
+ these invariants, one must supply some policy that is aware
+ of these changes. Without this, it would be better to use a
+ linked list (in itself very efficient for these purposes).
+ </para>
+
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>Node Invariants</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_node_invariants.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Node Invariants</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="motivation.associative.underlying">
+ <info><title>Underlying Data Structures</title></info>
+ <para>
+ The standard C++ library contains associative containers based on
+ red-black trees and collision-chaining hash tables. These are
+ very useful, but they are not ideal for all types of
+ settings.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The figure below shows the different underlying data structures
+ currently supported in this library.
+ </para>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>Underlying Associative Data Structures</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_different_underlying_dss_1.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Underlying Associative Data Structures</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <para>
+ A shows a collision-chaining hash-table, B shows a probing
+ hash-table, C shows a red-black tree, D shows a splay tree, E shows
+ a tree based on an ordered vector(implicit in the order of the
+ elements), F shows a PATRICIA trie, and G shows a list-based
+ container with update policies.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Each of these data structures has some performance benefits, in
+ terms of speed, size or both. For now, note that vector-based trees
+ and probing hash tables manipulate memory more efficiently than
+ red-black trees and collision-chaining hash tables, and that
+ list-based associative containers are very useful for constructing
+ "multimaps".
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Now consider a function manipulating a generic associative
+ container,
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ template<class Cntnr>
+ int
+ some_op_sequence(Cntnr &r_cnt)
+ {
+ ...
+ }
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ Ideally, the underlying data structure
+ of <classname>Cntnr</classname> would not affect what can be
+ done with <varname>r_cnt</varname>. Unfortunately, this is not
+ the case.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For example, if <classname>Cntnr</classname>
+ is <classname>std::map</classname>, then the function can
+ use
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ std::for_each(r_cnt.find(foo), r_cnt.find(bar), foobar)
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ in order to apply <classname>foobar</classname> to all
+ elements between <classname>foo</classname> and
+ <classname>bar</classname>. If
+ <classname>Cntnr</classname> is a hash-based container,
+ then this call's results are undefined.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Also, if <classname>Cntnr</classname> is tree-based, the type
+ and object of the comparison functor can be
+ accessed. If <classname>Cntnr</classname> is hash based, these
+ queries are nonsensical.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ There are various other differences based on the container's
+ underlying data structure. For one, they can be constructed by,
+ and queried for, different policies. Furthermore:
+ </para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Containers based on C, D, E and F store elements in a
+ meaningful order; the others store elements in a meaningless
+ (and probably time-varying) order. By implication, only
+ containers based on C, D, E and F can
+ support <function>erase</function> operations taking an
+ iterator and returning an iterator to the following element
+ without performance loss.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Containers based on C, D, E, and F can be split and joined
+ efficiently, while the others cannot. Containers based on C
+ and D, furthermore, can guarantee that this is exception-free;
+ containers based on E cannot guarantee this.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Containers based on all but E can guarantee that
+ erasing an element is exception free; containers based on E
+ cannot guarantee this. Containers based on all but B and E
+ can guarantee that modifying an object of their type does
+ not invalidate iterators or references to their elements,
+ while containers based on B and E cannot. Containers based
+ on C, D, and E can furthermore make a stronger guarantee,
+ namely that modifying an object of their type does not
+ affect the order of iterators.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>
+ A unified tag and traits system (as used for the C++ standard
+ library iterators, for example) can ease generic manipulation of
+ associative containers based on different underlying data
+ structures.
+ </para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="motivation.associative.iterators">
+ <info><title>Iterators</title></info>
+ <para>
+ Iterators are centric to the design of the standard library
+ containers, because of the container/algorithm/iterator
+ decomposition that allows an algorithm to operate on a range
+ through iterators of some sequence. Iterators, then, are useful
+ because they allow going over a
+ specific <emphasis>sequence</emphasis>. The standard library
+ also uses iterators for accessing a
+ specific <emphasis>element</emphasis>: when an associative
+ container returns one through <function>find</function>. The
+ standard library consistently uses the same types of iterators
+ for both purposes: going over a range, and accessing a specific
+ found element. Before the introduction of hash-based containers
+ to the standard library, this made sense (with the exception of
+ priority queues, which are discussed later).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Using the standard associative containers together with
+ non-order-preserving associative containers (and also because of
+ priority-queues container), there is a possible need for
+ different types of iterators for self-organizing containers:
+ the iterator concept seems overloaded to mean two different
+ things (in some cases). <remark> XXX
+ "ds_gen.html#find_range">Design::Associative
+ Containers::Data-Structure Genericity::Point-Type and Range-Type
+ Methods</remark>.
+ </para>
+
+ <section xml:id="associative.iterators.using">
+ <info>
+ <title>Using Point Iterators for Range Operations</title>
+ </info>
+ <para>
+ Suppose <classname>cntnr</classname> is some associative
+ container, and say <varname>c</varname> is an object of
+ type <classname>cntnr</classname>. Then what will be the outcome
+ of
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+ std::for_each(c.find(1), c.find(5), foo);
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ If <classname>cntnr</classname> is a tree-based container
+ object, then an in-order walk will
+ apply <classname>foo</classname> to the relevant elements,
+ as in the graphic below, label A. If <varname>c</varname> is
+ a hash-based container, then the order of elements between any
+ two elements is undefined (and probably time-varying); there is
+ no guarantee that the elements traversed will coincide with the
+ <emphasis>logical</emphasis> elements between 1 and 5, as in
+ label B.
+ </para>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>Range Iteration in Different Data Structures</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_point_iterators_range_ops_1.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Node Invariants</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <para>
+ In our opinion, this problem is not caused just because
+ red-black trees are order preserving while
+ collision-chaining hash tables are (generally) not - it
+ is more fundamental. Most of the standard's containers
+ order sequences in a well-defined manner that is
+ determined by their <emphasis>interface</emphasis>:
+ calling <function>insert</function> on a tree-based
+ container modifies its sequence in a predictable way, as
+ does calling <function>push_back</function> on a list or
+ a vector. Conversely, collision-chaining hash tables,
+ probing hash tables, priority queues, and list-based
+ containers (which are very useful for "multimaps") are
+ self-organizing data structures; the effect of each
+ operation modifies their sequences in a manner that is
+ (practically) determined by their
+ <emphasis>implementation</emphasis>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Consequently, applying an algorithm to a sequence obtained from most
+ containers may or may not make sense, but applying it to a
+ sub-sequence of a self-organizing container does not.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="associative.iterators.cost">
+ <info>
+ <title>Cost to Point Iterators to Enable Range Operations</title>
+ </info>
+ <para>
+ Suppose <varname>c</varname> is some collision-chaining
+ hash-based container object, and one calls
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>c.find(3)</programlisting>
+ <para>
+ Then what composes the returned iterator?
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In the graphic below, label A shows the simplest (and
+ most efficient) implementation of a collision-chaining
+ hash table. The little box marked
+ <classname>point_iterator</classname> shows an object
+ that contains a pointer to the element's node. Note that
+ this "iterator" has no way to move to the next element (
+ it cannot support
+ <function>operator++</function>). Conversely, the little
+ box marked <classname>iterator</classname> stores both a
+ pointer to the element, as well as some other
+ information (the bucket number of the element). the
+ second iterator, then, is "heavier" than the first one-
+ it requires more time and space. If we were to use a
+ different container to cross-reference into this
+ hash-table using these iterators - it would take much
+ more space. As noted above, nothing much can be done by
+ incrementing these iterators, so why is this extra
+ information needed?
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Alternatively, one might create a collision-chaining hash-table
+ where the lists might be linked, forming a monolithic total-element
+ list, as in the graphic below, label B. Here the iterators are as
+ light as can be, but the hash-table's operations are more
+ complicated.
+ </para>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>Point Iteration in Hash Data Structures</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_point_iterators_range_ops_2.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Point Iteration in Hash Data Structures</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <para>
+ It should be noted that containers based on collision-chaining
+ hash-tables are not the only ones with this type of behavior;
+ many other self-organizing data structures display it as well.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="associative.iterators.invalidation">
+ <info><title>Invalidation Guarantees</title></info>
+ <para>Consider the following snippet:</para>
+ <programlisting>
+ it = c.find(3);
+ c.erase(5);
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ Following the call to <classname>erase</classname>, what is the
+ validity of <classname>it</classname>: can it be de-referenced?
+ can it be incremented?
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The answer depends on the underlying data structure of the
+ container. The graphic below shows three cases: A1 and A2 show
+ a red-black tree; B1 and B2 show a probing hash-table; C1 and C2
+ show a collision-chaining hash table.
+ </para>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>Effect of erase in different underlying data structures</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_invalidation_guarantee_erase.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Effect of erase in different underlying data structures</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Erasing 5 from A1 yields A2. Clearly, an iterator to 3 can
+ be de-referenced and incremented. The sequence of iterators
+ changed, but in a way that is well-defined by the interface.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Erasing 5 from B1 yields B2. Clearly, an iterator to 3 is
+ not valid at all - it cannot be de-referenced or
+ incremented; the order of iterators changed in a way that is
+ (practically) determined by the implementation and not by
+ the interface.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Erasing 5 from C1 yields C2. Here the situation is more
+ complicated. On the one hand, there is no problem in
+ de-referencing <classname>it</classname>. On the other hand,
+ the order of iterators changed in a way that is
+ (practically) determined by the implementation and not by
+ the interface.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>
+ So in the standard library containers, it is not always possible
+ to express whether <varname>it</varname> is valid or not. This
+ is true also for <function>insert</function>. Again, the
+ iterator concept seems overloaded.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+ </section> <!--iterators-->
+
+
+ <section xml:id="motivation.associative.functions">
+ <info><title>Functional</title></info>
+ <para>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The design of the functional overlay to the underlying data
+ structures differs slightly from some of the conventions used in
+ the C++ standard. A strict public interface of methods that
+ comprise only operations which depend on the class's internal
+ structure; other operations are best designed as external
+ functions. (See <xref linkend="biblio.meyers02both"/>).With this
+ rubric, the standard associative containers lack some useful
+ methods, and provide other methods which would be better
+ removed.
+ </para>
+
+ <section xml:id="motivation.associative.functions.erase">
+ <info><title><function>erase</function></title></info>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Order-preserving standard associative containers provide the
+ method
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ iterator
+ erase(iterator it)
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ which takes an iterator, erases the corresponding
+ element, and returns an iterator to the following
+ element. Also standardd hash-based associative
+ containers provide this method. This seemingly
+ increasesgenericity between associative containers,
+ since it is possible to use
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ typename C::iterator it = c.begin();
+ typename C::iterator e_it = c.end();
+
+ while(it != e_it)
+ it = pred(*it)? c.erase(it) : ++it;
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ in order to erase from a container object <varname>
+ c</varname> all element which match a
+ predicate <classname>pred</classname>. However, in a
+ different sense this actually decreases genericity: an
+ integral implication of this method is that tree-based
+ associative containers' memory use is linear in the total
+ number of elements they store, while hash-based
+ containers' memory use is unbounded in the total number of
+ elements they store. Assume a hash-based container is
+ allowed to decrease its size when an element is
+ erased. Then the elements might be rehashed, which means
+ that there is no "next" element - it is simply
+ undefined. Consequently, it is possible to infer from the
+ fact that the standard library's hash-based containers
+ provide this method that they cannot downsize when
+ elements are erased. As a consequence, different code is
+ needed to manipulate different containers, assuming that
+ memory should be conserved. Therefor, this library's
+ non-order preserving associative containers omit this
+ method.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ All associative containers include a conditional-erase method
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ template<
+ class Pred>
+ size_type
+ erase_if
+ (Pred pred)
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ which erases all elements matching a predicate. This is probably the
+ only way to ensure linear-time multiple-item erase which can
+ actually downsize a container.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ The standard associative containers provide methods for
+ multiple-item erase of the form
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ size_type
+ erase(It b, It e)
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ erasing a range of elements given by a pair of
+ iterators. For tree-based or trie-based containers, this can
+ implemented more efficiently as a (small) sequence of split
+ and join operations. For other, unordered, containers, this
+ method isn't much better than an external loop. Moreover,
+ if <varname>c</varname> is a hash-based container,
+ then
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ c.erase(c.find(2), c.find(5))
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ is almost certain to do something
+ different than erasing all elements whose keys are between 2
+ and 5, and is likely to produce other undefined behavior.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </section> <!-- erase -->
+
+ <section xml:id="motivation.associative.functions.split">
+ <info>
+ <title>
+ <function>split</function> and <function>join</function>
+ </title>
+ </info>
+ <para>
+ It is well-known that tree-based and trie-based container
+ objects can be efficiently split or joined (See
+ <xref linkend="biblio.clrs2001"/>). Externally splitting or
+ joining trees is super-linear, and, furthermore, can throw
+ exceptions. Split and join methods, consequently, seem good
+ choices for tree-based container methods, especially, since as
+ noted just before, they are efficient replacements for erasing
+ sub-sequences.
+ </para>
+
+ </section> <!-- split -->
+
+ <section xml:id="motivation.associative.functions.insert">
+ <info>
+ <title>
+ <function>insert</function>
+ </title>
+ </info>
+ <para>
+ The standard associative containers provide methods of the form
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ template<class It>
+ size_type
+ insert(It b, It e);
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ for inserting a range of elements given by a pair of
+ iterators. At best, this can be implemented as an external loop,
+ or, even more efficiently, as a join operation (for the case of
+ tree-based or trie-based containers). Moreover, these methods seem
+ similar to constructors taking a range given by a pair of
+ iterators; the constructors, however, are transactional, whereas
+ the insert methods are not; this is possibly confusing.
+ </para>
+
+ </section> <!-- insert -->
+
+ <section xml:id="motivation.associative.functions.compare">
+ <info>
+ <title>
+ <function>operator==</function> and <function>operator<=</function>
+ </title>
+ </info>
+
+ <para>
+ Associative containers are parametrized by policies allowing to
+ test key equivalence: a hash-based container can do this through
+ its equivalence functor, and a tree-based container can do this
+ through its comparison functor. In addition, some standard
+ associative containers have global function operators, like
+ <function>operator==</function> and <function>operator<=</function>,
+ that allow comparing entire associative containers.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In our opinion, these functions are better left out. To begin
+ with, they do not significantly improve over an external
+ loop. More importantly, however, they are possibly misleading -
+ <function>operator==</function>, for example, usually checks for
+ equivalence, or interchangeability, but the associative
+ container cannot check for values' equivalence, only keys'
+ equivalence; also, are two containers considered equivalent if
+ they store the same values in different order? this is an
+ arbitrary decision.
+ </para>
+ </section> <!-- compare -->
+
+ </section> <!-- functional -->
+
+ </section> <!--associative-->
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.intro.motivation.priority_queue">
+ <info><title>Priority Queues</title></info>
+
+ <section xml:id="motivation.priority_queue.policy">
+ <info><title>Policy Choices</title></info>
+
+ <para>
+ Priority queues are containers that allow efficiently inserting
+ values and accessing the maximal value (in the sense of the
+ container's comparison functor). Their interface
+ supports <function>push</function>
+ and <function>pop</function>. The standard
+ container <classname>std::priorityqueue</classname> indeed support
+ these methods, but little else. For algorithmic and
+ software-engineering purposes, other methods are needed:
+ </para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Many graph algorithms (see
+ <xref linkend="biblio.clrs2001"/>) require increasing a
+ value in a priority queue (again, in the sense of the
+ container's comparison functor), or joining two
+ priority-queue objects.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The return type of <classname>priority_queue</classname>'s
+ <function>push</function> method is a point-type iterator, which can
+ be used for modifying or erasing arbitrary values. For
+ example:</para>
+ <programlisting>
+ priority_queue<int> p;
+ priority_queue<int>::point_iterator it = p.push(3);
+ p.modify(it, 4);
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>These types of cross-referencing operations are necessary
+ for making priority queues useful for different applications,
+ especially graph applications.</para>
+
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ It is sometimes necessary to erase an arbitrary value in a
+ priority queue. For example, consider
+ the <function>select</function> function for monitoring
+ file descriptors:
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+ int
+ select(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds, fd_set *errorfds,
+ struct timeval *timeout);
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ then, as the select documentation states:
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ <quote>
+ The nfds argument specifies the range of file
+ descriptors to be tested. The select() function tests file
+ descriptors in the range of 0 to nfds-1.</quote>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ It stands to reason, therefore, that we might wish to
+ maintain a minimal value for <varname>nfds</varname>, and
+ priority queues immediately come to mind. Note, though, that
+ when a socket is closed, the minimal file description might
+ change; in the absence of an efficient means to erase an
+ arbitrary value from a priority queue, we might as well
+ avoid its use altogether.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The standard containers typically support iterators. It is
+ somewhat unusual
+ for <classname>std::priority_queue</classname> to omit them
+ (See <xref linkend="biblio.meyers01stl"/>). One might
+ ask why do priority queues need to support iterators, since
+ they are self-organizing containers with a different purpose
+ than abstracting sequences. There are several reasons:
+ </para>
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Iterators (even in self-organizing containers) are
+ useful for many purposes: cross-referencing
+ containers, serialization, and debugging code that uses
+ these containers.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ The standard library's hash-based containers support
+ iterators, even though they too are self-organizing
+ containers with a different purpose than abstracting
+ sequences.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ In standard-library-like containers, it is natural to specify the
+ interface of operations for modifying a value or erasing
+ a value (discussed previously) in terms of a iterators.
+ It should be noted that the standard
+ containers also use iterators for accessing and
+ manipulating a specific value. In hash-based
+ containers, one checks the existence of a key by
+ comparing the iterator returned by <function>find</function> to the
+ iterator returned by <function>end</function>, and not by comparing a
+ pointer returned by <function>find</function> to <type>NULL</type>.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="motivation.priority_queue.underlying">
+ <info><title>Underlying Data Structures</title></info>
+
+ <para>
+ There are three main implementations of priority queues: the
+ first employs a binary heap, typically one which uses a
+ sequence; the second uses a tree (or forest of trees), which is
+ typically less structured than an associative container's tree;
+ the third simply uses an associative container. These are
+ shown in the figure below with labels A1 and A2, B, and C.
+ </para>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>Underlying Priority Queue Data Structures</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_different_underlying_dss_2.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Underlying Priority Queue Data Structures</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <para>
+ No single implementation can completely replace any of the
+ others. Some have better <function>push</function>
+ and <function>pop</function> amortized performance, some have
+ better bounded (worst case) response time than others, some
+ optimize a single method at the expense of others, etc. In
+ general the "best" implementation is dictated by the specific
+ problem.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ As with associative containers, the more implementations
+ co-exist, the more necessary a traits mechanism is for handling
+ generic containers safely and efficiently. This is especially
+ important for priority queues, since the invalidation guarantees
+ of one of the most useful data structures - binary heaps - is
+ markedly different than those of most of the others.
+ </para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="motivation.priority_queue.binary_heap">
+ <info><title>Binary Heaps</title></info>
+
+
+ <para>
+ Binary heaps are one of the most useful underlying
+ data structures for priority queues. They are very efficient in
+ terms of memory (since they don't require per-value structure
+ metadata), and have the best amortized <function>push</function> and
+ <function>pop</function> performance for primitive types like
+ <type>int</type>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The standard library's <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ implements this data structure as an adapter over a sequence,
+ typically
+ <classname>std::vector</classname>
+ or <classname>std::deque</classname>, which correspond to labels
+ A1 and A2 respectively in the graphic above.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This is indeed an elegant example of the adapter concept and
+ the algorithm/container/iterator decomposition. (See <xref linkend="biblio.nelson96stlpq"/>). There are
+ several reasons why a binary-heap priority queue
+ may be better implemented as a container instead of a
+ sequence adapter:
+ </para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname> cannot erase values
+ from its adapted sequence (irrespective of the sequence
+ type). This means that the memory use of
+ an <classname>std::priority_queue</classname> object is always
+ proportional to the maximal number of values it ever contained,
+ and not to the number of values that it currently
+ contains. (See <filename>performance/priority_queue_text_pop_mem_usage.cc</filename>.)
+ This implementation of binary heaps acts very differently than
+ other underlying data structures (See also pairing heaps).
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Some combinations of adapted sequences and value types
+ are very inefficient or just don't make sense. If one uses
+ <classname>std::priority_queue<std::vector<std::string>
+ > ></classname>, for example, then not only will each
+ operation perform a logarithmic number of
+ <classname>std::string</classname> assignments, but, furthermore, any
+ operation (including <function>pop</function>) can render the container
+ useless due to exceptions. Conversely, if one uses
+ <classname>std::priority_queue<std::deque<int> >
+ ></classname>, then each operation uses incurs a logarithmic
+ number of indirect accesses (through pointers) unnecessarily.
+ It might be better to let the container make a conservative
+ deduction whether to use the structure in the graphic above, labels A1 or A2.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ There does not seem to be a systematic way to determine
+ what exactly can be done with the priority queue.
+ </para>
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ If <classname>p</classname> is a priority queue adapting an
+ <classname>std::vector</classname>, then it is possible to iterate over
+ all values by using <function>&p.top()</function> and
+ <function>&p.top() + p.size()</function>, but this will not work
+ if <varname>p</varname> is adapting an <classname>std::deque</classname>; in any
+ case, one cannot use <classname>p.begin()</classname> and
+ <classname>p.end()</classname>. If a different sequence is adapted, it
+ is even more difficult to determine what can be
+ done.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ If <varname>p</varname> is a priority queue adapting an
+ <classname>std::deque</classname>, then the reference return by
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ p.top()
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ will remain valid until it is popped,
+ but if <varname>p</varname> adapts an <classname>std::vector</classname>, the
+ next <function>push</function> will invalidate it. If a different
+ sequence is adapted, it is even more difficult to
+ determine what can be done.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Sequence-based binary heaps can still implement
+ linear-time <function>erase</function> and <function>modify</function> operations.
+ This means that if one needs to erase a small
+ (say logarithmic) number of values, then one might still
+ choose this underlying data structure. Using
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>, however, this will generally
+ change the order of growth of the entire sequence of
+ operations.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ </section>
+ </section>
+ </section> <!-- goals/motivation -->
+ </section> <!-- intro -->
+
+ <!-- S02: Using -->
+ <section xml:id="containers.pbds.using">
+ <info><title>Using</title></info>
+ <?dbhtml filename="policy_data_structures_using.html"?>
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.using.prereq">
+ <info><title>Prerequisites</title></info>
+
+ <para>The library contains only header files, and does not require any
+ other libraries except the standard C++ library . All classes are
+ defined in namespace <code>__gnu_pbds</code>. The library internally
+ uses macros beginning with <code>PB_DS</code>, but
+ <code>#undef</code>s anything it <code>#define</code>s (except for
+ header guards). Compiling the library in an environment where macros
+ beginning in <code>PB_DS</code> are defined, may yield unpredictable
+ results in compilation, execution, or both.</para>
+
+ <para>
+ Further dependencies are necessary to create the visual output for the
+ performance tests. To create these graphs, two additional packages
+ will be needed: <command>pychart</command> and <command>Beautiful
+ Soup</command>.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.using.organization">
+ <info><title>Organization</title></info>
+
+ <para>
+ The various data structures are organized as follows.
+ </para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Branch-Based
+ </para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <classname>basic_branch</classname>
+ is an abstract base class for branched-based
+ associative-containers
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ is a concrete base class for tree-based
+ associative-containers
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <classname>trie</classname>
+ is a concrete base class trie-based
+ associative-containers
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Hash-Based
+ </para>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <classname>basic_hash_table</classname>
+ is an abstract base class for hash-based
+ associative-containers
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ is a concrete collision-chaining hash-based
+ associative-containers
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <classname>gp_hash_table</classname>
+ is a concrete (general) probing hash-based
+ associative-containers
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ List-Based
+ </para>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <classname>list_update</classname>
+ list-based update-policy associative container
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Heap-Based
+ </para>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ A priority queue.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>
+ The hierarchy is composed naturally so that commonality is
+ captured by base classes. Thus <function>operator[]</function>
+ is defined at the base of any hierarchy, since all derived
+ containers support it. Conversely <function>split</function> is
+ defined in <classname>basic_branch</classname>, since only
+ tree-like containers support it.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In addition, there are the following diagnostics classes,
+ used to report errors specific to this library's data
+ structures.
+ </para>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>Exception Hierarchy</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_exception_hierarchy.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="50"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_exception_hierarchy.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Exception Hierarchy</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.using.tutorial">
+ <info><title>Tutorial</title></info>
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.using.tutorial.basic">
+ <info><title>Basic Use</title></info>
+
+ <para>
+ For the most part, the policy-based containers containers in
+ namespace <literal>__gnu_pbds</literal> have the same interface as
+ the equivalent containers in the standard C++ library, except for
+ the names used for the container classes themselves. For example,
+ this shows basic operations on a collision-chaining hash-based
+ container:
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ #include <ext/pb_ds/assoc_container.h>
+
+ int main()
+ {
+ __gnu_pbds::cc_hash_table<int, char> c;
+ c[2] = 'b';
+ assert(c.find(1) == c.end());
+ };
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ The container is called
+ <classname>__gnu_pbds::cc_hash_table</classname> instead of
+ <classname>std::unordered_map</classname>, since <quote>unordered
+ map</quote> does not necessarily mean a hash-based map as implied by
+ the C++ library (C++0x or TR1). For example, list-based associative
+ containers, which are very useful for the construction of
+ "multimaps," are also unordered.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>This snippet shows a red-black tree based container:</para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+ #include <ext/pb_ds/assoc_container.h>
+
+ int main()
+ {
+ __gnu_pbds::tree<int, char> c;
+ c[2] = 'b';
+ assert(c.find(2) != c.end());
+ };
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>The container is called <classname>tree</classname> instead of
+ <classname>map</classname> since the underlying data structures are
+ being named with specificity.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The member function naming convention is to strive to be the same as
+ the equivalent member functions in other C++ standard library
+ containers. The familiar methods are unchanged:
+ <function>begin</function>, <function>end</function>,
+ <function>size</function>, <function>empty</function>, and
+ <function>clear</function>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This isn't to say that things are exactly as one would expect, given
+ the container requirments and interfaces in the C++ standard.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The names of containers' policies and policy accessors are
+ different then the usual. For example, if <type>hash_type</type> is
+ some type of hash-based container, then</para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+ hash_type::hash_fn
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ gives the type of its hash functor, and if <varname>obj</varname> is
+ some hash-based container object, then
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+ obj.get_hash_fn()
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>will return a reference to its hash-functor object.</para>
+
+
+ <para>
+ Similarly, if <type>tree_type</type> is some type of tree-based
+ container, then
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+ tree_type::cmp_fn
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ gives the type of its comparison functor, and if
+ <varname>obj</varname> is some tree-based container object,
+ then
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+ obj.get_cmp_fn()
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>will return a reference to its comparison-functor object.</para>
+
+ <para>
+ It would be nice to give names consistent with those in the existing
+ C++ standard (inclusive of TR1). Unfortunately, these standard
+ containers don't consistently name types and methods. For example,
+ <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname> uses
+ <type>hasher</type> for the hash functor, but
+ <classname>std::map</classname> uses <type>key_compare</type> for
+ the comparison functor. Also, we could not find an accessor for
+ <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname>'s hash functor, but
+ <classname>std::map</classname> uses <classname>compare</classname>
+ for accessing the comparison functor.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Instead, <literal>__gnu_pbds</literal> attempts to be internally
+ consistent, and uses standard-derived terminology if possible.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Another source of difference is in scope:
+ <literal>__gnu_pbds</literal> contains more types of associative
+ containers than the standard C++ library, and more opportunities
+ to configure these new containers, since different types of
+ associative containers are useful in different settings.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Namespace <literal>__gnu_pbds</literal> contains different classes for
+ hash-based containers, tree-based containers, trie-based containers,
+ and list-based containers.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Since associative containers share parts of their interface, they
+ are organized as a class hierarchy.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>Each type or method is defined in the most-common ancestor
+ in which it makes sense.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>For example, all associative containers support iteration
+ expressed in the following form:
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+ const_iterator
+ begin() const;
+
+ iterator
+ begin();
+
+ const_iterator
+ end() const;
+
+ iterator
+ end();
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ But not all containers contain or use hash functors. Yet, both
+ collision-chaining and (general) probing hash-based associative
+ containers have a hash functor, so
+ <classname>basic_hash_table</classname> contains the interface:
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+ const hash_fn&
+ get_hash_fn() const;
+
+ hash_fn&
+ get_hash_fn();
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ so all hash-based associative containers inherit the same
+ hash-functor accessor methods.
