whitequark [Tue, 21 Apr 2020 23:42:56 +0000 (23:42 +0000)]
cxxrtl: use log_id() where appropriate. NFC.
whitequark [Tue, 21 Apr 2020 21:48:17 +0000 (21:48 +0000)]
cxxrtl: add (*cxxrtl.{comb,sync}*) annotations on black box outputs.
If the annotations are not used, this commit does not alter semantics
at all, other than removing elision of outputs of black box cells.
(Elision of such outputs is expected to be too rare to have any
noticeable benefit, and the implementation was somewhat of a hack.)
The (* cxxrtl.comb *) annotation alters the semantics of the output
of the black box it is applied to such that, if the black box
converges immediately, no additional delta cycle is necessary to
propagate the computed combinatorial value upwards in hierarchy.
The (* cxxrtl.sync *) annotation alters the semantics of the output
of the black box it is applied to such as to remove any uses of
the black box by the wires connected to this output, and break false
feedback arcs arising from conservative modeling of dependencies of
the black box.
Although currently these attributes are only recognized on black
boxes, if separate compilation is added in the future, it could also
emit and consume them.
whitequark [Tue, 21 Apr 2020 18:46:36 +0000 (18:46 +0000)]
cxxrtl: s/sync_{wire,type}/edge_{wire,type}/. NFC.
The attribute for this is called (* cxxrtl.edge *), and there is
a planned attribute (* cxxrtl.sync *) that would cause blackbox
cell outputs to be added to sync defs rather than comb defs.
Rename the edge detector related stuff to avoid confusion.
whitequark [Tue, 21 Apr 2020 15:51:09 +0000 (15:51 +0000)]
cxxrtl: use one delta cycle for immediately converging netlists.
If it is statically known that eval() will converge in one delta
cycle (that is, the second commit() will always return `false`)
because the design contains no feedback or buffered wires, then
there is no need to run the second delta cycle at all.
After this commit, the case where eval() always converges immediately
is detected and the second delta cycle is omitted. As a result,
Minerva SRAM SoC runs ~25% faster.
whitequark [Tue, 21 Apr 2020 15:33:12 +0000 (15:33 +0000)]
cxxrtl: add -O6, a shortcut for running `proc; flatten`.
People judge a compiler backend by the first impression, and
the metric they judge it for is speed. -O6 does severely impact
debuggability, but it provides equally massive gains in performance,
so use it by default.
whitequark [Tue, 21 Apr 2020 14:49:36 +0000 (14:49 +0000)]
cxxrtl: unbuffer module input wires.
Module input wires are never set by the module, so it is unnecessary
to buffer them. Although important for all inputs, this is especially
critical for clocks, since after this commit, hierarchy levels no
longer add delta cycles. As a result, Minerva SRAM SoC runs ~73%
faster when flattened, and ~264% (!!) faster when hierarchical.
whitequark [Tue, 21 Apr 2020 13:59:42 +0000 (13:59 +0000)]
cxxrtl: simplify generated edge detection logic.
This commit changes the way edge detectors are represented in
generated code from a variable that is set in commit() and reset in
eval() to a function that considers .curr and .next of the clock
wire. Behavior remains the same. Besides being simpler to generate
and providing more opportunities for optimization, this commit paves
way for unbuffering module inputs.
whitequark [Tue, 21 Apr 2020 13:33:42 +0000 (13:33 +0000)]
cxxrtl: localize wires with multiple comb drivers, too.
Before this commit, any wire that was not driven by an output port of
exactly one comb cell would not be localized, even if there were no
feedback arcs through that wire. This would cause the wire to become
buffered and require (often quite a few) extraneous delta cycles
during evaluation. To alleviate this problem, -O5 was running
`splitnets -driver`.
However, this solution was mistaken. Because `splitnets -driver`
followed by `opt_clean -purge` would produce more nets with multiple
drivers, it would have to be iterated to fixpoint. Moreover, even if
this was done, it would not be sufficient because `opt_clean -purge`
does not currently remove wires with the `\init` attribute (and it
is not desirable to remove such wires, since they correspond to
registers and may be useful for debugging).
The proper solution is to consider the condition in which a wire
may be localized. Specifically, if there are no feedback arcs through
this wire, and no part of the wire is driven by an output of a sync
cell, then the wire holds no state and is localizable.
