From de5fd53b8166f0c14f0857396652edc09daa2663 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Roland Pesch Date: Sat, 5 Oct 1991 02:07:51 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Initial revision --- binutils/binutils.texinfo | 517 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 517 insertions(+) create mode 100755 binutils/binutils.texinfo diff --git a/binutils/binutils.texinfo b/binutils/binutils.texinfo new file mode 100755 index 00000000000..ef19f698dbf --- /dev/null +++ b/binutils/binutils.texinfo @@ -0,0 +1,517 @@ +\input texinfo +@setfilename binutils.info +@synindex ky cp +@c +@c This file documents the GNU binary utilities "ar", "ld", "objdump", "nm", +@c "size", "strip", and "ranlib". +@c +@c Copyright (C) 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +@c +@c This text may be freely distributed under the terms of the GNU +@c General Public License. +@c +@c $Id$ +@tex +@finalout +@c @smallbook +@end tex +@c @cropmarks +@setchapternewpage odd +@settitle GNU Binary Utilities +@titlepage +@title{The GNU Binary Utilities} +@sp 1 +@subtitle January 1991 +@author{Roland H. Pesch} +@author{Cygnus Support} +@page + +@tex +\def\$#1${{#1}} % Kluge: collect RCS revision info without $...$ +\xdef\manvers{\$Revision$} % For use in headers, footers too +{\parskip=0pt \hfill Cygnus Support\par \hfill \manvers\par \hfill +\TeX{}info \texinfoversion\par } +@end tex + +@vskip 0pt plus 1filll +Copyright @copyright{} 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of +this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice +are preserved on all copies. + +Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this +manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that +the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a +permission notice identical to this one. + +Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual +into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. +@end titlepage + +@ifinfo +@node Top, ar, (dir), (dir) +This file documents the GNU binary utilities @samp{ar}, @samp{ld}, +@samp{objdump}, @samp{nm}, @samp{size}, @samp{strip}, and +@samp{ranlib}.@refill + +Copyright @copyright{} 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of +this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice +are preserved on all copies. + +@ignore +Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the +results, provided the printed document carries a copying permission +notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph +(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual). + +@end ignore + +Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this +manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that +the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a +permission notice identical to this one. + +Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual +into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. +@end ifinfo + +@menu +* ar:: ar +* ld:: ld +* nm:: nm +* objdump:: objdump +* ranlib:: ranlib +* size:: size +* strip:: strip + +@end menu + +@node ar, ld, Top, Top +@chapter ar + +@smallexample + ar [-]@var{Op}@var{Mod} [ @var{membername} ] @var{archive} @var{files}@dots{} +@end smallexample + +The GNU @code{ar} program creates, modifies, and extracts +archives. An @dfn{archive} is a single file holding a collection of +other files in a structure that makes it possible to retrieve +the original individual files (called @dfn{members} of the archive). + +The original files' contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner, and +group are preserved in the archive, and may be reconstituted on +extraction. + +Only the first fifteen characters of a file name are kept in archives. +@c Note: with next (BFD) version, this will depend on obj format. + +@code{ar} is considered a binary utility because archives of this sort +are most often used as @dfn{libraries} holding commonly needed +subroutines. + +@code{ar} will create an index to the symbols defined in relocatable +object modules in the archive when you specify the option @samp{s}. +Once created, this index is updated in the archive whenever @code{ar} +makes a change to its contents. An archive with such an index speeds up +linking to the library, and allows routines in the library to call each +other without regard to their placement in the archive. +@c This auto-update may happen-always only for WRS version; Gumby says, for +@c instance, that it doesn't happen with 'q' updates elsewhere. + +You may use @samp{nm -s} or @samp{nm +print-symdefs} to list this index +table. If