+ </para>
+
+ </section> <!--basic use -->
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.using.tutorial.configuring">
+ <info>
+ <title>
+ Configuring via Template Parameters
+ </title>
+ </info>
+
+ <para>
+ In general, each of this library's containers is
+ parametrized by more policies than those of the standard library. For
+ example, the standard hash-based container is parametrized as
+ follows:
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ template<typename Key, typename Mapped, typename Hash,
+ typename Pred, typename Allocator, bool Cache_Hashe_Code>
+ class unordered_map;
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ and so can be configured by key type, mapped type, a functor
+ that translates keys to unsigned integral types, an equivalence
+ predicate, an allocator, and an indicator whether to store hash
+ values with each entry. this library's collision-chaining
+ hash-based container is parametrized as
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ template<typename Key, typename Mapped, typename Hash_Fn,
+ typename Eq_Fn, typename Comb_Hash_Fn,
+ typename Resize_Policy, bool Store_Hash
+ typename Allocator>
+ class cc_hash_table;
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ and so can be configured by the first four types of
+ <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname>, then a
+ policy for translating the key-hash result into a position
+ within the table, then a policy by which the table resizes,
+ an indicator whether to store hash values with each entry,
+ and an allocator (which is typically the last template
+ parameter in standard containers).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Nearly all policy parameters have default values, so this
+ need not be considered for casual use. It is important to
+ note, however, that hash-based containers' policies can
+ dramatically alter their performance in different settings,
+ and that tree-based containers' policies can make them
+ useful for other purposes than just look-up.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <para>As opposed to associative containers, priority queues have
+ relatively few configuration options. The priority queue is
+ parametrized as follows:</para>
+ <programlisting>
+ template<typename Value_Type, typename Cmp_Fn,typename Tag,
+ typename Allocator>
+ class priority_queue;
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>The <classname>Value_Type</classname>, <classname>Cmp_Fn</classname>, and
+ <classname>Allocator</classname> parameters are the container's value type,
+ comparison-functor type, and allocator type, respectively;
+ these are very similar to the standard's priority queue. The
+ <classname>Tag</classname> parameter is different: there are a number of
+ pre-defined tag types corresponding to binary heaps, binomial
+ heaps, etc., and <classname>Tag</classname> should be instantiated
+ by one of them.</para>
+
+ <para>Note that as opposed to the
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>,
+ <classname>__gnu_pbds::priority_queue</classname> is not a
+ sequence-adapter; it is a regular container.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.using.tutorial.traits">
+ <info>
+ <title>
+ Querying Container Attributes
+ </title>
+ </info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <para>A containers underlying data structure
+ affect their performance; Unfortunately, they can also affect
+ their interface. When manipulating generically associative
+ containers, it is often useful to be able to statically
+ determine what they can support and what the cannot.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>Happily, the standard provides a good solution to a similar
+ problem - that of the different behavior of iterators. If
+ <classname>It</classname> is an iterator, then
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ typename std::iterator_traits<It>::iterator_category
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>is one of a small number of pre-defined tag classes, and
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ typename std::iterator_traits<It>::value_type
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>is the value type to which the iterator "points".</para>
+
+ <para>
+ Similarly, in this library, if <type>C</type> is a
+ container, then <classname>container_traits</classname> is a
+ trait class that stores information about the kind of
+ container that is implemented.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ typename container_traits<C>::container_category
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ is one of a small number of predefined tag structures that
+ uniquely identifies the type of underlying data structure.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>In most cases, however, the exact underlying data
+ structure is not really important, but what is important is
+ one of its other attributes: whether it guarantees storing
+ elements by key order, for example. For this one can
+ use</para>
+ <programlisting>
+ typename container_traits<C>::order_preserving
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ Also,
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ typename container_traits<C>::invalidation_guarantee
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>is the container's invalidation guarantee. Invalidation
+ guarantees are especially important regarding priority queues,
+ since in this library's design, iterators are practically the
+ only way to manipulate them.</para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.using.tutorial.point_range_iteration">
+ <info>
+ <title>
+ Point and Range Iteration
+ </title>
+ </info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <para>This library differentiates between two types of methods
+ and iterators: point-type, and range-type. For example,
+ <function>find</function> and <function>insert</function> are point-type methods, since
+ they each deal with a specific element; their returned
+ iterators are point-type iterators. <function>begin</function> and
+ <function>end</function> are range-type methods, since they are not used to
+ find a specific element, but rather to go over all elements in
+ a container object; their returned iterators are range-type
+ iterators.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>Most containers store elements in an order that is
+ determined by their interface. Correspondingly, it is fine that
+ their point-type iterators are synonymous with their range-type
+ iterators. For example, in the following snippet
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ std::for_each(c.find(1), c.find(5), foo);
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ two point-type iterators (returned by <function>find</function>) are used
+ for a range-type purpose - going over all elements whose key is
+ between 1 and 5.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Conversely, the above snippet makes no sense for
+ self-organizing containers - ones that order (and reorder)
+ their elements by implementation. It would be nice to have a
+ uniform iterator system that would allow the above snippet to
+ compile only if it made sense.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This could trivially be done by specializing
+ <function>std::for_each</function> for the case of iterators returned by
+ <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname>, but this would only solve the
+ problem for one algorithm and one container. Fundamentally, the
+ problem is that one can loop using a self-organizing
+ container's point-type iterators.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This library's containers define two families of
+ iterators: <type>point_const_iterator</type> and
+ <type>point_iterator</type> are the iterator types returned by
+ point-type methods; <type>const_iterator</type> and
+ <type>iterator</type> are the iterator types returned by range-type
+ methods.
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ class <- some container ->
+ {
+ public:
+ ...
+
+ typedef <- something -> const_iterator;
+
+ typedef <- something -> iterator;
+
+ typedef <- something -> point_const_iterator;
+
+ typedef <- something -> point_iterator;
+
+ ...
+
+ public:
+ ...
+
+ const_iterator begin () const;
+
+ iterator begin();
+
+ point_const_iterator find(...) const;
+
+ point_iterator find(...);
+ };
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>For
+ containers whose interface defines sequence order , it
+ is very simple: point-type and range-type iterators are exactly
+ the same, which means that the above snippet will compile if it
+ is used for an order-preserving associative container.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For self-organizing containers, however, (hash-based
+ containers as a special example), the preceding snippet will
+ not compile, because their point-type iterators do not support
+ <function>operator++</function>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>In any case, both for order-preserving and self-organizing
+ containers, the following snippet will compile:
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ typename Cntnr::point_iterator it = c.find(2);
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ because a range-type iterator can always be converted to a
+ point-type iterator.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>Distingushing between iterator types also
+ raises the point that a container's iterators might have
+ different invalidation rules concerning their de-referencing
+ abilities and movement abilities. This now corresponds exactly
+ to the question of whether point-type and range-type iterators
+ are valid. As explained above, <classname>container_traits</classname> allows
+ querying a container for its data structure attributes. The
+ iterator-invalidation guarantees are certainly a property of
+ the underlying data structure, and so
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ container_traits<C>::invalidation_guarantee
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ gives one of three pre-determined types that answer this
+ query.
+ </para>
+
+ </section>
+ </section> <!-- tutorial -->
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.using.examples">
+ <info><title>Examples</title></info>
+ <para>
+ Additional code examples are provided in the source
+ distribution, as part of the regression and performance
+ testsuite.
+ </para>
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.using.examples.basic">
+ <info><title>Intermediate Use</title></info>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Basic use of maps:
+ <filename>basic_map.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Basic use of sets:
+ <filename>basic_set.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Conditionally erasing values from an associative container object:
+ <filename>erase_if.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Basic use of multimaps:
+ <filename>basic_multimap.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Basic use of multisets:
+ <filename>basic_multiset.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Basic use of priority queues:
+ <filename>basic_priority_queue.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Splitting and joining priority queues:
+ <filename>priority_queue_split_join.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Conditionally erasing values from a priority queue:
+ <filename>priority_queue_erase_if.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.using.examples.query">
+ <info><title>Querying with <classname>container_traits</classname> </title></info>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Using <classname>container_traits</classname> to query
+ about underlying data structure behavior:
+ <filename>assoc_container_traits.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ A non-compiling example showing wrong use of finding keys in
+ hash-based containers: <filename>hash_find_neg.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Using <classname>container_traits</classname>
+ to query about underlying data structure behavior:
+ <filename>priority_queue_container_traits.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.using.examples.container">
+ <info><title>By Container Method</title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.using.examples.container.hash">
+ <info><title>Hash-Based</title></info>
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.using.examples.container.hash.resize">
+ <info><title>size Related</title></info>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Setting the initial size of a hash-based container
+ object:
+ <filename>hash_initial_size.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ A non-compiling example showing how not to resize a
+ hash-based container object:
+ <filename>hash_resize_neg.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Resizing the size of a hash-based container object:
+ <filename>hash_resize.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Showing an illegal resize of a hash-based container
+ object:
+ <filename>hash_illegal_resize.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Changing the load factors of a hash-based container
+ object: <filename>hash_load_set_change.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.using.examples.container.hash.hashor">
+ <info><title>Hashing Function Related</title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Using a modulo range-hashing function for the case of an
+ unknown skewed key distribution:
+ <filename>hash_mod.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Writing a range-hashing functor for the case of a known
+ skewed key distribution:
+ <filename>shift_mask.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Storing the hash value along with each key:
+ <filename>store_hash.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Writing a ranged-hash functor:
+ <filename>ranged_hash.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ </section>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.using.examples.container.branch">
+ <info><title>Branch-Based</title></info>
+
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.using.examples.container.branch.split">
+ <info><title>split or join Related</title></info>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Joining two tree-based container objects:
+ <filename>tree_join.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Splitting a PATRICIA trie container object:
+ <filename>trie_split.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Order statistics while joining two tree-based container
+ objects:
+ <filename>tree_order_statistics_join.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.using.examples.container.branch.invariants">
+ <info><title>Node Invariants</title></info>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Using trees for order statistics:
+ <filename>tree_order_statistics.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Augmenting trees to support operations on line
+ intervals:
+ <filename>tree_intervals.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.using.examples.container.branch.trie">
+ <info><title>trie</title></info>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Using a PATRICIA trie for DNA strings:
+ <filename>trie_dna.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Using a PATRICIA
+ trie for finding all entries whose key matches a given prefix:
+ <filename>trie_prefix_search.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ </section>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.using.examples.container.priority_queue">
+ <info><title>Priority Queues</title></info>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Cross referencing an associative container and a priority
+ queue: <filename>priority_queue_xref.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Cross referencing a vector and a priority queue using a
+ very simple version of Dijkstra's shortest path
+ algorithm:
+ <filename>priority_queue_dijkstra.cc</filename>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ </section>
+
+
+ </section>
+
+ </section>
+
+ </section> <!-- using -->
+
+ <!-- S03: Design -->
+
+
+<section xml:id="containers.pbds.design">
+ <info><title>Design</title></info>
+ <?dbhtml filename="policy_data_structures_design.html"?>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.design.concepts">
+ <info><title>Concepts</title></info>
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.design.concepts.null_type">
+ <info><title>Null Policy Classes</title></info>
+
+ <para>
+ Associative containers are typically parametrized by various
+ policies. For example, a hash-based associative container is
+ parametrized by a hash-functor, transforming each key into an
+ non-negative numerical type. Each such value is then further mapped
+ into a position within the table. The mapping of a key into a
+ position within the table is therefore a two-step process.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In some cases, instantiations are redundant. For example, when the
+ keys are integers, it is possible to use a redundant hash policy,
+ which transforms each key into its value.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In some other cases, these policies are irrelevant. For example, a
+ hash-based associative container might transform keys into positions
+ within a table by a different method than the two-step method
+ described above. In such a case, the hash functor is simply
+ irrelevant.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ When a policy is either redundant or irrelevant, it can be replaced
+ by <classname>null_type</classname>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For example, a <emphasis>set</emphasis> is an associative
+ container with one of its template parameters (the one for the
+ mapped type) replaced with <classname>null_type</classname>. Other
+ places simplifications are made possible with this technique
+ include node updates in tree and trie data structures, and hash
+ and probe functions for hash data structures.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.design.concepts.associative_semantics">
+ <info><title>Map and Set Semantics</title></info>
+
+ <section xml:id="concepts.associative_semantics.set_vs_map">
+ <info>
+ <title>
+ Distinguishing Between Maps and Sets
+ </title>
+ </info>
+
+ <para>
+ Anyone familiar with the standard knows that there are four kinds
+ of associative containers: maps, sets, multimaps, and
+ multisets. The map datatype associates each key to
+ some data.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Sets are associative containers that simply store keys -
+ they do not map them to anything. In the standard, each map class
+ has a corresponding set class. E.g.,
+ <classname>std::map<int, char></classname> maps each
+ <classname>int</classname> to a <classname>char</classname>, but
+ <classname>std::set<int, char></classname> simply stores
+ <classname>int</classname>s. In this library, however, there are no
+ distinct classes for maps and sets. Instead, an associative
+ container's <classname>Mapped</classname> template parameter is a policy: if
+ it is instantiated by <classname>null_type</classname>, then it
+ is a "set"; otherwise, it is a "map". E.g.,
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ cc_hash_table<int, char>
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ is a "map" mapping each <type>int</type> value to a <type>
+ char</type>, but
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ cc_hash_table<int, null_type>
+ </programlisting>
+ <para>
+ is a type that uniquely stores <type>int</type> values.
+ </para>
+ <para>Once the <classname>Mapped</classname> template parameter is instantiated
+ by <classname>null_type</classname>, then
+ the "set" acts very similarly to the standard's sets - it does not
+ map each key to a distinct <classname>null_type</classname> object. Also,
+ , the container's <type>value_type</type> is essentially
+ its <type>key_type</type> - just as with the standard's sets
+ .</para>
+
+ <para>
+ The standard's multimaps and multisets allow, respectively,
+ non-uniquely mapping keys and non-uniquely storing keys. As
+ discussed, the
+ reasons why this might be necessary are 1) that a key might be
+ decomposed into a primary key and a secondary key, 2) that a
+ key might appear more than once, or 3) any arbitrary
+ combination of 1)s and 2)s. Correspondingly,
+ one should use 1) "maps" mapping primary keys to secondary
+ keys, 2) "maps" mapping keys to size types, or 3) any arbitrary
+ combination of 1)s and 2)s. Thus, for example, an
+ <classname>std::multiset<int></classname> might be used to store
+ multiple instances of integers, but using this library's
+ containers, one might use
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ tree<int, size_t>
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ i.e., a <classname>map</classname> of <type>int</type>s to
+ <type>size_t</type>s.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ These "multimaps" and "multisets" might be confusing to
+ anyone familiar with the standard's <classname>std::multimap</classname> and
+ <classname>std::multiset</classname>, because there is no clear
+ correspondence between the two. For example, in some cases
+ where one uses <classname>std::multiset</classname> in the standard, one might use
+ in this library a "multimap" of "multisets" - i.e., a
+ container that maps primary keys each to an associative
+ container that maps each secondary key to the number of times
+ it occurs.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ When one uses a "multimap," one should choose with care the
+ type of container used for secondary keys.
+ </para>
+ </section> <!-- map vs set -->
+
+
+ <section xml:id="concepts.associative_semantics.multi">
+ <info><title>Alternatives to <classname>std::multiset</classname> and <classname>std::multimap</classname></title></info>
+
+ <para>
+ Brace onself: this library does not contain containers like
+ <classname>std::multimap</classname> or
+ <classname>std::multiset</classname>. Instead, these data
+ structures can be synthesized via manipulation of the
+ <classname>Mapped</classname> template parameter.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ One maps the unique part of a key - the primary key, into an
+ associative-container of the (originally) non-unique parts of
+ the key - the secondary key. A primary associative-container
+ is an associative container of primary keys; a secondary
+ associative-container is an associative container of
+ secondary keys.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Stepping back a bit, and starting in from the beginning.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <para>
+ Maps (or sets) allow mapping (or storing) unique-key values.
+ The standard library also supplies associative containers which
+ map (or store) multiple values with equivalent keys:
+ <classname>std::multimap</classname>, <classname>std::multiset</classname>,
+ <classname>std::tr1::unordered_multimap</classname>, and
+ <classname>unordered_multiset</classname>. We first discuss how these might
+ be used, then why we think it is best to avoid them.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Suppose one builds a simple bank-account application that
+ records for each client (identified by an <classname>std::string</classname>)
+ and account-id (marked by an <type>unsigned long</type>) -
+ the balance in the account (described by a
+ <type>float</type>). Suppose further that ordering this
+ information is not useful, so a hash-based container is
+ preferable to a tree based container. Then one can use
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+ std::tr1::unordered_map<std::pair<std::string, unsigned long>, float, ...>
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ which hashes every combination of client and account-id. This
+ might work well, except for the fact that it is now impossible
+ to efficiently list all of the accounts of a specific client
+ (this would practically require iterating over all
+ entries). Instead, one can use
+ </para>
+
+ <programlisting>
+ std::tr1::unordered_multimap<std::pair<std::string, unsigned long>, float, ...>
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ which hashes every client, and decides equivalence based on
+ client only. This will ensure that all accounts belonging to a
+ specific user are stored consecutively.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Also, suppose one wants an integers' priority queue
+ (a container that supports <function>push</function>,
+ <function>pop</function>, and <function>top</function> operations, the last of which
+ returns the largest <type>int</type>) that also supports
+ operations such as <function>find</function> and <function>lower_bound</function>. A
+ reasonable solution is to build an adapter over
+ <classname>std::set<int></classname>. In this adapter,
+ <function>push</function> will just call the tree-based
+ associative container's <function>insert</function> method; <function>pop</function>
+ will call its <function>end</function> method, and use it to return the
+ preceding element (which must be the largest). Then this might
+ work well, except that the container object cannot hold
+ multiple instances of the same integer (<function>push(4)</function>,
+ will be a no-op if <constant>4</constant> is already in the
+ container object). If multiple keys are necessary, then one
+ might build the adapter over an
+ <classname>std::multiset<int></classname>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The standard library's non-unique-mapping containers are useful
+ when (1) a key can be decomposed in to a primary key and a
+ secondary key, (2) a key is needed multiple times, or (3) any
+ combination of (1) and (2).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The graphic below shows how the standard library's container
+ design works internally; in this figure nodes shaded equally
+ represent equivalent-key values. Equivalent keys are stored
+ consecutively using the properties of the underlying data
+ structure: binary search trees (label A) store equivalent-key
+ values consecutively (in the sense of an in-order walk)
+ naturally; collision-chaining hash tables (label B) store
+ equivalent-key values in the same bucket, the bucket can be
+ arranged so that equivalent-key values are consecutive.
+ </para>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>Non-unique Mapping Standard Containers</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_embedded_lists_1.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Non-unique Mapping Standard Containers</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <para>
+ Put differently, the standards' non-unique mapping
+ associative-containers are associative containers that map
+ primary keys to linked lists that are embedded into the
+ container. The graphic below shows again the two
+ containers from the first graphic above, this time with
+ the embedded linked lists of the grayed nodes marked
+ explicitly.
+ </para>
+
+ <figure xml:id="fig.pbds_embedded_lists_2">
+ <title>
+ Effect of embedded lists in
+ <classname>std::multimap</classname>
+ </title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_embedded_lists_2.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>
+ Effect of embedded lists in
+ <classname>std::multimap</classname>
+ </phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <para>
+ These embedded linked lists have several disadvantages.
+ </para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ The underlying data structure embeds the linked lists
+ according to its own consideration, which means that the
+ search path for a value might include several different
+ equivalent-key values. For example, the search path for the
+ the black node in either of the first graphic, labels A or B,
+ includes more than a single gray node.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ The links of the linked lists are the underlying data
+ structures' nodes, which typically are quite structured. In
+ the case of tree-based containers (the grapic above, label
+ B), each "link" is actually a node with three pointers (one
+ to a parent and two to children), and a
+ relatively-complicated iteration algorithm. The linked
+ lists, therefore, can take up quite a lot of memory, and
+ iterating over all values equal to a given key (through the
+ return value of the standard
+ library's <function>equal_range</function>) can be
+ expensive.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ The primary key is stored multiply; this uses more memory.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Finally, the interface of this design excludes several
+ useful underlying data structures. Of all the unordered
+ self-organizing data structures, practically only
+ collision-chaining hash tables can (efficiently) guarantee
+ that equivalent-key values are stored consecutively.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>
+ The above reasons hold even when the ratio of secondary keys to
+ primary keys (or average number of identical keys) is small, but
+ when it is large, there are more severe problems:
+ </para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ The underlying data structures order the links inside each
+ embedded linked-lists according to their internal
+ considerations, which effectively means that each of the
+ links is unordered. Irrespective of the underlying data
+ structure, searching for a specific value can degrade to
+ linear complexity.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Similarly to the above point, it is impossible to apply
+ to the secondary keys considerations that apply to primary
+ keys. For example, it is not possible to maintain secondary
+ keys by sorted order.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ While the interface "understands" that all equivalent-key
+ values constitute a distinct list (through
+ <function>equal_range</function>), the underlying data
+ structure typically does not. This means that operations such
+ as erasing from a tree-based container all values whose keys
+ are equivalent to a a given key can be super-linear in the
+ size of the tree; this is also true also for several other
+ operations that target a specific list.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>
+ In this library, all associative containers map
+ (or store) unique-key values. One can (1) map primary keys to
+ secondary associative-containers (containers of
+ secondary keys) or non-associative containers (2) map identical
+ keys to a size-type representing the number of times they
+ occur, or (3) any combination of (1) and (2). Instead of
+ allowing multiple equivalent-key values, this library
+ supplies associative containers based on underlying
+ data structures that are suitable as secondary
+ associative-containers.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In the figure below, labels A and B show the equivalent
+ underlying data structures in this library, as mapped to the
+ first graphic above. Labels A and B, respectively. Each shaded
+ box represents some size-type or secondary
+ associative-container.
+ </para>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>Non-unique Mapping Containers</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_embedded_lists_3.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Non-unique Mapping Containers</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <para>
+ In the first example above, then, one would use an associative
+ container mapping each user to an associative container which
+ maps each application id to a start time (see
+ <filename>example/basic_multimap.cc</filename>); in the second
+ example, one would use an associative container mapping
+ each <classname>int</classname> to some size-type indicating the
+ number of times it logically occurs
+ (see <filename>example/basic_multiset.cc</filename>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ See the discussion in list-based container types for containers
+ especially suited as secondary associative-containers.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ </section> <!-- map and set semantics -->
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.design.concepts.iterator_semantics">
+ <info><title>Iterator Semantics</title></info>
+
+ <section xml:id="concepts.iterator_semantics.point_and_range">
+ <info><title>Point and Range Iterators</title></info>
+
+ <para>
+ Iterator concepts are bifurcated in this design, and are
+ comprised of point-type and range-type iteration.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ A point-type iterator is an iterator that refers to a specific
+ element as returned through an
+ associative-container's <function>find</function> method.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ A range-type iterator is an iterator that is used to go over a
+ sequence of elements, as returned by a container's
+ <function>find</function> method.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ A point-type method is a method that
+ returns a point-type iterator; a range-type method is a method
+ that returns a range-type iterator.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>For most containers, these types are synonymous; for
+ self-organizing containers, such as hash-based containers or
+ priority queues, these are inherently different (in any
+ implementation, including that of C++ standard library
+ components), but in this design, it is made explicit. They are
+ distinct types.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+
+ <section xml:id="concepts.iterator_semantics.both">
+ <info><title>Distinguishing Point and Range Iterators</title></info>
+
+ <para>When using this library, is necessary to differentiate
+ between two types of methods and iterators: point-type methods and
+ iterators, and range-type methods and iterators. Each associative
+ container's interface includes the methods:</para>
+ <programlisting>
+ point_const_iterator
+ find(const_key_reference r_key) const;
+
+ point_iterator
+ find(const_key_reference r_key);
+
+ std::pair<point_iterator,bool>
+ insert(const_reference r_val);
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>The relationship between these iterator types varies between
+ container types. The figure below
+ shows the most general invariant between point-type and
+ range-type iterators: In <emphasis>A</emphasis> <literal>iterator</literal>, can
+ always be converted to <literal>point_iterator</literal>. In <emphasis>B</emphasis>
+ shows invariants for order-preserving containers: point-type
+ iterators are synonymous with range-type iterators.
+ Orthogonally, <emphasis>C</emphasis>shows invariants for "set"
+ containers: iterators are synonymous with const iterators.</para>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>Point Iterator Hierarchy</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_point_iterator_hierarchy.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Point Iterator Hierarchy</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+
+ <para>Note that point-type iterators in self-organizing containers
+ (hash-based associative containers) lack movement
+ operators, such as <literal>operator++</literal> - in fact, this
+ is the reason why this library differentiates from the standard C++ librarys
+ design on this point.</para>
+
+ <para>Typically, one can determine an iterator's movement
+ capabilities using
+ <literal>std::iterator_traits<It>iterator_category</literal>,
+ which is a <literal>struct</literal> indicating the iterator's
+ movement capabilities. Unfortunately, none of the standard predefined
+ categories reflect a pointer's <emphasis>not</emphasis> having any
+ movement capabilities whatsoever. Consequently,
+ <literal>pb_ds</literal> adds a type
+ <literal>trivial_iterator_tag</literal> (whose name is taken from
+ a concept in C++ standardese, which is the category of iterators
+ with no movement capabilities.) All other standard C++ library
+ tags, such as <literal>forward_iterator_tag</literal> retain their
+ common use.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.design.concepts.invalidation">
+ <info><title>Invalidation Guarantees</title></info>
+ <para>
+ If one manipulates a container object, then iterators previously
+ obtained from it can be invalidated. In some cases a
+ previously-obtained iterator cannot be de-referenced; in other cases,
+ the iterator's next or previous element might have changed
+ unpredictably. This corresponds exactly to the question whether a
+ point-type or range-type iterator (see previous concept) is valid or
+ not. In this design, one can query a container (in compile time) about
+ its invalidation guarantees.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <para>
+ Given three different types of associative containers, a modifying
+ operation (in that example, <function>erase</function>) invalidated
+ iterators in three different ways: the iterator of one container
+ remained completely valid - it could be de-referenced and
+ incremented; the iterator of a different container could not even be
+ de-referenced; the iterator of the third container could be
+ de-referenced, but its "next" iterator changed unpredictably.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Distinguishing between find and range types allows fine-grained
+ invalidation guarantees, because these questions correspond exactly
+ to the question of whether point-type iterators and range-type
+ iterators are valid. The graphic below shows tags corresponding to
+ different types of invalidation guarantees.