After this commit, the original condition for not localizing a wire
is replaced by a check for any sync cell driving it. This makes it
unnecessary to run `splitnets -driver` in the majority of cases
to get a design with no buffered wires, and -O5 no longer includes
that pass. As a result, Minerva SRAM SoC no longer has any buffered
wires, and runs ~27% faster.
In addition, this commit prepares the flow graph for introduction
of sync outputs of black boxes.
Co-authored-by: Jean-François Nguyen <jf@lambdaconcept.com>
whitequark [Mon, 20 Apr 2020 16:44:51 +0000 (16:44 +0000)]
cxxrtl: detect buffered comb wires, not just feedback wires.
Any buffered combinatorial wires (including, as a subset, feedback
wires) will prevent the design from always converging in one delta
cycle. Before this commit, only feedback wires were detected. After
this commit, any buffered combinatorial wires, including feedback
wires, are detected.
Co-authored-by: Jean-François Nguyen <jf@lambdaconcept.com>
whitequark [Tue, 21 Apr 2020 01:43:20 +0000 (01:43 +0000)]
Merge pull request #1961 from whitequark/paramod-original-name
ast, rpc: record original name of $paramod\* as \hdlname attribute
Eddie Hung [Mon, 20 Apr 2020 22:42:29 +0000 (15:42 -0700)]
tests: remove write_ilang
Eddie Hung [Mon, 20 Apr 2020 18:39:13 +0000 (11:39 -0700)]
Merge pull request #1972 from YosysHQ/eddie/bug1970
abc9_ops: -prep_lut to be more robust
Eddie Hung [Mon, 20 Apr 2020 16:39:35 +0000 (09:39 -0700)]
abc9: -prep_lut to be more robust
Eddie Hung [Mon, 20 Apr 2020 16:38:29 +0000 (09:38 -0700)]
abc9: add testcase reduced from #1970
Claire Wolf [Mon, 20 Apr 2020 12:51:40 +0000 (14:51 +0200)]
Merge pull request #1964 from YosysHQ/claire/sformatf
Extend support for format strings in Verilog front-end
whitequark [Sun, 19 Apr 2020 19:59:42 +0000 (19:59 +0000)]
Merge pull request #1967 from whitequark/cxxrtl-blackbox-attributes
cxxrtl: provide attributes to black box factories, too
whitequark [Sun, 19 Apr 2020 16:22:02 +0000 (16:22 +0000)]
cxxrtl: provide attributes to black box factories, too.
Both parameters and attributes are necessary because the parameters
have to be the same between every instantiation of the cell, but
attributes may well vary. For example, for an UART PHY, the type
of the PHY (tty, pty, socket) would be a parameter, but configuration
of the implementation specified by the type (socket address) would
be an attribute.
Claire Wolf [Sat, 18 Apr 2020 12:08:51 +0000 (14:08 +0200)]
Extend support for format strings in Verilog front-end
Signed-off-by: Claire Wolf <claire@symbioticeda.com>
whitequark [Sat, 18 Apr 2020 09:21:14 +0000 (09:21 +0000)]
Merge pull request #1963 from whitequark/cxxrtl-blackboxes
cxxrtl: add support for simple and templated C++ black boxes
whitequark [Sat, 18 Apr 2020 08:04:57 +0000 (08:04 +0000)]
cxxrtl: add templated black box support.
whitequark [Sat, 18 Apr 2020 02:14:20 +0000 (02:14 +0000)]
cxxrtl: make eval() and commit() inline in blackboxes.
This change is a preparation for template blackboxes. It has no
effect on current generated code.
whitequark [Fri, 17 Apr 2020 01:41:08 +0000 (01:41 +0000)]
cxxrtl: add simple black box support.
This commit adds support for replacing RTLIL modules with CXXRTL
black boxes. Black box port widths may not depend on the parameters
with which it is instantiated (yet); the parameters may only be used
to change the behavior of the black box.
whitequark [Wed, 15 Apr 2020 17:39:14 +0000 (17:39 +0000)]
cxxrtl: use ID::X instead of ID(X). NFC.
whitequark [Sat, 18 Apr 2020 03:43:15 +0000 (03:43 +0000)]
ast, rpc: record original name of $paramod\* as \hdlname attribute.