an archive lacks the table, another form of @code{ar} called +@code{ranlib} can be used to add just the table. + +@code{ar} insists on at least two arguments to execute: one +keyletter specifying the @emph{operation} (optionally accompanied by other +keyletters specifying @emph{modifiers}), and the archive name to act on. + +Most operations can also accept further @var{files} arguments, +specifying particular files to operate on. + +GNU @code{ar} allows you to mix the operation code and modifier flags in +any order, within the first command-line argument. + +If you wish, you may precede the first command-line argument with a +dash. + +The @var{Op} keyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may be +any of the following, but you must specify only one of them: + +@table @code +@item d +@emph{Delete} modules from the archive. Specify the names of modules to +be deleted as @var{files}; the archive is untouched if you +specify no files to delete. + +If you wish to delete an archive's index, you can use this option to do +it; the internal name of the index (which you will need to specify in +@var{files} to delete it) is @samp{__.SYMDEF}. + +If you specify the @samp{v} option flag, @code{ar} will list each module +as it is deleted. + +@item m +Use this operation to @emph{move} members in an archive. + +The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in how +programs are linked using the library, if a symbol is defined in more +than one member. + +If no option flags are used with @code{m}, any members you name in the +@var{files} arguments are moved to the @emph{end} of the archive; +you can use the @samp{a}, @samp{b}, or @samp{i} options to move them to a +specified place instead. + +@item p +@emph{Print} the specified members of the archive, to the standard +output file. If the @samp{v} option flag is specified, show the member +name before copying its contents to standard output. + +If you specify no @var{files}, all the files in the archive are printed, +save for the index (if any), which is listed only if you ask for it by +name: @samp{__.SYMDEF}. + +@item q +@emph{Quick append}; add @var{files} to the end of @var{archive}, +without checking for replacement. + +The options @samp{a}, @samp{b}, and @samp{i} do @emph{not} affect this +operation; new members are always placed at the end of the archive. + +The option @samp{v} makes @code{ar} list each file as it is appended. + +@c per Gumby, versions other than WRS of this will *not* auto-update +@c SYMDEF index on 'q' updates. + +@item r +Insert @var{files} into @var{archive} (with @emph{replacement}). This +operation differs from @samp{q} in that any previously existing members +are deleted if their names match those being added. + +If one of the files named in @var{files} doesn't exist, @code{ar} +displays an error message, and leaves undisturbed any existing members +of the archive matching that name. + +By default, new members are added at the end of the file; but you may +use one of the options @samp{a}, @samp{b}, or @samp{i} to request +placement relative to some existing member. + +The option flag @samp{v} used with this operation elicits a line of +output for each file inserted, along with one of the letters @samp{a} or +@samp{r} to indicate whether the file was appended (no old member +deleted) or replaced. + +@item t +Display a @emph{table} listing the contents of @var{archive}, or those +of the files listed in @var{files} that are present in the +archive. Normally only the member name is shown; if you also want to +see the modes (permissions), timestamp, owner, group, and size, you can +request that by also specifying the @samp{v} option flag. + +If you do not specify any @var{files}, all files in the archive +are listed; but the index to symbols from relocatable modules, called +@samp{__.SYMDEF}, is not listed unless you explicitly request it by +name. + +If there is more than one file with the same name (say, @samp{fie}) in +an archive (say @samp{b.a}), @samp{ar t b.a fie} will list only the +first instance; to see them all, you must ask for a complete +listing---in our example, @samp{ar t b.a}. +@c WRS only; per Gumby, this is implementation-dependent, and in a more +@c recent case in fact works the other way. + +@item x +@emph{Extract} a member from the archive. The @samp{v} option flag +requests that @code{ar} list each name as it extracts it. + +If you do not specify any @var{files}, all files in the archive +are extracted; but the index to symbols from relocatable modules, called +@samp{__.SYMDEF}, is not extracted unless you explicitly