+ </para>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>Invalidation Guarantee Tags Hierarchy</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_invalidation_tag_hierarchy.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="50"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_invalidation_tag_hierarchy.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Invalidation Guarantee Tags Hierarchy</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <classname>basic_invalidation_guarantee</classname>
+ corresponds to a basic guarantee that a point-type iterator,
+ a found pointer, or a found reference, remains valid as long
+ as the container object is not modified.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <classname>point_invalidation_guarantee</classname>
+ corresponds to a guarantee that a point-type iterator, a
+ found pointer, or a found reference, remains valid even if
+ the container object is modified.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <classname>range_invalidation_guarantee</classname>
+ corresponds to a guarantee that a range-type iterator remains
+ valid even if the container object is modified.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>To find the invalidation guarantee of a
+ container, one can use</para>
+ <programlisting>
+ typename container_traits<Cntnr>::invalidation_guarantee
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>Note that this hierarchy corresponds to the logic it
+ represents: if a container has range-invalidation guarantees,
+ then it must also have find invalidation guarantees;
+ correspondingly, its invalidation guarantee (in this case
+ <classname>range_invalidation_guarantee</classname>)
+ can be cast to its base class (in this case <classname>point_invalidation_guarantee</classname>).
+ This means that this this hierarchy can be used easily using
+ standard metaprogramming techniques, by specializing on the
+ type of <literal>invalidation_guarantee</literal>.</para>
+
+ <para>
+ These types of problems were addressed, in a more general
+ setting, in <xref linkend="biblio.meyers96more"/> - Item 2. In
+ our opinion, an invalidation-guarantee hierarchy would solve
+ these problems in all container types - not just associative
+ containers.
+ </para>
+
+ </section>
+ </section> <!-- iterator semantics -->
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.design.concepts.genericity">
+ <info><title>Genericity</title></info>
+
+ <para>
+ The design attempts to address the following problem of
+ data-structure genericity. When writing a function manipulating
+ a generic container object, what is the behavior of the object?
+ Suppose one writes
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ template<typename Cntnr>
+ void
+ some_op_sequence(Cntnr &r_container)
+ {
+ ...
+ }
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ then one needs to address the following questions in the body
+ of <function>some_op_sequence</function>:
+ </para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Which types and methods does <literal>Cntnr</literal> support?
+ Containers based on hash tables can be queries for the
+ hash-functor type and object; this is meaningless for tree-based
+ containers. Containers based on trees can be split, joined, or
+ can erase iterators and return the following iterator; this
+ cannot be done by hash-based containers.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ What are the exception and invalidation guarantees
+ of <literal>Cntnr</literal>? A container based on a probing
+ hash-table invalidates all iterators when it is modified; this
+ is not the case for containers based on node-based
+ trees. Containers based on a node-based tree can be split or
+ joined without exceptions; this is not the case for containers
+ based on vector-based trees.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ How does the container maintain its elements? Tree-based and
+ Trie-based containers store elements by key order; others,
+ typically, do not. A container based on a splay trees or lists
+ with update policies "cache" "frequently accessed" elements;
+ containers based on most other underlying data structures do
+ not.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ How does one query a container about characteristics and
+ capabilities? What is the relationship between two different
+ data structures, if anything?
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>The remainder of this section explains these issues in
+ detail.</para>
+
+
+ <section xml:id="concepts.genericity.tag">
+ <info><title>Tag</title></info>
+ <para>
+ Tags are very useful for manipulating generic types. For example, if
+ <literal>It</literal> is an iterator class, then <literal>typename
+ It::iterator_category</literal> or <literal>typename
+ std::iterator_traits<It>::iterator_category</literal> will
+ yield its category, and <literal>typename
+ std::iterator_traits<It>::value_type</literal> will yield its
+ value type.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This library contains a container tag hierarchy corresponding to the
+ diagram below.
+ </para>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>Container Tag Hierarchy</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_container_tag_hierarchy.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="50"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_container_tag_hierarchy.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Container Tag Hierarchy</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <para>
+ Given any container <type>Cntnr</type>, the tag of
+ the underlying data structure can be found via <literal>typename
+ Cntnr::container_category</literal>.
+ </para>
+
+ </section> <!-- tag -->
+
+ <section xml:id="concepts.genericity.traits">
+ <info><title>Traits</title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <para>Additionally, a traits mechanism can be used to query a
+ container type for its attributes. Given any container
+ <literal>Cntnr</literal>, then <literal><Cntnr></literal>
+ is a traits class identifying the properties of the
+ container.</para>
+
+ <para>To find if a container can throw when a key is erased (which
+ is true for vector-based trees, for example), one can
+ use
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>container_traits<Cntnr>::erase_can_throw</programlisting>
+
+ <para>
+ Some of the definitions in <classname>container_traits</classname>
+ are dependent on other
+ definitions. If <classname>container_traits<Cntnr>::order_preserving</classname>
+ is <constant>true</constant> (which is the case for containers
+ based on trees and tries), then the container can be split or
+ joined; in this
+ case, <classname>container_traits<Cntnr>::split_join_can_throw</classname>
+ indicates whether splits or joins can throw exceptions (which is
+ true for vector-based trees);
+ otherwise <classname>container_traits<Cntnr>::split_join_can_throw</classname>
+ will yield a compilation error. (This is somewhat similar to a
+ compile-time version of the COM model).
+ </para>
+
+ </section> <!-- traits -->
+
+ </section> <!-- genericity -->
+ </section> <!-- concepts -->
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.design.container">
+ <info><title>By Container</title></info>
+
+ <!-- hash -->
+ <section xml:id="pbds.design.container.hash">
+ <info><title>hash</title></info>
+
+ <!--
+
+// hash policies
+/// general terms / background
+/// range hashing policies
+/// ranged-hash policies
+/// implementation
+
+// resize policies
+/// general
+/// size policies
+/// trigger policies
+/// implementation
+
+// policy interactions
+/// probe/size/trigger
+/// hash/trigger
+/// eq/hash/storing hash values
+/// size/load-check trigger
+ -->
+ <section xml:id="container.hash.interface">
+ <info><title>Interface</title></info>
+
+
+
+ <para>
+ The collision-chaining hash-based container has the
+ following declaration.</para>
+ <programlisting>
+ template<
+ typename Key,
+ typename Mapped,
+ typename Hash_Fn = std::hash<Key>,
+ typename Eq_Fn = std::equal_to<Key>,
+ typename Comb_Hash_Fn = direct_mask_range_hashing<>
+ typename Resize_Policy = default explained below.
+ bool Store_Hash = false,
+ typename Allocator = std::allocator<char> >
+ class cc_hash_table;
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>The parameters have the following meaning:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para><classname>Key</classname> is the key type.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para><classname>Mapped</classname> is the mapped-policy.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para><classname>Hash_Fn</classname> is a key hashing functor.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para><classname>Eq_Fn</classname> is a key equivalence functor.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para><classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname> is a range-hashing_functor;
+ it describes how to translate hash values into positions
+ within the table. </para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para><classname>Resize_Policy</classname> describes how a container object
+ should change its internal size. </para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para><classname>Store_Hash</classname> indicates whether the hash value
+ should be stored with each entry. </para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para><classname>Allocator</classname> is an allocator
+ type.</para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>The probing hash-based container has the following
+ declaration.</para>
+ <programlisting>
+ template<
+ typename Key,
+ typename Mapped,
+ typename Hash_Fn = std::hash<Key>,
+ typename Eq_Fn = std::equal_to<Key>,
+ typename Comb_Probe_Fn = direct_mask_range_hashing<>
+ typename Probe_Fn = default explained below.
+ typename Resize_Policy = default explained below.
+ bool Store_Hash = false,
+ typename Allocator = std::allocator<char> >
+ class gp_hash_table;
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>The parameters are identical to those of the
+ collision-chaining container, except for the following.</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para><classname>Comb_Probe_Fn</classname> describes how to transform a probe
+ sequence into a sequence of positions within the table.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para><classname>Probe_Fn</classname> describes a probe sequence policy.</para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>Some of the default template values depend on the values of
+ other parameters, and are explained below.</para>
+
+ </section>
+ <section xml:id="container.hash.details">
+ <info><title>Details</title></info>
+
+ <section xml:id="container.hash.details.hash_policies">
+ <info><title>Hash Policies</title></info>
+
+ <section xml:id="details.hash_policies.general">
+ <info><title>General</title></info>
+
+ <para>Following is an explanation of some functions which hashing
+ involves. The graphic below illustrates the discussion.</para>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>Hash functions, ranged-hash functions, and
+ range-hashing functions</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_hash_ranged_hash_range_hashing_fns.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Hash functions, ranged-hash functions, and
+ range-hashing functions</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <para>Let U be a domain (e.g., the integers, or the
+ strings of 3 characters). A hash-table algorithm needs to map
+ elements of U "uniformly" into the range [0,..., m -
+ 1] (where m is a non-negative integral value, and
+ is, in general, time varying). I.e., the algorithm needs
+ a ranged-hash function</para>
+
+ <para>
+ f : U × Z<subscript>+</subscript> → Z<subscript>+</subscript>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>such that for any u in U ,</para>
+
+ <para>0 ≤ f(u, m) ≤ m - 1</para>
+
+ <para>and which has "good uniformity" properties (say
+ <xref linkend="biblio.knuth98sorting"/>.)
+ One
+ common solution is to use the composition of the hash
+ function</para>
+
+ <para>h : U → Z<subscript>+</subscript> ,</para>
+
+ <para>which maps elements of U into the non-negative
+ integrals, and</para>
+
+ <para>g : Z<subscript>+</subscript> × Z<subscript>+</subscript> →
+ Z<subscript>+</subscript>,</para>
+
+ <para>which maps a non-negative hash value, and a non-negative
+ range upper-bound into a non-negative integral in the range
+ between 0 (inclusive) and the range upper bound (exclusive),
+ i.e., for any r in Z<subscript>+</subscript>,</para>
+
+ <para>0 ≤ g(r, m) ≤ m - 1</para>
+
+
+ <para>The resulting ranged-hash function, is</para>
+
+ <!-- ranged_hash_composed_of_hash_and_range_hashing -->
+ <equation>
+ <title>Ranged Hash Function</title>
+ <mathphrase>
+ f(u , m) = g(h(u), m)
+ </mathphrase>
+ </equation>
+
+ <para>From the above, it is obvious that given g and
+ h, f can always be composed (however the converse
+ is not true). The standard's hash-based containers allow specifying
+ a hash function, and use a hard-wired range-hashing function;
+ the ranged-hash function is implicitly composed.</para>
+
+ <para>The above describes the case where a key is to be mapped
+ into a single position within a hash table, e.g.,
+ in a collision-chaining table. In other cases, a key is to be
+ mapped into a sequence of positions within a table,
+ e.g., in a probing table. Similar terms apply in this
+ case: the table requires a ranged probe function,
+ mapping a key into a sequence of positions withing the table.
+ This is typically achieved by composing a hash function
+ mapping the key into a non-negative integral type, a
+ probe function transforming the hash value into a
+ sequence of hash values, and a range-hashing function
+ transforming the sequence of hash values into a sequence of
+ positions.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="details.hash_policies.range">
+ <info><title>Range Hashing</title></info>
+
+ <para>Some common choices for range-hashing functions are the
+ division, multiplication, and middle-square methods (<xref linkend="biblio.knuth98sorting"/>), defined
+ as</para>
+
+ <equation>
+ <title>Range-Hashing, Division Method</title>
+ <mathphrase>
+ g(r, m) = r mod m
+ </mathphrase>
+ </equation>
+
+
+
+ <para>g(r, m) = ⌈ u/v ( a r mod v ) ⌉</para>
+
+ <para>and</para>
+
+ <para>g(r, m) = ⌈ u/v ( r<superscript>2</superscript> mod v ) ⌉</para>
+
+ <para>respectively, for some positive integrals u and
+ v (typically powers of 2), and some a. Each of
+ these range-hashing functions works best for some different
+ setting.</para>
+
+ <para>The division method (see above) is a
+ very common choice. However, even this single method can be
+ implemented in two very different ways. It is possible to
+ implement using the low
+ level % (modulo) operation (for any m), or the
+ low level & (bit-mask) operation (for the case where
+ m is a power of 2), i.e.,</para>
+
+ <equation>
+ <title>Division via Prime Modulo</title>
+ <mathphrase>
+ g(r, m) = r % m
+ </mathphrase>
+ </equation>
+
+ <para>and</para>
+
+ <equation>
+ <title>Division via Bit Mask</title>
+ <mathphrase>
+ g(r, m) = r & m - 1, (with m =
+ 2<superscript>k</superscript> for some k)
+ </mathphrase>
+ </equation>
+
+
+ <para>respectively.</para>
+
+ <para>The % (modulo) implementation has the advantage that for
+ m a prime far from a power of 2, g(r, m) is
+ affected by all the bits of r (minimizing the chance of
+ collision). It has the disadvantage of using the costly modulo
+ operation. This method is hard-wired into SGI's implementation
+ .</para>
+
+ <para>The & (bit-mask) implementation has the advantage of
+ relying on the fast bit-wise and operation. It has the
+ disadvantage that for g(r, m) is affected only by the
+ low order bits of r. This method is hard-wired into
+ Dinkumware's implementation.</para>
+
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="details.hash_policies.ranged">
+ <info><title>Ranged Hash</title></info>
+
+ <para>In cases it is beneficial to allow the
+ client to directly specify a ranged-hash hash function. It is
+ true, that the writer of the ranged-hash function cannot rely
+ on the values of m having specific numerical properties
+ suitable for hashing (in the sense used in <xref linkend="biblio.knuth98sorting"/>), since
+ the values of m are determined by a resize policy with
+ possibly orthogonal considerations.</para>
+
+ <para>There are two cases where a ranged-hash function can be
+ superior. The firs is when using perfect hashing: the
+ second is when the values of m can be used to estimate
+ the "general" number of distinct values required. This is
+ described in the following.</para>
+
+ <para>Let</para>
+
+ <para>
+ s = [ s<subscript>0</subscript>,..., s<subscript>t - 1</subscript>]
+ </para>
+
+ <para>be a string of t characters, each of which is from
+ domain S. Consider the following ranged-hash
+ function:</para>
+ <equation>
+ <title>
+ A Standard String Hash Function
+ </title>
+ <mathphrase>
+ f<subscript>1</subscript>(s, m) = ∑ <subscript>i =
+ 0</subscript><superscript>t - 1</superscript> s<subscript>i</subscript> a<superscript>i</superscript> mod m
+ </mathphrase>
+ </equation>
+
+
+ <para>where a is some non-negative integral value. This is
+ the standard string-hashing function used in SGI's
+ implementation (with a = 5). Its advantage is that
+ it takes into account all of the characters of the string.</para>
+
+ <para>Now assume that s is the string representation of a
+ of a long DNA sequence (and so S = {'A', 'C', 'G',
+ 'T'}). In this case, scanning the entire string might be
+ prohibitively expensive. A possible alternative might be to use
+ only the first k characters of the string, where</para>
+
+ <para>|S|<superscript>k</superscript> ≥ m ,</para>
+
+ <para>i.e., using the hash function</para>
+
+ <equation>
+ <title>
+ Only k String DNA Hash
+ </title>
+ <mathphrase>
+ f<subscript>2</subscript>(s, m) = ∑ <subscript>i
+ = 0</subscript><superscript>k - 1</superscript> s<subscript>i</subscript> a<superscript>i</superscript> mod m
+ </mathphrase>
+ </equation>
+
+ <para>requiring scanning over only</para>
+
+ <para>k = log<subscript>4</subscript>( m )</para>
+
+ <para>characters.</para>
+
+ <para>Other more elaborate hash-functions might scan k
+ characters starting at a random position (determined at each
+ resize), or scanning k random positions (determined at
+ each resize), i.e., using</para>
+
+ <para>f<subscript>3</subscript>(s, m) = ∑ <subscript>i =
+ r</subscript>0<superscript>r<subscript>0</subscript> + k - 1</superscript> s<subscript>i</subscript>
+ a<superscript>i</superscript> mod m ,</para>
+
+ <para>or</para>
+
+ <para>f<subscript>4</subscript>(s, m) = ∑ <subscript>i = 0</subscript><superscript>k -
+ 1</superscript> s<subscript>r</subscript>i a<superscript>r<subscript>i</subscript></superscript> mod
+ m ,</para>
+
+ <para>respectively, for r<subscript>0</subscript>,..., r<subscript>k-1</subscript>
+ each in the (inclusive) range [0,...,t-1].</para>
+
+ <para>It should be noted that the above functions cannot be
+ decomposed as per a ranged hash composed of hash and range hashing.</para>
+
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="details.hash_policies.implementation">
+ <info><title>Implementation</title></info>
+
+ <para>This sub-subsection describes the implementation of
+ the above in this library. It first explains range-hashing
+ functions in collision-chaining tables, then ranged-hash
+ functions in collision-chaining tables, then probing-based
+ tables, and finally lists the relevant classes in this
+ library.</para>
+
+ <section xml:id="hash_policies.implementation.collision-chaining">
+ <info><title>
+ Range-Hashing and Ranged-Hashes in Collision-Chaining Tables
+ </title></info>
+
+
+ <para><classname>cc_hash_table</classname> is
+ parametrized by <classname>Hash_Fn</classname> and <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>, a
+ hash functor and a combining hash functor, respectively.</para>
+
+ <para>In general, <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname> is considered a
+ range-hashing functor. <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ synthesizes a ranged-hash function from <classname>Hash_Fn</classname> and
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>. The figure below shows an <classname>insert</classname> sequence
+ diagram for this case. The user inserts an element (point A),
+ the container transforms the key into a non-negative integral
+ using the hash functor (points B and C), and transforms the
+ result into a position using the combining functor (points D
+ and E).</para>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>Insert hash sequence diagram</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_hash_range_hashing_seq_diagram.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Insert hash sequence diagram</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <para>If <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>'s
+ hash-functor, <classname>Hash_Fn</classname> is instantiated by <classname>null_type</classname> , then <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname> is taken to be
+ a ranged-hash function. The graphic below shows an <function>insert</function> sequence
+ diagram. The user inserts an element (point A), the container
+ transforms the key into a position using the combining functor
+ (points B and C).</para>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>Insert hash sequence diagram with a null policy</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_hash_range_hashing_seq_diagram2.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Insert hash sequence diagram with a null policy</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="hash_policies.implementation.probe">
+ <info><title>
+ Probing tables
+ </title></info>
+ <para><classname>gp_hash_table</classname> is parametrized by
+ <classname>Hash_Fn</classname>, <classname>Probe_Fn</classname>,
+ and <classname>Comb_Probe_Fn</classname>. As before, if
+ <classname>Hash_Fn</classname> and <classname>Probe_Fn</classname>
+ are both <classname>null_type</classname>, then
+ <classname>Comb_Probe_Fn</classname> is a ranged-probe
+ functor. Otherwise, <classname>Hash_Fn</classname> is a hash
+ functor, <classname>Probe_Fn</classname> is a functor for offsets
+ from a hash value, and <classname>Comb_Probe_Fn</classname>
+ transforms a probe sequence into a sequence of positions within
+ the table.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="hash_policies.implementation.predefined">
+ <info><title>
+ Pre-Defined Policies
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>This library contains some pre-defined classes
+ implementing range-hashing and probing functions:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para><classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ and <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
+ are range-hashing functions based on a bit-mask and a modulo
+ operation, respectively.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para><classname>linear_probe_fn</classname>, and
+ <classname>quadratic_probe_fn</classname> are
+ a linear probe and a quadratic probe function,
+ respectively.</para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>
+ The graphic below shows the relationships.
+ </para>
+ <figure>
+ <title>Hash policy class diagram</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_hash_policy_cd.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Hash policy class diagram</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+
+ </section>
+
+ </section> <!-- impl -->
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="container.hash.details.resize_policies">
+ <info><title>Resize Policies</title></info>
+
+ <section xml:id="resize_policies.general">
+ <info><title>General</title></info>
+
+ <para>Hash-tables, as opposed to trees, do not naturally grow or
+ shrink. It is necessary to specify policies to determine how
+ and when a hash table should change its size. Usually, resize
+ policies can be decomposed into orthogonal policies:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para>A size policy indicating how a hash table
+ should grow (e.g., it should multiply by powers of
+ 2).</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>A trigger policy indicating when a hash
+ table should grow (e.g., a load factor is
+ exceeded).</para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="resize_policies.size">
+ <info><title>Size Policies</title></info>
+
+
+ <para>Size policies determine how a hash table changes size. These
+ policies are simple, and there are relatively few sensible
+ options. An exponential-size policy (with the initial size and
+ growth factors both powers of 2) works well with a mask-based
+ range-hashing function, and is the
+ hard-wired policy used by Dinkumware. A
+ prime-list based policy works well with a modulo-prime range
+ hashing function and is the hard-wired policy used by SGI's
+ implementation.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="resize_policies.trigger">
+ <info><title>Trigger Policies</title></info>
+
+ <para>Trigger policies determine when a hash table changes size.
+ Following is a description of two policies: load-check
+ policies, and collision-check policies.</para>
+
+ <para>Load-check policies are straightforward. The user specifies
+ two factors, Α<subscript>min</subscript> and
+ Α<subscript>max</subscript>, and the hash table maintains the
+ invariant that</para>
+
+ <para>Α<subscript>min</subscript> ≤ (number of
+ stored elements) / (hash-table size) ≤
+ Α<subscript>max</subscript><remark>load factor min max</remark></para>
+
+ <para>Collision-check policies work in the opposite direction of
+ load-check policies. They focus on keeping the number of
+ collisions moderate and hoping that the size of the table will
+ not grow very large, instead of keeping a moderate load-factor
+ and hoping that the number of collisions will be small. A
+ maximal collision-check policy resizes when the longest
+ probe-sequence grows too large.</para>
+
+ <para>Consider the graphic below. Let the size of the hash table
+ be denoted by m, the length of a probe sequence be denoted by k,
+ and some load factor be denoted by Α. We would like to
+ calculate the minimal length of k, such that if there were Α
+ m elements in the hash table, a probe sequence of length k would
+ be found with probability at most 1/m.</para>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>Balls and bins</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_balls_and_bins.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Balls and bins</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <para>Denote the probability that a probe sequence of length
+ k appears in bin i by p<subscript>i</subscript>, the
+ length of the probe sequence of bin i by
+ l<subscript>i</subscript>, and assume uniform distribution. Then</para>
+
+
+
+ <equation>
+ <title>
+ Probability of Probe Sequence of Length k
+ </title>
+ <mathphrase>
+ p<subscript>1</subscript> =
+ </mathphrase>
+ </equation>
+
+ <para>P(l<subscript>1</subscript> ≥ k) =</para>
+
+ <para>
+ P(l<subscript>1</subscript> ≥ α ( 1 + k / α - 1) ≤ (a)
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ e ^ ( - ( α ( k / α - 1 )<superscript>2</superscript> ) /2)
+ </para>
+
+ <para>where (a) follows from the Chernoff bound (<xref linkend="biblio.motwani95random"/>). To
+ calculate the probability that some bin contains a probe
+ sequence greater than k, we note that the
+ l<subscript>i</subscript> are negatively-dependent
+ (<xref linkend="biblio.dubhashi98neg"/>)
+ . Let
+ I(.) denote the indicator function. Then</para>
+
+ <equation>
+ <title>
+ Probability Probe Sequence in Some Bin
+ </title>
+ <mathphrase>
+ P( exists<subscript>i</subscript> l<subscript>i</subscript> ≥ k ) =
+ </mathphrase>
+ </equation>
+
+ <para>P ( ∑ <subscript>i = 1</subscript><superscript>m</superscript>
+ I(l<subscript>i</subscript> ≥ k) ≥ 1 ) =</para>
+
+ <para>P ( ∑ <subscript>i = 1</subscript><superscript>m</superscript> I (
+ l<subscript>i</subscript> ≥ k ) ≥ m p<subscript>1</subscript> ( 1 + 1 / (m
+ p<subscript>1</subscript>) - 1 ) ) ≤ (a)</para>
+
+ <para>e ^ ( ( - m p<subscript>1</subscript> ( 1 / (m p<subscript>1</subscript>)
+ - 1 ) <superscript>2</superscript> ) / 2 ) ,</para>
+
+ <para>where (a) follows from the fact that the Chernoff bound can
+ be applied to negatively-dependent variables (<xref
+ linkend="biblio.dubhashi98neg"/>). Inserting the first probability
+ equation into the second one, and equating with 1/m, we
+ obtain</para>
+
+
+ <para>k ~ √ ( 2 α ln 2 m ln(m) )
+ ) .</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="resize_policies.impl">
+ <info><title>Implementation</title></info>
+
+ <para>This sub-subsection describes the implementation of the
+ above in this library. It first describes resize policies and
+ their decomposition into trigger and size policies, then
+ describes pre-defined classes, and finally discusses controlled
+ access the policies' internals.</para>
+
+ <section xml:id="resize_policies.impl.decomposition">
+ <info><title>Decomposition</title></info>
+
+
+ <para>Each hash-based container is parametrized by a
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname> parameter; the container derives
+ <classname>public</classname>ly from <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>. For
+ example:</para>
+ <programlisting>
+ cc_hash_table<typename Key,
+ typename Mapped,
+ ...
+ typename Resize_Policy
+ ...> : public Resize_Policy
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>As a container object is modified, it continuously notifies
+ its <classname>Resize_Policy</classname> base of internal changes
+ (e.g., collisions encountered and elements being
+ inserted). It queries its <classname>Resize_Policy</classname> base whether
+ it needs to be resized, and if so, to what size.</para>
+
+ <para>The graphic below shows a (possible) sequence diagram
+ of an insert operation. The user inserts an element; the hash
+ table notifies its resize policy that a search has started
+ (point A); in this case, a single collision is encountered -
+ the table notifies its resize policy of this (point B); the
+ container finally notifies its resize policy that the search
+ has ended (point C); it then queries its resize policy whether
+ a resize is needed, and if so, what is the new size (points D
+ to G); following the resize, it notifies the policy that a
+ resize has completed (point H); finally, the element is
+ inserted, and the policy notified (point I).</para>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>Insert resize sequence diagram</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_insert_resize_sequence_diagram1.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Insert resize sequence diagram</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+
+ <para>In practice, a resize policy can be usually orthogonally
+ decomposed to a size policy and a trigger policy. Consequently,
+ the library contains a single class for instantiating a resize
+ policy: <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ is parametrized by <classname>Size_Policy</classname> and
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>, derives <classname>public</classname>ly from
+ both, and acts as a standard delegate (<xref linkend="biblio.gof"/>)
+ to these policies.</para>
+
+ <para>The two graphics immediately below show sequence diagrams
+ illustrating the interaction between the standard resize policy
+ and its trigger and size policies, respectively.</para>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>Standard resize policy trigger sequence
+ diagram</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_insert_resize_sequence_diagram2.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Standard resize policy trigger sequence
+ diagram</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>Standard resize policy size sequence
+ diagram</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_insert_resize_sequence_diagram3.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Standard resize policy size sequence
+ diagram</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="resize_policies.impl.predefined">
+ <info><title>Predefined Policies</title></info>
+ <para>The library includes the following
+ instantiations of size and trigger policies:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para><classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname>
+ implements a load check trigger policy.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para><classname>cc_hash_max_collision_check_resize_trigger</classname>
+ implements a collision check trigger policy.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para><classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ implements an exponential-size policy (which should be used
+ with mask range hashing).</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para><classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
+ implementing a size policy based on a sequence of primes
+ (which should
+ be used with mod range hashing</para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>The graphic below gives an overall picture of the resize-related
+ classes. <classname>basic_hash_table</classname>
+ is parametrized by <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>, which it subclasses
+ publicly. This class is currently instantiated only by <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>.