The $paramod name mangling is not invertible (the \ character, which
separates the module name from the parameters, is valid in the module
name itself), which does not stop people from trying to invert it.
This commit makes it easy to invert the name mangling by storing
the original name explicitly, and fixes the firrtl backend to use
the newly introduced attribute.
whitequark [Fri, 17 Apr 2020 21:36:59 +0000 (21:36 +0000)]
Merge pull request #1955 from whitequark/cxxrtl-sync_always
cxxrtl: correctly handle `sync always` rules
whitequark [Fri, 17 Apr 2020 18:57:00 +0000 (18:57 +0000)]
Merge pull request #1952 from boqwxp/add_edge_location
Verilog frontend: add source location in more parser rules
whitequark [Fri, 17 Apr 2020 09:43:13 +0000 (09:43 +0000)]
cxxrtl: correctly handle `sync always` rules.
Fixes #1948.
whitequark [Fri, 17 Apr 2020 09:07:49 +0000 (09:07 +0000)]
Merge pull request #1954 from YosysHQ/dave/fix-stdout-conflict
qbfsat: Fix illegal use of 'stdout' identifier
whitequark [Fri, 17 Apr 2020 09:06:40 +0000 (09:06 +0000)]
Merge pull request #1951 from whitequark/rtlil-string_attribute
rtlil: add AttrObject::{get,set}_string_attribute, AttrObject::has_attribute
David Shah [Fri, 17 Apr 2020 07:42:39 +0000 (08:42 +0100)]
qbfsat: Fix illegal use of 'stdout' identifier
Signed-off-by: David Shah <dave@ds0.me>
Alberto Gonzalez [Fri, 17 Apr 2020 06:23:03 +0000 (06:23 +0000)]
Set Verilog source location for explicit blocks (`begin` ... `end`).
Alberto Gonzalez [Fri, 17 Apr 2020 06:16:59 +0000 (06:16 +0000)]
Add Verilog source location information to `AST_POSEDGE` and `AST_NEGEDGE` nodes.
whitequark [Fri, 17 Apr 2020 02:27:13 +0000 (02:27 +0000)]
Merge pull request #1898 from boqwxp/locations
Verilog frontend: add location information to parsed constants
whitequark [Fri, 17 Apr 2020 02:25:18 +0000 (02:25 +0000)]
Merge pull request #1864 from boqwxp/cleanup_techmap_abc
Clean up pseudo-private member usage and simplify `passes/techmap/abc.cc`
whitequark [Fri, 17 Apr 2020 02:21:23 +0000 (02:21 +0000)]
Merge pull request #1888 from boqwxp/cleanup_scatter
Clean up `passes/cmds/scatter.cc`.
whitequark [Fri, 17 Apr 2020 02:20:54 +0000 (02:20 +0000)]
Merge pull request #1882 from boqwxp/cleanup_rename
Clean up pseudo-private member usage in `passes/cmds/rename.cc`.
whitequark [Thu, 16 Apr 2020 22:09:25 +0000 (22:09 +0000)]
Merge pull request #1929 from YosysHQ/eddie/select_unset
select: add select -unset option
whitequark [Thu, 16 Apr 2020 21:49:49 +0000 (21:49 +0000)]
rtlil: add AttrObject::has_attribute.
whitequark [Thu, 16 Apr 2020 21:43:03 +0000 (21:43 +0000)]
rtlil: add AttrObject::{get,set}_string_attribute.
And make {get,set}_src_attribute use those functions.
whitequark [Thu, 16 Apr 2020 21:28:13 +0000 (21:28 +0000)]
Merge pull request #1947 from whitequark/cxxrtl-usability
cxxrtl: minor documentation and usability improvements
Alberto Gonzalez [Fri, 10 Apr 2020 22:37:36 +0000 (22:37 +0000)]
Add location information to `AST_CONSTANT` nodes.
Alberto Gonzalez [Tue, 14 Apr 2020 00:35:47 +0000 (00:35 +0000)]
Use `dict` instead of `std::map`.
Co-Authored-By: Eddie Hung <eddie@fpgeh.com>
Alberto Gonzalez [Thu, 9 Apr 2020 19:31:12 +0000 (19:31 +0000)]
Revert to `stringf()` rather than stringstreams.
Alberto Gonzalez [Wed, 8 Apr 2020 07:22:10 +0000 (07:22 +0000)]
Clean up pseudo-private member usage in `passes/cmds/rename.cc`.