request it by +name. + +@end table + +A number of modifiers may immediately follow the @var{Op} keyletter, to +specify variations on an operation's behavior: + +@table @code +@item a +Add new files @emph{after} an existing member of the +archive. If you use the modifier @code{a}, the name of an existing archive +member must be present as the @var{membername} argument, before the +@var{archive} specification. + +@item b +Add new files @emph{before} an existing member of the +archive. If you use the modifier @code{b}, the name of an existing archive +member must be present as the @var{membername} argument, before the +@var{archive} specification. (same as @samp{i}). + +@item c +@emph{Create} the archive. The specified @var{archive} is always +created if it didn't exist, when you request an update. But a warning is +issued unless you specify in advance that you expect to create it, by +using this option flag. + +@item i +Insert new files @emph{before} an existing member of the +archive. If you use the modifier @code{i}, the name of an existing archive +member must be present as the @var{membername} argument, before the +@var{archive} specification. (same as @samp{b}). + +@item l +This option flag is recognized but not used; it is permitted for +compatibility with other forms of @code{ar}. +@c ???---pesch@@cygnus.com, 25jan91 + +@item o +Preserve the @emph{original} dates of members when extracting them. If +you do not specify this option flag, files extracted from the archive +will be stamped with the time of extraction. + +@item s +Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an existing one, +even if no other change is made to the archive. You may use this option +flag either with any operation, or alone. Running @samp{ar s} on an +archive is equivalent to running @samp{ranlib} on it. + +@item u +Normally, @code{ar r}@dots{} or @code{ar q}@dots{} insert all files +listed into the archive. If you would like to insert @emph{only} those +of the files you list that are newer than existing members of the same +names, use this option. The option-flag combination @samp{qu} is +equivalent to @samp{ru}; checking the timestamps loses any speed +advantage, so @code{ar} treats both commands as replace operations with +the @samp{u} option appended. + +@c u actually turns *anything* into a replace. I claim this is a bug; +@c 'du' and 'tu' for example should either be rejected or equivalent to +@c plain 'd' and 't'. ---pesch@@cygnus.com, 25jan91 + +@item v +This option requests the @emph{verbose} version of an operations. Many +operations display additional information, such as filenames processed, +when the option @samp{v} is appended. + +@end table + +@node ld, nm, ar, Top +@chapter ld +The GNU linker @code{ld} is now described in a separate manual. +@xref{Top, , Overview, , GLD: the GNU linker}. + +@node nm, objdump, ld, Top +@chapter nm + +@smallexample + nm [ -a | +debug-syms ] [ -g | +extern-only ] + [ -n | +numeric-sort ] [ -o | +print-file-name ] + [ -p | +no-sort ] [ -r | +reverse-sort ] + [ -s | +print-symdefs ] [ -u | +undefined-only ] + [ @var{objfiles}@dots{} ] +@end smallexample + +GNU @code{nm} will list the symbols from object files @var{objfiles}. +Any command-line options must precede all object files; no option takes +an argument. + +The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are +equivalent. + +@table @code +@item @var{objfiles}@dots{} +Object files whose symbols are to be listed. If no object files are +listed as arguments, @code{nm} assumes @samp{a.out}. + +@item -a | +debug-syms +Display debugger-only symbols; normally these are not listed. + +@item -g | +extern-only +Display only external symbols. + +@item -n | +numeric-sort +Sort symbols numerically by their addresses, not alphabetically by their +names. + +@item -o | +print-file-name +Precede each symbol by the name of the input file where it was found, +rather than identifying the input file once only before all of its +symbols. + +@item -p | +no-sort +Don't bother to sort the symbols in any order; just print them in the +order encountered. + +@item -r | +reverse-sort +Reverse the sense of the sort (whether numeric or alphabetic); let the +last come first. + +@item -s | +print-symdefs +When listing symbols from archives, list the index: a mapping (stored in +the archive by @code{ar} or @code{ranlib} of what modules contain +definitions for what names. + +@item -u | +undefined-only +Display only undefined symbols (those external to each object file). + +@end table + +@node objdump, ranlib, nm, Top +@chapter objdump + +@smallexample + objdump [ -h | +header ] [ -n | +nstuff ] [ -r | +reloc ] + [ -t | +syms ] @var{objfiles}@dots{} +@end smallexample + +@code{objdump} displays information about one or more object files. +The options control what particular information to display. This +information is mostly useful to programmers who are working on the +compilation tools, as opposed to programmers who just want their +program to compile and work. + +The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are +equivalent. + +@table @code +@item @var{objfiles}@dots{} +The object files to be examined. + +@item -h | +header +Header. Print summary information from the header of the object file. + +@item -n | +nstuff +@samp{N_} symbols. Print the values of various macros from @file{a.out.h} +as applied to the object file; e.g. @code{N_TXTOFF}. + +@item -r | +reloc +Relocation. Print the relocation entries of the file. + +@item -t | +syms +Symbol Table. Print the symbol table entries of the file. +This is similar to the information provided by the @samp{nm} program. + +@end table + +@node ranlib, size, objdump, Top +@chapter ranlib + +@smallexample + ranlib [ -t | +touch ] [ -v | +verbose ] @var{archive} +@end smallexample + +@code{ranlib} generates the an index to the contents of an archive, and +stores it in the archive. The index lists each symbol defined by a +member of an archive that is a relocatable object file. + +You may use @code{nm -s} or @code{nm +print-symdefs} to list this table. +The index is internally stored in the archive under the name +@samp{__.SYMDEF}. + +An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library, and +allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to +their placement in the archive. + +The GNU @code{ranlib} program is another form of GNU @code{ar}. + +@code{ranlib}'s options make it report on what it's doing and fake an +update of a particular archive's index. + +Any command-line options must precede the archive name. + +The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are +equivalent. + +@table @code + +@item -t | +touch +You can use the ``touch'' option to fake an update of the index +table in archives; @code{ranlib} will first set the current date for the +index object module in the archive (to make it appear to have changed). + +@item -v | +verbose +Use this option if you'd like informational messages about what +@code{ranlib} is up to, while it loops through the specified archives. + +@end table + +@node size, strip, ranlib, Top +@chapter size + +@smallexample + size @var{objfiles}@dots{} +@end smallexample + +The GNU @code{size} utility lists the segment (@code{text}, @code{data}, +@code{bss} sizes ---and the total size--- for the object files +@var{objfiles} in its argument list. For archives, one line of output +is generated for each module. + +@code{size} has no command-line options. + +If more than one object module is listed, @code{size} labels each line +of output with the module's name: +@smallexample +% size a.out libX11.a +text data bss dec hex +49152 49152 0 98304 18000 a.out +1256 16 0 1272 4f8 libX11.a(Context.o) +176 0 0 176 b0 libX11.a(Depths.o) +1360 56 0 1416 588 libX11.a(ParseCmd.o) +904 24 4096 5024 13a0 libX11.a(Quarks.o) +216 0 0 216 d8 libX11.a(XAllCells.o) + . + . + . + +@end smallexample +[sample output truncated] + +@node strip, , size, Top +@chapter strip + +@smallexample + strip [ -s | +strip-all ] [ -S | +strip-debug ] + [ -x | +discard-all ] [ -X | +discard-locals ] + @var{objfiles}@dots{} +@end smallexample + +GNU @code{strip} will discard all symbols from object files +@var{objfiles}, if no options are specified; or only certain symbols, +depending on its command-line options. + +@code{strip} will not execute unless at least one object file is listed. + +@emph{WARNING:} @code{strip} modifies the files named in its argument, +rather than writing modified copies under different names. + +The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are +equivalent. + +@table @code +@item -s | +strip-all +This is the default case: strip all symbol entries from @var{objfiles}. + +@item -S | +strip-debug +Discard only debugging symbol information from @var{objfiles}. + +@item -x | +discard-all +Discard all symbols local to each file in @var{objfiles}. +@emph{WARNING:} Note that @code{+discard-all} discards only @emph{local} +symbols, in spite of its name. + +@item -X | +discard-locals +Discard local symbols starting with @samp{L} from each file in +@var{objfiles}. (Some compilers produce internally-used symbols that +begin with @samp{L}.) +@end table + + +@contents +@bye + + -- 2.30.2