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ itself is parametrized by <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname> and
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>. Currently, <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname> is
+ instantiated by <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname>,
+ or <classname>cc_hash_max_collision_check_resize_trigger</classname>;
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname> is instantiated by <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>,
+ or <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="resize_policies.impl.internals">
+ <info><title>Controling Access to Internals</title></info>
+
+ <para>There are cases where (controlled) access to resize
+ policies' internals is beneficial. E.g., it is sometimes
+ useful to query a hash-table for the table's actual size (as
+ opposed to its <function>size()</function> - the number of values it
+ currently holds); it is sometimes useful to set a table's
+ initial size, externally resize it, or change load factors.</para>
+
+ <para>Clearly, supporting such methods both decreases the
+ encapsulation of hash-based containers, and increases the
+ diversity between different associative-containers' interfaces.
+ Conversely, omitting such methods can decrease containers'
+ flexibility.</para>
+
+ <para>In order to avoid, to the extent possible, the above
+ conflict, the hash-based containers themselves do not address
+ any of these questions; this is deferred to the resize policies,
+ which are easier to change or replace. Thus, for example,
+ neither <classname>cc_hash_table</classname> nor
+ <classname>gp_hash_table</classname>
+ contain methods for querying the actual size of the table; this
+ is deferred to <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>.</para>
+
+ <para>Furthermore, the policies themselves are parametrized by
+ template arguments that determine the methods they support
+ (
+ <xref linkend="biblio.alexandrescu01modern"/>
+ shows techniques for doing so). <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ is parametrized by <classname>External_Size_Access</classname> that
+ determines whether it supports methods for querying the actual
+ size of the table or resizing it. <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname>
+ is parametrized by <classname>External_Load_Access</classname> that
+ determines whether it supports methods for querying or
+ modifying the loads. <classname>cc_hash_max_collision_check_resize_trigger</classname>
+ is parametrized by <classname>External_Load_Access</classname> that
+ determines whether it supports methods for querying the
+ load.</para>
+
+ <para>Some operations, for example, resizing a container at
+ run time, or changing the load factors of a load-check trigger
+ policy, require the container itself to resize. As mentioned
+ above, the hash-based containers themselves do not contain
+ these types of methods, only their resize policies.
+ Consequently, there must be some mechanism for a resize policy
+ to manipulate the hash-based container. As the hash-based
+ container is a subclass of the resize policy, this is done
+ through virtual methods. Each hash-based container has a
+ <classname>private</classname> <classname>virtual</classname> method:</para>
+ <programlisting>
+ virtual void
+ do_resize
+ (size_type new_size);
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>which resizes the container. Implementations of
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname> can export public methods for resizing
+ the container externally; these methods internally call
+ <classname>do_resize</classname> to resize the table.</para>
+
+
+ </section>
+
+ </section>
+
+
+ </section> <!-- resize policies -->
+
+ <section xml:id="container.hash.details.policy_interaction">
+ <info><title>Policy Interactions</title></info>
+ <para>
+ </para>
+ <para>Hash-tables are unfortunately especially susceptible to
+ choice of policies. One of the more complicated aspects of this
+ is that poor combinations of good policies can form a poor
+ container. Following are some considerations.</para>
+
+ <section xml:id="policy_interaction.probesizetrigger">
+ <info><title>probe/size/trigger</title></info>
+
+ <para>Some combinations do not work well for probing containers.
+ For example, combining a quadratic probe policy with an
+ exponential size policy can yield a poor container: when an
+ element is inserted, a trigger policy might decide that there
+ is no need to resize, as the table still contains unused
+ entries; the probe sequence, however, might never reach any of
+ the unused entries.</para>
+
+ <para>Unfortunately, this library cannot detect such problems at
+ compilation (they are halting reducible). It therefore defines
+ an exception class <classname>insert_error</classname> to throw an
+ exception in this case.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="policy_interaction.hashtrigger">
+ <info><title>hash/trigger</title></info>
+
+ <para>Some trigger policies are especially susceptible to poor
+ hash functions. Suppose, as an extreme case, that the hash
+ function transforms each key to the same hash value. After some
+ inserts, a collision detecting policy will always indicate that
+ the container needs to grow.</para>
+
+ <para>The library, therefore, by design, limits each operation to
+ one resize. For each <classname>insert</classname>, for example, it queries
+ only once whether a resize is needed.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="policy_interaction.eqstorehash">
+ <info><title>equivalence functors/storing hash values/hash</title></info>
+
+ <para><classname>cc_hash_table</classname> and
+ <classname>gp_hash_table</classname> are
+ parametrized by an equivalence functor and by a
+ <classname>Store_Hash</classname> parameter. If the latter parameter is
+ <classname>true</classname>, then the container stores with each entry
+ a hash value, and uses this value in case of collisions to
+ determine whether to apply a hash value. This can lower the
+ cost of collision for some types, but increase the cost of
+ collisions for other types.</para>
+
+ <para>If a ranged-hash function or ranged probe function is
+ directly supplied, however, then it makes no sense to store the
+ hash value with each entry. This library's container will
+ fail at compilation, by design, if this is attempted.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="policy_interaction.sizeloadtrigger">
+ <info><title>size/load-check trigger</title></info>
+
+ <para>Assume a size policy issues an increasing sequence of sizes
+ a, a q, a q<superscript>1</superscript>, a q<superscript>2</superscript>, ... For
+ example, an exponential size policy might issue the sequence of
+ sizes 8, 16, 32, 64, ...</para>
+
+ <para>If a load-check trigger policy is used, with loads
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> and α<subscript>max</subscript>,
+ respectively, then it is a good idea to have:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para>α<subscript>max</subscript> ~ 1 / q</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>α<subscript>min</subscript> < 1 / (2 q)</para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>This will ensure that the amortized hash cost of each
+ modifying operation is at most approximately 3.</para>
+
+ <para>α<subscript>min</subscript> ~ α<subscript>max</subscript> is, in
+ any case, a bad choice, and α<subscript>min</subscript> >
+ α <subscript>max</subscript> is horrendous.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ </section>
+
+ </section> <!-- details -->
+
+ </section> <!-- hash -->
+
+ <!-- tree -->
+ <section xml:id="pbds.design.container.tree">
+ <info><title>tree</title></info>
+
+ <section xml:id="container.tree.interface">
+ <info><title>Interface</title></info>
+
+ <para>The tree-based container has the following declaration:</para>
+ <programlisting>
+ template<
+ typename Key,
+ typename Mapped,
+ typename Cmp_Fn = std::less<Key>,
+ typename Tag = rb_tree_tag,
+ template<
+ typename Const_Node_Iterator,
+ typename Node_Iterator,
+ typename Cmp_Fn_,
+ typename Allocator_>
+ class Node_Update = null_node_update,
+ typename Allocator = std::allocator<char> >
+ class tree;
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>The parameters have the following meaning:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><classname>Key</classname> is the key type.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para><classname>Mapped</classname> is the mapped-policy.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para><classname>Cmp_Fn</classname> is a key comparison functor</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para><classname>Tag</classname> specifies which underlying data structure
+ to use.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para><classname>Node_Update</classname> is a policy for updating node
+ invariants.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para><classname>Allocator</classname> is an allocator
+ type.</para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>The <classname>Tag</classname> parameter specifies which underlying
+ data structure to use. Instantiating it by <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>, <classname>splay_tree_tag</classname>, or
+ <classname>ov_tree_tag</classname>,
+ specifies an underlying red-black tree, splay tree, or
+ ordered-vector tree, respectively; any other tag is illegal.
+ Note that containers based on the former two contain more types
+ and methods than the latter (e.g.,
+ <classname>reverse_iterator</classname> and <classname>rbegin</classname>), and different
+ exception and invalidation guarantees.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="container.tree.details">
+ <info><title>Details</title></info>
+
+ <section xml:id="container.tree.node">
+ <info><title>Node Invariants</title></info>
+
+
+ <para>Consider the two trees in the graphic below, labels A and B. The first
+ is a tree of floats; the second is a tree of pairs, each
+ signifying a geometric line interval. Each element in a tree is refered to as a node of the tree. Of course, each of
+ these trees can support the usual queries: the first can easily
+ search for <classname>0.4</classname>; the second can easily search for
+ <classname>std::make_pair(10, 41)</classname>.</para>
+
+ <para>Each of these trees can efficiently support other queries.
+ The first can efficiently determine that the 2rd key in the
+ tree is <constant>0.3</constant>; the second can efficiently determine
+ whether any of its intervals overlaps
+ <programlisting>std::make_pair(29,42)</programlisting> (useful in geometric
+ applications or distributed file systems with leases, for
+ example). It should be noted that an <classname>std::set</classname> can
+ only solve these types of problems with linear complexity.</para>
+
+ <para>In order to do so, each tree stores some metadata in
+ each node, and maintains node invariants (see <xref linkend="biblio.clrs2001"/>.) The first stores in
+ each node the size of the sub-tree rooted at the node; the
+ second stores at each node the maximal endpoint of the
+ intervals at the sub-tree rooted at the node.</para>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>Tree node invariants</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_tree_node_invariants.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Tree node invariants</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <para>Supporting such trees is difficult for a number of
+ reasons:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para>There must be a way to specify what a node's metadata
+ should be (if any).</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>Various operations can invalidate node
+ invariants. The graphic below shows how a right rotation,
+ performed on A, results in B, with nodes x and y having
+ corrupted invariants (the grayed nodes in C). The graphic shows
+ how an insert, performed on D, results in E, with nodes x and y
+ having corrupted invariants (the grayed nodes in F). It is not
+ feasible to know outside the tree the effect of an operation on
+ the nodes of the tree.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>The search paths of standard associative containers are
+ defined by comparisons between keys, and not through
+ metadata.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>It is not feasible to know in advance which methods trees
+ can support. Besides the usual <classname>find</classname> method, the
+ first tree can support a <classname>find_by_order</classname> method, while
+ the second can support an <classname>overlaps</classname> method.</para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>Tree node invalidation</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_tree_node_invalidations.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Tree node invalidation</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <para>These problems are solved by a combination of two means:
+ node iterators, and template-template node updater
+ parameters.</para>
+
+ <section xml:id="container.tree.node.iterators">
+ <info><title>Node Iterators</title></info>
+
+
+ <para>Each tree-based container defines two additional iterator
+ types, <classname>const_node_iterator</classname>
+ and <classname>node_iterator</classname>.
+ These iterators allow descending from a node to one of its
+ children. Node iterator allow search paths different than those
+ determined by the comparison functor. The <classname>tree</classname>
+ supports the methods:</para>
+ <programlisting>
+ const_node_iterator
+ node_begin() const;
+
+ node_iterator
+ node_begin();
+
+ const_node_iterator
+ node_end() const;
+
+ node_iterator
+ node_end();
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>The first pairs return node iterators corresponding to the
+ root node of the tree; the latter pair returns node iterators
+ corresponding to a just-after-leaf node.</para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="container.tree.node.updator">
+ <info><title>Node Updator</title></info>
+
+ <para>The tree-based containers are parametrized by a
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname> template-template parameter. A
+ tree-based container instantiates
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname> to some
+ <classname>node_update</classname> class, and publicly subclasses
+ <classname>node_update</classname>. The graphic below shows this
+ scheme, as well as some predefined policies (which are explained
+ below).</para>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>A tree and its update policy</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_tree_node_updator_policy_cd.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>A tree and its update policy</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <para><classname>node_update</classname> (an instantiation of
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>) must define <classname>metadata_type</classname> as
+ the type of metadata it requires. For order statistics,
+ e.g., <classname>metadata_type</classname> might be <classname>size_t</classname>.
+ The tree defines within each node a <classname>metadata_type</classname>
+ object.</para>
+
+ <para><classname>node_update</classname> must also define the following method
+ for restoring node invariants:</para>
+ <programlisting>
+ void
+ operator()(node_iterator nd_it, const_node_iterator end_nd_it)
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>In this method, <varname>nd_it</varname> is a
+ <classname>node_iterator</classname> corresponding to a node whose
+ A) all descendants have valid invariants, and B) its own
+ invariants might be violated; <classname>end_nd_it</classname> is
+ a <classname>const_node_iterator</classname> corresponding to a
+ just-after-leaf node. This method should correct the node
+ invariants of the node pointed to by
+ <classname>nd_it</classname>. For example, say node x in the
+ graphic below label A has an invalid invariant, but its' children,
+ y and z have valid invariants. After the invocation, all three
+ nodes should have valid invariants, as in label B.</para>
+
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>Restoring node invariants</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_restoring_node_invariants.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Restoring node invariants</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <para>When a tree operation might invalidate some node invariant,
+ it invokes this method in its <classname>node_update</classname> base to
+ restore the invariant. For example, the graphic below shows
+ an <function>insert</function> operation (point A); the tree performs some
+ operations, and calls the update functor three times (points B,
+ C, and D). (It is well known that any <function>insert</function>,
+ <function>erase</function>, <function>split</function> or <function>join</function>, can restore
+ all node invariants by a small number of node invariant updates (<xref linkend="biblio.clrs2001"/>)
+ .</para>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>Insert update sequence</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_update_seq_diagram.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Insert update sequence</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <para>To complete the description of the scheme, three questions
+ need to be answered:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para>How can a tree which supports order statistics define a
+ method such as <classname>find_by_order</classname>?</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>How can the node updater base access methods of the
+ tree?</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>How can the following cyclic dependency be resolved?
+ <classname>node_update</classname> is a base class of the tree, yet it
+ uses node iterators defined in the tree (its child).</para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>The first two questions are answered by the fact that
+ <classname>node_update</classname> (an instantiation of
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>) is a <emphasis>public</emphasis> base class
+ of the tree. Consequently:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para>Any public methods of
+ <classname>node_update</classname> are automatically methods of
+ the tree (<xref linkend="biblio.alexandrescu01modern"/>).
+ Thus an order-statistics node updater,
+ <classname>tree_order_statistics_node_update</classname> defines
+ the <function>find_by_order</function> method; any tree
+ instantiated by this policy consequently supports this method as
+ well.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>In C++, if a base class declares a method as
+ <literal>virtual</literal>, it is
+ <literal>virtual</literal> in its subclasses. If
+ <classname>node_update</classname> needs to access one of the
+ tree's methods, say the member function
+ <function>end</function>, it simply declares that method as
+ <literal>virtual</literal> abstract.</para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>The cyclic dependency is solved through template-template
+ parameters. <classname>Node_Update</classname> is parametrized by
+ the tree's node iterators, its comparison functor, and its
+ allocator type. Thus, instantiations of
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname> have all information
+ required.</para>
+
+ <para>This library assumes that constructing a metadata object and
+ modifying it are exception free. Suppose that during some method,
+ say <classname>insert</classname>, a metadata-related operation
+ (e.g., changing the value of a metadata) throws an exception. Ack!
+ Rolling back the method is unusually complex.</para>
+
+ <para>Previously, a distinction was made between redundant
+ policies and null policies. Node invariants show a
+ case where null policies are required.</para>
+
+ <para>Assume a regular tree is required, one which need not
+ support order statistics or interval overlap queries.
+ Seemingly, in this case a redundant policy - a policy which
+ doesn't affect nodes' contents would suffice. This, would lead
+ to the following drawbacks:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para>Each node would carry a useless metadata object, wasting
+ space.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>The tree cannot know if its
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname> policy actually modifies a
+ node's metadata (this is halting reducible). In the graphic
+ below, assume the shaded node is inserted. The tree would have
+ to traverse the useless path shown to the root, applying
+ redundant updates all the way.</para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ <figure>
+ <title>Useless update path</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_rationale_null_node_updator.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Useless update path</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+
+ <para>A null policy class, <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ solves both these problems. The tree detects that node
+ invariants are irrelevant, and defines all accordingly.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="container.tree.details.split">
+ <info><title>Split and Join</title></info>
+
+ <para>Tree-based containers support split and join methods.
+ It is possible to split a tree so that it passes
+ all nodes with keys larger than a given key to a different
+ tree. These methods have the following advantages over the
+ alternative of externally inserting to the destination
+ tree and erasing from the source tree:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para>These methods are efficient - red-black trees are split
+ and joined in poly-logarithmic complexity; ordered-vector
+ trees are split and joined at linear complexity. The
+ alternatives have super-linear complexity.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>Aside from orders of growth, these operations perform
+ few allocations and de-allocations. For red-black trees, allocations are not performed,
+ and the methods are exception-free. </para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </section>
+
+ </section> <!-- details -->
+
+ </section> <!-- tree -->
+
+ <!-- trie -->
+ <section xml:id="pbds.design.container.trie">
+ <info><title>Trie</title></info>
+
+ <section xml:id="container.trie.interface">
+ <info><title>Interface</title></info>
+
+ <para>The trie-based container has the following declaration:</para>
+ <programlisting>
+ template<typename Key,
+ typename Mapped,
+ typename Cmp_Fn = std::less<Key>,
+ typename Tag = pat_trie_tag,
+ template<typename Const_Node_Iterator,
+ typename Node_Iterator,
+ typename E_Access_Traits_,
+ typename Allocator_>
+ class Node_Update = null_node_update,
+ typename Allocator = std::allocator<char> >
+ class trie;
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>The parameters have the following meaning:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para><classname>Key</classname> is the key type.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para><classname>Mapped</classname> is the mapped-policy.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para><classname>E_Access_Traits</classname> is described in below.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para><classname>Tag</classname> specifies which underlying data structure
+ to use, and is described shortly.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para><classname>Node_Update</classname> is a policy for updating node
+ invariants. This is described below.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para><classname>Allocator</classname> is an allocator
+ type.</para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>The <classname>Tag</classname> parameter specifies which underlying
+ data structure to use. Instantiating it by <classname>pat_trie_tag</classname>, specifies an
+ underlying PATRICIA trie (explained shortly); any other tag is
+ currently illegal.</para>
+
+ <para>Following is a description of a (PATRICIA) trie
+ (this implementation follows <xref linkend="biblio.okasaki98mereable"/> and
+ <xref linkend="biblio.filliatre2000ptset"/>).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>A (PATRICIA) trie is similar to a tree, but with the
+ following differences:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para>It explicitly views keys as a sequence of elements.
+ E.g., a trie can view a string as a sequence of
+ characters; a trie can view a number as a sequence of
+ bits.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>It is not (necessarily) binary. Each node has fan-out n
+ + 1, where n is the number of distinct
+ elements.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>It stores values only at leaf nodes.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>Internal nodes have the properties that A) each has at
+ least two children, and B) each shares the same prefix with
+ any of its descendant.</para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>A (PATRICIA) trie has some useful properties:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para>It can be configured to use large node fan-out, giving it
+ very efficient find performance (albeit at insertion
+ complexity and size).</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>It works well for common-prefix keys.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>It can support efficiently queries such as which
+ keys match a certain prefix. This is sometimes useful in file
+ systems and routers, and for "type-ahead" aka predictive text matching
+ on mobile devices.</para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="container.trie.details">
+ <info><title>Details</title></info>
+
+ <section xml:id="container.trie.details.etraits">
+ <info><title>Element Access Traits</title></info>
+
+ <para>A trie inherently views its keys as sequences of elements.
+ For example, a trie can view a string as a sequence of
+ characters. A trie needs to map each of n elements to a
+ number in {0, n - 1}. For example, a trie can map a
+ character <varname>c</varname> to
+ <programlisting>static_cast<size_t>(c)</programlisting>.</para>
+
+ <para>Seemingly, then, a trie can assume that its keys support
+ (const) iterators, and that the <classname>value_type</classname> of this
+ iterator can be cast to a <classname>size_t</classname>. There are several
+ reasons, though, to decouple the mechanism by which the trie
+ accesses its keys' elements from the trie:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para>In some cases, the numerical value of an element is
+ inappropriate. Consider a trie storing DNA strings. It is
+ logical to use a trie with a fan-out of 5 = 1 + |{'A', 'C',
+ 'G', 'T'}|. This requires mapping 'T' to 3, though.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>In some cases the keys' iterators are different than what
+ is needed. For example, a trie can be used to search for
+ common suffixes, by using strings'
+ <classname>reverse_iterator</classname>. As another example, a trie mapping
+ UNICODE strings would have a huge fan-out if each node would
+ branch on a UNICODE character; instead, one can define an
+ iterator iterating over 8-bit (or less) groups.</para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>trie is,
+ consequently, parametrized by <classname>E_Access_Traits</classname> -
+ traits which instruct how to access sequences' elements.
+ <classname>string_trie_e_access_traits</classname>
+ is a traits class for strings. Each such traits define some
+ types, like:</para>
+ <programlisting>
+ typename E_Access_Traits::const_iterator
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>is a const iterator iterating over a key's elements. The
+ traits class must also define methods for obtaining an iterator
+ to the first and last element of a key.</para>
+
+ <para>The graphic below shows a
+ (PATRICIA) trie resulting from inserting the words: "I wish
+ that I could ever see a poem lovely as a trie" (which,
+ unfortunately, does not rhyme).</para>
+
+ <para>The leaf nodes contain values; each internal node contains
+ two <classname>typename E_Access_Traits::const_iterator</classname>
+ objects, indicating the maximal common prefix of all keys in
+ the sub-tree. For example, the shaded internal node roots a
+ sub-tree with leafs "a" and "as". The maximal common prefix is
+ "a". The internal node contains, consequently, to const
+ iterators, one pointing to <varname>'a'</varname>, and the other to
+ <varname>'s'</varname>.</para>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>A PATRICIA trie</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_pat_trie.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>A PATRICIA trie</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="container.trie.details.node">
+ <info><title>Node Invariants</title></info>
+
+ <para>Trie-based containers support node invariants, as do
+ tree-based containers. There are two minor
+ differences, though, which, unfortunately, thwart sharing them
+ sharing the same node-updating policies:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>A trie's <classname>Node_Update</classname> template-template
+ parameter is parametrized by <classname>E_Access_Traits</classname>, while
+ a tree's <classname>Node_Update</classname> template-template parameter is
+ parametrized by <classname>Cmp_Fn</classname>.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>Tree-based containers store values in all nodes, while
+ trie-based containers (at least in this implementation) store
+ values in leafs.</para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>The graphic below shows the scheme, as well as some predefined
+ policies (which are explained below).</para>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>A trie and its update policy</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_trie_node_updator_policy_cd.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>A trie and its update policy</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+
+ <para>This library offers the following pre-defined trie node
+ updating policies:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <classname>trie_order_statistics_node_update</classname>
+ supports order statistics.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para><classname>trie_prefix_search_node_update</classname>
+ supports searching for ranges that match a given prefix.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para><classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ is the null node updater.</para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="container.trie.details.split">
+ <info><title>Split and Join</title></info>
+ <para>Trie-based containers support split and join methods; the
+ rationale is equal to that of tree-based containers supporting
+ these methods.</para>
+ </section>
+
+ </section> <!-- details -->
+
+ </section> <!-- trie -->
+
+ <!-- list_update -->
+ <section xml:id="pbds.design.container.list">
+ <info><title>List</title></info>
+
+ <section xml:id="container.list.interface">
+ <info><title>Interface</title></info>
+
+ <para>The list-based container has the following declaration:</para>
+ <programlisting>
+ template<typename Key,
+ typename Mapped,
+ typename Eq_Fn = std::equal_to<Key>,
+ typename Update_Policy = move_to_front_lu_policy<>,
+ typename Allocator = std::allocator<char> >
+ class list_update;
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>The parameters have the following meaning:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <classname>Key</classname> is the key type.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <classname>Mapped</classname> is the mapped-policy.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <classname>Eq_Fn</classname> is a key equivalence functor.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <classname>Update_Policy</classname> is a policy updating positions in
+ the list based on access patterns. It is described in the
+ following subsection.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <classname>Allocator</classname> is an allocator type.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>A list-based associative container is a container that
+ stores elements in a linked-list. It does not order the elements
+ by any particular order related to the keys. List-based
+ containers are primarily useful for creating "multimaps". In fact,
+ list-based containers are designed in this library expressly for
+ this purpose.</para>
+
+ <para>List-based containers might also be useful for some rare
+ cases, where a key is encapsulated to the extent that only
+ key-equivalence can be tested. Hash-based containers need to know
+ how to transform a key into a size type, and tree-based containers
+ need to know if some key is larger than another. List-based
+ associative containers, conversely, only need to know if two keys
+ are equivalent.</para>
+
+ <para>Since a list-based associative container does not order
+ elements by keys, is it possible to order the list in some
+ useful manner? Remarkably, many on-line competitive
+ algorithms exist for reordering lists to reflect access
+ prediction. (See <xref linkend="biblio.motwani95random"/> and <xref linkend="biblio.andrew04mtf"/>).
+ </para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="container.list.details">
+ <info><title>Details</title></info>
+ <para>
+ </para>
+ <section xml:id="container.list.details.ds">
+ <info><title>Underlying Data Structure</title></info>
+
+ <para>The graphic below shows a
+ simple list of integer keys. If we search for the integer 6, we
+ are paying an overhead: the link with key 6 is only the fifth
+ link; if it were the first link, it could be accessed
+ faster.</para>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>A simple list</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_simple_list.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>A simple list</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <para>List-update algorithms reorder lists as elements are
+ accessed. They try to determine, by the access history, which
+ keys to move to the front of the list. Some of these algorithms
+ require adding some metadata alongside each entry.</para>
+
+ <para>For example, in the graphic below label A shows the counter
+ algorithm. Each node contains both a key and a count metadata
+ (shown in bold). When an element is accessed (e.g. 6) its count is
+ incremented, as shown in label B. If the count reaches some
+ predetermined value, say 10, as shown in label C, the count is set
+ to 0 and the node is moved to the front of the list, as in label
+ D.
+ </para>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>The counter algorithm</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_list_update.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>The counter algorithm</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="container.list.details.policies">
+ <info><title>Policies</title></info>
+
+ <para>this library allows instantiating lists with policies
+ implementing any algorithm moving nodes to the front of the
+ list (policies implementing algorithms interchanging nodes are
+ unsupported).</para>
+
+ <para>Associative containers based on lists are parametrized by a
+ <classname>Update_Policy</classname> parameter. This parameter defines the
+ type of metadata each node contains, how to create the
+ metadata, and how to decide, using this metadata, whether to
+ move a node to the front of the list. A list-based associative
+ container object derives (publicly) from its update policy.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>An instantiation of <classname>Update_Policy</classname> must define
+ internally <classname>update_metadata</classname> as the metadata it
+ requires. Internally, each node of the list contains, besides
+ the usual key and data, an instance of <classname>typename
+ Update_Policy::update_metadata</classname>.</para>
+
+ <para>An instantiation of <classname>Update_Policy</classname> must define
+ internally two operators:</para>
+ <programlisting>
+ update_metadata
+ operator()();
+
+ bool
+ operator()(update_metadata &);
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>The first is called by the container object, when creating a
+ new node, to create the node's metadata. The second is called
+ by the container object, when a node is accessed (
+ when a find operation's key is equivalent to the key of the
+ node), to determine whether to move the node to the front of
+ the list.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The library contains two predefined implementations of
+ list-update policies. The first
+ is <classname>lu_counter_policy</classname>, which implements the
+ counter algorithm described above. The second is
+ <classname>lu_move_to_front_policy</classname>,
+ which unconditionally move an accessed element to the front of
+ the list. The latter type is very useful in this library,
+ since there is no need to associate metadata with each element.