Alberto Gonzalez [Mon, 13 Apr 2020 19:37:01 +0000 (19:37 +0000)]
Replace `std::map` with `dict`.
Co-Authored-By: Eddie Hung <eddie@fpgeh.com>
Alberto Gonzalez [Thu, 9 Apr 2020 23:55:24 +0000 (23:55 +0000)]
Replace pseudo-private member access to `connections_` in `passes/cmds/scatter.cc`.
Co-Authored-By: N. Engelhardt <nak@symbioticeda.com>
Alberto Gonzalez [Thu, 9 Apr 2020 05:34:28 +0000 (05:34 +0000)]
Clean up `passes/cmds/scatter.cc`.
Eddie Hung [Tue, 14 Apr 2020 17:58:51 +0000 (10:58 -0700)]
tests: add select -unset tests
Eddie Hung [Tue, 14 Apr 2020 17:58:42 +0000 (10:58 -0700)]
select: add select -unset option
Eddie Hung [Thu, 16 Apr 2020 17:51:09 +0000 (10:51 -0700)]
Merge pull request #1928 from YosysHQ/eddie/design_delete
kernel: add design -delete option
whitequark [Thu, 16 Apr 2020 17:18:29 +0000 (17:18 +0000)]
Merge pull request #1896 from boqwxp/read_stdin_repl
Frontend: allow reading file input from stdin, like a REPL heredoc mode
Claire Wolf [Thu, 16 Apr 2020 16:50:43 +0000 (18:50 +0200)]
Merge pull request #1797 from epfl-vlsc/firrtl_backend_fileinfo
Keep file information when emitting firrtl
whitequark [Thu, 16 Apr 2020 16:45:02 +0000 (16:45 +0000)]
cxxrtl: make ROMs writable, document memory::operator[].
There is no practical benefit from using `const memory` for ROMs;
it uses an std::vector internally, which prevents contemporary
compilers from constant-propagating ROM contents. (It is not clear
whether they are permitted to do so.)
However, there is a major benefit from using non-const `memory` for
ROMs, which is the ability to dynamically fill the ROM for each
individual simulation.
whitequark [Thu, 16 Apr 2020 16:30:43 +0000 (16:30 +0000)]
cxxrtl: fix misleading example, caution about race conditions.
Fixes #1944.
whitequark [Wed, 15 Apr 2020 19:01:17 +0000 (19:01 +0000)]
cxxrtl: remove inaccurate comment. NFC.
David Shah [Thu, 16 Apr 2020 15:38:19 +0000 (16:38 +0100)]
ecp5: Force SIGNED ports to be 1 bit
Signed-off-by: David Shah <dave@ds0.me>
Eddie Hung [Thu, 16 Apr 2020 15:06:12 +0000 (08:06 -0700)]
Merge pull request #1927 from YosysHQ/eddie/design_remove_assert
kernel: Design::remove(RTLIL::Module *) to check refcount_modules_
Eddie Hung [Tue, 14 Apr 2020 17:34:23 +0000 (10:34 -0700)]
tests: add design -delete tests
Eddie Hung [Tue, 14 Apr 2020 17:33:55 +0000 (10:33 -0700)]
kernel: add design -delete option
whitequark [Thu, 16 Apr 2020 13:29:13 +0000 (13:29 +0000)]
Merge pull request #1915 from boqwxp/dict_move_semantics
kernel: Add `dict` support for rvalue references and C++11 move semantics.
whitequark [Thu, 16 Apr 2020 13:28:34 +0000 (13:28 +0000)]
Merge pull request #1900 from Xiretza/suppress-makefile-echo
Suppress output of Makefile.conf when printing source versions
whitequark [Thu, 16 Apr 2020 13:28:03 +0000 (13:28 +0000)]
Merge pull request #1937 from hzeller/consexpr-opportunity
Use static constexpr instead of static const where possible.
David Shah [Thu, 16 Apr 2020 12:48:20 +0000 (13:48 +0100)]
Merge pull request #1943 from YosysHQ/dave/fix-1919
ast: Fix handling of identifiers in the global scope
Marcelina Kościelnicka [Tue, 14 Apr 2020 16:59:49 +0000 (18:59 +0200)]
opt_expr: Fix X and CO outputs for $alu identity-mapping rules.