+ (See <xref linkend="biblio.andrew04mtf"/>
+ </para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="container.list.details.mapped">
+ <info><title>Use in Multimaps</title></info>
+
+ <para>In this library, there are no equivalents for the standard's
+ multimaps and multisets; instead one uses an associative
+ container mapping primary keys to secondary keys.</para>
+
+ <para>List-based containers are especially useful as associative
+ containers for secondary keys. In fact, they are implemented
+ here expressly for this purpose.</para>
+
+ <para>To begin with, these containers use very little per-entry
+ structure memory overhead, since they can be implemented as
+ singly-linked lists. (Arrays use even lower per-entry memory
+ overhead, but they are less flexible in moving around entries,
+ and have weaker invalidation guarantees).</para>
+
+ <para>More importantly, though, list-based containers use very
+ little per-container memory overhead. The memory overhead of an
+ empty list-based container is practically that of a pointer.
+ This is important for when they are used as secondary
+ associative-containers in situations where the average ratio of
+ secondary keys to primary keys is low (or even 1).</para>
+
+ <para>In order to reduce the per-container memory overhead as much
+ as possible, they are implemented as closely as possible to
+ singly-linked lists.</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ List-based containers do not store internally the number
+ of values that they hold. This means that their <function>size</function>
+ method has linear complexity (just like <classname>std::list</classname>).
+ Note that finding the number of equivalent-key values in a
+ standard multimap also has linear complexity (because it must be
+ done, via <function>std::distance</function> of the
+ multimap's <function>equal_range</function> method), but usually with
+ higher constants.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Most associative-container objects each hold a policy
+ object (a hash-based container object holds a
+ hash functor). List-based containers, conversely, only have
+ class-wide policy objects.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+
+ </section>
+
+ </section> <!-- details -->
+
+ </section> <!-- list -->
+
+
+ <!-- priority_queue -->
+ <section xml:id="pbds.design.container.priority_queue">
+ <info><title>Priority Queue</title></info>
+
+ <section xml:id="container.priority_queue.interface">
+ <info><title>Interface</title></info>
+
+ <para>The priority queue container has the following
+ declaration:
+ </para>
+ <programlisting>
+ template<typename Value_Type,
+ typename Cmp_Fn = std::less<Value_Type>,
+ typename Tag = pairing_heap_tag,
+ typename Allocator = std::allocator<char > >
+ class priority_queue;
+ </programlisting>
+
+ <para>The parameters have the following meaning:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para><classname>Value_Type</classname> is the value type.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para><classname>Cmp_Fn</classname> is a value comparison functor</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para><classname>Tag</classname> specifies which underlying data structure
+ to use.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para><classname>Allocator</classname> is an allocator
+ type.</para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>The <classname>Tag</classname> parameter specifies which underlying
+ data structure to use. Instantiating it by<classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>,<classname>binary_heap_tag</classname>,
+ <classname>binomial_heap_tag</classname>,
+ <classname>rc_binomial_heap_tag</classname>,
+ or <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>,
+ specifies, respectively,
+ an underlying pairing heap (<xref linkend="biblio.fredman86pairing"/>),
+ binary heap (<xref linkend="biblio.clrs2001"/>),
+ binomial heap (<xref linkend="biblio.clrs2001"/>),
+ a binomial heap with a redundant binary counter (<xref linkend="biblio.maverik_lowerbounds"/>),
+ or a thin heap (<xref linkend="biblio.kt99fat_heaps"/>).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ As mentioned in the tutorial,
+ <classname>__gnu_pbds::priority_queue</classname> shares most of the
+ same interface with <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>.
+ E.g. if <varname>q</varname> is a priority queue of type
+ <classname>Q</classname>, then <function>q.top()</function> will
+ return the "largest" value in the container (according to
+ <classname>typename
+ Q::cmp_fn</classname>). <classname>__gnu_pbds::priority_queue</classname>
+ has a larger (and very slightly different) interface than
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>, however, since typically
+ <classname>push</classname> and <classname>pop</classname> are deemed
+ insufficient for manipulating priority-queues. </para>
+
+ <para>Different settings require different priority-queue
+ implementations which are described in later; see traits
+ discusses ways to differentiate between the different traits of
+ different implementations.</para>
+
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="container.priority_queue.details">
+ <info><title>Details</title></info>
+
+ <section xml:id="container.priority_queue.details.iterators">
+ <info><title>Iterators</title></info>
+
+ <para>There are many different underlying-data structures for
+ implementing priority queues. Unfortunately, most such
+ structures are oriented towards making <function>push</function> and
+ <function>top</function> efficient, and consequently don't allow efficient
+ access of other elements: for instance, they cannot support an efficient
+ <function>find</function> method. In the use case where it
+ is important to both access and "do something with" an
+ arbitrary value, one would be out of luck. For example, many graph algorithms require
+ modifying a value (typically increasing it in the sense of the
+ priority queue's comparison functor).</para>
+
+ <para>In order to access and manipulate an arbitrary value in a
+ priority queue, one needs to reference the internals of the
+ priority queue from some form of an associative container -
+ this is unavoidable. Of course, in order to maintain the
+ encapsulation of the priority queue, this needs to be done in a
+ way that minimizes exposure to implementation internals.</para>
+
+ <para>In this library the priority queue's <function>insert</function>
+ method returns an iterator, which if valid can be used for subsequent <function>modify</function> and
+ <function>erase</function> operations. This both preserves the priority
+ queue's encapsulation, and allows accessing arbitrary values (since the
+ returned iterators from the <function>push</function> operation can be
+ stored in some form of associative container).</para>
+
+ <para>Priority queues' iterators present a problem regarding their
+ invalidation guarantees. One assumes that calling
+ <function>operator++</function> on an iterator will associate it
+ with the "next" value. Priority-queues are
+ self-organizing: each operation changes what the "next" value
+ means. Consequently, it does not make sense that <function>push</function>
+ will return an iterator that can be incremented - this can have
+ no possible use. Also, as in the case of hash-based containers,
+ it is awkward to define if a subsequent <function>push</function> operation
+ invalidates a prior returned iterator: it invalidates it in the
+ sense that its "next" value is not related to what it
+ previously considered to be its "next" value. However, it might not
+ invalidate it, in the sense that it can be
+ de-referenced and used for <function>modify</function> and <function>erase</function>
+ operations.</para>
+
+ <para>Similarly to the case of the other unordered associative
+ containers, this library uses a distinction between
+ point-type and range type iterators. A priority queue's <classname>iterator</classname> can always be
+ converted to a <classname>point_iterator</classname>, and a
+ <classname>const_iterator</classname> can always be converted to a
+ <classname>point_const_iterator</classname>.</para>
+
+ <para>The following snippet demonstrates manipulating an arbitrary
+ value:</para>
+ <programlisting>
+ // A priority queue of integers.
+ priority_queue<int > p;
+
+ // Insert some values into the priority queue.
+ priority_queue<int >::point_iterator it = p.push(0);
+
+ p.push(1);
+ p.push(2);
+
+ // Now modify a value.
+ p.modify(it, 3);
+
+ assert(p.top() == 3);
+ </programlisting>
+
+
+ <para>It should be noted that an alternative design could embed an
+ associative container in a priority queue. Could, but most
+ probably should not. To begin with, it should be noted that one
+ could always encapsulate a priority queue and an associative
+ container mapping values to priority queue iterators with no
+ performance loss. One cannot, however, "un-encapsulate" a priority
+ queue embedding an associative container, which might lead to
+ performance loss. Assume, that one needs to associate each value
+ with some data unrelated to priority queues. Then using
+ this library's design, one could use an
+ associative container mapping each value to a pair consisting of
+ this data and a priority queue's iterator. Using the embedded
+ method would need to use two associative containers. Similar
+ problems might arise in cases where a value can reside
+ simultaneously in many priority queues.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+
+ <section xml:id="container.priority_queue.details.d">
+ <info><title>Underlying Data Structure</title></info>
+
+ <para>There are three main implementations of priority queues: the
+ first employs a binary heap, typically one which uses a
+ sequence; the second uses a tree (or forest of trees), which is
+ typically less structured than an associative container's tree;
+ the third simply uses an associative container. These are
+ shown in the graphic below, in labels A1 and A2, label B, and label C.</para>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>Underlying Priority-Queue Data-Structures.</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_priority_queue_different_underlying_dss.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Underlying Priority-Queue Data-Structures.</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <para>Roughly speaking, any value that is both pushed and popped
+ from a priority queue must incur a logarithmic expense (in the
+ amortized sense). Any priority queue implementation that would
+ avoid this, would violate known bounds on comparison-based
+ sorting (see <xref linkend="biblio.clrs2001"/> and <xref linkend="biblio.brodal96priority"/>).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>Most implementations do
+ not differ in the asymptotic amortized complexity of
+ <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function> operations, but they differ in
+ the constants involved, in the complexity of other operations
+ (e.g., <function>modify</function>), and in the worst-case
+ complexity of single operations. In general, the more
+ "structured" an implementation (i.e., the more internal
+ invariants it possesses) - the higher its amortized complexity
+ of <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function> operations.</para>
+
+ <para>This library implements different algorithms using a
+ single class: <classname>priority_queue</classname>.
+ Instantiating the <classname>Tag</classname> template parameter, "selects"
+ the implementation:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para>
+ Instantiating <classname>Tag = binary_heap_tag</classname> creates
+ a binary heap of the form in represented in the graphic with labels A1 or A2. The former is internally
+ selected by priority_queue
+ if <classname>Value_Type</classname> is instantiated by a primitive type
+ (e.g., an <type>int</type>); the latter is
+ internally selected for all other types (e.g.,
+ <classname>std::string</classname>). This implementations is relatively
+ unstructured, and so has good <classname>push</classname> and <classname>pop</classname>
+ performance; it is the "best-in-kind" for primitive
+ types, e.g., <type>int</type>s. Conversely, it has
+ high worst-case performance, and can support only linear-time
+ <function>modify</function> and <function>erase</function> operations.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>Instantiating <classname>Tag =
+ pairing_heap_tag</classname> creates a pairing heap of the form
+ in represented by label B in the graphic above. This
+ implementations too is relatively unstructured, and so has good
+ <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function>
+ performance; it is the "best-in-kind" for non-primitive types,
+ e.g., <classname>std:string</classname>s. It also has very good
+ worst-case <function>push</function> and
+ <function>join</function> performance (O(1)), but has high
+ worst-case <function>pop</function>
+ complexity.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>Instantiating <classname>Tag =
+ binomial_heap_tag</classname> creates a binomial heap of the
+ form repsented by label B in the graphic above. This
+ implementations is more structured than a pairing heap, and so
+ has worse <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function>
+ performance. Conversely, it has sub-linear worst-case bounds for
+ <function>pop</function>, e.g., and so it might be preferred in
+ cases where responsiveness is important.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>Instantiating <classname>Tag =
+ rc_binomial_heap_tag</classname> creates a binomial heap of the
+ form represented in label B above, accompanied by a redundant
+ counter which governs the trees. This implementations is
+ therefore more structured than a binomial heap, and so has worse
+ <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function>
+ performance. Conversely, it guarantees O(1)
+ <function>push</function> complexity, and so it might be
+ preferred in cases where the responsiveness of a binomial heap
+ is insufficient.</para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para>Instantiating <classname>Tag =
+ thin_heap_tag</classname> creates a thin heap of the form
+ represented by the label B in the graphic above. This
+ implementations too is more structured than a pairing heap, and
+ so has worse <function>push</function> and
+ <function>pop</function> performance. Conversely, it has better
+ worst-case and identical amortized complexities than a Fibonacci
+ heap, and so might be more appropriate for some graph
+ algorithms.</para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>Of course, one can use any order-preserving associative
+ container as a priority queue, as in the graphic above label C, possibly by creating an adapter class
+ over the associative container (much as
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname> can adapt <classname>std::vector</classname>).
+ This has the advantage that no cross-referencing is necessary
+ at all; the priority queue itself is an associative container.
+ Most associative containers are too structured to compete with
+ priority queues in terms of <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function>
+ performance.</para>
+
+
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="container.priority_queue.details.traits">
+ <info><title>Traits</title></info>
+
+ <para>It would be nice if all priority queues could
+ share exactly the same behavior regardless of implementation. Sadly, this is not possible. Just one for instance is in join operations: joining
+ two binary heaps might throw an exception (not corrupt
+ any of the heaps on which it operates), but joining two pairing
+ heaps is exception free.</para>
+
+ <para>Tags and traits are very useful for manipulating generic
+ types. <classname>__gnu_pbds::priority_queue</classname>
+ publicly defines <classname>container_category</classname> as one of the tags. Given any
+ container <classname>Cntnr</classname>, the tag of the underlying
+ data structure can be found via <classname>typename
+ Cntnr::container_category</classname>; this is one of the possible tags shown in the graphic below.
+ </para>
+
+ <figure>
+ <title>Priority-Queue Data-Structure Tags.</title>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_priority_queue_tag_hierarchy.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <textobject>
+ <phrase>Priority-Queue Data-Structure Tags.</phrase>
+ </textobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+
+ <para>Additionally, a traits mechanism can be used to query a
+ container type for its attributes. Given any container
+ <classname>Cntnr</classname>, then <programlisting>__gnu_pbds::container_traits<Cntnr></programlisting>
+ is a traits class identifying the properties of the
+ container.</para>
+
+ <para>To find if a container might throw if two of its objects are
+ joined, one can use
+ <programlisting>
+ container_traits<Cntnr>::split_join_can_throw
+ </programlisting>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Different priority-queue implementations have different invalidation guarantees. This is
+ especially important, since there is no way to access an arbitrary
+ value of priority queues except for iterators. Similarly to
+ associative containers, one can use
+ <programlisting>
+ container_traits<Cntnr>::invalidation_guarantee
+ </programlisting>
+ to get the invalidation guarantee type of a priority queue.</para>
+
+ <para>It is easy to understand from the graphic above, what <classname>container_traits<Cntnr>::invalidation_guarantee</classname>
+ will be for different implementations. All implementations of
+ type represented by label B have <classname>point_invalidation_guarantee</classname>:
+ the container can freely internally reorganize the nodes -
+ range-type iterators are invalidated, but point-type iterators
+ are always valid. Implementations of type represented by labels A1 and A2 have <classname>basic_invalidation_guarantee</classname>:
+ the container can freely internally reallocate the array - both
+ point-type and range-type iterators might be invalidated.</para>
+
+ <para>
+ This has major implications, and constitutes a good reason to avoid
+ using binary heaps. A binary heap can perform <function>modify</function>
+ or <function>erase</function> efficiently given a valid point-type
+ iterator. However, in order to supply it with a valid point-type
+ iterator, one needs to iterate (linearly) over all
+ values, then supply the relevant iterator (recall that a
+ range-type iterator can always be converted to a point-type
+ iterator). This means that if the number of <function>modify</function> or
+ <function>erase</function> operations is non-negligible (say
+ super-logarithmic in the total sequence of operations) - binary
+ heaps will perform badly.
+ </para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ </section> <!-- details -->
+
+ </section> <!-- priority_queue -->
+
+
+
+ </section> <!-- container -->
+
+ </section> <!-- design -->
+
+
+
+ <!-- S04: Test -->
+ <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"
+ href="test_policy_data_structures.xml">
+ </xi:include>
+
+ <!-- S05: Reference/Acknowledgments -->
+ <section xml:id="pbds.ack">
+ <info><title>Acknowledgments</title></info>
+ <?dbhtml filename="policy_data_structures_biblio.html"?>
+
+ <para>
+ Written by Ami Tavory and Vladimir Dreizin (IBM Haifa Research
+ Laboratories), and Benjamin Kosnik (Red Hat).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This library was partially written at
+ <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://www.haifa.il.ibm.com/">IBM's Haifa Research Labs</link>.
+ It is based heavily on policy-based design and uses many useful
+ techniques from Modern C++ Design: Generic Programming and Design
+ Patterns Applied by Andrei Alexandrescu.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Two ideas are borrowed from the SGI-STL implementation:
+ </para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ The prime-based resize policies use a list of primes taken from
+ the SGI-STL implementation.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ The red-black trees contain both a root node and a header node
+ (containing metadata), connected in a way that forward and
+ reverse iteration can be performed efficiently.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>
+ Some test utilities borrow ideas from
+ <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/libs/timer/index.html">boost::timer</link>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ We would like to thank Scott Meyers for useful comments (without
+ attributing to him any flaws in the design or implementation of the
+ library).
+ </para>
+ <para>We would like to thank Matt Austern for the suggestion to
+ include tries.</para>
+ </section>
+
+ <!-- S06: Biblio -->
+ <bibliography xml:id="pbds.biblio">
+ <info>
+ <title>
+ Bibliography
+ </title>
+ </info>
+ <?dbhtml filename="policy_data_structures_biblio.html"?>
+
+ <!-- 01 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.abrahams97exception">
+ <title>
+ <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+ xlink:href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/1997/N1075.pdf">
+ STL Exception Handling Contract
+ </link>
+ </title>
+ <date>1997</date>
+
+ <author>
+ <personname>
+ <firstname>
+ Dave
+ </firstname>
+ <surname>
+ Abrahams
+ </surname>
+ </personname>
+ </author>
+
+ <publisher>
+ <publishername>
+ ISO SC22/WG21
+ </publishername>
+ </publisher>
+ </biblioentry>
+
+
+ <!-- 02 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.alexandrescu01modern">
+ <title>
+ Modern C++ Design: Generic Programming and Design Patterns Applied
+ </title>
+ <date>
+ 2001
+ </date>
+
+ <author>
+ <personname>
+ <firstname>
+ Andrei
+ </firstname>
+ <surname>
+ Alexandrescu
+ </surname>
+ </personname>
+ </author>
+
+ <publisher>
+ <publishername>
+ Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
+ </publishername>
+ </publisher>
+ </biblioentry>
+
+
+ <!-- 03 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.andrew04mtf">
+ <title>
+ MTF, Bit, and COMB: A Guide to Deterministic and Randomized
+ Algorithms for the List Update Problem
+ </title>
+
+ <authorgroup>
+ <author>
+ <personname>
+ <firstname>
+ K.
+ </firstname>
+ <surname>
+ Andrew
+ </surname>
+ </personname>
+ </author>
+
+ <author>
+ <personname>
+ <firstname>
+ D.
+ </firstname>
+ <surname>
+ Gleich
+ </surname>
+ </personname>
+ </author>
+ </authorgroup>
+ </biblioentry>
+
+ <!-- 04 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.austern00noset">
+ <title>
+ Why You Shouldn't Use set - and What You Should Use Instead
+ </title>
+ <date>
+ April, 2000
+ </date>
+
+ <author>
+ <personname>
+ <firstname>
+ Matthew
+ </firstname>
+ <surname>
+ Austern
+ </surname>
+ </personname>
+ </author>
+
+ <publisher>
+ <publishername>
+ C++ Report
+ </publishername>
+ </publisher>
+ </biblioentry>
+
+ <!-- 05 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.austern01htprop">
+ <title>
+ <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+ xlink:href="http://www.open-std.org/JTC1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2001/n1326.html">
+ A Proposal to Add Hashtables to the Standard Library
+ </link>
+ </title>
+ <date>
+ 2001
+ </date>
+
+ <author>
+ <personname>
+ <firstname>
+ Matthew
+ </firstname>
+ <surname>
+ Austern
+ </surname>
+ </personname>
+ </author>
+
+ <publisher>
+ <publishername>
+ ISO SC22/WG21
+ </publishername>
+ </publisher>
+ </biblioentry>
+
+ <!-- 06 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.austern98segmentedit">
+ <title>
+ Segmented iterators and hierarchical algorithms
+ </title>
+ <date>
+ April, 1998
+ </date>
+
+ <author>
+ <personname>
+ <firstname>
+ Matthew
+ </firstname>
+ <surname>
+ Austern
+ </surname>
+ </personname>
+ </author>
+
+ <publisher>
+ <publishername>
+ Generic Programming
+ </publishername>
+ </publisher>
+ </biblioentry>
+
+ <!-- 07 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.dawestimer">
+ <title>
+ <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+ xlink:href="www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/libs/timer/">
+ Boost Timer Library
+ </link>
+ </title>
+
+ <author>
+ <personname>
+ <firstname>
+ Beeman
+ </firstname>
+ <surname>
+ Dawes
+ </surname>
+ </personname>
+ </author>
+
+ <publisher>
+ <publishername>
+ Boost
+ </publishername>
+ </publisher>
+ </biblioentry>
+
+ <!-- 08 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.clearypool">
+ <title>
+ <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+ xlink:href="www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/libs/pool/">
+ Boost Pool Library
+ </link>
+ </title>
+
+ <author>
+ <personname>
+ <firstname>
+ Stephen
+ </firstname>
+ <surname>
+ Cleary
+ </surname>
+ </personname>
+ </author>
+
+ <publisher>
+ <publishername>
+ Boost
+ </publishername>
+ </publisher>
+ </biblioentry>
+
+
+ <!-- 09 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.maddocktraits">
+ <title>
+ <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+ xlink:href="www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/libs/type_traits/">
+ Boost Type Traits Library
+ </link>
+ </title>
+ <authorgroup>
+ <author>
+ <personname>
+ <firstname>
+ Maddock
+ </firstname>
+ <surname>
+ John
+ </surname>
+ </personname>
+ </author>
+ <author>
+ <personname>
+ <firstname>
+ Stephen
+ </firstname>
+ <surname>
+ Cleary
+ </surname>
+ </personname>
+ </author>
+ </authorgroup>
+ <publisher>
+ <publishername>
+ Boost
+ </publishername>
+ </publisher>
+ </biblioentry>
+
+ <!-- 10 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.brodal96priority">
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+ xlink:href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=313883">
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+ </biblioentry>
+
+ <!-- 11 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.bulkamayheweff">
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+ </publisher>
+ </biblioentry>
+
+ <!-- 12 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.clrs2001">
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+ </biblioentry>
+
+ <!-- 13 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.dubhashi98neg">
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+ <date>
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+
+
+ <!-- 14 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.fagin79extendible">
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+
+
+ <!-- 15 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.filliatre2000ptset">
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+
+
+ <!-- 16 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.fredman86pairing">
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+
+
+ <!-- 17 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.gof">
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+ </biblioentry>
+
+
+ <!-- 18 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.garg86order">
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+
+ <!-- 19 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.hyslop02making">
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+
+
+ <!-- 20 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.jossutis01stl">
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+ </biblioentry>
+
+ <!-- 21 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.kt99fat_heaps">
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+
+ <!-- 22 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.kleft00sets">
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+
+ <!-- 23 -->
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+ </biblioentry>
+
+ <!-- 24 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.liskov98data">
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+ </biblioentry>
+
+ <!-- 25 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.litwin80lh">
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+ </biblioentry>
+
+ <!-- 26 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.maverik_lowerbounds">
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+
+ <!-- 27 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.meyers96more">
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+
+ <!-- 28 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.meyers00nonmember">
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+
+ <!-- 29 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.meyers01stl">
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+
+ <!-- 30 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.meyers02both">
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+
+ <!-- 31 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.motwani95random">
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+
+
+ <!-- 32 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.mscom">
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+
+ <!-- 33 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.musser95rationale">
+ <title>
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+ </title>
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+ </biblioentry>
+
+ <!-- 35 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.musser96stltutorial">
+ <title>
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+
+ </biblioentry>
+
+
+ <!-- 36 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.nelson96stlpq">
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+
+ <!-- 37 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.okasaki98mereable">
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+ <date>
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+
+ <!-- 38 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.sgi_stl">
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+ </biblioentry>
+
+ <!-- 39 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.select_man">
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+ <!-- 40 -->
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+ </biblioentry>
+
+ <!-- 41 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.sleator85self">
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+
+ <!-- 42 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.stepanov94standard">
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+ <!-- 43 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.stroustrup97cpp">
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+
+ <!-- 44 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.vandevoorde2002cpptemplates">
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+ </personname>
+ </author>
+
+ <author>
+ <personname>
+ <firstname>
+ N. M.
+ </firstname>
+ <surname>
+ Josuttis
+ </surname>
+ </personname>
+ </author>
+ </authorgroup>
+ <publisher>
+ <publishername>
+ Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
+ </publishername>
+ </publisher>
+ </biblioentry>
+
+
+ <!-- 45 -->
+ <biblioentry xml:id="biblio.wickland96thirty">
+ <title>
+ <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+ xlink:href="http://myweb.wvnet.edu/~gsa00121/books/amongdead30.zip">
+ Thirty Years Among the Dead
+ </link>
+ </title>
+ <date>
+ 1996
+ </date>
+
+ <author>
+ <personname>
+ <firstname>
+ C. A.
+ </firstname>
+ <surname>
+ Wickland
+ </surname>
+ </personname>
+ </author>
+
+ <publisher>
+ <publishername>
+ National Psychological Institute
+ </publishername>
+ </publisher>
+ </biblioentry>
+
+
+ </bibliography>
+
+</chapter>
<copyright>
<year>2009</year>
<year>2010</year>
+ <year>2011</year>
<holder>
<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://www.fsf.org">FSF</link>
</holder>
--- /dev/null
+<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0"
+ xml:id="pbds.test" xreflabel="Test">
+ <info><title>Testing</title></info>
+ <?dbhtml filename="policy_based_data_structures_test.html"?>
+
+ <!-- S01 regression -->
+ <section xml:id="pbds.test.regression">
+ <info><title>Regression</title></info>
+
+ <para>The library contains a single comprehensive regression test.
+ For a given container type in this library, the test creates
+ an object of the container type and an object of the
+ corresponding standard type (e.g., <classname>std::set</classname>). It
+ then performs a random sequence of methods with random
+ arguments (e.g., inserts, erases, and so forth) on both
+ objects. At each operation, the test checks the return value of
+ the method, and optionally both compares this library's
+ object with the standard's object as well as performing other
+ consistency checks on this library's object (e.g.,
+ order preservation, when applicable, or node invariants, when
+ applicable).</para>
+
+ <para>Additionally, the test integrally checks exception safety
+ and resource leaks. This is done as follows. A special
+ allocator type, written for the purpose of the test, both
+ randomly throws an exceptions when allocations are performed,
+ and tracks allocations and de-allocations. The exceptions thrown
+ at allocations simulate memory-allocation failures; the
+ tracking mechanism checks for memory-related bugs (e.g.,
+ resource leaks and multiple de-allocations). Both
+ this library's containers and the containers' value-types are
+ configured to use this allocator.</para>
+
+ <para>For granularity, the test is split into the
+ several sources, each checking only some containers.</para>
+
+ <para>For more details, consult the files in
+ <filename>testsuite/ext/pb_ds/regression</filename>.</para>
+ </section>
+
+ <!-- S02 performance -->
+ <section xml:id="pbds.test.performance">
+ <info><title>Performance</title></info>
+
+ <section xml:id="performance.hash">
+ <info><title>Hash-Based</title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <!-- 01 <a href="hash_text_find_find_timing_test"> -->
+ <section xml:id="performance.hash.text_find">
+ <info><title>
+ Text <function>find</function>
+ </title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="hash.text_find.info">
+ <info><title>
+ Description
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>
+ This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
+ arbitrary text (<xref
+ linkend="biblio.wickland96thirty"/>) into a container,
+ then performs a series of finds using
+ <function>find</function> . It measures the average
+ time for <function>find</function> as a function of
+ the number of values inserted.</para>
+ <para>
+ It uses the test file:
+ <filename>
+ performance/ext/pb_ds/text_find_timing_test.cc
+ </filename>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ And uses the data file:
+ <filename>
+ filethirty_years_among_the_dead_preproc.txt
+ </filename>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The test checks the effect of different range-hashing
+ functions, trigger policies, and cache-hashing policies.
+ </para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="hash.text_find.results">
+ <info><title>
+ Results
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>The graphic below show the results for the native
+ and collision-chaining hash types the the function
+ applied being a text find timing test using
+ <function>find</function>.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_text_find_timing_test_hash_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_text_find_timing_test_hash_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="5" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <colspec colname="c4"/>
+ <colspec colname="c5"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ n_hash_map_ncah
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>cache_hash_code</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <constant>false</constant>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/1
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_sth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>
+ cc_hash_table
+ </classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 03 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/1
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 04 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="hash.text_find.observations">
+ <info><title>
+ Observations
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>In this setting, the range-hashing scheme affects performance
+ more than other policies. As the results show, containers using
+ mod-based range-hashing (including the native hash-based container,
+ which is currently hard-wired to this scheme) have lower performance
+ than those using mask-based range-hashing. A modulo-based
+ range-hashing scheme's main benefit is that it takes into account
+ all hash-value bits. Standard string hash-functions are designed to
+ create hash values that are nearly-uniform as is (<xref
+ linkend="biblio.knuth98sorting"/>).</para>
+
+ <para>Trigger policies, i.e. the load-checks constants, affect
+ performance to a lesser extent.</para>
+
+ <para>Perhaps surprisingly, storing the hash value alongside each
+ entry affects performance only marginally, at least in this
+ library's implementation. (Unfortunately, it was not possible to run
+ the tests with <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname> 's
+ <classname>cache_hash_code = true</classname> , as it appeared to
+ malfuntion.)</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <!-- 02 <a href="hash_int_find_timing_test"> -->
+ <section xml:id="performance.hash.int_find">
+ <info><title>
+ Integer <function>find</function>
+ </title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="hash.int_find.info">
+ <info><title>
+ Description
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>This test inserts a number of values with uniform
+ integer keys into a container, then performs a series of finds
+ using <function>find</function>. It measures the average time
+ for <function>find</function> as a function of the number of values
+ inserted.</para>
+
+ <para>
+ It uses the test file:
+ <filename>
+ performance/ext/pb_ds/random_int_find_timing.cc
+ </filename>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The test checks the effect of different underlying
+ hash-tables,
+ range-hashing functions, and trigger policies.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="hash.int_find.results">
+ <info><title>
+ Results
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>
+ There are two sets of results for this type, one for
+ collision-chaining hashes, and one for general-probe hashes.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The first graphic below shows the results for the native and
+ collision-chaining hash types. The function applied being a random
+ integer timing test using <function>find</function>.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic 01 -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_cc_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_cc_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="5" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <colspec colname="c4"/>
+ <colspec colname="c5"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ n_hash_map_ncah
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>cache_hash_code</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <constant>false</constant>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/1
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>
+ cc_hash_table
+ </classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 03 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/1
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 04 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+ <para>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>And the second graphic shows the results for the native and
+ general-probe hash types. The function applied being a random
+ integer timing test using <function>find</function>.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic 02 -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_gp_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_gp_hash_random_int_find_timing_test_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="5" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <colspec colname="c4"/>
+ <colspec colname="c5"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ n_hash_map_ncah
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>cache_hash_code</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <constant>false</constant>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ gp_hash_mod_quadp_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
+ <classname>gp_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Probe_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>quadratic_probe_fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ gp_hash_mask_linp_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
+ <classname>
+ gp_hash_table
+ </classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Probe_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>linear_probe_fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="hash.int_find.observations">
+ <info><title>
+ Observations
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>In this setting, the choice of underlying hash-table affects
+ performance most, then the range-hashing scheme and, only finally,
+ other policies.</para>
+
+ <para>When comparing probing and chaining containers, it is
+ apparent that the probing containers are less efficient than the
+ collision-chaining containers (
+ <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname> uses
+ collision-chaining) in this case.</para>
+
+ <para>Hash-Based Integer Subscript Insert Timing Test shows
+ a different case, where the situation is reversed;
+ </para>
+
+ <para>Within each type of hash-table, the range-hashing scheme
+ affects performance more than other policies; Hash-Based Text
+ <function>find</function> Find Timing Test also shows this. In the
+ above graphics should be noted that
+ <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname> are hard-wired
+ currently to mod-based schemes.
+ </para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <!-- 03 <a href="hash_int_subscript_find_test"> -->
+ <section xml:id="performance.hash.int_subscript_find">
+ <info><title>
+ Integer Subscript <function>find</function>
+ </title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="hash.int_subscript_find.info">
+ <info><title>
+ Description
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>This test inserts a number of values with uniform
+ integer keys into a container, then performs a series of finds
+ using <function>operator[]</function>. It measures the average time
+ for <function>operator[]</function> as a function of the number of
+ values inserted.</para>
+
+ <para>
+ It uses the test file:
+ <filename>
+ performance/ext/pb_ds/random_int_subscript_find_timing.cc
+ </filename>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The test checks the effect of different underlying
+ hash-tables, range-hashing functions, and trigger policies.</para>
+
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="hash.int_subscript_find.results">
+ <info><title>
+ Results
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>
+ There are two sets of results for this type, one for
+ collision-chaining hashes, and one for general-probe hashes.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The first graphic below shows the results for the native
+ and collision-chaining hash types, using as the function
+ applied an integer subscript timing test with
+ <function>find</function>.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="5" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <colspec colname="c4"/>
+ <colspec colname="c5"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ n_hash_map_ncah
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>cache_hash_code</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <constant>false</constant>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/1
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 03 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/1
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 04 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+
+ <para>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>And the second graphic shows the results for the native and
+ general-probe hash types. The function applied being a random
+ integer timing test using <function>find</function>.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic 02 -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_find_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="5" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <colspec colname="c4"/>
+ <colspec colname="c5"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ n_hash_map_ncah
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>cache_hash_code</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <constant>false</constant>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ gp_hash_mod_quadp_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
+ <classname>gp_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Probe_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>quadratic_probe_fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ gp_hash_mask_linp_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
+ <classname>
+ gp_hash_table
+ </classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Probe_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>linear_probe_fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="hash.int_subscript_find.observations">
+ <info><title>
+ Observations
+ </title></info>
+ <para>This test shows similar results to Hash-Based
+ Integer <classname>find</classname> Find Timing test.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <!-- 04 <a href="hash_random_int_subscript_insert_timing_test"> -->
+ <section xml:id="performance.hash.int_subscript_insert">
+ <info><title>
+ Integer Subscript <function>insert</function>
+ </title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="hash.int_subscript_insert.info">
+ <info><title>
+ Description
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>This test inserts a number of values with uniform i.i.d.
+ integer keys into a container, using
+ <function>operator[]</function>. It measures the average time for
+ <function>operator[]</function> as a function of the number of
+ values inserted.</para>
+
+ <para>
+ It uses the test file:
+ <filename>
+ performance/ext/pb_ds/random_int_subscript_insert_timing.cc
+ </filename>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The test checks the effect of different underlying
+ hash-tables.</para>
+
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="hash.int_subscript_insert.results">
+ <info><title>
+ Results
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>
+ There are two sets of results for this type, one for
+ collision-chaining hashes, and one for general-probe hashes.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The first graphic below shows the results for the native
+ and collision-chaining hash types, using as the function
+ applied an integer subscript timing test with
+ <function>insert</function>.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_cc_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="5" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <colspec colname="c4"/>
+ <colspec colname="c5"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ n_hash_map_ncah
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>cache_hash_code</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <constant>false</constant>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/1
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 03 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/1
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 04 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+
+ <para>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>And the second graphic shows the results for the native and
+ general-probe hash types. The function applied being a random
+ integer timing test using <function>find</function>.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic 02 -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_gp_hash_random_int_subscript_timing_test_insert_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="5" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <colspec colname="c4"/>
+ <colspec colname="c5"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ n_hash_map_ncah
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>cache_hash_code</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <constant>false</constant>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ gp_hash_mod_quadp_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
+ <classname>gp_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Probe_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>quadratic_probe_fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ gp_hash_mask_linp_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
+ <classname>
+ gp_hash_table
+ </classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Probe_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>linear_probe_fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="hash.int_subscript_insert.observations">
+ <info><title>
+ Observations
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>In this setting, as in Hash-Based Text
+ <function>find</function> Find Timing test and Hash-Based
+ Integer <function>find</function> Find Timing test , the choice
+ of underlying hash-table underlying hash-table affects performance
+ most, then the range-hashing scheme, and
+ finally any other policies.</para>
+ <para>There are some differences, however:</para>
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para>In this setting, probing tables function sometimes more
+ efficiently than collision-chaining tables.
+ This is explained shortly.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>The performance graphs have a "saw-tooth" shape. The
+ average insert time rises and falls. As values are inserted
+ into the container, the load factor grows larger. Eventually,
+ a resize occurs. The reallocations and rehashing are
+ relatively expensive. After this, the load factor is smaller
+ than before.</para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>Collision-chaining containers use indirection for greater
+ flexibility; probing containers store values contiguously, in
+ an array (see Figure Motivation::Different
+ underlying data structures A and B, respectively). It
+ follows that for simple data types, probing containers access
+ their allocator less frequently than collision-chaining
+ containers, (although they still have less efficient probing
+ sequences). This explains why some probing containers fare
+ better than collision-chaining containers in this case.</para>
+
+ <para>
+ Within each type of hash-table, the range-hashing scheme affects
+ performance more than other policies. This is similar to the
+ situation in Hash-Based Text
+ <function>find</function> Find Timing Test and Hash-Based
+ Integer <function>find</function> Find Timing Test.
+ Unsurprisingly, however, containers with lower α<subscript>max</subscript> perform worse in this case,
+ since more re-hashes are performed.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ </section>
+
+
+ <!-- 05 <a href="hash_zlob_random_int_find_find_timing_test"> -->
+
+ <!-- 05 <a href="hash_zlob_random_int_find_find_timing_test"> -->
+ <section xml:id="performance.hash.zlob_int_find">
+ <info><title>
+ Integer <function>find</function> with Skewed-Distribution
+ </title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="hash.zlob_int_find.info">
+ <info><title>
+ Description
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>This test inserts a number of values with a markedly
+ non-uniform integer keys into a container, then performs
+ a series of finds using <function>find</function>. It measures the average
+ time for <function>find</function> as a function of the number of values in
+ the containers. The keys are generated as follows. First, a
+ uniform integer is created. Then it is then shifted left 8 bits.</para>
+
+ <para>
+ It uses the test file:
+ <filename>
+ performance/ext/pb_ds/hash_zlob_random_int_find_timing.cc
+ </filename>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The test checks the effect of different range-hashing
+ functions and trigger policies.</para>
+
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="hash.zlob_int_find.results">
+ <info><title>
+ Results
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>The graphic below show the results for the native, collision-chaining, and general-probing hash types.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_hash_zlob_random_int_find_timing_test_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_hash_zlob_random_int_find_timing_test_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="5" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <colspec colname="c4"/>
+ <colspec colname="c5"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ n_hash_map_ncah
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>cache_hash_code</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <constant>false</constant>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/1
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>
+ cc_hash_table
+ </classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/1
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ gp_hash_mod_quadp_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
+ <classname>gp_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Probe_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>quadratic_probe_fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="hash.zlob_int_find.observations">
+ <info><title>
+ Observations
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>In this setting, the distribution of keys is so skewed that
+ the underlying hash-table type affects performance marginally.
+ (This is in contrast with Hash-Based Text
+ <function>find</function> Find Timing Test, Hash-Based
+ Integer <function>find</function> Find Timing Test, Hash-Based
+ Integer Subscript Find Timing Test and Hash-Based
+ Integer Subscript Insert Timing Test.)</para>
+
+ <para>The range-hashing scheme affects performance dramatically. A
+ mask-based range-hashing scheme effectively maps all values
+ into the same bucket. Access degenerates into a search within
+ an unordered linked-list. In the graphic above, it should be noted that
+ <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname> is hard-wired currently to mod-based and mask-based schemes,
+ respectively.</para>
+
+ <para>When observing the settings of this test, it is apparent
+ that the keys' distribution is far from natural. One might ask
+ if the test is not contrived to show that, in some cases,
+ mod-based range hashing does better than mask-based range
+ hashing. This is, in fact just the case. A
+ more natural case in which mod-based range hashing is better was not encountered.
+ Thus the inescapable conclusion: real-life key distributions are handled better
+ with an appropriate hash function and a mask-based
+ range-hashing function. (<filename>pb_ds/example/hash_shift_mask.cc</filename>
+ shows an example of handling this a-priori known skewed
+ distribution with a mask-based range-hashing function). If hash
+ performance is bad, a χ<superscript>2</superscript> test can be used
+ to check how to transform it into a more uniform
+ distribution.</para>
+ <para>For this reason, this library's default range-hashing
+ function is mask-based.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ </section>
+
+
+ <!-- 06 <a href="hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage_test"> -->
+
+ <!-- 06 <a href="hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage_test"> -->
+ <section xml:id="performance.hash.erase_mem">
+ <info><title>
+ Erase Memory Use
+ </title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="hash.erase_mem.info">
+ <info><title>
+ Description
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>This test inserts a number of uniform integer keys
+ into a container, then erases all keys except one. It measures
+ the final size of the container.</para>
+
+ <para>
+ It uses the test file:
+ <filename>
+ performance/ext/pb_ds/hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage.cc
+ </filename>
+ </para>
+
+
+ <para>The test checks how containers adjust internally as their
+ logical size decreases.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="hash.erase_mem.results">
+ <info><title>
+ Results
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>The graphic below show the results for the native, collision-chaining, and general-probing hash types.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage_test_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_hash_random_int_erase_mem_usage_test_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="5" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <colspec colname="c4"/>
+ <colspec colname="c5"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ n_hash_map_ncah
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::tr1::unordered_map</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>cache_hash_code</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <constant>false</constant>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ cc_hash_mod_prime_nea_lc_1div8_1div1_nsth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mod_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_prime_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/1
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>
+ cc_hash_table
+ </classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- hash 03 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">
+ gp_hash_mask_linp_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
+ <classname>gp_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Probe_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>linear_probe_fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c5"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="hash.erase_mem.observations">
+ <info><title>
+ Observations
+ </title></info>
+ <para>The standard's hash-based containers act very differently than trees in
+ this respect. When erasing numerous keys from an standard
+ associative-container, the resulting memory user varies greatly
+ depending on whether the container is tree-based or hash-based.
+ This is a fundamental consequence of the standard's interface for
+ associative containers, and it is not due to a specific
+ implementation.</para>
+ </section>
+
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+
+ <section xml:id="performance.branch">
+ <info><title>Branch-Based</title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <!-- 01 <a href="tree_text_insert_timing_test"> -->
+ <section xml:id="performance.branch.text_insert">
+ <info><title>
+ Text <function>insert</function>
+ </title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="branch.text_insert.info">
+ <info><title>
+ Description
+ </title></info>
+
+
+ <para>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an arbitrary
+ text ([ wickland96thirty ]) into a container
+ using <function>insert</function> . It measures the average time
+ for <function>insert</function> as a function of the number of
+ values inserted.</para>
+
+ <para>The test checks the effect of different underlying
+ data structures.</para>
+
+ <para>
+ It uses the test file:
+ <filename>
+ performance/ext/pb_ds/tree_text_insert_timing.cc
+ </filename>
+ </para>
+
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="branch.text_insert.results">
+ <info><title>
+ Results
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>The three graphics below show the results for the native
+ tree and this library's node-based trees, the native tree and
+ this library's vector-based trees, and the native tree
+ and this library's PATRICIA-trie, respectively.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The graphic immediately below shows the results for the
+ native tree type and several node-based tree types.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_tree_text_insert_timing_test_node_tree_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_tree_text_insert_timing_test_node_tree_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::map</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c2" nameend="c3"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- branch 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ splay_tree_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>splay_tree_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+
+ <!-- branch 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ rb_tree_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+
+
+ <para>The graphic below shows the results for the
+ native tree type and a vector-based tree type.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_tree_text_insert_timing_test_vector_tree_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_tree_text_insert_timing_test_vector_tree_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::map</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c2" nameend="c3"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- branch 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ ov_tree_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>ov_tree_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+
+
+
+ <para>The graphic below shows the results for the
+ native tree type and a PATRICIA trie type.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_tree_text_insert_timing_test_pat_trie_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_tree_text_insert_timing_test_pat_trie_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::map</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c2" nameend="c3"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- branch 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ pat_trie_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>pat_trie_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="branch.text_insert.observations">
+ <info><title>
+ Observations
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>Observing the first graphic implies that for this setting, a splay tree
+ (<classname>tree</classname> with <classname>Tag
+ </classname> = <classname>splay_tree_tag</classname>) does not do
+ well. See also the Branch-Based
+ Text <function>find</function> Find Timing Test. The two
+ red-black trees perform better.</para>
+
+ <para>Observing the second graphic, an ordered-vector tree
+ (<classname>tree</classname> with <classname>Tag
+ </classname> = <classname>ov_tree_tag</classname>) performs
+ abysmally. Inserting into this type of tree has linear complexity
+ [ austern00noset].</para>
+
+ <para>Observing the third and last graphic, A PATRICIA trie
+ (<classname>trie</classname> with <classname>Tag
+ </classname> = <classname>pat_trie_tag</classname>) has abysmal
+ performance, as well. This is not that surprising, since a
+ large-fan-out PATRICIA trie works like a hash table with
+ collisions resolved by a sub-trie. Each time a collision is
+ encountered, a new "hash-table" is built A large fan-out PATRICIA
+ trie, however, doe does well in look-ups (see Branch-Based
+ Text <function>find</function> Find Timing Test). It may be
+ beneficial in semi-static settings.</para>
+ </section>
+
+ </section>
+
+
+ <!-- 02 <a href="tree_text_find_find_timing_test"> -->
+ <section xml:id="performance.branch.text_find">
+ <info><title>
+ Text <function>find</function>
+ </title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="branch.text_find.info">
+ <info><title>
+ Description
+ </title></info>
+
+
+ <para>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
+ arbitrary text ([wickland96thirty]) into
+ a container, then performs a series of finds using
+ <function>find</function>. It measures the average time
+ for <function>find</function> as a function of the number of
+ values inserted.</para>
+
+ <para>
+ It uses the test file:
+ <filename>
+ performance/ext/pb_ds/text_find_timing.cc
+ </filename>
+ </para>
+
+
+ <para>The test checks the effect of different underlying
+ data structures.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="branch.text_find.results">
+ <info><title>
+ Results
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>The graphic immediately below shows the results for the
+ native tree type and several other tree types.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_text_find_timing_test_tree_like_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_text_find_timing_test_tree_like_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::map</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c2" nameend="c3"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- branch 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ splay_tree_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>splay_tree_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+
+ <!-- branch 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ rb_tree_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+
+ <!-- branch 03 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ ov_tree_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>ov_tree_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+
+ <!-- branch 05 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ pat_trie_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>pat_trie_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="branch.text_find.observations">
+ <info><title>
+ Observations
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>For this setting, a splay tree (<classname>tree</classname>
+ with <classname>Tag
+ </classname> = <classname>splay_tree_tag</classname>) does not do
+ well. This is possibly due to two reasons:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para>A splay tree is not guaranteed to be balanced [motwani95random]. If a
+ splay tree contains n nodes, its average root-leaf
+ path can be m >> log(n).</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Assume a specific root-leaf search path has length
+ m, and the search-target node has distance m'
+ from the root. A red-black tree will require m + 1
+ comparisons to find the required node; a splay tree will
+ require 2 m' comparisons. A splay tree, consequently,
+ can perform many more comparisons than a red-black tree.</para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ <para>An ordered-vector tree (<classname>tree</classname>
+ with <classname>Tag</classname> = <classname>ov_tree_tag</classname>), a red-black
+ tree (<classname>tree</classname>
+ with <classname>Tag</classname> = <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>), and the
+ native red-black tree all share approximately the same
+ performance.</para>
+ <para>An ordered-vector tree is slightly slower than red-black
+ trees, since it requires, in order to find a key, more math
+ operations than they do. Conversely, an ordered-vector tree
+ requires far lower space than the others. ([austern00noset], however,
+ seems to have an implementation that is also faster than a
+ red-black tree).</para>
+ <para>A PATRICIA trie (<classname>trie</classname>
+ with <classname>Tag</classname> = <classname>pat_trie_tag</classname>) has good
+ look-up performance, due to its large fan-out in this case. In
+ this setting, a PATRICIA trie has look-up performance comparable
+ to a hash table (see Hash-Based Text
+ <classname>find</classname> Timing Test), but it is order
+ preserving. This is not that surprising, since a large-fan-out
+ PATRICIA trie works like a hash table with collisions resolved
+ by a sub-trie. A large-fan-out PATRICIA trie does not do well on
+ modifications (see Tree-Based and Trie-Based
+ Text Insert Timing Test). Therefore, it is possibly beneficial in
+ semi-static settings.</para>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+
+ <!-- 03 <a href="tree_text_lor_find_find_timing_test"> -->
+ <section xml:id="performance.branch.text_lor_find">
+
+ <info><title>
+ Text <function>find</function> with Locality-of-Reference
+ </title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="branch.text_lor_find.info">
+ <info><title>
+ Description
+ </title></info>
+
+
+
+ <para>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
+ arbitrary text ([ wickland96thirty ]) into
+ a container, then performs a series of finds using
+ <function>find</function>. It is different than Tree-Based and
+ Trie-Based Text <function>find</function> Find Timing Test in the
+ sequence of finds it performs: this test performs multiple
+ <function>find</function>s on the same key before moving on to the next
+ key. It measures the average time for <function>find</function> as a
+ function of the number of values inserted.</para>
+
+
+ <para>
+ It uses the test file:
+ <filename>
+ performance/ext/pb_ds/tree_text_lor_find_timing.cc
+ </filename>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The test checks the effect of different underlying
+ data structures in a locality-of-reference setting.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="branch.text_lor_find.results">
+ <info><title>
+ Results
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>The graphic immediately below shows the results for the
+ native tree type and several other tree types.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_tree_text_lor_find_timing_test_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_tree_text_lor_find_timing_test_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::map</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c2" nameend="c3"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- branch 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ splay_tree_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>splay_tree_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+
+ <!-- branch 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ rb_tree_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+
+ <!-- branch 03 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ ov_tree_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>ov_tree_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+
+ <!-- branch 05 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ pat_trie_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>pat_trie_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="branch.text_lor_find.observations">
+ <info><title>
+ Observations
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>For this setting, an ordered-vector tree
+ (<classname>tree</classname> with <classname>Tag</classname>
+ = <classname>ov_tree_tag</classname>), a red-black tree
+ (<classname>tree</classname> with <classname>Tag</classname>
+ = <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>), and the native red-black
+ tree all share approximately the same performance.</para>
+ <para>A splay tree (<classname>tree</classname>
+ with <classname>Tag</classname> = <classname>splay_tree_tag</classname>) does
+ much better, since each (successful) find "bubbles" the
+ corresponding node to the root of the tree.</para>
+
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <!-- 04 <a href="tree_split_join_timing_test"> -->
+ <section xml:id="performance.branch.split_join">
+
+ <info><title>
+ <function>split</function> and <function>join</function>
+ </title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="branch.split_join.info">
+ <info><title>
+ Description
+ </title></info>
+
+
+ <para>This test a container, inserts into a number of values, splits
+ the container at the median, and joins the two containers. (If the
+ containers are one of this library's trees,
+ it splits and joins with the <function>split</function> and
+ <function>join</function> method; otherwise, it uses the <function>erase</function> and
+ <function>insert</function> methods.) It measures the time for splitting
+ and joining the containers as a function of the number of
+ values inserted.</para>
+
+ <para>
+ It uses the test file:
+ <filename>
+ performance/ext/pb_ds/tree_split_join_timing.cc
+ </filename>
+ </para>
+
+
+ <para>The test checks the performance difference of <function>join</function>
+ as opposed to a sequence of <function>insert</function> operations; by
+ implication, this test checks the most efficient way to erase a
+ sub-sequence from a tree-like-based container, since this can
+ always be performed by a small sequence of splits and joins.
+ </para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="branch.split_join.results">
+ <info><title>
+ Results
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>The graphic immediately below shows the results for the
+ native tree type and several other tree types.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_tree_split_join_timing_test_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_tree_split_join_timing_test_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::set</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c2" nameend="c3"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- branch 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ splay_tree_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>splay_tree_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+
+ <!-- branch 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ rb_tree_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+
+ <!-- branch 03 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ ov_tree_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>ov_tree_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+
+ <!-- branch 05 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ pat_trie_map
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>pat_trie_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="branch.split_join.observations">
+ <info><title>
+ Observations
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>In this test, the native red-black trees must be split and
+ joined externally, through a sequence of <function>erase</function> and
+ <function>insert</function> operations. This is clearly
+ super-linear, and it is not that surprising that the cost is
+ high.</para>
+ <para>This library's tree-based containers use in this test the
+ <function>split</function> and <function>join</function> methods,
+ which have lower complexity: the <function>join</function> method
+ of a splay tree (<classname>tree</classname>
+ with <classname>Tag </classname>
+ = <classname>splay_tree_tag</classname>) is quadratic in the
+ length of the longest root-leaf path, and linear in the total
+ number of elements; the <function>join</function> method of a
+ red-black tree (<classname>tree</classname>
+ with <classname>Tag </classname>
+ = <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>) or an ordered-vector tree
+ (<classname>tree</classname> with <classname>Tag </classname>
+ = <classname>ov_tree_tag</classname>) is linear in the number of
+ elements.</para>
+
+ <para>Asides from orders of growth, this library's trees access their
+ allocator very little in these operations, and some of them do not
+ access it at all. This leads to lower constants in their
+ complexity, and, for some containers, to exception-free splits and
+ joins (which can be determined
+ via <classname>container_traits</classname>).</para>
+
+ <para>It is important to note that <function>split</function> and
+ <function>join</function> are not esoteric methods - they are the most
+ efficient means of erasing a contiguous range of values from a
+ tree based container.</para>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <!-- 05 <a href="tree_order_statistics_timing_test"> -->
+ <section xml:id="performance.branch.order_statistics">
+
+ <info><title>
+ Order-Statistics
+ </title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="branch.order_statistics.info">
+ <info><title>
+ Description
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>This test creates a container, inserts random integers into the
+ the container, and then checks the order-statistics of the
+ container's values. (If the container is one of this
+ library's trees, it does this with
+ the <function>order_of_key</function> method of
+ <classname>tree_order_statistics_node_update</classname>
+ ; otherwise, it uses the <function>find</function> method and
+ <function>std::distance</function>.) It measures the average
+ time for such queries as a function of the number of values
+ inserted.</para>
+
+ <para>
+ It uses the test file:
+ <filename>
+ performance/ext/pb_ds/tree_order_statistics_timing.cc
+ </filename>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The test checks the performance difference of policies based
+ on node-invariant as opposed to a external functions.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="branch.order_statistics.results">
+ <info><title>
+ Results
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>The graphic immediately below shows the results for the
+ native tree type and several other tree types.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_tree_order_statistics_timing_test_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_tree_order_statistics_timing_test_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::set</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c2" nameend="c3"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- branch 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ splay_tree_ost_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>splay_tree_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>tree_order_statistics_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+
+ <!-- branch 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ rb_tree_ost_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>tree_order_statistics_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="branch.order_statistics.observations">
+ <info><title>
+ Observations
+ </title></info>
+ <para>In this test, the native red-black tree can support
+ order-statistics queries only externally, by performing a
+ <classname>find</classname> (alternatively, <classname>lower_bound</classname> or
+ <classname>upper_bound</classname> ) and then using <classname>std::distance</classname> .