David Shah [Thu, 16 Apr 2020 09:27:59 +0000 (10:27 +0100)]
ast: Fix handling of identifiers in the global scope
Signed-off-by: David Shah <dave@ds0.me>
Alberto Gonzalez [Wed, 15 Apr 2020 16:22:22 +0000 (16:22 +0000)]
Rename overloaded `insert()` to `emplace()` and add overloaded versions for all possible lvalue/rvalue combinationsfor its arguments.
Alberto Gonzalez [Fri, 10 Apr 2020 20:06:12 +0000 (20:06 +0000)]
Use script-style heredoc syntax for REPL heredocs.
Alberto Gonzalez [Fri, 10 Apr 2020 19:30:22 +0000 (19:30 +0000)]
Allow reading file input from stdin, improving REPL experience.
Miodrag Milanović [Wed, 15 Apr 2020 15:43:31 +0000 (17:43 +0200)]
Merge pull request #1894 from YosysHQ/mingw_fix
Fix compile for mingw
Eddie Hung [Wed, 15 Apr 2020 15:42:39 +0000 (08:42 -0700)]
Merge pull request #1916 from YosysHQ/eddie/kernel_makeblackbox
kernel: Module::makeblackbox() to clear connections too
Eddie Hung [Wed, 15 Apr 2020 15:36:25 +0000 (08:36 -0700)]
Merge pull request #1933 from YosysHQ/eddie/zinit_more
zinit: handle $__DFFS?E?_[NP][NP][01] too
N. Engelhardt [Wed, 15 Apr 2020 15:33:50 +0000 (17:33 +0200)]
Merge pull request #1830 from boqwxp/qbfsat
Add `qbfsat` command to integrate exists-forall solving and specialization
Marcelina Kościelnicka [Sat, 11 Apr 2020 14:03:19 +0000 (16:03 +0200)]
Fix the truth table for $_SR_* cells.
This brings the documented behavior for these cells in line with
$_DFFSR_* and $_DLATCHSR_*, which is that R has priority over S.
The models were already reflecting that behavior.
Also get rid of sim-synth mismatch in the models while we're at it.
David Shah [Wed, 15 Apr 2020 15:10:38 +0000 (16:10 +0100)]
Merge pull request #1897 from YosysHQ/dave/bram-rejection-fix
memory_bram: Fix ignorance of valid, matched rules
Miodrag Milanovic [Wed, 15 Apr 2020 14:38:09 +0000 (16:38 +0200)]
Fix compile for mingw
Marcelina Kościelnicka [Sat, 11 Apr 2020 16:36:51 +0000 (18:36 +0200)]
Get rid of dffsr2dff.
This pass is a proper subset of opt_rmdff, which is called by opt, which
is called by every synth flow in the coarse part. Thus, it never
actually does anything and can be safely removed.
Marcelina Kościelnicka [Sat, 11 Apr 2020 14:59:10 +0000 (16:59 +0200)]
opt_clean: Add missing assignments to opt.did_something.
whitequark [Wed, 15 Apr 2020 14:16:50 +0000 (14:16 +0000)]
Merge pull request #1918 from whitequark/simplify-improve_enum
ast/simplify: improve enum handling
Dan Ravensloft [Wed, 15 Apr 2020 13:28:35 +0000 (14:28 +0100)]
synth_intel_alm: VQM support
whitequark [Tue, 14 Apr 2020 03:25:22 +0000 (03:25 +0000)]
ast/simplify: improve enum handling.
Before this commit, enum values were serialized as attributes of form
\enum_<width>_<value>
where <value> was a decimal signed integer.
This has multiple drawbacks:
* Enums with large values would be hard to process for downstream
tooling that cannot parse arbitrary precision decimals. (In fact
Yosys also did not correctly process enums with large values,
and would overflow `int`.)
* Enum value attributes were not confined to their own namespace,
making it harder for downstream tooling to enumerate all such
attributes, as opposed to looking up any specific value.
* Enum values could not include x or z, which are explicitly
permitted in the SystemVerilog standard.
After this commit, enum values are serialized as attributes of form
\enum_value_<value>
where <value> is a bit sequence of the appropriate width.
Marcelina Kościelnicka [Wed, 15 Apr 2020 14:12:34 +0000 (16:12 +0200)]
setundef: Improve error messages.