+ This is clearly linear, and it is not that surprising that the
+ cost is high.</para>
+ <para>This library's tree-based containers use in this test the
+ <classname>order_of_key</classname> method of <classname>tree_order_statistics_node_update</classname>.
+ This method has only linear complexity in the length of the
+ root-node path. Unfortunately, the average path of a splay tree
+ (<classname>tree</classname>
+ with <classname>Tag =</classname> <classname>splay_tree_tag</classname> ) can
+ be higher than logarithmic; the longest path of a red-black
+ tree (<classname>tree</classname>
+ with <classname>Tag =</classname> <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname> ) is
+ logarithmic in the number of elements. Consequently, the splay
+ tree has worse performance than the red-black tree.</para>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ </section> <!-- branch -->
+
+ <section xml:id="performance.multimap">
+ <info><title>Multimap</title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+
+ <!-- 01 <a href="multimap_text_find_timing_test_small"> -->
+ <section xml:id="performance.multimap.text_find_small">
+ <info><title>
+ Text <function>find</function> with Small Secondary-to-Primary Key Ratios
+ </title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="multimap.text_find_small.info">
+ <info><title>
+ Description
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>This test inserts a number of pairs into a container. The
+ first item of each pair is a string from an arbitrary text
+ [wickland96thirty], and
+ the second is a uniform i.i.d.integer. The container is a
+ "multimap" - it considers the first member of each pair as a
+ primary key, and the second member of each pair as a secondary
+ key (see Motivation::Associative
+ Containers::Alternative to Multiple Equivalent Keys). There
+ are 400 distinct primary keys, and the ratio of secondary keys
+ to primary keys ranges from 1 to 5.</para>
+ <para>The test measures the average find-time as a function of the
+ number of values inserted. For this library's containers, it
+ finds the secondary key from a container obtained from finding
+ a primary key. For the native multimaps, it searches a range
+ obtained using <classname>std::equal_range</classname> on a primary key.</para>
+
+ <para>
+ It uses the test file:
+ <filename>
+ performance/ext/pb_ds/multimap_text_find_timing_small.cc
+ </filename>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The test checks the find-time scalability of different
+ "multimap" designs.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="multimap.text_find_small.results">
+ <info><title>
+ Results
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>The graphic below show the results for "multimaps" which
+ use a tree-based container for primary keys.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_tree_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="33"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_tree_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="7" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <colspec colname="c4"/>
+ <colspec colname="c5"/>
+ <colspec colname="c6"/>
+ <colspec colname="c7"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ n_mmap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::multimap</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c2" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- multimap 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Mapped</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>list_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Update_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>lu_move_to_front_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- multimap 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="4" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>Mapped</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+
+ <para>The graphic below show the results for "multimaps" which
+ use a hash-based container for primary keys.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_hash_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="33"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_hash_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="7" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <colspec colname="c4"/>
+ <colspec colname="c5"/>
+ <colspec colname="c6"/>
+ <colspec colname="c7"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ n_hash_mmap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::tr1::unordered_multimap</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c2" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- multimap 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
+ <classname>
+ cc_hash_table
+ </classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Mapped</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>list_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Update_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>lu_move_to_front_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- multimap 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="5" valign="top">
+ <classname>
+ cc_hash_table
+ </classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>Mapped</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="multimap.text_find_small.observations">
+ <info><title>
+ Observations
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>See Observations::Mapping-Semantics
+ Considerations.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <!-- 02 <a href="multimap_text_find_timing_test_large"> -->
+ <section xml:id="performance.multimap.text_find_large">
+ <info><title>
+ Text <function>find</function> with Large Secondary-to-Primary Key Ratios
+ </title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="multimap.text_find_large.info">
+ <info><title>
+ Description
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>This test inserts a number of pairs into a container. The
+ first item of each pair is a string from an arbitrary text
+ [wickland96thirty], and
+ the second is a uniform integer. The container is a
+ "multimap" - it considers the first member of each pair as a
+ primary key, and the second member of each pair as a secondary
+ key. There
+ are 400 distinct primary keys, and the ratio of secondary keys
+ to primary keys ranges from 1 to 5.</para>
+ <para>The test measures the average find-time as a function of the
+ number of values inserted. For this library's containers, it
+ finds the secondary key from a container obtained from finding
+ a primary key. For the native multimaps, it searches a range
+ obtained using <classname>std::equal_range</classname> on a primary key.</para>
+
+ <para>
+ It uses the test file:
+ <filename>
+ performance/ext/pb_ds/multimap_text_find_timing_large.cc
+ </filename>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The test checks the find-time scalability of different
+ "multimap" designs.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="multimap.text_find_large.results">
+ <info><title>
+ Results
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>The graphic below show the results for "multimaps" which
+ use a tree-based container for primary keys.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_tree_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="33"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_tree_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="7" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <colspec colname="c4"/>
+ <colspec colname="c5"/>
+ <colspec colname="c6"/>
+ <colspec colname="c7"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ n_mmap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::multimap</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c2" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- multimap 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Mapped</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>list_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Update_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>lu_move_to_front_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- multimap 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="4" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>Mapped</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+
+ <para>The graphic below show the results for "multimaps" which
+ use a hash-based container for primary keys.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_hash_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="33"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_hash_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="7" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <colspec colname="c4"/>
+ <colspec colname="c5"/>
+ <colspec colname="c6"/>
+ <colspec colname="c7"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ n_hash_mmap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::tr1::unordered_multimap</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c2" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- multimap 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
+ <classname>
+ cc_hash_table
+ </classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Mapped</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>list_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Update_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>lu_move_to_front_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- multimap 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="5" valign="top">
+ <classname>
+ cc_hash_table
+ </classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>Mapped</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="multimap.text_find_large.observations">
+ <info><title>
+ Observations
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>See Observations::Mapping-Semantics
+ Considerations.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ </section>
+
+
+ <!-- 03 <a href="multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small"> -->
+ <section xml:id="performance.multimap.text_insert_small">
+ <info><title>
+ Text <function>insert</function> with Small
+ Secondary-to-Primary Key Ratios
+ </title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="multimap.text_insert_small.info">
+ <info><title>
+ Description
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>This test inserts a number of pairs into a container. The
+ first item of each pair is a string from an arbitrary text
+ [wickland96thirty], and
+ the second is a uniform integer. The container is a
+ "multimap" - it considers the first member of each pair as a
+ primary key, and the second member of each pair as a secondary
+ key. There
+ are 400 distinct primary keys, and the ratio of secondary keys
+ to primary keys ranges from 1 to 5.</para>
+ <para>The test measures the average insert-time as a function of
+ the number of values inserted. For this library's containers,
+ it inserts a primary key into the primary associative
+ container, then a secondary key into the secondary associative
+ container. For the native multimaps, it obtains a range using
+ <classname>std::equal_range</classname>, and inserts a value only if it was
+ not contained already.</para>
+
+ <para>
+ It uses the test file:
+ <filename>
+ performance/ext/pb_ds/multimap_text_insert_timing_small.cc
+ </filename>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The test checks the insert-time scalability of different
+ "multimap" designs.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="multimap.text_insert_small.results">
+ <info><title>
+ Results
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>The graphic below show the results for "multimaps" which
+ use a tree-based container for primary keys.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small_s2p_tree_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="33"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_small_s2p_tree_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="7" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <colspec colname="c4"/>
+ <colspec colname="c5"/>
+ <colspec colname="c6"/>
+ <colspec colname="c7"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ n_mmap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::multimap</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c2" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- multimap 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Mapped</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>list_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Update_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>lu_move_to_front_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- multimap 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="4" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>Mapped</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+
+ <para>The graphic below show the results for "multimaps" which
+ use a hash-based container for primary keys.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_hash_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="33"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_small_s2p_hash_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="7" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <colspec colname="c4"/>
+ <colspec colname="c5"/>
+ <colspec colname="c6"/>
+ <colspec colname="c7"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ n_hash_mmap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::tr1::unordered_multimap</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c2" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- multimap 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
+ <classname>
+ cc_hash_table
+ </classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Mapped</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>list_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Update_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>lu_move_to_front_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- multimap 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="5" valign="top">
+ <classname>
+ cc_hash_table
+ </classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>Mapped</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="multimap.text_insert_small.observations">
+ <info><title>
+ Observations
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>See Observations::Mapping-Semantics
+ Considerations.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ </section>
+
+
+ <!-- 04 <a href="multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large"> -->
+ <section xml:id="performance.multimap.text_insert_large">
+ <info><title>
+ Text <function>insert</function> with Small
+ Secondary-to-Primary Key Ratios
+ </title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="multimap.text_insert_large.info">
+ <info><title>
+ Description
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>This test inserts a number of pairs into a container. The
+ first item of each pair is a string from an arbitrary text
+ [wickland96thirty], and
+ the second is a uniform integer. The container is a
+ "multimap" - it considers the first member of each pair as a
+ primary key, and the second member of each pair as a secondary
+ key. There
+ are 400 distinct primary keys, and the ratio of secondary keys
+ to primary keys ranges from 1 to 5.</para>
+ <para>The test measures the average insert-time as a function of
+ the number of values inserted. For this library's containers,
+ it inserts a primary key into the primary associative
+ container, then a secondary key into the secondary associative
+ container. For the native multimaps, it obtains a range using
+ <classname>std::equal_range</classname>, and inserts a value only if it was
+ not contained already.</para>
+
+ <para>
+ It uses the test file:
+ <filename>
+ performance/ext/pb_ds/multimap_text_insert_timing_large.cc
+ </filename>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The test checks the insert-time scalability of different
+ "multimap" designs.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="multimap.text_insert_large.results">
+ <info><title>
+ Results
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>The graphic below show the results for "multimaps" which
+ use a tree-based container for primary keys.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large_s2p_tree_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="33"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_insert_timing_test_large_s2p_tree_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="7" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <colspec colname="c4"/>
+ <colspec colname="c5"/>
+ <colspec colname="c6"/>
+ <colspec colname="c7"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ n_mmap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::multimap</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c2" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- multimap 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Mapped</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>list_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Update_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>lu_move_to_front_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- multimap 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="4" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>Mapped</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+
+ <para>The graphic below show the results for "multimaps" which
+ use a hash-based container for primary keys.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_hash_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="33"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_hash_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="7" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <colspec colname="c4"/>
+ <colspec colname="c5"/>
+ <colspec colname="c6"/>
+ <colspec colname="c7"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ n_hash_mmap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::tr1::unordered_multimap</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c2" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- multimap 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
+ <classname>
+ cc_hash_table
+ </classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Mapped</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>list_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Update_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>lu_move_to_front_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- multimap 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="5" valign="top">
+ <classname>
+ cc_hash_table
+ </classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>Mapped</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="multimap.text_insert_large.observations">
+ <info><title>
+ Observations
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>See Observations::Mapping-Semantics
+ Considerations.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ </section>
+
+
+ <!-- 05 <a href="multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small"> -->
+ <section xml:id="performance.multimap.text_insert_mem_small">
+ <info><title>
+ Text <function>insert</function> with Small
+ Secondary-to-Primary Key Ratios Memory Use
+ </title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="multimap.text_insert_mem_small.info">
+ <info><title>
+ Description
+ </title></info>
+ <para>This test inserts a number of pairs into a container. The
+ first item of each pair is a string from an arbitrary text
+ [wickland96thirty], and
+ the second is a uniform integer. The container is a
+ "multimap" - it considers the first member of each pair as a
+ primary key, and the second member of each pair as a secondary
+ key. There
+ are 100 distinct primary keys, and the ratio of secondary keys
+ to primary keys ranges to about 20.</para>
+ <para>The test measures the memory use as a function of the number
+ of values inserted.</para>
+
+ <para>
+ It uses the test file:
+ <filename>
+ performance/ext/pb_ds/multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_small.cc
+ </filename>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The test checks the memory scalability of different
+ "multimap" designs.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="multimap.text_insert_mem_small.results">
+ <info><title>
+ Results
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>The graphic below show the results for "multimaps" which
+ use a tree-based container for primary keys.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small_s2p_tree_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="33"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_small_s2p_tree_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="7" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <colspec colname="c4"/>
+ <colspec colname="c5"/>
+ <colspec colname="c6"/>
+ <colspec colname="c7"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ n_mmap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::multimap</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c2" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- multimap 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Mapped</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>list_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Update_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>lu_move_to_front_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- multimap 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="4" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>Mapped</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+
+ <para>The graphic below show the results for "multimaps" which
+ use a hash-based container for primary keys.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_hash_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="33"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_hash_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="7" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <colspec colname="c4"/>
+ <colspec colname="c5"/>
+ <colspec colname="c6"/>
+ <colspec colname="c7"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ n_hash_mmap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::tr1::unordered_multimap</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c2" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- multimap 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
+ <classname>
+ cc_hash_table
+ </classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Mapped</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>list_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Update_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>lu_move_to_front_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- multimap 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="5" valign="top">
+ <classname>
+ cc_hash_table
+ </classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>Mapped</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="multimap.text_insert_mem_small.observations">
+ <info><title>
+ Observations
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>See Observations::Mapping-Semantics
+ Considerations.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <!-- 06 <a href="multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large"> -->
+ <section xml:id="performance.multimap.text_insert_mem_large">
+ <info><title>
+ Text <function>insert</function> with Small
+ Secondary-to-Primary Key Ratios Memory Use
+ </title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="multimap.text_insert_mem_large.info">
+ <info><title>
+ Description
+ </title></info>
+ <para>This test inserts a number of pairs into a container. The
+ first item of each pair is a string from an arbitrary text
+ [wickland96thirty], and
+ the second is a uniform integer. The container is a
+ "multimap" - it considers the first member of each pair as a
+ primary key, and the second member of each pair as a secondary
+ key. There
+ are 100 distinct primary keys, and the ratio of secondary keys
+ to primary keys ranges to about 20.</para>
+ <para>The test measures the memory use as a function of the number
+ of values inserted.</para>
+
+ <para>
+ It uses the test file:
+ <filename>
+ performance/ext/pb_ds/multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_large.cc
+ </filename>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The test checks the memory scalability of different
+ "multimap" designs.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="multimap.text_insert_mem_large.results">
+ <info><title>
+ Results
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>The graphic below show the results for "multimaps" which
+ use a tree-based container for primary keys.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large_s2p_tree_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="33"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_insert_mem_usage_test_large_s2p_tree_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="7" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <colspec colname="c4"/>
+ <colspec colname="c5"/>
+ <colspec colname="c6"/>
+ <colspec colname="c7"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ n_mmap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::multimap</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c2" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- multimap 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Mapped</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>list_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Update_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>lu_move_to_front_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- multimap 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="4" valign="top">
+ <classname>tree</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>rb_tree_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Node_Update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>null_node_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>Mapped</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+
+ <para>The graphic below show the results for "multimaps" which
+ use a hash-based container for primary keys.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_hash_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="33"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_multimap_text_find_timing_test_large_s2p_hash_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="7" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <colspec colname="c4"/>
+ <colspec colname="c5"/>
+ <colspec colname="c6"/>
+ <colspec colname="c7"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ n_hash_mmap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::tr1::unordered_multimap</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c2" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- multimap 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ rb_tree_mmap_lu_mtf_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="3" valign="top">
+ <classname>
+ cc_hash_table
+ </classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Mapped</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>list_update</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Update_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>lu_move_to_front_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- multimap 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c7">
+ rb_tree_mmap_cc_hash_mask_exp_nea_lc_1div8_1div2_nsth_set
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="5" valign="top">
+ <classname>
+ cc_hash_table
+ </classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c4" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>Mapped</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="2" valign="top">
+ <classname>cc_hash_table</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Comb_Hash_Fn</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>direct_mask_range_hashing</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry namest="c6" nameend="c7"></entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>Resize_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry morerows="1" valign="top">
+ <classname>hash_standard_resize_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Size_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_exponential_size_policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry valign="top">
+ <classname>Trigger_Policy</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>hash_load_check_resize_trigger</classname> with
+ α<subscript>min</subscript> = 1/8 and α<subscript>max</subscript> = 1/2
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="multimap.text_insert_mem_large.observations">
+ <info><title>
+ Observations
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>See Observations::Mapping-Semantics
+ Considerations.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ </section>
+
+ </section> <!-- multimap -->
+
+ <section xml:id="performance.priority_queue">
+ <info><title>Priority Queue</title></info>
+
+ <!-- 01 <a href="priority_queue_text_push_timing_test"> -->
+ <section xml:id="performance.priority_queue.text_push">
+ <info><title>
+ Text <function>push</function>
+ </title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="priority_queue.text_push.info">
+ <info><title>
+ Description
+ </title></info>
+
+
+ <para>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
+ arbitrary text ([ wickland96thirty ]) into
+ a container using <function>push</function>. It measures the average time
+ for <function>push</function> as a function of the number of values
+ pushed.</para>
+
+ <para>
+ It uses the test file:
+ <filename>
+ performance/ext/pb_ds/priority_queue_text_push_timing.cc
+ </filename>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The test checks the effect of different underlying data
+ structures.
+ </para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="priority_queue.text_push.results">
+ <info><title>
+ Results
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>The two graphics below show the results for the native
+ priority_queues and this library's priority_queues.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The graphic immediately below shows the results for the
+ native priority_queue type instantiated with different underlying
+ container types versus several different versions of library's
+ priority_queues.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_priority_queue_text_push_timing_test_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_priority_queue_text_push_timing_test_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_pq_vector
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Sequence</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::vector</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- native 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_pq_deque
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Sequence</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::deque</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ binary_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>binary_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ binomial_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>binomial_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 03 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ rc_binomial_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>rc_binomial_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 04 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ thin_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 05 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ pairing_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+
+
+ <para>The graphic below shows the results for the binary-heap
+ based native priority queues and this library's pairing-heap
+ priority_queue data structures.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_pairing_priority_queue_text_push_timing_test_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml//images/pbds_pairing_priority_queue_text_push_timing_test_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <!-- native 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_pq_vector
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Sequence</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::vector</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- native 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_pq_deque
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Sequence</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::deque</classname>
+ </entry>
+
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ thin_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ pairing_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="priority_queue.text_push.observations">
+ <info><title>
+ Observations
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>Pairing heaps (<classname>priority_queue</classname> with
+ <classname>Tag</classname> = <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>)
+ are the most suited for sequences of <function>push</function> and
+ <function>pop</function> operations of non-primitive types (e.g.
+ <classname>std::string</classname>s). (See Priority Queue
+ Text <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function> Timing Test.) They are
+ less constrained than binomial heaps, e.g., and since
+ they are node-based, they outperform binary heaps. (See
+ Priority
+ Queue Random Integer <function>push</function> Timing Test for the case
+ of primitive types.)</para>
+
+ <para>The standard's priority queues do not seem to perform well in
+ this case: the <classname>std::vector</classname> implementation needs to
+ perform a logarithmic sequence of string operations for each
+ operation, and the deque implementation is possibly hampered by
+ its need to manipulate a relatively-complex type (deques
+ support a O(1) <function>push_front</function>, even though it is
+ not used by <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>.)</para>
+
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <!-- 02 <a href="priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test"> -->
+ <section xml:id="performance.priority_queue.text_push_pop">
+ <info><title>
+ Text <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function>
+ </title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="priority_queue.text_push_pop.info">
+ <info><title>
+ Description
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
+ arbitrary text ([ wickland96thirty ]) into
+ a container using <classname>push</classname> , then removes them using
+ <classname>pop</classname> . It measures the average time for <classname>push</classname>
+ as a function of the number of values.</para>
+
+
+ <para>
+ It uses the test file:
+ <filename>
+ performance/ext/pb_ds/priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing.cc
+ </filename>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The test checks the effect of different underlying data
+ structures.
+ </para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="priority_queue.text_push_pop.results">
+ <info><title>
+ Results
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>The two graphics below show the results for the native
+ priority_queues and this library's priority_queues.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The graphic immediately below shows the results for the
+ native priority_queue type instantiated with different underlying
+ container types versus several different versions of library's
+ priority_queues.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_pq_vector
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Sequence</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::vector</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- native 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_pq_deque
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Sequence</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::deque</classname>
+ </entry>
+
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ binary_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>binary_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ binomial_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>binomial_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 03 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ rc_binomial_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>rc_binomial_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 04 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ thin_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 05 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ pairing_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+
+
+ <para>The graphic below shows the results for the native priority
+ queues and this library's pairing-heap priority_queue data
+ structures.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_pairing_priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml//images/pbds_pairing_priority_queue_text_push_pop_timing_test_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_pq_vector
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname> adapting <classname>std::vector</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Sequence</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::vector</classname>
+ </entry>
+
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- native 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_pq_deque
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Sequence</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::deque</classname>
+ </entry>
+
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ pairing_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="priority_queue.text_push_pop.observations">
+ <info><title>
+ Observations
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>These results are very similar to Priority Queue Text
+ <function>push</function> Timing Test. As stated there, pairing heaps
+ (<classname>priority_queue</classname> with
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ = <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>) are most suited
+ for <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function>
+ sequences of non-primitive types such as strings. Observing these
+ two tests, one can note that a pairing heap outperforms the others
+ in terms of <function>push</function> operations, but equals
+ binary heaps (<classname>priority_queue</classname> with
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ = <classname>binary_heap_tag</classname>) if the number
+ of <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function>
+ operations is equal. As the number of <function>pop</function>
+ operations is at most equal to the number
+ of <function>push</function> operations, pairing heaps are better
+ in this case. See Priority Queue Random
+ Integer <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function>
+ Timing Test for a case which is different.</para>
+
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+
+ <!-- 03 <a href="priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test"> -->
+ <section xml:id="performance.priority_queue.int_push">
+ <info><title>
+ Integer <function>push</function>
+ </title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="priority_queue.int_push.info">
+ <info><title>
+ Description
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>This test inserts a number of values with integer keys
+ into a container using <function>push</function>. It
+ measures the average time for <function>push</function> as a
+ function of the number of values.</para>
+
+ <para>
+ It uses the test file:
+ <filename>
+ performance/ext/pb_ds/priority_queue_random_int_push_timing.cc
+ </filename>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The test checks the effect of different underlying data
+ structures.
+ </para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="priority_queue.int_push.results">
+ <info><title>
+ Results
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>The two graphics below show the results for the native
+ priority_queues and this library's priority_queues.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The graphic immediately below shows the results for the
+ native priority_queue type instantiated with different underlying
+ container types versus several different versions of library's
+ priority_queues.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_pq_vector
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Sequence</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::vector</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- native 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_pq_deque
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Sequence</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::deque</classname>
+ </entry>
+
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ binary_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>binary_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ binomial_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>binomial_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 03 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ rc_binomial_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>rc_binomial_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 04 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ thin_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 05 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ pairing_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+
+
+ <para>The graphic below shows the results for the binary-heap
+ based native priority queues and this library's
+ priority_queue data structures.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_binary_priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml//images/pbds_binary_priority_queue_random_int_push_timing_test_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_pq_vector
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname> adapting <classname>std::vector</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Sequence</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::vector</classname>
+ </entry>
+
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- native 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_pq_deque
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Sequence</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::deque</classname>
+ </entry>
+
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ binary_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>binary_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="priority_queue.int_push.observations">
+ <info><title>
+ Observations
+ </title></info>
+
+
+ <para>Binary heaps are the most suited for sequences of
+ <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function> operations of primitive types
+ (e.g. <type>int</type>s). They are less constrained
+ than any other type, and since it is very efficient to store
+ such types in arrays, they outperform even pairing heaps. (See
+ Priority
+ Queue Text <function>push</function> Timing Test for the case of
+ non-primitive types.)</para>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <!-- 04 "priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing_test" -->
+ <section xml:id="performance.priority_queue.int_push_pop">
+ <info><title>
+ Integer <function>push</function>
+ </title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="priority_queue.int_push_pop.info">
+ <info><title>
+ Description
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>This test inserts a number of values with integer keys
+ into a container using <function>push</function> , then removes them
+ using <function>pop</function> . It measures the average time for
+ <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function> as a function
+ of the number of values.</para>
+
+ <para>
+ It uses the test file:
+ <filename>
+ performance/ext/pb_ds/priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing.cc
+ </filename>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The test checks the effect of different underlying data
+ structures.
+ </para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="priority_queue.int_push_pop.results">
+ <info><title>
+ Results
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>The graphic immediately below shows the results for the
+ native priority_queue type instantiated with different underlying
+ container types versus several different versions of library's
+ priority_queues.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing_test_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_priority_queue_random_int_push_pop_timing_test_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_pq_vector
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Sequence</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::vector</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- native 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_pq_deque
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Sequence</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::deque</classname>
+ </entry>
+
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ binary_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>binary_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ binomial_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>binomial_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 03 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ rc_binomial_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>rc_binomial_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 04 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ thin_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 05 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ pairing_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="priority_queue.int_push_pop.observations">
+ <info><title>
+ Observations
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>Binary heaps are the most suited for sequences of
+ <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function> operations of primitive types
+ (e.g. <type>int</type>s). This is explained in
+ Priority
+ Queue Random Int <function>push</function> Timing Test. (See Priority Queue
+ Text <function>push</function> Timing Test for the case of primitive
+ types.)</para>
+
+ <para>At first glance it seems that the standard's vector-based
+ priority queue is approximately on par with this
+ library's corresponding priority queue. There are two
+ differences however:</para>
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para>The standard's priority queue does not downsize the underlying
+ vector (or deque) as the priority queue becomes smaller
+ (see Priority Queue
+ Text <function>pop</function> Memory Use Test). It is therefore
+ gaining some speed at the expense of space.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>From Priority Queue Random
+ Integer <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function>
+ Timing Test, it seems that the standard's priority queue is
+ slower in terms of <function>push</function> operations. Since
+ the number of
+ <function>pop</function> operations is at most that of <function>push</function>
+ operations, the test here is the "best" for the standard's
+ priority queue.</para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+
+ <!-- 05 <a href="priority_queue_text_pop_mem_usage_test"> -->
+ <section xml:id="performance.priority_queue.text_pop">
+ <info><title>
+ Text <function>pop</function> Memory Use
+ </title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="priority_queue.text_pop.info">
+ <info><title>
+ Description
+ </title></info>
+
+
+ <para>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
+ arbitrary text ([ wickland96thirty ]) into
+ a container, then pops them until only one is left in the
+ container. It measures the memory use as a function of the
+ number of values pushed to the container.</para>
+ <para>
+ It uses the test file:
+ <filename>
+ performance/ext/pb_ds/priority_queue_text_pop_mem_usage.cc
+ </filename>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The test checks the effect of different underlying data
+ structures.