Fixes #1092.
Marcelina Kościelnicka [Tue, 14 Apr 2020 20:57:37 +0000 (22:57 +0200)]
json: Update format documentation.
Fixes #1693.
Claire Wolf [Wed, 15 Apr 2020 14:01:19 +0000 (16:01 +0200)]
Merge pull request #1930 from YosysHQ/claire/fix1876
Fix handling of ternary with constant condition
Dan Ravensloft [Tue, 19 Nov 2019 10:19:00 +0000 (10:19 +0000)]
synth_intel_alm: alternative synthesis for Intel FPGAs
By operating at a layer of abstraction over the rather clumsy Intel primitives,
we can avoid special hacks like `dffinit -highlow` in favour of simple techmapping.
This also makes the primitives much easier to manipulate, and more descriptive
(no more cyclonev_lcell_comb to mean anything from a LUT2 to a LUT6).
Marcelina Kościelnicka [Tue, 14 Apr 2020 13:44:17 +0000 (15:44 +0200)]
abc9_ops: Add a check ensuring that connected port actually exists.
whitequark [Wed, 15 Apr 2020 05:34:29 +0000 (05:34 +0000)]
Merge pull request #1932 from YosysHQ/dave/cxxrtl-unclocked-read
cxxrtl: Fix handling of unclocked memory read ports
Henner Zeller [Tue, 14 Apr 2020 21:19:38 +0000 (14:19 -0700)]
Use static constexpr instead of static const where possible.
In particular inside class declarations, a static const
assignment is technically not a definition, while constexpr is.
Signed-off-by: Henner Zeller <h.zeller@acm.org>
Eddie Hung [Tue, 14 Apr 2020 20:08:37 +0000 (13:08 -0700)]
tests: zinit for new types
Eddie Hung [Tue, 14 Apr 2020 20:08:23 +0000 (13:08 -0700)]
zinit: handle $__DFFS?E?_[NP][NP][01] too
Marcelina Kościelnicka [Mon, 13 Apr 2020 17:29:39 +0000 (19:29 +0200)]
opt_expr: Add more $alu optimizations.
Detect the places in the $alu where the carry bit is constant (due to
const A[i] == B[i] ^ BI) and split it into smaller $alu at these points.
Also, make the existing const-carry detection for low bits more generic
(now handles cases where both BI and CI are constant, but not equal to
one another).
Fixes #1912.
David Shah [Tue, 14 Apr 2020 19:39:13 +0000 (20:39 +0100)]
cxxrtl: Fix handling of unclocked memory read ports
Signed-off-by: David Shah <dave@ds0.me>
Eddie Hung [Tue, 14 Apr 2020 19:39:10 +0000 (12:39 -0700)]
tests: add testcases from #1876
Claire Wolf [Tue, 14 Apr 2020 19:05:07 +0000 (21:05 +0200)]
Fix
5bba9c3, closes #1876
Signed-off-by: Claire Wolf <claire@symbioticeda.com>
Marcelina Kościelnicka [Tue, 14 Apr 2020 14:33:09 +0000 (16:33 +0200)]
dffinit: Avoid setting init parameter to zero-length value.
Fixes #1704.
Eddie Hung [Tue, 14 Apr 2020 17:43:05 +0000 (10:43 -0700)]
design: do not delete when iterating over Design::modules() directly
Eddie Hung [Tue, 14 Apr 2020 16:31:06 +0000 (09:31 -0700)]
kernel: Design::remove(RTLIL::Module *) to check refcount_modules_
Eddie Hung [Tue, 14 Apr 2020 14:54:11 +0000 (07:54 -0700)]
abc9_exe: verify -> &verify -s
Eddie Hung [Thu, 9 Apr 2020 21:31:59 +0000 (14:31 -0700)]
techmap: fix error message
whitequark [Tue, 14 Apr 2020 14:37:48 +0000 (14:37 +0000)]
Merge pull request #1922 from whitequark/write_cxxrtl-disconnected-outputs
write_cxxrtl: ignore disconnected module ports
whitequark [Tue, 14 Apr 2020 13:53:52 +0000 (13:53 +0000)]
Merge pull request #1921 from whitequark/write_cxxrtl-separate-compilation
write_cxxrtl: enable separate compilation