+ </para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="priority_queue.text_pop.results">
+ <info><title>
+ Results
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>The graphic immediately below shows the results for the
+ native priority_queue type instantiated with different underlying
+ container types versus several different versions of library's
+ priority_queues.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_priority_queue_text_pop_mem_usage_test_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_priority_queue_text_pop_mem_usage_test_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_pq_vector
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Sequence</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::vector</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- native 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_pq_deque
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Sequence</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::deque</classname>
+ </entry>
+
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ binary_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>binary_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ binomial_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>binomial_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 03 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ rc_binomial_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>rc_binomial_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 04 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ thin_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 05 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ pairing_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="priority_queue.text_pop.observations">
+ <info><title>
+ Observations
+ </title></info>
+
+
+ <para>The priority queue implementations (excluding the standard's) use
+ memory proportionally to the number of values they hold:
+ node-based implementations (e.g., a pairing heap) do so
+ naturally; this library's binary heap de-allocates memory when
+ a certain lower threshold is exceeded.</para>
+
+ <para>Note from Priority Queue Text <function>push</function>
+ and <function>pop</function> Timing Test and Priority Queue
+ Random Integer <function>push</function>
+ and <function>pop</function> Timing Test that this does not
+ impede performance compared to the standard's priority
+ queues.</para>
+ <para>See Hash-Based Erase
+ Memory Use Test for a similar phenomenon regarding priority
+ queues.</para>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <!-- 06 <a href="priority_queue_text_join_timing_test"> -->
+ <section xml:id="performance.priority_queue.text_join">
+ <info><title>
+ Text <function>join</function>
+ </title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="priority_queue.text_join.info">
+ <info><title>
+ Description
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
+ arbitrary text ([ wickland96thirty ]) into
+ two containers, then merges the containers. It uses
+ <function>join</function> for this library's priority queues; for
+ the standard's priority queues, it successively pops values from
+ one container and pushes them into the other. The test measures
+ the average time as a function of the number of values.</para>
+ <para>
+ It uses the test file:
+ <filename>
+ performance/ext/pb_ds/priority_queue_text_join_timing.cc
+ </filename>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The test checks the effect of different underlying data
+ structures.
+ </para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="priority_queue.text_join.results">
+ <info><title>
+ Results
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>The graphic immediately below shows the results for the
+ native priority_queue type instantiated with different underlying
+ container types versus several different versions of library's
+ priority_queues.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_priority_queue_text_join_timing_test_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_priority_queue_text_join_timing_test_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_pq_vector
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Sequence</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::vector</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- native 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_pq_deque
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Sequence</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::deque</classname>
+ </entry>
+
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ binary_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>binary_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ binomial_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>binomial_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 03 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ rc_binomial_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>rc_binomial_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 04 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ thin_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 05 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ pairing_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="priority_queue.text_join.observations">
+ <info><title>
+ Observations
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>In this test the node-based heaps perform <function>join</function> in
+ either logarithmic or constant time. The binary heap requires
+ linear time, since the well-known heapify algorithm [clrs2001] is linear.</para>
+ <para>It would be possible to apply the heapify algorithm to the
+ standard containers, if they would support iteration (which they
+ don't). Barring iterators, it is still somehow possible to perform
+ linear-time merge on a <classname>std::vector</classname>-based
+ standard priority queue, using <function>top()</function>
+ and <function>size()</function> (since they are enough to expose
+ the underlying array), but this is impossible for
+ a <classname>std::deque</classname>-based standard priority queue.
+ Without heapify, the cost is super-linear.</para>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+
+ <!-- 07 <a href="priority_queue_text_push_timing_test"> -->
+ <section xml:id="performance.priority_queue.text_modify_up">
+ <info><title>
+ Text <function>modify</function> Up
+ </title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="priority_queue.text_modify_up.info">
+ <info><title>
+ Description
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
+ arbitrary text ([ wickland96thirty ]) into
+ into a container then modifies each one "up" (i.e., it
+ makes it larger). It uses <function>modify</function> for this library's
+ priority queues; for the standard's priority queues, it pops values
+ from a container until it reaches the value that should be
+ modified, then pushes values back in. It measures the average
+ time for <function>modify</function> as a function of the number of
+ values.</para>
+
+ <para>
+ It uses the test file:
+ <filename>
+ performance/ext/pb_ds/priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing.cc
+ </filename>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The test checks the effect of different underlying data
+ structures for graph algorithms settings. Note that making an
+ arbitrary value larger (in the sense of the priority queue's
+ comparison functor) corresponds to decrease-key in standard graph
+ algorithms [clrs2001].
+ </para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="priority_queue.text_modify_up.results">
+ <info><title>
+ Results
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>The two graphics below show the results for the native
+ priority_queues and this library's priority_queues.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The graphic immediately below shows the results for the
+ native priority_queue type instantiated with different underlying
+ container types versus several different versions of library's
+ priority_queues.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_pq_vector
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Sequence</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::vector</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- native 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_pq_deque
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Sequence</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::deque</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ binary_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>binary_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ binomial_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>binomial_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 03 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ rc_binomial_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>rc_binomial_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 04 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ thin_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 05 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ pairing_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+
+
+ <para>The graphic below shows the results for the
+ native priority queues and this library's pairing and thin heap
+ priority_queue data structures.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test_pairing_thin_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml//images/pbds_priority_queue_text_modify_up_timing_test_pairing_thin_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ thin_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ pairing_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="priority_queue.text_modify_up.observations">
+ <info><title>
+ Observations
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>As noted above, increasing an arbitrary value (in the sense of
+ the priority queue's comparison functor) is very common in
+ graph-related algorithms. In this case, a thin heap
+ (<classname>priority_queue</classname> with
+ <classname>Tag</classname> = <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>)
+ outperforms a pairing heap (<classname>priority_queue</classname> with
+ <classname>Tag</classname> = <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>).
+ Conversely, Priority Queue Text
+ <function>push</function> Timing Test, Priority Queue
+ Text <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function> Timing Test, Priority
+ Queue Random Integer <function>push</function> Timing Test, and
+ Priority
+ Queue Random Integer <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function> Timing
+ Test show that the situation is reversed for other
+ operations. It is not clear when to prefer one of these two
+ different types.</para>
+
+ <para>In this test this library's binary heaps
+ effectively perform modify in linear time. As explained in
+ Priority Queue Design::Traits, given a valid point-type iterator,
+ a binary heap can perform
+ <function>modify</function> logarithmically. The problem is that binary
+ heaps invalidate their find iterators with each modifying
+ operation, and so the only way to obtain a valid point-type
+ iterator is to iterate using a range-type iterator until
+ finding the appropriate value, then use the range-type iterator
+ for the <function>modify</function> operation.</para>
+ <para>The explanation for the standard's priority queues' performance
+ is similar to that in Priority Queue Text
+ <function>join</function> Timing Test.</para>
+
+
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <!-- 08 <a href="priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test"> -->
+
+ <section xml:id="performance.priority_queue.text_modify_down">
+ <info><title>
+ Text <function>modify</function> Down
+ </title></info>
+ <para></para>
+
+ <section xml:id="priority_queue.text_modify_down.info">
+ <info><title>
+ Description
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>This test inserts a number of values with keys from an
+ arbitrary text ([ wickland96thirty ]) into
+ into a container then modifies each one "down" (i.e., it
+ makes it smaller). It uses <function>modify</function> for this library's
+ priority queues; for the standard's priority queues, it pops values
+ from a container until it reaches the value that should be
+ modified, then pushes values back in. It measures the average
+ time for <function>modify</function> as a function of the number of
+ values.</para>
+
+ <para>
+ It uses the test file:
+ <filename>
+ performance/ext/pb_ds/priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing.cc
+ </filename>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The main purpose of this test is to contrast Priority Queue
+ Text <classname>modify</classname> Up Timing Test.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="priority_queue.text_modify_down.results">
+ <info><title>
+ Results
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>The two graphics below show the results for the native
+ priority_queues and this library's priority_queues.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>The graphic immediately below shows the results for the
+ native priority_queue type instantiated with different underlying
+ container types versus several different versions of library's
+ priority_queues.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml/images/pbds_priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- native 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_pq_vector
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Sequence</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::vector</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- native 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ n_pq_deque
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Sequence</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::deque</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ binary_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>binary_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ binomial_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>binomial_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 03 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ rc_binomial_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>rc_binomial_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 04 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ thin_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 05 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ pairing_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+
+
+ <para>The graphic below shows the results for the
+ native priority queues and this library's pairing and thin heap
+ priority_queue data structures.
+ </para>
+
+ <!-- results graphic -->
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75"
+ fileref="../images/pbds_priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test_pairing_thin_local.pdf"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100"
+ fileref="/mnt/share/src/gcc.svn-trunk/libstdc++-v3/doc/xml//images/pbds_priority_queue_text_modify_down_timing_test_pairing_thin_local.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>
+ The abbreviated names in the legend of the graphic above are
+ instantiated with the types in the following table.
+ </para>
+
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry><emphasis>Name/Instantiating Type</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Parameter</emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis>Details</emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 01 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ thin_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+
+ <!-- priority_queue 02 -->
+ <row>
+ <?dbhtml bgcolor="#B0B0B0" ?>
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">
+ pairing_heap
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>Tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="priority_queue.text_modify_down.observations">
+ <info><title>
+ Observations
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>Most points in these results are similar to Priority Queue
+ Text <function>modify</function> Up Timing Test.</para>
+
+ <para>It is interesting to note, however, that as opposed to that
+ test, a thin heap (<classname>priority_queue</classname> with
+ <classname>Tag</classname> = <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>) is
+ outperformed by a pairing heap (<classname>priority_queue</classname> with
+ <classname>Tag</classname> = <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>).
+ In this case, both heaps essentially perform an <function>erase</function>
+ operation followed by a <function>push</function> operation. As the other
+ tests show, a pairing heap is usually far more efficient than a
+ thin heap, so this is not surprising.</para>
+ <para>Most algorithms that involve priority queues increase values
+ (in the sense of the priority queue's comparison functor), and
+ so Priority Queue
+ Text <classname>modify</classname> Up Timing Test - is more interesting
+ than this test.</para>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+
+ </section> <!-- priority_queue -->
+
+ <section xml:id="pbds.test.performance.observations">
+ <info><title>Observations</title></info>
+
+ <section xml:id="observations.associative">
+ <info><title>Associative</title></info>
+
+ <section xml:id="observations.associative.underlying">
+ <info><title>
+ Underlying Data-Structure Families
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>In general, hash-based containers have better timing performance
+ than containers based on different underlying-data structures. The
+ main reason to choose a tree-based or trie-based container is if a
+ byproduct of the tree-like structure is required: either
+ order-preservation, or the ability to utilize node invariants. If
+ memory-use is the major factor, an ordered-vector tree gives
+ optimal results (albeit with high modificiation costs), and a
+ list-based container gives reasonable results.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="observations.associative.hash">
+ <info><title>
+ Hash-Based Containers
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>Hash-based containers are typically either collision
+ chaining or probing. Collision-chaining
+ containers are more flexible internally, and so offer better
+ timing performance. Probing containers, if used for simple
+ value-types, manage memory more efficiently (they perform far
+ fewer allocation-related calls). In general, therefore, a
+ collision-chaining table should be used. A probing container,
+ conversely, might be used efficiently for operations such as
+ eliminating duplicates in a sequence, or counting the number of
+ occurrences within a sequence. Probing containers might be more
+ useful also in multithreaded applications where each thread
+ manipulates a hash-based container: in the standard, allocators have
+ class-wise semantics (see [meyers96more] - Item 10); a
+ probing container might incur less contention in this case.</para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="observations.associative.hash_policies">
+ <info><title>
+ Hash Policies
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>In hash-based containers, the range-hashing scheme seems to
+ affect performance more than other considerations. In most
+ settings, a mask-based scheme works well (or can be made to
+ work well). If the key-distribution can be estimated a-priori,
+ a simple hash function can produce nearly uniform hash-value
+ distribution. In many other cases (e.g., text hashing,
+ floating-point hashing), the hash function is powerful enough
+ to generate hash values with good uniformity properties
+ [knuth98sorting];
+ a modulo-based scheme, taking into account all bits of the hash
+ value, appears to overlap the hash function in its effort.</para>
+ <para>The range-hashing scheme determines many of the other
+ policies. A mask-based scheme works
+ well with an exponential-size policy; for
+ probing-based containers, it goes well with a linear-probe
+ function.</para>
+ <para>An orthogonal consideration is the trigger policy. This
+ presents difficult tradeoffs. E.g., different load
+ factors in a load-check trigger policy yield a
+ space/amortized-cost tradeoff.</para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="observations.associative.branch">
+ <info><title>
+ Branch-Based Containers
+ </title></info>
+ <para>In general, there are several families of tree-based
+ underlying data structures: balanced node-based trees
+ (e.g., red-black or AVL trees), high-probability
+ balanced node-based trees (e.g., random treaps or
+ skip-lists), competitive node-based trees (e.g., splay
+ trees), vector-based "trees", and tries. (Additionally, there
+ are disk-residing or network-residing trees, such as B-Trees
+ and their numerous variants. An interface for this would have
+ to deal with the execution model and ACID guarantees; this is
+ out of the scope of this library.) Following are some
+ observations on their application to different settings.</para>
+
+ <para>Of the balanced node-based trees, this library includes a
+ red-black tree, as does standard (in
+ practice). This type of tree is the "workhorse" of tree-based
+ containers: it offers both reasonable modification and
+ reasonable lookup time. Unfortunately, this data structure
+ stores a huge amount of metadata. Each node must contain,
+ besides a value, three pointers and a boolean. This type might
+ be avoided if space is at a premium [austern00noset].</para>
+ <para>High-probability balanced node-based trees suffer the
+ drawbacks of deterministic balanced trees. Although they are
+ fascinating data structures, preliminary tests with them showed
+ their performance was worse than red-black trees. The library
+ does not contain any such trees, therefore.</para>
+ <para>Competitive node-based trees have two drawbacks. They are
+ usually somewhat unbalanced, and they perform a large number of
+ comparisons. Balanced trees perform one comparison per each
+ node they encounter on a search path; a splay tree performs two
+ comparisons. If the keys are complex objects, e.g.,
+ <classname>std::string</classname>, this can increase the running time.
+ Conversely, such trees do well when there is much locality of
+ reference. It is difficult to determine in which case to prefer
+ such trees over balanced trees. This library includes a splay
+ tree.</para>
+ <para>Ordered-vector trees use very little space
+ [austern00noset].
+ They do not have any other advantages (at least in this
+ implementation).</para>
+ <para>Large-fan-out PATRICIA tries have excellent lookup
+ performance, but they do so through maintaining, for each node,
+ a miniature "hash-table". Their space efficiency is low, and
+ their modification performance is bad. These tries might be
+ used for semi-static settings, where order preservation is
+ important. Alternatively, red-black trees cross-referenced with
+ hash tables can be used. [okasaki98mereable]
+ discusses small-fan-out PATRICIA tries for integers, but the
+ cited results seem to indicate that the amortized cost of
+ maintaining such trees is higher than that of balanced trees.
+ Moderate-fan-out trees might be useful for sequences where each
+ element has a limited number of choices, e.g., DNA
+ strings.</para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="observations.associative.mapping_semantics">
+ <info><title>
+ Mapping-Semantics
+ </title></info>
+ <para>Different mapping semantics were discussed in the introduction and design sections.Here
+ the focus will be on the case where a keys can be composed into
+ primary keys and secondary keys. (In the case where some keys
+ are completely identical, it is trivial that one should use an
+ associative container mapping values to size types.) In this
+ case there are (at least) five possibilities:</para>
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para>Use an associative container that allows equivalent-key
+ values (such as <classname>std::multimap</classname>)</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Use a unique-key value associative container that maps
+ each primary key to some complex associative container of
+ secondary keys, say a tree-based or hash-based container.
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Use a unique-key value associative container that maps
+ each primary key to some simple associative container of
+ secondary keys, say a list-based container.</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Use a unique-key value associative container that maps
+ each primary key to some non-associative container
+ (e.g., <classname>std::vector</classname>)</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>Use a unique-key value associative container that takes
+ into account both primary and secondary keys.</para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ <para>Stated simply: there is a simple answer for this. (Excluding
+ option 1, which should be avoided in all cases).</para>
+ <para>If the expected ratio of secondary keys to primary keys is
+ small, then 3 and 4 seem reasonable. Both types of secondary
+ containers are relatively lightweight (in terms of memory use
+ and construction time), and so creating an entire container
+ object for each primary key is not too expensive. Option 4
+ might be preferable to option 3 if changing the secondary key
+ of some primary key is frequent - one cannot modify an
+ associative container's key, and the only possibility,
+ therefore, is erasing the secondary key and inserting another
+ one instead; a non-associative container, conversely, can
+ support in-place modification. The actual cost of erasing a
+ secondary key and inserting another one depends also on the
+ allocator used for secondary associative-containers (The tests
+ above used the standard allocator, but in practice one might
+ choose to use, e.g., [boost_pool]). Option 2 is
+ definitely an overkill in this case. Option 1 loses out either
+ immediately (when there is one secondary key per primary key)
+ or almost immediately after that. Option 5 has the same
+ drawbacks as option 2, but it has the additional drawback that
+ finding all values whose primary key is equivalent to some key,
+ might be linear in the total number of values stored (for
+ example, if using a hash-based container).</para>
+ <para>If the expected ratio of secondary keys to primary keys is
+ large, then the answer is more complicated. It depends on the
+ distribution of secondary keys to primary keys, the
+ distribution of accesses according to primary keys, and the
+ types of operations most frequent.</para>
+ <para>To be more precise, assume there are m primary keys,
+ primary key i is mapped to n<subscript>i</subscript>
+ secondary keys, and each primary key is mapped, on average, to
+ n secondary keys (i.e.,
+ E(n<subscript>i</subscript>) = n).</para>
+ <para>Suppose one wants to find a specific pair of primary and
+ secondary keys. Using 1 with a tree based container
+ (<classname>std::multimap</classname>), the expected cost is
+ E(Θ(log(m) + n<subscript>i</subscript>)) = Θ(log(m) +
+ n); using 1 with a hash-based container
+ (<classname>std::tr1::unordered_multimap</classname>), the expected cost is
+ Θ(n). Using 2 with a primary hash-based container
+ and secondary hash-based containers, the expected cost is
+ O(1); using 2 with a primary tree-based container and
+ secondary tree-based containers, the expected cost is (using
+ the Jensen inequality [motwani95random])
+ E(O(log(m) + log(n<subscript>i</subscript>)) = O(log(m)) +
+ E(O(log(n<subscript>i</subscript>)) = O(log(m)) + O(log(n)),
+ assuming that primary keys are accessed equiprobably. 3 and 4
+ are similar to 1, but with lower constants. Using 5 with a
+ hash-based container, the expected cost is O(1); using 5
+ with a tree based container, the cost is
+ E(Θ(log(mn))) = Θ(log(m) +
+ log(n)).</para>
+ <para>Suppose one needs the values whose primary key matches some
+ given key. Using 1 with a hash-based container, the expected
+ cost is Θ(n), but the values will not be ordered
+ by secondary keys (which may or may not be required); using 1
+ with a tree-based container, the expected cost is
+ Θ(log(m) + n), but with high constants; again the
+ values will not be ordered by secondary keys. 2, 3, and 4 are
+ similar to 1, but typically with lower constants (and,
+ additionally, if one uses a tree-based container for secondary
+ keys, they will be ordered). Using 5 with a hash-based
+ container, the cost is Θ(mn).</para>
+ <para>Suppose one wants to assign to a primary key all secondary
+ keys assigned to a different primary key. Using 1 with a
+ hash-based container, the expected cost is Θ(n),
+ but with very high constants; using 1 with a tree-based
+ container, the cost is Θ(nlog(mn)). Using 2, 3,
+ and 4, the expected cost is Θ(n), but typically
+ with far lower costs than 1. 5 is similar to 1.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ </section>
+
+
+ <section xml:id="observations.priority_queue">
+ <info><title>Priority_Queue</title></info>
+
+ <section xml:id="observations.priority_queue.complexity">
+ <info><title>Complexity</title></info>
+
+ <para>The following table shows the complexities of the different
+ underlying data structures in terms of orders of growth. It is
+ interesting to note that this table implies something about the
+ constants of the operations as well (see Amortized <function>push</function>
+ and <function>pop</function> operations).</para>
+
+ <informaltable frame="all">
+
+ <tgroup cols="6" align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+ <colspec colname="c1"/>
+ <colspec colname="c2"/>
+ <colspec colname="c3"/>
+ <colspec colname="c4"/>
+ <colspec colname="c5"/>
+ <colspec colname="c6"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis><function>push</function></emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis><function>pop</function></emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis><function>modify</function></emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis><function>erase</function></emphasis></entry>
+ <entry><emphasis><function>join</function></emphasis></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>std::priority_queue</classname>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ Θ(n) worst
+ Θ(log(n)) amortized
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ Θ(log(n)) Worst
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ Θ(n log(n)) Worst
+ <subscript>[std note 1]</subscript>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ Θ(n log(n))
+ <subscript>[std note 2]</subscript>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ Θ(n log(n))
+ <subscript>[std note 1]</subscript>
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ <<classname>Tag</classname> =
+ <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ O(1)
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ Θ(n) worst
+ Θ(log(n)) amortized
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ Θ(n) worst
+ Θ(log(n)) amortized
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ Θ(n) worst
+ Θ(log(n)) amortized
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ O(1)
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ <<classname>Tag</classname> =
+ <classname>binary_heap_tag</classname>>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ Θ(n) worst
+ Θ(log(n)) amortized
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ Θ(n) worst
+ Θ(log(n)) amortized
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ Θ(n)
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ Θ(n)
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ Θ(n)
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ <<classname>Tag</classname> =
+ <classname>binomial_heap_tag</classname>>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ Θ(log(n)) worst
+ O(1) amortized
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ Θ(log(n))
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ Θ(log(n))
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ Θ(log(n))
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ Θ(log(n))
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ <<classname>Tag</classname> =
+ <classname>rc_binomial_heap_tag</classname>>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ O(1)
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ Θ(log(n))
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ Θ(log(n))
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ Θ(log(n))
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ Θ(log(n))
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>
+ <classname>priority_queue</classname><<classname>Tag</classname> =
+ <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ O(1)
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ Θ(n) worst
+ Θ(log(n)) amortized
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ Θ(log(n)) worst
+ O(1) amortized,
+ or Θ(log(n)) amortized
+ <subscript>[thin_heap_note]</subscript>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ Θ(n) worst
+ Θ(log(n)) amortized
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
+ Θ(n)
+ </entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+
+ </informaltable>
+
+ <para>[std note 1] This
+ is not a property of the algorithm, but rather due to the fact
+ that the standard's priority queue implementation does not support
+ iterators (and consequently the ability to access a specific
+ value inside it). If the priority queue is adapting an
+ <classname>std::vector</classname>, then it is still possible to reduce this
+ to Θ(n) by adapting over the standard's adapter and
+ using the fact that <function>top</function> returns a reference to the
+ first value; if, however, it is adapting an
+ <classname>std::deque</classname>, then this is impossible.</para>
+
+ <para>[std note 2] As
+ with [std note 1], this is not a
+ property of the algorithm, but rather the standard's implementation.
+ Again, if the priority queue is adapting an
+ <classname>std::vector</classname> then it is possible to reduce this to
+ Θ(n), but with a very high constant (one must call
+ <function>std::make_heap</function> which is an expensive linear
+ operation); if the priority queue is adapting an
+ <classname>std::deque</classname>, then this is impossible.</para>
+
+ <para>[thin_heap_note] A thin heap has
+ Θ(log(n)) worst case <function>modify</function> time
+ always, but the amortized time depends on the nature of the
+ operation: I) if the operation increases the key (in the sense
+ of the priority queue's comparison functor), then the amortized
+ time is O(1), but if II) it decreases it, then the
+ amortized time is the same as the worst case time. Note that
+ for most algorithms, I) is important and II) is not.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="observations.priority_queue.amortized_ops">
+ <info><title>
+ Amortized <function>push</function>
+ and <function>pop</function> operations
+ </title></info>
+
+
+ <para>In many cases, a priority queue is needed primarily for
+ sequences of <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function> operations. All of
+ the underlying data structures have the same amortized
+ logarithmic complexity, but they differ in terms of
+ constants.</para>
+ <para>The table above shows that the different data structures are
+ "constrained" in some respects. In general, if a data structure
+ has lower worst-case complexity than another, then it will
+ perform slower in the amortized sense. Thus, for example a
+ redundant-counter binomial heap (<classname>priority_queue</classname> with
+ <classname>Tag</classname> = <classname>rc_binomial_heap_tag</classname>)
+ has lower worst-case <function>push</function> performance than a binomial
+ heap (<classname>priority_queue</classname>
+ with <classname>Tag</classname> = <classname>binomial_heap_tag</classname>),
+ and so its amortized <function>push</function> performance is slower in
+ terms of constants.</para>
+ <para>As the table shows, the "least constrained" underlying
+ data structures are binary heaps and pairing heaps.
+ Consequently, it is not surprising that they perform best in
+ terms of amortized constants.</para>
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem><para>Pairing heaps seem to perform best for non-primitive
+ types (e.g., <classname>std::string</classname>s), as shown by
+ Priority
+ Queue Text <function>push</function> Timing Test and Priority
+ Queue Text <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function> Timing
+ Test</para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para>binary heaps seem to perform best for primitive types
+ (e.g., <type>int</type>s), as shown by Priority
+ Queue Random Integer <function>push</function> Timing Test and
+ Priority
+ Queue Random Integer <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function> Timing
+ Test.</para></listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="observations.priority_queue.graphs">
+ <info><title>
+ Graph Algorithms
+ </title></info>
+
+ <para>In some graph algorithms, a decrease-key operation is
+ required [clrs2001];
+ this operation is identical to <function>modify</function> if a value is
+ increased (in the sense of the priority queue's comparison
+ functor). The table above and Priority Queue
+ Text <function>modify</function> Up Timing Test show that a thin heap
+ (<classname>priority_queue</classname> with
+ <classname>Tag</classname> = <classname>thin_heap_tag</classname>)
+ outperforms a pairing heap (<classname>priority_queue</classname> with
+ <classname>Tag</classname> = <classname>Tag</classname> = <classname>pairing_heap_tag</classname>),
+ but the rest of the tests show otherwise.</para>
+
+ <para>This makes it difficult to decide which implementation to use in
+ this case. Dijkstra's shortest-path algorithm, for example, requires
+ Θ(n) <function>push</function> and <function>pop</function> operations
+ (in the number of vertices), but O(n<superscript>2</superscript>)
+ <function>modify</function> operations, which can be in practice Θ(n)
+ as well. It is difficult to find an a-priori characterization of
+ graphs in which the actual number of <function>modify</function>
+ operations will dwarf the number of <function>push</function> and
+ <function>pop</function> operations.</para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ </section> <!-- priority_queue -->
+
+ </section>
+
+
+ </section> <!-- performance -->
+
+</section>
\ No newline at end of file
<year>2008</year>
<year>2009</year>
<year>2010</year>
+ <year>2011</year>
<holder>
<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://www.fsf.org">FSF</link>
</holder>
projects / gcc.git / commitdiff
